View source for ʼPhags-pa script

{{Short description|Mongolian writing system}}
{{redirect|ʼPhags-pa|the inventor of this script|Drogön Chögyal Phagpa}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2008}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name        = ʼPhags-pa
| altname     = {{Phagspa|v|ꡏꡡꡃ}}{{Phagspa|v|ꡣꡡꡙ}}{{Phagspa|v|ꡐꡜꡞ}}<br>ḥP{{ayn}}ags-pa
| type        = [[Alphabet]]
| time        = 1269&nbsp;– {{Circa|1660}}
| languages   = {{hlist|[[Chinese language|Chinese]]|[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]|[[Persian language|Persian]]|[[Sanskrit]]|[[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]]|[[Old Uyghur language|Uyghur]]}}
| fam1        = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian]]
| fam2        = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3        = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
| fam4        = [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
| fam5        = [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
| fam6        = [[Gupta script|Gupta]]
| fam7        = [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]
| children    = [[Zanabazar square script|Zanabazar's square]]
| sisters     = [[Lepcha script|Lepcha]], [[Meitei script|Meitei]], [[Khema script|Khema]], [[Marchen script|Marchen]], [[Tamyig|Tamyig script]]
| creator     = [[Drogön Chögyal Phagpa]]
| unicode     = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA840.pdf U+A840–U+A87F]
| iso15924    = Phag
| sample      = Yang Wengshe 1314.jpg
| caption     = Christian tombstone from [[Quanzhou]] dated 1314, with inscription in the {{hamza}}Phags-pa script ''ꞏung shė yang shi mu taw'' 'tomb memorial of Yang Wengshe'
| imagesize   = 250px
}}
{{RCL}}
{{brahmic}}

The '''Phagspa''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɑː|g|z|ˌ|p|ɑː}} {{respell|PAHGZ|PAH}}),{{Citation needed|reason=needs an outside source of recommended or used pronunciation of {{hamza}}Phags-pa|date=February 2025}} ''' {{hamza}}Phags-pa''' or '''ḥP{{ayn}}ags-pa script'''<ref>{{cite book|year=1974|author=Nicholas Poppe|authorlink=Nicholas Poppe|title=Grammar of Written Mongolian|edition=3rd|page=6}}</ref> is an [[alphabet]] designed by the [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] monk and State Preceptor (later [[Imperial Preceptor]]) [[Drogön Chögyal Phagpa]] (1235–1280) for [[Kublai Khan]] ({{reign | 1264 | 1294}}), the founder of the [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368) in China, as a unified script for the written languages within the Yuan. The actual use of this script was limited to about a hundred years during the [[Mongols|Mongol]]-led Yuan dynasty, and it fell out of use with the advent of the [[Ming dynasty]].<ref name="Mote1999">{{cite book |last1= Mote |first1= Frederick W. |title= Imperial China, 900-1800 |date= 1999 |publisher= Harvard University Press |location= Cambridge, Mass. |isbn= 978-0-674-01212-7 |pages= 484}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Lal |first1= Dinesh |title= Indo-Tibet-China conflict |date= 2008 |publisher= Kalpaz Publications |location= Delhi |isbn=9788178357140 |pages=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFGhwZxeG5kC}}</ref>

The script was used to write and transcribe [[varieties of Chinese]], the [[Tibetic languages]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], the [[Old Uyghur language |Uyghur language]], [[Sanskrit]], probably [[Persian language |Persian]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-viii|title=CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS viii. Persian Lang. – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=2019-06-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220921200651/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-viii |archive-date= 2022-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url= http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/Description.html|title= BabelStone : {{hamza}}Phags-pa Script : Description|website= www.babelstone.co.uk|access-date=2019-06-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221127071037/https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/Description.html |archive-date= 2022-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/Overview.html|title= BabelStone : Phags-pa Script : Overview|website=www.babelstone.co.uk|access-date=2019-06-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220828025716/https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/Overview.html |archive-date=2022-08-28}}</ref> and other neighboring languages{{Citation needed|reason=The previously cited sources do not mention other languages.|date=January 2023}} during the Yuan era. For [[Historical linguistics |historical linguists]], its use provides clues about changes in these languages.

Its descendant systems include [[Horizontal square script]], used to write Tibetan and Sanskrit. During the [[Pax Mongolica]] the script even made numerous appearances in [[Mongol elements in Western medieval art|Western medieval art]].<ref name="Mack 61">{{Cite book |last=Mack |first=Rosamond E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09sA4SNG2dYC&pg=PA61 |title=Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300-1600 |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22131-4 |pages=61}}
</ref>

== Nomenclature ==
{{hamza}}Phags-pa script: {{Phagspa|v|ꡏꡡꡃ ꡣꡡꡙ ꡐꡜꡞ|mongxol tshi|style=height:40px}} {{translit|xct|mongxol tshi}}, "Mongolian script";

{{langx|mn|дөрвөлжин үсэг}} {{translit|mn|dörvöljin üseg}}, "square script"; {{lang|mn|дөрвөлжин бичиг}} {{translit|mn|dörvöljin bichig}}, "square writing"

{{bo|t=ཧོར་ཡིག་གསར་པ་|w=hor yig gsar pa}} "new Mongolian script";

[[Yuan dynasty]] {{zh|t=蒙古新字|p=měnggǔ xīnzì}} "new Mongolian script"; {{lang|zh-Hant|國字}}; [[pinyin]]: ''guózì'' "national script";

Modern {{zh|t=八思巴文|p=bāsībā wén}} "{{hamza}}Phags-pa script"; {{zh|t=帕克斯巴|p=pàkèsībā|labels=no}}

In English, it is also written as ḥP{{ayn}}ags-pa, Phaspa, Paspa, Baschpah, and Pa-sse-pa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wylie |first1=Alexander |title=On an Ancient Buddhist Inscription at Keu-yung kwan, in North China |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=1 January 1871 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=25}}</ref>

