View source for Pogrom

{{Short description|Violent attack on an ethnic or religious group, usually Jews}}
{{About||the racehorse|Pogrom (horse)|the volcano in the Aleutian Islands|Pogromni Volcano}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox
| above            = Pogrom
| image            = [[File:Pluenderung der Judengasse 1614.png|250px]]
| caption          = Plundering the ''[[Frankfurter Judengasse|Judengasse]]'' in a Jewish ghetto during the [[Fettmilch uprising]]. [[Frankfurt]], 22 August 1614
| label1           = Target
| data1            = Predominantly [[Jews]]<br />Additionally other ethnic groups
}}
{{Antisemitism|expanded=Persecution}}

A '''pogrom'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|p|ɒ|ɡ|r|ə|m}} {{respell|POG|rəm}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|p|oʊ|ɡ|r|ə|m|,_|ˈ|p|oʊ|ɡ|r|ɒ|m|,_|p|ə|ˈ|ɡ|r|ɒ|m}} {{respell|POH|grəm|,_|POH|grom|,_|pə|GROM}}; {{Langx|ru|погро́м}}, {{IPA|ru|pɐˈɡrom|pron}}.}} is a violent [[riot]] incited with the aim of [[Massacre|massacring]] or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly [[Jews]].{{r|Britannica}} The term entered the English language from Russian to describe late 19th- and early 20th-century [[Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire|attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire]] (mostly within the [[Pale of Settlement]]). Retrospectively, similar attacks against Jews which occurred in other times and places were renamed pogroms.{{r|Brass}} Sometimes the word is used to describe publicly sanctioned purgative attacks against non-Jewish groups. The characteristics of a pogrom vary widely, depending on the specific incident, at times leading to, or culminating in, [[massacre]]s.<ref name="WileyBlackwell" /><ref name="Klier58" /><ref name="international"/><ref name="Engel" />{{r|books1}}{{r|books2}}<ref name="YIVO">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe |quote=The common usage of the term pogrom to describe any attack against Jews throughout history disguises the great variation in the scale, nature, motivation and intent of such violence at different times. |title=Pogroms |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Pogroms |publisher=YIVO Institute for Jewish Research |year=2010 |first=John |last=Klier |author-link=John Klier}}</ref>

Significant pogroms in the [[Russian Empire]] included the [[Odessa pogroms]], [[Warsaw pogrom (1881)]], [[Kishinev pogrom]] (1903), [[Kiev pogrom (1905)]], and [[Białystok pogrom]] (1906). After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, several pogroms occurred amidst the power struggles in [[Eastern Europe]], including the [[Lwów pogrom (1918)]] and [[Kiev pogroms (1919)]].
The most significant pogrom which occurred in [[Nazi Germany]] was the 1938 [[Kristallnacht]]. At least 91 Jews were killed, a further thirty thousand arrested and subsequently incarcerated in [[concentration camps]],<ref name="Atlantic" /> a thousand synagogues burned, and over seven thousand Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged.<ref name="Berenbaum2005p49" /><ref name="Gilbert30" /> Notorious pogroms of [[World War II]] included the 1941 [[Farhud]] in Iraq, the July 1941 [[Iași pogrom]] in Romania{{snd}}in which over 13,200 Jews were killed{{snd}}as well as the [[Jedwabne pogrom]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German-occupied Poland]]. Post-World War II pogroms included the [[1945 Tripoli pogrom]], the 1946 [[Kielce pogrom]], the [[1947 Aleppo pogrom]], and the 1955 [[Istanbul pogrom]].

This type of violence has also occurred to other ethnic and religious minorities. Examples include the [[1984 Sikh massacre]] in which 3,000 [[Sikhs]] were killed<ref name="3000 Sikhs" >{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm |title=Indira Gandhi's death remembered |last=Bedi |first=Rahul |date=1 November 2009 |publisher=BBC News |quote=The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing |access-date=2 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102113639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm |archive-date=2 November 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[2002 Gujarat riots|2002 Gujarat]] pogrom against Indian Muslims.<ref name="Wire - Gujarat" >{{cite news |title=The Soul-Wounds of Massacre, or Why We Should Not Forget the 2002 Gujarat Pogrom |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/2002-gujarat-anti-muslim-pogrom |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=27 February 2022 |language=en |quote=This article is extracted and adapted from the author’s book Between Memory and Forgetting: Massacre and the Modi Years in Gujarat, Yoda Press, 2019.}}</ref>

In 2008, two attacks in the [[Occupied West Bank]] by [[Israeli settlers|Israeli Jewish settlers]] on [[Palestinian Arabs]] were labeled as pogroms by then-Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]].<ref name="smh">{{cite web |quote='As a Jew, I was ashamed at the scenes of Jews opening fire at innocent Arabs in Hebron. There is no other definition than the term "pogrom" to describe what I have seen.' |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |first=Jason |last=Koutsoukis |date=15 September 2008 |access-date=14 November 2023 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/settlers-attack-palestinian-village-20080915-gdsuyu.html |url-status=live |title=Settlers attack Palestinian village |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405113419/https://www.smh.com.au/world/settlers-attack-palestinian-village-20080915-gdsuyu.html |archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref>

The [[October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel]] was described as a pogrom by then-[[UK Foreign Secretary]] [[David Cameron]] and in a 2023 editorial by the ''Wall Street Journal'' Editorial Board.<ref name="CAMERON" /><ref name="WSJ 10/7" >{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-hamas-video-screening-gaza-tsach-saar-31ed88ab |title=Opinion &#124; Hamas Puts Its Pogrom on Video |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=27 October 2023}}</ref>

== The word ''pogrom'' ==
{{Annotated image |float=right |width=220 |height=203 |caption=An early reference to a "pogrom" in ''[[The Times]]'' of London, December 1903. Together with ''[[The New York Times]]'' and the [[Hearst Corporation|Hearst press]], they took the lead in highlighting the [[Kishinev pogrom|pogrom in Kishinev]] (now Chişinău, [[Moldova]]) and other cities in Russia.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zjj18NXZg2wC&pg=PR12 |title=Sunshine, Blossoms and Blood |access-date=15 February 2015 |isbn=978-0-7618-3142-6 |last1=Feinstein |first1=Sara |year=2005 |publisher=[[University Press of America]]}}</ref> In May of the same year, The Times' Russian correspondent Dudley Disraeli Braham had been expelled from Russia.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mQhzI-nfHsC&pg=PA99 |title=Easter in Kishinev |access-date=15 February 2015 |isbn=978-0-8147-4223-5 |last1=Judge |first1=Edward H. |date=February 1995 |publisher=[[New York University Press]]}}</ref> |image=The Russian Pogrom, The Times, Monday, Dec 07, 1903.png |annotations= |image-top=-1 |image-left=-1 |image-width=222}} 
{{main|Definitions of pogrom}}

=== Etymology ===

First recorded in [[English language|English]] in 1882, the [[Russian language|Russian]] word {{lang|ru-Latn|pogróm}} ({{wikt-lang|ru|погро́м}}, {{IPA|ru|pɐˈɡrom|pron}}) is derived from the common prefix {{lang|ru|po-}} ({{wikt-lang|ru|по-}}) and the verb {{lang|ru-Latn|gromít'}} ({{wikt-lang|ru|громи́ть}}, {{IPA|ru|ɡrɐˈmʲitʲ|}}) meaning 'to destroy, wreak havoc, demolish violently'. The noun ''pogrom'', which has a relatively short history, is used in English and many other languages as a [[loanword]], possibly borrowed from [[Yiddish]] (where the word takes the form {{lang|yi|פאָגראָם|rtl=yes}}).<ref name="dictionary" /> Its modern widespread circulation began with the [[antisemitic]] violence in the Russian Empire in 1881–1883.<ref name="Bergmann" />

=== Usage of the word ===
[[File:TulsaRaceRiot-1921.png|thumb|The 1921 [[Tulsa race massacre]], which destroyed the wealthiest [[African American|black]] community in the United States, has been described as a pogrom.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-reading-ferguson-books-on-race-police-protest-and-us-history-20140818-story.html |title=Reading Ferguson: books on race, police, protest and U.S. history |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=18 August 2014 |access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref>]]

According to ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', "the term is usually applied to attacks on [[Jews]] in the [[Russian Empire]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, [and] the first extensive pogroms followed the assassination of [[Tsar Alexander II]] in 1881".<ref name="Britannica" /> The ''Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789'' states that pogroms "were [[antisemitic]] disturbances that periodically occurred within the tsarist empire."<ref name="WileyBlackwell" /> However, the term is widely used to refer to many events which occurred prior to the [[Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire]]. Historian of Russian Jewry [[John Klier]] writes in ''Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882'': "By the twentieth century, the word 'pogrom' had become a generic term in English for all forms of collective violence directed against Jews."<ref name="Klier58" /> [[Henry Abramson|Abramson]] points out that "in mainstream usage the word has come to imply an act of [[antisemitism]]", since while "Jews have not been the only group to suffer under this phenomenon&nbsp;... historically Jews have been frequent victims of such violence."<ref name="Abramson" />

The term is also used in reference to attacks on non-Jewish ethnic minorities, and accordingly, some scholars do not include [[antisemitism]] as the defining characteristic of ''pogroms''. Reviewing the word's uses in scholarly literature, historian [[Werner Bergmann]] proposes that a pogrom should be "defined as a ''unilateral, nongovernmental'' form of ''collective'' violence that is ''initiated by the majority population'' against a largely defenseless minority ethnic group, and occurring when the ''majority'' expect the state to provide them [sic] with no assistance in overcoming a (perceived) threat from the minority".<ref name="international"/> However, Bergmann adds that in Western usage, the word's "anti-Semitic overtones" have been retained.<ref name="Bergmann" /> Historian [[David Engel (historian)|David Engel]] supports this view, writing that while "there can be no logically or empirically compelling grounds for declaring that some particular episode does or does not merit the label [pogrom]," the majority of the incidents which are "habitually" described as pogroms took place in societies that were significantly divided by [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]] or [[religion]] where the violence was committed by members of the higher-ranking group against members of a stereotyped lower-ranking group with which they expressed some complaint, and where the members of the higher-ranking group justified their acts of violence by claiming that the law of the land would not be used to prevent the alleged complaint.<ref name="Engel" />

There is no universally accepted set of characteristics which define the term pogrom.<ref name="Engel" /><ref name="Bergmann2" /> Klier writes that "when applied indiscriminately to events in [[Eastern Europe]], the term can be misleading, the more so when it implies that 'pogroms' were regular events in the region and that they always shared common features."<ref name="Klier58" /> Use of the term pogrom to refer to events in 1918–19 in Polish cities (including the [[Kielce pogrom (1918)|Kielce pogrom]], the [[Pinsk massacre]] and the [[Lwów pogrom (1918)|Lwów pogrom]]) was specifically avoided in the 1919 [[Morgenthau Report]]; the word "excesses" was employed instead because the authors argued that the use of the term "pogrom" required a situation to be [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] rather than political in nature, which meant that it was inapplicable to the conditions which exist in a war zone.<ref name="Engel" /><ref name="Pietrowski" /><ref name="Pease" /> Media use of the term pogrom to refer to the 1991 [[Crown Heights riot]] caused public controversy.<ref name="JewishWeek" /><ref name="New York Magazine" /><ref name="Conaway" /> In 2008, two separate attacks in the [[West Bank]] by [[Israeli Jews|Israeli Jewish]] [[Israeli settlement|settlers]] on [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Arab]]s were characterized as pogroms by then [[Prime Minister of Israel]] [[Ehud Olmert]].<ref name="smh"/><ref name="bbc11">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7770384.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |title=Olmert condemns settler 'pogrom' |date=7 December 2008 |access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>

Werner Bergmann suggests that all such incidents have a particularly unifying characteristic: "By the ''collective attribution'' of a threat, the pogrom differs from other forms of [[violence]], such as [[lynching]]s, which are directed at individual members of a minority group, while the ''imbalance of power'' in favor of the rioters distinguishes pogroms from other forms of riots ([[food riot]]s, [[race riot]]s or '[[communal riot]]s' between evenly matched groups); and again, the ''low level of organization'' separates them from [[vigilantism]], [[terrorism]], [[massacre]] and [[genocide]]".<ref name="international" />

== History of anti-Jewish pogroms ==
[[File:Hep Hep Krawalle 1819.jpg|thumb|The [[Hep-Hep riots]] in [[Würzburg]], 1819. On the left, two peasant women are assaulting a Jewish man with a pitchfork and a broom. On the right, a man wearing spectacles, tails and a six-button waistcoat, "perhaps a pharmacist or a schoolteacher,"<ref name="metropolitan" /> holds a Jewish man by the throat and is about to club him with a truncheon. The houses are being looted. A contemporary engraving by [[Johann Michael Voltz]].]]

The first recorded anti-Jewish riots took place in [[Alexandrian riots (38 CE)|Alexandria in the year 38 CE]], followed by the [[Alexandria riot (66)|more known riot of 66 CE]]. Other notable events took place in Europe during the [[Middle Ages]]. Jewish communities were targeted in [[History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)#Massacres at London and York (1189–1190)|1189 and 1190 in England]] and throughout Europe during the [[Crusades]] and the [[Black Death Jewish persecutions|Black Death]] of 1348–1350, including in [[Toulon]], [[Erfurt massacre (1349)|Erfurt]], [[Basel massacre|Basel]], Aragon, Flanders<ref>''Codex Judaica: chronological index of Jewish history''; p. 203 Máttis Kantor – 2005 "The Jews were savagely attacked and massacred, by sometimes hysterical mobs."</ref><ref>John Marshall ''John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture''; p. 376 2006 "The period of the Black Death saw the massacre of Jews across Germany, and in Aragon, and Flanders,"</ref> and [[Strasbourg massacre|Strasbourg]].<ref>Anna Foa ''The Jews of Europe after the black death '' 2000 p. 13 "The first massacres took place in April 1348 in Toulon, where the [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish quarter]] was raided and forty Jews were murdered in their homes. Shortly afterwards, violence broke out in Barcelona."</ref> Some 510 Jewish communities were destroyed during this period,<ref>{{cite book |last=Durant |first=Will |title=The Renaissance |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1953 |pages=730–731 |isbn=0-671-61600-5}}</ref> extending further to the [[Brussels massacre]] of 1370. On [[Holy Saturday]] of 1389, a riot began in [[Prague]] that led to the burning of the Jewish quarter, the killing of many Jews, and the suicide of many Jews trapped in the main synagogue; the number of dead was estimated at 400–500 men, women and children.<ref>{{cite web |first=Barbara |last=Newman |url=https://www.academia.edu/1470909 |title=The Passion of the Jews of Prague: The Pogrom of 1389 and the Lessons of a Medieval Parody |work=Church History |volume=81 |issue=1 |date=March 2012 |pages=1–26}}</ref> Attacks against Jews also took place in [[Barcelona]] and other [[Spain in the Middle Ages|Spanish]] cities during the [[massacre of 1391]].

The brutal murders of Jews and Poles occurred during the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] of 1648–1657 in present-day [[Ukraine]], then within the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Herman Rosenthal |author-link=Herman Rosenthal |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=469&letter=C |title=Chmielnicki, Bogdan Zinovi |website=[[Jewish Encyclopedia]] |year=1901}}</ref> Modern historians give estimates of the scale of the murders by Khmelnytsky's [[Zaporozhian Cossacks|Cossacks]] ranging between 40,000 and 100,000 men, women and children,{{efn|1=Historians, who put the number of killed Jewish civilians at between 40,000 and 100,000 during the [[Khmelnytsky Pogrom]]s in 1648–1657, include:
* Naomi E. Pasachoff, Robert J. Littman (2005). ''A Concise History Of The Jewish People'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|0-7425-4366-8}}, p. 182.
* [[David Theo Goldberg]], John Solomos (2002). ''A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies'', Blackwell, {{ISBN|0-631-20616-7}}, p. 68.
* Micheal Clodfelter (2002). ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999'', McFarland, p. 56: estimated at 56,000 dead.
}}{{efn|1=Historians estimating that around 100,000 Jews were killed include:
* Cara Camcastle. ''The More Moderate Side of Joseph de Maistre: Views on Political Liberty And Political Economy'', McGill-Queen's Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7735-2976-4}}, p. 26.
* [[Martin Gilbert]] (1999). ''Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past'', Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|0-231-10965-2}}, p. 219.
* Manus I. Midlarsky. ''The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century'', Cambridge University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-521-81545-2}}, p. 352.
* Oscar Reiss (2004). ''The Jews in Colonial America'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-1730-7}}, pp. 98–99.
* Colin Martin Tatz (2003). ''With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide'', Verso, {{ISBN|1-85984-550-9}}, p. 146.
* Samuel Totten (2004). ''Teaching about Genocide: Issues, Approaches and Resources'', Information Age Publishing, {{ISBN|1-59311-074-X}}, p. 25.
* Mosheh Weiss (2004). ''A Brief History of the Jewish People'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|0-7425-4402-8}}, p. 193.
}} or perhaps many more.{{efn|1=Historians who estimate that more than 100,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine in 1648–1657 include:
* [[Meyer Waxman]] (2003). ''History of Jewish Literature Part 3'', Kessinger, {{ISBN|0-7661-4370-8}}, p. 20: estimated at two hundred thousand Jews killed.
* Micheal Clodfelter (2002). ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999'', McFarland, p. 56: estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000 Jewish victims.
* Zev Garber, Bruce Zuckerman (2004). ''Double Takes: Thinking and Rethinking Issues of Modern Judaism in Ancient Contexts'', University Press of America, {{ISBN|0-7618-2894-X}}, p. 77, footnote 17: estimated at 100,000–500,000 Jews.
* ''[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]]'' (2001–2005), "Chmielnicki Bohdan", 6th ed.: estimated at over 100,000 Jews.
* Robert Melvin Spector (2005). ''World without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History and Analysis'', University Press of America, {{ISBN|0-7618-2963-6}}, p. 77: estimated at more than 100,000.
* Sol Scharfstein (2004). ''Jewish History and You'', KTAV, {{ISBN|0-88125-806-7}}, p. 42: estimated at more than 100,000 Jews killed.}} However, these figures are contested as being too high, with the lowest estimates suggesting that 18,000–20,000 Jews died out of a total population of 40,000, many due to disease and famine.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Stampfer | first=Shaul | title=[No title found] | journal=Jewish History | volume=17 | issue=2 | date=2003 | doi=10.1023/A:1022330717763 | pages=207–227 | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022330717763 | access-date=2025-04-26| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

