View source for Jimi Hendrix

{{short description|American guitarist (1942–1970)}}
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{{distinguish|Jimmy Hendriks|Jimmy Hendricks (murder victim)}}
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{{Use American English|date=February 2013}}
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{{Infobox musical artist
| image             = Jimi Hendrix cropped.jpg
| alt               = 
| caption           = Hendrix in 1967
| birth_name        = Johnny Allen Hendrix
| alias             = James Marshall Hendrix
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1942|11|27}}
| birth_place       = [[Seattle]], Washington, US<!-- see [[MOS:US]] -->
| death_date        = {{death date and age|1970|9|18|1942|11|27}}
| death_place       = London, England
| genre             = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[Psychedelic music|psychedelia]]|[[blues]]|[[Rhythm and blues|R&B]]}}<!--Please do not add to this list without first discussing your proposal on the talk page.-->
| occupations       = {{hlist|Musician|songwriter|singer}}<!--Please do not add to this list without first discussing your proposal on the talk page. -->
| instruments       = {{hlist|Guitar|vocals}}<!--- If you think an instrument should be listed or removed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first per: [[Template]]:Infobox_musical_artist#instrument--->
| years_active      = 1962<!--According to the "Early career" section, Hendrix was active as a musician in 1962-->–1970
| label             = {{hlist|[[Sue Records|Sue]]|[[PPX (record company)|PPX]]|RSVP|[[Track Records|Track]]|[[Barclay (record label)|Barclay]]|[[Polydor Records|Polydor]]|[[Reprise Records|Reprise]]|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]}}
| past_member_of    = {{hlist|[[Curtis Knight and the Squires]]|[[Jimmy James and the Blue Flames]]|The Jimi Hendrix Experience|[[Band of Gypsys]]}}<!--Please do not add to this list without first discussing your proposal on the talk page. -->
| website           = {{URL|jimihendrix.com}}
| module            = {{Infobox person|child=yes
| signature        = Hendrix.svg}}
}}
'''James Marshall''' "'''Jimi'''"<!--CONSENSUS IS TO INCLUDE "JIMI", please see Talk:Jimi Hendrix/Archive 9#Jimi MOS:NICKNAME--> '''Hendrix''' (born '''Johnny Allen Hendrix'''; November 27, 1942{{snd}}September 18, 1970) was an American guitarist, songwriter and singer. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential guitarists of all time. Inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in 1992 as a part of his band, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, the institution describes him as "arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music."<ref name="R&RHOFB">{{cite web|title=Biography of the Jimi Hendrix Experience|url=http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-jimi-hendrix-experience/bio/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201174555/http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-jimi-hendrix-experience/bio/|archive-date=February 1, 2013|access-date=February 25, 2013|publisher=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}</ref><!--quotations should always be supported with an in-line citation, see WP:Leadcite.-->

Born in [[Seattle]], Washington, Hendrix began playing guitar at age 15. In 1961, he enlisted in the US Army, but was discharged the following year. Soon afterward, he moved to [[Clarksville, Tennessee|Clarksville]], then [[Nashville]], Tennessee, and began playing gigs on the [[Chitlin' Circuit]], earning a place in [[the Isley Brothers]]' backing band and later with [[Little Richard]], with whom he continued to work through mid-1965. He then played with [[Curtis Knight and the Squires]].

Hendrix moved to England in late 1966, after bassist [[Chas Chandler]] of [[the Animals]] became his manager. Within months, he had formed his band, the Jimi Hendrix Experience (with its rhythm section consisting of bassist [[Noel Redding]] and drummer [[Mitch Mitchell]]), and achieved three UK top ten hits: "[[Hey Joe]]", "[[Purple Haze]]", and "[[The Wind Cries Mary]]". He achieved fame in the US after his performance at the [[Monterey Pop Festival]] in 1967. His third and final studio album, ''[[Electric Ladyland]]'' (1968), became his most commercially successful release and his only number one album on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart. The world's highest-paid rock musician,<ref name="Highest-paid"/> Hendrix headlined the [[Woodstock Festival]] in 1969 and the [[Isle of Wight Festival 1970|Isle of Wight Festival]] in 1970. [[Death of Jimi Hendrix| He died]] in London from barbiturate-related [[asphyxia]] in September 1970, at the [[27 Club|age of 27]].

Hendrix was inspired by American [[rock and roll]] and [[electric blues]]. He favored [[overdriven]] amplifiers with high volume and [[Gain (electronics)|gain]], and was instrumental in popularizing the previously undesirable sounds caused by guitar amplifier [[Audio feedback|feedback]]. He was also one of the first guitarists to make extensive use of tone-altering [[effects unit]]s in mainstream rock, such as fuzz distortion, [[Octavia (effects pedal)|Octavia]], [[wah-wah pedal|wah-wah]], and [[Uni-Vibe]]. He was the first musician to use stereophonic [[Phaser (effect)|phasing]] effects in recordings. Holly George-Warren of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' commented: "Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument as an electronic sound source. Players before him had experimented with feedback and distortion, but Hendrix turned those effects and others into a controlled, fluid vocabulary every bit as personal as the blues with which he began."{{sfn|George-Warren|2005|p=428}}

== Ancestry and childhood ==
[[File:Bertran Philander Ross Hendrix and Zenora "Nora" Rose Hendrix.jpg|thumb|upright|Hendrix's paternal grandparents, Ross and Nora Hendrix, pre-1912|alt=A black and white image (c.1912) of two well-dressed people in their early 20s to late 30s.]]
Hendrix was of [[African Americans|African-American]] and alleged [[Cherokee descent]].{{refn|group=nb|Several non-Native Hendrix biographers have noted Hendrix's belief that he had Cherokee heritage.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2005|p=17}}; {{harvnb|Brown|1992|p=6}}; {{harvnb|Whitaker|2011|=378}}</ref> Shapiro and Glebbeek write that Nora's grandmother was a "full-blood Cherokee princess"{{sic}} in their 1990 biography,<ref>{{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=13}}</ref> although there is no known record of Hendrix or his family members referring to a "[[Cherokee princess]]" (the Cherokee did not have "princesses", but this nomenclature is very common among non-Natives who claim Cherokee identities for ancestors who were actually white or Black).<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|1996|p=}}</ref><ref name="ICT">{{cite news |url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/oh-pharrell-is-part-native-american-heres-why-it-doesnt-matter|author=ICT Staff |title=Oh, Pharrell Is Part Native American? Here's Why It Doesn't Matter{{snd}}Does some Native American heritage make it OK for Pharrell Williams to wear a feather headdress? No{{snd}}and here are four reasons why it doesn't|work=[[Indian Country Today]]|date=June 4, 2014|access-date=November 20, 2021|quote=By the way, the Cherokee did not have "princesses" and did not wear feather headdresses}}</ref> Hendrix was not "enrolled in any Cherokee tribe"<ref>{{harvnb|Wolfram|Reaser|2014|p=193}}</ref> and "no documentation of Hendrix's Cherokee blood has been found, and its absence is potentially problematic, especially given the history of appropriation of Indian cultures and identities by non-Indians".<ref>{{harvnb|Cannon|2021|p=78}}</ref>}} His paternal grandfather, Bertran Philander Ross Hendrix, was born in 1866 from an extramarital affair between a woman named Fanny and a [[grain trade|grain merchant]] from either [[Urbana, Ohio]] or [[Urbana, Illinois|Illinois]], one of the wealthiest men in the area at that time.<ref>{{harvnb|Hendrix|1999|p=10}}: (primary source); {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=5–7}}, {{harvnb|Brown|1992|pp=6–7}}: (secondary source).</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Author Charles R. Cross in ''[[Room Full of Mirrors]]'' writes "He [Hendrix's paternal grandfather, Bertran Philander Ross Hendrix] was born out of wedlock, and from the biracial coupling of his mother, a former enslaved person, and a white merchant who had once enslaved her."{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=16}}}} Hendrix's paternal grandmother, Zenora "Nora" Rose Moore, was a former dancer and vaudeville performer who co-founded [[Fountain Chapel]] in [[Hogan's Alley, Vancouver|Hogan's Alley]].{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=13}} Hendrix and Moore relocated to [[Vancouver]], Canada, where they had a son they named James Allen Hendrix on June 10, 1919; the family called him "Al".<ref>{{harvnb|Hendrix|1999|p=10}}: Jimi's father's full name; {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=8–9}}: Al Hendrix's birthdate; {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=746–747}}: Hendrix family tree.</ref>

In 1941, after moving to [[Seattle]], Washington, Al met Lucille Jeter (1925–1958) at a dance; they married on March 31, 1942.<ref>{{harvnb|Hendrix|1999|p=32}}: Al and Lucille meeting at a dance in 1941; {{harvnb|Hendrix|1999|p=37}}: Al and Lucille married in 1942.</ref> Lucille's father (Jimi's maternal grandfather) was Preston Jeter (born 1875), whose mother was born in similar circumstances as Bertran Philander Ross Hendrix.{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=11}} Lucille's mother, Clarice (''née'' Lawson), had African-American ancestors who had been enslaved people.{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=12}} Al, who had been drafted by the US Army to serve in [[World War II]], left to begin his basic training three days after the wedding.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2005|p=20}}: Al went to basic training three days after the wedding. (secondary source); {{harvnb|Hendrix|1999|p=37}}: Al went to war three days after the wedding. (primary source).</ref> Johnny Allen Hendrix was born on November 27, 1942, in Seattle; he was the first of Lucille's five children. In 1946, Johnny's parents changed his name to James Marshall Hendrix, in honor of Al and his late brother Leon Marshall.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=13–19}}{{refn|group=nb|Authors Harry Shapiro and Caesar Glebbeek speculate that the change from Johnny to James may have been a response to Al's knowledge of an affair Lucille had with a man who called himself John Williams.<ref>{{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=13–19}}</ref> As a young child, friends and family called Hendrix "Buster". His brother Leon claims that Jimi chose the nickname after his hero [[Buster Crabbe]], of [[Flash Gordon (serial)|''Flash Gordon'']] and [[Buck Rogers]] fame.<ref>{{harvnb|Hendrix|Mitchell|2012|p=10}}: (primary source); {{harvnb|Roby|Schreiber|2010|pp=xiii, 3}}: (secondary source).</ref>}}

Stationed in Alabama at the time of Hendrix's birth, Al was denied the standard military furlough afforded servicemen for childbirth; his commanding officer placed him in the stockade to prevent him from going [[AWOL]] to see his infant son in Seattle. He spent two months locked up without trial, and, while in the stockade, received a telegram announcing his son's birth.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=13}}{{refn|group=nb|Al Hendrix completed his basic training at [[Fort Sill]], Oklahoma.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=13}} He spent most of his time in the service in the [[Pacific Ocean theater of World War II|South Pacific Theater]], in [[Fiji]].{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=23}}}} During Al's three-year absence, Lucille struggled to raise their son.{{sfn|Cross|2005|pp=22–25}} When Al was away, Hendrix was mostly cared for by family members and friends, especially Lucille's sister Delores Hall and her friend Dorothy Harding.<ref>{{harvnb|Lawrence|2005|p=368}}; {{harvnb|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=1}}.</ref> Al received an [[Military discharge|honorable discharge]] from the US Army on September 1, 1945. Two months later, unable to find Lucille, Al went to the [[Berkeley, California]], home of a family friend named Mrs. Champ, who had taken care of and attempted to adopt Hendrix; this is where Al saw his son for the first time.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2005|pp=25–27}}; {{harvnb|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=2}}.</ref>

After returning from service, Al reunited with Lucille, but his inability to find steady work left the family impoverished. They both struggled with alcohol, and often fought when intoxicated. The violence sometimes drove Hendrix to withdraw and hide in a closet in their home.{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=32}} His relationship with his brother [[Leon Hendrix|Leon]] (born 1948) was close but precarious; with Leon in and out of foster care, they lived with an almost constant threat of fraternal separation.<ref>{{harvnb|Black|1999|p=11}}: Leon's birthdate; {{harvnb|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=2}}: Leon, in and out of foster care.</ref> In addition to Leon, Hendrix had three younger siblings: Joseph, born in 1949, Kathy in 1950, and Pamela in 1951, all of whom Al and Lucille gave up to foster care and adoption.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=20–22}} The family frequently moved, staying in cheap hotels and apartments around Seattle. On occasion, family members would take Hendrix to Vancouver to stay at his grandmother's. A shy and sensitive boy, he was deeply affected by his life experiences.{{sfn|Cross|2005|pp=32, 179, 308}} In later years, he confided to a girlfriend that he had been the victim of sexual abuse by a man in uniform.{{sfn|Cross|2005|pp=50, 127}} On December 17, 1951, when Hendrix was nine years old, his parents divorced; the court granted Al custody of him and Leon.{{sfn|Stubbs|2003|p=140}}

=== First instruments ===
At Horace Mann Elementary School in Seattle during the mid-1950s, Hendrix's habit of carrying a broom with him to emulate a guitar gained the attention of the school's social worker. After more than a year of his clinging to a broom like a [[Comfort object|security blanket]], she wrote a letter requesting school funding intended for underprivileged children, insisting that leaving him without a guitar might result in psychological damage.{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=5}} Her efforts failed, and Al refused to buy him a guitar.{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=5}}{{refn|group=nb|According to Hendrix's cousin, Diane Hendrix, in August 1956, when Jimi stayed with her family, he put on shows for her, using a broom to mimic a guitar while listening to [[Elvis Presley]] records.{{sfn|Black|1999|pp=16–18}}}}

In 1957, while helping his father with a side-job, Hendrix found a [[ukulele]] among the garbage they were removing from an older woman's home. She told him that he could keep the instrument, which had only one string.{{sfn|Hendrix|Mitchell|2012|pp=56–58}} Learning by ear, he played single notes, following along to [[Elvis Presley]] songs, particularly "[[Hound Dog (song)|Hound Dog]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Black|1999|pp=16–18}}: Hendrix playing along with "Hound Dog" (secondary source); {{harvnb|Hendrix|1999|p=100}}: Hendrix playing along with Presley's version of "Hound Dog" (primary source); {{harvnb|Hendrix|Mitchell|2012|p=59}}: Hendrix playing along with Presley songs (primary source).</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Hendrix saw Presley perform in Seattle on September 1, 1957.<ref>{{harvnb|Hendrix|McDermott|2007|p=9}}: Hendrix seeing Presley perform; {{harvnb|Black|1999|p=18}}: the date Hendrix saw Presley perform.</ref>}} By the age of 33, Hendrix's mother Lucille had developed [[cirrhosis]] of the liver, and on February 2, 1958, she died when her [[spleen]] ruptured.{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=4}} Al refused to take James and Leon to attend their mother's funeral; he instead gave them shots of [[Whisky|whiskey]] and told them that was how men should deal with loss.{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=4}}{{refn|group=nb|In 1967, Hendrix revealed his feelings in regard to his mother's death during a survey he took for the UK publication, ''[[NME|New Musical Express]]''. Hendrix stated: "Personal ambition: Have my own style of music. See my mother again."{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=5}}}} In 1958, Hendrix completed his studies at [[Washington Middle School (Seattle, Washington)|Washington Junior High School]] and began attending, but did not graduate from, [[Garfield High School (Seattle)|Garfield High School]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lawrence|2005|pp=17–19}}: Hendrix did not graduate from James A. Garfield High School; {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=694}}: Hendrix completed his studies at Washington Middle School.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|In the late 1960s, after he had become famous, Hendrix told reporters that racist faculty expelled him from Garfield for holding hands with a white girlfriend during study hall. Principal Frank Hanawalt says that it was due to poor grades and attendance problems.{{sfn|Cross|2005|pp=73–74}} The school had a relatively even ethnic mix of African, European, and Asian-Americans.{{sfn|Lawrence|2005|pp=17–19}}}}

In mid-1958, at age 15, Hendrix acquired his first acoustic guitar, for $5{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=18}} ({{Inflation|US|5|1958|fmt=eq}}). He played for hours daily, watching others and learning from more experienced guitarists, and listening to [[blues]] artists such as [[Muddy Waters]], [[B.B. King]], [[Howlin' Wolf]], and [[Robert Johnson]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hendrix|1999|p=126}}: (primary source); {{harvnb|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=6}}: (secondary source).</ref> The first tune Hendrix learned to play was the television theme "[[Peter Gunn (song)|Peter Gunn]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Hendrix|1999|p=113}}: (primary source); {{harvnb|Heatley|2009|p=20}}: (secondary source).</ref> Around that time, Hendrix jammed with boyhood friend [[Sammy Drain]] and his keyboard-playing brother.{{sfn|Macdonald|2015|loc=eBook}} In 1959, attending a concert by [[Hank Ballard]] & [[The Midnighters]] in Seattle, Hendrix met the group's guitarist [[Billy Davis (guitarist)|Billy Davis]].<ref name="Grimshaw">{{cite web|url=http://billydavisdetroit.com/#biography|title=Biography of JC Billy Davis|last=Grimshaw|first=LE|website=BillyDavisDetroit.com|date=June 2017|access-date=January 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104132619/http://billydavisdetroit.com/#biography|archive-date=January 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Davis showed him some guitar licks and got him a short gig with the Midnighters.{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|pp=48–49}} The two remained friends until Hendrix's death in 1970.<ref name="Parker">{{cite web|url=https://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/its-getting-late-but-still-not-midnight-for-billy-davis/Content?oid=4619010|title=It's Getting Late, but Still Not Midnight for Billy Davis: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductee Keeps on Creating|last=Parker|first=Chris|website=[[Detroit Metro Times]]|date=July 19, 2017|access-date=January 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104132638/https://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/its-getting-late-but-still-not-midnight-for-billy-davis/Content?oid=4619010|archive-date=January 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Soon after he acquired the acoustic guitar, Hendrix formed his first band, the Velvetones. Without an electric guitar, he could barely be heard over the sound of the group. After about three months, he realized that he needed an electric guitar.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=19}} In mid-1959, his father relented and bought him a white [[Supro Ozark 1560 S|Supro Ozark]].{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=19}} Hendrix's first gig was with an unnamed band in the Jaffe Room of Seattle's [[Temple De Hirsch]], but they fired him between sets for showing off.{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=67}} He joined the Rocking Kings, which played professionally at venues such as the Birdland club. When his guitar was stolen after he left it backstage overnight, Al bought him a red [[Silvertone (instruments)|Silvertone]] [[Danelectro]].{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=28}}

== Military service ==
[[File:Hendrix in Army.jpg|right|thumb|upright|alt=A black and white photograph of five men wearing Army uniforms and standing together as a group|Hendrix in the US Army, 1961]]

Before Hendrix was 19 years old, law authorities had twice caught him [[Joyride (crime)|riding in stolen cars]]. Given a choice between prison or joining the [[United States Army|Army]], he chose the latter and enlisted on May 31, 1961.<ref>{{harvnb|Hendrix|Mitchell|2012|p=95}}: Hendrix choosing the Army over jail; {{harvnb|Cross|2005|p=84}}: Hendrix's enlistment date; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=35}}: Hendrix was twice caught in stolen cars.</ref> After completing eight weeks of [[Recruit training|basic training]] at [[Fort Ord]], California, he was assigned to the [[101st Airborne Division]] and stationed at [[Fort Campbell]], Kentucky.<ref>{{harvnb|Roby|Schreiber|2010|pp=13–14}}: Hendrix completed eight weeks of basic training at Fort Ord, California; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|pp=37–38}}: the Army stationed Hendrix at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.</ref> He arrived on November 8, and soon afterward he wrote to his father: "There's nothing but physical training and harassment here for two weeks, then when you go to jump school&nbsp;... you get hell. They work you to death, fussing and fighting."{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=14}} In his next letter home, Hendrix, who had left his guitar in Seattle at the home of his girlfriend Betty Jean Morgan, asked his father to send it to him as soon as possible, stating: "I really need it now."{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=14}} His father obliged and sent the red Silvertone Danelectro on which Hendrix had hand-painted the words "Betty Jean" to Fort Campbell.<ref>{{harvnb|Heatley|2009|p=26}}; {{harvnb|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=14}}.</ref> His apparent obsession with the instrument contributed to his neglect of his duties, which led to taunting and physical abuse from his peers, who at least once hid the guitar from him until he had begged for its return.{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|pp=15–16}} In November 1961, fellow serviceman [[Billy Cox]] walked past an army club and heard Hendrix playing.{{sfn| Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=51}} Impressed by Hendrix's technique, which Cox described as a combination of "[[John Lee Hooker]] and [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]", Cox borrowed a bass guitar and the two [[Jam session|jammed]].{{sfn|Cross|2005|pp=90–91}} Within weeks, they began performing at base clubs on the weekends with other musicians in a loosely organized band, the Casuals.{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=92}}