== History ==
During the [[Mongol Empire]], the Mongol rulers wanted a universal script to write down the languages of the people they subjugated. The [[Old Uyghur alphabet|Uyghur]]-based [[Mongolian alphabets|Mongolian alphabet]] was not a perfect fit for the [[Middle Mongol language]], and it would have been impractical to extend it to a language with a very different phonology like [[Chinese language|Chinese]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} Therefore, during the Yuan dynasty (c. 1269), Kublai Khan asked the Tibetan monk [[Drogön Chögyal Phagpa|{{hamza}}Phags-pa]] to design a new alphabet for use by the whole empire. {{hamza}}Phags-pa extended his native [[Tibetan alphabet]]<ref name=":0" /> to encompass Mongol and Chinese, evidently [[Central Plains Mandarin]].<ref>{{cite book
 |chapter      = Reflections on the Study of Post-Medieval Chinese Historical Phonology
 |chapter-url   = http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/o0004_02_5568.pdf
 |first        = W. South
 |last         = Coblin
 |author-link   = Weldon South Coblin
 |title        = 第三屆國際漢學會議論文集: 語言組. 南北是非 : 漢語方言的差異與變化
 |trans-title  = Papers from the Third International Conference on Sinology, Linguistics Section. Dialect Variations in Chinese
 |year         = 2002
 |editor       = 何大安
 |url          = http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/publ_o_d_en.asp-aid=4.htm
 |publisher    = Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica
 |location     = Taipei
 |isbn         = 978-957-671-936-3
 |pages        = 23–50
 |access-date   = 21 October 2011
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130516155409/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/publ_o_d_en.asp-aid=4.htm
 |archive-date = 2013-05-16
 |url-status     = dead
}} p. 31.</ref> The resulting 38 letters have been known by several descriptive names, such as "square script", based on their shape, but today, are primarily known as the {{hamza}}Phags-pa alphabet.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}

Descending from [[Tibetan script]], it is part of the [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic family of scripts]], which includes [[Devanagari]] and scripts used throughout [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref name=":0" /> It is unique among Brahmic scripts in that it is written from top to bottom,<ref name=":0" /> as how classical Chinese used to be written, and as the [[Manchu alphabet]] or later [[Mongolian alphabet]] is still written.

It did not receive wide acceptance and was not a popular script even among the elite Mongols themselves, although it was used as an official script of the Yuan dynasty until the early 1350s,<ref>[https://archive.org/details/strangenamesofgo00kims Kim, Sangkeun (2006): Strange names of God. The missionary translation of the divine name and the Chinese responses to Matteo Ricci’s Shangti in Late Ming China], 1583–1644. By Sangkeun Kim (Studies in Biblical Literature, 70.)  New York: Peter Lang, 2004. {{ISBN|0-8204-7130-5}}; p.139</ref> when the [[Red Turban Rebellion]] started. After this, it was mainly used as a phonetic [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] for Mongols learning [[Chinese characters]]. In the 20th century, it was also used as one of the scripts on Tibetan currency, as a script for Tibetan seal inscriptions from the Middle Ages up to the 20th century, and for inscriptions on the entrance doors of Tibetan monasteries.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}

== Syllable formation ==
Although it is an alphabet, {{hamza}}Phags-pa is written like a syllabary or abugida, with letters forming a single syllable glued or '[[Ligature (language)|ligated]]' together.<ref name=":0" />{{multiple image
|width = 300
|direction = vertical
|image1 = Phagspa imperial edict dragon year.jpg
|caption1 = An imperial edict in {{hamza}}Phags-pa
|image2 = Phagspa styles.png
|caption2 = The {{hamza}}Phags-pa script, with consonants arranged according to Chinese phonology. At the far left are vowels and medial consonants.<br />
'''Top''': Approximate values in Middle Chinese. (Values in parentheses were not used for Chinese.)
<br />
'''Second''': Standard letter forms.
<br />
'''Third''': [[Seal script]] forms. (A few letters, marked by hyphens, are not distinct from the preceding letter.)
<br />
'''Bottom''': The "Tibetan" forms. (Several letters have alternate forms, separated here by a • bullet.)

|image3 = Shilin_Guangji_Phagspa_Hundred_Family_Surnames.jpg
|caption3 = Example of the Chinese poem [[Hundred Family Surnames]] written in Phagspa script, from [[Shilin Guangji]] written by [[Chen Yuanjing]] in the Yuan dynasty
}}
Unlike the ancestral Tibetan script, all {{hamza}}Phags-pa letters are written in temporal order (that is, /CV/ is written in the order ''C–V'' for all vowels) and in-line (that is, the vowels are not diacritics). However, vowel letters retain distinct initial forms, and short /a/ is not written except initially, making {{hamza}}Phags-pa transitional between an [[abugida]], a [[syllabary]], and a full alphabet. The letters of a {{hamza}}Phags-pa syllable are linked together so that they form syllabic blocks.<ref name=":0" />

== Typographic forms ==
{{hamza}}Phags-pa was written in a variety of graphic forms. The standard form (top, at right) was blocky, but a "Tibetan" form (bottom) was even more so, consisting almost entirely of straight orthogonal lines and right angles. A "[[seal script]]" form ({{Zh|t=蒙古篆字|p=měnggǔ zhuànzì}}; "Mongolian Seal Script"), used for imperial seals and the like, was more elaborate, with [[nine-fold seal script|squared sinusoidal lines and spirals]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} This {{hamza}}Phags-pa script is different from the {{hamza}}Phags-pa script, or 八思巴字 in Chinese, that shares the same name but its earliest usage can be traced back to the late 16th century, the early reign of [[Wanli Emperor]]. According to Professor [[Junast]] 照那斯图 of the [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]], the later {{hamza}}Phags-pa script is actually a seal script of [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=[[Junast]] 照那斯图|title=一种从八思巴字脱胎而来的文字 (in Chinese) |journal=Minority Languages of China 民族语文 |date=April 2003 |volume=2002 |issue=3 |pages=56–58}}</ref>

Korean records state that [[Hangul]] was based on an "Old Seal Script" (古篆字), which may be {{hamza}}Phags-pa and a reference to its Chinese name {{Zh|t=蒙古篆字|p=měnggǔ zhuànzì}} (see [[origin of Hangul]]). However, it is the simpler standard form of {{hamza}}Phags-pa that is the closer graphic match to Hangul.

== Letters ==

=== Basic letters ===
The following 41 are the basic {{hamza}}Phags-pa letters.

Letters 1-30 and 35-38 are base consonants. The order of Letters 1-30 is the same as the traditional order of the thirty basic letters of the Tibetan script, to which they correspond. Letters 35-38 represent sounds that do not occur in Tibetan, and are either derived from an existing Tibetan base consonant (e.g. Letters 2 and 35 are both derived from the simple Tibetan letter {{bo-textonly|ཁ}} ''{{translit|Tibt|kha}}'', but are graphically distinct from each other) or from a combination of an existing Tibetan base consonant and the semi-vowel (subjoined) {{bo-textonly|ྭ}} ''{{translit|Tibt|wa}}'' (e.g. Letter 36 is derived from the complex Tibetan letter {{bo-textonly|ཁྭ}} ''{{translit|Tibt|khwa}}'').

