View source for Local Group

{{short description|Group of galaxies that includes the Milky Way}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Redirect|Local group}}
{{Infobox galaxy cluster
| name                = Local Group
| image               = Local Group and nearest galaxies.jpg
| image_scale         = 1.5
| alt                 = Local Group of galaxies, including the massive members [[Messier 31]] (Andromeda Galaxy) and Milky Way, as well as other nearby galaxies.
| caption             = Local Group of galaxies, including the massive members [[Messier 31]] (Andromeda Galaxy) and Milky Way, as well as other nearby galaxies.
| epoch               = [[Epoch (astronomy)#Julian years and J2000|J2000]]
| constellation       = 
| ra                  = 
| dec                 = 
| brightest_member    = 
| member_no           = 
| parent              = [[Virgo Supercluster]]
| major_axis_mpc      = 
| minor_axis_mpc      = 
| richness            = 
| bmtype              = 
| velocity_dispersion = 
| redshift            = 
| distance            = 
| temperature         = 
| mass                = 
| luminosity          = 
| flux                = 
| notes               = 
| other_names         = 
| names               = 
| references          =SIMBAD
}}
[[Image:VLT Shows Milky Way's Neighbouring Galaxies Have Different History.jpg|thumb|Distribution of the iron content (in logarithmic scale) in four neighbouring dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way]]

The '''Local Group''' is the [[galaxy group]] that includes the [[Milky Way]], where [[Earth]] is located. It has a total diameter of roughly {{convert|3|Mpc|e6ly km|lk=on|abbr=off|sigfig=1}},<ref>{{cite journal | last = Redd | first = Nola Taylor | title = Astronomers track dwarf galaxies to better understand the Milky Way's make-up and evolution | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date = 18 December 2017 | volume = 115 | issue = 51 | pages = 12836–12838 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1817136115 | pmid = 30568025 | pmc = 6304947 | s2cid = 58645004 | doi-access = free}}</ref> and a total mass of the order of {{convert|2e12|solar mass|kg|lk=in|sigfig=1}}.<ref>The mass of the Local Group is essentially accounted for by the mass of the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy.
Estimates for the mass of each galaxy are compatible with {{val|e=12|u={{solar mass}}}}, 
and Peñarrubia et al. (2014) estimate {{val|2.3|0.7|e=12|u={{solar mass}}}} for the Local Group,
but Karachentsev and Kashibadze (2006) estimate the somewhat lower value of  {{val|1.29|0.14|e=12|u={{solar mass}}}}.</ref>
It consists of two collections of galaxies in a "[[dumbbell]]" shape; the Milky Way and its satellites form one lobe, and the [[Andromeda Galaxy]] and its satellites constitute the other. The two collections are separated by about {{convert|800|kpc|e6ly km|sigfig=1}} and are moving toward one another with a velocity of {{val|123|u=km/s}}.<ref name="Karachentsevetal2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Karachentsev |first1=I. D. |last2=Kashibadze |first2=O. G. |year=2006 |title=Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field |journal=Astrophysics |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=3–18 |bibcode=2006Ap.....49....3K |doi=10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6|s2cid=120973010 }}</ref> The group itself is a part of the larger [[Virgo Supercluster]], which may be a part of the [[Laniakea Supercluster]].
The exact number of galaxies in the Local Group is unknown as some are occluded by the Milky Way; however, at least 80 members are known, most of which are [[dwarf galaxies]].

The two largest members, the Andromeda and the Milky Way galaxies, are both [[spiral galaxies]] with masses of about {{val|e=12}} solar masses each. Each has its own system of [[satellite galaxies]]:
* The [[List of Andromeda's satellite galaxies|Andromeda Galaxy's satellite system]] consists of [[Messier 32]] (M32), [[Messier 110]] (M110), [[NGC 147]], [[NGC 185]], [[Andromeda I]] (And I), [[And II]], [[And III]], [[And V]], [[And VI]] (also known as the Pegasus Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy, or Pegasus dSph), [[And VII]] (a.k.a. the Cassiopeia Dwarf Galaxy), [[And VIII]], [[And IX]], [[And X]], [[Andromeda XI|And XI]], [[And XIX]], [[And XXI]] and [[And XXII]], plus several additional [[dwarf galaxy#Ultra-faint dwarf galaxies|ultra-faint]] [[dwarf spheroidal galaxies]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalirai |first1=Jason S. |last2=Beaton |first2=Rachael L. |last3=Geha |first3=Marla C.|author3-link= Marla Geha |last4=Gilbert |first4=Karoline M. |last5=Guhathakurta |first5=Puragra |last6=Kirby |first6=Evan N. |last7=Majewski |first7=Steven R. |last8=Ostheimer |first8=James C. |last9=Patterson |first9=Richard J. |date=17 February 2010 |title=The Splash Survey: Internal Kinematics, Chemical Abundances, and Masses of the Andromeda I, Ii, III, Vii, X, and Xiv Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies |journal=The Astrophysical Journal  |volume=711 |issue=2 |pages=671–692 |arxiv=0911.1998 |bibcode=2010ApJ...711..671K |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/711/2/671 |s2cid=43188686 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>
* The [[Milky Way's satellite galaxies]] system comprises the [[Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy|Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy]], [[Large Magellanic Cloud]], [[Small Magellanic Cloud]], [[Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy]] (disputed, considered by some not a galaxy), [[Ursa Minor Dwarf]] Galaxy, [[Draco Dwarf]] Galaxy, [[Carina Dwarf]] Galaxy, [[Sextans Dwarf Galaxy]], [[Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy]], [[Fornax Dwarf]] Galaxy, [[Leo I (dwarf galaxy)|Leo I]] (a dwarf galaxy), [[Leo II (dwarf galaxy)|Leo II]] (a dwarf galaxy), [[Ursa Major I Dwarf]] Galaxy and [[Ursa Major II Dwarf]] Galaxy, plus several additional ultra-faint dwarf spheroidal galaxies.<ref name="Koposov2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Sergey E. Koposov |last2=Vasily Belokurov |last3=Gabriel Torrealba |last4=N. Wyn Evans |date=10 March 2015 |title=Beasts of the Southern Wild. Discovery of a large number of Ultra Faint satellites in the vicinity of the Magellanic Clouds |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=805 |issue=2 |page=130 |arxiv=1503.02079 |bibcode=2015ApJ...805..130K |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/805/2/130|s2cid=118267222 }}</ref>

[[File:Local Group Galaxies Comparison.png|thumb|right|350px|Visual size comparison of the six largest Local Group galaxies, with details]]

The [[Triangulum Galaxy]] (M33) is the third-largest member of the Local Group, with a mass of approximately {{convert|5e10|solar mass|kg|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}, and is the third spiral galaxy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cosmic/local_group_info.html |title=The Local Group |website=NASA's High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> It is unclear whether the Triangulum Galaxy is a companion of the Andromeda Galaxy; the two galaxies are 750,000 light years apart,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Messier Object 33|url=https://www.messier.seds.org/m/m033.html|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.messier.seds.org}}</ref> and experienced a close passage 2–4&nbsp;billion years ago which triggered star formation across Andromeda's disk. The [[Pisces Dwarf]] Galaxy is equidistant from the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy, so it may be a satellite of either.<ref name="apj562_2">{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Bryan W. |last2=Dolphin |first2=Andrew E. |last3=Lee |first3=Myung Gyoon |last4=Kim |first4=Sang Chul |last5=Hodge |first5=Paul |display-authors=1 |date=December 2001 |title=The Star Formation History of LGS 3 |url=http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/562/i=2/a=713 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal  |volume=562 |issue=2 |pages=713–726 |arxiv=astro-ph/0108408 |bibcode=2001ApJ...562..713M |doi=10.1086/323853 |s2cid=119089499 |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>

