View source for Statism

{{Short description|Doctrine that the political authority of the state is legitimate to some degree}}
{{Redirect|Statist}}
{{party politics}}

In [[political science]], '''statism''' or '''etatism''' (from [[French language|French]], ''état'' 'state') is the doctrine that the [[political authority]] of the [[State (polity)|state]] is [[Legitimacy (political)|legitimate]] to some degree.{{sfn|Bakunin|1990}}{{sfn|Cudworth|2007}}<ref name="barrow">{{cite book |last=Barrow |first=Clyde W. |title=Critical Theories of State: Marxist, Neo-Marxist, Post-Marxist |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=0-299-13714-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3zo8mCl580C |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> This may include [[Economic policy|economic]] and [[social policy]], especially in regard to [[Tax|taxation]] and the [[means of production]].<ref>{{harvp|Bakunin|1990}}; {{harvp|Cudworth|2007}}; {{harvp|Kvistad|1999}}; {{harvp|Levy|2006|p=469}}; {{harvp|Obadare|2010}}</ref>

While in use since the 1850s, the term ''statism'' gained significant usage in [[Politics of the United States|American political]] discourse throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Opposition to statism is termed [[anti-statism]] or [[anarchism]]. The latter is usually characterized by a complete rejection of all [[Hierarchical organization|hierarchical]] rulership.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Craig |editor-first=Edward |section=Anarchism |title=The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=31 March 2005 |isbn=978-0-415-32495-3 |editor-link=Edward Craig (philosopher) |title-link=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=[[Routledge]]}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Statism can take many forms, from [[Limited government|small government]] to [[big government]]. [[Night-watchman state|Minarchism]] is a political philosophy that prefers a minimal state such as a [[night-watchman state]] to protect people from [[aggression]], [[theft]], [[breach of contract]] and [[fraud]] with [[military|the military]], [[police]] and [[Court|courts]]. This may also include [[fire department]]s, [[prison]]s and other functions.<ref>{{harvp|Machan|2002|pp=569–588}}; {{harvp|Block|2007|pp=61–90}}; {{harvp|Long|2008}}; {{harvp|Parker|2010}}</ref> The [[welfare state]] is another form within the spectrum of statism.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=[[Prentice-Hall]] |isbn=978-0-13-537167-1 |last=Friedrich |first=Carl |title=Limited Government: A Comparison |url=https://archive.org/details/limitedgovernmen0000frie |url-access=registration |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |year=1974 |oclc=803732}}</ref><ref name="Welfare State by Marx">{{cite book |publisher=Wilson |last=Marx |first=Herbert |title=The Welfare State |location=New York City, New York |year=1950}}</ref> [[Authoritarianism|Authoritarian]] philosophies view a strong, authoritative state as required to legislate or enforce morality and cultural practices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/authoritarian |title=authoritarian |date=9 October 2013 |publisher=Dictionary.com, LLC |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/644/ |title=The Authoritarian Impulse in Constitutional Law |last=West |first=Robin |journal=Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works |date=1988 |publisher=[[Georgetown University Law Center]] |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref> [[Totalitarianism]] is that which prefers a maximum, all-encompassing state.<ref>{{harvp|Arendt|1966}}; {{harvp|Cernak|2011}}; {{harvp|Friedrich|1964}}; {{harvp|Gleason|1995}}; {{harvp|Schapiro|1972}}</ref>

[[Political philosophy|Political theory]] has long questioned the nature and [[rights]] of the state. Some forms of [[corporatism]] extol the moral position that the corporate group, usually the state, is greater than the sum of its parts and that individuals have a moral obligation to serve the state. Skepticism towards statism in [[Western culture]]s is largely rooted in [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] philosophy. [[John Locke]] notably influenced modern thinking in his writings published before and after the [[Glorious Revolution|English Revolution of 1688]], especially ''[[A Letter Concerning Toleration]]'' (1667), ''[[Two Treatises of Government]]'' (1689) and ''[[An Essay Concerning Human Understanding]]'' (1690). In the text of 1689, he established the basis of [[liberalism|liberal]] political theory, i.e., that people's rights existed before government; that the purpose of government is to protect personal and property rights; that people may dissolve governments that do not do so; and that representative government is the best form to protect rights.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boaz |first=David |date=2010 |title=The Libertarian Reader: Classic and Contemporary Writings from Lao Tzu to Milton Friedman |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMs6OaHu6iEC&dq=John+Locke+libertarian&pg=PA123 |page=123 |via=[[Google Books]] |isbn=9781439118337}} {{ISBN|1439118337}}.</ref>