As is the case with Tibetan, these letters have an inherent {{IPAblink|a}} vowel sound attached to them in non-final positions when no other vowel sign is present (e.g. the letter {{Phagspa|v|ꡀ}} with no attached vowel represents the syllable ''{{translit|Phag|ka}}'', but with an appended vowel {{Phagspa|v|ꡞ}} ''{{translit|Phag|i}}'' represents the syllable {{Phagspa|v|ꡀꡞ}} ''{{translit|Phag|ki}}'').

Letters 31-34 and 39 are vowels. Letters 31-34 follow the traditional order of the corresponding Tibetan vowels. Letter 39 represents a vowel quality that does not occur in Tibetan, and may be derived from the Tibetan vowel sign {{bo-textonly|ཻ}} ''{{translit|Tibt|ai}}''.

Unlike Tibetan, in which vowels signs may not occur in isolation but must always be attached to a base consonant to form a valid syllable, in the {{hamza}}Phags-pa script initial vowels other than {{Phagspa|v|ꡝ}} ''{{translit|Phag|a}}'' may occur without a base consonant when they are not the first element in a diphthong (e.g. ''{{translit|Phag|ue}}'') or a digraph (e.g. ''{{translit|Phag|eeu}}'' and ''{{translit|Phag|eeo}}''). Thus in Chinese {{hamza}}Phags-pa texts the syllables ''{{translit|Phag|u}}'' {{lang|zh|吾}} {{translit|zh|wú}}, ''{{translit|Phag|on}}'' {{lang|zh|刓}} {{translit|zh|wán}} and ''{{translit|Phag|o}}'' {{lang|zh|訛}} {{translit|zh|é}} occur, and in Mongolian {{hamza}}Phags-pa texts the words ''{{translit|Phag|ong qo chas}}'' "boats", ''{{translit|Phag|u su nu}}'' (gen.) "water", ''{{translit|Phag|e du -ee}}'' "now" and ''{{translit|Phag|i hee -een}}'' "protection" occur. These are all examples of where ''{{translit|Phag|'o}}'', ''{{translit|Phag|'u}}'', ''{{translit|Phag|'e}}'', ''{{translit|Phag|'i}}'' etc. would be expected if the Tibetan model had been followed exactly. An exception to this rule is the Mongolian word ''{{translit|Phag|'er di nis}}'' "jewels", where a single vowel sign is attached to a null base consonant. Note that the letter {{Phagspa|v|ꡦ}} ''{{translit|Phag|ee}}'' is never found in an initial position in any language written in the {{hamza}}Phags-pa script (for example, in Tao Zongyi's description of the Old Uighur script, he glosses all instances of Uighur {{Rotate text|-90|{{lang|oui-Ougr|𐽰|rtl=yes}}}} ''{{translit|Ougr|e}}'' with the {{hamza}}Phags-pa letter {{Phagspa|v|ꡦ}} ''{{translit|Phag|ee}}'', except for when it is found in the initial position, when he glosses it with the {{hamza}}Phags-pa letter {{Phagspa|v|ꡠ}} ''{{translit|Phag|e}}'' instead).