An outbreak of violence against Jews ([[Hep-Hep riots]]) occurred at the beginning of the 19th century in reaction to [[Jewish emancipation]] in the [[German Confederation]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Amos |last=Elon |author-link=Amos Elon |year=2002 |title=The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743–1933 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Books]] |isbn=0-8050-5964-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pityofitallhisto00elon/page/103 103] |url=https://archive.org/details/pityofitallhisto00elon/page/103}}</ref>

=== Pogroms in the Russian Empire ===
[[File:Pogrom de Chisinau - 1903 - 1.jpg|thumb|Victims of a pogrom in [[Chișinău|Kishinev]], Bessarabia, 1903]]{{Further|Pogroms in the Russian Empire}}

The [[Russian Empire]], which previously had very few Jews, acquired territories in the [[Russian Partition]] that contained large Jewish populations, during the military [[partitions of Poland]] in 1772, 1793 and 1795.<ref name="Davies60">{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |title=God's Playground: a history of Poland |id=Volume II: Revised Edition |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |year=2005 |chapter=Rossiya: The Russian Partition (1772–1918) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Tbed6iMNLEC&q=alien+imposition |pages=60–61 |isbn=978-0-19-925340-1 |title-link=God's Playground}}</ref> In conquered territories, a new political entity called the [[Pale of Settlement]] was formed in 1791 by [[Catherine the Great]]. Most Jews from the former Commonwealth were allowed to reside only within the Pale, including families expelled by royal decree from St. Petersburg, Moscow and other large Russian cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/shtetl |title=Shtetl |website=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] |via=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |publisher=The Gale Group}} ''Also in:'' {{cite web |url=http://www.aish.com/jl/h/48956361.html |title=Pale of Settlement |website=History Crash Course #56 |author=Rabbi Ken Spiro |date=9 May 2009 |publisher=Aish.com}}</ref> The 1821 [[Odessa pogroms]] marked the beginning of the 19th century pogroms in Tsarist Russia; there were four more such pogroms in [[Odessa]] before the end of the century.<ref name="H-DL">{{cite journal |first=Heinz-Dietrich |last=Löwe |title=Pogroms in Russia: Explanations, Comparisons, Suggestions |journal=Jewish Social Studies |series=New Series |access-date=14 November 2023 |volume=11 |number=1 |date=Autumn 2004 |page=17– |quote='Pogroms were concentrated in time. Four phases can be observed: in 1819, 1830, 1834, and 1818-19.' |doi=10.1353/jss.2005.0007 |s2cid=201771701 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/179974|url-access=subscription }}
{{failed verification|date=September 2016}}</ref> Following the assassination of [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] in 1881 by [[Narodnaya Volya#Assassination of Tsar Alexander II|Narodnaya Volya]], anti-Jewish events turned into a wave of over 200 pogroms by their modern definition, which lasted for several years.<ref name="Klier 2013 Note 45">{{cite book |title=Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History |author1=John Doyle Klier |author1-link=John Klier |author2=Shlomo Lambroza |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3D7CmSOMfIC&q=Odessa+1881+encyclopedia |page=376 |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-52851-1}} ''Also in:'' {{cite book |title=Shatterzone of Empires |author=Omer Bartov |author-link=Omer Bartov |year=2013 |quote=Note 45. It should be remembered that for all the violence and property damage caused by the 1881 pogroms, the number of deaths could be counted on one hand. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xam0fUlrXfkC&q=number+counted+one+hand |page=97|publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-00631-8}} For further information, see: {{cite book |title=Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917–1920 |author=Oleg Budnitskii |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8122-0814-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLdhSUZI-AYC&q=Alexander+watershed |pages=17–20}}</ref> Jewish self-governing ''[[:wikt:Kehillah|Kehillah]]'' were abolished by [[Nicholas I of Russia|Tsar Nicholas I]] in 1844.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Henry Abramson |author-link=Henry Abramson |url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/02summer/pdf2/abramson_large.pdf |title=The end of intimate insularity: new narratives of Jewish history in the post-Soviet era |journal=Acts |date=10–13 July 2002}}</ref>

There is some disagreement about the level of planning from the Tsarist authorities and the motives for the attacks.<ref name="Zaretsky - quote 1">{{cite news |last1=Zaretsky |first1=Robert |title=Why so many people call the Oct. 7 massacre a 'pogrom' — and what they miss when they do so |url=https://forward.com/culture/567188/pogrom-october-7-massacre-israel-yerushalmi/ |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=[[The Forward]] |date=27 October 2023 |language=en |quote=Thanks to the work of the historian John Klier, we also know that the Czarist authorities neither choreographed nor encouraged the pogroms. Instead, they were mostly spontaneous and perhaps as much about managing social status as they were about murdering Jews.}}</ref>

The first in 20th-century Russia was the [[Kishinev pogrom]] of 1903 in which 49 Jews were killed, hundreds wounded, 700 homes destroyed and 600 businesses pillaged.<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia Kishinef">{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |title=Kishinef (Kishinev) |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9350-kishinef-kishinev |first1=Herman|last1=Rosenthal |first2=Max|last2=Rosenthal}}</ref> In the same year, pogroms took place in [[Gomel]] (Belarus), [[Smila|Smela]], [[Feodosiya]] and [[Melitopol]] (Ukraine). Extreme savagery was typified by mutilations of the wounded.<ref name="P.J." /> They were followed by the [[Zhitomir]] pogrom (with 29 killed),<ref>{{cite book |title=Lev Shternberg |author=Sergei Kan |author-link=Sergei Kan |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8032-2470-4 |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XOfZ6ivgY8C&q=Zhitomir+Black+Hundreds}}</ref> and the [[Kiev pogrom (1905)|Kiev pogrom]] of October 1905 resulting in a massacre of approximately 100 Jews.<ref name="S.L." /> In three years between 1903 and 1906, about 660 pogroms were recorded in Ukraine and Bessarabia; half a dozen more in Belorussia, carried out with the Russian government's complicity, but no anti-Jewish pogroms were recorded in Poland.<ref name="P.J.">{{cite book |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of War |first=Paul |last=Joseph |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |page=1353 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4833-5988-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idw0DQAAQBAJ&q=1903+Extreme+savagery}}</ref> At about that time, the [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|Jewish Labor Bund]] began organizing armed self-defense units ready to shoot back, and the pogroms subsided for a number of years.<ref name="S.L.">{{cite book |first=Shlomo |last=Lambroza |title=Current Research on Anti-Semitism: Hostages of Modernization |editor-first=Herbert A. |editor-last=Strauss |editor-link=Herbert A. Strauss |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOFkWX8EC4cC&q=1905+self-defence+efforts |isbn=978-3-11-013715-6 |pages=1256, 1244–45 |chapter=Jewish self-defence}}</ref> According to professor [[Colin Tatz]], between 1881 and 1920 there were 1,326 pogroms in Ukraine (''see: [[Southwestern Krai]] parts of [[Pale of Settlement#Final demographics|the Pale]]'') which took the lives of 70,000 to 250,000 civilian Jews, leaving half a million homeless.<ref name="Tatz 2016 p26">{{cite book |title=The Magnitude of Genocide |first=Colin |last=Tatz |author-link=Colin Tatz |others=Winton Higgins |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4408-3161-4 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1WaCwAAQBAJ&q=four+decades+250%2C000}}</ref><ref name="Kleg" /> This violence across Eastern Europe prompted a wave of [[Russian diaspora|Jewish migration]] westward that totaled about 2.5 million people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diner |first=Hasia |author-link=Hasia Diner |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520939929/html |title=The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |date=23 August 2004 |isbn=978-0-520-93992-9 |pages=71–111 |doi=10.1525/9780520939929 |s2cid=243416759}}</ref>

=== Eastern Europe after World War I ===
[[File:Ukraina1919.jpg|thumb|Map of pogroms in Ukraine between 1918 and 1920 per casualties]]
{{Further|Pogroms of the Russian Civil War}}

Large-scale pogroms, which began in the Russian Empire several decades earlier, intensified during the period of the [[Russian Civil War]] in the aftermath of World War I. Professor [[Zvi Gitelman]] (in ''A Century of Ambivalence'', originally published in 1988) estimated that only in 1918–1919 over 1,200 pogroms took place in Ukraine, thus amounting to the greatest slaughter of Jews in Eastern Europe since 1648.<ref name="Gitelman 2001 p65">{{cite book |last=Gitelman |first=Zvi Y. |author-link=Zvi Gitelman |year=2001 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f2rng6jDW4C&q=Kiev+March+1919+since+1648 |title=A Century of Ambivalence |chapter=Revolution and the Ambiguities |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |id=Chapter&nbsp;2 |isbn=978-0-253-33811-2}}</ref> The [[Kiev pogroms of 1919]], according to Gitelman, were the first of a subsequent wave of pogroms in which between 30,000 and 70,000 Jews were massacred across Ukraine; although more recent assessments{{by whom|date=November 2024}} put the Jewish death toll at more than 100,000.<ref name="Gitelman">{{cite book |first=Zvi Y. |last=Gitelman |author-link=Zvi Gitelman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f2rng6jDW4C |title=A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present |pages=65–70 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-253-33811-2}}</ref><ref name="Kadish 1992 p87">{{cite book |first=Sharman |last=Kadish |author-link=Sharman Kadish |title=Bolsheviks and British Jews: The Anglo-Jewish Community, Britain, and the Russian Revolution |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhkA1VpX5KQC&q=%22kiev+pogrom%22+1919&pg=RA5-PA286 |isbn=978-0-7146-3371-8 |year=1992}}</ref>{{verify quote|date=November 2024}}

[[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] in his controversial 2002 book ''[[Two Hundred Years Together]]'' provided additional statistics from research conducted by [[Nahum Gergel]] (1887–1931), published in Yiddish in 1928 and English in 1951. Gergel counted 1,236 incidents of anti-Jewish violence between 1918 and 1921, and estimated that 887 mass pogroms occurred, the remainder being classified as "excesses" not assuming mass proportions.<ref name="Kleg" /><ref name="Levin 1991 p43" /> Of all the pogroms accounted for in Gergel's research:
* About 40&nbsp;percent were perpetrated by the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] forces led by [[Symon Petliura]]. The Republic issued orders condemning pogroms,<ref name="Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation" /> but lacked authority to intervene.<ref name="Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation">{{cite book |first=Serhy |last=Yekelchyk |author-link=Serhy Yekelchyk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CHiBwAAQBAJ&q=Petliura+pogroms |title=Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-530546-3 |page=106}}</ref> After May 1919 the Directory lost its role as a credible governing body; almost 75 percent of pogroms occurred between May and September of that year.<ref name="Magocsi 2010 p537" >{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1zVKTTsXUC&q=Petliura+1%2C236+pogroms |title=History of Ukraine – The Land and Its Peoples |first=Paul Robert |last=Magocsi |author-link=Paul Robert Magocsi |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4426-4085-6 |page=537}}</ref> Thousands of Jews were killed only for being Jewish, without any political affiliations.<ref name="Kleg">{{cite book |title=Hate Prejudice and Racism |first=Milton |last=Kleg |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1993 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKrrSa7WqNwC&q=1%2C326+pogroms+Ukraine |isbn=978-0-7914-1536-8}}</ref>
* 25&nbsp;percent by the Ukrainian [[Green armies|Green Army]] and various [[Ukrainian nationalist]] gangs,
* 17&nbsp;percent by the [[White Army]], especially the forces of [[Anton Denikin]],
* 8.5&nbsp;percent of Gergel's total was attributed to pogroms carried out by men of the [[Red Army]] (more specifically [[Semyon Budenny]]'s First Cavalry, most of whose soldiers had previously served under Denikin).<ref name="Levin 1991 p43" /> These pogroms were not, however, sanctioned by the Bolshevik leadership; the high command "vigorously condemned these pogroms and disarmed the guilty regiments", and the pogroms would soon be condemned by [[Mikhail Kalinin]] in a speech made at a military parade in Ukraine.<ref name="Levin 1991 p43">{{cite book |first=Nora |last=Levin |author-link=Nora Levin |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgQUCgAAQBAJ&q=Bolshevik+disarmed |title=The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8147-5051-3 |page=43}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Encyclopaedia Judaica |year=2008 |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0016_0_15895.html |title=Pogroms |encyclopedia=The Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budnitski |first=Oleg |script-title=he:יהודי רוסיה בין האדומים ללבנים |trans-title=Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites |date=1997 |journal=Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies |volume=12 |pages=189–198 |jstor=23535861 |issn=0333-9068}}</ref>
Gergel's overall figures, which are generally considered conservative, are based on the testimony of witnesses and newspaper reports collected by the ''Mizrakh-Yidish Historiche Arkhiv'' which was first based in Kiev, then Berlin and later New York. The English version of Gergel's article was published in 1951 in the [[YIVO]] ''Annual of Jewish Social Science'' titled "The Pogroms in the Ukraine in 1918–1921".<ref>{{cite journal |first=Henry |last=Abramson |author-link=Henry Abramson |title=Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917–1920 |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=50 |issue=3 |date=September 1991 |pages=542–550 |doi=10.2307/2499851 |jstor=2499851 |s2cid=181641495 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/div-classtitlejewish-representation-in-the-independent-ukrainian-governments-of-1917-1920div/49220526A769CE874099110B4A6A835C|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

On 8 August 1919, during the [[Polish–Soviet War]], Polish troops took over [[Minsk]] in [[Operation Minsk]]. They killed 31 Jews suspected of supporting the Bolshevist movement, beat and attacked many more, looted 377 Jewish-owned shops (aided by the local civilians) and ransacked many private homes.<ref name="HM414">{{cite book |title=All in a Life-time |first=Henry |last=Morgenthau |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P-UEAAAAYAAJ |quote=Minsk Bolsheviks. |publisher=Doubleday & Page |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P-UEAAAAYAAJ/page/n432 414] |year=1922 |oclc=25930642}}</ref><ref name="Andrew_Sloin_2017">{{cite book |first=Andrew |last=Sloin |title=The Jewish Revolution in Belorussia: Economy, Race, and Bolshevik Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzrqDQAAQBAJ |year=2017 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-02463-3}}.</ref> The "Morgenthau's report of October 1919 stated that there is no question that some of the Jewish leaders exaggerated these evils."<ref name="SW166">{{cite book |title=The United States and Poland |first=Piotr Stefan |last=Wandycz |author-link=Piotr S. Wandycz |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=1980 |id=American foreign policy library |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XaFaNshCrkC&pg=PA166 |isbn=978-0-674-92685-1 |page=166}}</ref><ref name="PDS85">{{cite book |title=Poland, 1918–1945: an Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic |first=Peter D. |last=Stachura |author-link=Peter Stachura |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-34358-9 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkKuir9oQYMC&pg=PA85}}</ref> According to Elissa Bemporad, the "violence endured by the Jewish population under the Poles encouraged popular support for the Red Army, as Jewish public opinion welcomed the establishment of the [[Belorussian SSR]]."<ref name="Elissa_Bemporad_2013">{{cite book |first=Elissa |last=Bemporad |title=Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gV64kQQyHGkC |year=2013 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-00827-5}}</ref>

After the [[First World War]], during the localized armed conflicts of independence, 72 Jews were killed and 443 injured in the 1918 [[Lwów pogrom (1918)|Lwów pogrom]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Joanna B. |last=Michlic |year=2006 |title=Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6h2pI7o_zQC&pg=PA111 |page=111 |isbn=978-0-8032-5637-8 |quote=In three days 72 Jews were murdered and 443 others injured. The chief perpetrators of these murders were soldiers and officers of the so-called Blue Army, set up in France in 1917 by General Jozef Haller (1893–1960) and lawless civilians}}</ref><ref name="Strauss">{{cite book |author-link=Herbert A. Strauss |first=Herbert Arthur |last=Strauss |year=1993 |title=Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870–1933/39 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOFkWX8EC4cC&pg=PA1048 |page=1048 |isbn=978-3-11-013715-6}}</ref><ref name="frontier">{{cite book |last1=Gilman |first1=Sander L. |first2=Milton |last2=Shain |title=Jewries at the Frontier: Accommodation, Identity, Conflict |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OH1BXkbeI6gC |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OH1BXkbeI6gC&pg=PA39 39] |isbn=978-0-252-06792-1 |quote=After the end of the fighting and as a result of the Polish victory, some of the Polish soldiers and the civilian population started a pogrom against the Jewish inhabitants. Polish soldiers maintained that the Jews had sympathized with the Ukrainian position during the conflicts}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Marsha L. |last=Rozenblit |year=2001 |title=Reconstructing a National Identity: The Jews of Habsburg Austria during World War I |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHhosKV6yFwC&pg=PA137 |page=137 |isbn=978-0-19-535066-1 |quote=The largest pogrom occurred in Lemberg [''= Lwow'']. Polish soldiers led an attack on the Jewish quarter of the city on November 21–23, 1918 that claimed 73 Jewish lives.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Zvi Y. |last=Gitelman |year=2003 |title=The Emergence of Modern Jewish Politics: Bundism and Zionism in Eastern Europe |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXNbzsp0XY8C&pg=PA58 |page=58 |isbn=978-0-8229-4188-0 |quote=In November 1918, Polish soldiers who had taken Lwow (Lviv) from the Ukrainians killed more than seventy Jews in a pogrom there, burning synagogues, destroying Jewish property, and leaving hundreds of Jewish families homeless.}}</ref> The following year, pogroms were reported by the ''[[New York Tribune]]'' in several cities in the newly established [[Second Polish Republic]].<ref name="Jewish Poland and its Red Reign of Terror" />

