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Ronald Rotunda

2025-06-17T11:04:51Z

99.185.77.46:

{{Short description|American legal scholar}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ronald D. Rotunda
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = February 14, 1945
| birth_place = [[Blue Island, Illinois]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|03|14|1945|02|14|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Orange, California]]
| nationality = American
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Law professor]]
}}
'''Ronald D. Rotunda''' (February 14, 1945 – March 14, 2018) was an American legal scholar and professor of law at [[Chapman University School of Law]]. Rotunda's first area of primary expertise is United States [[Constitutional law]], and is the author of an influential 6-volume legal treatise on Constitutional Law.[http://legalsolutions.thomsonreuters.com/law-products/Treatises/Rotunda-and-Nowaks-Treatise-on-Constitutional-Law-Substance-and-Procedure-5th/p/100099842] His other area of primary expertise is Legal Ethics, often called [[Professional responsibility|Professional Responsibility]]. He has also published an influential treatise on [http://legalsolutions.thomsonreuters.com/law-products/Statutes/Legal-Ethics-The-Lawyers-Deskbook-on-Professional-Responsibility-2016-ed-ABA/p/103155691 Legal Ethics], co-published by West-Thomson Reuters, ABA. He [http://sites.chapman.edu/rotunda/73-2/ was] also a senior fellow, in 2000, at the [[Cato Institute]] in Washington, D.C.
In 1963, when Rotunda was 18 years old, he received a scholarship to attend [[Harvard University]].<ref>
{{cite news
| url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/633508332.html?dids=633508332:633508332&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+02%2C+1963&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=EISENHOWER+SENIOR+WINS+SCHOLARSHIP&pqatl=google
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130131213204/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/633508332.html?dids=633508332:633508332&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+02,+1963&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=EISENHOWER+SENIOR+WINS+SCHOLARSHIP&pqatl=google
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = January 31, 2013
| title = Eisenhower senior wins scholarship
| work = [[Chicago Tribune]]
| author =
| date = 1963-06-02
| page = SW3
| accessdate = 2012-12-31
| quote = Ronald Rotunda, 18, son of Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Rotunda, 2222 Orchard Street., Blue Island, has accepted a scholarship to enter Harvard University in the fall.
}}
</ref>
Professor Rotunda later received a [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] from [[Harvard Law School]].

Rotunda married Marcia Mainland, a law school classmate, in June 1969. They were married for 28 years and had two children. They were divorced in 1997. Marcia Rotunda was an attorney in the Office of University Counsel at the University of Illinois from 1986 to 2007.

In 1966, shortly after his conviction, Albert DeSalvo, the supposed [[Boston Strangler]], was one of Rotunda's students in a law course for prisoners.<ref name=TheNewsGazette2015-04-16/> In an article about this experience, Rotunda described DeSalvo as charming, helpful, and well-groomed in contrast to every other student at the prison.

Rotunda was [[Albert E. Jenner Jr.]] Professor of Law at the [[University of Illinois College of Law]].<ref name=TheNewsGazette2015-04-16/> He was employed there for twenty-five years. He served as an advisor to [[Ken Starr]] during Starr's tenure as [[special prosecutor]] during the [[Clinton Administration]]. Previously, he had served on the investigative team during the [[Watergate scandal]].

As an advisor to the [[Independent Counsel]] in 1998, Rotunda was asked for an opinion on "whether a sitting President is subject to indictment."

In a 56-page response released by the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] following a [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] request by the ''[[New York Times]]'', Rotunda concluded, "It is proper, constitutional, and legal for a federal grand jury to indict a sitting President for serious criminal acts that are not part of, and are contrary to, the President's official duties. In this country, no one, even President Clinton, is above the law."<ref>
{{cite news
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/07/22/us/document-Savage-NYT-FOIA-Starr-memo-presidential.html
| title = Clinton-Era Memo Adds New Layer to Question of a Trump Indictment.
| work = [[New York Times]]
| date = 2017-07-23
| page = A17
| accessdate = 2017-07-22
| quote = "In this country, no one, even President Clinton, is above the law."}}
</ref>

He was later married to [[Kyndra Rotunda]] (and divorced in 2014). The Rotundas were on faculty at [[George Mason University School of Law]] until departing in 2008 for Chapman University.<ref name=LawyersWeekly>
{{cite news
|url = http://www.valawyersweekly.com/weeklyedition/2008/06/02/rotundas-to-leave-gmu-for-california-law-school/
|title = Rotundas to leave GMU for California law school: Pair are latest to join faculty for Chapman
|publisher = [[Lawyer's Weekly]]
|author = Peter Vieth
|date = 2008-06-02
|accessdate = 2008-11-23
|url-status = live
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090108231539/http://www.valawyersweekly.com/weeklyedition/2008/06/02/rotundas-to-leave-gmu-for-california-law-school/
|archivedate = 2009-01-08
}}
</ref>