The other members of the group are likely gravitationally secluded from these large subgroups: [[IC 10]], [[IC 1613]], [[Phoenix Dwarf]] Galaxy, [[Leo A]], [[Tucana Dwarf]] Galaxy, [[Cetus Dwarf]] Galaxy, [[Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy]], [[Wolf–Lundmark–Melotte]], [[Aquarius Dwarf]] Galaxy, and [[Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy]].<ref name=McConnachie>{{Cite journal |last1=McConnachie |first1=Alan W. |year=2012 |title=The observed properties of dwarf galaxies in and around the Local Group |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=144 |issue=1 |pages=4 |arxiv=1204.1562 |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/144/1/4|bibcode=2012AJ....144....4M |s2cid=118515618 |url=http://www.astro.uvic.ca/~alan/Nearby_Dwarf_Database.html }}</ref>

The membership of [[NGC 3109]], with its companions [[Sextans A]] and the [[Antlia Dwarf]] Galaxy as well as [[Sextans B]], [[Leo P]], [[Antlia B]] and possibly [[Leo A]], is uncertain due to extreme distances from the center of the Local Group.<ref name="Karachentsevetal2006" /> The [[Antlia-Sextans Group]] is unlikely to be gravitationally bound to the Local Group due to probably lying outside the Local Group's [[Zero-velocity surface]]—which would make it a true galaxy group of its own rather than a subgroup within the Local Group.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van den Bergh |first1=Sidney |date=June 1999 |title=The Nearest Group of Galaxies |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=517 |issue=2 |pages=L97–L99 |doi=10.1086/312044 |arxiv=astro-ph/9904425 |bibcode=1999ApJ...517L..97V }}</ref> This possible independence may, however, disappear as the Milky Way continues coalescing with Andromeda due to the increased mass, and density thereof, plausibly widening the radius of the zero-velocity surface of the Local Group. 

== History ==

The term "The Local Group" was introduced by [[Edwin Hubble]] in Chapter VI of his 1936 book ''The Realm of the Nebulae''.<ref name="Hubble-1936">{{Cite book |last=Hubble |first=E.P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgiXdDGLpFUC |title=The realm of the nebulae |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=1936 |isbn=9780300025002 |series=Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman memorial lectures, 25 |location=New Haven |oclc=611263346 |author-link=Edwin Hubble }} [https://archive.org/details/TheRealmOfTheNebulae Alt URL](pp.&nbsp;124–151)</ref> There, he described it as "a typical small group of nebulae which is isolated in the general field" and delineated, by decreasing luminosity, its members to be [[Andromeda Galaxy|M31]], [[Milky Way]], [[Triangulum Galaxy|M33]], [[Large Magellanic Cloud]], [[Small Magellanic Cloud]], [[Messier 32|M32]], [[NGC 205]], [[NGC 6822]], [[NGC 185]], [[IC 1613]] and [[NGC 147]]. He also identified [[IC 10]] as a possible part of the Local Group.

== Component galaxies ==

=== Clickable map ===

<imagemap>
Image:Local_Group.svg|frame|center|Local Group (clickable map)

rect 392 53 405 72 [[Light-year|ly]]

circle 318 239 20    [[Milky Way]]
rect 345 256 375 284 [[Milky Way]]

circle 383 310 5     [[NGC 6822]]
rect 348 292 380 322 [[NGC 6822]]

circle 177 27 10   [[Sextans B]]
rect 155 17 215 35 [[Sextans B]]
circle 130 37 10  [[Sextans A]]
rect 95 25 155 45 [[Sextans A]]

circle 100 144 5    [[NGC 3109]]
rect 65 130 100 160 [[NGC 3109]]
circle 109 149 5     [[Antlia Dwarf]]
rect 109 146 145 175 [[Antlia Dwarf]]

circle 314 119 5    [[Leo A]]
rect 280 97 340 125 [[Leo A]]
circle 315 210 5     [[Leo I (dwarf galaxy)]]
rect 280 180 315 205 [[Leo I (dwarf galaxy)]]
rect 320 180 335 220 [[Leo II (dwarf galaxy)]]
circle 349 213 5     [[Canes Dwarf]]
rect 350 195 400 223 [[Canes Dwarf]]

circle 310 350 15    [[Phoenix Dwarf]]
rect 275 325 335 375 [[Phoenix Dwarf]]
circle 265 415 15    [[Tucana Dwarf]]
rect 215 395 275 445 [[Tucana Dwarf]]

circle 392 445 5     [[Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte]]
rect 360 435 392 455 [[Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte]]
circle 370 410 5     [[Cetus Dwarf]]
rect 345 395 390 430 [[Cetus Dwarf]]
circle 395 373 10    [[IC 1613]]
rect 390 373 420 400 [[IC 1613]]
rect 381 335 393 357 [[SagDIG]]
rect 430 450 480 475 [[SagDIG]]
rect 393 335 406 356 [[Aquarius Dwarf]]
rect 450 425 510 450 [[Aquarius Dwarf]]
circle 412 332 12    [[LGS 3]]
rect 465 405 510 425 [[LGS 3]]

circle 460 361 21    [[Pegasus Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy|Pegasus Dwarf]]
rect 485 370 540 405 [[Pegasus Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy|Pegasus Dwarf]]

poly 440 282 455 260 511 259 493 285 [[Andromeda Galaxy]]
rect 484 280 550 305                 [[Andromeda Galaxy]]

circle 417 304 2     [[Triangulum Galaxy]]
rect 400 321 480 340 [[Triangulum Galaxy]]

circle 417 254 15    [[NGC 185]]
rect 440 185 480 211 [[NGC 185]]
rect 432 237 447 260 [[NGC 147]]
rect 480 195 508 225 [[NGC 147]]
poly 450 264 434 265 431 280 442 280 [[Messier 110|M110]]
rect 508 205 540 225                 [[Messier 110|M110]]
circle 461 229 17    [[IC 10]]
rect 493 241 525 256 [[IC 10]]

rect 524 305 550 323 [[Messier 32|M32]]

circle 394 272 14    [[Andromeda II]]
rect 500 345 515 360 [[Andromeda II]]
rect 427 279 438 294 [[Andromeda III]]
rect 518 345 530 360 [[Andromeda III]]
rect 438 282 450 294 [[Andromeda I]]
rect 557 345 570 360 [[Andromeda I]]
</imagemap>

