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'''Distrust''' is a formal way of not [[trust]]ing any one party too much in a situation of grave [[risk]] or deep [[doubt]].   It is commonly expressed in [[civics]] as a division or [[balance of powers]], or in [[politics]] as means of validating [[treaty]] terms.   Systems based on distrust simply divides the responsibility so that [[checks and balances]] can operate.  The phrase '''trust but verify''' refers specifically to distrust.

This is not the same as '''mistrust''' - believing that a particular party is in fact working against you.  When that is likely, however, distrust plays a role in minimizing the power of specific others with roles in "the system".  For instance providing the [[benefit of the doubt]] to someone accussed of a [[crime]].

An [[electoral system]] or [[adversarial process]] inevitably is based on distrust, but not on mistrust.  Parties compete in the system, but they do not compete to subvert the system itself, or gain [[bad faith]] advantage through it - if they do they are easily caught by the others.  Of course much mistrust does exist between parties, and it is exactly this which motivates putting in place a formal system of distrust.  [[Diplomatic protocol]] for instance, which applies between states, relies on such means as [[formal disapproval]] which in effect say "we do not trust that person".  It also tends to rely on a strict [[etiquette]] - distrusting each person's habits to signal their intent, and instead relying on a global standard for behaviour in sensitive social settings.

A [[protocol]] as defined in [[computer science]] uses a more formal idea of distrust itself.  Different parts of a system are not supposed to "trust" each other but rather perform specific [[assertion]]s, requests and validations.  Once these are passed, the responsibility for errors lies strictly with the receiving part of the system, not that which sent the original information.  Applying this principle inside one program is called [[contract-based design]].

[[Corporate governance]] relies on distrust insofar as the [[board]] is not to trust the reports it receives from management, but is empowered to investigate them, challenge them, and otherwise act on behalf of shareholders vs. managers.  The fact that they rarely or never do so in most American companies is a sign that the distrust relationship has broken down - [[accounting scandal]]s and calls for [[accounting reform]] are the inevitable result.  It is precisely to avoid such larger crises of trust in "the system" that systems put formal distrust measures in place to begin with.

For instance, after the [[American Revolution]], the [[U.S. Constitution]] was deliberately structured in a way to prevent trusting the government too much.  The [[executive branch]], [[judicial branch]] and [[legislative branch]] of government had formally defined roles in which they distrusted each other's judgement, had [[veto]] power, etc..  A further check is strong respect for [[free speech]], and prohibition against [[self-incrimination]].  On the whole, this has been a rather successful design.  Its [[integrity]] however is often called into question - perhaps a strength of this [[organizational design]], since very many people feel empowered to do so.  This suggests that distrust may enable [[dissent]], and that a system incorporating a lot of distrust is also likely to generate a lot of empowered [[citizen]]s keeping it [[honest]].