Hendrix completed his [[paratrooper]] training and, on January 11, 1962, Major General [[Charles W. G. Rich]] awarded him the prestigious [[101st Airborne Division|Screaming Eagles]] patch.{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=14}} By February, his personal conduct had begun to draw criticism from his superiors. They labeled him an unqualified marksman and often caught him napping while on duty and failing to report for bed checks.{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|pp=18–25}} On May 24, Hendrix's platoon sergeant, James C. Spears, filed a report in which he stated: "He has no interest whatsoever in the Army&nbsp;... It is my opinion that Private Hendrix will never come up to the standards required of a soldier. I feel that the military service will benefit if he is discharged as soon as possible."{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|pp=24–25}} On June 29, 1962, Hendrix was granted a [[Military discharge#General discharge|general discharge under honorable conditions]].<ref>{{citation 
|title=Official Military Personnel File for James M. Hendrix
|section=Headquarters, 101st Airborne Division and Fort Campbell - Special Orders Number 167 – Extract - 29 June 1962
|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/OpaAPI/media/57288864/content/st-louis/military/rg-319/299741/300_Hendrix_James.pdf
|publisher=U.S. National Archives Catalog|access-date=July 3, 2019|page=56
|quote=Hendrix{{nbsp}}... 'Type disch: Under Honorable Conditions' and 'Rsn (disch): Unsuitability'.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630204643/https://catalog.archives.gov/OpaAPI/media/57288864/content/st-louis/military/rg-319/299741/300_Hendrix_James.pdf|archive-date=June 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Hendrix later spoke of his dislike of the army and that he had received a medical discharge after breaking his ankle during his 26th parachute jump,<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2005|p=94}}: Hendrix claimed he had received a medical discharge; {{harvnb|Roby|2002|p=15}}: Hendrix's dislike of the Army.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|According to authors Steven Roby and Brad Schreiber: "It has been erroneously reported that Captain John Halbert, a medical officer, recommended that Jimi be discharged primarily for admitting to having homosexual desires for an unnamed soldier."{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=25}} However, in the National Personnel Records Center, which contains 98 pages documenting Hendrix's army service, including his numerous infractions, the word "homosexual" is not mentioned.{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=25}}}} but no Army records have been produced that indicate that he received or was discharged for any injuries.{{sfn|Gelfand|Piccoli|2009|p=32}}

== Career ==

=== Early years ===
In September 1962, after Cox was discharged from the Army, he and Hendrix moved about {{convert|20|mi|km}} across the state line from Fort Campbell to [[Clarksville, Tennessee|Clarksville]], Tennessee, and formed a band, the King Kasuals.{{sfn|Cross|2005|pp=92–97}} In Seattle, Hendrix saw Butch Snipes play with his teeth and now the Kasuals' second guitarist, Alphonso "Baby Boo" Young, was performing this guitar gimmick.{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=97}} Not to be upstaged, Hendrix also learned to play in this way. He later explained: "The idea of doing that came to me{{nbsp}}... in Tennessee. Down there you have to play with your teeth or else you get shot. There's a trail of broken teeth all over the stage."{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=66}}

Although they began playing low-paying gigs at obscure venues, the band eventually moved to [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]'s Jefferson Street, which was the traditional heart of the city's black community and home to a thriving [[rhythm and blues]] music scene.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=39–41}} They earned a brief residency playing at a popular venue in town, the Club del Morocco, and for the next two years Hendrix made a living performing at a circuit of venues throughout the South that were affiliated with the [[Theater Owners Booking Association]] (TOBA), widely known as the [[Chitlin' Circuit]].{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=40–42}} In addition to playing in his own band, Hendrix performed as a [[Session musician|backing musician]] for various soul, R&B, and blues musicians, including [[Wilson Pickett]], [[Slim Harpo]], [[Sam Cooke]], [[Ike & Tina Turner]]{{sfn|Roby|2012|pp=20, 139}} and [[Jackie Wilson]].{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|pp=225–226}}

In January 1964, feeling he had outgrown the circuit artistically, and frustrated by having to follow the rules of bandleaders, Hendrix decided to venture out on his own. He moved into the [[Hotel Theresa]] in [[Harlem]], where he befriended Lithofayne Pridgon, known as "Faye", who became his girlfriend.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=50}} A Harlem native with connections throughout the area's music scene, Pridgon provided him with shelter, support, and encouragement.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=59–61}} Hendrix also met the Allen twins, Arthur and Albert.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=93–95}}{{refn|group=nb|The Allen twins performed as backup singers under the name Ghetto Fighters on Hendrix's song "[[Freedom (Jimi Hendrix song)|Freedom]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=537}}; {{harvnb|Doggett|2004|pp=34–35}}.</ref>}} In February 1964, Hendrix won first prize in the [[Apollo Theater]] amateur contest.{{sfn|Hendrix|McDermott|2007|p=13}} Hoping to secure a career opportunity, he played the Harlem club circuit and sat in with various bands. At the recommendation of a former associate of [[Joe Tex]], [[Ronald Isley|Ronnie Isley]] granted Hendrix an audition that led to an offer to become the guitarist with [[the Isley Brothers]]' backing band, the I.B. Specials, which he readily accepted.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=10}}

=== First recordings ===
In March 1964, Hendrix recorded the two-part single "[[Testify (Isley Brothers song)|Testify]]" with the Isley Brothers. Released in June, it failed to chart.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=10–11}} In May, he provided guitar instrumentation for the [[Don Covay]] song, "[[Mercy, Mercy (Don Covay song)|Mercy Mercy]]". Issued in August by Rosemart Records and distributed by [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]], the track reached number 35 on the [[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' chart]].<ref>{{harvnb|George-Warren|2005|p=217}}: for the peak chart position of "Mercy Mercy"; {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=10}}: Hendrix played on "Mercy Mercy"; {{harvnb|Roby|2002|pp=32–35}}: Hendrix played on "Mercy Mercy"; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=53}}: "Mercy Mercy" was recorded on May 18, 1964.</ref>

Hendrix toured with the Isleys during much of 1964, but near the end of October, after growing tired of playing the same set every night, he left the band.<ref>{{harvnb|Heatley|2009|p=53}}; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=54}}.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|According to authors Steve Roby and Brad Schreiber, Hendrix was fired from the Isleys in August 1964.{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=85}}}} Soon afterward, Hendrix joined [[Little Richard]]'s touring band, [[The Upsetters (American band)|the Upsetters]].{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=13}} During a stop in [[Los Angeles]] in February 1965, he recorded his first and only single with Richard, "I Don't Know What You Got (But It's Got Me)", written by Don Covay and released by [[Vee-Jay Records]].<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=12}}: recording with Richard; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|pp=56–57}}: "I Don't Know What You Got (But It's Got Me)" recorded in Los Angeles.</ref> Richard's popularity was waning at the time, and the single peaked at number 92, where it remained for one week before dropping off the chart.{{sfn|McDermott|1992|p=345}}{{refn|group=nb|Three other songs were recorded during the sessions—"Dancin' All Over the World", "You Better Stop", and "Every Time I Think About You"—but Vee Jay did not release them at the time due to their poor quality.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=57}}}} Hendrix met singer Rosa Lee Brooks while staying at the Wilcox Hotel in Hollywood, and she invited him to participate in a recording session for her single, which included the [[Arthur Lee (musician)|Arthur Lee]] penned "My Diary" as the [[A-side and B-side|A-side]], and "Utee" as the B-side.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=55}} Hendrix played guitar on both tracks, which also included background vocals by Lee. The single failed to chart, but Hendrix and Lee began a friendship that lasted several years; Hendrix later became an ardent supporter of Lee's band, [[Love (band)|Love]].{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=55}}

In July 1965, Hendrix made his first television appearance on ''Night Train'', a program produced and aired on Nashville TV station WLAC-TV (now [[WTVF]]). Performing in Little Richard's ensemble band, he backed up vocalists Buddy and Stacy on "[[Shotgun (Junior Walker & the All Stars song)|Shotgun]]". The video recording of the show marks the earliest known footage of Hendrix performing.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=13}} Richard and Hendrix often clashed over tardiness, wardrobe, and Hendrix's stage antics, and in late July, Richard's brother Robert fired him.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=56–60}}

On July 27, Hendrix signed his first recording contract with [[Juggy Murray]] at [[Sue Records]] and Copa Management.{{Sfn|Roby|2012|p=114}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/PR%20Newswire/5c47b20dce2113d894d29671695777ee|title=Jimi Hendrix's Landmark Final Album, 'Band Of Gypsys,' Celebrated With Remastered 50th Anniversary Vinyl Editions|date=February 6, 2020|website=AP NEWS|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216022658/https://apnews.com/PR%20Newswire/5c47b20dce2113d894d29671695777ee|archive-date=February 16, 2020|access-date=February 16, 2020}}</ref> He then briefly rejoined the Isley Brothers, and recorded a second single with them, "Move Over and Let Me Dance" backed with "Have You Ever Been Disappointed".<ref>{{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=571}}; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|pp=60–61}}.</ref> Later that year, he joined a New York-based R&B band, [[Curtis Knight]] and the Squires, after meeting Knight in the lobby of a hotel where both men were staying.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=95}} Hendrix performed with them for eight months.{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=120}}

In October 1965, he and Knight recorded the single, "How Would You Feel" backed with "Welcome Home". Despite his two-year contract with Sue,<ref>{{Cite book|ref=none|last=Lawrence|first=Sharon|title=Jimi Hendrix: The Man, the Magic, the Truth|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2005|isbn=978-0-06-056299-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tu7NZKL-2nQC&pg=PA33 33]}}</ref> Hendrix signed a three-year recording contract with entrepreneur [[Ed Chalpin]] on October 15.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=15}} While the relationship with Chalpin was short-lived, his contract remained in force, which later caused legal and career problems for Hendrix.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1997|p=100}}; {{harvnb|Cross|2005|pp=120–121}}.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Several songs and demos from the Knight recording sessions were later marketed as "Jimi Hendrix" recordings after he had become famous.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=14–15}}}} During his time with Knight, Hendrix briefly toured with [[Joey Dee and the Starliters]], and worked with [[King Curtis]] on several recordings including [[Ray Sharpe]]'s two-part single, "Help Me".<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=14–15}}; {{harvnb|Roby|Schreiber|2010|pp=207–208}}; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=69}}.</ref> Hendrix earned his first composer credits for two instrumentals, "Hornets Nest" and "Knock Yourself Out", released as a [[Curtis Knight and the Squires]] single in 1966.{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=210}}{{refn|group=nb|In mid-1966, Hendrix recorded with [[Lonnie Youngblood]], a saxophone player who occasionally performed with Curtis Knight.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=66–71}} The sessions produced two singles for Youngblood: "Go Go Shoes"/"Go Go Place" and "Soul Food (That's What I Like)"/"Goodbye Bessie Mae".{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=71}} Singles for other artists also came out of the sessions, including the [[The Icemen (R&B duo)|Icemen]]'s "[[(My Girl) She's a Fox]]"/ "(I Wonder) What It Takes" and [[Jimmy Norman]]'s "That Little Old Groove Maker"/"You're Only Hurting Yourself".{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=70}} As with the King Curtis recordings, backing tracks and alternate takes for the Youngblood sessions would be overdubbed and otherwise manipulated to create many "new" tracks.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=16–17}} Many Youngblood tracks without any Hendrix involvement would later be marketed as "Jimi Hendrix" recordings.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=71}}}}

Feeling restricted by his experiences as an R&B sideman, Hendrix moved in 1966 to New York City's [[Greenwich Village]], which had a vibrant and diverse music scene.{{sfn|Roby|2002|pp=47–48}} There, he was offered a residency at the [[Cafe Wha?]] on MacDougal Street and formed his own band that June, [[Jimmy James and the Blue Flames]], which included future [[Spirit (band)|Spirit]] guitarist [[Randy California]].{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=76–77}}{{refn|group=nb|So as to differentiate the two Randys in the band, Hendrix dubbed Randy Wolfe "Randy California" and Randy Palmer "Randy Texas".{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=76–77}} [[Randy California]] later co-founded the band [[Spirit (band)|Spirit]] with his stepfather, drummer [[Ed Cassidy]].{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=102}}}} The Blue Flames played at several clubs in New York and Hendrix began developing his guitar style and material that he would soon use with the Experience.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=76–79}}{{sfn|Roby|2002|pp=54–55}} In September, they gave some of their last concerts at the [[Cafe Au Go Go]] in [[Manhattan]], as the backing group for a singer and guitarist then billed as [[John P. Hammond|John Hammond]].{{sfn|Roby|2002|pp=53–56}}{{refn|group=nb|Most of Hammond's albums list him as "John Hammond", although he was often referred to as "John Hammond Jr." in biographies to distinguish him from his father, the record producer [[John Hammond (record producer)|John Hammond]]. Later, he has been referred to as "John P. Hammond" (father and son do not share the same middle name). Singer-guitarist [[Ellen McIlwaine]] and guitarist [[Jeff Baxter]] also briefly worked with Hendrix during this period.{{sfn|Roby|2002|pp=53–56}}}}

=== The Jimi Hendrix Experience ===
{{Redirect|The Jimi Hendrix Experience|the album|The Jimi Hendrix Experience (album)}}
[[File:Jimi Hendrix experience 1968.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=A black and white photograph of three men, one is sitting on the floor.|Hendrix with the Experience ([[Noel Redding]] and [[Mitch Mitchell]]) in 1968]]
By May 1966, Hendrix was struggling to earn a living wage playing the R&B circuit, so he briefly rejoined Curtis Knight and the Squires for an engagement at one of New York City's most popular nightspots, the [[Cheetah (nightclub)|Cheetah Club]].{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=17}} During a performance, Linda Keith, the girlfriend of [[The Rolling Stones|Rolling Stones]] guitarist [[Keith Richards]], noticed Hendrix and was "mesmerised" by his playing.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=17}} She invited him to join her for a drink, and the two became friends.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=17}}

While Hendrix was playing as Jimmy James and the Blue Flames, Keith recommended him to Stones manager [[Andrew Loog Oldham]] and producer [[Seymour Stein]]. They failed to see Hendrix's musical potential and rejected him.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=17–18}} Keith referred him to [[Chas Chandler]], who was leaving [[the Animals]] and was interested in managing and producing artists.<ref name=hendrix2017>{{cite news | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/how-newcastles-chas-chandler-discovered-10386763 | title = How Newcastle's Chas Chandler discovered the best guitarist in the world | first= Barbara|last=Hodgson | date = November 4, 2015 | newspaper = [[Evening Chronicle]] | access-date = April 14, 2017 | quote = He was on his final tour with The Animals in the US when he heard about a talented young guitarist and went along to New York's Cafe Wha to see him in action. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170414164302/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/how-newcastles-chas-chandler-discovered-10386763 | archive-date = April 14, 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> Chandler saw Hendrix play in [[Cafe Wha?]], a Greenwich Village, New York City nightclub.<ref name=hendrix2017/> Chandler liked the [[Billy Roberts]] song "[[Hey Joe]]", and was persuaded he could create a hit single with the right artist.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=18–21}} Impressed with Hendrix's version of the song, he brought him to London on September 24, 1966,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01k8pf4|title=BBC One – imagine..., Winter 2013, Jimi Hendrix: Hear My Train A Comin', Hendrix in London|work=BBC|date=October 24, 2013 |access-date=December 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329161248/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01k8pf4|archive-date=March 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and signed him to a management and production contract with himself and ex-Animals manager [[Michael Jeffery (manager)|Michael Jeffery]].{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=20–22}} That night, Hendrix gave an impromptu solo performance at [[The Scotch of St James]] and began a relationship with [[Kathy Etchingham]] that lasted for two and a half years.<ref>{{harvnb|Black|1999|pp=181–182}}; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=82}}.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Etchingham later wrote an autobiographical book about their relationship and the London music scene during the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Through Gypsy Eyes|last1=Etchingham|first1=Kathy|last2=Crofts|first2=Andrew|publisher=Orion|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7528-2725-4}}</ref>}}

Following Hendrix's arrival in London, Chandler began recruiting members for a band designed to highlight his talents, the Jimi Hendrix Experience.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=84}} Hendrix met guitarist [[Noel Redding]] at an audition for the New Animals, where Redding's knowledge of blues progressions impressed Hendrix.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=83}} Another important criterion for Hendrix was fashion—according to author Keith Shadwick, "what he really liked was Redding's hairstyle."{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=83}} Chandler asked Redding if he wanted to play bass guitar in Hendrix's band; Redding agreed.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=83}} Chandler began looking for a drummer and soon after contacted [[Mitch Mitchell]] through a mutual friend. Mitchell, who had recently been fired from [[Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames]], participated in a rehearsal with Redding and Hendrix where they found common ground in their shared interest in rhythm and blues. When Chandler phoned Mitchell later that day to offer him the position, he readily accepted.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=21–22}}; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|pp=83–85}}</ref> Chandler also persuaded Hendrix to change the spelling of his first name from ''Jimmy'' to the more exotic ''Jimi''.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=22}}

On October 1, 1966, Chandler brought Hendrix to the [[University of Westminster|London Polytechnic]] at Regent Street, where [[Cream (band)|Cream]] was scheduled to perform, and where Hendrix and guitarist [[Eric Clapton]] met.{{sfn|McDermott|1992|p=21}} Clapton later said: "He asked if he could play a couple of numbers. I said, 'Of course', but I had a funny feeling about him."{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=84}} Halfway through Cream's set, Hendrix took the stage and performed a frantic version of the Howlin' Wolf song "[[Killing Floor (Howlin' Wolf song)|Killing Floor]]".{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=84}} In 1989, Clapton described the performance: "He played just about every style you could think of, and not in a flashy way. I mean he did a few of his tricks, like playing with his teeth and behind his back, but it wasn't in an upstaging sense at all, and that was it&nbsp;... He walked off, and my life was never the same again".{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=84}}

{{clear|left}}

==== UK success ====
In mid-October 1966, Chandler arranged an engagement for the Experience as [[Johnny Hallyday]]'s supporting act during a brief tour of France.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=22}} Thus, the Jimi Hendrix Experience performed their first show on October 13, 1966, at the Novelty in [[Evreux]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hendrix.free.fr/concerts/1966.htm |title=Concerts 1966 |date=2014 |website=hendrix.free.fr |access-date=December 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220050450/http://hendrix.free.fr/concerts/1966.htm |archive-date=December 20, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Their enthusiastically received 15-minute performance at the [[Olympia (Paris)|Olympia]] theatre in Paris on October 18 marks the earliest known recording of the band.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=22}} In late October, [[Kit Lambert]] and [[Chris Stamp]], managers of [[the Who]], signed the Experience to their newly formed label, [[Track Records]], and the group recorded their first song, "Hey Joe", on October 23.<ref>{{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|pp=89–90}}; {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=524}}.</ref> "[[Stone Free]]", which was Hendrix's first songwriting effort after arriving in England, was recorded on November 2.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=22–24}}