Professor Rotunda died on March 14, 2018. A few weeks before his death, his final work, a one-volume abridged edition of Beveridge’s original early 20th century, 4 volume series on the life of John Marshall, was published.
==Publications==
*''The Politics of Language: Liberalism as Word and Symbol'' Intro. by Daniel Schorr. (1986)
*California Supplement to Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y., 1976) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1978 Supplement to Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y., 1978) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1979 Problems, Cases and Readings Supplement to Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y., 1979) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1979 California Rules Supplement to Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y., 1979) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1979 Standards Supplement to Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y., 1979) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1980 California Rules Supplement to Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y., 1980) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1980 Standards Supplement to Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y., 1980) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1978) (a one-volume treatise on Constitutional Law) (with John E. Nowak and J. Nelson Young).
*1978 Supplement to Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1978) (with John E. Nowak and J. Nelson Young).
*1979-1980 Supplement to Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1979) (with John E. Nowak and J. Nelson Young).
*1982 Supplement to Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1982) (with John E. Nowak and J. Nelson Young).
*Modern Constitutional Law: Cases & Notes (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1981).
*1981 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1981).
*1982 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1982).
*1983 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1983).
*1984 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1984).
*Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y., 2d ed. 1981) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1981 Standards Supplement to Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y., 1981) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1983 Standards Supplement to Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y., 1983) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*The United States Federal System: Legal Integration in the American Experience (Giuffrè, Milan, 1982) (with Peter Hay).
*Six Justices on Civil Rights (Oceana Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., 1983) (edited and with introduction).
*Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 2d ed. 1983) (with John E. Nowak and J. Nelson Young) (a one-volume treatise on Constitutional Law).
*Professional Responsibility (West Publishing Co., 1984, Black Letter Series).
*Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y., 3d ed. 1984) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1984 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y. 1984) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1985 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y. 1985) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1986 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y. 1986) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1987 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y. 1987) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*Modern Constitutional Law: Cases & Notes (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 2d ed. 1985).
*1985 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1985).
*1986 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1986).
*1987 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1987).
*1988 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1988).
*The Politics of Language: Liberalism as Word and Symbol (University of Iowa Press, 1986) (with an Introduction by Daniel Schorr) [Reviews].
*Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1986) (three-volume treatise) (with John E. Nowak and J. Nelson Young).
*1987 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., 1987) (with John E. Nowak).
*1988 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., 1988) (with John E. Nowak).
*1989 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., 1989) (with John E. Nowak).
*1990 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., 1990) (with John E. Nowak).
*1991 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., 1991) (with John E. Nowak).
*Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 3d ed. 1986) (a one-volume treatise on Constitutional Law) (with John E. Nowak and J. Nelson Young).
*1988 Pocket Part to Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., 1988) (with John E. Nowak).
*Joseph Story's Commentaries on the Constitution (Carolina Academic Press, Durham, N.C. 1987) (with introduction) (with John E. Nowak).
*Constitutional Law: Principles and Cases (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1987).
*Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y., 4th ed. 1987) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1988 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Mineola, N.Y. 1988) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1989 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Westbury, N.Y. 1989) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1990 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Westbury, N.Y. 1990) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*Professional Responsibility (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 2d ed. 1988, Black Letter Series).
*Modern Constitutional Law: Cases and Notes (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 3d ed. 1989).
*1989 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1989).
*1990 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1990).
*1991 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1991).
*1992 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1992).
*Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Westbury, N.Y., 5th ed. 1991) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1991 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Westbury, N.Y. 1991) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1992 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Westbury, N.Y. 1992) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1993 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Westbury, N.Y. 1993) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1994 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Westbury, N.Y. 1994) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1995 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Westbury, N.Y. 1995) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 4th ed. 1991) (a one-volume treatise on Constitutional Law) (with John E. Nowak).
*Professional Responsibility (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 3d ed. 1992, Black Letter Series).
*Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 2d ed. 1992) (four-volume treatise) (with John E. Nowak).
*1993 Pocket Part to Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1993) (with John E. Nowak).
*1994 Pocket Part to Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1994) (with John E. Nowak).
*1995 Pocket Part to Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1995) (with John E. Nowak).
*1996 Pocket Part to Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1996) (with John E. Nowak).
*1997 Pocket Part to Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1997) (with John E. Nowak).
*1998 Pocket Part to Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1998) (with John E. Nowak).
*1999 Pocket Part to Constitutional Law (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1999) (with John E. Nowak).
*Modern Constitutional Law: Cases and Notes (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 4th ed. 1993).
*1993 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1993).
*1994 SUPPLEMENT to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1994).
*1995 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1995).
*1996 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1996).
*Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 5th ed. 1995) (a one-volume treatise on Constitutional Law) (with John E. Nowak).
*Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Westbury, N.Y., 6th ed. 1995) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1996 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Westbury, N.Y. 1996) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1997 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Westbury, N.Y. 1997) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1998 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Westbury, N.Y. 1998) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*1999 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 1999) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2000 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2000) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*Professional Responsibility (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 4th ed. 1995, Black Letter Series) (with computer disk).
*Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure — Expanded CD Rom Edition (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1995) (with John E. Nowak).
*Modern Constitutional Law: Cases and Notes (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 5th ed. 1997).
*1997 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1997).
*1998 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1998).
*1999 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 1999).
*Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 3d ed. 1999) (five-volume treatise) (with John E. Nowak).
*2000 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2000) (with John E. Nowak).
*2001 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2001) (with John E. Nowak).
*2002 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2002) (with John E. Nowak).
*2003 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2003) (with John E. Nowak).
*2004 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2004) (with John E. Nowak).
*2005 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2005) (with John E. Nowak).
*2006 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2006) (with John E. Nowak).
*헌법: 개인의 자유와 절차를 [American Constitutional Law: Individual Liberties and Procedure (published in Korean) (Korean Constitutional Court, 1999) (with John E. Nowak).
*Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, Westbury, NY, 7th ed. 2000) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2001 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2001) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2002 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2002) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2003 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2003) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-West Group, St. Paul, Minn. 2000) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and West Group, a division of Thomson Publishing).
*Modern Constitutional Law: Cases and Notes (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 6th ed. 2000).
*2000 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 6th ed. 2000).
*2001 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 6th ed. 2001).
*2002 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 6th ed. 2002).
*Constitutional Law (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 6th ed. 2000) (a one-volume treatise on Constitutional Law) (with John E. Nowak).
*Professional Responsibility (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 5th ed. 2001, Black Letter Series).