=== Pogroms in Europe and the Americas before World War II ===

==== Argentina 1919 ====

In 1919, a pogrom occurred in [[Argentina]], during the [[Tragic Week (Argentina)|Tragic Week]].<ref name="bookrags" /> It had an added element, as it was called to attack Jews and [[Catalans]] indiscriminately. The reasons are not clear, especially considering that, in the case of [[Buenos Aires]], the Catalan colony, established mainly in the neighborhood of Montserrat, came from the foundation of the city, but could have been the result of the influence of [[Spanish nationalism]], which at the time described Catalans as a Semitic ethnicity.<ref name=":02">{{cite book|last=Llaudó Avila |first=Eduard |date=2021 |edition=7a |publisher=Parcir |isbn=978-84-18849-10-7 |location=Manresa |title=Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània |trans-title=Racism and political supremacism in contemporary Spain |language=ca}}</ref>

==== Britain and Ireland ====
[[File:Adana massacre in Le Petit Journal (1909).jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Adana massacre|massacre of Armenians]] and [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] in the city of [[Adana]], [[Ottoman Empire]], April 1909]]

In the early 20th century, pogroms broke out elsewhere in the world as well. In 1904 in [[Ireland]], the [[Limerick boycott]] caused several Jewish families to leave the town. During the 1911 [[History of the Jews in Wales#Modern period|Tredegar riot]] in [[Wales]], Jewish homes and businesses were looted and burned over a period of a week, before the [[British Army]] was called in by the then [[Home Secretary]] [[Winston Churchill]], who described the riot as a "pogrom".<ref name="bbc" />

In the north of [[Ireland]] during the early 1920s, violent riots which were aimed at the expulsion of a religious group took place. In 1920, [[Lisburn]] and [[Belfast]] saw violence related to the [[Irish War of Independence]] and [[partition of Ireland]]. On 21 July 1920 in Belfast, Protestant [[Ulster loyalism|Loyalists]] marched on the Harland and Wolff shipyards and forced over 11,000 Catholic and left-wing Protestant workers from their jobs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hopkinson |first=Michael |year=2004 |title=The Irish War of Independence |publisher=Gill and Macmillan |page=155 |isbn=978-0-7171-3741-1}}</ref> The sectarian rioting that followed resulted in about 20 deaths in just three days.<ref>{{cite book |last=Parkinson |first=Alan F |year=2004 |title=Belfast's Unholy War |publisher=Four Courts Press |page=317 |isbn=978-1-85182-792-3}}</ref> These sectarian actions are often referred to as the [[Belfast Pogrom]]. In Lisburn, County Antrim, on 23–25 August 1920 Protestant loyalist crowds looted and burned practically every Catholic business in the town and attacked Catholic homes. About 1,000 people, a third of the town's Catholics, fled Lisburn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lisburnmuseum.com/virtual-museum/swanzy-riots/ |title=The Swanzy Riots, 1920 |date=2018 |publisher=Irish Linen Centre & Lisburn Museum |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref> By the end of the first six months of 1922, hundreds of people had been killed in sectarian violence in newly formed [[Northern Ireland]]. On a per capita basis, four Roman Catholics were killed for every Protestant.<ref>{{cite book |first=Thorne |last=Kathleen |year=2014 |title=Echoes of Their Footsteps, The Irish Civil War 1922–1924 |publisher=Generation Organization |location=Newberg, OR |page=6 |isbn=978-0-692-24513-2}}</ref>

In the worst incident of anti-Jewish violence in Britain during the interwar period, the "Pogrom of Mile End", that occurred in 1936, 200 [[British Union of Fascists|Blackshirt]] youths ran amok in [[Stepney]] in the East End of London, smashing the windows of Jewish shops and homes and throwing an elderly man and young girl through a window. Though less serious, attacks on Jews were also reported in Manchester and Leeds in the north of England.<ref>{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Philpot |title=The true history behind London's much-lauded anti-fascist Battle of Cable Street |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=15 September 2018 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-true-history-behind-londons-much-lauded-anti-fascist-battle-of-cable-street/ |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Germany and Nazi-occupied Europe ===
{{Main|The Holocaust}}
[[File:פוגרום יאשי 1.JPG|thumb|left|[[Iași pogrom]] in [[Romania]], June 1941]]

The first pogrom in [[Nazi Germany]] was the ''[[Kristallnacht]]'', often called {{Lang|de|Pogromnacht}}, in which at least 91 Jews were killed, a further 30,000 arrested and incarcerated in [[Nazi concentration camps]],<ref name="Atlantic" /> over 1,000 synagogues burned, and over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged.<ref name="Berenbaum2005p49" /><ref name="Gilbert30" />

During [[World War II]], [[Einsatzgruppen|Nazi German death squads]] encouraged local populations in [[German-occupied Europe]] to commit pogroms against Jews. Brand new battalions of ''[[Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz]]'' (trained by [[Sicherheitsdienst|SD]] agents) were mobilized from among the German minorities.<ref name="Browning">{{cite book |last=Browning |first=Christopher R. |author-link=Christopher Browning |orig-date=1992 |year=1998 |chapter=Arrival in Poland |title=Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |url=http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf |access-date=1 May 2013 |pages=51, 98, 109, 124 |url-status=live |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019043400/http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Meier |first=Anna |title=Die Intelligenzaktion: Die Vernichtung der polnischen Oberschicht im Gau Danzig-Westpreußen |language=de |trans-title=The intelligence operation: The destruction of the Polish upper class in the Danzig-West Prussia district |publisher=VDM Verlag |isbn=978-3-639-04721-9}}</ref>

A large number of pogroms occurred during [[the Holocaust]] at the hands of non-Germans.<ref name="Fischel 1998 p41">{{cite book |author-link=Jack Fischel |last=Fischel |first=Jack |year=1998 |title=The Holocaust |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing]] |page=41 |isbn=978-0-313-29879-0}}</ref> Perhaps the deadliest of these Holocaust-era pogroms was the [[Iași pogrom]] in [[Romania]], perpetrated by [[Ion Antonescu]], in which as many as 13,266 [[Jew]]s were killed by [[Romania]]n citizens, police and military officials.<ref name="yadvashem" />

On 1–2 June 1941, in the two-day [[Farhud]] pogrom in [[Iraq]], perpetrated by [[Rashid Ali al-Kaylani|Rashid Ali]], [[Al-Muthanna Club#Yunis al-Sabawi|Yunis al-Sabawi]], and the [[Futuwa|al-Futuwa]] youth, "rioters murdered between 150 and 180 Jews, injured 600 others, and raped an undetermined number of women. They also looted some 1,500 stores and homes".<ref name="ushmm" /><ref name="telegraph" /> Also, 300–400 non-Jewish rioters were killed in the attempt to quell the violence.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kaplan |first=Robert D. |title=In Defense of Empire |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |date=April 2014 |pages=13–15 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/04/in-defense-of-empire/358645/ |url-access=limited}}</ref>

[[File:Lviv pogrom (June - July 1941).jpg|thumb|upright|Jewish woman chased by men and youth armed with clubs during the [[Lviv pogroms]], July 1941]]

In June–July 1941, encouraged by the ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'' in the city of Lviv the [[Ukrainian People's Militia]] perpetrated [[Lviv pogroms (1941)|two citywide pogroms]] in which around 6,000 [[Polish Jews]] were murdered,<ref name="ucsb" /> in retribution for alleged collaboration with the Soviet [[NKVD]]. In [[Lithuania]], some local police led by [[Algirdas Klimaitis]] and [[Lithuanian partisans (1941)|Lithuanian partisans]]{{snd}}consisting of [[Lithuanian Activist Front|LAF]] units reinforced by 3,600 deserters from the 29th Lithuanian Territorial Corps of the [[Red Army]]<ref name="google4" /> promulgated anti-Jewish [[Kaunas pogrom|pogroms in Kaunas]] along with occupying [[Nazi]]s. On 25–26 June 1941, about 3,800 Jews were killed and [[synagogues]] and Jewish settlements burned.<ref name="Holocaust Revealed" />

During the [[Jedwabne pogrom]] of July 1941, ethnic [[Polish people|Poles]] burned at least 340 Jews in a barn ([[Institute of National Remembrance]]) in the presence of Nazi German ''[[Ordnungspolizei#Police Battalions|Ordnungspolizei]]''. The role of the German ''[[Einsatzgruppe B]]'' remains the subject of debate.<ref name="ipn" /><ref name="ipn5" /><ref name="Zimmerman67" /><ref name="google6" /><ref name="Rossino" /><ref name="destruction" />

==== Europe after World War II ====
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}

After the end of [[World War II]], a series of violent antisemitic incidents occurred against returning Jews throughout [[Europe]], particularly in the Soviet-occupied East where Nazi propagandists had extensively promoted the notion of a [[Judeo-Bolshevism|Jewish-Communist conspiracy]] (see [[Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946]] and [[Anti-Jewish violence in Eastern Europe, 1944–1946]]).{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Anti-Jewish riots also [[The Sergeants affair#Reactions in Britain|took place in Britain]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trilling |first=Daniel |date=2012-05-23 |title=Britain's last anti-Jewish riots |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/long-reads/2012/05/britains-last-anti-jewish-riots |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=New Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Pogroms in Asia and North Africa {{anchor|MENA}} ==
{{Campaignbox Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine}}
{{campaignbox 1929 Palestine riots}}
{{campaignbox 1948 Arab–Israeli War}}
{{Jewish exodus from the Muslim world}}

=== 1834 pogroms in Ottoman Syria ===
{{see also| List of massacres in Ottoman Syria 
| 1834 Hebron pogrom
| 1834 Safed pogrom }}

There were two pogroms in [[Ottoman Syria]] in [[1834]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

=== 1929 in Mandatory Palestine ===
{{see also| 1929 Palestine riots | 1929 Hebron massacre }} 
In [[Mandatory Palestine]] under British administration, Jews were targeted by Arabs in the [[1929 Hebron massacre]] during the [[1929 Palestine riots]]. They followed other violent incidents such as the [[1920 Nebi Musa riots]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYdtAAAAMAAJ |title=The Turn Toward Violence, 1920–1929 |isbn=978-0-8240-4938-6 |last=Klieman |first=Aaron S. |year=1987 |publisher=[[Garland Publishing]]}}</ref>

=== Thrace pogroms in Turkey in 1934 ===
{{see also| 1934 Thrace pogroms 
| History of the Jews in Turkey
}} {{empty section|date=July 2024}}

=== Constantine Pogrom in French Algeria in 1934 ===
{{see also| 1934 Constantine Pogrom 
| History of the Jews in Algeria 
}} {{empty section|date=July 2024}}

=== British North Africa in 1945 ===
{{main| 1945 Anti-Jewish Riots in Tripolitania }}

Anti-Jewish rioters killed over 140 Jews in the [[1945 Anti-Jewish Riots in Tripolitania]].<!-- the following party is from the main page for the event --> The 1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania was the most violent rioting against [[Jews]] in [[North Africa]] in modern times. From 5 November to 7 November 1945, more than 140 Jews were killed and many more injured in a pogrom in [[British Military Administration (Libya)|British-military-controlled Tripolitania]]. 38 Jews were killed in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] from where the riots spread. 40 were killed in Amrus, 34 in Zanzur, 7 in Tajura, 13 in Zawia and 3 in Qusabat.<ref>Harvey E. Goldberg, "Rites and Riots: The Tripolitanian Pogrom of 1945," Plural Societies 8 (Spring 1977): 35-56. p112</ref>

=== In Syria in 1947 and Morocco 1948 ===
{{see also| 1947 Anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo
| 1947 Aden riots 
| 1948 Anti-Jewish Riots in Oujda and Jerada 
| History of Moroccan Jews }}

Following the start of the [[1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine]], a number of anti-Jewish events occurred throughout the Arab world, some of which have been described as pogroms. In 1947, half of Aleppo's 10,000 Jews left the city in the wake of the [[1947 Anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo|Aleppo riots]], while other anti-Jewish riots took place in [[1947 Aden riots|British Aden]] and then in 1948 in the [[1948 Anti-Jewish Riots in Oujda and Jerada|French Moroccan cities of Oujda and Jerada]].<ref name="antisemitism" />

=== Pogroms against Alevis in Turkey (1978 and 1980) ===
{{see also| Alevism 
| Malatya massacre 
| Maraş massacre 
| Çorum pogrom 
}} {{empty section|date=July 2024}}

=== Sabra and Shatila massacre in 1982 ===
{{anchor|Sabra and Shatila}} {{main
| Sabra and Shatila massacre }}

The [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]] is occasionally referred to as a pogrom.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2006/01/ariel-sharon-s-long-brutal-career.html|title=What Sharon Did|first=Christopher|last=Hitchens|magazine=Slate |date=5 January 2006|via=slate.com}}</ref><ref name="Dawn - Sabra and Shatila">{{cite news |last1=Siddiqi |first1=Muhammad Ali |title=Of Sabra-Shatila |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1585849 |access-date=29 May 2024 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=19 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 1984 anti-Sikh riots ===
{{main| 1984 anti-Sikh riots }}

[[Sikhs]] were targeted in [[Delhi]] and other parts of [[Sikhs in India|India]] during a pogrom in October 1984.<ref name="toiprog">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/State-pogroms-glossed-over/articleshow/1353464.cms |title=State pogroms glossed over |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 December 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811083708/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-31/india/27838902_1_communal-tension-communal-violence-gujarat-riots |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="rediffprog">{{cite web |title=Anti-Sikh riots a pogrom: Khushwant |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022162632/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm |archive-date=22 October 2018 |access-date=23 September 2009 |work=Rediff}}</ref><ref name="2009BBCremember">{{cite news |last=Bedi |first=Rahul |date=1 November 2009 |title=Indira Gandhi's death remembered |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102113639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm |archive-date=2 November 2009 |quote=The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing.}}</ref>

=== May 1998 pogrom of Chinese Indonesians ===
{{main| May 1998 riots of Indonesia }}

[[Chinese Indonesians|Indonesia's minority ethnic Chinese population]] were targeted in a pogrom in the lead-up to the [[Fall of Suharto|downfall]] of the [[Suharto]] regime. The events were mainly in the cities of [[Medan]], [[Jakarta]], and [[Surakarta]], with smaller incidents in other parts of [[Indonesia]].

Under the Suharto regime, there had been rampant and systematic [[discrimination against Chinese Indonesians]]. During the pogrom, there were extensive looting and torching of Chinese Indonesian properties.<ref>{{cite book | last = Purdey | first = Jemma | title = Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999 | publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press]] | place = Honolulu, Hawaii. | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-8248-3057-1 | p = 122}}</ref> There were also widespread murders and rape against this minority group.<ref name="serve.com">{{cite web |last=van Klinken |first=Gerry |date=25 September 1999 |title=Inside Indonesia - Digest 86 - Towards a mapping of 'at risk' groups in Indonesia |url=http://www.serve.com/inside/digest/dig86.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000920073842/http://www.serve.com/inside/digest/dig86.htm |archive-date=20 September 2000 |access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="ohiou.edu">{{cite web |last=van Klinken |first=Gerry |date=29 May 1998 |title=The May Riot |url=http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/1998/05/31/0029.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704215956/http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/1998/05/31/0029.html |archive-date=4 July 2015 |access-date=17 June 2015 |work=[INDONESIA-L] DIGEST}}</ref><ref name="OHCHR">
{{cite web| url = http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session13/ID/Komnas_Perempuan_UPR_IDN_S13_2012_KomnasPerempuan_Annex6_E.pdf| title = Documentation Report: Special Rapporteur Of National Commission on Violence Against Women Regarding Sexual Violence in May 1998 Riot And Its Impacts| date = 2008| author = Indonesian National Commission on Violence against Women| publisher = [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]| access-date = 1 Nov 2017| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025904/http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session13/ID/Komnas_Perempuan_UPR_IDN_S13_2012_KomnasPerempuan_Annex6_E.pdf| archive-date = 7 Nov 2017}}</ref>

== Pogroms and race riots in the 21st century ==
{{Violence against Muslims in independent India}}
{{Islamophobia}}
{{anchor|21}}{{anchor|South Asia}}

=== 2002 Gujarat pogrom ===
{{see also| 2002 Gujarat riots | Narendra Modi #2002 Gujarat riots | Hindutva }}

The [[2002 Gujarat riots]], also known as the [[Gujarat]] pogrom,<ref name="Wire - Gujarat" /> were a three-day period of inter-communal violence in the Indian state of Gujarat.

The violence was connected to the [[Ayodhya dispute]] and the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolition]] of the [[Babri Masjid]]. The [[Godhra train burning|burning of a train]] in [[Godhra]] on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 58 Hindu pilgrims and [[karsevaks]] returning from [[Ayodhya]], is cited as having instigated the violence.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Fundamentalist City?: Religiosity and the Remaking of Urban Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKnHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34|quote=godhra train burning which led to the gujarat riots of 2002|publisher=Routledge|page=34|author=Nezar AlSayyad, Mejgan Massoumi|isbn=9781136921209|date=13 September 2010|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309110528/https://books.google.com/books?id=uKnHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Communal Violence, Forced Migration and the State: Gujarat since 2002|quote=gujarat 2002 riots caused godhra burning|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiW8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|author=Sanjeevini Badigar Lokhande|isbn=9781107065444|date=13 October 2016|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309110530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MiW8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Resurgent India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xxqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|page=70|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=9788184302011|year=2014|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309110531/https://books.google.com/books?id=8xxqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Isabelle Clark-Decès|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98uLj5FpTHQC|title=A Companion to the Anthropology of India|quote=the violence occurred in the aftermath of a fire that broke out in carriage of the Sabarmati Express train|isbn=9781444390582|date=10 February 2011|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135901/https://books.google.com/books?id=98uLj5FpTHQC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the initial riot incidents, there were further outbreaks of violence in [[Ahmedabad]] for three months; statewide, there were further outbreaks of [[Violence against Muslims in India|violence against the minority Muslim population]] of Gujarat for the next year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghassem-Fachandi|first=Parvis|title=Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India|url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9755.pdf|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15177-9| p = 1-2 }}</ref><ref name="Escherle 2013">{{cite book|last=Escherle|first=Nora Anna|title=Haunted Narratives: Life Writing in an Age of Trauma|year=2013|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-4601-8|page=205|edition=3rd Revised|editor-last=Rippl|editor-first=Gabriele|location=Toronto|oclc=841909784|editor2-last=Schweighauser|editor2-first=Philipp|editor-link2=Philipp Schweighauser|editor3-last=Kirss|editor3-first=Tina|editor4-last=Sutrop|editor4-first=Margit|editor5-last=Steffen|editor5-first=Therese}}</ref>

=== 2005 Cronulla riots ===
{{see also| Cronulla Race Riots | Islamophobia in Australia | Racism in Australia }}

The '''2005 Cronulla riots''' (also known as the ''"Cronulla Race Riots"'' or the ''"Cronulla pogrom"'')<ref name="austlii - Cronulla pogrom">{{cite news |title=Al-Natour, Ryan --- "'Of Middle Eastern Appearance' is a Flawed Racial Profiling Descriptor" [2017] CICrimJust 17; (2017) 29(2) Current Issues in Criminal Justice 107 |url=https://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/CICrimJust/2017/17.html |access-date=9 July 2024 |work=classic.austlii.edu.au |date=2017}}</ref> were a series of [[Racial violence in Australia|race riots]] in [[Sydney]], New South Wales, Australia.