From November 8 to 11, 1966, the Jimi Hendrix Experience had a short residency at the [[Big Apple (club)|Big Apple]] club in [[Munich]], their first gigs in Germany. At this occasion Hendrix had a show experience that would define him from then on: when trying to escape in panic from a frenetic audience that had pulled him off the stage, he smashed his guitar for the first time in a sound explosion on stage, which was perceived by the audience as part of the show.<ref name="redding">{{cite book |title=Are You Experienced? The Inside Story of the Jimi Hendrix Experience. |last1=Redding |first1=Noel |last2=Appleby |first2=Carol |publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]] |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=0-330-31923-X}}</ref> Observing the audience's reaction, Chandler decided that this show of violence had to become a permanent feature of the Experience's show.<ref name="adams">{{cite book |title=The Grail Guitar: The Search for Jimi Hendrix's Purple Haze Telecaster |last=Adams |first=Chris |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1442246799}}</ref>

In mid-November, they performed at [[the Bag O'Nails]] nightclub in London, with Clapton, [[John Lennon]], [[Paul McCartney]], [[Jeff Beck]], [[Pete Townshend]], [[Brian Jones]], [[Mick Jagger]], and [[Kevin Ayers]] in attendance.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=91}} Ayers described the crowd's reaction as stunned disbelief: "All the stars were there, and I heard serious comments, you know 'shit', 'Jesus', 'damn' and other words worse than that."{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=91}} The performance earned Hendrix his first interview, published in ''[[Record Mirror]]'' with the headline: "Mr. Phenomenon".{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=91}} "Now hear this&nbsp;... we predict that [Hendrix] is going to whirl around the business like a tornado", wrote [[Bill Harry]], who asked the rhetorical question: "Is that full, big, swinging sound really being created by only three people?"{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=91–92}} Hendrix said: "We don't want to be classed in any category&nbsp;... If it must have a tag, I'd like it to be called, 'Free Feeling'. It's a mixture of rock, freak-out, rave and blues".{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=92}} Through a distribution deal with [[Polydor Records]], the Experience's first single, "Hey Joe", backed with "Stone Free", was released on December 16, 1966.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=28}} After appearances on the UK television shows ''[[Ready Steady Go!]]'' and ''[[Top of the Pops]]'', "Hey Joe" entered the UK charts on December 29 and peaked at number six.<ref>{{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=93}}; {{harvnb|Heatley|2009|p=59}}.</ref> Further success came in March 1967 with the UK number three hit "[[Purple Haze]]", and in May with "[[The Wind Cries Mary]]", which remained on the UK charts for eleven weeks, peaking at number six.{{sfn|Roberts|2005|p=232}} On March 12, 1967, he performed at the Troutbeck Hotel, Ilkley, West Yorkshire, where, after about 900 people turned up (the hotel was licensed for 250) the local police stopped the gig due to safety concerns.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/content/articles/2006/09/18/hendrix_ilkley_feature.shtml| title = Hendrix plays Ilkley!| website = [[BBC]] Bradford and West Yorkshire| access-date = April 21, 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180509170014/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/content/articles/2006/09/18/hendrix_ilkley_feature.shtml| archive-date = May 9, 2018| url-status = live}}</ref>

On March 31, 1967, while the Experience waited to perform at the [[London Astoria]], Hendrix and Chandler discussed ways in which they could increase the band's media exposure. When Chandler asked journalist Keith Altham for advice, Altham suggested that they needed to do something more dramatic than the stage show of the Who, which involved the smashing of instruments. Hendrix joked: "Maybe I can smash up an elephant", to which Altham replied: "Well, it's a pity you can't set fire to your guitar".{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=41}} Chandler then asked road manager Gerry Stickells to procure some [[Naphtha|lighter fluid]]. During the show, Hendrix gave an especially dynamic performance before setting his guitar on fire at the end of a 45-minute set. In the wake of the stunt, members of London's press labeled Hendrix the "Black Elvis" and the "Wild Man of Borneo".{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=41–42}}{{refn|group=nb|This guitar has now been identified as the guitar acquired and later restored by [[Frank Zappa]]. He used it to record his album ''[[Zoot Allures]]'' (1971). When Zappa's son, [[Dweezil Zappa]], found the guitar some 20 years later, Zappa gave it to him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2219161.stm|title=Hendrix's burnt guitar for sale|work=BBC News|date=August 27, 2002|access-date=January 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203102300/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2219161.stm|archive-date=December 3, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

An enduring urban legend in the UK maintains that a possible explanation for the [[Feral parakeets in Great Britain|feral parakeets that have appeared in Great Britain]] since the mid-20th century may derive from a single pair of the birds that were released by Hendrix on [[Carnaby Street]] in the 1960s.<ref name="bbc-wild">{{cite news |title=Wild parrots settle in suburbs |date=July 6, 2004 |website=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3869815.stm |access-date=October 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030111340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/3869815.stm |archive-date=October 30, 2017}}</ref><ref name="telegraph-noisy">{{cite news |last=Copping |first=Jasper |date=April 20, 2014 |title=Noisy parakeets 'drive away' native birds |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/wildlife/10776252/Noisy-parakeets-drive-away-native-birds.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030101636/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/wildlife/10776252/Noisy-parakeets-drive-away-native-birds.html |archive-date=October 30, 2017}}</ref><ref name="guardian-exotic">{{cite news |last=Oliver |first=Brian |date=July 1, 2017 |title=Exotic and colourful – But should parakeets be culled? ask scientists |newspaper=[[The Observer]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jul/01/parakeet-cull-british-farms-birds-vineyards-research-uk |access-date=October 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714175715/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jul/01/parakeet-cull-british-farms-birds-vineyards-research-uk |archive-date=July 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name = MCooper>{{Cite web|last=Cooper|first=Matthew|date=February 16, 2019|title=Why are there so many parakeets in south Manchester? These are the wild theories that might just be true|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/many-parakeets-south-manchester-wild-15642144|access-date=August 1, 2023|website=[[Manchester Evening News]]|language=en}}</ref> According to a study, however, which mapped historical news reports of sightings of the birds, the myth is not true.<ref name = EDLH>{{Cite web|last1=Davies|first1=Ella|last2=Hendry|first2=Lisa| date=November 30, 2021|title=Wild parakeets in the UK: exotic delights or a potential problem?|url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/ring-necked-parakeets-in-london-and-uk.html|access-date=August 1, 2023|website=[[Natural History Museum, London|nhm.ac.uk]]|language=en}}</ref>

==== ''Are You Experienced'' ====
{{Main|Are You Experienced}}

After the UK chart success of their first two singles, "Hey Joe" and "Purple Haze", the Experience began assembling material for a full-length LP.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=64}} In London, recording began at [[De Lane Lea Studios]], and later moved to the prestigious [[Olympic Studios]].{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=64}} The album, ''[[Are You Experienced]]'', features a diversity of musical styles, including blues tracks such as "[[Red House (song)|Red House]]" and the R&B song "Remember".{{sfn|Stubbs|2003|pp= 29, 31–32, 36–37}} It also included the experimental science fiction piece, "[[Third Stone from the Sun]]" and the post-modern soundscapes of [[Are You Experienced (song)|the title track]], with prominent [[Backmasking|backwards]] guitar and drums.<ref>{{harvnb|Heatley|2009|pp=64–65}}: post-modern soundscapes of "Are You Experienced?"; {{harvnb|Larkin|1998|p=45}}: a diversity of styles; {{harvnb|Unterberger|2009|p=45}}: "Third Stone from the Sun".</ref> "I Don't Live Today" served as a medium for Hendrix's [[guitar feedback]] improvisation and "[[Fire (The Jimi Hendrix Experience song)|Fire]]" was driven by Mitchell's drumming.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=64}}

Released in the UK on May 12, 1967, ''Are You Experienced'' spent 33 weeks on the charts, peaking at number two.<ref>{{harvnb|Roberts|2005|p=232}}: UK chart data for ''Are You Experienced''; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=111}}: UK release date.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|The original version of the LP contained none of the previously released singles or their [[A-side and B-side|B-sides]].{{sfn|Doggett|2004|p=8}}}} It was prevented from reaching the top spot by the Beatles' ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''.{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=181}}{{refn|group=nb|As with ''Sgt. Pepper'', ''Are You Experienced'' was recorded using [[Multitrack recording|four-track]] technology.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=64}}}} On May 29 he performed at the [[Barbeque 67]] concert in [[Spalding, Lincolnshire]], considered by some to have been the first [[rock festival]]; tickets cost £1.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-31557062|title=Spalding unveils Jimi Hendrix plaque|work=BBC News |date=20 February 2015}}</ref> On June 4, 1967, Hendrix opened a show at the [[Saville Theatre]] in London with his rendition of ''Sgt. Pepper''{{'s}} [[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)|title track]], which was released just three days previous. Beatles manager [[Brian Epstein]] owned the Saville at the time, and both [[George Harrison]] and Paul McCartney attended the performance. McCartney described the moment: "The curtains flew back and he came walking forward playing 'Sgt. Pepper'. It's a pretty major compliment in anyone's book. I put that down as one of the great honors of my career."{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=52}} Released in the US on August 23 by [[Reprise Records]], ''Are You Experienced'' reached number five on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]].<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=61}}: Release dates for ''Are You Experienced''; {{harvnb|George-Warren|2005|p=429}}: Peak US chart position.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|The US and Canadian versions of ''Are You Experienced'' had a new cover by [[Karl Ferris]] and a new song list, with Reprise removing "[[Red House (song)|Red House]]", "Remember" and "Can You See Me" to make room for the first three single A-sides omitted from the UK release: "Hey Joe", "Purple Haze", and "The Wind Cries Mary".{{sfn|Aledort|1996|p=49}} "Red House" is the only original [[twelve-bar blues]] written by Hendrix.{{sfn|Aledort|1996|p=49}}}}

In 1989, Noe Goldwasser, the founding editor of ''[[Guitar World]]'', described ''Are You Experienced'' as "the album that shook the world&nbsp;... leaving it forever changed".{{sfn|Whitehill|1989a|p=5}}{{refn|group=nb|When Track records sent the master tapes for "Purple Haze" to Reprise for remastering, they wrote the following words on the tape box: "Deliberate distortion. Do not correct."{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=184}}}} In 2005, ''Rolling Stone'' called the double-platinum LP Hendrix's "epochal debut", and they ranked it the 15th greatest album of all time, noting his "exploitation of amp howl", and characterizing his guitar playing as "incendiary&nbsp;... historic in itself".<ref>{{harvnb|George-Warren|2005|p=429}}: ''Are You Experienced'' certified double-platinum; {{harvnb|Levy|2005|p=34}}: Hendrix's "epochal debut".</ref>

==== Monterey Pop Festival ====
{{Main|Monterey Pop Festival}}
[[File:Jimi Hendrix burning his guitar at the Monterey Pop Festival, June 18, 1967.jpg|right|thumb|upright|alt=A color photograph of a man kneeling over a guitar that is on fire|Author Michael Heatley wrote: "The iconic image by Ed Caraeff of Hendrix summoning the flames higher with his fingers will forever conjure up memories of Monterey for those who were there and the majority of us who weren't."{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=80}}]]

Although popular in Europe at the time, the Experience's first US single, "Hey Joe", failed to reach the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart upon its release on May 1, 1967.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=109}} Their fortunes improved when McCartney recommended them to the organizers of the [[Monterey Pop Festival]]. He insisted that the event would be incomplete without Hendrix, whom he called "an absolute ace on the guitar". McCartney agreed to join the board of organizers on the condition that the Experience perform at the festival in mid-June.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2005|p=184}}; "an absolute ace on the guitar"; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|pp=110–115}}: McCartney insisted that the festival would be incomplete without Hendrix.</ref>

On June 18, 1967,{{sfn|Gelfand|Piccoli|2009|p=1}} introduced by Brian Jones as "the most exciting performer [he had] ever heard", Hendrix opened with a fast arrangement of Howlin' Wolf's song "Killing Floor", wearing what Shadwick described as "clothes as exotic as any on display elsewhere".<ref>{{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=190}}: "the most exciting performer [he had] ever heard"; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=115}}: "clothes as exotic as any on display elsewhere".</ref> Shadwick wrote: "[Hendrix] was not only something utterly new musically, but an entirely original vision of what a black American entertainer should and could look like."<ref>{{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=190}}: "the most exciting performer [he had] ever heard"; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=115}}: "He was not only something utterly new musically".</ref> The Experience went on to perform renditions of "Hey Joe", B.B. King's "Rock Me Baby", [[Chip Taylor]]'s "[[Wild Thing (The Troggs song)|Wild Thing]]", and [[Bob Dylan]]'s "[[Like a Rolling Stone]]", and four original compositions: "[[Foxy Lady]]", "Can You See Me", "The Wind Cries Mary", and "Purple Haze".{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=52}} The set ended with Hendrix [[Instrument destruction|destroying his guitar]] and tossing pieces of it out to the audience.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=110–115}} ''Rolling Stone''{{'s}} Alex Vadukul wrote:

{{Blockquote|When Jimi Hendrix set his guitar on fire at the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival he created one of rock's most perfect moments. Standing in the front row of that concert was a 17-year-old boy named [[Ed Caraeff]]. Caraeff had never seen Hendrix before nor heard his music, but he had a camera with him and there was one shot left in his roll of film. As Hendrix lit his guitar, Caraeff took a final photo. It would become one of the most famous images in rock and roll.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Vadukul|first=Alex|title="Who Shot Rock and Roll" Celebrates the Photographers Behind the Iconic Images|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=November 13, 2009|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/who-shot-rock-and-roll-celebrates-the-photographers-behind-the-iconic-images-20091113|access-date=February 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409143530/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/who-shot-rock-and-roll-celebrates-the-photographers-behind-the-iconic-images-20091113|archive-date=April 9, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|According to author Bob Gula, "When Jimi torched his guitar onstage at the Monterey Pop Festival, it became one of, if not the single greatest iconic moment in the first half-century of rock; his image as the psychedelic voodoo child conjuring uncontrollable forces is a rock archetype."{{sfn|Gula|2008|p=121}} Musicologist David Moskowitz wrote: "The image of Jimi kneeling over his burning guitar at Monterey became one of the most iconic pictures of the era."{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=22}}}}}}

Caraeff stood on a chair next to the edge of the stage and took four [[monochrome photography|monochrome pictures]] of Hendrix burning his guitar.<ref name="GB2009">{{cite book|last=Buckland|first=Gail|title=Who Shot Rock and Roll: A Photographic History, 1955–Present|year=2009|publisher= Knopf|isbn=978-0-307-27016-0|url=https://archive.org/details/whoshotrockrollp0000buck |url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whoshotrockrollp0000buck/page/62 62]–63}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Earlier in the festival, a German photographer advised Caraeff, who was taking pictures of performers, to save film for Hendrix.<ref name="GB2009" />}} Caraeff was close enough to the fire that he had to use his camera to protect his face from the heat. ''Rolling Stone'' later colorized the image, matching it with other pictures taken at the festival before using the shot for a 1987 magazine cover.<ref name="GB2009" /> According to author Gail Buckland, the final frame of "Hendrix kneeling in front of his burning guitar, hands raised, is one of the most famous images in rock".<ref name="GB2009" /> Author and historian Matthew C. Whitaker wrote that "Hendrix's burning of his guitar became an iconic image in rock history and brought him national attention".{{sfn|Whitaker|2011|p=382}} The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' asserted that, upon leaving the stage, Hendrix "graduated from rumor to legend".{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=194}} Author John McDermott wrote that "Hendrix left the Monterey audience stunned and in disbelief at what they'd just heard and seen".{{sfn|Guitar World|2011|p=62}} According to Hendrix: "I decided to destroy my guitar at the end of a song as a sacrifice. You sacrifice things you love. I love my guitar."{{sfn|Hendrix|McDermott|2007|p=28}} The performance was filmed by [[D.&nbsp;A. Pennebaker]] and included in the concert documentary ''[[Monterey Pop]]'', which helped Hendrix gain popularity with the US public.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2005|p=184}}; {{harvnb|Moskowitz|2010|p=22}}; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|pp=110–115}}.</ref>

After the festival, the Experience was booked for five concerts at [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham's]] [[The Fillmore|Fillmore]], with [[Big Brother and the Holding Company]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]]. The Experience outperformed Jefferson Airplane during the first two nights and replaced them at the top of the bill on the fifth.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=116}} Following their successful West Coast introduction, which included a free open-air concert at [[Golden Gate Park]] and a concert at the [[Whisky a Go Go]], the Experience was booked as the opening act for the first American tour of [[the Monkees]].{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=54–56}} The Monkees requested Hendrix as a supporting act because they were fans, but their young audience disliked the Experience, who left the tour after six shows.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=116–117}} Chandler later said he engineered the tour to gain publicity for Hendrix.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|1992|p=103}}: the Monkees tour as publicity for Hendrix; {{harvnb|Potash|1996|p=89}}: the Monkees asked for Hendrix.</ref>

==== ''Axis: Bold as Love'' ====
{{Main|Axis: Bold as Love}}
{{listen|filename="Bold as Love" by the Jimi Hendrix Experience.ogg|title="Bold as Love" |description=An excerpt from the outro guitar solo. The sample demonstrates the first recording of stereo [[Phaser (effect)|phasing]].}}

The second Experience album, ''[[Axis: Bold as Love]]'', opens with the track "EXP", which uses microphonic and harmonic [[Audio feedback|feedback]] in a new, creative fashion.{{sfn|Whitehill|1989b|p=6}} It also showcased an experimental stereo panning effect in which sounds emanating from Hendrix's guitar move through the stereo image, revolving around the listener.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=76}} The piece reflected his growing interest in science fiction and [[outer space]].{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=28}} He composed the album's [[Bold as Love (song)|title track]] and finale around two verses and two choruses, during which he pairs emotions with [[persona]]s, comparing them to colors.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=33}} The song's [[coda (music)|coda]] features the first recording of stereo [[Phaser (effect)|phasing]].<ref>{{harvnb|Heatley|2009|p=87}}; {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=74–75}}.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|As with their previous LP, the band had to schedule recording sessions in between performances.{{sfn|Mitchell|Platt|1990|p=76}}}} Shadwick described the composition as "possibly the most ambitious piece on ''Axis'', the extravagant metaphors of the lyrics suggesting a growing confidence" in Hendrix's songwriting.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=125}} His guitar playing throughout the song is marked by chordal [[arpeggio]]s and [[contrapuntal motion]], with [[tremolo]]-picked partial chords providing the musical foundation for the chorus, which culminates in what [[musicology|musicologist]] Andy Aledort described as "simply one of the greatest electric guitar solos ever played".{{sfn|Aledort|1996|pp=68–76; 71: "one of the greatest electric guitar solos ever"}} The track fades out on tremolo-picked [[thirty-second note|32nd note]] [[double stop]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Aledort|1996|pp=68–76}}; {{harvnb|Whitehill|1989b|p=124}}.</ref>

The scheduled release date for ''Axis'' was almost delayed when Hendrix lost the master tape of side one of the LP, leaving it in the back seat of a London taxi.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=130}} With the deadline looming, Hendrix, Chandler, and engineer [[Eddie Kramer]] remixed most of side one in a single overnight session, but they could not match the quality of the lost mix of "[[If 6 Was 9]]". Redding had a tape recording of this mix, which had to be smoothed out with an iron as it had gotten wrinkled.<ref>{{harvnb|Heatley|2009|p=86}}; {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=76}}.</ref> During the verses, Hendrix doubled his singing with a guitar line which he played one octave lower than his vocals.{{sfn|Whitehill|1989b|p=52}} Hendrix voiced his disappointment about having re-mixed the album so quickly, and he felt that it could have been better had they been given more time.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=130}}