*Professional Responsibility: A Student's Guide (ABA-West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2001).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-West Group, St. Paul, Minn., 2nd ed. 2002) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and West Group, a division of Thomson Publishing).
*Professional Responsibility: A Student's Guide (ABA-West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2nd ed. 2002).
*Professional Responsibility (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 6th ed. 2002, Black Letter Series).
*Legal Ethics in a Nutshell (West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1st ed. 2003, Nutshell Series) (with Michael I. Krauss).
*Modern Constitutional Law: Cases and Notes (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 7th ed. 2003).
*2003 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2003).
*2004 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2004).
*2005 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2005).
*2006 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2006).
*Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y., 8th ed. 2003) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2004 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2004) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2005 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2005) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 7th ed. 2004) (a one-volume treatise on Constitutional Law) (with John E. Nowak).
*Professional Responsibility (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 7th ed. 2004, Black Letter Series).
*Principles of Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1st ed. 2004) (with John E. Nowak).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA- Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 3rd ed. 2005) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with [[John S. Dzienkowski]]).
*Professional Responsibility: A Student's Guide (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 3rd ed. 2005) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Principles of Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2nd ed. 2005) (with John E. Nowak).
*Legal Ethics in a Nutshell (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2nd ed. 2006, Nutshell Series) (with Michael I. Krauss).
*Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y., 9th ed. 2006) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2006 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2006) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2007 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2007) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2008 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2008) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 4th ed. 2006) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Professional Responsibility: A Student's Guide (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 4th ed. 2006) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Modern Constitutional Law: Cases and Notes (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 8th ed. 2007).
*2007 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2007).
*2008 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2008).
*Legal Ethics in a Nutshell (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 3rd ed. 2007, Nutshell Series).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 5th ed. 2007) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Professional Responsibility: A Student's Guide (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 5th ed. 2007) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*언론의 자유와 미국 헌법, Freedom of Speech and the American Constitution (Korean Studies Information Co. Ltd. Publishers, Korea, 2007) (translated into Korean by Professor Lee Boo-Ha, Yeungnam University College of Law and Political Science), coauthored with Professor John E. Nowak.
*Principles of Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 3rd ed. 2007) (with John E. Nowak).
*Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 4th ed. 2007) (first two volumes of six-volume treatise) (with John E. Nowak).
*2007 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2007) (with John E. Nowak).
*Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 4th ed. 2008) (last four volumes of six volume treatise) (with John E. Nowak).
*2008 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2008) (with John E. Nowak).
*2009 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2009) (with John E. Nowak).
*2010 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2010) (with John E. Nowak).
*2011 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2011) (with John E. Nowak).
*2012 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2012) (with John E. Nowak).
*Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y., 10th ed. 2008) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2009 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2009) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2010 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2010) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2011 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2011) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*Professional Responsibility (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 8th ed. 2008, Black Letter Series).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 6th ed. 2008) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Professional Responsibility: A Student's Guide (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 6th ed. 2008) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Modern Constitutional Law: Cases and Notes (West Thomson Reuters, St. Paul, Minnesota, 9th ed. 2009).
*2009 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2009).
*2010 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2010).
*2011 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2011).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 7th ed. 2009) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Professional Responsibility: A Student's Guide (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 7th ed. 2009) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 7th ed. 2010) (a one-volume treatise on Constitutional Law) (with John E. Nowak).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 8th ed. 2010) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Professional Responsibility: A Student's Guide (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 8th ed. 2010) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Principles of Constitutional Law (West-Thomson/Reuters, St. Paul, Minnesota, 4th ed. 2010) (with John E. Nowak).
*Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y., 11th ed. 2011) (with Thomas D. Morgan & John S. Dzienkowski).
*2012 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2012) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2013 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y. 2013) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2014 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, West Academic, St. Paul, MN 2014) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 9th ed. 2011) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Professional Responsibility: A Student's Guide (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 9th ed. 2011) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Professional Responsibility (West: A Thomson-Reuters Co., St. Paul, Minnesota, 9th ed. 2011, Black Letter Series).
*Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility: Concise Edition (Foundation Press, New York, N.Y., 11th ed. 2012) (with Thomas D. Morgan & John S. Dzienkowski).
*Modern Constitutional Law: Cases and Notes (West Thomson Reuters, St. Paul, Minnesota, 10th ed. 2012).
*2012 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2012).
*2013 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2013).
*2014 Supplement to Modern Constitutional Law (West Academic Publishing, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2014).
*概論アメリカの法曹倫理第3版――事例解説 [Introduction to American Legal Ethics] (translated by Naoyuki Toyama) (Thomson Reuters, Japan UNI Agency, Inc. Tokyo, 2012).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 10th ed. 2012) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Professional Responsibility: A Student's Guide (ABA-Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minn., 10th ed. 2012) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Legal Ethics in a Nutshell (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 4th ed. 2013, Nutshell Series).
*Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 5th ed. 2012) (first three volumes of six-volume treatise) (with John E. Nowak).
*Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 5th ed. 2013) (last three volumes of six-volume treatise) (with John E. Nowak).
*2013 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 2013) (with John E. Nowak).
*2014 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson Reuters, Eagan, Minnesota, 2014) (with John E. Nowak).
*2015 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson Reuters, Eagan, Minnesota, 2015) (with John E. Nowak).
*2016 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson Reuters, Eagan, Minnesota, 2016) (with John E. Nowak).
*2017 Pocket Part to Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (Thomson Reuters, Eagan, Minnesota, 2016) (with John E. Nowak).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-Thomson Reuters, St. Paul, Minn., 11th ed. 2013) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Professional Responsibility: A Student's Guide (ABA- Thomson Reuters, St. Paul, Minn., 11th ed. 2013) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson/West) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, St. Paul, MN. 12th ed. 2014) (with Thomas D. Morgan & John S. Dzienkowski).
*2015 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, West Academic, St. Paul, MN 2015) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2016 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, West Academic, St. Paul, MN 2016) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*2017 Selected Standards on Professional Responsibility (Foundation Press, West Academic, St. Paul, MN 2017) (with Thomas D. Morgan).
*Problems and Materials on Professional Responsibility: Concise Edition (Foundation Press, St. Paul, MN. 12th ed. 2014) (with Thomas D. Morgan & John S. Dzienkowski).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-Thomson Reuters, Eagan, Minn., 12th ed. 2014) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson Reuters) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*Modern Constitutional Law: Cases and Notes (West Thomson Reuters, St. Paul, Minnesota, 11th ed. 2015)(unabridged edition).
*Modern Constitutional Law: Cases and Notes (West Thomson Reuters, St. Paul, Minnesota, 11th ed. 2015)(abridged edition).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-Thomson Reuters, Eagan, Minn., 13th ed. 2015) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson Reuters) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*第4版アメリカの法曹倫理: 事例解説単行本[Introduction to American Legal Ethics] (translated, ロナルド・D. ロタンダ (著), (原著), 当山尚幸 (翻訳), 武田昌則 (翻訳), 石田京子 (翻訳)) (West Academic Publishing, through Japan UNI Agency, Inc. Tokyo, 4th ed. 2015).
*Principles of Constitutional Law (Thomson/West, St. Paul, Minnesota, 5th ed. 2016) (with John E. Nowak).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-Thomson Reuters, Eagan, Minn., 14th ed. 2016) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson Reuters) (with John S. Dzienkowski).
*American Constitutional Law: The Supreme Court in American History Volume 1 – Institutional Powers (West Academic Publishing 2016)
*American Constitutional Law: The Supreme Court in American History Volume 2 – Liberties (West Academic Publishing 2016).
*Рональд Д. Ротунда, Либерализм как слово и символ : борьба за либеральный бренд в США (Социум, Москва, 2016).
*Legal Ethics: The Lawyer's Deskbook on Professional Responsibility (ABA-Thomson Reuters, Eagan, Minn., 15th ed. 2017) (a Treatise on legal ethics, jointly published by the ABA and Thomson Reuters) (with John S. Dzienkowski).