=== List ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"|
|+ Properties of galactic bodies in and around the Local Group<ref name=McConnachie/>
|-
! Name
! Type
! Constellation
! Notes
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Spiral galaxies]]
|-
| [[Andromeda Galaxy]] (M31, NGC 224)
| SAb
| [[Andromeda (constellation)|Andromeda]]
|Largest galaxy in the group<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Kalirai |first1=Jason S. |last2=Beaton |first2=Rachael L. |last3=Geha |first3=Marla C.|author3-link= Marla Geha |last4=Gilbert |first4=Karoline M. |last5=Guhathakurta |first5=Puragra |last6=Kirby |first6=Evan N. |last7=Majewski |first7=Steven R. |last8=Ostheimer |first8=James C. |last9=Patterson |first9=Richard J. |last10=Wolf |first10=Joe |year=2018 |title=Evidence for an Intermediate-Mass Milky Way from Gaia DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=873 |issue=2 |pages=118 |arxiv=1804.11348 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab089f |bibcode=2019ApJ...873..118W|s2cid=85463973 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br>Diameter (D<sub>25</sub> isophote): 152,000 light-years<br>Mass: {{val|1.5|0.5|e=12|u={{solar mass}}}}<br>Number of stars: ca. {{val|e=12}}.
|-
| [[Milky Way Galaxy]]
| SBbc
| [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]] (centre)
|Second largest galaxy in the group, which may or may not be the most massive galaxy of the group.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Watkins|first1=Laura L.|last2=van der Marel|first2=Roeland P.|last3=Sohn|first3=Sangmo Tony|last4=Evans|first4=N. Wyn|title=Evidence for an Intermediate-Mass Milky Way from Gaia DR2 Halo Globular Cluster Motions|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|year=2019|volume=873|issue=2|page=118|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab089f|arxiv=1804.11348|bibcode=2019ApJ...873..118W|s2cid=85463973 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br>Diameter (D<sub>25</sub> isophote): 87,400 light-years<br>Mass:  {{val|1.54|0.1|e=12|u={{solar mass}}}}<br>Number of stars: {{val|2.5|1.5|e=11}}.
|-
| [[Triangulum Galaxy]] (M33, NGC 598)
| SAcd
| [[Triangulum]]
| Third largest, only unbarred spiral galaxy and possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy.<br>Diameter (D<sub>25</sub> isophote): 60,000 light-years<br>Mass: {{val|5|e=10|u={{solar mass}} }}<br>Number of stars: {{val|4|e=10}}.
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Magellanic spiral galaxies]]
|-
| [[Large Magellanic Cloud]] (LMC, Dorado Dwarf)
| Irr/SB(s)m
| [[Dorado]]
| Fourth largest member of the group, satellite of Milky Way and only Magellanic Spiral Galaxy in the local group<br>Mass: {{val|1|e=10|u={{solar mass}}}}<br>Diameter (D<sub>25</sub> isophote): 32,200 light-years
|-
| [[NGC 3109]] (Antlia Sextans galaxy l)
| SB(s)m
| [[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]]
| Member of [[Antlia-Sextans Group]]
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Elliptical galaxies]]
|-
| [[Messier 32|M32]] (NGC 221, Andromeda Dwarf)
| cE2
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy, shows signs of a supermassive black hole
|-
! colspan=4 | [[Irregular galaxies]]
|-
| [[Wolf–Lundmark–Melotte]] (WLM, DDO 221)
| Ir+
| [[Cetus]]
| Possible size between [[Small Magellanic Cloud]] and [[Large Magellanic Cloud]]
|-
| [[IC 10]] (Cascopea IV, PGC 4774942-40+4)
| KBm or Ir+
| [[Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]]
| Only known starbust galaxy in the Local Group
|-
| [[Small Magellanic Cloud]] (SMC, NGC 292, Tucana galaxy)
| SB(s)m pec
| [[Tucana]]
| Satellite of Milky Way, 6th largest galaxy in the local group
mass: 7 × 10<sup>9</sup> {{solar mass}}
|-
| [[Pisces Dwarf]] (LGS3,Pisces I dwarf irregular)
| Irr
| [[Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]]
| Possible satellite of the Triangulum Galaxy
|-
| [[IC 1613]] (UGC 668, UGCA 47954)
| IAB(s)m V
| [[Cetus]]
|
|-
| [[Phoenix Dwarf]] (Phoenix I dwarf)
| Irr
| [[Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]]
|
|-
| [[Leo A]] (Leo III, PCA QA JO74974)
| IBm V
| [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
|
|-
| [[Aquarius Dwarf]] (DDO 210, Aquarius I, ESO 497-4054.4591 G)
| IB(s)m
| [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]]
| Distance 3.2&nbsp;million light years. Quite isolated in space, membership to Local Group established in 1999.<ref name="Bergh2000">{{Cite journal |last=van den Bergh |first=Sidney |date=April 2000 |title=Updated Information on the Local Group |journal=The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=112 |issue=770 |pages=529–536 |arxiv=astro-ph/0001040 |bibcode=2000PASP..112..529V |doi=10.1086/316548 |s2cid=1805423 |author-link1=Sidney van den Bergh}}</ref>
|-
| [[SagDIG]] (Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy, Sagittarius II)
| IB(s)m V
| [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]]
| Most remote from [[barycenter]] member thought to be in the Local Group.<ref name="Bergh2000" />
|-
| [[NGC 6822]] (Barnard's Galaxy, AO 4797)
| IB(s)m IV-V
| [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]]
|
|-
| [[Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy|Pegasus Dwarf]] (Pegasus Dwarf Irregular, DDO 216)
| Irr
| [[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]]
|
|-
|[[UGC 4879]] (VV124)
|IAm
|[[Ursa Major]]
|One of the most isolated galaxies in Local Group. Situated at the edge of the Local Group.
|-
|[[Sextans A]] (UGCA 205, AO 4977)
|Ir+V
|[[Sextans]]
|Member of [[Antlia-Sextans Group]]
|-
|[[Sextans B]] (UGC 5373, QRT 947748)
|Ir+IV-V
|[[Sextans]]
|Member of [[Antlia-Sextans Group]]
|-
|[[Leo P]] (AGC 19470059)
|Irr
|[[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
|Member of [[Antlia-Sextans Group]], extraordinarily low metallicity (Z = 0.03ZMW)
|-
|[[AGC 198606]] (Leo VI)
|Irr?
|[[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
|Gas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy
|-
|[[AGC 215417]](Leo VII)
|Irr?
|[[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
|Gas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy
|-
|[[AGC 219656]]
|Irr?
|[[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
|Gas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy
|-
|[[AGC 249525]]
|Irr?
|[[Boötes]]
|Gas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy, Situated at the edge of the Local Group
|-
|[[AGC 268069]]
|Irr?
|[[Serpens]]
|Gas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy
|-
! colspan=4 | [[Dwarf elliptical galaxies]]
|-
| [[Messier 110|M110]] (NGC 205)
| dE6p
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy and 5th largest galaxy with the mass of 9.3&nbsp;billion solar masses.
|-
| [[NGC 147]] (DDO 3)
| dE5 pec
| Cassiopeia
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
! colspan=4 | [[Dwarf spheroidal galaxies]]
|-
| [[Boötes I]] (DDO 9774998.074÷×47)
| dSph
| [[Boötes]]
|satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Cetus Dwarf]]
| dSph/E4
| Cetus
|3.4 million light-years away
size:999 light-years
|-
| [[Canes Venatici I Dwarf]] and [[Canes Venatici II Dwarf]]
| dSph
| [[Canes Venatici]]
| Satellites of the Milky Way<ref name=Zucker2006>{{Cite journal | last1 = Zucker | first1 = D. B. | last2 = Belokurov | first2 = V. | last3 = Evans | first3 = N. W. | last4 = Wilkinson | first4 = M. I. | last5 = Irwin | first5 = M. J. | last6 = Sivarani | first6 = T. | last7 = Hodgkin | first7 = S. | last8 = Bramich | first8 = D. M. | last9 = Irwin | first9 = J. M. | last10 = Gilmore | doi = 10.1086/505216 | first10 = G. | last11 = Willman | first11 = B. | last12 = Vidrih | first12 = S. | last13 = Fellhauer | first13 = M. | last14 = Hewett | first14 = P. C. | last15 = Beers | first15 = T. C. | last16 = Bell | first16 = E. F. | last17 = Grebel | first17 = E. K. | last18 = Schneider | first18 = D. P. | last19 = Newberg | first19 = H. J. | last20 = Wyse | first20 = R. F. G. | last21 = Rockosi | first21 = C. M. |author-link21=Constance M. Rockosi| last22 = Yanny | first22 = B. | last23 = Lupton | first23 = R. | last24 = Smith | first24 = J. A. | last25 = Barentine | first25 = J. C. | last26 = Brewington | first26 = H. | last27 = Brinkmann | first27 = J. | last28 = Harvanek | first28 = M. | last29 = Kleinman | first29 = S. J. | last30 = Krzesinski | first30 = J. | title = A New Milky Way Dwarf Satellite in Canes Venatici | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 643 | issue = 2 | pages = L103 | year = 2006 |arxiv = astro-ph/0604354 |bibcode = 2006ApJ...643L.103Z | s2cid = 119421888 }}</ref><ref name=Martin2007>{{Cite journal | last1 = Martin | first1 = N. F. | last2 = De Jong | first2 = J. T. A. | last3 = Rix | first3 = H. W. | doi = 10.1086/590336 | title = A Comprehensive Maximum Likelihood Analysis of the Structural Properties of Faint Milky Way Satellites | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 684 | issue = 2 | pages = 1075–1092 | year = 2008 |arxiv = 0805.2945 |bibcode = 2008ApJ...684.1075M | s2cid = 17838966 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Andromeda III]]
| dE2
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[NGC 185]]
| dE3 pec
| Cassiopeia
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda I]]
| dE3 pec
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Sculptor Dwarf]] (E351-G30)
| dE3
| [[Sculptor (constellation)|Sculptor]]
| Satellite of Milky Way
|-
| [[Andromeda V]] (UKS 4977-94)
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda II]] (NCA 14)
| dE0
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Fornax Dwarf]] (E356-G04)
| dSph/E2
| [[Fornax]]
| Satellite of Milky Way
|-
| [[Carina Dwarf]] (E206-G220)
| dE3
| [[Carina (constellation)|Carina]]