''Axis'' featured psychedelic cover art that depicts Hendrix and the Experience as various [[Dashavatara|avatars]] of [[Vishnu]], incorporating a painting of them by [[Roger Law]], from a photo-portrait by [[Karl Ferris]].{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|pp=146–147}} The painting was then superimposed on a copy of a mass-produced religious poster.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=87}} Hendrix stated that the cover, which Track spent $5,000 producing, would have been more appropriate had it highlighted his American Indian heritage.{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=205}} He said: "You got it wrong&nbsp;... I'm not that kind of Indian."{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=205}} Track released the album in the UK on December 1, 1967, where it peaked at number five, spending 16 weeks on the charts.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=79}}: UK release date for ''Axis: Bold As Love''; {{harvnb|Roberts|2005|p=232}}: peak UK chart position for ''Axis: Bold As Love''.</ref> In February 1968, ''Axis: Bold as Love'' reached number three in the US.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=99}}

While author and journalist [[Richie Unterberger]] described ''Axis'' as the least impressive Experience album, according to author Peter Doggett, the release "heralded a new subtlety in Hendrix's work".<ref>{{harvnb|Doggett|2004|p=15}}; {{harvnb|Unterberger|2009|p=68}}.</ref> Mitchell said: "''Axis'' was the first time that it became apparent that Jimi was pretty good working behind the mixing board, as well as playing, and had some positive ideas of how he wanted things recorded. It could have been the start of any potential conflict between him and Chas in the studio."<ref>{{harvnb|Mitchell|Platt|1990|p=76}}: (primary source); {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=127}}: (secondary source).</ref>

==== ''Electric Ladyland'' ====
{{Main|Electric Ladyland}}

Recording for the Experience's third and final studio album, ''[[Electric Ladyland]]'', began as early as December 20, 1967, at Olympic Studios.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=81}} Several songs were attempted; however, in April 1968, the Experience, with Chandler as producer and engineers Eddie Kramer and [[Gary Kellgren]], moved the sessions to the newly opened [[Record Plant Studios]] in New York.<ref>{{harvnb|Heatley|2009|pp=102–103}}: Recording began with Chandler and Kramer; {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=95–97}}: Kellgren.</ref> As the sessions progressed, Chandler became increasingly frustrated with Hendrix's perfectionism and his demands for repeated takes.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=102}} Hendrix also allowed numerous friends and guests to join them in the studio, which contributed to a chaotic and crowded environment in the control room and led Chandler to sever his professional relationship with Hendrix.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=102}} Redding later recalled: "There were tons of people in the studio; you couldn't move. It was a party, not a session."{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=157}} Redding, who had formed his own band in mid-1968, [[Fat Mattress]], found it increasingly difficult to fulfill his commitments with the Experience, so Hendrix played many of the bass parts on ''Electric Ladyland''.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=102}} The album's cover stated that it was "produced and directed by Jimi Hendrix".{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=102}}{{refn|group=nb|The [[Double album|double LP]] was the only Experience album to be mixed entirely in stereo.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=103}}}}
During the ''Electric Ladyland'' recording sessions, Hendrix began experimenting with other combinations of musicians, including Jefferson Airplane's [[Jack Casady]] and [[Traffic (band)|Traffic's]] [[Steve Winwood]], who played bass and organ, respectively, on the 15-minute slow-blues jam, "[[Voodoo Chile]]".{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=102}} During the album's production, Hendrix appeared at an impromptu jam with B.B. King, [[Al Kooper]], and [[Elvin Bishop]].{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=146}}{{refn|group=nb|In March 1968, [[Jim Morrison]] of [[the Doors]] joined Hendrix onstage at the Scene Club in New York.{{sfn|Black|1999|p=137}}}} ''Electric Ladyland'' was released on October 25, and by mid-November it had reached number one in the US, spending two weeks at the top spot.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=126–127}}: US release date; {{harvnb|Rosen|1996|p=108}}: peak chart position.</ref> The [[Double album|double LP]] was Hendrix's most commercially successful release and his only number one album.{{sfn|Murray|1989|p=51}} It peaked at number six in the UK, spending 12 weeks on the chart.{{sfn|Roberts|2005|p=232}} ''Electric Ladyland'' included Hendrix's cover of a Bob Dylan song, "[[All Along the Watchtower]]", which became Hendrix's highest-selling single and his only US top 40 hit, peaking at number 20; the single reached number five in the UK.<ref>{{harvnb|Heatley|2009|p=102}}: "All Along the Watchtower" was Hendrix's only US top 40 hit single; {{harvnb|Murray|1989|p=51}}: "All Along the Watchtower" was Hendrix's highest-selling single; {{harvnb|Roberts|2005|p=232}}: peak UK chart position for Hendrix's cover of "All Along the Watchtower"; {{harvnb|Whitburn|2010|p=294}}: peak US chart position for Hendrix's cover of "All Along the Watchtower".</ref> "[[Burning of the Midnight Lamp]]", his first recorded song to feature a [[wah-wah pedal]], was added to the album.<ref>{{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=118}}: "Burning of the Midnight Lamp" was Hendrix's first recorded song to feature the use of a wah-wah pedal.</ref> It was originally released as his fourth single in the UK in August 1967{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=526–527}} and reached number 18 on the charts.<ref>{{harvnb|Roberts|2005|p=232}}: peak UK chart position for "Burning of the Midnight Lamp".</ref>

In 1989, Noe Goldwasser, the founding editor of ''Guitar World'', described ''Electric Ladyland'' as "Hendrix's masterpiece".{{sfn|Whitehill|1989c|p=5}} According to author Michael Heatley, "most critics agree" that the album is "the fullest realization of Jimi's far-reaching ambitions."{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=102}} In 2004, author Peter Doggett wrote: "For pure experimental genius, melodic flair, conceptual vision and instrumental brilliance, ''Electric Ladyland'' remains a prime contender for the status of rock's greatest album."{{sfn|Doggett|2004|p=19}} Doggett described the LP as "a display of musical virtuosity never surpassed by any rock musician."{{sfn|Doggett|2004|p=19}}

=== Break-up of the Experience ===
[[File:London 003 Hendrix and Handel houses.jpg|alt=A color photograph of two adjacent buildings, the one on the left is white and the on the right is dark brown.|The white building (left) is 23 [[Brook Street]] where Hendrix lived. The upper floors of 23 and 25 are currently open as a museum.|left|thumb|upright]]

In January 1969, after an absence of more than six months, Hendrix briefly moved back into his girlfriend Kathy Etchingham's apartment in [[Brook Street, London|Brook Street]], London, next door to the home of the composer [[George Frideric Handel|Handel]].<ref>{{harvnb|Black|1999|pp=181–182}}: Etchingham stated that she ended the relationship on March 19; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|pp=169–170}}: Etchingham's Brook Street apartment, which was next door to the [[Handel House Museum]].</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Hendrix and Etchingham ended their relationship in early 1969.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=154}}}} After a performance of "[[Voodoo Child (Slight Return)|Voodoo Child]]", on BBC's ''[[Lulu (singer)#Television series|Happening for Lulu]]'' show in January 1969, the band stopped midway through an attempt at their first hit "Hey Joe" and then launched into an instrumental version of "[[Sunshine of Your Love]]", as a tribute to the recently disbanded band [[Cream (band)|Cream]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2015 |title=BBC Arts – BBC Arts, Jimi Hendrix is pulled off the air on Lulu's show in 1969 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p032vp1d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420214217/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p032vp1d |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |access-date=July 20, 2019 |website=BBC}}</ref> until director and producer [[Stanley Dorfman]] was forced to bring the song to a premature end.<ref name="BBC-2019a">{{Cite web |title=Jimi Hendrix Wreaks Havoc on the Lulu Show, Gets Banned From the BBC (1969) |work=Open Culture |url=https://www.openculture.com/2019/09/jimi-hendrix-wreaks-havoc-on-the-lulu-show.html |access-date=June 11, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Experience bass player Noel Redding describes in his autobiography, "as the minutes ticked by on his live show, short of running onto the set to stop us or pulling the plug, there was nothing he could do. We played past the point where Lulu might have joined us, played through the time for talking at the end, played through Stanley tearing his hair, pointing to his watch and silently screaming at us. We played out the show{{nbsp}}... Afterwards, Dorfman refused to speak to us, but the result is one of the most widely used bits of film we ever did. Certainly, it’s the most relaxed."<ref name="BBC-2019a" /> Dorfman recalls at the BBC club after the show, he found Hendrix to be "a very sweet man, very quiet, he didn’t know he’d done anything wrong at all."<ref name="Budd-2018">{{Cite news |last=Budd |first=Christopher |date=August 2, 2018 |title=Stanley Dorfman |pages=Issue 82 |work=SHINDIG! Magazine |publisher=Sliverback Publishing |url=https://www.silverbackpublishing.rocks/product/shindig-issue-82-published-02082018/ |access-date=June 23, 2018}}</ref> However, according to rock and roll legend, Hendrix was banned from working at the BBC again.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jimi Hendrix pulled off the air during Lulu's show |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-63707675 |access-date=June 13, 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Cross|2005|pp=242–243}} During this time, the Experience toured Scandinavia, West Germany, and gave their final two performances in France.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=134–140}} On February 18 and 24, they played sold-out concerts at London's [[Royal Albert Hall]], which were the last European appearances of this lineup.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=142–144}}{{refn|group=nb|Gold and Goldstein filmed the Royal Albert Hall shows, but {{as of|2013|lc=y}} they have not been officially released.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=142–144}}}}

By February 1969, Redding had grown weary of Hendrix's unpredictable work ethic and his creative control over the Experience's music.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=140}}; Hendrix's unpredictable work ethic; {{harvnb|Moskowitz|2010|pp=39–40}}: Hendrix's creative control over the Experience's music.</ref> During the previous month's European tour, interpersonal relations within the group had deteriorated, particularly between Hendrix and Redding.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=140}} In his diary, Redding documented the building frustration during early 1969 recording sessions: "On the first day, as I nearly expected, there was nothing doing&nbsp;... On the second it was no show at all. I went to the pub for three hours, came back, and it was still ages before Jimi ambled in. Then we argued&nbsp;... On the last day, I just watched it happen for a while, and then went back to my flat."{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=140}} The last Experience sessions that included Redding—a re-recording of "Stone Free" for use as a possible single release—took place on April 14 at Olmstead and the Record Plant in New York.<ref>{{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|pp=182–183}}: the last Experience session to include Redding; {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=147–151}}: Recording sessions at Olmstead and the Record Plant.</ref> Hendrix then flew bassist Billy Cox to New York; they started recording and rehearsing together on April 21.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=151}}
[[File:Jimi Hendrix - The Commercial Appeal (1969).jpg|thumb|Hendrix performing in Memphis in April 1969]]

The last performance of the original Experience lineup took place on June 29, 1969, at Barry Fey's [[Denver Pop Festival]], a three-day event held at [[Denver]]'s [[Mile High Stadium]] that was marked by police using tear gas to control the audience.{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=180}} The band narrowly escaped from the venue in the back of a rental truck, which was partly crushed by fans who had climbed on top of the vehicle.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=165–166}} Before the show, a journalist angered Redding by asking why he was there; the reporter then informed him that two weeks earlier Hendrix announced that he had been replaced with Billy Cox.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=191}} The next day, Redding quit the Experience and returned to London.{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=180}} He announced that he had left the band and intended to pursue a solo career, blaming Hendrix's plans to expand the group without allowing for his input as a primary reason for leaving.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=165–166}}: Redding blamed Hendrix's plans to expand the group; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=191}}: Redding intended to pursue his solo career.</ref> Redding later said: "Mitch and I hung out a lot together, but we're English. If we'd go out, Jimi would stay in his room. But any bad feelings came from us being three guys who were traveling too hard, getting too tired, and taking too many drugs&nbsp;... I liked Hendrix. I don't like Mitchell."{{sfn|Fairchild|1991|p=92}}

Soon after Redding's departure, Hendrix began lodging at the eight-bedroom Ashokan House, in the hamlet of Boiceville near [[Woodstock]] in upstate New York, where he had spent some time vacationing in mid-1969.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=375}} Manager Michael Jeffery arranged the accommodations in the hope that the respite might encourage Hendrix to write material for a new album. During this time, Mitchell was unavailable for commitments made by Jeffery, which included Hendrix's first appearance on US TV—on ''[[The Dick Cavett Show]]''—where he was backed by the studio orchestra, and an appearance on ''[[The Tonight Show]]'' where he appeared with Cox and session drummer [[Ed Shaughnessy]].{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=191}}

=== Woodstock ===
{{Main|Woodstock}}
[[File:Jimi Hendrix performing "The Star Spangled Banner" at Woodstock, August 18, 1969.jpg|left|thumb|Hendrix flashed a [[Peace symbols|peace sign]] at the start of his performance of "The Star-Spangled Banner" at Woodstock, August 18, 1969.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=59}} |alt=A color image of three men standing on stage performing music]]

By 1969, Hendrix was the world's highest-paid rock musician.<ref name="Highest-paid">{{harvnb|Cross|2005|p=255|ps=: "Though Jimi was now the highest-paid rock musician in the world–he'd made fourteen thousand dollars a minute for his [May 18, 1969] Madison Square Garden concert"}}; {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=220|ps=: "Once in New York, at a time [during spring 1970 recording sessions] when he was the highest-paid rock artist in the world"}}.</ref> In August, he headlined the Woodstock Music and Art Fair that included many of the most popular bands of the time.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2005|p=255}}; {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=169}}: Hendrix headlined Woodstock; {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=220}}.</ref> For the concert, he added rhythm guitarist [[Larry Lee (musician)|Larry Lee]] and conga players [[Juma Sultan]] and [[Gerardo Velez|Jerry Velez]]. The band rehearsed for less than two weeks before the performance, and according to Mitchell, they never connected musically.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2005|pp=267–272}}; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|pp=193–196}}.</ref> Before arriving at the engagement, Hendrix heard reports that the size of the audience had grown enormously, which concerned him as he did not enjoy performing for large crowds.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=384–385}} He was an important draw for the event, and although he accepted substantially less money for the appearance than his usual fee, he was the festival's highest-paid performer.{{sfn|Murray|1989|p=53}}{{refn|group=nb|Hendrix agreed to receive $18,000 in compensation for his set, but was eventually paid $32,000 for the performance and $12,000 for the rights to film him.{{sfn|Roby|2002|p=133}}}}

Hendrix decided to move his midnight Sunday slot to Monday morning, closing the show. The band took the stage around 8:00&nbsp;a.m,<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=169–170}}: Hendrix requested to close the show in the morning; {{harvnb|Roby|2002|p=133}}: the band took the stage around 8:00&nbsp;am on Monday.</ref> by which time Hendrix had been awake for more than three days.{{sfn|Cross|2005|pp=267–272}} The audience, which peaked at an estimated 400,000 people, was reduced to 30,000.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=384–385}} The festival MC, [[Chip Monck]], introduced the group as "the Jimi Hendrix Experience", but Hendrix clarified: "We decided to change the whole thing around and call it 'Gypsy Sun and Rainbows'. For short, it's nothin' but a 'Band of Gypsys'."{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=270}}

{{listen|filename=Jimi Hendrix performing "The Star Spangled Banner" at Woodstock, 18 August 1969.ogg|title="The Star-Spangled Banner"|description= An excerpt from the beginning of "The Star-Spangled Banner", at Woodstock, August 18, 1969. The sample demonstrates Hendrix's use of feedback.}}

Hendrix's performance included a rendition of the US national anthem, "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]", with copious feedback, distortion, and sustain to imitate the sounds made by rockets and bombs.<ref>{{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=249}}: feedback, distortion, and sustain; {{harvnb|Unterberger|2009|pp=101–103}}: Hendrix replicated the sounds made by rockets and bombs; {{harvnb|Whitehill|1989a|p=86}} Hendrix's performance of "The Star-Spangled Banner" featured his "sonic portrayal of war".</ref> Contemporary political pundits described his interpretation as a statement against the [[Vietnam War]]. Three weeks later Hendrix said: "We're all Americans&nbsp;... it was like 'Go America!'...&nbsp;We play it the way the air is in America today. The air is slightly static, see."{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=271}} Immortalized in the 1970 documentary film, ''[[Woodstock (film)|Woodstock]]'', Hendrix's version became part of the sixties [[zeitgeist]].{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=272}} Pop critic [[Al Aronowitz]] of the ''New York Post'' wrote: "It was the most electrifying moment of Woodstock, and it was probably the single greatest moment of the sixties."{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=271}} Images of the performance showing Hendrix wearing a blue-beaded white leather jacket with fringe, a red head-scarf, and blue jeans are regarded as iconic pictures that capture a defining moment of the era.<ref>{{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=384–385}}: "One of the abiding images of the place and time of Woodstock is Jimi, in white-beaded leather jacket, blue jeans, gold chains and a red head-scarf standing center-stage sending out 'The Star-Spangled Banner{{'"}};{{harvnb|Inglis|2006|p=57}}: "Woodstock has come to represent a unique moment of community, and Hendrix's appearance in particular symbolizes the freewheeling spirit of the era as well as the troubled heart of the anti-war movement."</ref>{{refn|group=nb|In 2010, when a federal court of appeals decided on whether online sharing of a music recording constituted a performance, they cited Hendrix in their decision stating: "Hendrix memorably (or not, depending on one's sensibility) offered a 'rendition' of the Star-Spangled Banner at Woodstock when he performed it aloud in 1969".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5598707241741576791|title=''United States v. ASCAP'' (In re Application of RealNetworks, Inc. and Yahoo! Inc.), 627 F.3d 64 (2d Cir. 2010)|publisher=Google Scholar|access-date=November 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107030854/http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5598707241741576791|archive-date=November 7, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>}} He played "Hey Joe" during the encore, concluding the 3{{frac|2}}-day festival. Upon leaving the stage, he collapsed from exhaustion.{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=272}}{{refn|group=nb|The Woodstock lineup appeared together on two subsequent occasions, and on September 16 they jammed for one last time; soon afterward, Lee and Velez left the band.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=174–176}}}} In 2011, the editors of ''Guitar World'' named his performance of "The Star-Spangled Banner" the greatest performance of all time.{{sfn|Guitar World|2011|p=55}}

=== Band of Gypsys ===
{{Main|Band of Gypsys}}

A legal dispute arose in 1966 regarding a record contract that Hendrix had entered into the previous year with producer Ed Chalpin.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|pp=6, 37–38}} After two years of litigation, the parties agreed to a resolution that granted Chalpin the distribution rights to an album of original Hendrix material. Hendrix decided that they would record the LP, ''[[Band of Gypsys]]'', during two live appearances.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=156, 214}} In preparation for the shows he formed an all-black [[power trio]] with Cox and drummer [[Buddy Miles]], formerly with Wilson Pickett, [[the Electric Flag]], and the [[Buddy Miles Express]].{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|pp=106–112}} Critic [[John Rockwell]] described Hendrix and Miles as [[Jazz fusion|jazz-rock fusionists]], and their collaboration as pioneering.{{sfn|Murray|1989|p=202}} Others identified a [[funk]] and [[soul music|soul]] influence in their music.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=118}} [[Tour promoter|Concert promoter]] Bill Graham called the shows "the most brilliant, emotional display of virtuoso electric guitar" that he had ever heard.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=214}} Biographers have speculated that Hendrix formed the band in an effort to appease members of the [[Black Power]] movement and others in the black communities who called for him to use his fame to speak up for civil rights.{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|p=95}}

{{listen|filename=Jimi Hendrix performing "Machine Gun", 1 January 1970.ogg|title="Machine Gun" |description=An excerpt from the first guitar solo that demonstrates Hendrix's innovative use of high gain and overdrive to achieve an aggressive, sustained tone.}}

Hendrix had been recording with Cox since April and jamming with Miles since September, and the trio wrote and rehearsed material which they performed at a series of four shows over two nights on December 31 and January 1, at the [[Fillmore East]]. They used recordings of these concerts to assemble the LP, which was produced by Hendrix.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=189–193}} The album includes the track "[[Machine Gun (Jimi Hendrix song)|Machine Gun]]", which musicologist Andy Aledort described as the pinnacle of Hendrix's career, and "the premiere example of [his] unparalleled genius as a rock guitarist&nbsp;... In this performance, Jimi transcended the medium of rock music, and set an entirely new standard for the potential of electric guitar."{{sfn|Aledort|1998|p=40}} During the song's extended instrumental breaks, Hendrix created sounds with his guitar that sonically represented warfare, including rockets, bombs, and diving planes.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|pp=118–119}}