However, initial semi-vowels, diphthongs and digraphs must be attached to the null base consonant 'A (Letter 30). So in Chinese {{hamza}}Phags-pa texts the syllables ''{{translit|Phag|'wen}}'' {{lang|zh|元}} {{translit|zh|yuán}}, ''{{translit|Phag|'ue}}'' {{lang|zh|危}} {{translit|zh|wēi}} and ''{{translit|Phag|'eeu}}'' {{lang|zh|魚}} {{translit|zh|yú}} occur; and in Mongolian {{hamza}}Phags-pa texts the words ''{{translit|Phag|'eeu lu}}'' "not" and ''{{translit|Phag|'eeog bee.e}}'' "gave" occur. As there is no sign for the vowel ''{{translit|Phag|a}}'', which is implicit in an initial base consonant with no attached vowel sign, then words that start with an ''{{translit|Phag|a}}'' vowel must also use the null base consonant letter {{Phagspa|v|ꡝ}} ''{{translit|Phag|'a}}'' (e.g. Mongolian ''{{translit|Phag|'a mi than}}'' "living beings"). In Chinese, and rarely Mongolian, another null base consonant {{Phagspa|v|ꡖ}} ''{{translit|Phag|-a}}'' may be found before initial vowels (see "Letter 23" below).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. 
!{{hamza}}Phags-pa<br />letter
!Tibetan derivation
!Mongolian examples
!Chinese examples
|-
|1
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡀ | iso = k }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཀ}}
|Only used for words of foreign origin, such as ''{{translit|Phag|kal bu dun}}'' (gen. pl.) from Sanskrit {{IAST|kalpa}} "aeon" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠠᠯᠠᠪ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|galab}}''], with the single exception of the common Mongolian word ''{{translit|Phag|ye kee}}'' "large, great" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠶᠡᠬᠡ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|yeke}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|kiw}}'' {{lang|zh|裘}} {{translit|zh|qiú}}, ''{{translit|Phag|kue}}'' {{lang|zh|夔}} {{translit|zh|kuí}}
|-
|2
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡁ | iso = kh }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཁ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|kheen}}'' "who" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠡᠨ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|ken}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|khang}}'' {{lang|zh|康}} {{translit|zh|kāng}}, ''{{translit|Phag|kheeu}}'' {{lang|zh|屈}} {{translit|zh|qū}}
|-
|3
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡂ | iso = g }}
|{{bo-textonly|ག}}
|''{{translit|Phag|bi chig}}'' "written document, book" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|bičig}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|ging}}'' {{lang|zh|荊}} {{translit|zh|jīng}}, ''{{translit|Phag|gu}}'' {{lang|zh|古}} {{translit|zh|gǔ}}
|-
|4
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡃ | iso = ŋ }}
|{{bo-textonly|ང}}
|''{{translit|Phag|deng ri}}'' "heaven" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠡᠩᠷᠢ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|tengri}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|ngiw}}'' {{lang|zh|牛}} {{translit|zh|niú}}, ''{{translit|Phag|ngem}}'' {{lang|zh|嚴}} {{translit|zh|yán}}, ''{{translit|Phag|ding}}'' {{lang|zh|丁}} {{translit|zh|dīng}}
|-
|5
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡄ | iso = c }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཅ}}
|
|''{{translit|Phag|cay}}'' {{lang|zh|柴}} {{translit|zh|chái}}, ''{{translit|Phag|ci}}'' {{lang|zh|池}} {{translit|zh|chí}}
|-
|6
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡅ | iso = ch }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཆ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|cha q-an}}'' "white" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|čaɣan}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|chang}}'' {{lang|zh|昌}} {{translit|zh|chāng}}, ''{{translit|Phag|cheeu}}'' {{lang|zh|褚}} {{translit|zh|chǔ}}
|-
|7
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡆ | iso = j }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཇ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|jil}}'' "year" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠢᠯ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|ǰil}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|jim}}'' {{lang|zh|針}} {{translit|zh|zhēn}}
|-
|8
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡇ | iso = ɲ }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཉ}}
|
|''{{translit|Phag|nyiw}}'' {{lang|zh|鈕}} {{translit|zh|niǔ}}
|-
|9
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡈ | iso = t }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཏ}}
|Mostly used in words of foreign origin, such as ''{{translit|Phag|'er ti nis}}'' (also ''{{translit|Phag|'er di nis}}'') "jewels" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠰ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|erdenis}}''] and ''{{translit|Phag|ta layi}}'' "sea, ocean" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|dalai}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|ten}}'' {{lang|zh|田}} {{translit|zh|tián}}, ''{{translit|Phag|tung}}'' {{lang|zh|童}} {{translit|zh|tóng}}
|-
|10
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡉ | iso = th }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཐ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|thu thum}}'' "each, all" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠤᠲᠤᠮ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|tutum}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|thang}}'' {{lang|zh|湯}} {{translit|zh|tāng}}, ''{{translit|Phag|thung}}'' {{lang|zh|通}} {{translit|zh|tōng}}
|-
|11
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡊ | iso = d }}
|{{bo-textonly|ད}}
|''{{translit|Phag|u ri da nu}}'' (gen.) "former, previous" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|urida}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|dung}}'' {{lang|zh|東}} {{translit|zh|dōng}}, ''{{translit|Phag|du}}'' {{lang|zh|都}} {{translit|zh|dū}}
|-
|12
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡋ | iso = n }}
|{{bo-textonly|ན}}
|''{{translit|Phag|ma nu}}'' "our" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠠᠨᠤ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|manu}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|nee}}'' {{lang|zh|聶}} {{translit|zh|niè}}, ''{{translit|Phag|nung}}'' {{lang|zh|農}} {{translit|zh|nóng}}, ''{{translit|Phag|gon}}'' {{lang|zh|管}} {{translit|zh|guǎn}}
|-
|13
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡌ | iso = p }}
|{{bo-textonly|པ}}
|Only used in words of foreign origin, such as ''{{translit|Phag|pur xan}}'' "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|burqan}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|pang}}'' {{lang|zh|龐}} {{translit|zh|páng}}, ''{{translit|Phag|pay}}'' {{lang|zh|白}} {{translit|zh|bái}}
|-
|14
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡍ | iso = ph }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཕ}}
|
|''{{translit|Phag|phon}}'' {{lang|zh|潘}} {{translit|zh|pān}}, ''{{translit|Phag|phu}}'' {{lang|zh|浦}} {{translit|zh|pǔ}}
|-
|15
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡎ | iso = b }}
|{{bo-textonly|བ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|ba sa}}'' "then, still, also" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠰᠠ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|basa}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|ban}}'' {{lang|zh|班}} {{translit|zh|bān}}, ''{{translit|Phag|been}}'' {{lang|zh|邊}} {{translit|zh|biān}}
|-
|16
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡏ | iso = m }}
|{{bo-textonly|མ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|<nowiki/>'a mi than}}'' "living beings" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠮᠢᠲᠠᠨ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|amitan}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|min}}'' {{lang|zh|閔}} {{translit|zh|mǐn}}, ''{{translit|Phag|mew}}'' {{lang|zh|苗}} {{translit|zh|miáo}}, ''{{translit|Phag|gim}}'' {{lang|zh|金}} {{translit|zh|jīn}}
|-
|17
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡐ | iso = ts }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཙ}}
|
|''{{translit|Phag|tsaw}}'' {{lang|zh|曹}} {{translit|zh|cáo}}, ''{{translit|Phag|tsin}}'' {{lang|zh|秦}} {{translit|zh|qín}}
|-
|18
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡑ | iso = tsh }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཚ}}
|Only used in words of foreign origin, such as ''{{translit|Phag|sha tshin}}'' "religion"
|''{{translit|Phag|tshay}}'' {{lang|zh|蔡}} {{translit|zh|cài}}, ''{{translit|Phag|tshiw}}'' {{lang|zh|秋}} {{translit|zh|qiū}}
|-
|19
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡒ | iso = dz }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཛ}}
|
|''{{translit|Phag|dzam}}'' {{lang|zh|昝}} {{translit|zh|zǎn}}, ''{{translit|Phag|dzew}}'' {{lang|zh|焦}} {{translit|zh|jiāo}}
|-
|20
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡓ | iso = w }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཝ}}
|Only used in words of foreign origin, such as ''{{translit|Phag|wa chi ra ba ni}}'' "Vajrapāṇi"
|''{{translit|Phag|wan}}'' {{lang|zh|萬}} {{translit|zh|wàn}}, ''{{translit|Phag|wu}}'' {{lang|zh|武}} {{translit|zh|wǔ}}, ''{{translit|Phag|xiw}}'' {{lang|zh|侯}} {{translit|zh|hóu}}, ''{{translit|Phag|gaw}}'' {{lang|zh|高}} {{translit|zh|gāo}}
|-
|21
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡔ | iso = ʒ }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཞ}}
|
|''{{translit|Phag|zheeu}}'' {{lang|zh|茹}} {{translit|zh|rú}}, ''{{translit|Phag|zhew}}'' {{lang|zh|饒}} {{translit|zh|ráo}}
|-
|22
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡕ | iso = z }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཟ}}
|Only found in the single word ''{{translit|Phag|za ra}}'' "month" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠠᠷᠠ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|sara}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|zin}}'' {{lang|zh|陳}} {{translit|zh|chén}}, ''{{translit|Phag|zeeu}}'' {{lang|zh|徐}} {{translit|zh|xú}}, ''{{translit|Phag|zi}}'' {{lang|zh|席}} {{translit|zh|xí}}
|-
|23
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡖ | iso =  }}
|{{bo-textonly|འ}}
|This letter is found rarely initially, e.g. ''{{translit|Phag|-ir gee nee}}'' (dat./loc.) "people" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|irgen}}''], but frequently medially between vowels where it serves to separate a syllable that starts with a vowel from a preceding syllable that ends in a vowel, e.g. ''{{translit|Phag|er khee -ud}}'' "Christians" and ''{{translit|Phag|q-an}}'' "emperor, khan" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠨ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|qaɣan}}''] (where ''{{translit|Phag|q-an}}'' is a contraction for the hypothetical ''{{translit|Phag|qa -an}}'')
|''{{translit|Phag|-an}}'' {{lang|zh|安}} {{translit|zh|ān}}, ''{{translit|Phag|-ing}}'' {{lang|zh|應}} {{translit|zh|yīng}}, ''{{translit|Phag|-eeu}}'' {{lang|zh|郁}} {{translit|zh|yù}}
|-
|24
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡗ | iso = j }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཡ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|na yan}}'' "eighty" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠨᠠᠶᠠᠨ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|nayan}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|yi}}'' {{lang|zh|伊}} {{translit|zh|yī}}, ''{{translit|Phag|yang}}'' {{lang|zh|羊}} {{translit|zh|yáng}}, ''{{translit|Phag|day}}'' {{lang|zh|戴}} {{translit|zh|dài}}, ''{{translit|Phag|hyay}}'' {{lang|zh|解}} {{translit|zh|xiè}}
|-
|25
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡘ | iso = r }}
|{{bo-textonly|ར}}
|''{{translit|Phag|chee rig}}'' "army" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|čerig}}'']
|
|-
|26
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡙ | iso = l }}
|{{bo-textonly|ལ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|al ba}}'' "tax, tribute" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠯᠪᠠ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|alba}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|leeu}}'' {{lang|zh|呂}} {{translit|zh|lǚ}}, ''{{translit|Phag|lim}}'' {{lang|zh|林}} {{translit|zh|lín}}
|-
|27
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡚ | iso = ʃ }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཤ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|shi nee}}'' "new" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠱᠢᠨᠡ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|šine}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|shi}}'' {{lang|zh|石}} {{translit|zh|shí}}, ''{{translit|Phag|shwang}}'' {{lang|zh|雙}} {{translit|zh|shuāng}}
|-
|28
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡛ | iso = s }}
|{{bo-textonly|ས}}
|''{{translit|Phag|hee chus}}'' "end, goal" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠡᠴᠦᠰ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|ečüs}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|su}}'' {{lang|zh|蘇}} {{translit|zh|sū}}, ''{{translit|Phag|syang}}'' {{lang|zh|相}} {{translit|zh|xiàng}}
|-
|29
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡜ | iso = h }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཧ}}
|Initially in words that now have null initials, such as ''{{translit|Phag|har ban}}'' "ten" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|arban}}''], and medially only in the single word ''{{translit|Phag|-i hee -een}}'' (or ''{{translit|Phag|-i h-een}}'') "protector, guardian"
|''{{translit|Phag|hwa}}'' {{lang|zh|花}} {{translit|zh|huā}}, ''{{translit|Phag|sh.hi}}'' {{lang|zh|史}} {{translit|zh|shǐ}}, ''{{translit|Phag|l.hing}}'' {{lang|zh|冷}} {{translit|zh|lěng}}, ''{{translit|Phag|j.hang}}'' {{lang|zh|莊}} {{translit|zh|zhuāng}}
|-
|30
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡝ | iso = ʔ }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཨ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|<nowiki/>'eeu lu}}'' "not" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠦᠯᠦ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|ülü}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|'wang}}'' {{lang|zh|王}} {{translit|zh|wáng}}, ''{{translit|Phag|'eeu}}'' {{lang|zh|虞}} {{translit|zh|yú}}
|-
|31
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡞ | iso = i }}
|{{bo-textonly|ི}}
|''{{translit|Phag|-i hee -een}}'' (or ''{{translit|Phag|-i h-een}}'') "protection"
|''{{translit|Phag|li}}'' {{lang|zh|李}} {{translit|zh|lǐ}}, ''{{translit|Phag|n.hing}}'' {{lang|zh|能}} {{translit|zh|néng}}, ''{{translit|Phag|heei}}'' {{lang|zh|奚}} {{translit|zh|xī}}
|-
|32
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡟ | iso = u }}
|{{bo-textonly|ུ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|u su nu}}'' (gen.) "water" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠰᠤᠨ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|usun}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|u}}'' {{lang|zh|吳}} {{translit|zh|wú}}, ''{{translit|Phag|mue}}'' {{lang|zh|梅}} {{translit|zh|méi}}
|-
|33
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡠ | iso = e }}
|{{bo-textonly|ེ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|e du -ee}}'' "now" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|edüge}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|ze}}'' {{lang|zh|謝}} {{translit|zh|xiè}}, ''{{translit|Phag|jem}}'' {{lang|zh|詹}} {{translit|zh|zhān}}, ''{{translit|Phag|gue}}'' {{lang|zh|國}} {{translit|zh|guó}}
|-
|34
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡡ | iso = o }}
|{{bo-textonly|ོ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|ong qo chas}}'' "boats" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠣᠩᠭᠣᠴᠠᠰ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|ongɣočas}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|no}}'' {{lang|zh|那}} {{translit|zh|nā}}, ''{{translit|Phag|mon}}'' {{lang|zh|滿}} {{translit|zh|mǎn}}
|-
|35
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡢ | iso = q }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཁ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|qa muq}}'' "all" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|qamuɣ}}'']
|
|-
|36
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡣ | iso = x }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཁྭ}}
|Only used in words of foreign origin, such as ''{{translit|Phag|pur xan}}'' "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|burqan}}'']
|''{{translit|Phag|xu}}'' {{lang|zh|胡}} {{translit|zh|hú}}, ''{{translit|Phag|xong}}'' {{lang|zh|黃}} {{translit|zh|huáng}}
|-
|37
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡤ | iso = f }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཧྭ}}
|
|''{{translit|Phag|fang}}'' {{lang|zh|方}} {{translit|zh|fāng}}, ''{{translit|Phag|fi}}'' {{lang|zh|費}} {{translit|zh|fèi}}
|-
|38
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡥ | iso =  }}
|{{bo-textonly|ག}}
|
|
|-
|39
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡦ | iso = iː }}
|{{bo-textonly|ཻ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|el deeb}}'' "various" [cf. Mongolian {{MongolUnicode|ᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪ|h|lang=mn}} ''{{translit|Mong|eldeb}}''] (Poppe reads this word as ''{{translit|Phag|eel deeb}}'', as the only example of an initial {{Phagspa|v|ꡦ}} ''{{translit|Phag|ee}}'')
|''{{translit|Phag|chee}}'' {{lang|zh|車}} {{translit|zh|chē}}, ''{{translit|Phag|seeu}}'' {{lang|zh|胥}} {{translit|zh|xū}}, ''{{translit|Phag|geeing}}'' {{lang|zh|經}} {{translit|zh|jīng}}
|-
|40
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡧ | iso = w }}
|{{bo-textonly|ྭ}}
|
|''{{translit|Phag|xway}}'' {{lang|zh|懷}} {{translit|zh|huái}}, ''{{translit|Phag|jwaw}}'' {{lang|zh|卓}} {{translit|zh|zhuō}}, ''{{translit|Phag|gwang}}'' {{lang|zh|廣}} {{translit|zh|guǎng}}
|-
|41
|{{letter | s = Phag | ch = ꡨ | iso = j }}
|{{bo-textonly|ྱ}}
|
|''{{translit|Phag|hya}}'' {{lang|zh|夏}} {{translit|zh|xià}}, ''{{translit|Phag|gya}}'' {{lang|zh|家}} {{translit|zh|jiā}}, ''{{translit|Phag|dzyang}}'' {{lang|zh|蔣}} {{translit|zh|jiǎng}}
|}