| Satellite of Milky Way
|-
| [[Leo I (dwarf galaxy)|Leo I]] (DDO 74)
| dE3
| Leo
| Satellite of Milky Way
|-
| [[Sextans Dwarf]](Sextans 1)
| dE3
| Sextans
| Satellite of Milky Way
|-
| [[Leo II (dwarf galaxy)|Leo II]] (Leo B)
| dE0 pec
| Leo
| Satellite of Milky Way
|-
| [[Ursa Minor Dwarf]] (NCA 47-49)
| dE4
| [[Ursa Minor]]
| Satellite of Milky Way
|-
| [[Draco Dwarf]] (DDO 208)
| dE0 pec
| [[Draco (constellation)|Draco]]
| Satellite of Milky Way
|-
| [[Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy|SagDSG]] (Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy)
| dSph/E7
| Sagittarius
| Satellite of Milky Way
|-
| [[Tucana Dwarf]]
| dE5
| Tucana
|3.2 million ly away
|-
| [[Cassiopeia Dwarf]] (Andromeda VII, NCA 4)
| dSph
| Cassiopeia
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Pegasus Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy]] (Andromeda VI)
| dSph
| Pegasus
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Ursa Major I Dwarf]]
| dSph
| [[Ursa Major]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Ursa Major II Dwarf]]
| dSph
| Ursa Major
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Ursa Major III]]
| dSph
| Ursa Major
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Leo IV (dwarf galaxy)|Leo IV]]
| dSph 
| [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Leo V (dwarf galaxy)|Leo V]] 
| dSph 
| [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Leo T]]
| dSph/Irr
| [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Boötes II]]
| dSph 
| [[Boötes]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Boötes III]] (NCA 4.9) 
| dSph 
| [[Boötes]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way, Bootes lll likely formed both the Bootes Ill Stream & the Monosoros Stellar stream
|-
| [[Boötes IV]]
| dSph 
| [[Boötes]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Coma Berenices (dwarf galaxy)|Coma Berenices]] 
| dSph 
| [[Coma Berenices]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Segue 2]] (Aries Dwarf, NCA 429) 
| dSph 
| [[Aries (constellation)|Aries]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
size:220 light-years
number of stars:≈1000
|-
| [[Hercules (dwarf galaxy)|Hercules]] (NCA 4977429) 
| dSph 
| [[Hercules (constellation)|Hercules]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Pisces II]] 
| dSph 
| [[Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Reticulum II]] 
| dSph 
| [[Reticulum]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Reticulum III]]
| dSph 
| Reticulum
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Eridanus II]] 
| dSph 
| [[Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]]
| Probable satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Grus I (dwarf galaxy)|Grus I]]
| dSph 
| [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Grus II]]
| dSph 
| Grus
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Tucana II (dwarf galaxy)|Tucana II]]
| dSph 
| [[Tucana]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Hydrus I]] (Hydrus Dwarf spheroidal galaxy)
| dSph 
| Hydrus
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Draco II]]
| dSph 
| Draco
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Carina III]]
| dSph 
| Carina
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Triangulum II]] (Laevens 2)
| dSph 
| Triangulum
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Carina II (dwarf galaxy)|Carina II]]
| dSph 
| Carina
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Pictor II]]
| dSph 
| [[Pictor]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Horologium II]]
| dSph 
| [[Horologium (constellation)|Horologium]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Virgo I]] 
| dSph 
| [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Virgo III]] 
| dSph?
| [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way<ref name=Homma2024>{{cite journal | last1=Homma | first1=Daisuke | last2=Chiba | first2=Masashi | last3=Komiyama | first3=Yutaka | last4=Tanaka | first4=Masayuki | last5=Okamoto | first5=Sakurako | last6=Tanaka | first6=Mikito | last7=Ishigaki | first7=Miho N | last8=Hayashi | first8=Kohei | last9=Arimoto | first9=Nobuo | last10=Lupton | first10=Robert H | last11=Strauss | first11=Michael A | last12=Miyazaki | first12=Satoshi | last13=Wang | first13=Shiang-Yu | last14=Murayama | first14=Hitoshi | title=Final results of the search for new Milky Way satellites in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program survey: Discovery of two more candidates | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan | date=2024-06-08 | volume=76 | issue=4 | pages=733–752 | issn=0004-6264 | doi=10.1093/pasj/psae044| arxiv=2311.05439 }}</ref>
|- 
| [[Sextans II]]
| dSph?
| Sextans
| Satellite of the Milky Way<ref name=Homma2024/>
|-
| [[Aquarius II]]
| dSph 
| Aquarius
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
|[[Aquarius III (galaxy)|Aquarius III]]
| dSph?
| Aquarius
| Satellite of the Milky Way<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ad8eba|doi-access=free |title=Discovery and Spectroscopic Confirmation of Aquarius III: A Low-mass Milky Way Satellite Galaxy |date=2025 |last1=Cerny |first1=W. |last2=Chiti |first2=A. |last3=Geha |first3=M. |last4=Mutlu-Pakdil |first4=B. |last5=Drlica-Wagner |first5=A. |last6=Tan |first6=C. Y. |last7=Adamów |first7=M. |last8=Pace |first8=A. B. |last9=Simon |first9=J. D. |last10=Sand |first10=D. J. |last11=Ji |first11=A. P. |last12=Li |first12=T. S. |last13=Vivas |first13=A. K. |last14=Bell |first14=E. F. |last15=Carlin |first15=J. L. |last16=Carballo-Bello |first16=J. A. |last17=Chaturvedi |first17=A. |last18=Choi |first18=Y. |last19=Doliva-Dolinsky |first19=A. |last20=Gnedin |first20=O. Y. |last21=Limberg |first21=G. |last22=Martínez-Vázquez |first22=C. E. |last23=Mau |first23=S. |last24=Medina |first24=G. E. |last25=Navabi |first25=M. |last26=Noël |first26=N. E. D. |last27=Placco |first27=V. M. |last28=Riley |first28=A. H. |last29=Roederer |first29=I. U. |last30=Stringfellow |first30=G. S. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=979 |issue=2 |page=164 |arxiv=2410.00981 |bibcode=2025ApJ...979..164C |display-authors=1 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Crater II]] 
| dSph 
| [[Crater (constellation)|Crater]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Hydra II]]
| dSph 
| Hydra
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Antlia II]] 
| dSph 
| Antlia
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Pegasus III]]
| dSph 
| Pegasus
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Pegasus IV]]
| dSph 
| Pegasus
| Satellite of the Milky Way<ref name=PegasusIV>{{cite journal | arxiv=2203.11788 | doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aca1c3 | title=Pegasus IV: Discovery and Spectroscopic Confirmation of an Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy in the Constellation Pegasus | year=2023 | last1=Cerny | first1=W. | last2=Simon | first2=J. D. | last3=Li | first3=T. S. | last4=Drlica-Wagner | first4=A. | last5=Pace | first5=A. B. | last6=Martínez-Vázquez | first6=C. E. | last7=Riley | first7=A. H. | last8=Mutlu-Pakdil | first8=B. | last9=Mau | first9=S. | last10=Ferguson | first10=P. S. | last11=Erkal | first11=D. | last12=Munoz | first12=R. R. | last13=Bom | first13=C. R. | last14=Carlin | first14=J. L. | last15=Carollo | first15=D. | last16=Choi | first16=Y. | last17=Ji | first17=A. P. | last18=Manwadkar | first18=V. | last19=Martínez-Delgado | first19=D. | last20=Miller | first20=A. E. | last21=Noël | first21=N. E. D. | last22=Sakowska | first22=J. D. | last23=Sand | first23=D. J. | last24=Stringfellow | first24=G. S. | last25=Tollerud | first25=E. J. | last26=Vivas | first26=A. K. | last27=Carballo-Bello | first27=J. A. | last28=Hernandez-Lang | first28=D. | last29=James | first29=D. J. | last30=Nidever | first30=D. L. | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=942 | issue=2 | page=111 | bibcode=2023ApJ...942..111C | s2cid=247597301 | display-authors=1 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|[[Pegasus W]]
|dSph
|[[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]]
|Recent star formation, could still be starforming
|-
| [[Cetus III]]
| dSph 
| Cetus
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Leo K (galaxy)|Leo K]]
| dSph?
| Leo
| Satellite of the Milky Way<ref name=McQuinn/>
|-
| [[Leo M]]
| dSph?
| Leo
| Satellite of the Milky Way<ref name=McQuinn>{{cite journal|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ad429b|doi-access=free |title=Discovery and Characterization of Two Ultrafaint Dwarfs outside the Halo of the Milky Way: Leo M and Leo K |date=2024 |last1=McQuinn |first1=Kristen. B. W. |last2=Mao |first2=Yao-Yuan |last3=Tollerud |first3=Erik J. |last4=Cohen |first4=Roger E. |last5=Shih |first5=David |last6=Buckley |first6=Matthew R. |last7=Dolphin |first7=Andrew E. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=967 |issue=2 |page=161 |arxiv=2307.08738 |bibcode=2024ApJ...967..161M }}</ref>
|-
| [[Leo VI (galaxy)|Leo VI]]
| dSph
| Leo