The ''Band of Gypsys'' album was the only official live Hendrix LP made commercially available during his lifetime; several tracks from the Woodstock and Monterey shows were released later that year.{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|p=156}} The album was released in April 1970 by [[Capitol Records]]; it reached the top ten in both the US and the UK.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=214}} That same month a single was issued with "[[Stepping Stone (Jimi Hendrix song)|Stepping Stone]]" as the A-side and "Izabella" as the B-side, but Hendrix was dissatisfied with the quality of the mastering and he demanded that it be withdrawn and re-mixed, preventing the songs from charting and resulting in Hendrix's least successful single; it was also his last.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=221}}

On January 28, 1970, a third and final Band of Gypsys appearance took place; they performed during a music festival at [[Madison Square Garden]] benefiting the anti-Vietnam War [[Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam|Moratorium Committee]] titled the "Winter Festival for Peace".<ref>{{harvnb|Roby|2002|p=159}}; {{harvnb|Unterberger|2009|p=112}}.</ref> American blues guitarist [[Johnny Winter]] was backstage before the concert; he recalled: "[Hendrix] came in with his head down, sat on the couch alone, and put his head in his hands&nbsp;... He didn't move until it was time for the show."{{sfn|Roby|2002|p=159}} Minutes after taking the stage he snapped a vulgar response at a woman who had shouted a request for "Foxy Lady". He then began playing "Earth Blues" before telling the audience: "That's what happens when earth fucks with space".{{sfn|Roby|2002|p=159}} Moments later, he briefly sat down on the drum riser before leaving the stage.{{sfn|Roby|2002|pp=159–160}} Both Miles and Redding later stated that Jeffery had given Hendrix LSD before the performance.<ref>{{harvnb|Redding|Appleby|1996|p=142}}: Redding saw Jeffery give Hendrix a tablet; {{harvnb|Roby|2002|pp=159–160}}: Miles saw Jeffery give Hendrix [[lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]].</ref> Miles believed that Jeffery gave Hendrix the drugs in an effort to sabotage the current band and bring about the return of the original Experience lineup.{{sfn|Roby|2002|pp=159–160}} Jeffery fired Miles after the show and Cox quit, ending the Band of Gypsys.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=72}}

=== Cry of Love Tour ===
{{Main|The Cry of Love Tour}}
[[File:Hendrix performing 6-20-1970.jpg|thumb|Hendrix in June 1970]]
Soon after the abruptly ended Band of Gypsys performance and their subsequent dissolution, Jeffery made arrangements to reunite the original Experience lineup.{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|p=113}} Although Hendrix, Mitchell, and Redding were interviewed by ''Rolling Stone'' in February 1970 as a united group, Hendrix never intended to work with Redding.<ref>{{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|pp=217–218}}; {{harvnb|Unterberger|2009|p=113}}.</ref> When Redding returned to New York in anticipation of rehearsals with a re-formed Experience, he was told that he had been replaced with Cox.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|pp=73–74}} During an interview with ''Rolling Stone''{{'s}} Keith Altham, Hendrix defended the decision: "It's nothing personal against Noel, but we finished what we were doing with the Experience and Billy's style of playing suits the new group better."{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|p=113}} Although an official name was never adopted for the lineup of Hendrix, Mitchell, and Cox, promoters often billed them as the Jimi Hendrix Experience or just Jimi Hendrix.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=223}}

During the first half of 1970, Hendrix sporadically worked on material for what would have been his next LP.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=221}} Many of the tracks were posthumously released in 1971 as ''[[The Cry of Love]]''.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|pp=86–90}} He had started writing songs for the album in 1968, but in April 1970 he told Keith Altham that the project had been abandoned.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=221}} Soon afterward, he and his band took a break from recording and began the Cry of Love tour at the [[L.A. Forum]], performing for 20,000 people.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=74}} Set-lists during the tour included numerous Experience tracks as well as a selection of newer material.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=74}} Several shows were recorded, and they produced some of Hendrix's most memorable live performances. At one of them, the second [[Atlanta International Pop Festival (1970)|Atlanta International Pop Festival]], on July 4, he played to the largest American audience of his career.{{sfn|Schinder|Schwartz|2007|p=250}} According to authors Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz, as many as 500,000 people attended the concert.{{sfn|Schinder|Schwartz|2007|p=250}} On July 17, they appeared at the New York Pop Festival; Hendrix had again consumed too many drugs before the show, and the set was considered a disaster.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=77}} The American leg of the tour, which included 32 performances, ended in [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, on August 1, 1970.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|pp=152–153}} This would be Hendrix's final concert appearance in the US.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=78}}

=== Electric Lady Studios ===
{{Main|Electric Lady Studios}}

In 1968, Hendrix and Jeffery jointly invested in the purchase of the Generation Club in [[Greenwich Village]].{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=154}} They had initially planned to reopen the establishment, but when an audit of Hendrix's expenses revealed that he had incurred exorbitant fees by block-booking recording studios for lengthy sessions at peak rates they decided to convert the building{{Sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=390–391}} into a studio of his own. Hendrix could then work as much as he wanted while also reducing his recording expenditures, which had reached a reported $300,000 annually.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|pp=138–139}} Architect and [[acoustician]] [[John Storyk]] designed [[Electric Lady Studios]] for Hendrix, who requested that they avoid right angles where possible. With round windows, an ambient lighting machine, and a psychedelic mural, Storyk wanted the studio to have a relaxing environment that would encourage Hendrix's creativity.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|pp=138–139}} The project took twice as long as planned and cost twice as much as Hendrix and Jeffery had budgeted, with their total investment estimated at $1&nbsp;million.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=139}}{{refn|group=nb|In an effort to finance the studio, Hendrix and Jeffery secured a $300,000 loan from Warner Bros. As part of the agreement, Hendrix was required to provide Warner Bros. with another album, resulting in a soundtrack for the film ''[[Rainbow Bridge (film)|Rainbow Bridge]]''.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=139}}}}

Hendrix first used Electric Lady on June 15, 1970, when he jammed with Steve Winwood and [[Chris Wood (rock musician)|Chris Wood]] of Traffic; the next day, he recorded his first track there, "Night Bird Flying".{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|pp=76–79}} The studio officially opened for business on August 25, and a grand opening party was held the following day.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|pp=76–79}} Immediately afterwards, Hendrix left for England; he never returned to the States.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=215}}: Opening Electric Lady Studios for recording; {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=245}}: grand opening party.</ref> He boarded an Air India flight for London with Cox, joining Mitchell for a performance as the headlining act of the [[Isle of Wight Festival 1970|Isle of Wight Festival]] on August 31, 1970.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|pp=245–246}}

=== European tour ===
When the European leg of the Cry of Love tour began, Hendrix was longing for his new studio and creative outlet, and was not eager to fulfill the commitment. On September 2, 1970, he abandoned a performance in [[Aarhus]] after three songs, stating: "I've been dead a long time".{{sfn|Black|1999|p=241}} Four days later, he gave his final concert appearance, at the Isle of [[Fehmarn]] Festival in West Germany.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=77}} He was met with booing and jeering from fans in response to his cancellation of a show slated for the end of the previous night's bill due to torrential rain and risk of electrocution.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=65–77}}{{refn|group=nb|A live recording of the concert was later released as ''[[Live at the Isle of Fehmarn]]''.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=176}}}} Immediately following the festival, Hendrix, Mitchell, and Cox traveled to London.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=248}}

Three days after the performance, Cox, who was suffering from severe [[paranoia]] after either taking LSD or being given it unknowingly, quit the tour and went to stay with his parents in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=248}}; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=240}}.</ref> Within days of Hendrix's arrival in England, he had spoken with Chas Chandler, [[Alan Douglas (record producer)|Alan Douglas]], and others about leaving his manager, Michael Jeffery.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=242–243}} On September 16, Hendrix performed in public for the last time during an informal jam at [[Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club]] in [[Soho]] with [[Eric Burdon]] and his latest band, [[War (American band)|War]].{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=243}} They began by playing a few of their recent hits, and after a brief intermission Hendrix joined them during "[[Mother Earth (Memphis Slim song)|Mother Earth]]" and "[[Tobacco Road (song)|Tobacco Road]]".{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=107}} He died less than 48 hours later.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=103–107}}

== Substance abuse and behavioral problems ==
===Alcohol===
In July 1962, Hendrix entered a small club in Clarksville, Tennessee, drawn in by live music. He stopped for a drink and ended up spending most of the $400 ({{Inflation|US|400|1962|fmt=eq}}) that he had saved during his time in the Army. "I went in this jazz joint and had a drink," he explained. "I liked it and I stayed. People tell me I get foolish, good-natured sometimes. Anyway, I guess I felt real benevolent that day. I must have been handing out bills to anyone that asked me. I came out of that place with sixteen dollars left."{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|pp=27–28}} Alcohol eventually became "the scourge of his existence, driving him to fits of pique, even rare bursts of atypical, physical violence".{{sfn|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=28}}

===LSD and other substances===
{{quote box|Like most acid-heads, Jimi had visions and he wanted to create music to express what he saw. He would try to explain this to people, but it didn't make sense because it was not linked to reality in any way.|source= — [[Kathy Etchingham]]{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=110}}|width=25em|align=right|style=padding:8px;}}

Roby and Schreiber assert that Hendrix first used [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] when he met Linda Keith in late 1966. Shapiro and Glebbeek, however, contends that Hendrix used it in June 1967 at the earliest while attending the Monterey Pop Festival.<ref>{{harvnb|Roby|Schreiber|2010|pp=156, 182}}; {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=148}}.</ref> According to Hendrix biographer Charles Cross, the subject of drugs came up one evening in 1966 at Keith's New York apartment. One of Keith's friends offered Hendrix "acid", a street name for LSD, but Hendrix asked for LSD instead, showing what Cross describes as "his naivete and his complete inexperience with psychedelics".{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=132}} Before that, Hendrix had only sporadically used drugs, including [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], [[hashish]], [[Substituted amphetamine|amphetamines]], and occasionally [[cocaine]].{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=132}} After 1967, he regularly used cannabis, hashish, LSD, and amphetamines, particularly while touring.{{sfn|Redding|Appleby|1996|pp=60, 113}} According to Cross, "few stars were as closely associated with the drug culture as Jimi".{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=335}}

=== Violent behavior ===
When Hendrix drank to excess or mixed drugs with alcohol, often he became angry and violent.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2005|p=236}}: mixing drugs and alcohol; {{harvnb|Roby|Schreiber|2010|pp=28, 51, 87, 127, 163, 182–183}}</ref> His friend Herbie Worthington said Hendrix "simply turned into a bastard" when he drank.{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=237}} According to friend Sharon Lawrence, liquor "set off a bottled-up anger, a destructive fury he almost never displayed otherwise".{{sfn|Lawrence|2005|pp=142–143}}

In January 1968, the Experience travelled to Sweden to start a one-week tour of Europe. During the early morning hours of the first day, Hendrix got into a drunken brawl in the Hotel Opalen in [[Gothenburg]], smashing a plate-glass window and injuring his right hand, for which he received medical treatment.{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=237}} The incident culminated in his arrest and release, pending a court appearance that resulted in a large fine.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=86}}; {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=238–240}}.</ref>

In 1969, Hendrix rented a house in [[Benedict Canyon]], California, that was burglarized. Later, while under the influence of drugs and alcohol, he accused his friend Paul Caruso of the theft, threw punches and stones at him, and chased him away from his house.{{sfn|Cross|2005|pp=236–237}} A few days later Hendrix hit his girlfriend, Carmen Borrero, above her eye with a vodka bottle during a drunken, jealous rage, and gave her a cut that required stitches.{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=237}}

=== Possession charge ===
{{Main|Canadian drug charges and trial of Jimi Hendrix}}

Hendrix was passing through customs at [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Toronto International Airport]] on May&nbsp;3, 1969, when authorities found a small amount of [[heroin]] and hashish in his luggage, and charged him with drug possession.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=186}} He was released on $10,000 bail ({{Inflation|US|10000|1969|fmt=eq}}), and was required to return on May&nbsp;5 for an arraignment hearing.<ref>{{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=186}}; {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=358}}.</ref> The incident proved stressful for Hendrix, and it weighed heavily on his mind during the seven months leading up to his December 1969 trial.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=186}} For [[the Crown]] to prove possession, they had to show that Hendrix knew that the drugs were there.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=402}} During the jury trial, he testified that a fan had given him a vial of what he thought was legal medication which he put in his bag.{{sfn|Cross|2005|pp=281–282}} He was acquitted of the charges.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=402–403}} Mitchell and Redding later revealed that everyone had been warned about a planned drug bust the day before flying to Toronto; both men also stated that they believed that the drugs had been planted in Hendrix's bag without his knowledge.<ref>{{harvnb|Mitchell|Platt|1990|p=131}}; {{harvnb|Redding|Appleby|1996|p=123}}.</ref>

== Death, post-mortem, and burial ==
{{Main|Death of Jimi Hendrix}}
[[File:SamarkandHotel1.JPG|thumb|right|upright|alt=A color photograph of a white, multi-story building.|The Samarkand Hotel, where Hendrix spent his final hours]]
Details concerning Hendrix's last day and death are disputed.<ref>{{harvnb|Hendrix|McDermott|2007|pp=58–60}}: Hendrix spending most of September&nbsp;17 with Dannemann and Dannemann as the only witness to Hendrix's final hours; {{harvnb|Unterberger|2009|pp=119–126}}: the disputed details of Hendrix's final hours and death; {{harvnb|Moskowitz|2010|p=82}}: uncertainty in the specific details of his final hours and death.</ref> He spent much of September&nbsp;17, 1970, in London with [[Monika Dannemann]], the only witness to his final hours.{{sfn|Hendrix|McDermott|2007|pp=58–60}} Dannemann said that she prepared a meal for them at her apartment in the Samarkand Hotel around 11&nbsp;p.m., when they shared a bottle of wine.{{sfn|Hendrix|McDermott|2007|p=59}} She drove him to the residence of an acquaintance at approximately 1:45&nbsp;a.m., where he remained for about an hour before she picked him up and drove them back to her flat at 3 a.m.{{sfn|Cross|2005|pp=331–332}} She said that they talked until around 7&nbsp;a.m., when they went to sleep. Dannemann awoke around 11 a.m. and found Hendrix breathing but unconscious and unresponsive. She called for an ambulance at 11:18&nbsp;a.m., and it arrived nine minutes later<!--at 11:27-->.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2005|pp=331–332}}; {{harvnb|Hendrix|McDermott|2007|p=59}}.</ref> Paramedics <!--then-->transported Hendrix to [[St Mary Abbots Hospital]] where doctor John Bannister pronounced him dead at 12:45&nbsp;p.m. on September&nbsp;18.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=82}}<ref name=tpgtdil>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=P7RVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6843%2C3631944 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=(Oregon) |agency=UPI |title=Top pop guitarist, 24 (27), dies in London |date=September 18, 1970 |page=3A}}</ref><ref name=srpostd>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4wsSAAAAIBAJ&pg=6262%2C891827 |work=[[Spokesman-Review]] |publisher=[[Cowles Company]]|location=Spokane, Washington|agency=[[Associated Press]] |title=Pop star dies |date=September 19, 1970 |page=2}}</ref>

Coroner Gavin Thurston ordered a [[post-mortem]] examination which was performed on September&nbsp;21 by [[Robert Donald Teare]], a forensic pathologist.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=158–159}} Thurston completed the inquest on September&nbsp;28 and concluded that Hendrix [[pulmonary aspiration|aspirated]] his own vomit and died of [[asphyxia]] while intoxicated with [[barbiturate]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1997|pp=172–174}}: Coroner Gavin Thurston's September&nbsp;28 inquest {{harvnb|Moskowitz|2010|p=82}}: Hendrix's September&nbsp;21 autopsy.</ref> Citing "insufficient evidence of the circumstances", he declared an [[open verdict]].{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=172–174}} Dannemann later revealed that Hendrix had taken nine of her prescribed [[Secobarbital/brallobarbital/hydroxyzine|Vesparax]] sleeping tablets, 18 times the recommended dosage.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2005|p=332}}; {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=248}}.</ref>

[[Desmond Henley]] embalmed Hendrix's body,<ref name=christopherhenley>{{Cite web|url=http://christopherhenleylimited.com/inmemoriam.htm |title=In memoriam Desmond C. Henley |work=Internet |publisher=Christopher Henley Limited 2008–2010 |access-date=March 8, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914054346/http://christopherhenleylimited.com/inmemoriam.htm |archive-date=September 14, 2013}}</ref> which was flown to Seattle on September&nbsp;29<!--, 1970-->.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=165}} Hendrix's family and friends held a service at Dunlap Baptist Church in Seattle's [[Rainier Valley, Seattle|Rainier Valley]] on Thursday, October&nbsp;1; his body was interred at [[Greenwood Memorial Park (Renton, Washington)|Greenwood Cemetery]] in nearby [[Renton, Washington|Renton]],<ref name=jfgwcm>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iAcRAAAAIBAJ&pg=5532%2C169340 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=(Oregon) |agency=Associated Press |title=Final journey for Jimi Hendrix |date=October 2, 1970 |page=5A}}</ref> the location of his mother's grave.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=475}} Family and friends traveled in 24 limousines, and more than 200 people attended the funeral, including Mitch Mitchell, Noel Redding, [[Miles Davis]], [[John P. Hammond|John Hammond]], and [[Johnny Winter]].{{sfn|Cross|2005|pp=338–340}}<ref name=hffth>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5VFWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7464%2C424265 |work=[[Spokesman-Review]] |publisher=[[Cowles Company]]|location=Spokane, Washington|agency=[[Associated Press]] |title=150 fete Hendrix |date=October 2, 1970 |page=7}}</ref>

Hendrix is often cited as one example of an allegedly disproportionate number of musicians dying at age 27, including [[Brian Jones]], [[Alan Wilson (musician)|Alan Wilson]], [[Jim Morrison]], and [[Janis Joplin]] in the same era, a phenomenon referred to as the [[27&nbsp;Club]].<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-lists/the-27-club-a-brief-history-17853/ | title=The 27 Club: A Brief History | magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=December 8, 2019 }}</ref>

== Unauthorized and posthumous releases ==
By 1967, as Hendrix was gaining in popularity, many of his pre-Experience recordings were marketed to an unsuspecting public as Jimi Hendrix albums, sometimes with misleading later images of Hendrix.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=80}} The recordings, which came under the control of producer Ed Chalpin of [[PPX Enterprises|PPX]], with whom Hendrix had signed a recording contract in 1965, were often re-mixed between their repeated reissues, and licensed to record companies such as [[Decca Records|Decca]] and Capitol.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/a-shoddy-jimi-hendrix-record-199216/|title=A Shoddy Jimi Hendrix Record?|last=Lydon|first=Michael|date=January 20, 1968|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216053645/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/a-shoddy-jimi-hendrix-record-199216/|archive-date=February 16, 2020|access-date=February 16, 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|pp=65–71}} Hendrix publicly denounced the releases, describing them as "malicious" and "greatly inferior", stating: "At PPX, we spent on average about one hour recording a song. Today I spend at least twelve hours on each song."<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=80}}: "malicious" and "greatly inferior"; {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=291}}.</ref> These unauthorized releases have long constituted a substantial part of his recording catalogue, amounting to hundreds of albums.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=17}}; {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=567–583}}.</ref>