==References==
{{Reflist|
refs=
<ref name=TheNewsGazette2015-04-16>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.news-gazette.com/opinion/columns/2015-04-16/jim-dey-former-ui-law-prof-having-too-much-fun-retire.html
| title = Jim Dey: Former UI law prof 'having too much fun to retire'
| publisher = [[The News-Gazette (Champaign-Urbana)|The News Gazette]]
| author = Jim Dey
| date = 2015-04-16
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150416212755/http://www.news-gazette.com/opinion/columns/2015-04-16/jim-dey-former-ui-law-prof-having-too-much-fun-retire.html
| archivedate = 2015-04-16
| url-status = live
| quote = It was a recollection of his 1966 experience as a Harvard undergraduate teaching rhetoric to prison inmates. Among them: Albert DeSalvo, the man identified by Massachusetts authorities as the killer of 11 women between 1962 and 1964.
}}
</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{C-SPAN|2681}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rotunda, Ronald}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Blue Island, Illinois]]
[[Category:Writers from Illinois]]
[[Category:Chapman University School of Law faculty]]
[[Category:Antonin Scalia Law School faculty]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:University of Illinois faculty]]
[[Category:Whitewater controversy]]

Steve Bing

2025-06-16T11:07:33Z

99.185.77.46: /* Death */

{{short description|American businessman and film producer (1965–2020)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Steve Bing
| birth_name = Stephen Leo Bing
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1965|3|31}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]] U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|6|22|1965|3|31}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|Businessman|film producer|investor|philanthropist}}
| alma_mater = [[Stanford University]]
| years_active = 1993–2020
| partner =
| children = 2, including [[Damian Hurley]]
| relatives =
}}
'''Stephen Leo Bing''' (March 31, 1965 – June 22, 2020) was an American businessman, film producer, investor, and philanthropist. He had business interests in property and construction and was the founder of [[Shangri-La Entertainment]] and [[Shangri-La Music]].

==Early life==
Bing was born in [[New York City]] on March 31, 1965.<ref name = NYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/23/movies/steve-bing-dead.amp.html|title=Steve Bing, Hollywood Producer and Financier, Is Dead at 55|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 23, 2020|author1=Austin Ramzy|author2=Rachel Abrams}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> His parents were Helen, a nurse, and Peter Bing, a doctor in public health.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 12, 2005 |title=$25 million gift endows overseas program, renamed in honor of Bings |url=https://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/october12/ospfund-101205.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801142848/https://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/october12/ospfund-101205.html |archive-date=August 1, 2011 |publisher=Stanford News – [[Stanford University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrATAQAAMAAJ|title=Vanity Fair|year=2002|publisher=Vanity Fair Publishing Company|via=Google Books}}</ref> He was [[Jewish American|Jewish]] on his father's side and [[Croatian American|Croatian]] on his mother's.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=50% of New "Giving Pledge" Donors are Jewish|url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2012/04/23/50-of-new-giving-pledge-donors-are-jewish/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=the algemeiner|language=en-US}}</ref> Bing attended the [[Harvard-Westlake School]] in Los Angeles.<ref name = NYT/> At the age of 18, he inherited an estimated $600 million from his grandfather, [[Leo S. Bing]], a real estate developer who had made his fortune in New York in the 1920s. The ''Los Angeles Business Journal''{{'}}s January 2010 publication of "The Lists 2010" listed him in its "Wealthiest Angelenos" section of the magazine, which estimated his worth at $590 million, coming in at No. 46. After inheriting his fortune, Bing dropped out of Stanford University in his junior year to pursue a career in the entertainment industry.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/steve-bing-philanthropist-film-producer-034422947.html|title=Steve Bing, philanthropist and film producer, dies after fall from building|website=[[Yahoo! News]]|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|author1=Anousha Sakoui|author2=Richard Winton|date=June 23, 2020 |access-date=June 24, 2020}}</ref>