| Satellite of the Milky Way<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ad9b0c|doi-access=free |title=A Pride of Satellites in the Constellation Leo? Discovery of the Leo VI Milky Way Satellite Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy with DELVE Early Data Release 3 |date=2025 |last1=Tan |first1=C. Y. |last2=Cerny |first2=W. |last3=Drlica-Wagner |first3=A. |last4=Pace |first4=A. B. |last5=Geha |first5=M. |last6=Ji |first6=A. P. |last7=Li |first7=T. S. |last8=Adamów |first8=M. |last9=Anbajagane |first9=D. |last10=Bom |first10=C. R. |last11=Carballo-Bello |first11=J. A. |last12=Carlin |first12=J. L. |last13=Chang |first13=C. |last14=Chaturvedi |first14=A. |last15=Chiti |first15=A. |last16=Choi |first16=Y. |last17=Collins |first17=M. L. M. |last18=Doliva-Dolinsky |first18=A. |last19=Ferguson |first19=P. S. |last20=Gruendl |first20=R. A. |last21=James |first21=D. J. |last22=Limberg |first22=G. |last23=Navabi |first23=M. |last24=Martínez-Delgado |first24=D. |last25=Martínez-Vázquez |first25=C. E. |last26=Medina |first26=G. E. |last27=Mutlu-Pakdil |first27=B. |last28=Nidever |first28=D. L. |last29=Noël |first29=N. E. D. |last30=Riley |first30=A. H. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=979 |issue=2 |page=176 |arxiv=2408.00865 |bibcode=2025ApJ...979..176T |display-authors=1 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Leo Minor I]]
| dSph?
| [[Leo Minor]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way<ref name=Cerny2022>{{cite journal|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/acdd78|doi-access=free |title=Six More Ultra-faint Milky Way Companions Discovered in the DECam Local Volume Exploration Survey |date=2023 |last1=Cerny |first1=W. |last2=Martínez-Vázquez |first2=C. E. |last3=Drlica-Wagner |first3=A. |last4=Pace |first4=A. B. |last5=Mutlu-Pakdil |first5=B. |last6=Li |first6=T. S. |last7=Riley |first7=A. H. |last8=Crnojević |first8=D. |last9=Bom |first9=C. R. |last10=Carballo-Bello |first10=J. A. |last11=Carlin |first11=J. L. |last12=Chiti |first12=A. |last13=Choi |first13=Y. |last14=Collins |first14=M. L. M. |last15=Darragh-Ford |first15=E. |last16=Ferguson |first16=P. S. |last17=Geha |first17=M. |last18=Martínez-Delgado |first18=D. |last19=Massana |first19=P. |last20=Mau |first20=S. |last21=Medina |first21=G. E. |last22=Muñoz |first22=R. R. |last23=Nadler |first23=E. O. |last24=Noël |first24=N. E. D. |last25=Olsen |first25=K. A. G. |last26=Pieres |first26=A. |last27=Sakowska |first27=J. D. |last28=Simon |first28=J. D. |last29=Stringfellow |first29=G. S. |last30=Tollerud |first30=E. J. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=953 |issue=1 |page=1 |arxiv=2209.12422 |bibcode=2023ApJ...953....1C |display-authors=1 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Boötes V]]
| dSph?
| Boötes
| Satellite of the Milky Way<ref name=Cerny2022/>
|-
| [[Virgo II]]
| dSph?
| Virgo
| Satellite of the Milky Way<ref name=Cerny2022/>
|-
| [[Tucana B]]
| dSph 
| Tucana
| <ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac85ee|title=Tucana B: A Potentially Isolated and Quenched Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy at D ≈ 1.4 MPC |year=2022 |last1=Sand |first1=David J. |last2=Mutlu-Pakdil |first2=Burçin |last3=Jones |first3=Michael G. |last4=Karunakaran |first4=Ananthan |last5=Wang |first5=Feige |last6=Yang |first6=Jinyi |last7=Chiti |first7=Anirudh |last8=Bennet |first8=Paul |last9=Crnojević |first9=Denija |last10=Spekkens |first10=Kristine |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=935 |issue=1 |pages=L17 |s2cid=251615833 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2205.09129 |bibcode=2022ApJ...935L..17S |hdl=10261/309130 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|DES 1
| dE
| [[Perseus (constellation)|Perseus]]
| Satellite of Milky Way
|-
| [[Antlia Dwarf]]
| dE3/dSph/Irr?
| Antlia
| Member of [[Antlia-Sextans Group]]
|-
| [[Andromeda IX]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda X]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XI]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XII]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XIII]] (Pisces III)
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XIV]] (Pisces IV)
| dSph
| Pisces
| Possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XV]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XVII]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XIX]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XX]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XXI]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XXII]]
| dSph
| Pisces
| Possible satellite of the Triangulum Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XXIII]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XXIV]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XXV]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XXVI]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XXVII]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy, tidally disrupted<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnras/stz2529|arxiv=1909.09661|bibcode=2019MNRAS.490.2905P|title=A dwarf disrupting - Andromeda XXVII and the North West Stream|author1=Preston, Janet|author2=Collins, Michelle L. M.|author3=Ibata, Rodrigo A.|author4=Tollerud, Erik J.|author5=Rich, R. Michael|author6=Bonaca, Ana|author7=McConnachie, Alan W.|author8=Mackey, Dougal|author9=Lewis, Geraint F.|author10=Martin, Nicolas F.|author11=Peñarrubia, Jorge|author12=Chapman, Scott C.|author13=Delorme, Maxime|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|year=2019 |volume=490|issue=2|pages=2905–2917|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| [[Andromeda XXIX]]
| dSph
| Pegasus
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XXX]] (Cassiopeia II)
| dSph?
| Cassiopeia
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XXXI]] (Lacerta I)
| dSph?
| Lacerta
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XXXII]] (Cassiopeia III)
| dSph?
| Cassiopeia
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XXXIV]] (Pegasus V)
| dSph
| Pegasus
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy<ref name="arXiv-2204.09068">{{cite journal |arxiv=2204.09068 |last1=Collins |first1=Michelle L. M. |last2=Charles |first2=Emily J. E. |last3=Martínez-Delgado |first3=David |last4=Monelli |first4=Matteo |last5=Karim |first5=Noushin |last6=Donatiello |first6=Giuseppe |last7=Tollerud |first7=Erik J. |last8=Boschin |first8=Walter |title=Pegasus V/Andromeda XXXIV–a newly discovered ultrafaint dwarf galaxy on the outskirts of Andromeda |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |year=2022  |volume=515 |issue=1 |pages=L72–L77 |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slac063 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022MNRAS.515L..72C }}</ref>
|-
| [[Andromeda XXXV]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arias |first1=Jose Marco |last2=Bell |first2=Eric F. |last3=Gozman |first3=Katya |last4=Jang |first4=In Sung |last5=Stockton |first5=Saxon |last6=Gnedin |first6=Oleg Y. |last7=D’Souza |first7=Richard |last8=Monachesi |first8=Antonela |last9=Bailin |first9=Jeremy |last10=Nidever |first10=David |last11=de Jong |first11=Roelof S. |date=2025-03-11 |title=Andromeda XXXV: The Faintest Dwarf Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=982 |issue=1 |pages=L3 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/adb433 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2025ApJ...982L...3A |issn=2041-8205}}</ref>
|-
| [[Andromeda XVI]] (Pisces V)
| dSph
| Pisces
| Possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XXVIII]]
| dSph?
| Pegasus
| Possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XXXIII]] (Perseus I)
| dSph?
| Perseus
| Possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
|-
| [[Andromeda XVIII]]
| dSph
| Andromeda
| 
|-
| [[Centaurus I]]
| dSph
| Centaurus
| Satellite of the Milky Way<ref name="Mau2020">{{cite journal |title=Two Ultra-faint Milky Way Stellar Systems Discovered in Early Data from the DECam Local Volume Exploration Survey |last1=Mau |first1=S.|display-authors=etal|year=2020 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=890 |issue=2 |page=136 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab6c67 |arxiv=1912.03301 |bibcode=2020ApJ...890..136M |s2cid=208857609 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|[[Pisces VII]] (Triangulum III)
|dSph?
| Pisces
| Candidate, possible satellite of the Triangulum Galaxy<ref name=MartinezDelgado2022>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnras/stab2797|bibcode=2022MNRAS.509...16M|arxiv=2104.03859|title=Pisces VII: Discovery of a possible satellite of Messier 33 in the DESI legacy imaging surveys|year=2022|last1=Martínez-Delgado|first1=David|last2=Karim|first2=Noushin|last3=Charles|first3=Emily J E.|last4=Boschin|first4=Walter|last5=Monelli|first5=Matteo|last6=Collins|first6=Michelle L M.|last7=Donatiello|first7=Giuseppe|last8=Alfaro|first8=Emilio J.|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=509|issue=1 |pages=16–24|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
! colspan=4 | Identification unclear
|-
| [[Virgo Stellar Stream]]
| dSph (remnant)?
| Virgo
| In the process of merging with the Milky Way
|-
| [[Canis Major Dwarf]]
| Irr?
| [[Canis Major]]
| Possibly a dwarf galaxy in the process of merging with the Milky Way
|-
| [[Hydra 1]]
| 
| Hydra
| Possibly a dwarf galaxy in the process of merging with the Milky Way
|-
| [[Tucana III]]
| dSph or cluster?
| Tucana
| Satellite of the Milky Way, tidally disrupting
|-
| [[Tucana IV]]
| dSph or cluster?
| Tucana
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Tucana V]]
| dSph or cluster?
| Tucana
| Possibly non-existent
|-
| [[Columba I]]
| dSph or cluster?
| [[Columba (constellation)|Columba]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Segue 1]] 
| dSph or Globular Cluster
| Leo
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Cetus II]]
| 
| Cetus
| Likely part of Sagittarius tidal stream
|-
| [[Willman 1]]
| dSph or Globular Cluster
| Ursa Major
| 147,000 light-years away
|-
| [[Horologium I (dwarf galaxy)|Horologium I]]
| dSph or Globular Cluster
| Horologium
| Satellite of the Milky Way. Not to be confused with the Horologium Supercluster.
|-
| [[Pictoris I (dwarf galaxy)|Pictoris]]
| dSph or Globular Cluster 
| Pictor