Some of Hendrix's [[Jimi Hendrix's unfinished fourth studio album|unfinished fourth studio album]] was released as the 1971 title ''The Cry of Love''.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|pp=86–90}} Although the album reached number three in the US and number two in the UK, producers Mitchell and Kramer later complained that they were unable to make use of all the available songs because some tracks were used for 1971's ''[[Rainbow Bridge (album)|Rainbow Bridge]]''; still others were issued on 1972's ''[[War Heroes]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Heatley|2009|pp=142–143}}; {{harvnb|Moskowitz|2010|pp=86–90}}.</ref> Material from ''The Cry of Love'' was re-released in 1997 as ''[[First Rays of the New Rising Sun]]'', along with the other tracks that Mitchell and Kramer had wanted to include.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|pp=116–117}}{{refn|group=nb|Two of Hendrix's final recordings included the lead guitar parts on "Old Times Good Times" from [[Stephen Stills]]' [[Stephen Stills (album)|eponymous album]] (1970) and on "The Everlasting First" from [[Arthur Lee (musician)|Arthur Lee]]'s new incarnation of [[Love (band)|Love]]. Both tracks were recorded during a brief visit to London in March 1970, following Kathy Etchingham's marriage.<ref>{{harvnb|Doggett|2004|p=156}}: Working with Lee on "The Everlasting First"; {{harvnb|Doggett|2004|p=159}}: Working with Stills on "Old Times Good Times"; {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=420}}: General detail.</ref>}} Four years after Hendrix's death, producer [[Alan Douglas (record producer)|Alan Douglas]] acquired the rights to produce unreleased music by Hendrix; he attracted criticism for using studio musicians to replace or add tracks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-alan-douglas-20140613-story.html|title=Alan Douglas, associated with Jimi Hendrix's later success, dies at 82|last=Chawkins|first=Steve|newspaper=LA Times|date=June 15, 2014|access-date=February 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222131432/https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-alan-douglas-20140613-story.html|archive-date=February 22, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1993, [[MCA Records]] delayed a multimillion-dollar sale of Hendrix's publishing copyrights because Al Hendrix was unhappy about the arrangement.<ref name="Sale of MCA catalogue" /> He acknowledged that he had sold distribution rights to a foreign corporation in 1974, but stated that it did not include copyrights and argued that he had retained veto power of the sale of the catalogue.<ref name="Sale of MCA catalogue">{{cite news|last=Philips|first=Chuck|title=Hendrix Sale: A Hazy Experience : Contracts: MCA Music Entertainment Group delays a multimillion-dollar purchase of guitarist's recording and publishing copyrights after the late rock star's father protests the sale. 'I think it's a total rip-off.'|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-04-08-ca-20656-story.html|access-date=September 14, 2013|newspaper=LA Times|date=April 8, 1993|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213409/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-04-08/entertainment/ca-20656_1_jimi-hendrix|archive-date=October 29, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Under a settlement reached in July 1995, Al Hendrix regained control of his son's song and image rights.<ref name="Al Hendrix prevails in copyright struggle">{{cite news|last=Philips|first=Chuck|title=Father to Get Hendrix Song, Image Rights|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-07-26-ca-27887-story.html|access-date=September 14, 2013|newspaper=LA times|date=July 26, 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024090541/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-07-26/entertainment/ca-27887_1_jimi-hendrix|archive-date=October 24, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> He subsequently licensed the recordings to MCA through the family-run company Experience Hendrix LLC, formed in 1995.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|pp=128–130}} In August 2009, Experience Hendrix announced that it had entered a new licensing agreement with [[Sony Music Entertainment]]'s [[Legacy Recordings]] division, to take effect in 2010.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=127}} Legacy and Experience Hendrix launched the 2010 Jimi Hendrix Catalog Project starting with the release of ''[[Valleys of Neptune]]'' in March of that year.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|pp=120–124}} In the months before his death, Hendrix recorded demos for a concept album tentatively titled ''[[Black Gold (Jimi Hendrix recordings)|Black Gold]]'', now in the possession of Experience Hendrix LLC, but it has not been released.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=222}}{{refn|group=nb|Many of Hendrix's personal items, tapes, and many pages of lyrics and poems are now in the hands of private collectors and have attracted considerable sums at occasional auctions. These materials surfaced after two employees, under the instructions of Mike Jeffery, removed items from Hendrix's Greenwich Village apartment following his death.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=477}}}}

== Equipment ==

=== Guitars ===
{{multiple image| direction = vertical| width = 165| footer = | image1 = Jimi hendrix woodstock.jpg| alt1 = A color photograph of a white Fender Stratocaster guitar| caption1 = The [[Fender Stratocaster]] Hendrix played at Woodstock| image2 = Jimi Hendrix's Flying V Gibson Guitar.jpg| alt2 = A color photograph of a black Gibson Flying V guitar| caption2 = Hendrix's [[Gibson Flying V]]}}

Hendrix played a variety of guitars but was most prominently associated with the [[Fender Stratocaster]].<ref>{{harvnb|Moskowitz|2010|ppp=125–126}}; {{harvnb|Heatley|2009|pp=62, 168–171}}.</ref> He acquired his first in 1966, when a girlfriend loaned him enough money to purchase a used Stratocaster built around 1964.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=671}} He used it often during performances and recordings.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=62}} In 1967, he described the Stratocaster as "the best all-around guitar for the stuff we're doing"; he praised its "bright treble and deep bass".{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|p=211}}

Hendrix mainly played right-handed guitars that were turned upside down and restrung for left-hand playing.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=37–38}} Because of the slant of the Stratocaster's bridge pickup, his lowest string had a brighter sound, while his highest string had a darker sound, the opposite of the intended design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.modernguitars.com/archives/000039.html#tribute|title=Seven Fender Stratocaster Models That Pay Tribute to Jimi Hendrix|last=Wilson|first=Tom|work=Modern Guitars Magazine|date=November 13, 2004|access-date=September 23, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922153814/http://www.modernguitars.com/archives/000039.html#67#tribute|archive-date=September 22, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Hendrix also used Fender [[Fender Jazzmaster|Jazzmasters]], [[Fender Duosonic|Duosonics]], two different [[Gibson Flying V]]s, a [[Gibson Les Paul]], three [[Gibson SG]]s, a Gretsch Corvette, and a [[Fender Jaguar]].{{sfn|Heatley|2009|pp=168–171}} He used a white Gibson SG Custom for his performances on ''The Dick Cavett Show'' in September 1969, and a black Gibson Flying V during the Isle of Wight festival in 1970.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|pp=116–117: Gibson SG Custom; 134–135: 1970 left-handed Gibson Flying V}}{{refn|group=nb|While Hendrix had previously owned a 1967 Flying V that he hand-painted in a psychedelic design, the Flying V used at the Isle of Wight was a unique custom left-handed guitar with gold plated hardware, a bound fingerboard and "split-diamond" fret markers that were not found on other 1960s-era Flying Vs.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|pp=74–76: 1967 Flying V; 134–135: 1970 Flying V}}}}

=== Amplifiers ===
During 1965 and 1966, while Hendrix was playing back-up for soul and R&B acts in the US, he used an 85-watt [[Fender Twin]] Reverb amplifier.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=54}} When Chandler brought Hendrix to England in October 1966, he supplied him with 30-watt [[Burns London|Burns amps]], which Hendrix thought were too small for his needs.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=66}}{{refn|group=nb|During their second rehearsal, the Experience attempted to destroy the Burns amps that Chandler had given them by throwing the equipment down a flight of stairs.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=66}}}} After an early London gig when he was unable to use his Fender Twin, he asked about the [[Marshall amps]] he had noticed other groups using.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=66}} Years earlier, Mitch Mitchell had taken drum lessons from Marshall founder [[Jim Marshall (businessman)|Jim Marshall]], and he introduced Hendrix to Marshall.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|pp=66–67}} At their initial meeting, Hendrix bought four speaker cabinets and three 100-watt [[Marshall 1959|Super Lead]] amplifiers; he grew accustomed to using all three in unison.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=66}} The equipment arrived on October 11, 1966, and the Experience used it during their first tour.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=66}}

Marshall amps were important to the development of Hendrix's overdriven sound and his use of feedback, creating what author [[Paul Trynka]] described as a "definitive vocabulary for rock guitar".{{sfn|Trynka|1996|p=18}} Hendrix usually turned all the control knobs to the maximum level, which became known as the Hendrix setting.{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|p=215}} During the four years prior to his death, he purchased between 50 and 100 Marshall amplifiers.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=122}} Jim Marshall said Hendrix was "the greatest ambassador" his company ever had.{{sfn|GP staff|2012|p=52}}

=== Effects ===
[[File:1968 King Vox Wah pedal.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.55|alt=A color image of a 1968 King Vox Wah pedal. The foot pedal is black with chrome accents and has a "King Vox Wah" label on the top.|A 1968 King Vox-Wah wah-wah pedal similar to the one owned by Hendrix{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=105}}]]

One of Hendrix's signature [[effects unit|effects]] was the [[wah-wah pedal]], which he first heard used with an electric guitar in Cream's "[[Tales of Brave Ulysses]]", released in May 1967.<ref>{{harvnb|Heatley|2009|p=104}}: {{harvnb|Unterberger|2009|p=216}}: One of Hendrix's signature guitar effects; {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=687}}.</ref> That July, while performing at [[The Scene (performance venue)|the Scene]] club in New York City, Hendrix met [[Frank Zappa]], whose band [[the Mothers of Invention]] were performing at the adjacent [[Garrick Cinema|Garrick Theater]]. Hendrix was fascinated by Zappa's application of the pedal, and he experimented with one later that evening.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=117}}{{refn|group=nb|The wah pedals that Hendrix owned were designed by the [[Thomas Organ Company]] and manufactured in Italy by JEN Elettronica Pescara for [[Vox (musical equipment)|Vox]].{{sfn|Heatley|2009|pp=104–105}}}} He used a wah pedal during the opening to "[[Voodoo Child (Slight Return)]]", creating one of the best-known wah-wah riffs of the classic rock era.{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|p=216}} He also uses the effect on "[[Up from the Skies]]", "Little Miss Lover", and "Still Raining, Still Dreaming".{{sfn|Heatley|2009|pp=104–105}}

Hendrix used a [[Dallas Arbiter]] [[Fuzz Face]] and a [[Vox (company)|Vox]] wah pedal during recording sessions and performances, but also experimented with other guitar effects.{{sfn|Heatley|2009|p=73: Dallas Arbiter Fuzz Face; 104–105: Vox wah-pedal; 88–89: Octavia; 120–121: other effects}} He enjoyed a fruitful long-term collaboration with electronics enthusiast [[Roger Mayer (engineer)|Roger Mayer]], whom he once called "the secret" of his sound.<ref>{{harvnb|Heatley|2009|p=88}}: "the secret" of Hendrix's sound; {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=28}}: Hendrix's long-term collaboration with Mayer.</ref> Mayer introduced him to the [[Octavia (effects pedal)|Octavia]], an [[Octave effect|octave-doubling]] effect pedal, in December 1966, and he first recorded with it during the guitar solo to "Purple Haze".<ref>{{harvnb|Heatley|2009|p=88}}: first Hendrix recording with an Octavia; {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=28}}: Mayer introduced Hendrix to the Octavia in December 1966.</ref>

Hendrix also used the [[Uni-Vibe]], designed to simulate the modulation effects of a rotating [[Leslie speaker]]. He uses the effect during his performance at Woodstock and on the Band of Gypsys track "Machine Gun", which prominently features the Uni-vibe along with an Octavia and a Fuzz Face.<ref>{{harvnb|Aledort|1998|p=40}}; {{harvnb|Heatley|2009|pp=120–121}}.</ref> For performances, he plugged his guitar into the wah-wah, which was connected to the Fuzz Face, then the Uni-Vibe, and finally a Marshall amplifier.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=689}}
{{clear}}

== Influences ==
As an adolescent in the 1950s, Hendrix became interested in [[rock and roll]] artists such as [[Elvis Presley]], [[Little Richard]], and [[Chuck Berry]].{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|p=228}} In 1968, he told ''[[Guitar Player]]'' magazine that [[electric blues]] artists Muddy Waters, [[Elmore James]], and B. B. King inspired him during the beginning of his career; he also cited [[Eddie Cochran]] as an early influence.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=39}} Of Muddy Waters, the first electric guitarist of which Hendrix became aware, he said: "I heard one of his records when I was a little boy and ''it scared me to death'' because I heard all of these ''sounds''."{{sfn|Hendrix|McDermott|2007|p=9}} In 1970, he told ''Rolling Stone'' that he was a fan of [[western swing]] artist [[Bob Wills]] and while he lived in Nashville, the television show the ''[[Grand Ole Opry]]''.{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=62}}

{{quote box|quote= I don't happen to know much about jazz. I know that most of those cats are playing nothing but blues, though—I know that much.|source= — Hendrix on jazz music{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=103}}|width=27%|align=left|style=padding:8px;}}

Cox stated that during their time serving in the US military, he and Hendrix primarily listened to southern blues artists such as [[Jimmy Reed]] and [[Albert King]]. According to Cox, "King was a very, very powerful influence".{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=39}} Howlin' Wolf also inspired Hendrix, who performed Wolf's "Killing Floor" as the opening song of his US debut at the Monterey Pop Festival.{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|p=229}} The influence of soul artist [[Curtis Mayfield]] can be heard in Hendrix's guitar playing, and the influence of Bob Dylan can be heard in Hendrix's songwriting; he was known to play Dylan's records repeatedly, particularly ''[[Highway 61 Revisited]]'' and ''[[Blonde on Blonde]]''.{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|pp=228, 231: the influence of Curtis Mayfield, 234–235: influence of Bob Dylan}}
{{clear}}

== Legacy ==
{{quote box|quote= He changed everything. What ''don't'' we owe Jimi Hendrix? For his monumental rebooting of guitar culture "standards of tone", technique, gear, signal processing, rhythm playing, soloing, stage presence, chord voicings, charisma, fashion, and composition?&nbsp;... He is guitar hero number one.|source= — ''Guitar Player'' magazine, May 2012{{sfn|GP staff|2012|p=50}}|width=26%|align=right|style=padding:8px;}}

The [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] biography for the Experience states: "Jimi Hendrix was arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music. Hendrix expanded the range and vocabulary of the electric guitar into areas no musician had ever ventured before. His boundless drive, technical ability and creative application of such effects as wah-wah and distortion forever transformed the sound of rock and roll."<ref name="R&RHOFB"/> Musicologist Andy Aledort described Hendrix as "one of the most creative" and "influential musicians that has ever lived".<ref>{{harvnb|Aledort|1991|p=4}}: "one of the most creative"; {{harvnb|Aledort|1996|p=4}}: "one of the most influential musicians that has ever lived".</ref> Music journalist [[Chuck Philips]] wrote: "In a field almost exclusively populated by white musicians, Hendrix has served as a role model for a cadre of young black rockers. His achievement was to reclaim title to a musical form pioneered by black innovators like Little Richard and Chuck Berry in the 1950s."<ref name="Hendrix place in black culture">{{cite news|last=Philips|first=Chuck|title=Experiencing Jimi Hendrix : For today's budding crop of black rock musicians, he's more than a guitar hero—he's a role model|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-26-ca-475-story.html|access-date=September 15, 2013|newspaper=LA Times|date=November 26, 1989|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111033849/http://articles.latimes.com/1989-11-26/entertainment/ca-475_1_jimi-hendrix-experience|archive-date=November 11, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hendrix favored [[overdrive (music)|overdriven]] amplifiers with high volume and [[Gain (electronics)|gain]].{{sfn|Shadwick|2003|p=92}} He was instrumental in developing the previously undesirable technique of guitar [[Guitar feedback|amplifier feedback]] and helped to popularize use of the wah-wah pedal in mainstream rock.<ref>{{harvnb|Heatley|2009|pp=104–105}}: Hendrix helped to popularize use of the wah-wah pedal; {{harvnb|Moskowitz|2010|p=127}}: Hendrix helped to popularize use of the wah-wah pedal; {{harvnb|Shadwick|2003|p=92}}: Hendrix was instrumental in developing the previously undesirable technique of guitar feedback; {{harvnb|Unterberger|2009|p=212}}: Hendrix helped to popularize guitar feedback.</ref> He rejected the standard [[barre chord]] fretting technique used by most guitarists in favor of fretting the low 6th string root notes with his thumb.{{sfn|Aledort|1995|p=59}} He applied this technique during the beginning bars of "[[Little Wing]]", which allowed him to sustain the root note of chords while also playing melody. This method has been described as piano style, with the thumb playing what a pianist's left hand would play and the other fingers playing melody as a right hand.{{sfn|Whitehill|1989b|p=46}} Having spent several years fronting a trio, he developed an ability to play rhythm chords and lead lines together, giving the audio impression that more than one guitarist was performing.{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|p=212}}{{refn|group=nb|His heavy use of the [[Vibrato systems for guitar|tremolo bar]] often detuned his guitar strings, necessitating frequent tunings.{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=166, 689}} During the last three years of his life, he abandoned the standard [[concert pitch]] and instead tuned his guitar down one [[minor second]], or a half [[Steps and skips|step]] to [[E♭ tuning|E♭]]. This not only made string bending easier, but it also dropped the guitar's pitch, making it easier to accompany himself vocally.<ref>{{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=689}}; {{harvnb|Unterberger|2009|p=211}}.</ref>}} He was the first artist to incorporate [[stereophonic sound|stereophonic]] phasing effects in rock music recordings.{{sfn|Stix|1992|p=10}} Holly George-Warren of ''Rolling Stone'' wrote: "Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument as an electronic sound source. Players before him had experimented with feedback and distortion, but Hendrix turned those effects and others into a controlled, fluid vocabulary every bit as personal as the blues with which he began."{{sfn|George-Warren|2005|p=428}}{{refn|group=nb|Hendrix also played keyboard instruments on several recordings, including piano on "[[Are You Experienced? (song)|Are You Experienced?]]", "[[Spanish Castle Magic]]", and "[[Crosstown Traffic (song)|Crosstown Traffic]]", and harpsichord on "Bold as Love" and "Burning of the Midnight Lamp".{{sfn|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|pp=526: "Are You Experienced?", 527: "Burning of the Midnight Lamp", 528: "Spanish Castle Magic" and "Bold as Love", 530: "Crosstown Traffic"}}}}

While creating his unique musical voice and guitar style, Hendrix synthesized diverse genres, including blues, R&B, soul, [[British rock]], [[American folk music]], 1950s rock and roll, and jazz.<ref>{{harvnb|Moskowitz|2010|p=xiii}}: Hendrix synthesized R&B and American folk music; {{harvnb|Unterberger|2009|p=227}}: Hendrix synthesized blues, soul, British rock, 1950s rock and roll, and jazz.</ref> Musicologist David Moskowitz emphasized the importance of blues music in Hendrix's playing style, and according to authors Steven Roby and Brad Schreiber, "[He] explored the outer reaches of [[psychedelic rock]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Moskowitz|2010|pp=113–116}}: {{harvnb|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=177}}.</ref> His influence is evident in a variety of popular music formats, and he has contributed significantly to the development of [[hard rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], funk, [[post-punk]], [[grunge]],<ref name="grunge">{{Cite web |url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/01/jimi-hendrixs-forgotten-influence-seattle-grunge/ |title=Jimi Hendrix's Lost Influence on the '90s Grunge Explosion |last=Nierenberg |first=Jacob |date=January 9, 2019 |website=Consequence of Sound |access-date=February 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123621/https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/01/jimi-hendrixs-forgotten-influence-seattle-grunge/ |archive-date=February 13, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[hip hop music]].<ref>{{harvnb|Unterberger|2009|pp=v–vi}}: Hendrix influenced hard rock, heavy metal, and post-punk; {{harvnb|Whitaker|2011|p=378}}: Hendrix influenced funk and hip hop.</ref> His lasting influence on modern guitar players is difficult to overstate; his techniques and delivery have been abundantly imitated by others.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=xiii}} Despite his hectic touring schedule and notorious perfectionism, he was a prolific recording artist who left behind numerous unreleased recordings.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=85}} More than 40 years after his death, Hendrix remains as popular as ever, with annual album sales exceeding that of any year during his lifetime.{{sfn|Unterberger|2009|p=vi}}