==Entertainment industry==
In 2000, Bing launched his own production company, [[Shangri-La Entertainment]].<ref name=":1" /> He reportedly invested around $85 million to co-finance ''[[The Polar Express (film)|The Polar Express]]'', an animated film featuring the voice of [[Tom Hanks]], which earned $285 million globally and was one of the year's box-office successes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldstein |first=Patrick |date=2004-11-17 |title=Why is the $170-million 'Polar Express' getting derailed? |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-nov-17-et-polar17-story.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Polar-Express-The|title=The Polar Express (2004)|website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers.com]]}}</ref> Bing was the financier of [[Robert Zemeckis]]' ''[[Beowulf (2007 film)|Beowulf]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/feb/14/filmnews.arts|title=Film notoriety awaits Beowulf|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 14, 2005|author=Richard Jinman|access-date=June 24, 2020|location=London, England}}</ref> and the financier and producer of ''[[Shine a Light (film)|Shine a Light]]'', a [[Rolling Stones]] concert film directed by [[Martin Scorsese]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/steve-bing-man-on-a-mission-1769218.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/steve-bing-man-on-a-mission-1769218.html |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Steve Bing: Man on a mission|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=August 8, 2009|author=Stephen Foley|access-date=June 24, 2020|location=London, England}}</ref>

In addition to his career financing and producing movies, he co-wrote the 1985 film, ''[[Missing in Action II: The Beginning]]'', and the story and screenplay for the 2003 film, ''[[Kangaroo Jack]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leydon |first=Joe |date=2003-01-12 |title=Kangaroo Jack |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/kangaroo-jack-1200544125/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Bing also financed and produced the independently released [[Jerry Lee Lewis]] album ''[[Last Man Standing (Jerry Lee Lewis album)|Last Man Standing]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/dec/01/popandrock1|title=CD: Jerry Lee Lewis, Last Man Standing|newspaper=The Guardian|date=December 1, 2006|author=Alexis Petridis|access-date=June 24, 2020|location=London, England}}</ref>

==Politics==
Beginning with a $500 contribution in 1993 to support Senator [[Frank Lautenberg]], D-N.J.{{huh|date=April 2025}} in his bid for re-election, Bing contributed more than $10.7 million at the federal level to the Democratic Party and its candidates.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yi |first=Matthew |title=Filmmaker a big donor behind the scenes / Stephen Bing spends $49.6 million backing oil tax proposition |url=https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Filmmaker-a-big-donor-behind-the-scenes-Stephen-2485795.php |access-date=2024-04-22 |work=SFGATE |language=en}}</ref>

The biggest checks were written in 2002 when he gave a total of $8.2 million to the [[Democratic National Committee]]. He also gave to specific candidates, including [[Al Gore]], [[Hillary Clinton]], [[John Kerry]], [[Nancy Pelosi]], and [[Dianne Feinstein]].

Bing was reported to have given at least $49.5 million during the 2006 election cycle in support of [[California Proposition 87 (2006)|Proposition 87]], a California initiative which sought to raise $4 billion in oil production taxes to help develop alternative fuels.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.followthemoney.org/entity-details?eid=10239345 |title=Californians for Clean Alternative Energy| publisher=[[OpenSecrets]] (Top Donors)}}</ref> Bing also supported several key races in other parts of the country as Democrats fought to win back control of Congress. They included Democratic challenger [[Bob Casey, Jr.]] in Pennsylvania, who unseated conservative GOP incumbent Senator [[Rick Santorum]], and future United States senator [[Tammy Duckworth]] in Illinois, then a Democratic congressional hopeful and an Army National Guard major who lost her legs in Iraq, who went on to lose to State Senator [[Peter Roskam]] in that race.
Excluding Prop. 87 contributions, in California Bing donated $7.8 million from 2000 on, according to the [[Secretary of State of California|California secretary of state]]. He spent $4.25 million in 2005 in a successful effort to defeat [[2005 California Proposition 77|Prop. 77]], a redistricting initiative sponsored by Gov. [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gittelsohn |first=John |date=2005-11-03 |title=Prop. 77: Tale of 2 Steves |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2005/11/03/prop-77-tale-of-2-steves/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507062844/https://www.ocregister.com/2005/11/03/prop-77-tale-of-2-steves/ |archive-date=May 7, 2017 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}</ref> Other beneficiaries of his political pursuits included: the California Democratic Party ($640,172); Governor [[Gray Davis]] ($675,000); and San Francisco Mayor [[Gavin Newsom]], whose campaign received $750 in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.followthemoney.org/entity-details?eid=23498|title=Entity Details {{!}} BING, STEPHEN|website=FollowTheMoney.org (Ballot Measure Committees)}}</ref>

In October 2008, Bing pledged to match donations made to the NO{{clarify|date=January 2022}} on [[Proposition 8]] campaign from October 17 to October 19.