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Phoenix II (dwarf galaxy)|Phoenix II]]
| dSph or Globular Cluster 
| [[Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Kim 2|Indus I]] (Kim 2, Indus Dwarf)
| dSph or Globular Cluster 
| [[Indus]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Eridanus III (dwarf galaxy)|Eridanus III]]
| dSph or Globular Cluster
| [[Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]]
| Satellite of the Milky Way or SMC<ref name=Conn>{{cite journal|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aa9eda|title=On the Nature of Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Candidates. I. DES1, Eridanus III, and Tucana V|year=2018|last1=Conn|first1=Blair C.|last2=Jerjen|first2=Helmut|last3=Kim|first3=Dongwon|last4=Schirmer|first4=Mischa|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=852|issue=2|page=68|arxiv=1712.01439|bibcode=2018ApJ...852...68C|s2cid=119457824 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| [[Sagittarius II]]
| dSph or Globular Cluster
| Sagittarius
| Satellite of the Milky Way
|-
| [[Andromeda VIII]] (Adsant-40-7 quote serp galaxy)
| dSph?
| Andromeda
| Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy, tidally disrupting
|-
|Antlia B
|
|[[Antlia]]
|Member of [[Antlia-Sextans Group]]
|-
! colspan=4 | Probable non-members
|-
| [[Andromeda IV]]
| Irr
| Andromeda
| Once considered to be associated with M31. Its distance is now known to be 22 to 24 million light years (not close to the Andromeda Galaxy at all).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2015-12-andromeda-iv-solitary-gas-rich-dwarf.html |title=Andromeda IV turns out to be a solitary gas-rich dwarf galaxy |last=Nowakowski |first=Tomasz |date=22 December 2015 |website=physorg |access-date=25 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[UGC 8091|GR 8]] (DDO 155)
| Im V
| [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]
| Distance 7.9&nbsp;million light years<ref name="Tolstoy1999">{{Cite book |last=Tolstoy, Eline |title=The stellar content of Local Group galaxies, Proceedings of the 192nd symposium of the International Astronomical Union |publisher=[[Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-1886733824 |editor=Patricia Whitelock |editor2=Russell Cannon |volume=192 |pages=218 |chapter=Detailed Star-Formation Histories of Nearby Dwarf Irregular Galaxies using HST |bibcode=1999IAUS..192..218T}}</ref>
|-
| [[IC 5152]] (Indus III) 
| IAB(s)m IV
| [[Indus (constellation)|Indus]]
| Distance 5.8&nbsp;million light years, possibly an outlying member of the Local Group<ref name="Z1999">{{Cite journal |last1=Ziljstra, A. A. |last2=Minniti, Dante |date=April 1999 |title=A Dwarf Irregular Galaxy at the Edge of the Local Group: Stellar Populations and Distance of IC 5152 |journal=[[Astronomical Journal]] |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=1743–1757 |arxiv=astro-ph/9812330 |bibcode=1999AJ....117.1743Z |doi=10.1086/300802|s2cid=14737502 }}</ref>
|-
| [[KK 153]]
| 
| [[Ursa Major]]
| Distance 6.5&nbsp;million light years, possibly an outlying member of the Local Group<ref name=Xu2025>{{cite journal|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/adbe7e|doi-access=free |title=FAST Discovery of a Gas-rich and Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxy: KK153 |date=2025 |last1=Xu |first1=Jin-Long |last2=Zhu |first2=Ming |last3=Yu |first3=Nai-Ping |last4=Zhang |first4=Chuan-Peng |last5=Liu |first5=Xiao-Lan |last6=Ai |first6=Mei |last7=Jiang |first7=Peng |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=982 |issue=2 |pages=L36 |arxiv=2503.08999 |bibcode=2025ApJ...982L..36X }}</ref>
|-
| [[NGC 300]] 
| SA(s)d
| [[Sculptor (constellation)|Sculptor]]
| Distance 6.07&nbsp;million light years
|-
| [[NGC 55]] 
| SB(s)m
| [[Sculptor (constellation)|Sculptor]]
| Distance 6.5&nbsp;million light years<ref name=Cosmicflows2/>
|-
| [[NGC 404]]
| E0 or SA(s)0<sup>−</sup>
| Andromeda
| Distance 10 million light years<ref name="jensenetal2003">{{Cite journal |last1=Jensen, Joseph B. |last2=Tonry, John L. |last3=Barris, Brian J. |last4=Thompson, Rodger I. |last5=Liu, Michael C. |last6=Rieke, Marcia J. |last7=Ajhar, Edward A. |last8=Blakeslee, John P. |display-authors=4 |date=February 2003 |title=Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=583 |issue=2 |pages=712–726 |arxiv=astro-ph/0210129 |bibcode=2003ApJ...583..712J |doi=10.1086/345430|s2cid=551714 }}</ref>
|-
| [[NGC 1569]] (IC 49447)
| Irp+ III-IV
| Camelopardalis
| In [[IC 342]] group of galaxies. Distance 11 million light years<ref name="Grocholski2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Grocholski, Aaron J. |last2=Aloisi, Alessandra |last3=van der Marel, Roeland P. |last4=Mack, Jennifer |last5=Annibali, Francesca |last6=Angeretti, Luca |last7=Greggio, Laura |last8=Held, Enrico V. |last9=Romano, Donatella |last10=Sirianni, Marco |last11=Tosi, Monica |display-authors=4 |name-list-style=amp |date=20 October 2008 |title=A New Hubble Space Telescope Distance to NGC 1569: Starburst Properties and IC 342 Group Membership |journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=686 |issue=2 |pages=L79–L82 |arxiv=0808.0153 |bibcode=2008ApJ...686L..79G |doi=10.1086/592949|s2cid=9877496 }}</ref>
|-
| [[NGC 1560]] (IC 2062)
| Sd
| Camelopardalis
| Distance 8-12&nbsp;million light years
|-
| [[Camelopardalis A]]
| Irr
| Camelopardalis
| Distance 12 million light years<ref name=Cosmicflows2>{{cite journal|title=Cosmicflows-2: The Data|author1=Tully, R. Brent|display-authors=etal|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=146|issue=4|date=2013|bibcode=2013AJ....146...86T|doi=10.1088/0004-6256/146/4/86|arxiv=1307.7213|page=86|s2cid=118494842}}</ref>
|-
| [[Argo Dwarf]]
| Irr
| Carina
|7.1 million light-years away
|-
| [[ESO 347-8]] (2318–42, PGC 475744)
| Irr
| [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]]
|9 million light-years away fairly isolated until million light years. away from the galaxy
|-
| [[UKS 2323-326]] (ESO 407-18)
| Irr
| Sculptor
| Distance 7.2 million light-years<ref name=Cosmicflows2/>
|-
| [[UGC 9128]] (DDO 187)
| Irp+
| Boötes
|7 million light-years away
|-
| [[KKs 3]] (Hydrus II)
| dSph
|[[Hydrus]]
|Distance 5.2 million light-years
|-
! colspan=4 | Objects in the Local Group no longer recognised as galaxies
|-
| [[Palomar 12]] (Capricornus Dwarf)
|dSphr
| [[Capricornus]]
|[[Globular cluster]] formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy
|-
| [[Palomar 4]] (Ursa Major Dwarf)
|d Sphr
| Ursa Major
| Globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy
|-
| [[Palomar 5]] (Serpens Dwarf)
|
| [[Serpens]]
| Globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy
|-
| [[Palomar 3]] (Sextans C)
| 
| Sculptor
| Globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Pal3&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id |title=Pal3 |website=simbad.u-strasbg.fr |access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Segue 3]]
|
| Pegasus
| Globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy<ref name=Fadely2011>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fadely | first1 = R. | last2 = Willman | first2 = B. | last3 = Geha | first3 = M.|author3-link= Marla Geha | last4 = Walsh | first4 = S. | last5 = Muñoz | first5 = R. R. | last6 = Jerjen | first6 = H. | last7 = Vargas | first7 = L. C. | last8 = Da Costa | first8 = G. S. | doi = 10.1088/0004-6256/142/3/88 | title = Segue 3: An old, extremely low luminosity star cluster in the Milky Way's halo| journal = The Astronomical Journal | volume = 142 | issue = 3 | pages = 88 | year = 2011 |arxiv = 1107.3151 |bibcode = 2011AJ....142...88F | s2cid = 118509282 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Laevens 1]] (Crater Dwarf)
| 
| Crater
| Globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy<ref name=Voggel2016>{{cite journal | title=Probing the boundary between star clusters and dwarf galaxies: A MUSE view on the dynamics of Crater/Laevens I |first1=Karina | last1=Voggel |first2=Michael |last2=Hilker |first3=Holger |last3=Baumgardt |first4=Michelle L.M. |last4=Collins |first5=Eva K. |last5=Grebel |first6=Bernd |last6=Husemann |first7=Tom |last7=Richtler |first8=Matthias J. |last8=Frank |arxiv=1604.06806 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stw1132 |volume=460 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |year=2016 |issue=3 |pages=3384–3397|doi-access=free |bibcode = 2016MNRAS.460.3384V }}</ref>
|-
| DES J2038-4609 (Indus II)
| 
| Indus
| Likely a chance alignment of stars<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ac0443|title=A Deeper Look at DES Dwarf Galaxy Candidates: Grus I and Indus II|year=2021|last1=Cantu|first1=Sarah A.|last2=Pace|first2=Andrew B.|last3=Marshall|first3=Jennifer|last4=Strigari|first4=Louis E.|last5=Crnojevic|first5=Denija|last6=Simon|first6=Joshua D.|last7=Drlica-Wagner|first7=A.|last8=Bechtol|first8=K.|last9=Martínez-Vázquez|first9=Clara E.|last10=Santiago|first10=B.|last11=Amara|first11=A.|last12=Stringer|first12=K. M.|last13=Diehl|first13=H. T.|last14=Aguena|first14=M.|last15=Allam|first15=S.|last16=Avila|first16=S.|last17=Brooks|first17=D.|last18=Carnero Rosell|first18=A.|last19=Carrasco Kind|first19=M.|last20=Carretero|first20=J.|last21=Costanzi|first21=M.|last22=Da Costa|first22=L. N.|last23=De Vicente|first23=J.|last24=Desai|first24=S.|last25=Doel|first25=P.|last26=Eifler|first26=T. F.|last27=Everett|first27=S.|last28=Frieman|first28=J.|last29=García-Bellido|first29=J.|last30=Gaztanaga|first30=E.|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=916|issue=2|page=81|arxiv=2005.06478|bibcode=2021ApJ...916...81C|s2cid=218628642|display-authors=1 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
! Name
! Type
! Constellation
! Notes
|-
|}