As with his contemporary [[Sly Stone]], Hendrix embraced the experimentalism of white musicians in [[progressive rock]] in the late 1960s and inspired a wave of [[progressive soul]] musicians that emerged by the next decade.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=From Progressive Jazz Luxe to Sweet Sophistisoul|page=260|last=Howland|first=John|year=2021|title=Hearing Luxe Pop: Glorification, Glamour, and the Middlebrow in American Popular Music|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0520300118}}</ref> He has directly influenced numerous funk and [[funk rock]] artists, including [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]], [[John Frusciante]] of [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Eddie Hazel]] of [[Funkadelic]], and [[Ernie Isley]] of the Isley Brothers.<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2008|p=19}}: Hendrix influenced John Frusciante; {{harvnb|Handyside|2005|p=34}}: Hendrix influenced Eddie Hazel; {{harvnb|Owen|Reynolds|1991|p=29}}: Hendrix influenced Prince, George Clinton, and the Red Hot Chili Peppers; {{harvnb|Unterberger|2009|p=21}}: Hendrix influenced Ernie Isley.</ref> Hendrix influenced post-punk guitarists such as [[John McGeoch]] of [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]] and [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] of [[The Cure]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Rick|last=Batey|title=Compilation John McGeoch [interview] |journal=[[Guitarist (magazine)|Guitarist]]|date=April 1991|quote=He grew up trying to play along to the best of what was around, like Clapton, Led Zeppelin and Jimi Hendrix. }}<br />{{cite web|url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/G6Lt36HcdAI|title=Robert Smith interview |work=Fast Forward on [[VIVA (German TV channel)|Viva]] – a German TV channel|publisher=YouTube|date=November 2001|access-date=December 26, 2021|quote=Jimi Hendrix is my first hero and he represented a colourful alternative world that I aspired to when I was still at school.}}</ref> Grunge guitarists such as [[Jerry Cantrell]] of [[Alice in Chains]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://guitarinternational.com/2010/08/21/jerry-cantrell-grinding-it-out/ |title=Jerry Cantrell Interview: Grinding it Out |last=Newquist |first=HP |date=February 1996 |website=Guitar Magazine |access-date=February 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213012827/http://guitarinternational.com/2010/08/21/jerry-cantrell-grinding-it-out/ |archive-date=February 13, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kurt Cobain]] of [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livenirvana.com/interviews/9301acm/index.php#Transcript1&gsc.tab=0 |title=Interview January 20, 1993 |last=Carlos Miguel|first=Antonio|date=January 20, 1993 |website=LiveNirvana |access-date=March 13, 2024}}</ref> and [[Mike McCready]] and [[Stone Gossard]] of [[Pearl Jam]] have cited Hendrix as an influence.<ref name="grunge"/> Hendrix's influence also extends to many hip hop artists, including [[De La Soul]], [[A Tribe Called Quest]], [[Digital Underground]], [[Beastie Boys]], and [[Run–D.M.C.]]{{sfn|Owen|Reynolds|1991|p=30}} [[Miles Davis]] was deeply impressed by Hendrix, and he compared Hendrix's improvisational abilities with those of saxophonist [[John Coltrane]].{{sfn|Davis|Troupe|1989|pp=282–283}}{{refn|group=nb|Davis would later request that guitarists in his bands emulate Hendrix.{{sfn|Davis|Troupe|1989|pp=319–320, 374}}}} [[Desert blues]] artists from the [[Sahara|Sahara desert]] region including [[Mdou Moctar]] and [[Tinariwen]] have also acknowledged Hendrix's influence.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/mar/21/we-are-modern-slaves-mdou-moctar-the-hendrix-of-the-sahara |last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=March 21, 2019 |title='We are modern slaves': Mdou Moctar, the Hendrix of the Sahara |website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=January 30, 2023 |quote=Today, Moctar, who says his traditional music has been influenced by Jimi Hendrix, Van Halen and Prince, has a new album, Ilana, meaning The Creator.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/03/03/sahara-blues |last=Frere-Jones |first=Sasha |date=February 23, 2014 |title=Sahara Blues: Tinariwen's desert sound |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=January 30, 2023 |quote=In 2004, [group bassist] Ag Leche heard Jimi Hendrix for the first time. When he told me this, he broke into a huge smile and began to rock back and forth, as if praying.}}</ref>

Rock and roll fans still debate whether Hendrix actually said that [[Chicago (band)|Chicago]] co-founder [[Terry Kath]] was a better guitar player than he was,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Greene |first1=Andy |title=Flashback: Chicago Play a Smoldering '25 or 6 to 4' in 1970 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/flashback-chicago-play-a-smoldering-25-or-6-to-4-in-1970-238618/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=April 17, 2022}}</ref> but Kath named Hendrix as a major influence: "But then there was Hendrix, man. Jimi was really the last cat to freak me. Jimi was playing all the stuff I had in my head. I couldn't believe it, when I first heard him. Man, no one can ever do what he did with a guitar. No one can ever take his place."<ref>{{cite web |title=Terry Kath Quotes |url=https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/terry_kath_311493 |website=BrainyQuote.com |publisher=BrainyMedia Inc, 2022 |access-date=April 17, 2022}}</ref>

Hendrix also influenced [[Black Sabbath]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/black-sabbath-s-geezer-butler-talks-lyrical-inspiration-rock-band-iron-man-movies/|website=[[IGN]]|title=Black Sabbath's Geezer Butler talks lyrical inspiration|quote= Everybody in [SABBATH] liked CREAM and HENDRIX and ZEPPELIN, and I suppose it was a natural progression for us to get even heavier than they were.|date=June 29, 2010|access-date=October 27, 2020|via=Blabbermounth.net}}</ref> [[Industrial music|industrial]] artist [[Marilyn Manson]],<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/marilyn-manson-the-music-that-made-me-20150508|title=Marilyn Manson: The Music That Made Me|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=May 8, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507005347/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/marilyn-manson-the-music-that-made-me-20150508|archive-date=May 7, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> blues musician [[Stevie Ray Vaughan]], 
[[Randy Hansen]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0lxsy-jBt0 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/Z0lxsy-jBt0| archive-date=October 27, 2021|title=Randy Hansen's Hendrix Revolution: The Rolling Stone Interview |date=May 19, 2016 |website=Rolling Stone Australia |access-date=February 22, 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> 
[[Uli Jon Roth]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/uli-jon-roths-5-essential-guitar-albums |title=Uli Jon Roth's 5 Essential Guitar Albums |last=Prato |first=Greg |date=December 6, 2016 |website=Classic Rock |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222150505/https://www.loudersound.com/features/uli-jon-roths-5-essential-guitar-albums |archive-date=February 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]]'s [[Ace Frehley]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.guitarworld.com/features/ace-frehley-discusses-jimi-hendrix-experiences-are-you-experienced-record-changed-my-life |title=Ace Frehley Discusses the Jimi Hendrix Experience's 'Are You Experienced?' – The Record That Changed My Life |last=Frehley |first=Ace |date=July 24, 2014 |website=Classic Rock |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222161925/https://www.guitarworld.com/features/ace-frehley-discusses-jimi-hendrix-experiences-are-you-experienced-record-changed-my-life |archive-date=February 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Metallica]]{{'s}} [[Kirk Hammett]], [[Aerosmith]]'s [[Brad Whitford]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/jimi-hendrix-week-aerosmiths-brad-whitford-on-experience-hendrix-178144 |title=Jimi Hendrix Week: Aerosmith's Brad Whitford on Experience Hendrix |last=Bosso |first=Joe |date=October 21, 2008 |website=Music Radar |access-date=February 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005828/https://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/jimi-hendrix-week-aerosmiths-brad-whitford-on-experience-hendrix-178144 |archive-date=February 13, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Judas Priest]]'s [[Richie Faulkner]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyTjNKciktw |title=Richie Faulkner of Judas Priest: Why I Play Guitar |date=September 19, 2018 |website=YouTube |access-date=April 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110185329/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyTjNKciktw |archive-date=January 10, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[instrumental rock]] guitarist [[Joe Satriani]], [[King's X]] singer/bassist [[Doug Pinnick]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ratpakrecordsamerica.com/dugpinnick |title=Dug Pinnick's Tribute to Jimi: Often Imitated But Never Duplicated |website=Rat Pak Records |access-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222150910/https://ratpakrecordsamerica.com/dugpinnick |archive-date=February 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Adrian Belew]],<ref name="vintageguitar.com">{{cite web|last=Moseley|first=Willie G.|url=https://www.vintageguitar.com/2997/adrian-belew/|title=Adrian Belew: Musical Modernist|publisher=[[Vintage Guitar]]|date=June 2005|access-date=January 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109184117/https://www.vintageguitar.com/2997/adrian-belew/|archive-date=January 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and heavy metal guitarist [[Yngwie Malmsteen]], who said: "[Hendrix] created modern electric playing, without question&nbsp;... He was the first. He started it all. The rest is history."<ref>{{harvnb|GP staff|2012|p=54}}: Hendrix influenced Yngwie Malmsteen and Joe Satriani, "[Hendrix] created modern electric playing"; {{harvnb|Gula|2008|p=101}}: Hendrix influenced Kirk Hammett; {{harvnb|Roby|Schreiber|2010|p=72}}: Hendrix influenced Stevie Ray Vaughan.</ref> "For many", Hendrix was "the preeminent black rocker", according to [[Jon Caramanica]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Caramnica|first=Jon|author-link=Jon Caramanica|date=February 2002|page=87|title=Electric Warriors|magazine=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]}}</ref> Members of the [[Soulquarians]], an experimental [[black music]] collective active during the late 1990s and early 2000s, were influenced by the creative freedom in Hendrix's music and extensively used Electric Lady Studios to work on their own music.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gonzales|first=Michael A.|date=March 19, 2015|url=https://www.soulhead.com/2015/03/19/love-peace-soulquarians-michael-gonzales-gonzomike-qtiptheabstract-questlove-common/|title=Love, Peace and Soulquarians|website=soulhead|access-date=August 22, 2020|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210122044602/https://www.soulhead.com/2015/03/19/love-peace-soulquarians-michael-gonzales-gonzomike-qtiptheabstract-questlove-common/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Recognition and awards ===
Hendrix was the recipient of several music awards during his lifetime and posthumously. In 1967, readers of ''[[Melody Maker]]'' voted him the Pop Musician of the Year and in 1968, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' named him the Artist of the Year and ''Rolling Stone'' declared him the Performer of the Year. ''[[Disc and Music Echo]]'' honored him with the World Top Musician of 1969 and in 1970, ''[[Guitar Player]]'' named him the Rock Guitarist of the Year. The Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and the [[UK Music Hall of Fame]] in 2005. ''Rolling Stone'' has ranked the band's three studio albums, ''[[Are You Experienced]]'' (1967), ''[[Axis: Bold as Love]]'' (1967), and ''Electric Ladyland'' (1968), in its various lists of the "[[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|500 Greatest Albums of All Time]]", and it ranked Hendrix as the greatest guitarist and the sixth-greatest artist of all time.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=October 13, 2023 |title=The 250 Greatest Guitarists of All Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-guitarists-1234814010/ |access-date=October 14, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Jimi Hendrix statue outside Dimbola Lodge.JPG|left|thumb|upright|alt=A color photograph of a bronze statue of a man holding an electric guitar.|Hendrix statue outside Dimbola Lodge, [[Isle of Wight]]]]

Hendrix received several prestigious rock music awards during his lifetime and posthumously. In 1967, readers of ''Melody Maker'' voted him the Pop Musician of the Year.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=130}} In 1968, ''Rolling Stone'' declared him the Performer of the Year.{{sfn|Moskowitz|2010|p=130}} Also in 1968, the City of Seattle gave him the keys to the city.{{sfn|McDermott|2009|p=90}} ''Disc & Music Echo'' newspaper honored him with the World Top Musician of 1969 and in 1970 ''Guitar Player'' magazine named him the Rock Guitarist of the Year.<ref>{{harvnb|Moskowitz|2010|p=130}}: the Rock Guitarist of the Year {{harvnb|Shapiro|Glebbeek|1995|p=722}}: World Top Musician of 1969.</ref>

''Rolling Stone'' ranked his three non-posthumous studio albums, ''Are You Experienced'' (1967), ''Axis: Bold as Love'' (1967), and ''Electric Ladyland'' (1968) among the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.{{sfn|Levy|2005|p=222}} They ranked Hendrix number one on their [[List of guitarists considered the greatest|list]] of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time, and number six on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time.<ref>{{harvnb|Mayer|2011|p=18}}: 100 greatest artists; {{harvnb|Morello|2011|p=50}}: 100 greatest guitarists.</ref> ''Guitar World'''s readers voted six of Hendrix's solos among the top 100 Greatest Guitar Solos of All Time: "Purple Haze" (70), "The Star-Spangled Banner" (52; from ''[[Live at Woodstock (Jimi Hendrix album)|Live at Woodstock]]''), "Machine Gun" (32; from ''Band of Gypsys''), "Little Wing" (18), "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" (11), and "[[All Along the Watchtower#The Jimi Hendrix Experience version|All Along the Watchtower]]" (5).<ref>{{cite web|title = 100 Greatest Guitar Solos (10–1)|work = Guitar World|url = http://www.guitarworld.com/features/gw-archive/guitar-world-lists/100-greatest-guitar-solos?page=4|access-date = July 15, 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130209055514/http://www.guitarworld.com/features/gw-archive/guitar-world-lists/100-greatest-guitar-solos?page=4|archive-date = February 9, 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' placed seven of his recordings in their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: "Purple Haze" (17), "All Along the Watchtower" (47) "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" (102), "Foxy Lady" (153), "Hey Joe" (201), "Little Wing" (366), and "The Wind Cries Mary" (379).{{sfn|Wenner|2010|p=120}} They also included three of Hendrix's songs in their list of the ''100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time'': "Purple Haze" (2), "Voodoo Child" (12), and "Machine Gun" (49).<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/20947527/page/40|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530224835/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/20947527/page/40|archive-date=May 30, 2008|title=100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time|magazine=Rolling Stone|url-status=dead|access-date=December 30, 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Denis Bourez - Madame Tussauds, London (8747018021).jpg|thumb|upright|A wax figure of Hendrix at [[Madame Tussauds]], London]]

A star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] was dedicated to Hendrix on November 14, 1991, at 6627 Hollywood Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/jimi-hendrix|title=Jimi Hendrix|publisher=Hollywood Walk of Fame|access-date=January 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202074120/http://www.walkoffame.com/jimi-hendrix|archive-date=December 2, 2012|url-status=live}}; {{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Josh|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11-22-me-81-story.html|title=Jimi Hendrix gets Star on Walk of Fame|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 22, 1991|access-date=January 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206155721/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-11-22/local/me-81_1_jimi-hendrix|archive-date=February 6, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, and the [[UK Music Hall of Fame]] in 2005.<ref name="R&RHOFB" />{{sfn|Hendrix|McDermott|2007|p=60}} In 1998, Hendrix was inducted into the [[Native American Music Awards|Native American Music Hall of Fame]] during its first year.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nativeamericanmusicawards.com/nama-1#1998|title=First Awards Ceremony: Hall of Fame{{snd}}Jimi Hendrix and Buddy Red Bow|website=Native American Music Award|access-date=May 6, 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200513023900/https://nativeamericanmusicawards.com/nama-1#1998|archive-date=May 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|"The Nammys rest their definition of Indian music upon broadly drawn ethnic lines, circumventing issues of tribal enrollment and reservation-urban divisions. This is most evident in the selection of individuals to the NAMA Hall of Fame [and have] inducted mainstream stars like{{nbsp}}... Jimi Hendrix".<ref>{{harvnb|Wheelock|2012|p=236}}</ref>}} In 1999, readers of ''Rolling Stone'' and ''Guitar World'' ranked Hendrix among the most important musicians of the 20th century.{{sfn|Roby|2002|p=1}} In 2005, his debut album, ''Are You Experienced'', was one of 50 recordings added that year to the US [[National Recording Registry]] in the [[Library of Congress]], "[to] be preserved for all time&nbsp;... [as] part of the nation's audio legacy".<ref name="loc.gov">{{cite web|last=Fineberg|first=Gail|url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0605/nrr.html|title=National Recording Registry Grows|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|date=May 2006|access-date=January 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045223/http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0605/nrr.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In Seattle, November 27, 1992, which would have been Hendrix's 50th birthday, was made Jimi Hendrix Day, largely due to the efforts of his boyhood friend, guitarist [[Sammy Drain]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Hendrix: The Lllustrated Story|first=Gillian G.|last=Gaar|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TNA1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 194]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=City Arts|date=May 14, 2014|url= http://www.cityartsmagazine.com/jimi-all-my-side-opens-siff-2014/|title='Jimi: All Is By My Side' Opens SIFF 2014|first=Gillian G.|last=Garr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185026/http://www.cityartsmagazine.com/jimi-all-my-side-opens-siff-2014/|archive-date=January 15, 2018}}</ref>

The [[blue plaque]] identifying Hendrix's former residence at 23 [[Brook Street]], London, was the first issued by [[English Heritage]] to commemorate a pop star. Next door is the former residence of [[George Frideric Handel]], 25 Brook Street,<ref>{{harvnb|Unterberger|2009|p=225}}: Handel's former residence at 25 Brook Street; For the first blue plaque ever granted to a pop star see: {{harvnb|Wilkerson|Townshend|2006|p=76}}; For its entry in the English Heritage Blue Plaque database see: {{cite web|title=Jimi Hendrix Brook Street Blue Plaque|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/hendrix-jimi-1942-1970|work=English Heritage Blue Plaque database|publisher=English Heritage Blue Plaque Scheme|access-date=March 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409081741/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/hendrix-jimi-1942-1970|archive-date=April 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> which opened to the public as the Handel House Museum in 2001. From 2016 the museum made use of the upper floors of 23 for displays about Hendrix and was rebranded as [[Handel & Hendrix in London]].