=== Attacks in the occupied West Bank in 2008 ===
{{see also| Occupied West Bank }}

In 2008, two attacks in the [[Occupied West Bank]] by [[Israeli settlers|Jewish Israeli settlers]] on [[Palestinian Arabs]] were labeled as pogroms by then-Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]].<ref name="smh"/>

=== 2017 anti-Rohingya pogroms ===
{{see also| Rohingya genocide }}

The 2017 [[Rohingya genocide]], was a series of pogroms and other violence committed against the [[Rohingya]] minority of [[Myanmar]],<ref name="J Post - Rohingya pogrom">{{cite news |title=The Rohingya pogrom |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/the-rohingya-pogrom-504814#google_vignette |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=11 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EAF - Rohingya pogrom">{{cite news |last1=McIntyre |first1=Juliette |last2=Simpson |first2=Adam |title=A tale of two genocide cases: International justice in Ukraine and Myanmar |url=https://eastasiaforum.org/2022/05/26/a-tale-of-two-genocide-cases-international-justice-in-ukraine-and-myanmar/ |access-date=2 July 2024 |date=26 May 2022}}</ref> particularly in [[Rakhine State]].<ref name="EAF - Rohingya pogrom"/> [[Facebook content management controversies#Incitement of human rights abuses in Myanmar|Facebook was accused]] of inciting mob violence via social media.<ref name="Economist - Rohingya">{{cite news |title=Can Facebook be blamed for pogroms against Rohingyas in Myanmar? |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2021/12/09/can-facebook-be-blamed-for-pogroms-against-rohingyas-in-myanmar |access-date=2 July 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |date=9 December 2021}}</ref>

=== West Bank settler pogroms in the early 2020s ===
{{see also| Israeli settler violence }}

There were many attacks by [[Israeli settlers]] against Palestinians in the occupied [[West Bank]] leading up to and during the full scale war in the [[Gaza Strip]] in 2023 and 2024.<ref name="B'Tselem - working">{{cite news |title=The pogroms are working - the transfer is already happening |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/202309_the_pogroms_are_working_the_transfer_is_already_happening |access-date=29 May 2024 |publisher=[[B'Tselem]] |date=September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== The Huwara rampage in February 2023 ===
{{anchor|Huwara}} {{main| Huwara rampage}}

On 26 February, 2023, violent riots broke out from Israeli settlers in Huwara after two Israelis were shot and killed by  a Palestinian gunman there earlier that afternoon.<ref name="NYT Huwara">{{Cite news |title=Revenge Attacks After Killing of Israeli Settlers Leave West Bank in Turmoil |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |date=2023-02-27 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/27/world/middleeast/israel-palestinians-west-bank.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115222019/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/27/world/middleeast/israel-palestinians-west-bank.html |archive-date=January 15, 2025 |access-date=2025-03-04 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The rioters killed one Palestinian, 37-year-old Sameh Aqtash, and wounded dozens, while torching houses and cars.<ref name="WSJ not pog" >{{cite news |last1=Troy |first1=Gil |title=The Huwara Riot Was No 'Pogrom' Anti-Palestinian violence comes from the margins of Israeli society. Anti-Jewish violence comes from the Palestinian mainstream. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-huwara-riot-was-not-a-pogrom-jews-palestinians-misappropriation-mainstream-margins-russia-95b5dabb |access-date=15 June 2024 |date=3 March 2023}}</ref>

Top Israeli general in the [[West Bank]], [[Yehuda Fuchs]], referred to the Israeli settlers' actions as a "pogrom": "The incident in Hawara was a pogrom carried out by outlaws,"<ref name="CNN WB Pogrom" >{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/01/middleeast/west-bank-smotrich-ned-price-intl/index.html|title=US condemns Israel far right minister's call for Palestinian town 'to be erased'|first1=Hadas |last1=Gold |first2=Richard Allen |last2=Greene |first3=Michael |last3=Schwartz |first4=Jennifer |last4=Hansler |date=1 March 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name="religion news" >{{Cite web|url=https://religionnews.com/2023/03/03/its-a-dangerous-turn-when-a-pogrom-becomes-an-act-of-faith/|title=It's a dangerous turn when a pogrom becomes an act of faith|first=Daoud|last=Kuttab|date=3 March 2023}}</ref> and Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] condemned "vigilantism".<ref name="NYT Huwara" />

Journalist [[Gideon Levy]] wrote an editorial in ''[[Haaretz]]'' saying that Israel's military had failed to stop the violence stating: "whether out of apathy and complacency, or because they were very deliberately turning a blind eye."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Israeli Settlers’ Hawara Pogrom Was a Preview of Sabra and Chatila 2 |last=Levy |first=Gideon |date=2023-02-28 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-02-28/ty-article/.highlight/israeli-settlers-hawara-pogrom-was-a-preview-of-sabra-and-chatila-2/00000186-94ae-d3a9-a1cf-b5ff5adb0000 |access-date=2025-03-04 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> A legal expert said that the rioters could face war crime charges if Israel did not conduct an investigation into the perpetrators.<ref name="MEE - Broken glass in Hawara" >{{cite news |title=Israeli press review: Columnist warns 'Kristallnacht was relived in Huwwara' |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-kristallnacht-relived-huwwara-press-review |access-date=29 May 2024 |work=Middle East Eye |date=28 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> 

Jewish American documentary maker [[Simone Zimmerman]] also used the term ''pogrom'' to describe the attacks on Palestinians by Israeli settlers in Hawara in February 2023.<ref name="Zimmerman">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zqg0IvUiVWY |date=25 April 2024 |title=Why so many young Jews are turning on Israel - Simone Zimmerman - The Big Picture S4E7 (time stamp: 20:40) |via=YouTube}}</ref> Zimmerman described these attacks as being committed by settlers while the Israeli army stood by and let it happen.<ref name="Zimmerman" />

=== Hamas-initiated attacks on 7 October 2023 ===
{{main| 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel }}

On 7 October 2023, [[Hamas]]' [[Al Qassam Brigades]] militant wing (based in the [[Gaza Strip]]), and other groups and individuals incited to join them,<ref name="al-Aqsa Flood incitement">{{cite web |title="We announce the start of the al-Aqsa Flood" |url=https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/we-announce-the-start-of-the-al-aqsa-flood |website=Fondazione Internazionale Oasis |access-date=8 April 2024 |language=en |date=13 December 2023}}</ref>   initiated an attack on Israel. In addition to the military, the attack also targeted civilian communities and resulted in the deaths of over 695 Israeli civilians, most of whom were [[Israeli Jews]] and some of whom were [[Arab Israelis]].<ref name="JZ & JS - US Policy">{{Cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1215299.pdf |title=Israel and Hamas 2023 Conflict In Brief: Overview, U.S. Policy, and Options for Congress|last1=Zanotti |first1=Jim |last2=Sharp |first2=Jeremy M. |date=November 1, 2023 |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Was Hamas's attack on Saturday the bloodiest day for Jews since the Holocaust? |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/was-hamass-attack-on-saturday-the-bloodiest-day-for-jews-since-the-holocaust/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022084837/https://www.timesofisrael.com/was-hamass-attack-on-saturday-the-bloodiest-day-for-jews-since-the-holocaust/ |archive-date=October 22, 2023 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref> In the attacks Al Qassam and other armed groups from Gaza also [[Gaza war hostage crisis|took approximately 250 people]], many of which were non-Israelis hostage, including infants, elderly, and people who had already been severely injured.<ref name="Haaretz hostages list">{{cite news |title=The Names of Those Abducted From Israel |url=https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2023-10-22/ty-article-magazine/hostages-held-by-hamas-the-names-of-those-abducted-from-israel/0000018b-55f8-d5d2-afef-d5fdd04e0000 |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |date=22 October 2023 |access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref>

The 7 October attacks were described as a "pogrom" by [[Suzanne Rutland]], who defined a pogrom as a government-approved attack on Jews and pointed out that the attacks were initiated by the [[Hamas government in the Gaza Strip|Hamas, the governing authority of Gaza]].<ref name="Rutland">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOSMdSYZtMw |title=The Australian Jew dubbed traitor for speaking out against the war in Gaza (time stamp 19:00) |via=Youtube |date=5 May 2024}}</ref> Others who have described the 7 October attacks as a pogrom include then-[[UK Foreign Secretary]] [[David Cameron]], and think tanks such as the [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]].<ref name="CAMERON">{{Cite press release |title=Six months since the brutal attacks by Hamas on October 7: article by the Foreign Secretary |date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]] |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/six-months-since-the-brutal-attacks-by-hamas-on-october-7-article-by-the-foreign-secretary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410071943/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/six-months-since-the-brutal-attacks-by-hamas-on-october-7-article-by-the-foreign-secretary |archive-date=10 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="JCPA">{{Cite journal |last=Quitaz |first=Suzan |date=17 April 2024 |title=The Rise in Antisemitic Attacks in the UK since Hamas's October 7 Pogrom is Unprecedented |url=https://jcpa.org/article/the-rise-in-antisemitic-attacks-in-the-uk-since-hamass-october-7-pogrom-is-unprecedented/ |url-status=live |journal=Jerusalem Issue Briefs |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, [[Institute for Contemporary Affairs]] |volume=24 |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612201255/https://jcpa.org/article/the-rise-in-antisemitic-attacks-in-the-uk-since-hamass-october-7-pogrom-is-unprecedented/ |archive-date=12 June 2024}}</ref> An editorial by the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' Editorial Board referred to 7 October attacks as a pogrom.<ref name="WSJ 10/7" />

Survivors of October 7 have also described the attack on their [[kibbutzim]] as pogroms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kierszenbaum |first=Quique |date=2023-10-11 |title='It was a pogrom': Be'eri survivors on the horrific attack by Hamas terrorists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/11/it-was-a-pogrom-beeri-survivors-horrific-attack-hamas-terrorists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009064017/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/11/it-was-a-pogrom-beeri-survivors-horrific-attack-hamas-terrorists |archive-date=2024-10-09 |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Some sources from in Israel and in the Jewish diaspora have specifically objected to the characterisation of 7 October as a pogrom, saying the events on 7 October do not resemble the original historical pogroms in Russia.<ref name="Zaretsky - 7 October">{{cite news |last1=Zaretsky |first1=Robert |title=Why so many people call the Oct. 7 massacre a 'pogrom' — and what they miss when they do so |url=https://forward.com/culture/567188/pogrom-october-7-massacre-israel-yerushalmi/ |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=The Forward |date=27 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' described the 7 October attacks as "historically unique", as well as "foreseeable" and "expected".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-771080 |title=October 7 is historically unique |date=November 2023}}</ref> [[Judith Butler]], controversially described the attacks as an "act of armed resistance".<ref name="LM - Judith Butler" >{{cite news |title=Judith Butler, by calling Hamas attacks an 'act of armed resistance,' rekindles controversy on the left |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2024/03/15/judith-butler-by-calling-hamas-attacks-an-act-of-armed-resistance-rekindles-controversy-on-the-left_6621775_23.html |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Le Monde |date=15 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== West Bank pogroms in 2023 ===
{{see also| Gaza genocide | Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war#Settler violence and depopulation of villages }}
 
[[Khirbet Zanuta]] is a [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] [[Bedouin]] village in the [[Hebron Governorate]] in the southern [[West Bank]], {{Convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Hebron]], which was [[ethnically cleansed]] during the [[Gaza war]].<ref name="Guardian - Exodus">{{cite news |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |title='A new Nakba': settler violence forces Palestinians out of West Bank villages |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/31/west-bank-palestinian-villages-israeli-army-settlers |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=31 October 2023}}</ref> Some farmers remained or returned and the attacks continued.<ref name="Machsomwatch - Zenuta">{{cite news |title=Zenuta – the settlers send a drone which frightens the sheep |url=https://www.machsomwatch.org/en/reports/checkpoints/23042023/morning/74306 |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=Machsom Watch |date=23 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The location has previously been attacked in 2022.<ref name="Machsomwatch - Zenuta 2022">{{cite news |title=Zenuta - settler terror |url=https://www.machsomwatch.org/en/reports/checkpoints/07022022/morning/72030 |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=Machsom Watch |date=7 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

<!--  I think this village might be in Wikipedia with an alternate spelling -->In the Palestinian village of [[Al-Qanoub]] [[Israeli settlers]] descended from the nearby settlement of [[Asfar]] and the adjacent outpost of [[Pnei Kedem]], burned houses, set their dogs on the farm animals, and, at gunpoint, ordered the residents to leave or else they would be killed.<ref name="972+ Al-Qanoub">{{cite news |last1=Reiff |first1=Ben |title=Palestinians struggle to rebuild their lives after settler pogroms |url=https://www.972mag.com/palestinians-west-bank-settler-pogroms/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=+972 Magazine |date=18 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2024 riots against Syrian refugees in Turkey ===
{{see also| Syrians in Turkey }}

In 2024 there were pogroms against Syrian refugees in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newarab.com/news/syrians-fear-violence-turkey-teenager-leaks-personal-data | title=Syrians fear violence as Turkey teenager leaks personal data | work=The New Arab }}</ref>

===November 2024 Amsterdam riots===
The [[November 2024 Amsterdam riots]] preceding and following the [[AFC Ajax]] - [[Maccabi Tel Aviv]] football match were described by some as a "pogrom". Israeli diplomat [[Danny Danon]] stated that, "We are receiving very disturbing reports of extreme violence against Israelis and Jews on the streets of [[Holland (country)|Holland]]. There is a pogrom currently taking place in Europe in 2024".<ref name="JNS 2024-11-08">{{Cite news |url=https://www.jns.org/netanyahu-sends-planes-to-amsterdam-to-rescue-jews-from-pogrom/ |title='Pogrom' in Amsterdam: Netanyahu sends planes to save Jews; 10 injured, 3 missing |publisher=Jewish News Service |date=8 November 2024}}</ref> The [[Mayor of Amsterdam]] later said that the word "pogrom" was inappropriate and that it had been misused as "propaganda".<ref>{{cite AV media |author=Owen Jones |title=Amsterdam Mayor: I REGRET Claiming Pogrom And Not Denouncing Tel Aviv Thugs' Violence |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H_ozYgHpoM&ab_channel=OwenJones |access-date=19 November 2024 |via=YouTube |date=18 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Amsterdam riots were not pogrom,' mayor says, defending Muslim population |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-829656 |access-date=21 November 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=18 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amsterdam Mayor admits 'Israeli football riots were not a pogrom' |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20241120-amsterdam-mayor-admits-israeli-football-riots-were-not-a-pogrom/ |access-date=21 November 2024 |work=Middle East Monitor |date=20 November 2024}}</ref> In the weeks after the event, the initial media coverage was widely criticized for misrepresenting the event.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Amsterdam riots: what really happened {{!}} Media Watch |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQ0MJr6v0bI&ab_channel=ABCNewsIn-depth |access-date=21 November 2024 |via=YouTube |publisher=ABC News |date=18 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |title=Israeli Soccer Attacks: Amsterdam Photographer on What Really Happened |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjoQkPXA_us&list=TLPQMjExMTIwMjSR6ohstOylZw&index=6&ab_channel=Zeteo |access-date=21 November 2024 |via=YouTube |publisher=Zeteo News |date=12 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Racist Israeli Football Thugs RAMPAGE In Amsterdam - And Media LIES |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clHlvgOPrWY&list=TLPQMjExMTIwMjSR6ohstOylZw&index=9&ab_channel=OwenJones |access-date=21 November 2024 |via=YouTube |publisher=Owen Jones |date=8 November 2024}}</ref> Targets of the violence included Israeli Maccabi Tel Aviv fans,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-08 |title='They shouted Jewish, IDF': Israeli football fans describe attack in Amsterdam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ckgv4mdr9y8o |access-date=2024-11-11 |publisher=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> an Arab taxi driver,<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Israeli hooligans provoke clashes in Amsterdam after chanting anti-Palestinian slogans |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/israeli-hooligans-provoke-clashes-amsterdam-after-chanting-anti |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref> and pro-Palestinian protestors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli football fans clash with protesters in Amsterdam |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/8/israeli-football-fans-clash-with-protesters-in-amsterdam |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=Amsterdam city council member says ‘Maccabi hooligans’ instigated violence and attacked Palestinian supporters.}}</ref> In the run-up to the match, some Maccabi Tel Aviv fans were filmed pulling [[Flag of Palestine|Palestinian flags]] from houses, making [[Anti-Arab racism|anti-Arab chants]] such as "[[Death to Arabs]]", assaulting people, and vandalising local property.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Riel |first1=Roos van |last2=Herter |first2=Anna |date=9 November 2024 |title=Beelden harde kern Maccabi schuren: 'Ze trapten tegen onze deur en probeerden ons huis binnen te komen' |url=https://www.parool.nl/amsterdam/beelden-harde-kern-maccabi-schuren-ze-trapten-tegen-onze-deur-en-probeerden-ons-huis-binnen-te-komen~bd3cb6e2/ |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=[[Het Parool]] |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency measures in Amsterdam over attacks on Israeli football fans after Palestinian flags torn down |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-says-it-will-deploy-rescue-mission-after-violent-incident-targeting-israeli-citizens-in-amsterdam-13250370 |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=[[Sky News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli football fans clash with protesters in Amsterdam |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/8/israeli-football-fans-clash-with-protesters-in-amsterdam |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Israeli soccer fans attacked in Amsterdam |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israeli-soccer-fans-attacked-amsterdam-maccabi-tel-aviv-ajax-rcna179262 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=8 November 2024 |language=en |date=8 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Willem |first1=Feenstra |last2=Haro |first2=Kraak |last3=Mark |first3=Misérus |last4=Loes |first4=Reijmer |last5=Marjolein van |first5=de Water |date=8 November 2024 |title=Hoe de oorlog in het Midden-Oosten Amsterdam in geweld onderdompelde |trans-title=How the Middle East War Engulfed Amsterdam in Violence |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/hoe-de-oorlog-in-het-midden-oosten-amsterdam-in-geweld-onderdompelde~b7d4494b/ |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=De Volkskrant |language=nl}}</ref> Calls to target Israeli supporters were subsequently shared via social media.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rayner |first1=Gordon |last2=Stringer |first2=Connor |date=2024-11-08 |title=Revealed: How Pro-Palestinian mob organised via WhatsApp to 'Hunt Jews' across Amsterdam |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/11/08/jewish-maccabi-tel-aviv-fans-attacked-in-amsterdam/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtl.nl/nieuws/artikel/5479449/geweld-aanvallen-israeliers-amsterdam-snapchat-oproep-social-media|title='Wees daar strijders!': zo werden de aanvallen op Israëlische supporters georganiseerd|first=Daniël|last=Verlaan|work=RTL Nieuws|date=9 November 2024|language=nl}}</ref>