== Economic statism ==
[[Economic statism]] promotes the view that the state has a major, necessary and legitimate role in directing the major aspects of the [[economy]], either directly through [[State-owned enterprise|state-owned enterprises]] and [[economic planning]] of production, or indirectly through [[economic interventionism]] and macro-economic regulation.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jones |first=R. J. Barry |date=2001 |title=Statism |encyclopedia=Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy |edition=1st |volume=3 |location=New York City, New York |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref>

=== State capitalism ===
{{main|State capitalism}}
State capitalism is a form of capitalism that features high concentrations of state-owned commercial enterprises or state direction of an economy based on the accumulation of capital, wage labor and market allocation. In some cases, state capitalism refers to economic policies such as [[dirigisme]], which existed in [[France]] during the second half of the 20th century and to the present-day economies of the [[People's Republic of China]] and [[Singapore]], where the government owns controlling shares in [[Public company|publicly traded companies]].<ref name="Leviathan in Business: Varieties of State Capitalism and Their Implications for Economic Performance, 2012">{{cite book |last=Musacchio |first=Aldo |date=2012 |title=Leviathan in Business: Varieties of State Capitalism and Their Implications for Economic Performance}}</ref> Some authors also define the former economies of the [[Eastern Bloc]] and [[Soviet Union]] as constituting a form of state capitalism.

=== State corporatism ===
{{main|Corporate statism}}
State corporatism, corporate statism or simply "corporatism" is a political culture and a form of corporatism whose proposers affirm or believe that corporate groups should form the basis of society and the state. This principle requires that all citizens belong to one of the various officially designated interest groups (usually on the basis of the economic sector), the state also has great control over its citizens.

=== State interventionism ===
{{main|State interventionism}}
The term statism is sometimes used to refer to [[Market economy|market economies]] with large amounts of government intervention, regulation or influence over markets. Market economies that feature high degrees of intervention are sometimes referred to as "[[Mixed economy|mixed economies]]". [[Economic interventionism]] asserts that the state has a legitimate or necessary role within the framework of a [[Capitalism|capitalist economy]] by intervening in markets, regulating against overreaches of [[private sector]] industry and either providing or subsidizing goods and services not adequately produced by the market.

=== State socialism ===
{{main|State socialism}}
State socialism broadly refers to forms of [[socialism]] based on [[State-owned enterprise|state ownership]] of the means of production and state-directed allocation of resources. It is often used in reference to [[Soviet-type economic planning|Soviet-type economic systems]] of former [[communist state]]s and, by extension, those of [[North Korea]], [[Cuba]], and the [[China|People's Republic of China]]. Politically, state socialism is often used to designate any socialist political ideology or movement that advocates for the use of state power for the construction of socialism, or to the belief that the state must be appropriated and used to ensure the success of a [[Revolutionary socialism|socialist revolution]]. It is usually used in reference to [[Marxist–Leninist]] socialists who champion a [[one-party state]]. Critics of state socialism argue that its known manifestations in Soviet-model states are merely forms of [[state capitalism]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Michie |first=Jonathan |title=Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=January 1, 2001 |isbn=978-1579580919 |page=1595 |quote=State capitalism has inconsistently been used as a synonym for 'state socialism', although neither phrase has a stable denotation.}}</ref> claiming that the Soviet model of economics was based upon a process of state-directed [[capital accumulation]] and social hierarchy.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Bertrand |editor1-last=Badie |editor1-link=Bertrand Badie |editor2-first=Dirk |editor2-last=Berg-Schlosser |editor2-link=Dirk Berg-Schlosser |editor3-first=Leonardo |editor3-last=Morlino |editor3-link=Leonardo Morlino |title=International Encyclopedia of Political Science |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1412959636 |page=2459 |quote=The repressive state apparatus is in fact acting as an instrument of state capitalism to carry out the process of capital accumulation through forcible extraction of surplus from the working class and peasantry.}}</ref>

== Political statism ==

=== State nationalism ===
{{also|Kokkashugi}}
State nationalism, state-based nationalism, or state-led nationalism<ref name="Liu Li Fan Hong">{{cite book |author1=Liu Li |author2=Fan Hong |title=The National Games and National Identity in China |date=14 July 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |pages=4 }}</ref> is a nationalism that equates 'state identity' with '[[national identity|nation identity]]' or values state authority. 'State nationalism' is considered a form of '[[civic nationalism]]' and there are similarities between the two,<ref name="Mohammad Ateequ">{{cite book |author1=Mohammad Ateeque |title=Identity Conscience Nationalism and Internationalism |publisher=Educreation Publishing |pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Jacob T. Levy |title=The Multiculturalism of Fear |date=2000 |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=87}}</ref><ref name="J. C. Chatturvedi">{{cite book |author1=J. C. Chatturvedi |title=Political Governance: Political theory |date=2005 |publisher=Isha Books |pages=75}}</ref> but this also has to do with illiberal, [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] and [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] politics; [[Italian fascism]] is the best example, epitomized in this slogan of [[Benito Mussolini]]: "Tutto nello Stato, niente al di fuori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato" ("Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State").{{what|date=October 2024}} 