''[[The Electric Lady Studio Guitar]]'', a sculpture depicting Hendrix playing a Stratocaster, stands near the corner of Broadway and Pine Streets in Seattle. In May 2006, the city renamed a park near its Central District [[Jimi Hendrix Park]], in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seattle.gov/parks/park_detail.asp?ID=3121|title=Jimi Hendrix Park|publisher=City of Seattle|access-date=September 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605081649/https://www.seattle.gov/parks/park_detail.asp?ID=3121|archive-date=June 5, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, an official historic marker was erected on the site of the July 1970 [[Atlanta International Pop Festival (1970)|Second Atlanta International Pop Festival]] near Byron, Georgia. The marker text reads, in part: "Over thirty musical acts performed, including rock icon Jimi Hendrix playing to the largest American audience of his career."<ref>Kulkosky, Victor. (September 19, 2012). "Byron Pop Festival Gets Historic Marker". ''The Leader Tribune'', Peach County, GA.</ref>

Hendrix's music has received a number of Hall of Fame Grammy awards, starting with a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992, followed by two Grammys in 1999 for his albums ''Are You Experienced'' and ''Electric Ladyland''; ''Axis: Bold as Love'' received a Grammy in 2006.<ref name="Hall of Fame">{{cite web|title=Hall of Fame |url=http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame#t |work=Database |publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences |access-date=July 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122042616/http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame |archive-date=January 22, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lifetime Achievement Award (Grammy)|url=http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards|work=Grammy.com's database and listing of award-winners|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences|access-date=July 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703201633/https://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards|archive-date=July 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2000, he received a Hall of Fame Grammy award for his original composition, "Purple Haze", and in 2001, for his recording of Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower". Hendrix's rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner" was honored with a Grammy in 2009.<ref name="Hall of Fame" />

The [[United States Postal Service]] issued a commemorative postage stamp honoring Hendrix in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=a4fa3848a31e32e44414477d76f77453c8e00a23|title=Jimi Hendrix|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417102936/http://usstampgallery.com/view.php?id=a4fa3848a31e32e44414477d76f77453c8e00a23|archive-date=April 17, 2016|website=US Stamp Gallery}}</ref> On August 21, 2016, Hendrix was inducted into the [[Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame]] in [[Dearborn, Michigan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2016/06/18/rhythm-and-blues-hall-of-fame-in-dearborn-announces-2016-inductees/|title=R&B Hall of Fame In Dearborn Announces 2016 Inductees|website=detroit.cbslocal.com|date=June 18, 2016|access-date=July 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824032332/http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2016/06/18/rhythm-and-blues-hall-of-fame-in-dearborn-announces-2016-inductees/|archive-date=August 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix United States Post Office in [[East Renton Highlands, Washington|Renton Highlands]] near Seattle, about a mile from Hendrix's grave and memorial, was renamed for Hendrix in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Renton Highlands Post Office Has Been Renamed to Honor Jimi Hendrix|date=January 3, 2019|last=Daly|first=Taryn|website=[[KISW]].radio.com|url=https://kisw.radio.com/blogs/taryn-daly/renton-highlands-post-office-has-been-renamed-honor-jimi-hendrix|access-date=July 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413221013/https://kisw.radio.com/blogs/taryn-daly/renton-highlands-post-office-has-been-renamed-honor-jimi-hendrix|archive-date=April 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

On June 23, 2019, the Band of Gypsys were inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame, at the [[Charles H. Wright Museum of African-American History|Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History]] in Detroit, Michigan. [[Billy Cox]], the last surviving member of the group, was on hand to accept, along with representatives of the Buddy Miles and Hendrix estates.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/music/brian-mccollum/2019/06/22/r-b-hall-fame-honor-aretha-stevie-wonder/1536662001/|last=McCollum|first=Brian|title=R&B Hall of Fame to Honor Aretha, Stevie Wonder, Eddie Kendricks, More on Sunday|date=June 22, 2019|website=[[Detroit Free Press]]|access-date=July 2, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190702175351/https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/music/brian-mccollum/2019/06/22/r-b-hall-fame-honor-aretha-stevie-wonder/1536662001/|archive-date=July 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

A plaster [[Lifecasting|lifecast]] of Hendrix's penis, created in 1968 by [[Cynthia Plaster Caster]], was put on permanent display in the [[Icelandic Phallological Museum]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koe |first=Crystal |date=May 24, 2022 |title=Plaster cast of Jimi Hendrix's penis to be unveiled at Iceland's Phallological museum |url=https://guitar.com/news/music-news/plaster-cast-of-jimi-hendrix-penis-iceland-phallological-museum/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=[[Guitar.com]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{{Main|Jimi Hendrix discography|Jimi Hendrix posthumous discography |List of songs recorded by Jimi Hendrix}}

'''The Jimi Hendrix Experience'''
* ''[[Are You Experienced]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Axis: Bold as Love]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Electric Ladyland]]'' (1968)

'''Jimi Hendrix/Band of Gypsys'''
* ''[[Band of Gypsys]]'' (1970)

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Aledort|first=Andy|title=Jimi Hendrix: Band of Gypsys|year=1998|publisher=Hal Leonard|isbn=978-0-7935-9432-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Aledort|first=Andy|title=Jimi Hendrix: A Step-by-Step Breakdown of his Guitar Styles and Techniques|year=1996|publisher=Hal Leonard|isbn=978-0-7935-3659-7|url=https://archive.org/details/jimihendrixstepb00aled}}
* {{cite journal|editor1-last=Tolinski|editor1-first=Brad|last=Aledort|first=Andy|title=Jimi Hendrix Lesson: Message to Love|journal=Guitar School|volume=7|issue=3|year=1995}}
* {{cite journal|last=Aledort|first=Andy|editor1-last=Pollock|editor1-first=Bruce|editor2-last=Stix|editor2-first=John|title=Performance notes: Jimi Hendrix, 'All Along the Watchtower'|journal=Guitar Classics IV by Guitar: For the Practicing Musician |year=1991}}
* {{cite book|last=Black|first=Johnny|title=Jimi Hendrix: The Ultimate Experience|year=1999|publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press|isbn=978-1-56025-240-5|url=https://archive.org/details/jimihendrixultim00blac}}
* {{cite book|last=Black|first=Johnny|title=Eyewitness Hendrix|year=1999b|publisher=Carlton Books|isbn=978-1-84442-776-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Tony|year=1992|title=Jimi Hendrix: A Visual Documentary&nbsp;– His Life, Loves and Music|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-0-7119-2761-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Tony|title=Jimi Hendrix: The Final Days|year=1997|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-0-7119-5238-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Cannon|first=Sarita|title=Black-Native Autobiographical Acts: Navigating the Minefields of Authenticity|chapter=Red, Black, and Blue: Jimi Hendrix's Musical Self-Expression|year=2021|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|isbn=978-1-7936-3057-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Cross|first=Charles R.|title=Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix|year=2005|publisher=Hyperion|isbn=978-0-7868-8841-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zl7ZxkviIEQC}}
* {{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Miles|last2=Troupe|first2=Quincy|year=1989|title=Miles: The Autobiography|publisher=Picador|isbn=978-0-330-31382-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgAVXHhuNYgC}}
* {{cite book|last=Doggett|first=Peter|title=Jimi Hendrix: The Complete Guide to his Music|year=2004|publisher=Omnibus|isbn=978-1-84449-424-8}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Fairchild|first=Michael|title=The Experience of a Lifetime|journal=[[Guitar for the Practicing Musician]]|volume=8|issue=6|date=April 1991}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTUlM21kUYQC&pg=PA1|title=Jimi Hendrix: Musician|last1=Gelfand|first1=Dale Evva|last2=Piccoli|first2=Sean|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0084-5}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=George-Warren|editor1-first=Holly|year=2005|title=The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll|edition=Revised|publisher=Fireside|isbn=978-0-7432-9201-6|url=https://archive.org/details/rollingstoneency00holl|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite magazine|author=GP staff|title=Hendrix at 70|magazine=[[Guitar Player]]|volume=46|issue=5|date=May 2012|url=http://www.guitarplayer.com/article/hendrix-at-70/148549|access-date=February 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925034023/http://www.guitarplayer.com/article/hendrix-at-70/148549|archive-date=September 25, 2013|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Green|first=Raleigh|title=The Versatile Guitarist|year=2008|publisher=Alfred Publishing|isbn=978-0-7390-4805-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0niXKkrKR_kC}}
* {{cite book|last=Gula|first=Bob|title=Guitar Gods: The 25 Players Who Made Rock History|year=2008|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-35806-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DL3I9qQWdeAC}}
* {{cite journal|author=Guitar World|title=Jimi Hendrix's 100 Greatest Performances|journal=[[Guitar World]]|volume=32|issue=12|date=December 2011}}
* {{cite book|last=Handyside|first=Christopher|title=Soul and R&B|year=2005|publisher=Heinemann-Raintree|isbn=978-1-4034-8153-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1nKug6E0Wa4C}}
* {{cite book|last=Heatley|first=Michael|title=Jimi Hendrix Gear: The Guitars, Amps & Effects that Revolutionized Rock 'n' Roll|year=2009|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-7603-3639-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpUuXZU9-1QC}}
* {{cite book|last=Hendrix|first=James A.|year=1999|title=My Son Jimi|url=https://archive.org/details/mysonjimi0000hend|url-access=registration|publisher=AlJas Enterprises|isbn=978-0-9667857-0-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hendrix|first1=Janie L.|last2=McDermott|first2=John|title=Jimi Hendrix: An Illustrated Experience|publisher=Atria|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7432-9769-1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hendrix|first1=Leon|last2=Mitchell|first2=Adam|year=2012|title=Jimi Hendrix: A Brother's Story|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-66881-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=So8PMCSl2mAC}}
* {{cite book|last=Inglis|first=Ian|year=2006|title=Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-4056-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7Pyrk-Koq4C}}
* {{cite book|last=Larkin|first=Colin|title=Virgin All-time Top 1000 Albums|publisher=Virgin|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7535-0258-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/alltimetop1000al0000lark}}
* {{cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Sharon|title=Jimi Hendrix: The Intimate Story of a Betrayed Musical Legend|year=2005|publisher=Harper|isbn=978-0-06-056301-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHHBvh_5ZL8C}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Joe|year=2005|edition= First Paperback|title=Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|publisher=Wenner Books|isbn=978-1-932958-61-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Macdonald|first=Marie-Paule|year=2015|title=Jimi Hendrix: Soundscapes|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78023-542-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Martin|first=Joel W.|editor-last=Bird|editor-first=S. Elizabeth|title=Dressing in Feathers: The Construction of the Indian in Popular Culture|chapter='My Grandmother Was a Cherokee Princess': Representations of Indians in Southern History|year=1996|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=0-8133-2666-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Mayer|first=John|year=2011|chapter=Jimi Hendrix|title=Rolling Stone: The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time|editor1-last=Brackett|editor1-first=Nathan|publisher=Rolling Stone|chapter-url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/jimi-hendrix-20110420|access-date=September 1, 2017|archive-date=September 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904200051/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/jimi-hendrix-20110420|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=McDermott|first=John|title=Ultimate Hendrix: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Live Concerts and Sessions|year=2009|publisher=BackBeat Books|isbn=978-0-87930-938-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6ty_6SqPE4C}}
* {{cite book|last=McDermott|first=John|editor1-last=Lewisohn|editor1-first=Mark|year=1992|title=Hendrix: Setting the Record Straight|publisher=Grand Central|isbn=978-0-446-39431-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Mitch|last2=Platt|first2=John|year=1990|title= Jimi Hendrix: Inside the Experience|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-10098-8}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Morello|first=Tom|title=Rolling Stone: The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time|editor1-last=Wenner|editor1-first=Jann|magazine=Rolling Stone|issue=1145|date=December 8, 2011|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-guitarists-20111123/jimi-hendrix-20120705|access-date=September 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904210132/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-guitarists-20111123/jimi-hendrix-20120705|archive-date=September 4, 2017|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Moskowitz|first=David|title=The Words and Music of Jimi Hendrix|publisher=Praeger|year=2010|isbn=978-0-313-37592-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzUlWk-RvfgC|access-date=December 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430102215/https://books.google.com/books?id=dzUlWk-RvfgC|archive-date=April 30, 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Murray|first=Charles Shaar|title=Crosstown Traffic: Jimi Hendrix and the Rock 'n' Roll Revolution|year=1989|edition=First US|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-04288-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CiWtlIxnQ6gC}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Owen|first1=Frank|last2=Reynolds|first2=Simon|title=Hendrix Lives! Why Jimi still matters|journal=Spin|volume=7|issue=1|date=April 1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmnYK4rTBA4C&pg=PA29}}
* {{cite book|year=1996|title= The Jimi Hendrix Companion|editor1-last=Potash|editor1-first=Chris|publisher=Omnibus|isbn=978-0-7119-6635-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Prato|first=Greg|title=Avatar of the Electric Guitar: The Genius of Jimi Hendrix|year=2020|edition=First US|publisher=Greg Prato Writer, Corp.|isbn=979-8644612628|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awPBzQEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Redding|first1=Noel|last2=Appleby|first2=Carol|year=1996|title=Are You Experienced?|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-80681-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUJQzI7EvXgC}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Roberts|editor1-first=David|title=British Hit Singles & Albums |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |edition= 18 |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-904994-00-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Roby|first=Steven|title=Black Gold: The Lost Archives of Jimi Hendrix|year=2002|publisher=Billboard Books|isbn=978-0-8230-7854-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5s5jcOE7xAC}}
* {{cite book|last1=Roby|first1=Steven|last2=Schreiber|first2=Brad|year=2010|title=Becoming Jimi Hendrix: From Southern Crossroads to Psychedelic London, the Untold Story of a Musical Genius|publisher=Da Capo|isbn=978-0-306-81910-0|url=https://archive.org/details/becomingjimihend00roby}}
* {{cite book|last=Roby|first=Steven|title=Hendrix on Hendrix: Interviews and Encounters|year=2012|publisher=[[Chicago Review Press]]|isbn=978-1-61374-324-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFJ5tE1vP1QC&pg=PA137}}
* {{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Craig|title=The Billboard Book of Number One Albums|year=1996|publisher=Billboard|isbn=978-0-8230-7586-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Schinder|first1=Scott|last2=Schwartz|first2=Andy|title=Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever, Volume 1|publisher=Greenwood|year=2007|isbn=978-0-313-33846-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-ET5tnh0MUC}}
* {{cite book|last=Shadwick|first=Keith|title=Jimi Hendrix: Musician|year=2003|publisher=Backbeat Books|isbn=978-0-87930-764-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbiSD1jXeaMC}}
* {{cite book|last1=Shapiro|first1=Harry|last2=Glebbeek|first2=Caesar|title=Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy|year=1995|orig-year=1990|edition=New and Improved|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-13062-6|url=https://archive.org/details/jimihendrixelect00shap|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite journal|last=Stix|first=John|title=Jimi Hendrix/Stevie Ray Vaughan (chapter: Eddie Kramer: Off the Record)|journal=Guitar Presents|issue=57|year=1992}}
* {{cite book|last=Stubbs|first=David|year=2003|title=Voodoo Child: Jimi Hendrix, the Stories Behind Every Song|publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press|isbn=978-1-56025-537-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcLvswEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Trynka|first=Paul|year=1996|title=Rock Hardware|publisher=Hal Leonard|isbn=978-0-87930-428-7|url=https://archive.org/details/rockhardware40ye00tryn}}
* {{cite book|last=Unterberger|first=Richie|title=The Rough Guide to Jimi Hendrix|year=2009|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84836-002-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDrIjd5FQ8QC}}
* {{cite book|last=Wenner|first=Jann|year=2010|orig-year=2004|title=500 Greatest Songs of All Time|publisher=Rolling Stone|oclc=641731526|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407|access-date=September 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622142703/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs|archive-date=June 22, 2008|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Wheelock|first=Richard M.|editor-last=Hoffman|editor-first=Elizabeth DeLaney|title=American Indians and Popular Culture, Volume 1: Media, Sports, and Politics|chapter=Native People in American Mythology and Popular Culture|year=2012|publisher=[[Praeger Publishers|Praeger]]|isbn=978-0-313-37990-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitaker|first=Matthew C.|year=2011|title=Icons of Black America: Breaking Barriers and Crossing Boundaries|volume=1|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-37642-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSGhEUq5bp0C}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitburn|first=Joel|year=2010|title=The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 1955–2009|publisher=Billboard Books|edition= 9|isbn=978-0-8230-8554-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitehill|first=Dave|title=Hendrix: Are You Experienced|year=1989a|publisher=Hal Leonard|isbn=978-0-7119-3654-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitehill|first=Dave|title=Hendrix: Axis: Bold As Love|year=1989b|publisher=Hal Leonard|isbn=978-0-7935-2391-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitehill|first=Dave|title=Hendrix: Electric Ladyland|year=1989c|publisher=Hal Leonard|isbn=978-0-7935-3385-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wilkerson|first1=Mark|last2=Townshend|first2=Pete|year=2006|title=Amazing Journey: The Life of Pete Townshend|publisher=Bad News Press|isbn=978-1-4116-7700-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b03CYc9UWSIC}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wolfram|first1=Walt|last2=Reaser|first2=Jeffrey|title=Talkin' Tar Heel: How Our Voices Tell the Story of North Carolina|year=2014|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|isbn=978-1-4696-1436-6}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Barker|first=Steve|year=2012|orig-year=1967|chapter= Jimi Hendrix talks to Steve Barker|title= Hendrix on Hendrix: Interviews and Encounters with Jimi Hendrix|editor1-last=Roby|editor1-first=Steven|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=978-1-61374-322-5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFJ5tE1vP1QC|ref=none}}
* {{cite magazine|last=di Perna|first=Alan|title=Jimi Live!|editor1-last=Kitts|editor1-first=Jeff|magazine=Guitar Legends|issue=57|date=Winter 2002|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Etchingham|first=Kathy|title=Through Gypsy Eyes Hendrix|year=1999|publisher=Firebird Distributing|isbn=978-0-7528-2725-4|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Geldeart|first1=Gary|last2=Rodham|first2=Steve|year=2008|title=Jimi Hendrix: from the Benjamin Franklin Studios|publisher=Jimpress|isbn=978-0-9527686-7-8|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Halfin|first1=Ross|last2=Tolinski|first2=Brad|year=2004|title=Classic Hendrix|publisher=Genesis Publications|isbn=978-0-904351-90-3|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=David |title='Scuse Me While I Kiss the Sky - Jimi Hendrix: Voodoo Child |date=2008 |publisher=Atria Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-7400-5 |edition=revised}}
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Curtis|author-link=Curtis Knight|year=1974|title=Jimi: An Intimate Biography of Jimi Hendrix|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-19880-0|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Kruth|first=John|year=2000|title=Bright Moments: The Life & Legacy of Rahsaan Roland Kirk|publisher=Welcome Rain Publishers|isbn=978-1-56649-105-1|ref=none|url=https://archive.org/details/brightmomentslif00krut}}
* {{cite journal|editor1-last=Marshall|editor1-first=Wolf|last=Marshall|first=Wolf|title=Wild Thing|journal=Wolf Marshall's Guitar One|volume=2|year=1995|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0261143007001304 |jstor=4500321 |title=The Hendrix chord: Blues, flexible pitch relationships, and self-standing harmony |journal=Popular Music |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=343–64 |date=May 2007 |last1=van der Bliek |first1=Rob|hdl=10315/2886|s2cid=193243019 |ref=none |url=https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/10315/2886/1/Bliek_HendrixChord.pdf |hdl-access=free | issn=0261-1430 }}
* {{cite book|last=Whitburn|first=Joel|year=1988|title=Joel Whitburn's Top R&B Singles, 1942–1988|publisher=Record Research, Inc.|isbn=978-0-89820-068-3|ref=none|url=https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whit}}
{{refend}}

== Documentaries ==
{{Main|Jimi Hendrix videography#Documentaries}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite video |people= Joe Boyd, John Head, Gary Weis (Directors)|year= 2005|orig-year=1973|title=Jimi Hendrix|medium=DVD |language= en |publisher= Warner Home Video|asin=B0009E3234|ref=none}}
* {{cite video |people= Roger Pomphrey (Director)|year= 2005|title= Classic Albums – The Jimi Hendrix Experience – Electric Ladyland|medium= DVD |publisher= Eagle Rock Entertainment |asin=B0007DBJP0|ref=none}}
* {{cite video|people= Bob Smeaton (Director)|year= 2013|title=Jimi Hendrix: Hear My Train A Comin'|medium=DVD, Blu-ray |language= en |publisher= Sony Legacy|asin=B00F031WB8|ref=none}}
* {{cite video|people= Bob Smeaton (Director)|year= 2012|title=West Coast Seattle Boy: Jimi Hendrix: Voodoo Child|medium= DVD, Blu-ray|language= en |publisher= Sony Legacy|asin=B007ZC92FA|ref=none}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=Q5928|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}
* {{Official website}}
*{{AllMusic}}
*{{Discogs artist}}
* [https://vault.fbi.gov/james-marshall-jimi-hendrix FBI Records: The Vault – James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix] at vault.fbi.gov
* {{Guardian topic}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921164542/http://articles.latimes.com/keyword/al-hendrix Articles concerning disputes about rights to the Hendrix musical publishing estate]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''
*{{MusicBrainz artist}}
* {{New York Times topic|new_id=person/jimi-hendrix}}

{{Jimi Hendrix|state=expanded}}
{{Jimi Hendrix songs}}
{{Jimi Hendrix singles}}
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