== List of events named pogroms ==
{{verify sources|date=June 2024}} 
{{incomplete table|date=July 2024}} 
<small>'''Scope:''' This is a partial list of events for which one of the commonly accepted names includes the word ''pogrom''. Inclusion in this list is based solely on evidence in multiple reliable sources that a name including the word ''pogrom'' is one of the accepted names for that event. A reliable source that merely describes the event as being a pogrom does not qualify the event for inclusion in this list. The word ''pogrom'' must appear in the source as part of a name for the event.</small>
<!-------------------------
INCLUSION CRITERIA :
[[Talk:Pogrom/Archive 5#RfC: Pogrom list inclusion criteria]]
-------------------------->
{{clear}}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" 
! Date 
! Pogrom Name 
! Alternative name(s) 
! data-sort-type=number | Deaths 
! Targeted Group 
! Physical destruction 
! Location and region{{efn-ua| Regions:
* [[Americas]] 
* Europe (including Russia) 
* [[Middle East and North Africa]] (MENA) 
* Pacific 
* [[South Asia]] 
* [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] 
}} 
! Notes 
! <small>Name needs verification</small> 
|- 
| 38
| Alexandrian pogrom <br> (name disputed){{efn-ua|Prof. Sandra Gambetti: "A final note on the use of terminology related to anti-Semitism. Scholars have frequently labeled the Alexandrian events of 38 C.E. as the first pogrom{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} in history and have often explained them in terms of an ''ante litteram'' explosion of anti-Semitism. This work [''The Alexandrian Riots''] deliberately avoids any words or expressions that in any way connect, explicitly or implicitly, the Alexandrian events of 38 C.E. to later events in modern or contemporary Jewish experience, for which that terminology was created. ... To decide whether a word like ''pogrom'', for example, is an appropriate term to describe the events that are studied here, requires a comparative re-discussion of two historical frames—the Alexandria of 38 C.E. and the Russia of the end of the nineteenth century."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Alexandrian Riots of 38 C.E. and the Persecution of the Jews: A Historical Reconstruction |first=Sandra |last=Gambetti |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdCMH96eKwUC&q=ante+litteram |pages=11–12 |isbn=978-90-04-13846-9 |location=[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}</ref>}}
| [[Alexandrian riots (38 CE)|Alexandrian riots]]
|
| Jews in [[Jews in Egypt|Egypt]] 
|
| data-sort-value="MENA, Egypt" | MENA: <br> [[Roman Egypt]] 
| {{NoteTag| [[Aulus Avilius Flaccus]], the [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egyptian]] [[prefect]] of Alexandria appointed by [[Tiberius]] in 32 CE, may have encouraged the outbreak of violence in which Jews were pushed out of the city of Alexandria and blockaded into a Jewish "ghetto". Those trying to escape the ghetto were killed, dismembered, and some burnt alive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atkinson |first=John |title=Ethnic Cleansing in Roman Alexandria in 38 |date=2006 |journal=Acta Classica |volume=49 |page=36 |jstor=24595424}}</ref> [[Philo]] wrote that Flaccus was later arrested and eventually executed for his part in this event. Scholarly research around the subject has been divided on certain points, including whether the Alexandrian Jews fought to keep their citizenship or to acquire it, whether they evaded the payment of the poll-tax or prevented any attempts to impose it on them, and whether they were safeguarding their identity against the Greeks or against the Egyptians. }} 
| {{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} 
|-
| 1066
| Granada pogrom
| [[1066 Granada massacre]]
| 4,000 Jews
| Jews
|
| Europe: [[Iberian Peninsula]] 
| {{NoteTag| A mob stormed the royal palace in [[Granada]], which was at that time in Muslim-ruled [[al-Andalus]], assassinated the [[Jews|Jewish]] [[vizier]] Joseph ibn Naghrela and [[massacre]]d much of the Jewish population of the city.}} 
|
|-
| 1096
| 1096 pogroms
| [[Rhineland massacres]]
| 2,000 Jews
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Germany|Germany]] 
| {{NoteTag| [[Peasant]] crusaders from [[France]] and [[Germany]] during the [[People's Crusade]], led by [[Peter the Hermit]] (and not sanctioned by the [[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|hierarchy]] of the [[Catholic Church]], attacked [[Jews|Jewish]] communities in the three towns of [[Speyer]], [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] and [[Mainz]].}} 
|
|-
| 1113
| [[Kiev]] pogrom <br> (name disputed){{efn-ua|name=Keiv1113|[[John Klier]]: "upon the death of the [[Sviatopolk II of Kiev|Grand Prince of Kiev Sviatopolk]], rioting broke out in Kiev against his agents and the town administration. The disorders were not specifically directed against Jews and they are best characterized as a social revolution. This fact has not prevented historians of medieval Russia from describing them as a pogrom."<ref name="Klier p13, 35" /> <br> Klier also writes that Alexander [[Pereswetoff-Morath]] has advanced a strong argument against considering the Kiev riots of 1113 an anti-Jewish pogrom. Pereswetoff-Morath writes in "A Grin without a Cat" (2002) that "I feel that Birnbaum's use of the term "anti-Semitism' as well as, for example, his use of 'pogrom' in references to medieval Rus are not warranted by the evidence he presents. He is, of course, aware that it may be controversial."<ref name="Klier p13, 35" /> <br> [[George Vernadsky]]: "Incidentally, one should not suppose that the movement was anti-Semitic. There was no general Jewish pogrom. Wealthy Jewish merchants suffered because of their association with Sviatopolk's speculations, especially his hated monopoly on salt."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HEdAP9N6ikC |first=George |last=Vernadsky |title=Kievan Russia |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |date=1 April 1973 |page=94 |isbn=0-300-01647-6}}</ref>}}
| Kiev revolt
|
| Jews and others.{{efn-ua|name=Keiv1113}} 
|
| Europe: [[History of Ukraine|Ukraine in the 12th century]] 
| {{NoteTag| A rebellion which was sparked by the death of the Grand Prince of Kiev, in which Jews who participated in the prince's economic affairs were some of the victims.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} }} 
| {{citation needed|date=May 2024}} 
|-
| 1349
| Strasbourg pogrom
| [[Strasbourg massacre]] 
| [[persecution of Jews during the Black Death]] 
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Strasbourg]] 
| {{NoteTag| this massacre coincided with the [[persecution of Jews during the Black Death]]. }} 
|
|-
| 1391 
| 1391 pogroms
| [[Massacre of 1391]]
|
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Iberian Peninsula]] 
| {{NoteTag| A series of massacres and forced conversions beginning on 4 June 1391 in the city of [[Seville]] before they extend to the rest of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and the [[Crown of Aragon]]. It is considered one of the [[Middle Ages]]' largest attacks on the Jews, and were ultimately expelled from the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in 1492. }} 
|
|-
| 1506 
| [[Lisbon pogrom]] 
| [[Lisbon massacre]]
| 1,000+ [[New Christian]]s
| Jewish [[New Christian|converts to Christianity]] 
|
| Europe: [[Iberian Peninsula]] 
| {{NoteTag| After an episode of famine and bad harvests, a pogrom happened in Lisbon, Portugal,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0016_0_16012.html |title=Portugal |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717080338/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0016_0_16012.html |via=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> in which more than 1,000 "[[New Christian]]" (forcibly converted Jews) people were slaughtered or burnt by an angry Christian mob, in the first night of what became known as the "[[Lisbon Massacre]]". The killing occurred from 19 to 21 April, almost eliminating the entire Jewish or Jewish-descended community in that city. Even the Portuguese military and the king himself had difficulty stopping it. Today the event is remembered with a monument in S. Domingos' church. }} 
|
|-
| 1563
| [[Polotsk pogrom]] <br> (name disputed){{efn-ua| [[John Klier]]: "Russian armies led by Tsar Ivan IV captured the Polish city of Polotsk. The Tsar ordered drowned in the river Dvina all Jews who refused to convert to Orthodox Christianity. This episode certainly demonstrates the overt religious hostility towards the Jews which was very much a part of Muscovite culture, but its conversionary aspects were entirely absent from modern pogroms. Nor were the Jews the only heterodox religious group singled out for the tender mercies of Muscovite religious fanaticism."<ref name="Klier p13, 35" /> }}
| [[Polotsk drownings]] 
|
| Jews who refused to convert 
|
| Europe: [[Polotsk]] 
| {{NoteTag| Following the fall of Polotsk to the army of Ivan IV, all those who refused to convert to Orthodox Christianity were ordered drowned in the [[Western Dvina]] river. }} 
|
|-
| 1648–1657
| [[Khmelnytsky pogrom]] <br> (name disputed)
| [[Khmelnytsky Uprising|Khmelnytsky massacres]], or [[Cossack]] riots. 
| 100,000{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] 
| {{NoteTag| Eastern Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth [[Cossack]] riots, aka pogroms, aka uprisings included massive atrocities committed against Jews in what is today Ukraine, in numbers (conservatively estimated here by Veidlinger, Ataskevitch & Bemporad). They resulted in the creation of a new Hetmantate. }} 
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
|-
| 1821–1871
| First [[Odessa pogroms]]
|
|
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Russian Empire]] 
| {{NoteTag| The Greeks of Odessa attacked the local Jewish community, in what began as economic disputes. }} 
|
|- 
| rowspan=2 | 1834 
| [[1834 Hebron pogrom]] 
| [[Battle of Hebron]]
| 500 Palestinians and 12 Jews (and 260 Ottoman troops)
| Palestinians and Jews 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[1834 Safed pogrom]]
| [[1834 looting of Safed]]
| 
| Jews
| 
| 
| 
|- 
| 1840
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
| [[Damascus affair]] 
|
| Jews 
|
| data-sort-value="MENA, Syria" | MENA: [[Jews in Syria|Syria]] 
| {{NoteTag| Following accusations of Jews having conspired to murder a Christian monk for culinary purposes, the local population attacked Jewish businesses and committed acts of violence against the Jewish population. }} 
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
|-
| 1881–1884
| First [[Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire|Russian Tsarist pogroms]]
| [[Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire]] 
|
| Jews
|
| Europe: [[Antisemitism in the Russian Empire|Russian Empire]] 
| {{NoteTag| A large-scale wave of anti-Jewish riots swept through south-western [[Imperial Russia]] (present-day [[Ukraine]] and [[Poland]] from 1881 to 1884 (in that period over 200 anti-Jewish events occurred in the [[Russian Empire]], notably the [[Kiev Pogrom (1881)|Kiev]], [[Warsaw pogrom (1881)|Warsaw]] and [[Odessa pogrom]]s) }} 
|
|-
| 1881
| [[Warsaw pogrom (1881)|Warsaw pogrom]]
|
| 2 Jews killed, 24 injured
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Poland|Poland]] 
| {{NoteTag| Three days of rioting against Jews, Jewish stores, businesses, and residences in the streets adjoining the Holy Cross Church. }} 
|
|-
| 1902
| [[Częstochowa pogrom (1902)|Częstochowa pogrom]] <br> (name disputed)
|
| 14 Jews <!-- destruction: attacked the Jewish shops -->
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Russian Partition]] 
| {{NoteTag| A mob attacked the Jewish shops, killing fourteen Jews and one [[Gendarmerie|gendarme]]. The Russian military brought to restore order were stoned by mob. }} 
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
|- 
| 1903–1906 <!-- please keep the rows below together --> 
| Second [[Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire]] 
| 2,000+ Jews
| rowspan="5" | Jews <br> [[Antisemitism in the Russian Empire]] 
|
| data-sort-value="Europe: Russian Empire" | Europe: [[Antisemitism in the Russian Empire|Russian Empire]] 
| {{NoteTag| A much bloodier wave of pogroms broke out from 1903 to 1906, leaving an estimated 2,000 Jews dead and many more wounded, as many Jewish residents took arms to defend their families and property from the attackers. The 1905 pogrom against the Jewish population in [[Odessa]] was the most serious pogrom of the period, with reports of up to 2,500 Jews killed. }} 
| <!-- please keep these rows together --> 
|- 
| 1903
| First [[Kishinev pogrom]]
| 47 (Included above) 
|
| data-sort-value="Europe: Russian Empire" | Europe: [[Kishinev]], [[Antisemitism in the Russian Empire|Russian Empire]] 
| {{NoteTag| Three days of anti-Jewish rioting sparked by antisemitic articles in local newspapers. }}
| <!-- please keep these rows together --> 
|- 
| 1905
| [[Kishinev pogrom#1905 pogrom|Second Kishinev pogrom]]
| 19 (Included above) 
|
| data-sort-value="Europe: Russian Empire" | Europe: [[Kishinev]], [[Antisemitism in the Russian Empire|Russian Empire]]
| {{NoteTag| Two days of anti-Jewish rioting beginning as political protests against the Tsar. }} 
| <!-- please keep these rows together --> 
|- 
| 1905
| [[Kiev pogrom (1905)]]
| 100 (Included above) 
|
| data-sort-value="Europe: Russian Empire, Ukraine" | Europe: [[Judaism in Ukraine|Ukraine]], 
| {{NoteTag| Following a city hall meeting, a mob was drawn into the streets, proclaiming that "all Russia's troubles stemmed from the machinations of the [[Jews]] and [[socialists]]." }} 
| <!-- please keep these rows together --> 
|- 
| 1906
| [[Siedlce pogrom]]
| 26 (Included above) 
|
| data-sort-value="Europe: Russian Empire" | Europe: [[Siedlce]] [[Antisemitism in the Russian Empire|Russian Empire]] 
| {{NoteTag| An attack organized by the Russian secret police <br> [[Okhrana]] . Antisemitic pamphlets had been distributed for over a week and before any unrest begun, a [[curfew]] was declared. }} 
| <!-- please keep the above rows together --> 
|- 
| 1904
| Limerick pogrom <br> (name disputed){{efn-ua|[[Ireland–Israel relations|Israeli ambassador to Ireland]], Boaz Moda'i: "I think it is a bit over-portrayed, meaning that, usually if you look up the word pogrom it is used in relation to slaughter and being killed. This is what happened in many other places in Europe, but that is not what happened here. There was a kind of boycott against Jewish merchandise for a while but that's not a pogrom."<ref>''[[Limerick Leader]]'', Saturday 6 November 2010, Jewish envoy says Limerick pogrom is 'over-portrayed'</ref>}}
| [[Limerick boycott]]
| None
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Ireland|Ireland]] 
| {{NoteTag| An economic boycott waged against the small Jewish community in Limerick, Ireland, for over two years. }} 
| 
|-
| 1909
| Adana pogrom
| [[Adana massacre]]
| 30,000 Armenians {{citation needed|date=May 2024}} 
| [[Armenians]] 
|
| MENA / Europe: [[Caucasus]] 
| {{NoteTag| A massacre of Armenians in the city of [[Adana]] amidst the [[31 March Incident|government upheaval]] resulted in a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the district. }} 
|
|-
| 1910
| Slocum pogrom<ref>{{cite news|last=Davies|first=David|author-link=David Martin Davies|date=16 January 2015|title=Should Texas Remember Or Forget The Slocum Massacre?|url=https://www.tpr.org/show/texas-matters/2015-01-16/should-texas-remember-or-forget-the-slocum-massacre|publisher=Texas Public Radio |access-date=17 November 2021|quote="But there was some follow-up reporting that there was a Texas Rangers investigation and indictments of the white men who led the Slocum pogrom."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Madigan |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Madigan |date=16 January 2016 |title=Texas marks racial slaughter more than a century later |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/texas-marks-a-racial-slaughter-over-a-100-years-later/2016/01/15/fb194dd0-ba4e-11e5-99f3-184bc379b12d_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |location=Texas |access-date=17 November 2021 |quote="For more than a century, that was how one of the nation's worst racial pogroms in post-Civil War history was kept alive..."}}</ref> 
| [[Slocum massacre]] 
| 6 Blacks confirmed; 100 Blacks estimated<!-- if we keep this we should maybe modernise the language -->
| [[African Americans]] 
|
| Americas: [[Racism in the United States|USA]]
| {{NoteTag| A massacre of African Americans living in [[Slocum, Texas]], organized by white mobs after rumors of a Black uprising began to spread. White people throughout [[Anderson County, Texas|Anderson County]] gathered guns, ammunition, and alcohol to prepare. District Judge Benjamin Howard Gardner attempted to stop the massacre by closing all saloons, gun stores, and hardware stores, but it was too late. The massacre lasted 16 hours, with white mobs killing any Black people they saw. As a result of the massacre, half of Slocum's Black population had left or been killed by the next census. }} 
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
|-
| 1914
| [[Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo]]
| Sarajevo frenzy of hate
| 2 Serbs
| [[Serbs]] 
|
| Europe: [[Balkans]] 
| {{NoteTag| Occurred shortly after the [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]].<ref name="Gioseffi1993">{{cite book |first=Daniela |last=Gioseffi |author-link=Daniela Gioseffi |title=On Prejudice: A Global Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/onprejudicegloba00gios_0 |url-access=registration |access-date=2 September 2013 |year=1993 |publisher=Anchor Books |isbn=978-0-385-46938-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/onprejudicegloba00gios_0/page/246 246] |quote=...Andric describes the "Sarajevo frenzy of hate" that erupted among Muslims, Roman Catholics, and Orthodox believers following the assassination on June 28, 1914, of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo...}}</ref>}} 
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
|-
| 1918
| [[Lwów pogrom (1918)|Lwów pogrom]]
| Lemberg massacre
| data-sort-value=320 | 52–150 Jews <br> 270 Ukrainians
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Poland]]<!-- double check this is Poland -->
| {{NoteTag| During the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]] over three days of unrest in the city, an estimated 52–150 Jewish residents were killed and hundreds more were injured by Polish soldiers and civilians. Two hundred and seventy Ukrainians were also killed during this incident. The Poles did not stop the pogrom until two days after it began. }} 
|
|-
| 1919
| [[Proskurov pogrom]]
|
| 1500–1700 Jews
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Proskurov]] 
| {{NoteTag| The pogrom was initiated by [[Ivan Samosenko]] following a failed [[Bolshevik]] uprising against the Ukrainian People's Republic in the city.<ref name="Proskurivsky153731b">{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2019/02/25/153731/ Proskurivsky pogrom. Petliura's fault?] by [[Henry Abramson]], ''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]'' (25 February 2019)</ref> The massacre was carried out by [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] [[Ukrainian People's Army|soldiers]] of [[Ivan Samosenko|Samosenko]]. According to historians Yonah Alexander and Kenneth Myers the soldiers marched into the centre of town accompanied by a military band and engaged in atrocities under the slogan: "Kill the Jews and save Ukraine." They were ordered to save the ammunition in the process and use only lances and bayonets.<ref name="YA&KM">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXJKCAAAQBAJ&q=Proskurov%20pogrom&pg=PT40 |title=Terrorism in Europe |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-44932-4 |series=Rutlege Library Editions, RLE: Terrorism & Insurgency |pages=40–41 |first1=Yonah |last1=Alexander |first2=Kenneth |last2=Myers}}</ref> }} 
|
|-
| 1919
| [[Kiev pogroms (1919)]]
|
| 60+
| Jews 
|
| data-sort-value="Europe: USSR, Ukraine" | Europe: [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] 
| {{NoteTag| A series of anti-Jewish pogroms in various places around [[Kiev]] carried out by [[White Army]] troops }} 
|
|-
| 1919
| Pinsk pogrom <br> (name disputed){{efn-ua|Carole Fink: "What happened in Pinsk on April 5, 1919 was not a literal "pogrom" – an organized, officially tolerated or inspired massacre of a minority such as the massacre which occurred in Lemberg – instead, it was a military execution of a small, suspect group of civilians. ... The misnamed "Pinsk pogrom", a plain, powerful, alliterative phrase, entered history in April 1919. Its importance lay not only in its timing, during the tensest moments of the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] and the most crucial deliberations over Poland's political future: The reports of Pinsk once more demonstrated the swift transmission of local violence to world notice and the disfiguring process of rumor and prejudice on every level."<ref>''Defending the Rights of Others: The Great Powers, the Jews, and International Minority Protection, 1878–1938'', Carole Fink, 2006, p185</ref>}}
| [[Pinsk massacre]]
| 36 Jews
| Jews 
|
| data-sort-value="Europe: Poland / Belarus" | Europe: [[Pinsk]], Belarus / Poland. 
| {{NoteTag| Mass execution of 35 [[Jew]]ish residents of [[Pinsk]] in April 1919 by the [[Polish Army]], during the opening stages of the [[Polish–Soviet War]] }} 
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
|-
| 1919–20
| Vilna pogrom{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
| [[Vilna offensive]]
| 65+ Jews and non-Jews
| Jews and others 
|
| Europe: [[Vilna]] 
| {{NoteTag| As Polish troops entered the city, dozens of people connected with the [[Lit-Bel]] were arrested, and some were executed. }} 
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
|-
| 1921
| Tulsa Massacre
| [[Tulsa race massacre]]
| 39 Blacks confirmed (100-300 Blacks estimated); 26 whites confirmed 
| [[African Americans]] 
|
| Americas: [[racism in the United States|USA]]
| {{NoteTag| Economic and social tension against Black community in Greenwood.}} 
| {{citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event}}
|-
| 1929
| Hebron pogrom
| [[1929 Hebron massacre|Hebron massacre]]
| 67 Jews
| Jews 
|
| data-sort-value="MENA, Levant" | MENA: [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| {{NoteTag| During the [[1929 Palestine riots]], sixty-seven Jews were killed as the violence spread to [[Hebron]], then part of [[Mandatory Palestine]], by Arabs incited to violence by rumors that Jews were massacring [[Arabs]] in [[Jerusalem]] and seizing control of [[Muslim]] holy places. }} 
|
|-
| 1934
| [[1934 Thrace pogroms]]
|
| None<ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2014 |title=1934: A Rare Kind of Pogrom Begins, in Turkey |website=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2014-06-05/ty-article/.premium/1934-a-rare-kind-of-pogrom-begins-in-turkey/0000017f-e60b-dea7-adff-f7fbbe590000 |access-date=17 January 2023 |quote=On June 5, 1934, violent actions against Jews of several towns in the Turkish region of Thrace began. Although no Jews were killed, the extensive destruction of property, and the very fact of the attacks in a country that was always known for its hospitality to Jews, led to many of them moving from Thrace, or emigrating from Turkey altogether. Recent historical research has led some scholars to conclude that this was the goal of the government in the actions it took in the weeks prior to the pogroms...}}</ref>
| Jews 
|
| MENA / Europe: [[Jews in Turkey|Turkey]] 
| {{NoteTag| It was followed by the vandalizing of Jewish houses and shops. The tensions started in June 1934 and spread to a few other villages in Eastern Thrace region and to some small cities in Western Aegean region. At the height of the violent events, it was rumoured that a rabbi was stripped naked and was dragged through the streets shamefully while his daughter was raped. Over 15,000 Jews had to flee from the region.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00313220600634238|title=The anti-Jewish pogrom in Eastern Thrace in 1934: New evidence for the responsibility of the Turkish government |year=2006 |last1=Bayraktar |first1=Hatiice |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=95–111 |s2cid=144078355}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Pekesen B |title=The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times |date=2019 |chapter=The Anti-Jewish Pogrom in 1934. Problems of Historiography, Terms and Methodology |publisher=De Gruyter |pages=412–432 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110639087-013/pdf |doi=10.1515/9783110639087-013 |isbn=978-3-11-063908-7 |s2cid=212934694}}</ref> }} 
|
|-
| 1936
| [[Przytyk pogrom]]
| Przytyk riot
| data-sort-value=3 | 2 Jews and 1 Polish
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Poland|Poland]] 
| {{NoteTag| Some of the Jewish residents gathered in the town square in anticipation of the attack by the peasants, but nothing happened on that day. Two days later, however, on a market day, as historians [[Martin Gilbert]] and David Vital state, peasants attacked their Jewish neighbors. }} 
| 
|-
| 1938
| [[November pogrom]] 
| [[Kristallnacht]]
| 91+ Jews
| Jews
|
| Europe: [[Nazi Germany]] 
| {{NoteTag| Coordinated attacks against Jews throughout [[Nazi Germany]] and parts of [[Austria]], carried out by [[Sturmabteilung|SA paramilitary]] forces and non-Jewish civilians. Accounts from the foreign journalists working in Germany sent shock waves around the world.}} 
|
|-
| 1940
| [[Dorohoi pogrom]]
|
| 53 Jews
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Romania|Romania]] 
| {{NoteTag| Romanian military units carried out a pogrom against the local Jews, during which, according to an official Romanian report, 53 Jews were murdered, and dozens injured. }} 
|
|-
| 1941
| [[Iași pogrom]]
|
| 13,266 Jews
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Romania|Romania]] 
| {{NoteTag| One of the most violent pogroms in [[Jewish history]], launched by governmental forces in the [[Romania]]n city of [[Iași]] (Jassy) against its [[Jew]]ish population. }} 
|
|-
| 1941
| [[The Holocaust in Belgium#Antwerp Pogrom and Yellow Badge|Antwerp Pogrom]]
| part of [[the Holocaust in Belgium]] 
| 0
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Belgium|Belgium]] 
| {{NoteTag| One of the few pogroms of [[History of the Jews in Belgium|Belgian history]]. [[Flemish people|Flemish]] collaborators attacked and burned [[synagogue]]s and attacked a [[rabbi]] in the city of [[Antwerp]] }} 
|
|-
| 1941
| [[Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom|Bucharest pogrom]]
| Legionnaires' rebellion
| data-sort-value=155 | 125 Jews and 30 soldiers
| Jews 
|
| data-sort-value="Europe: Hungary" | Europe: [[Bucharest]], [[Jews in Hungary|Hungary]] 
| {{NoteTag| As the privileges of the paramilitary organisation [[Iron Guard]] were being cut off by ''[[Conducător]]'' [[Ion Antonescu]], members of the Iron Guard, also known as the Legionnaires, revolted. During the rebellion and pogrom, the Iron Guard killed 125 Jews and 30 soldiers died in the confrontation with the rebels. }} 
| 
|-
| 1941
| [[Tykocin pogrom]]
|
| 1,400–1,700 Jews
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Poland|Poland]] 
| {{NoteTag| Mass murder of [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jewish residents]] of [[Tykocin]] in [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied Poland]] during [[World War II|World&nbsp;War&nbsp;II]], soon after [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] [[Operation Barbarossa|attack on the Soviet Union]]. }} 
|
|-
| 1941
| [[Jedwabne pogrom]]
|
| 380 to 1,600 Jews 
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Poland|Poland]] 
| {{NoteTag| The local [[rabbi]] was forced to lead a procession of about 40 people to a pre-emptied barn, killed and buried along with fragments of a destroyed monument of [[Lenin]]. A further 250–300 Jews were led to the same barn later that day, locked inside and burned alive using [[kerosene]]. }} 
|
|-
| 1941
| [[Farhud]]
| 
| 180 Jewish Iraqis
| Jews 
|
| data-sort-value="MENA, Iraq" | MENA: [[Jews in Iraq|Iraq]] 
| {{NoteTag| 180 Jews were killed and over 1,000 injured in attacks on [[Shavuot]] following British victory in the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]. }} 
|
|-
| 1941
| [[Lviv pogroms]]
|
| data-sort-value=9000 | Thousands of Jews
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] 
| {{NoteTag| Massacres of Jews by the [[Ukrainian People's Militia]] and a German [[Einsatzgruppe]].}} 
|
|-
| 1945
| [[Kraków pogrom]]
|
| 1 Jew
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Poland|Poland]] 
| {{NoteTag| Violence amid rumors of kidnappings of children by Jews. }} 
|
|-
| 1946
| [[Kunmadaras pogrom]]
|
| 4 Jews
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Hungary|Hungary]]
| {{NoteTag| A frenzy instigated by the crowd's libelous belief that some Jews had made sausage out of Christian children. }} 
|
|-
| 1946
| [[Miskolc pogrom]]
|
| 2 Jews
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Hungary|Hungary]] 
| {{NoteTag| Riots started as demonstrations against economic hardships and later became antisemitic.}} 
|
|-
| 1946
| [[Kielce pogrom]]
|
| 38–42 Jews
| Jews 
|
| Europe: [[Jews in Poland|Poland]] 
| {{NoteTag| Violence against the [[Jews|Jewish]] community centre, initiated by [[People's Republic of Poland|Polish Communist]] armed forces <br> [[People's Army of Poland|LWP]], [[Internal Security Corps|KBW]], [[Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army|GZI WP]] and continued by a mob of local townsfolk.}} 
|
|- 
| 1955
| [[Istanbul pogrom]]
| Istanbul riots
| 13–30 Greeks
| [[Greeks in Turkey]] ([[Ottoman Greeks]])
|
| MENA / Europe: [[Greeks in Turkey|Turkey]] 
| {{NoteTag| Organized [[Angry mob|mob]] attacks directed primarily at [[Istanbul]]'s [[Greeks in Turkey|Greek minority]]. Accelerated the emigration of [[ethnic Greeks]] from Turkey (Jews were also targeted in this event).<ref>{{cite book |first1=Steven K. |last1=Baum |first2=Shimon |last2=Samuels |title=Antisemitism Explained |publisher=[[University Press of America]] |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fI-wpSe8fbkC&pg=PA174 |page=174 |isbn=978-0-7618-5578-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20110410/ARCHIVES/304109913?print |first=Adam |last=Parker |access-date=14 November 2023 |title=Istanbul love story |work=[[The Post and Courier]] |date=10 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307231310/http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20110410/ARCHIVES/304109913?print |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> }} 
|
|-
| 1956
| [[1956 anti-Tamil pogrom]]
| 
| 150 Primarily Tamils 
| [[Tamils]] 
|
| data-sort-value="South Asia, Sri Lanka" | South Asia: [[Sri Lanka|Sri{{spaces}}Lanka]]
| {{NoteTag| 1956 anti-Tamil pogrom or Gal Oya massacre/riots were the first ethnic riots that targeted the minority Tamils in independent Sri Lanka.}} 
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
|-
| 1958
| [[1958 anti-Tamil pogrom]]
| 58 riots
| 300 Primarily Tamils 
| [[Tamils]]
|
| data-sort-value="South Asia, Sri Lanka" | South Asia: [[Sri Lanka|Sri{{spaces}}Lanka]] 
| {{NoteTag| 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom also known as 58 riots, refer to the first island wide ethnic riots and pogrom in [[Sri Lanka]]. }} 
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
|-
| 1959
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
| [[Kirkuk Massacre of 1959|Kirkuk massacre]]
| 79
| [[Iraqi Turkmen]] 
|
| data-sort-value="MENA, Iraq" | MENA: [[Iraq]] 
| {{NoteTag| Ethnic tension between Kurds and Turkmen. }} 
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
|-
| 1966
| [[1966 anti-Igbo pogrom]]{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|
| 30,000-50,000 Primarily Igbo People
| [[Igbo people|Igbo]] 
|
| [[Sub-Saharan]] Africa: [[Nigeria]] 
| {{NoteTag| A series of massacres directed at [[Igbo people|Igbo]] and other southern Nigerian residents throughout Nigeria before and after the overthrow (and assassination) of the [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] junta by [[Murtala Mohammed]].}} 
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
|-
| data-sort-value="1969-08-14" | 14–15 August 1969 
| [[1969 Northern Ireland riots|1969 Northern Ireland Anti-Catholic pogroms]]
| [[1969 Northern Ireland riots]] 
| 6 Catholics{{efn-ua| 6 Catholics were killed, 4 by state force & 2 by anti-Catholic mob. }} 
| [[persecution of Catholics|Catholics]] 
|
| Europe: [[Northern Ireland]] 
| {{NoteTag| Along with the 6 murders, 500 Irish Catholics were injured by the state forces and anti-Catholic mob, 72 of those injured were injured from gun shot wounds, also 150+ Catholic homes and 275+ businesses had been destroyed{{snd}}83% of all buildings destroyed were owned by Catholics. Catholics generally fled across the border into the Republic of Ireland as refugees. After [[Belfast]] the other areas that saw violence were [[Newry]], [[Armagh]], [[Crossmaglen]], [[Dungannon]], [[Coalisland]] and [[Dungiven]].<br>
The bloodiest clashes were in Belfast, where seven people were killed and hundreds wounded, in what some viewed as an attempted pogrom against the Catholic minority. Protesters clashed with both the police and with loyalists, who attacked Catholic districts. Scores of homes and businesses were burnt out, most of them owned by Catholics, and thousands of mostly Catholic families were driven from their homes. In some cases, RUC officers helped the loyalists and failed to protect Catholic areas. }} 
| {{citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event}} 
|-
| 1977
| [[1977 anti-Tamil pogrom]]
| 
| 300-1500 Primarily Tamils 
| [[Tamils]] 
|
| data-sort-value="South Asia, Sri Lanka" | South Asia: [[Sri Lanka|Sri{{spaces}}Lanka]] 
| {{NoteTag| The 1977 anti-Tamil pogrom followed the 1977 general elections in Sri Lanka where the [[Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism|Sri Lankan Tamil nationalistic]] [[Tamil United Liberation Front]] won a plurality of minority [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] votes in which it stood for secession.}} 
|
|-
|1978
|Malatya pogrom<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yücel |first=Hakan |date=25 December 2021 |title=ŞİDDET OLAYLARININ ALEVİ TOPLUMU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ |url=https://aleviocagi.org/siddet-olaylarinin-alevi-toplumu-uzerindeki-etkisi |publisher=Alevi Düşünce Ocağı |language=tr}}</ref>
|[[Malatya massacre]]
|8 Alevis
|[[Alevism|Alevis]]
|businesses and houses
|MENA / Europe: [[Turkey]]
|
|
|-
|1978
|Maraş pogrom<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sönmez |first=Seyit |date=19 December 2020 |title=Maraş pogromu |url=https://t24.com.tr/yazarlar/seyit-sonmez/maras-pogromu,29112 |work=[[T24 (newspaper)|T24]] |language=tr}}</ref>
|[[Maraş massacre]]
|111 to 500+ Alevis
|[[Alevism|Alevis]]
|businesses, houses, printing works,  pharmaiescy
|MENA / Europe: [[Turkey]]
|
|
|-
|1980
|[[Çorum pogrom]]
|Çorum massacre
|57 Alevis
|[[Alevism|Alevis]]
|businesses and houses
|MENA / Europe: [[Turkey]]
|
|
|-
| 1983 
| [[Black July]]
| 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom
| 400–3,000 Tamils 
| [[Tamils]] 
|
| data-sort-value="South Asia, Sri Lanka" | South Asia: [[Sri Lanka|Sri{{spaces}}Lanka]] 
| {{NoteTag| Over seven days mobs of mainly Sinhalese attacked Tamil targets, burning, looting and killing. }} 
| {{citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event}} 
|-
| 1984
| [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]]
|
| 8,000 Sikhs 
| [[Sikhs]]  
|
| data-sort-value="South Asia, India" | South Asia: [[Sikhs in India|India]] 
| {{NoteTag| [[Sikhs]] were targeted in [[Delhi]] and other parts of [[India]] during a pogrom in October 1984.<ref name="toiprog">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/State-pogroms-glossed-over/articleshow/1353464.cms |title=State pogroms glossed over |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 December 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811083708/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-31/india/27838902_1_communal-tension-communal-violence-gujarat-riots |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="rediffprog">{{cite web |title=Anti-Sikh riots a pogrom: Khushwant |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022162632/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm |archive-date=22 October 2018 |access-date=23 September 2009 |work=Rediff}}</ref><ref name="2009BBCremember">{{cite news |last=Bedi |first=Rahul |date=1 November 2009 |title=Indira Gandhi's death remembered |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102113639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm |archive-date=2 November 2009 |quote=The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing.}}</ref> }} 
| <ref name="rediffprog"/>
|-
| 1988 
| [[Sumgait pogrom]]
| 
| data-sort-value=32 | 26 to 300 [[Armenians]] <br> and 6 or more [[Azeris]] {{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} 
| [[Armenians]] 
|
| MENA / Europe: [[Caucasus]] 
| {{NoteTag| Mobs made up largely of ethnic Azeris formed into groups that went on to attack and kill Armenians both on the streets and in their apartments; widespread looting and a general lack of concern from police officers allowed the situation to worsen. }} 
| {{citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event}} 
|-
| 1988
| [[Kirovabad pogrom]]
|
| data-sort-value=7 | 3+ Soviet soldiers <br> 3+ Azeris <br> and 1+ Armenian
| [[Armenians]] 
|
| MENA / Europe: [[Caucasus]] 
| {{NoteTag| Ethnic Azeris attacked Armenians throughout the city.}} 
|
|-
| 1990
| [[Baku pogrom]]
|
| data-sort-value=120 | 90 Armenians <br> 20 Russian soldiers
| [[Armenians]] 
|
| MENA / Europe: [[Caucasus]] 
| {{NoteTag| Seven-day attack during which Armenians were beaten, tortured, murdered and expelled from the city. There were also many raids on apartments, robberies and Parsons. }} 
|
|-
| 1991
| Crown Heights pogrom (disputed){{efn-ua|Media use of the term pogrom to refer to the 1991 [[Crown Heights riot]] caused public controversy.<ref name="Conaway" /><ref name="JewishWeek"/> For example, Joyce Purnick of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote in 1993 that the use of the word ''pogrom'' was "inflammatory"; she accused politicians of "trying to enlarge and twist the word" in order to "pander to Jewish voters".<ref>{{Cite news |first=Joyce |last=Purnick |author-link=Joyce Purnick |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/03/opinion/editorial-notebook-crown-heights-was-not-iasi.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227174131/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/03/opinion/editorial-notebook-crown-heights-was-not-iasi.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |title=Editorial Notebook: Crown Heights Was Not Iasi |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 June 1993}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}
| [[Crown Heights riot]] 
| 2 (1 Jew and 1 non-Jew) 
| [[American Jews|Jews in the USA]]
|
| Americas: United States
| {{NoteTag| A three-day [[riot]] that occurred in the [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] section of [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]]. The riots incited by the death of the seven-year-old Gavin Cato, unleashed simmering tensions within Crown Heights' black community against the Orthodox Jewish community. In its wake, several Jews were seriously injured; one Orthodox Jewish man, Yankel Rosenbaum, was killed; and a non-Jewish man, allegedly mistaken by rioters for a Jew, was killed by a group of African-American men.<ref>{{cite news |title=TIMELINE: How the 1991 Crown Heights riots unfolded |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/timeline-1991-crown-heights-riots-unfolded-article-1.945012 |newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] |access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/crown-heights-twenty-years-after-the-riots |date=19 August 2011|title=Crown Heights, Twenty Years After the Riots |first=Alexis |last=Okeowo |author-link=Alexis Okeowo |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |quote=Giuliani called the riots a ''pogrom''.}}</ref> }} 
| {{citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event}}
|-
| 1994
| {{citation needed|date=June 2024}} 
| [[Srebrenica massacre]] 
| 8000 Muslims 
| Muslims ([[Bosniaks]]) 
|
| Europe: [[Balkans]] 
| {{NoteTag| The '''Srebrenica massacre''', also known as the '''Srebrenica genocide''', was the July 1995 killing of more than 8,000 [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]] [[Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Muslim]] men and boys in and around the town of [[Srebrenica]], during the [[Bosnian War]]. The killings were perpetrated by units of the Bosnian Serb [[Army of Republika Srpska]] (VRS) [[Command responsibility|under the command]] of [[Ratko Mladić]]. The [[Scorpions (paramilitary)|Scorpions]], a paramilitary unit from [[Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)|Serbia]], who had been part of the Serbian Interior Ministry until 1991, also participated in the massacre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srebrenica |publisher=Holocaust Memorial Day Trust |url=https://www.hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/bosnia/srebrenica/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |language=en}}</ref> }} 
| {{citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event}}
|-
| 2002 
| [[Gujarat]] pogrom<ref name="Wire - Gujarat" /> 
| [[2002 Gujarat riots]] 
| 790 to 2000{{efn-ua| 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus (official)<br />1,926 to 2,000+ total (other sources)<ref name="teesta">{{cite AV media |last1=Setalvad|first1=Teesta|title=Talk by Teesta Setalvad at Ramjas college (March 2017)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKJDhISTtTk |via=YouTube |date=3 March 2017 |publisher=You tube|access-date=4 July 2017|archive-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127203614/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKJDhISTtTk|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?|journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics|date=July 2003|page=16|url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204131058/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&q=2000+deaths+gujarat+riots&pg=PA28|title=The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective|publisher=Charles C Thomas Publisher|year=2009|page=28|isbn=9780398079956|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030956/https://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&q=2000+deaths+gujarat+riots&pg=PA28|url-status=live}}</ref> }} 
| [[Muslims in India]]
| 
| data-sort-value="South Asia, India" | South Asia: [[Gujarat]], [[Hindutva|India]] 
| 
| 
|- 
| 2004
| March pogrom
| [[2004 unrest in Kosovo]] 
| 16 ethnic Serbs 
| [[Serbs]] 
|
| Europe: [[Balkans]] 
| {{NoteTag| Over 4,000 Serbs were forced to leave their homes, 935 Serb houses, 10 public facilities and 35 Serbian Orthodox church-buildings were desecrated, damaged or destroyed, and six towns and nine villages were ethnically cleansed.}} 
| {{citation needed|date=February 2024|reason=Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event}}
|- 
| 2005 
| Cronulla pogrom<ref>{{cite web |url=https://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/CICrimJust/2017/17.html |title=Al-Natour, Ryan --- "'Of Middle Eastern Appearance' is a Flawed Racial Profiling Descriptor" &#91;2017&#93; CICrimJust 17; (2017) 29(2) Current Issues in Criminal Justice 107 }}</ref>
| [[Cronulla Race Riots]] 
| 
| [[Muslims in Australia|Muslims]] and [[Arab Australians]]{{efn-ua| [[Muslims in Australia]] and [[Arab Australians]] and people misidentified as belonging to those groups. }} 
| 
| Pacific: [[Cronulla]] in [[Sydney]], Australia. 
| 
| 
|- 
| 2013
| [[2013 Muzaffarnagar Pogrom|Muzaffarnagar Pogrom]]<ref>{{cite web |author1=Dr. Shaikh Mujibur Rehman |title=Violence against Muslims: A Case of Muzaffarnagar Pogrom 2013 and its Aftermath |url=https://tufts.app.box.com/s/0k6h37jcybsgx6ooe2stlx5ab4d6xotk |publisher=Tufts University |access-date=20 July 2024 |date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Dr. Shaikh Mujibur Rehman |title=Academics, Lectures & Seminars: Violence against Muslims: A Case of Muzaffarnagar Pogrom 2013 and its Aftermath |url=https://events.tufts.edu/?trumbaEmbed=view%3Devent%26eventid%3D170272419%26view%3Devent%26eventid%3D170272419 |access-date=20 July 2024 |publisher=Tufts University |date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Expecting justice for Muslim victims of 2013 Muzaffarnagar pogrom is ludicrous |url=https://www.peoplesreview.in/politics/2019/07/expecting-justice-for-muslim-victims-of-2013-muzaffarnagar-pogrom-is-ludicrous/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=People's Review |date=20 July 2019}}</ref>
| 
| 
| [[Muslims in India]]
| 
| data-sort-value="South Asia, India" | South Asia: [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Hindutva|India]]
| 
| 
|- 
| 2017 
| Rohingya pogrom<ref name="J Post - Rohingya pogrom"/><ref name="EAF - Rohingya pogrom"/>
| [[Rohingya genocide]] 
|  
| [[Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar|Muslims in Myanmar]] ([[Rohingya]]) 
| housing 
| data-sort-value="South Asia, Myanmar" | South Asia: [[Rakhine State]], [[Myanmar]] 
| {{NoteTag| [[Facebook]] was accused of inciting mob violence.<ref name="Economist - Rohingya">{{cite news |title=Can Facebook be blamed for pogroms against Rohingyas in Myanmar? |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2021/12/09/can-facebook-be-blamed-for-pogroms-against-rohingyas-in-myanmar |access-date=2 July 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |date=9 December 2021}}</ref> }} 
| 
|- 
| 2023 
| Settler pogroms<ref name="Settlers - Haaretz"/>
| [[Israeli settler violence]] 
|
| [[Palestinians]] 
|
| data-sort-value="MENA, Levant" | MENA: [[West Bank]], Palestine. 
| {{NoteTag| <small>homes demolished and communities depopoulated by intimidation</small><ref name="B'Tselem - working"/> }}
|
|- 
| data-sort-value="2023-02-26" | 2023 
| [[Huwara pogrom]]<ref name="פוגרום חווארה">{{cite news |author1=Oren Ziv (אורן זיו) |trans-title=Investigation: The person killed in the Huwara pogrom was probably shot by settlers |script-title=he: תחקיר: ההרוג בפוגרום חווארה נורה כנראה על ידי מתנחלים |url=https://www.mekomit.co.il/%d7%aa%d7%97%d7%a7%d7%99%d7%a8-%d7%94%d7%94%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%92-%d7%91%d7%a4%d7%95%d7%92%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%9d-%d7%97%d7%95%d7%95%d7%90%d7%a8%d7%94-%d7%a0%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%94-%d7%9b%d7%a0%d7%a8%d7%90%d7%94/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=local call (שיחה מקומית) |date=28 March 2024 |language=he-IL}}</ref><ref name="Settlers - Haaretz">{{cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Gideon |title=Shock, rage and despair in Hawara in wake of '''settler pogrom''' |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/twilight-zone/2023-03-04/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/shock-rage-and-despair-in-hawara-in-wake-of-settler-pogrom/00000186-a298-d6e6-a3af-fbdc8e1b0000 |website=Haaretz |access-date=25 May 2024 |language=en |date=4 March 2023 |quote=Photo caption: A building set on fire during the '''Hawara pogrom'''. Credit: Majdi Mohammed/AP}}</ref><ref name="Time - Huwara" >{{cite magazine |last1=Salameh |first1=Rula |title=I Witnessed a Shocking Attack on Palestinian Civilians. What I Saw May Be a Sign of What's to Come |url=https://time.com/6264116/west-bank-attack-palestinian-civilians/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |magazine=TIME |date=18 March 2023 |language=en |quote=This pogrom on Huwara was far from isolated. Settlers, backed by the Israeli military, have attacked Palestinians communities for years, violence which has been rapidly spiraling.}}</ref> 
| [[Huwara rampage]] 
| 1 [[Sameh Aqtash]]<ref name="פוגרום חווארה"/><ref name="TRT -?Sameh Aqtash">{{cite news |last1=Aytekin |first1=Ayse Betul |title=Israeli settlers kill Palestinian man who helped quake victims in Türkiye |url=https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/israeli-settlers-kill-palestinian-man-who-helped-quake-victims-in-t%C3%BCrkiye-65719 |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=[[TRT]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Palestinians]] 
| cars and businesses 
| data-sort-value="MENA, Levant" | MENA: [[West Bank]], Palestine. 
|
|
|- 
! Date
! Pogrom Name
! Alternative name(s)
! Deaths
! Targeted Group 
! Physical Destruction 
! Region 
! Notes 
! Name needs verification 
|- 
|} <!--  -- >