=== Additional letters ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. 
!{{hamza}}Phags-pa<br />letter
!Tibetan derivation
!Sanskrit or Tibetan Examples
|-
|42
|{{letter|ch=ꡩ|s=Phag|iso=tt}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཊ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|sha tt-a pa ... i ta}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|ṣaṭ pāramitā}}) [Ill.3 Line 6]
|-
|43
|{{letter|ch=ꡪ|s=Phag|iso=tth}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཋ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|pra tish tthi te}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|pratiṣṭhite}}) [Ill.3 Line 8] <small>(TTHA plus unreversed I)</small>
''{{translit|Phag|dhish tthi te}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|dhiṣṭhite}}) [{{IAST|Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī}} Line 16] <small>(TTHA plus reversed I)</small>
''{{translit|Phag|nish tthe}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|niṣṭhe}}) [{{IAST|Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī}} Line 10] <small>(TTHA plus reversed E)</small>
|-
|44
|{{letter|ch=ꡫ|s=Phag|iso=dd}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཌ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|dann dde}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|daṇḍaya}}) [{{IAST|Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī}} Line 14]
''{{translit|Phag|'-a kad ddha ya}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|ākaḍḍhaya}}) [Ill.4 Line 7] <small>(DDA plus reversed HA)</small>
|-
|45
|{{letter|ch=ꡬ|s=Phag|iso=nn}}
|{{bo-textonly|ཎ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|sb-a ra nna}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|spharaṇa}}) [Ill.3 Line 3]
''{{translit|Phag|ush nni ...}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|uṣṇīṣa}}) [Ill.3 Line 6] <small>(NNA plus reversed I)</small>
''{{translit|Phag|kshu nnu}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|kṣuṇu}}) [{{IAST|Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī}} Line 2] <small>(NNA plus reversed U)</small>