In the [[Sinosphere|East Asian cultural sphere]], including [[China]], "state nationalism" and "statism" are both written as 國家主義,{{efn|
* {{nowrap|[[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified Chinese]]: 国家主义, [[pinyin]]: guójiā zhǔyì}}
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 国家主義, [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: ''kokka shugi''
* [[Korean language|Korean]]: 국가주의
* [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: chủ nghĩa quốc gia}} making the distinction between the two unclear.<ref>{{cite book |author=N. Serina Chan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuN5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22state+nationalism%22+%22%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%22&pg=PA73 |title=The Thought of Mou Zongsan |date=November 11, 2011 |publisher=Brill |pages=73 | isbn=978-90-04-21212-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Clemens Büttner |author2=Li Fan |author3=Zhang Ke |author4=Tze-Ki Hon |author5=Sun Qing |author6=Zhang Qing |author7=Mirjam Tröster |author8=Huang Xingtao |author9=Zhiyi Yang |author10=Zou Zhenhuan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQXtDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22statism%22+%22%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%22&pg=PA270 |title=Discourses of Weakness in Modern China: Historical Diagnoses of the »Sick Man of East Asia« |date=June 24, 2011 |publisher=Campus Verlag |pages=270 |isbn=978-3-593-50902-0 }}</ref> Also, in the East Asian cultural sphere, ''state nationalism'' is often contrasted with [[Minzu (anthropology)#National liberation movements|ethnic-based national liberation movements]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gayle |first=Curtis Anderson |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203217771 |title=Marxist History and Postwar Japanese Nationalism |date=2003-08-29 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203217771 |isbn=978-1-134-43159-5}}</ref><ref name=stillunloved>{{Cite web|url=http://sthelepress.com/index.php/2016/12/28/still-the-unloved-republic/|title=Still the Unloved Republic|quote=... Someone who is asked by a pollster whether he is prouder of the Taehan minguk or of the minjok therefore knows which answer is better, more progressive-sounding. In all likelihood he is not prouder of the republic than of his Koreanness. One should be wary of polls on this issue that were not conducted precisely and clearly.|work=Sthele Press|date=December 28, 2016|first=Brian Reynolds|last=Myers|access-date=June 26, 2019|author-link=Brian Reynolds Myers}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Baogang He |title=Governing Taiwan and Tibet: Democratic Approaches |date=8 July 2015 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |pages=81 }}</ref> [[Chinese state nationalism]] is a civic nationalistic ideology,<ref name="Mohammad Ateequ"/> but it is an ideology that reduces [[Hong Kong]]'s autonomy and justifies the [[dictatorship]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]].<ref name="Hankwon Kim">{{cite book |author=Hankwon Kim |title=Cultural and State Nationalism: South Korean and Japanese Relations with China  |date=2022 |publisher=American University }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Jonathan Unger |title=Chinese Nationalism |date=26 September 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref><ref name="nazi">{{cite news|title=The Nazi Inspiring China's Communists|first=Che|last=Chang|date=1 December 2020|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/12/nazi-china-communists-carl-schmitt/617237/}}</ref> Also, [[Soviet nationalism]] in the 20th century combined civic nationalism with [state] authoritarianism. [[Japanese ultranationalism]] (ex: [[Shōwa statism]]) is often described as "state ultranationalism" ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: [[:ja:ウルトラナショナリズム|超国家主義]])<ref name="Thomas R.H. Havens"/> because it values state unity around the [[Emperor of Japan]].<ref name="Thomas R.H. Havens">{{cite book |author=Thomas R.H. Havens |title=Farm and Nation in Modern Japan: Agrarian Nationalism, 1870-1940 |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=March 8, 2015|pages=319}}</ref> [[Italian fascism]] and [[Francoist Spain#Francoism|Francoism]]<ref name="J. C. Chatturvedi"/> are also classified as types state nationalism. [[Kemalism]] can also be referred to as [[Turkish state nationalism]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Cengiz Gunes |title=The Political Representation of Kurds in Turkey: New Actors and Modes of Participation in a Changing Society |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |pages=6}}</ref>

=== State feminism ===
{{main|State feminism}}
State feminism is a [[feminism]] permitted by the state or led by the [[nation state]]. State feminism is distinguished between liberal state feminism (represented by the [[Nordic model]]) and authoritarian state feminism (that is often also linked to state-led [[secularism]]).