=== Al-Qanoub pogroms - 11 October to 1 November 2023 ===
In the Palestinian village of [[Al-Qanoub]] [[Israeli settlers]] descended from the nearby settlement of [[Asfar]] and the adjacent outpost of [[Pnei Kedem]], burned houses, set their dogs on the farm animals, and, at gunpoint, ordered the residents to leave or else they would be killed.<ref name="972+ Al-Qanoub">{{cite news |last1=Reiff |first1=Ben |title=Palestinians struggle to rebuild their lives after settler pogroms |url=https://www.972mag.com/palestinians-west-bank-settler-pogroms/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=[[+972 Magazine]] |date=18 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Al Qassam Brigades]] militant wing (based in the [[Gaza Strip]]) initiated an attack on Israel, and incited other groups and individuals to join them.<ref name="al-Aqsa Flood incitement">{{cite web |title="We announce the start of the al-Aqsa Flood" |url=https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/we-announce-the-start-of-the-al-aqsa-flood |website=Fondazione Internazionale Oasis |access-date=8 April 2024 |language=en |date=13 December 2023}}</ref> This resulted in the deaths of over 695 Israeli civilians, some of whom were [[Arab Israelis]].<ref name="JZ & JS - US Policy" > Jim Zanotti, and Jeremy M. Sharp, "Israel and Hamas 2023 Conflict In Brief: Overview, US Policy, and Options for Congress." (U.S. Congressional Research Service, 2023) [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/trecms/pdf/AD1215299.pdf online].</ref> In the attacks Al Qassam and other armed groups from Gaza also took approximately 250 people, many of which were non-[[Israelis]] [[Gaza war hostage crisis|hostage]], including infants, elderly, and people who had already been severely injured.<ref name="Haaretz hostages list">{{cite news |title=The Names of Those Abducted From Israel |url=https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2023-10-22/ty-article-magazine/hostages-held-by-hamas-the-names-of-those-abducted-from-israel/0000018b-55f8-d5d2-afef-d5fdd04e0000 |website=Haaretz |date=22 October 2023 |access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref>{{efn-ua |It was obligatory to take any wounded - including Israelis - to the nearest hospitals,<ref name="guide - quote wounded" >{{cite web |last1=Bouchet-Saulnier |first1=Françoise |title=The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law |url=https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/wounded-and-sick-persons/ |publisher=Médecins Sans Frontières |access-date=6 June 2024 |language=en |quote=The general principle concerning the wounded and sick of any party to a conflict is that they must be treated humanely in all circumstances and '''given the medical care required''' by their condition, to the fullest extent practicable and with the least possible delay. '''No distinction may be made among them''', except ones founded on medical grounds (GCI–IV Common Art. 3; API Arts. 8, 10; APII Arts. 7, 8).}}</ref> all of which were in the [[Gaza Strip]]. However, their motives are questionable, and only the soldiers were allowed to be kept as [[prisoners of war]] after they recovered, but they kept the as well.<ref name="Guide - quote POWs" >{{cite web |last1=Bouchet-Saulnier |first1=Françoise |title=The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law |url=https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/wounded-and-sick-persons/ |publisher=Médecins Sans Frontières |access-date=6 June 2024 |language=en |quote=A combatant who recovers while in the hands of an adverse party then becomes a prisoner of war, at which point he or she comes under the provisions protecting such persons.}}</ref> }}