On December 18, 2008, the [[Clinton Foundation|William J. Clinton Foundation]] released a list of all contributors. It included Stephen L. Bing, who gave between US$10–25 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clintonfoundation.org/contributors/index.php?page=1|title=William J. Clinton Foundation {{!}} Contributor Information|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605125742/http://www.clintonfoundation.org/contributors/pages/page_1.html|archive-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref>

On August 5, 2009, a 737 private aircraft owned by Bing and based at Hollywood Burbank Airport in Southern California, was utilized in the return of American reporters [[Laura Ling]] and [[Euna Lee]] who had spent [[2009 imprisonment of American journalists by North Korea|5 months of a 12-year sentence in North Korea]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/06/world/asia/06kim.html|title=After Clinton Trip, U.S. Studies Signals From N. Korea|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 5, 2009|author=Mark Landler|access-date=August 6, 2009}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Former President [[Bill Clinton]] was instrumental in their return and accompanied the reporters back to the United States. Bing reportedly covered the whole cost of the flight, estimated to be around $200,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=8260264&page=1|title=Steve Bing to Pay $200K for Clinton Korea Trip|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=August 5, 2009|author=Alice Gomstyn|access-date=August 6, 2009}}</ref>

==Personal life==
===Lisa Bonder ===

In 2001, Bing sued billionaire [[Kirk Kerkorian]] for invasion of privacy. Bing alleged that convicted criminal and private investigator [[Anthony Pellicano]] took Bing's dental floss out of his trash to collect his DNA. At the time, Kerkorian was in a legal fight with his former wife [[Lisa Bonder]], a former professional tennis player, over the amount of child support he would pay, with the billionaire reportedly suspecting Bing (a previous boyfriend) to be the biological father of Bonder's daughter Kira. After Bing was proven by DNA testing to be the father of Bonder's child, Bing and Kerkorian settled their dispute out of court.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-23|title=Dramatic claim to Bing's massive inheritance|url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/money/wealth/bing-family-inheritance-movie-moguls-death-reignites-dramatic-claim-to-estate/news-story/b8ebf37c3376bcb633ca14e38d604354|access-date=2020-07-20|website=NewsComAu|language=en}}
</ref>

===Elizabeth Hurley ===
Bing had a relationship with [[Elizabeth Hurley]], which resulted in a pregnancy. Bing urged Hurley to have an abortion, but Hurley refused. Bing denied paternity by alleging that he and Hurley had a brief, non-exclusive relationship in 2001.<ref>''[https://www.imdb.com/news/ni0058128/ Liz to Reveal All in Court]'' – wenn.com 31 December 2001. Retrieved 14 November 2021.</ref> However, a [[DNA]] test established Bing as the child's father.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2054572.stm "Bing is Hurley baby's father"]. BBC News. 19 June 2002. Retrieved 14 November 2021.</ref> Hurley gave birth to [[Damian Charles Hurley]] on April 4, 2002.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/showbiz/2054668.stm "Timeline: The Bing and Hurley affair"]. BBC. Retrieved 14 November 2021.</ref> [[Hugh Grant]] is Damian's godfather.<ref>{{cite web|title=Liz Hurley's son finally permitted to watch godfather Hugh Grant's movie|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/liz-hurleys-son-finally-permitted-watch-godfather-hugh-132513227.html|publisher=Yahoo news|access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>

===Anthony Pellicano===
The paternity of Bonder's daughter was revealed by [[Anthony Pellicano]], a private investigator (and [[wiretap]]per) hired by Kerkorian's lawyer, who was also a "friend" to Bing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F2071EF939540C728DDDA80894DF404482|title=Lawyer Gave Information To Kerkorian|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 11, 2007|author=David M. Halbfinger|access-date=April 12, 2007}} {{subscription required}}</ref> According to an [[FBI]] summary, Pellicano sometimes played Hollywood clients against each other, at one point asking financier (and Bing friend) [[Ron Burkle]] for a $100,000 to $250,000 shakedown{{huh|date=April 2025}} in order not to be investigated by [[Michael Ovitz]], another Pellicano client.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20914FD3F5B0C738EDDAD0894DE404482|title=Billionaire Reports a Shakedown in Hollywood|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 20, 2006|author=David M. Halbfinger|access-date=April 12, 2007}} {{subscription required}}</ref> In a twist to the case, ''The New York Times'' reported payments of $335,000 by Bing to Pellicano between June 2000 and August 2002.

According to excerpts of recorded calls, Pellicano bragged to Kerkorian's lawyer in April and May 2002 that he was "working for" and "consulting for" Bing in matters related to [[Elizabeth Hurley]] and her son's disputed paternity, which was then in the news. Martin Singer, a lawyer for Bing, called Pellicano's statement regarding Hurley "an absolute lie." (''Daily Mail'' reportedly paid a "substantial" settlement to Bing in 2003 after Pellicano's sworn statement that he had "never been engaged by Mr. Bing nor his attorney Mr. Martin Singer to investigate anyone on Mr. Bing's behalf, including Ms. Hurley.").<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/12/movies/12bing.html|title=Hollywood Evidence Raises Questions|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 12, 2007|author1=David M. Halbfinger|author2=Allison Hope Weiner|access-date=April 12, 2007}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Following two trials in 2008, in which Bing did not testify, Pellicano was convicted of 78 counts of wiretapping, racketeering, wire fraud, and conspiracy. Pellicano was sentenced to 15 years in prison and ordered, with Terry N. Christensen, to forfeit $2 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/business/30pellicano.html|title=15 Years for Hollywood Investigator|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 15, 2008|author=Brooks Barnes|access-date=December 15, 2008}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
In April 2012, Bing committed to join [[The Giving Pledge]], set up by [[Bill Gates]] and [[Warren Buffett]], willingly donating the majority of his wealth to charity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://givingpledge.org/|title=A Commitment to Philanthropy|publisher=[[The Giving Pledge]]|access-date=April 29, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/glitzy-giving/steve-bing.html|title=Steve Bing|website=[[Inside Philanthropy]]|date=April 16, 2017|author=Ade Adeniji|access-date=October 19, 2018}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