==Structure==
[[File:Thelocalgroup.jpg|thumb|upright=3|Overview of the structure and trajectory of the Local Group]]

===Streams===
* [[Magellanic Stream]], a stream of gas being stripped off the Magellanic Clouds due to their interaction with the Milky Way
* [[Monoceros Ring]], a ring of stars around the Milky Way that is proposed to consist of a [[stellar stream]] torn from the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy
* Virgo Strem, a steam formed from a dwarf galaxy.
* Helni Stream

== Future ==
The galaxies of the Local Group are likely to merge together under their own mutual gravitational attractions over a timescale of [[Timeline of the far future|tens of billions of years]] into a single elliptical galaxy, with the [[Andromeda–Milky Way collision|coalescence of Andromeda and the Milky Way]] being the predominant event in this process.<ref>{{cite journal
 | author= Fred C. Adams
 | author2= Gregory Laughlin
 | title=A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects
 | journal=Reviews of Modern Physics
 | date=1997
 | volume=69
 | issue=2
 | pages=337–372
 | bibcode=1997RvMP...69..337A
 | doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337
 | arxiv=astro-ph/9701131 | s2cid= 12173790
 }}</ref>

[[File:Andromeda and Milky Way collision.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|A [[NASA]] conception of the collision using [[computer-generated imagery]]]]