''{{translit|Phag|ha ra nne}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|haraṇe}}) [Ill.4 Line 5] <small>(NNA plus reversed E)</small>
''{{translit|Phag|pu nn.ya}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|puṇya}}) [{{IAST|Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī}} Line 13] <small>(NNA plus reversed subjoined Y)</small>
|-
|46
|{{letter|ch=ꡱ|s=Phag|iso=r}}
|{{bo-textonly|ྲ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|bh-ru^}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|bhrūṁ}}) [Ill.3 Line 2]
''{{translit|Phag|mu dre}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|mudre}}) [Ill.3 Line 9]
''{{translit|Phag|ba dzra}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|vajra}}) [Ill.3 Line 9]

''{{translit|Phag|bkra shis}}'' (Tibetan {{translit|bo|bkra-shis}} "prosperity, good fortune") [Ill.5]
|-
|47
|{{letter|ch=ꡲ|s=Phag|iso=r}}
|{{bo-textonly|ར}}
|''{{translit|Phag|sangs rgyas}}'' (Tibetan {{translit|bo|sangs-rgyas}} "Buddha") [Ill.6]
|-
|48
|{{letter|ch=ꡳ|s=Phag|iso=^}}
|{{bo-textonly|ྃ}}
|''{{translit|Phag|o^ bh-ru^ bh-ru^}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|oṁ bhrūṁ bhrūṁ}}) [Ill.3 Line 2]
''{{translit|Phag|sa^ ha ...}}'' (Sanskrit {{IAST|saṁhatana}}) [Ill.3 Line 9]
|}