The 7 October attacks were described as a "Pogrom" by Suzanne Rutland, who defined a Pogrom as a government approved attack on Jews and pointed out that the attacks were initiated by the Hamas Government of Gaza.<ref name="Rutland">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOSMdSYZtMw |title=The Australian Jew dubbed traitor for speaking out against the war in Gaza (time stamp 19:00) |via=YouTube |date=5 May 2024}}</ref> This label is also used for 7 October by pro-Israel sources, such as the [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jcpa.org/article/the-rise-in-antisemitic-attacks-in-the-uk-since-hamass-october-7-pogrom-is-unprecedented/ |title=The Rise in Antisemitic Attacks in the UK since Hamas's October 7 Pogrom is Unprecedented|work=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs }}</ref> An editorial in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' referred to 7 October attacks as a pogrom as well,<ref name="WSJ October 7 pogrpm" >{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-hamas-video-screening-gaza-tsach-saar-31ed88ab |title=Opinion &#124; Hamas Puts Its Pogrom on Video |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=27 October 2023}}</ref> while rejecting that label for the [[Huwara rampage]] in that same year.<ref name="WSJ not pog" />

Some sources from in Israel and in the Jewish diaspora have specifically objected to the characterisation of 7 October as a pogrom. saying the events on 7 October do not resemble the original historical pogroms in Russia.<ref name="Zaretsky - 7 October">{{cite news |last1=Zaretsky |first1=Robert |title=Why so many people call the Oct. 7 massacre a 'pogrom' — and what they miss when they do so |url=https://forward.com/culture/567188/pogrom-october-7-massacre-israel-yerushalmi/ |access-date=6 June 2024 |work=The Forward |date=27 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Jerusalem Post]] described the 7 October attacks as "historically unique", as well as "foreseeable" and "expected".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-771080 |title=October 7 is historically unique |date=November 2023}}</ref> [[Judith Butler]], controversially described the attacks as an "act of armed resistance".<ref name="LM - Judith Butler" >{{cite news |title=Judith Butler, by calling Hamas attacks an 'act of armed resistance,' rekindles controversy on the left |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2024/03/15/judith-butler-by-calling-hamas-attacks-an-act-of-armed-resistance-rekindles-controversy-on-the-left_6621775_23.html |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Le Monde |date=15 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