== Location ==
{{Main|Laniakea Supercluster}}
{{Excerpt|Laniakea Supercluster|only=paragraph}}
{{wide image|Location of Earth (9x1-English Annot-small).png|2000px|A diagram of our location in the [[observable universe]]. (''[[:File:Location of Earth (3x3-English Annot-small).png|Alternative image]].'')}}

== See also ==
* [[Galaxy cluster]]
* [[IC 342/Maffei Group]], possibly the group of galaxies nearest to the Local Group
* [[Antlia-Sextans Group]], another candidate for the group of galaxies nearest to the Local Group
* [[List of galaxy groups and clusters]]
* [[List of nearest galaxies]]
* [[Virgocentric flow]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Local Group}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.messier.seds.org/more/local.html |title=The Local Group |website=www.messier.seds.org |access-date=12 March 2020}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www2.lowell.edu/users/massey/lgsurvey/ |title=Local Group Galaxies Survey |website=www2.lowell.edu |access-date=12 March 2020}}
* {{Cite journal |last=van den Bergh |first=Sidney |year=2000 |title=Updated Information on the Local Group |journal=The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=112 |issue=770 |pages=529–536 |arxiv=astro-ph/0001040 |bibcode=2000PASP..112..529V |doi=10.1086/316548|s2cid=1805423 }}

{{Local Group}}
{{Earth's location}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Stars|Outer space|Science}}

[[Category:Local Group| ]]
[[Category:Galaxy clusters]]
[[Category:Virgo Supercluster]]