=== Menggu Ziyun ===
Following are the initials of the {{hamza}}Phags-pa script as presented in ''[[Menggu Ziyun]]''. They are ordered according to the Chinese philological tradition of the 36 initials.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+36 initials in {{lang|zh|蒙古字韵}} ''Menggu Ziyun''
|-
! No. !! Name !! Phonetic<br/>value !! {{hamza}}Phags-pa<br/>letter !! {{hamza}}Phags-pa<br/>Initial !! Notes
|-
| 1 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:見|見]]}} {{translit|zh|jiàn}}|| *{{IPAblink|k}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡂ|ga}} || {{translit|Phag|g-}} || 
|-
| 2 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:溪|溪]]}} {{translit|zh|qī}}|| *{{IPAblink|kʰ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡁ|kha}} || {{translit|Phag|kh-}} || 
|-
| 3 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:群|群]]}} {{translit|zh|qún}}|| *{{IPAblink|ɡ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡀ|ka}} || {{translit|Phag|k-}} || 
|-
| 4 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:疑|疑]]}} {{translit|zh|yí}}|| *{{IPAblink|ŋ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡃ|nga}} || {{translit|Phag|ng-}} || 
|-
| 5 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:端|端]]}} {{translit|zh|duān}}|| *{{IPAblink|t}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡊ|da}} || {{translit|Phag|d-}} || 
|-
| 6 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:透|透]]}} {{translit|zh|tòu}}|| *{{IPAblink|tʰ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡉ|tha}} || {{translit|Phag|th-}} || 
|-
| 7 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:定|定]]}} {{translit|zh|dìng}}|| *{{IPAblink|d}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡈ|ta}} || {{translit|Phag|t-}} || 
|-
| 8 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:泥|泥]]}} {{translit|zh|ní}}|| *{{IPAblink|n}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡋ|na}} || {{translit|Phag|n-}} || 
|-
| 9 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:知|知]]}} {{translit|zh|zhī}}|| *{{IPAblink|ʈ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡆ|ja}} || {{translit|Phag|j-}} || 
|-
| 10 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:徹|徹]]}} {{translit|zh|chè}}|| *{{IPAblink|ʈʰ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡅ|cha}} || {{translit|Phag|ch-}} || 
|-
| 11 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:澄|澄]]}} {{translit|zh|chéng}}|| *{{IPAblink|ɖ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡄ|ca}} || {{translit|Phag|c-}} || 
|-
| 12 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:娘|娘]]}} {{translit|zh|niáng}}|| *{{IPAblink|ɳ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡇ|nya}} || {{translit|Phag|ny-}} || 
|-
| 13 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:幫|幫]]}} {{translit|zh|bāng}}|| *{{IPAblink|p}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡎ|ba}} || {{translit|Phag|b-}} || 
|-
| 14 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:滂|滂]]}} {{translit|zh|pāng}}|| *{{IPAblink|pʰ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡍ|pha}} || {{translit|Phag|ph-}} || 
|-
| 15 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:並|並]]}} {{translit|zh|bìng}}|| *{{IPAblink|b}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡌ|pa}} || {{translit|Phag|p-}} || 
|-
| 16 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:明|明]]}} {{translit|zh|míng}}|| *{{IPAblink|m}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡏ|ma}} || {{translit|Phag|m-}} || 
|-
| 17 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:非|非]]}} {{translit|zh|fēi}}|| *{{IPAblink|p̪}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡤ|fa}} || {{translit|Phag|f-}} || Normal form of the letter ''{{translit|Phag|fa}}''
|-
| 18 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:敷|敷]]}} {{translit|zh|fū}}|| *{{IPAblink|p̪ʰ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡰ|fa¹}} || {{translit|Phag|f¹-}} || Variant form of the letter ''{{translit|Phag|fa}}''
|-
| 19 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:奉|奉]]}} {{translit|zh|fèng}}|| *{{IPAblink|b̪}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡤ|fa}} || {{translit|Phag|f-}} || Normal form of the letter ''{{translit|Phag|fa}}''
|-
| 20 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:微|微]]}} {{translit|zh|wēi}}|| *{{IPAblink|ɱ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡓ|wa}} || {{translit|Phag|w-}} || Represents {{IPAblink|v}}
|-
| 21 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:精|精]]}} {{translit|zh|jīng}}|| *{{IPAblink|ts}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡒ|dza}} || {{translit|Phag|dz-}} || 
|-
| 22 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:清|清]]}} {{translit|zh|qīng}}|| *{{IPAblink|tsʰ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡑ|tsha}} || {{translit|Phag|tsh-}} || 
|-
| 23 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:從|從]]}} {{translit|zh|cóng}}|| *{{IPAblink|dz}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡐ|tsa}} || {{translit|Phag|ts-}} || 
|-
| 24 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:心|心]]}} {{translit|zh|xīn}}|| *{{IPAblink|s}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡛ|sa}} || {{translit|Phag|s-}} || 
|-
| 25 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:邪|邪]]}} {{translit|zh|xié}}|| *{{IPAblink|z}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡕ|za}} || {{translit|Phag|z-}} || 
|-
| 26 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:照|照]]}} {{translit|zh|zhào}}|| *{{IPAblink|tɕ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡆ|ja}} || {{translit|Phag|j-}} || 
|-
| 27 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:穿|穿]]}} {{translit|zh|chuān}}|| *{{IPAblink|tɕʰ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡅ|cha}} || {{translit|Phag|ch-}} || 
|-
| 28 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:床|床]]}} {{translit|zh|chuáng}}|| *{{IPAblink|dʑ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡄ|ca}} || {{translit|Phag|c-}} || 
|-
| 29 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:審|審]]}} {{translit|zh|shěn}}|| *{{IPAblink|ɕ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡮ|sha¹}} || {{translit|Phag|sh¹-}} || Variant form of the letter ''{{translit|Phag|sha}}''
|-
| 30 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:禪|禪]]}} {{translit|zh|chán}}|| *{{IPAblink|ʑ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡚ|sha}} || {{translit|Phag|sh-}} || Normal form of the letter ''{{translit|Phag|sha}}''
|-
| 31 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:曉|曉]]}} {{translit|zh|xiǎo}}|| *{{IPAblink|x}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡜ|ha}} || {{translit|Phag|h-}} || Normal form of the letter ''{{translit|Phag|ha}}''
|-
| rowspan=2 | 32 || rowspan=2 | {{lang|zh|[[wikt:匣|匣]]}} {{translit|zh|xiá}}|| rowspan=2 | *{{IPAblink|ɣ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡣ|xa}} || {{translit|Phag|x-}} ||
|-
| {{Phagspa|v|ꡯ|ha¹}} || {{translit|Phag|h¹-}} || Variant form of the letter ''{{translit|Phag|ha}}''
|-
| rowspan=2 | 33 || rowspan=2 | {{lang|zh|[[wikt:影|影]]}} {{translit|zh|yǐng}}|| rowspan=2 | *{{IPAblink|ʔ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡖ|{{hamza}}a}} || {{translit|Phag|{{hamza}}-}} || [[glottal stop]]
|-
| {{Phagspa|v|ꡗ|'a}} || {{translit|Phag|y-}} || Normal form of the letter ''{{translit|Phag|ya}}''
|-
| rowspan=2 | 34 || rowspan=2 | {{lang|zh|[[wikt:喻|喻]]}} {{translit|zh|yù}}|| rowspan=2 | *{{IPAblink|j}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡝ|a}} || {{translit|Phag|-}} || [[zero onset|null initial]]
|-
| {{Phagspa|v|ꡭ|a}} || {{translit|Phag|y¹-}} || Variant form of the letter ''{{translit|Phag|ya}}''
|-
| 35 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:來|來]]}} {{translit|zh|lái}}|| *{{IPAblink|l}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡙ|la}} || {{translit|Phag|l-}} || 
|-
| 36 || {{lang|zh|[[wikt:日|日]]}} {{translit|zh|rì}}|| *{{IPAblink|ɲ}} || {{Phagspa|v|ꡔ|zha}} || {{translit|Phag|zh-}} || 
|}