<!--  -->

== See also ==
{{div col begin}}
{{Main|Outline of genocide studies}}

'''Antisemitism''' 
* [[Antisemitism]]
* [[Antisemitism in Christianity]]
* [[Antisemitism in Islam]]
* [[Geography of antisemitism]]
* [[History of antisemitism]]
* [[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews]]

{{no col break| 
'''Other groups'''
* [[Hindutva]] 
* [[Israeli settler violence]] 
* [[Palestinian genocide allegation]] 
* [[Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar]] 
}}

{{no col break|  
'''General''' 
* [[Ethnic cleansing]]
* [[Ethnic conflict]]
* [[Ethnic violence]]
* [[Genocidal massacre]]
}}

{{div col end}}

== References and notes ==
=== Table Footnotes ===
{{notelist-ua|35em}}

=== Descriptions of the events in the table ===
{{notefoot|35em}}

=== Notes from the text ===
{{notelist|35em}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|35em|refs=
<ref name="Abramson">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sZtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+mainstream+usage+the+word+has+come+to+imply+an+act+of+antisemitism%22 |title=A prayer for the government: Ukrainians and Jews in revolutionary times, 1917–1920 |first=Henry |last=Abramson |author-link=Henry Abramson |year=1999 |page=109 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-916458-88-1 |quote=The etymological roots of the term pogrom are unclear, although it seems to be derived from the Slavic word for "thunder(bolt)" (Russian: grom, Ukrainian: hrim). The first syllable, po-, is a prefix indicating "means" or "target". The word therefore seems to imply a sudden burst of energy (thunderbolt) directed at a specific target. A pogrom is generally thought of as a cross between a popular riot and a military atrocity, where an unarmed civilian, often urban, population is attacked by either an army unit or peasants from surrounding villages, or a combination of the two.}}</ref>

<ref name="antisemitism">{{cite book |editor-last=Bostom |editor-first=Andrew G. |date=2007 |title=The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: From Sacred Texts to Solemn History}}</ref>

<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/06/world-war-ii-before-the-war/100089/ |title=World War II: Before the War |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=19 June 2011 |quote=Windows of shops owned by Jews which were broken during a coordinated anti-Jewish demonstration in Berlin, known as Kristallnacht, on November 10, 1938. Nazi authorities turned a blind eye as SA stormtroopers and civilians destroyed storefronts with hammers, leaving the streets covered in pieces of smashed windows. Ninety-one Jews were killed, and 30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps.}}</ref>

<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |first=Neil |last=Prior |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-14582378 |title=History debate over anti-Semitism in 1911 Tredegar riot |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=19 August 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Berenbaum2005p49">{{cite book |last1=Berenbaum |first1=Michael |author1-link=Michael Berenbaum |first2=Arnold |last2=Kramer |date=2005 |title=The World Must Know |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |page=49}}</ref>

<ref name="Bergmann">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4mqsik_VDcC&pg=PA351 |title=International handbook of violence research |volume=1 |publisher=Springer |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4020-3980-5 |quote=The word "pogrom" (from the Russian, meaning storm or devastation) has a relatively short history. Its international currency dates back to the anti-Semitic excesses in Tsarist Russia during the years 1881–1883, but the phenomenon existed in the same form at a much earlier date and was by no means confined to Russia. As John D. Klier points out in his seminal article "The pogrom paradigm in Russian history", the anti-Semitic pogroms in Russia were described by contemporaries as demonstrations, persecution, or struggle, and the government made use of the term besporiadok (unrest, riot) to emphasize the breach of public order. Then, during the twentieth century, the term began to develop along two separate lines. In the Soviet Union, the word lost its anti-Semitic connotation and came to be used for reactionary forms of political unrest and, from 1989, for outbreaks of interethnic violence; while in the West, the anti-Semitic overtones were retained and government orchestration or acquiescence was emphasized.}}</ref>

<ref name="Bergmann2">Bergmann writes that "the concept of "ethnic violence" covers a range of heterogeneous phenomena, and in many cases there are still no established theoretical and conceptual distinctions in the field (Waldmann, 1995:343)" Bergmann then goes on to set out a variety of conflicting scholarly views on the definition and usage of the term pogrom.</ref>

<ref name="bookrags">{{cite book|url=http://www.bookrags.com/research/tragic-week-sjel-02/ |title=Tragic Week Summary |publisher=BookRags.com |date=2 November 2010 |access-date=24 October 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="books1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HDeEPouQm0C&pg=PT193 |title=Pogroms and Riots: German Press Responses to Anti-Jewish Violence in Germany and Russia (1881–1882) |first=Sonja |last=Weinberg |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-631-60214-0 |page=193 |quote=Most contemporaries claimed that the pogroms were directed against Jewish property, not against Jews, a claim so far not contradicted by research.}}</ref>

<ref name="books2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzqDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT165 |title=Religious Violence Between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives |first1=John D. |last1=Klier |first2=Anna Sapir |last2=Abulafia |author2-link=Anna Abulafia |publisher=Springer |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-4039-1382-1 |page=165 |quote=The pogroms themselves seem to have largely followed a set of unwritten rules. They were directed against Jewish property only.}}</ref>

<ref name="Brass">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=Riots and Pogroms |first=Paul R. |last=Brass |author-link=Paul Brass |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8147-1282-5 |at=p. 3. ''Introduction''}}</ref>

<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pogrom |title=Pogrom |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=(Russian: "devastation" or "riot"), a mob attack, either approved or condoned by authorities, against the persons and property of a religious, racial, or national minority. The term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |publisher=Britannica.com |year=2017 |author=((Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica)) |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

<ref name="destruction">{{cite book |first=Jan Tomasz |last=Gross |title=Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland |title-link=Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland |publisher=[[Penguin Books]], [[Princeton University Press]] |year=2002}}</ref>

<ref name="dictionary">[[Oxford English Dictionary]], December 2007 revision. ''See also:'' [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pogrom Pogrom at Online Etymology Dictionary.]</ref>

<ref name="Engel">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUYQ8JQ-iM0C&pg=PA19 |title=Anti-Jewish Violence. Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History |editor1-first=Jonathan |editor1-last=Dekel-Chen |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Gaunt |editor3-first=Natan M. |editor3-last=Meir |editor4-first=Israel |editor4-last=Bartal |quote=Engel states that although there are no "essential defining characteristics of a pogrom", the majority of the incidents "habitually" described as pogroms "took place in divided societies in which ethnicity or religion (or both) served as significant definers of both social boundaries and social rank.|isbn=978-0-253-00478-9 |date=26 November 2010 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Gilbert30">{{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |title=The Holocaust: the Jewish tragedy |url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustjewisht0000gilb |url-access=registration |date=1986 |publisher=Collins |pages=[https://archive.org/details/holocaustjewisht0000gilb/page/30 30–33] |isbn=978-0-00-216305-7}}</ref>

<ref name="google4">{{cite book |author-link=Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) |first=Tadeusz |last=Piotrowski |title=Poland's Holocaust |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=1997 |isbn=0-7864-0371-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/164 164] |quote=LAF units distinguished themselves by committing murder, rape, and pillage.}}</ref>

<ref name="google6">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&dq=Soviet+Jedwabne&pg=RA1-PA366 |title=Antisemitism |first=Richard S. |last=Levy |date=24 May 2005 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=366 |isbn=978-1-85109-439-4}}</ref>

<ref name="Holocaust Revealed">{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaustrevealed.org/_domain/holocaustrevealed.org/lithuania/lithuanian_history.htm |title=Holocaust Revealed |access-date=2 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828083908/http://www.holocaustrevealed.org/_domain/holocaustrevealed.org/lithuania/lithuanian_history.htm |archive-date=28 August 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="international">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-0-306-48039-3_19 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4mqsik_VDcC&pg=PA352 |pages=352–55 |chapter=Pogroms |title=International Handbook of Violence Research |date=2003 |last1=Bergmann |first1=Werner |isbn=978-1-4020-3980-5}}</ref>

<ref name="ipn">{{cite web |url=http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal.php?serwis=en&dzial=55&id=131&search=5667 |title=Instytut PamiÄci Narodowej |language=pl |trans-title=Institute of National Remembrance |access-date=15 February 2015}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

<ref name="ipn5">{{cite web |url=http://ipn.gov.pl/wydzial-prasowy/komunikaty/komunikat-dot.-postanowienia-o-umorzeniu-sledztwa-w-sprawie-zabojstwa-obywateli |trans-title=A communiqué regarding the decision to end the investigation of the murder of Polish citizens of Jewish nationality in Jedwabne on 10 July 1941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620004217/http://ipn.gov.pl/wydzial-prasowy/komunikaty/komunikat-dot.-postanowienia-o-umorzeniu-sledztwa-w-sprawie-zabojstwa-obywateli |archive-date=20 June 2013 |title=Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem w dniu 10 lipca 1941 r. |date=30 June 2003 |language=pl}}</ref>

<ref name="Jewish Poland and its Red Reign of Terror" >{{cite news |first=Elias |last=Tobenkin |title=Jewish Poland and its Red Reign of Terror |date=1 June 1919 |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1919-06-01/ed-1/seq-59/ |work=[[New York Tribune]] |access-date=29 August 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="JewishWeek">{{cite web |url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/new_york/what_pogrom_wrought |title=What The 'Pogrom' Wrought |website=The Jewish Week |first=Jonathan |last=Mark |date=9 August 2011 |access-date=15 February 2015 |quote=A divisive debate over the meaning of pogrom, lasting for more than two years, could have easily been ended if the mayor simply said to the victims of Crown Heights, yes, I understand why you experienced it as a pogrom. |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024224338/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/new_york/what_pogrom_wrought |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Klier58">{{cite book |first=John |last=Klier |author-link=John Klier |year=2011 |title=Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfVSNViOsZcC&pg=PA58 |page=58 |quote=By the twentieth century, the word "pogrom" had become a generic term in English for all forms of collective violence directed against Jews. The term was especially associated with Eastern Europe and the Russian Empire, the scene of the most serious outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence before the Holocaust. Yet when applied indiscriminately to events in Eastern Europe, the term can be misleading, the more so when it implies that "pogroms" were regular events in the region and that they always shared common features. In fact, outbreaks of mass violence against Jews were extraordinary events, not a regular feature of East European life. |isbn=978-0-521-89548-4}}</ref>

<ref name="metropolitan">[[Amos Elon]] (2002), ''The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743–1933''. [[Metropolitan Books]]. {{ISBN|0-8050-5964-4}}. p. 103.</ref>

<ref name="New York Magazine">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DukCAAAAMBAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DukCAAAAMBAJ/page/n27 28] |title=New York Magazine |access-date=15 February 2015 |author=New York Media, LLC |date=9 September 1991 |publisher=New York Media, LLC}}</ref>

<ref name="Pease">{{cite book |first=Neal |last=Pease |chapter='This Troublesome Question': The United States and the 'Polish Pogroms' of 1918–1919 |editor1-first=Mieczysław B. |editor1-last=Biskupski |editor2-first=Piotr Stefan |editor2-last=Wandycz |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhK5QebocBkC&q=pogrom |title=Ideology, Politics, and Diplomacy in East Central Europe. |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-58046-137-5}}</ref>

<ref name="Pietrowski">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBbnrEMswbUC&pg=PA42 |title=Poland's Holocaust |access-date=15 February 2015 |isbn=978-0-7864-2913-4|last1=Piotrowski |first1=Tadeusz |date=1 November 1997 |publisher=McFarland}}</ref>

<ref name="Rossino">{{Cite book |last=Rossino |first=Alexander B. |author-link=Alexander B. Rossino |title=Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 16: Focusing on Jewish Popular Culture and Its Afterlife |date=1 November 2003 |publisher=The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization |isbn=978-1-909821-67-5 |editor1-last=Steinlauf |editor1-first=Michael C. |editor1-link=Michael C. Steinlauf |pages=431–452 |chapter="Polish 'Neighbours' and German Invaders: Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa." |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1rmk6w.30 |jstor=j.ctv1rmk6w |editor2-last=Polonsky |editor2-first=Antony |editor2-link=Antony Polonsky}}</ref>

<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |first=Julia |last=Magnet |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/1427687/The-terror-behind-Iraqs-Jewish-exodus.html |title=The terror behind Iraq's Jewish exodus |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=16 April 2003}}</ref>

<ref name="ucsb">{{cite web |url=https://holocaust.projects.history.ucsb.edu/Resources/history_of_lviv.htm |title=Holocaust Resources, History of Lviv |work=holocaust.projects.history.ucsb.edu |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="ushmm">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-farhud |title=The Farhud |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WileyBlackwell">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC&pg=PA324 |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789 |access-date=15 February 2015 |isbn=978-1-4443-9072-8 |last1=Atkin |first1=Nicholas |last2=Biddiss |first2=Michael |author2-link=Michael D. Biddiss |last3=Tallett |first3=Frank |date=23 May 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]}}</ref>

<ref name="yadvashem">{{cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20080226-romania-commission-holocaust-history.pdf |title=Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Presented to Romanian President Ion Iliescu |date=11 November 2004 |publisher=[[Yad Vashem]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Zimmerman67">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=Soviet+Jedwabne&pg=PA67 |title=Contested memories |author-link=Joshua D. Zimmerman |first=Joshua D. |last=Zimmerman |date=2003 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |pages=67–68 |isbn=978-0-8135-3158-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Conaway">{{Cite journal |title=Crown Heights: Politics and Press Coverage of the Race War That Wasn't |first=Carol B. |last=Conaway |journal=[[Polity (journal)|Polity]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |date=Autumn 1999 |pages=93–118 |doi=10.2307/3235335 |jstor=3235335 |s2cid=146866395}}</ref>

<ref name="Klier p13, 35">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3D7CmSOMfIC&pg=PA13 |title=Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History |date=12 February 2004 |editor-link=John Klier |editor-first=John Doyle |editor-last=Klier |editor-first2=Shlomo |editor-last2=Lambroza |page=13 and 35 (footnotes) |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-52851-1}}</ref>

}}

== Further reading ==
{{Main|Bibliography of genocide studies}}
* {{cite book |last1=Astashkevich |first1=Irina |title=Gendered Violence: Jewish Women in the Pogroms of 1917 to 1921 (Jews of Russia & Eastern Europe and Their Legacy) |date=2018 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |isbn=978-1-61811-616-1 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Avrutin |editor1-first=Eugene M. |editor2-last=Bemporad |editor2-first=Elissa |title=Pogroms: A Documentary History |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-762929-1 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bemporad |first1=Elissa |title=Legacy of Blood: Jews, Pogroms, and Ritual Murder in the Lands of the Soviets |date=2019 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-046647-3 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |first=Werner |last=Bergmann |author-link=Werner Bergmann |chapter=Pogroms |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4mqsik_VDcC&pg=PA351 |title=International Handbook of Violence Research |volume=1 |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]] |year=2003 |location=Dordrecht |editor1-last=Heitmeyer |editor1-first=Wilhelm |editor1-link=Wilhelm Heitmeyer |editor2-last=Hagan |editor2-first=John |isbn=978-1-4020-1466-6}}
* {{cite conference |url=http://www.paulbrass.com/on_the_study_of_riots_pogroms__and_genocide_20572.htm |title=On the Study of Riots, Pogroms, and Genocide |first=Paul R.|last=Brass|author-link=Paul Brass |date=6 December 2002 |conference=Sawyer Seminar session on "Processes of Mass Killing" |location=[[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]], Stanford University}}
* {{cite book |last=Cohn |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Cohn |date=1966 |title=Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion |location=New York |publisher=[[Harper & Row]] |oclc=220903085 |title-link=Warrant for Genocide}}
* {{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUYQ8JQ-iM0C&pg=PA19 |first=David |last=Engel |author-link=David Engel (historian) |editor-last=Dekel-Chen
|editor-first=Jonathan |chapter=What's in a Pogrom? European Jews in the Age of Violence |title=Anti-Jewish Violence: Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2010 |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=978-0-253-35520-1}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Horvitz |editor1-first=Leslie A. |editor2-last=Catherwood |editor2-first=Christopher |editor2-link=Christopher Catherwood |date=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwa0000horv_m2s0 |url-access=registration |location=New York, NY |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |isbn=978-0-8160-6001-6}}
* {{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfVSNViOsZcC&pg=PA58 |editor1-first=John D. |editor1-last=Klier |editor1-link=John Klier |chapter=What was a Pogrom? |title=Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-521-89548-4}}
* {{cite book |last=McDermott |first=Jim |year=2001 |title=Northern Divisions The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22 |publisher=BTP Publications |location=Belfast |page=28 |isbn=1-900960-11-7}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Shelton |editor1-first=Dinah |year=2005 |title=Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity |location=Detroit |publisher=Macmillan Reference |isbn=978-0-02-865847-6}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Thackrah |editor1-first=John R. |year=1987 |title=Encyclopedia of Terrorism and Political Violence |location=London |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=978-0-7102-0659-6}}
* Unowsky, Daniel.  ''The Plunder: The 1898 Anti-Jewish Riots in Habsburg Galicia'' (Stanford UP, 2018)
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Veidlinger |editor1-first=Jeff |year=1987 |title=In the Midst of Civilized Europe: The Pogroms of 1918–1921 and the Onset of the Holocaust |publisher=Picador |isbn=1-5098-6744-9}}
* Velychenko, Stephen (2021). ''Ukraine's Revolutions and anti-Jewish Pogroms'' (historians.in.ua)

{{Antisemitism topics}}
{{Massacres of Jews}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Racism topics}}
{{Religious persecution}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{massacres}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pogroms| ]]
[[Category:Persecution of Jews]]
[[Category:Genocide]]
[[Category:Violence]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses]]