== See also ==
{{sisterlinks}}
{{cols|colwidth=20em}}
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[Anarchism]] and [[libertarianism]]
* [[Anarcho-capitalism]]
* [[Anti-statism]]
* [[Autocracy]]
* [[Big government]] and [[small government]]
* [[Fascism]]
* [[Federalism]]
* [[Imperialism]]
* [[Oligarchy]]
* [[Stateless society]]
* [[Sovereignty]]
* [[Subsidiarity]]
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Arendt |first=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |title=The Origins of Totalitarianism |publisher=Harcourt Brace & World |url=https://archive.org/details/originsoftotalit0000unse_j3v9 |url-access=registration |location=New York City, New York |year=1966}}
* {{cite book |last=Bakunin |first=Mikhail |author-link=Mikhail Bakunin |title=Statism and Anarchy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-36182-8 |location=Cambridge |year=1990}}
* {{cite journal |last=Block |first=Walter |title=Anarchism and Minarchism; No Rapprochement Possible: Reply to Tibor Machan |issn=0363-2873 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=61–90 |journal=The Journal of Libertarian Studies |year=2007}}
* {{cite book |last=Cernak |first=Linda |title=Totalitarianism |publisher=ABDO |isbn=978-1-61714-795-1 |location=Edina, Minnesota |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Cudworth |first=Erika |title=The Modern State: Theories and Ideologies |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7486-2176-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pr8tAAAAYAAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |last=de Bellis |first=Gian Piero |author-link=Gian Piero de Bellis |title=Statism. The roots and features of a dying ideology |publisher=World Wide Wisdom |url=https://www.panarchy.org/books/statism.html |url-access=registration |location=Saint-Imier, Suisse Jura |year=2023}}
* {{cite book |last=de Bellis |first=Gian Piero |author-link=Gian Piero de Bellis |title=Post-Statism. On the Social Sciences as Social Scam and the Social Scientists as Social Scoundrels |publisher=World Wide Wisdom |url=https://www.panarchy.org/books/poststatism.html |url-access=registration |location=Saint-Imier, Suisse Jura |year=2023}}
* {{cite book |last=Friedrich |first=Carl |title=Totalitarianism |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |location=New York City, New York |year=1964}}
* {{cite book |last=Gleason |first=Abbott |title=Totalitarianism |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-505017-2 |location=Oxford, England |year=1995 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/totalitarianismi00glea}}
* {{cite book |last=Kvistad |first=Gregg |title=The Rise and Demise of German Statism: Loyalty and Political Membership |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |isbn=978-1-57181-161-5 |location=Providence [u.a.] |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Jonah D. |title=The State After Statism: New State Activities in the Age of Liberalization |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2006 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=469 |isbn=978-0-674-02276-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Long |first=Roderick T. |title=Anarchism Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country? |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-7546-6066-8 |location=Aldershot, England |year=2008}}
* {{cite journal |last=Machan |first=Tibor |title=Anarchism and Minarchism: A Rapprochement |issn=1145-6396 |volume=12 |pages=569–588 |journal=Journal des Économistes et des Études Humaines |year=2002 |issue=4 |doi=10.2202/1145-6396.1077 |s2cid=153541595}}
* {{cite book |last=Obadare |first=Ebenezer |title=Statism, Youth, and Civic Imagination: A Critical Study of the National Youth Service Corps Programme in Nigeria |publisher=Codesria |isbn=978-2-86978-303-4 |location=Dakar, Senegal |year=2010}}
* {{cite book |last=Parker |first=Martin |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |isbn=978-1-84972-734-1 |title=The Dictionary of Alternatives Utopianism and Organisation |location=London, England |year=2010}}
* {{cite book |last=Schapiro |first=Leonard |title=Totalitarianism |publisher=Praeger |location=New York City, New York |year=1972}}
{{refend}}

{{authoritarian types of rule}}
{{Political ideologies}}
{{Political philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Statism| ]]
[[Category:1850s neologisms]]
[[Category:Controversies within libertarianism]]
[[Category:Economic systems]]
[[Category:Libertarian terms]]
[[Category:Political realism]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Sovereignty]]