=== Shilin Guangji ===
The [[Shilin Guangji]] used Phagspa to annotate Chinese text, serving as a precursor to modern [[pinyin]]. The following are the Phagspa transcriptions of a section of the [[Hundred Family Surnames]] in the Shilin Guangji. For example, the name Jin ({{lang|zh|金}}), meaning gold, is written as {{Phagspa|v|ꡂꡞꡏ}} ''{{translit|Phag|gim}}''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Chen Yuanjing]] |title=[[Shilin Guangji]] |location=[[Yuan dynasty]], [[Mongol Empire]]}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+[[Hundred Family Surnames]]<br>{{lang|zh|百家姓蒙古文}} <br> {{translit|zh|Bǎi Jiā Xìng Měng Gǔ Wén}} <br>
{{Phagspa|v|ꡎꡗ}} {{Phagspa|v|ꡂꡨ}} {{Phagspa|v|ꡛꡞꡃ}} {{Phagspa|v|ꡏꡟꡃ}} {{Phagspa|v|ꡂꡟ}} {{Phagspa|v|ꡓꡟꡋ}} <br> Bay Gya Sing Mung Gu Wun
|-
! !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10
|- valign="top"
!{{hamza}}Phags-pa Spelling
|{{Phagspa|v|ꡄꡠꡓ}} ''{{translit|Phag|cew}}''
|{{Phagspa|v|ꡒꡠꡋ}} ''{{translit|Phag|dzen}}''
|{{Phagspa|v|ꡛꡟꡋ}} ''{{translit|Phag|sun}}''
|{{Phagspa|v|ꡙꡞ}} ''{{translit|Phag|li}}''
|{{Phagspa|v|ꡆꡞꡓ}} ''{{translit|Phag|jiw}}''
|{{Phagspa|v|ꡟ}} ''{{translit|Phag|u}}''
|{{Phagspa|v|ꡄꡞꡃ}} ''{{translit|Phag|cing}}''
|{{Phagspa|v|ꡝꡧꡃ}} ''{{translit|Phag| 'wang}}''
|{{Phagspa|v|ꡤꡟꡃ}} ''{{translit|Phag|fung}}''
|{{Phagspa|v|ꡄꡞꡋ}} ''{{translit|Phag|cin}}''
|-
!Chinese Character
|{{lang|zh|趙}} {{translit|zh|zhào}}
|{{lang|zh|錢}} {{translit|zh|qián}}
|{{lang|zh|孫}} {{translit|zh|sūn}}
|{{lang|zh|李}} {{translit|zh|lǐ}}
|{{lang|zh|周}} {{translit|zh|zhōu}}
|{{lang|zh|吳}} {{translit|zh|wú}}
|{{lang|zh|鄭}} {{translit|zh|zhèng}}
|{{lang|zh|王}} {{translit|zh|wáng}}
|{{lang|zh|馮}} {{translit|zh|féng}}
|{{lang|zh|陳}} {{translit|zh|chén}}
|}

== Unicode ==
{{Main|Phags-pa (Unicode block)}}

{{hamza}}Phags-pa script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0.

The Unicode block for {{hamza}}Phags-pa is U+A840–U+A877:{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Unicode chart Phags-pa}}

U+A856 {{Phagspa|v|ꡖ|{{hamza}}a}} {{small|PHAGS-PA LETTER SMALL A}} is transliterated using {{unichar|A78F|LATIN LETTER SINOLOGICAL DOT}} from the [[Latin Extended-D]] Unicode block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09031r-n3567r.pdf|title=L2/09-031R: Proposal to encode a Middle Dot letter for Phags-pa transliteration|date=2009-04-04|first=Andrew|last=West}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Brahmic scripts]]
* [[Mongolian alphabets]]
* [[Origin of hangul]]
* [[Mongol elements in Western medieval art]]
* [[Menggu Ziyun]] (Yuan dynasty {{hamza}}Phags-pa—Chinese rhyming dictionary)
* [[Shilin Guangji]]
* [[Siddhaṃ script]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book | last=Coblin | first=W. South | author-link=Weldon South Coblin | title=A Handbook of {{hamza}}Phags-pa Chinese | series=ABC Dictionary Series | year=2006 | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press | location=Honolulu | isbn=978-0-8248-3000-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3q6nja-Ii8gC|access-date=24 April 2014}}
* {{cite book|title=Chinese in Hp'ags-pa Script|first=Paul. B.|last=Denlinger|year=1963|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mHKuAAACAAJ|access-date=24 April 2014}}
* {{cite book | last=Everding | first=Karl-Heinz | title=Herrscherurkunden aus der Zeit des mongolischen Großreiches für tibetische Adelshäuser, Geistliche und Klöster. Teil 1: Diplomata Mongolica. Mittelmongolische Urkunden in {{hamza}}Phags-pa-Schrift. Eidtion, Übersetzung, Analyse | location=Halle | publisher=International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies | year=2006 | isbn=978-3-88280-074-6 }}
* {{cite book | last=Poppe | first=Nicholas | author-link=Nicholas Poppe | title=The Mongolian Monuments in hP´ags-pa Script | edition=Second | location=Wiesbaden | publisher=Harrassowitz | year=1957 }}
* {{cite book | last=Sampson | first=Geoffrey | author-link=Geoffrey Sampson | title=Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction | location=Great Britain | publisher=Anchor Brenton Ltd | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-09-156980-8 }}
* {{cite book | last=Schuh | first=Dieter | author-link=Dieter Schuh | title=Grundlagen tibetischer Siegelkunde. Eine Untersuchung über tibetische Siegelaufschriften in {{hamza}}Phags-pa-Schrift | location=Sankt Augustin | publisher=VGH Wissenschaftsverlag | year=1981 | isbn=978-3-88280-011-1 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Phagspa script}}
*[http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/index.html BabelStone: {{hamza}}Phags-pa Script] (with free fonts)
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/phagspa.htm Omniglot: {{hamza}}Phags-pa script]
* [http://www.ancientscripts.com/hphagspa.html Ancientscripts: hPhags-pa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091018190435/http://kr.geocities.com/tomchiukc/Language/Mongolian/MidMongolian.html Mongolian characters after Kublai Khan]

{{list of writing systems}}
{{Yuan dynasty topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phags-Pa Script}}
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Mongolian writing systems]]
[[Category:Transcription of Chinese]]
[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]
[[Category:Abugida writing systems]]
[[Category:Writing systems without word boundaries]]
[[Category:Old Mandarin]]
[[Category:Culture of the Yuan dynasty]]
[[Category:Mongolia–Tibet relations]]