==Death==
Bing died by suicide on June 22, 2020, at the age of 55 by jumping from his condominium on the 27th floor of the [[Ten Thousand (Los Angeles)|Ten Thousand]] building at 10000 Santa Monica Boulevard in the [[Century City]] neighborhood of Los Angeles.<ref name = NYT/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/steve-bing-dead-dies-kangaroo-jack-1234645788/|title=Steve Bing, Producer and 'Kangaroo Jack' Writer, Dies by Suicide at 55|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|author=Pat Saperstein|date=June 22, 2020|access-date=June 22, 2020}}</ref> He had been depressed about lack of human contact during the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|Coronavirus disease]] quarantine. While this was suggested by his friends to be the reason for his suicide, the true reason remains unknown.<ref>{{cite web |last1=staff writer |title=STEVE BING Writer/Producer, Liz Hurley's Ex ... DEAD AT 55 FROM SUICIDE |url=https://www.tmz.com/2020/06/22/kangaroo-jack-writer-steve-bing-dead-suicide/ |website=TMZ |date=June 23, 2020 |accessdate=28 June 2020}}</ref>

With a past linked to drug addiction, including the recent loss of a close girlfriend due to overdose, a history of failed investments in the film industry and failed relationships with both lovers and his own estranged children, at the time of his death, he was worth $300,000 in liquid assets having spent almost all of the $600 million he had inherited.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hyde|first=Jesse|date=2020-10-20|title=The Tragic Last Days of Movie Mogul Steve Bing|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a34328800/steve-bing-death-investigation/|access-date=2020-10-20|website=Town & Country|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|82893}}
*{{Discogs artist|Steve Bing}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bing, Steve}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:2020 suicides]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century American philanthropists]]
[[Category:American construction businesspeople]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]
[[Category:American people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Serbian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Croatian descent]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in real estate]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from New York City]]
[[Category:California Democrats]]
[[Category:Film directors from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Film producers from California]]
[[Category:Harvard-Westlake School alumni]]
[[Category:Male suicides]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from California]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Suicides by jumping in California]]
[[Category:Writers from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]

Tom Sizemore

2025-06-16T11:01:10Z

99.185.77.46: /* Death */

{{Short description|American actor (1961–2023)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tom Sizemore
| image = Tom Sizemore by Jean Claude Vera in April 2011.jpg
| caption = Sizemore at the [[Newport Beach Film Festival]] in [[Newport Beach, California]], April 2011
| birth_name = Thomas Edward Sizemore Jr.
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1961|11|29}}
| birth_place = [[Detroit, Michigan]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|3|3|1961|11|29}}
| death_place = [[Burbank, California]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]], [[Hollywood Hills, California]], U.S
| education = {{ubl|[[Wayne State University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Temple University]] ([[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]])}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer}}
| years_active = 1989–2023
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Maeve Quinlan]]|1996|1999|end=divorced}}
| partner = Janelle McIntire (sep.)<ref>{{cite news |last=Gariano |first=Francesca |date=February 19, 2023 |title='Saving Private Ryan' actor Tom Sizemore in critical condition after aneurysm |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/tom-sizemore-hospitalized-aneurysm-rcna71380 |work=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]] |access-date=March 4, 2023}}</ref>
| children = 2
}}

'''Thomas Edward Sizemore Jr.''' ({{IPAc-en |'|s|aɪ|z|m|ɔːr}}; November 29, 1961 – March 3, 2023) was an American actor. Born in [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], he started his career with supporting appearances in ''[[Born on the Fourth of July (film)|Born on the Fourth of July]]'' (1989), ''[[Lock Up (1989 film)|Lock Up]]'' (1989), and ''[[Blue Steel (1990 film)|Blue Steel]]'' (1990). The appearances led to more prominent roles in films like ''[[Passenger 57]]'' (1992), ''[[True Romance]]'' (1993), ''[[Striking Distance]]'' (1993), ''[[Natural Born Killers]]'' (1994), ''[[Strange Days (film)|Strange Days]]'' (1995), ''[[Heat (1995 film)|Heat]]'' (1995), and ''[[The Relic]]'' (1997).

In 1998, Sizemore starred in ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'', his most commercially successful film. He later appeared in ''[[Bringing Out the Dead]]'' (1999), ''[[Black Hawk Down (film)|Black Hawk Down]]'' (2001), and ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' (2001). He received a [[Golden Globe]] nomination for his lead role in the television film ''[[Witness Protection (film)|Witness Protection]]'' (1999). He also provided the voice of mobster Sonny Forelli in the acclaimed 2002 video game ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]''.

In 2007, [[VH1]] aired the reality series ''[[Shooting Sizemore]]'' (2007), which depicted Sizemore's struggle to regain his career amid addictions to [[methamphetamine]] and heroin. He also participated in other reality series related to his addiction, including ''[[Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew]]'' (2010) and ''[[Celebrity Rehab Presents Sober House]]'' (2010). He appeared in the revival series of ''[[Twin Peaks (season 3)|Twin Peaks]]'' (2017).

==Early life and education==
Thomas Edward Sizemore Jr.<ref name=":22" /> was born on November 29, 1961<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229/|title= UPI Almanac for Friday, Nov. 29, 2019|work= [[United Press International]] | date= November 29, 2019|access-date=January 11, 2020 |archive-date= December 24, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224110508/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/11/29/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Nov-29-2019/6411574957229//|url-status=live|quote=…actor Tom Sizemore in 1961 (age 58)}}</ref> in Detroit.<ref name=":1" /> His mother, Judith (née Schannault), was a member of the city of Detroit [[ombudsman]] staff and his father, Thomas Edward Sizemore Sr., was a lawyer and philosophy professor.<ref name=":1" /> Thomas Jr. grew up as a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and his parents divorced when he was a teenager.<ref>{{Cite web |title=For Detroit-born actor Tom Sizemore, dead at 61, the action was the juice |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/entertainment/movies/2023/03/03/for-detroit-born-actor-tom-sizemore-the-action-was-the-juice/69964463007/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |work = The Detroit News |language=en-US}}</ref> Thomas Sizemore Jr. said that his maternal grandfather was of French and Native American ancestry and also that his grandfather was Irish-American.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/culture-monster-blog/story/2011-02-16/tom-sizemores-one-man-show-the-secret-hes-been-keeping-from-hollywood | title=Tom Sizemore's one-man show: The secret he's been keeping from Hollywood | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=February 16, 2011 }}</ref><ref>''By Some Miracle I Made It Out of There: A Memoir'', Tom Sizemore, Simon and Schuster, 2013, [http://books.simonandschuster.ca/By-Some-Miracle-I-Made-It-Out-of-There/Tom-Sizemore/9781451681673/excerpt transcript] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040405/http://books.simonandschuster.ca/By-Some-Miracle-I-Made-It-Out-of-There/Tom-Sizemore/9781451681673/excerpt |date=January 6, 2014 }}</ref> He graduated from [[Wayne State University]] near downtown Detroit in 1983; he earned a bachelor's degree in Theater there. He received a master's degree from [[Temple University]] in [[Philadelphia]] in 1986.<ref name=":22" />

== Career ==
{{expand section|date=January 2024}}
One of Sizemore's earliest film roles was in [[Oliver Stone]]'s ''[[Born on the Fourth of July (film)|Born on the Fourth of July]]'' (1989).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Clinton |first=Jane |date=February 19, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore in critical condition after suffering brain aneurysm |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/feb/19/tom-sizemore-in-critical-condition-after-suffering-brain-aneurism |access-date=March 6, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> His other early appearances included ''[[Lock Up (1989 film)|Lock Up]]'' (1989), ''[[Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man]]'' (1991), ''[[Point Break (1991 film)|Point Break]]'' (1991), ''[[Passenger 57]]'' (1992), ''[[True Romance]]'' (1993), ''[[Striking Distance]]'' (1993), ''[[Natural Born Killers]]'' (1994), and ''[[Strange Days (film)|Strange Days]]'' (1995).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tafoya |first=Scout |date=March 5, 2023 |title=The Real Deal: Tom Sizemore (1961-2023) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/tributes/the-real-deal-tom-sizemore-1961-2023 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Roger Ebert |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Carlson |first=Michael |date=March 5, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore obituary |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/mar/05/tom-sizemore-obituary |access-date=March 6, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Ulaby |first=Neda |date=March 3, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore, 'Saving Private Ryan' actor, has died at 61 |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/03/03/1158367055/tom-sizemore-saving-private-ryan-actor-has-died-at-61 |access-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref> He had a recurring role on the television series ''[[China Beach]]'' (1988–1991) as an enlisted man named Vinnie who was in love with [[Dana Delany]]'s character.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Matt Zoller |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore Made You Uncomfortable |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/tom-sizemore-obituary-remembrance.html |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref> For his performance in ''[[Heart and Souls]]'' (1993), he was nominated for the [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=1993 20th Saturn Awards|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/1993/1993sat.htm|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=September 15, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017175615/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/1993/1993sat.htm|archive-date=October 17, 2006}}</ref> He starred in the independent drama film ''Love Is Like That'' (1993) with actress and model [[Pamela Gidley]] and had a supporting role in [[Kevin Costner]]'s ''[[Wyatt Earp (film)|Wyatt Earp]]'' (1994) as [[Bat Masterson]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Tom Sizemore: Filme, Serien und Biografie |url=https://www.serienjunkies.de/person/tom-sizemore/29738/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Serienjunkies |language=de}}</ref>

A succession of well-received supporting parts followed, beginning with his portrayal of Michael Cheritto in the heist film ''[[Heat (1995 film)|Heat]]'' (1995).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Sizemore's first major leading role was as [[Vincent D'Agosta]] in ''[[The Relic (film)|The Relic]]'' (1997).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Gorman |first=Steve |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Actor Tom Sizemore, known for tough-guy roles and scandal, dead at 61 |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/american-actor-tom-sizemore-dies-61-washington-post-2023-03-04/ |access-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref> Sizemore continued to play leading and character parts in ''[[Devil in a Blue Dress (film)|Devil in a Blue Dress]]'' (1995), ''[[Bringing Out the Dead]]'' (1999), and ''[[Witness Protection (film)|Witness Protection]]'' (1999).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' (1998) proved to be his most commercially successful project, bringing in $217,000,000 at the box office.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> In the early 2000s, he appeared in the action films ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' (2001), which also starred [[Ben Affleck]] and [[Ridley Scott]]'s ''[[Black Hawk Down (film)|Black Hawk Down]]'' (2001).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> Sizemore had a voice role as [[Sonny Forelli]] in the video game ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plunkett |first=Luke |date=March 5, 2023 |title=RIP Tom Sizemore, 1961-2023 |url=https://kotaku.com/rip-tom-sizemore-died-grand-theft-auto-vice-city-gta-1850190893 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Kotaku |language=en}}</ref> He starred in ''[[Ticker (2001 film)|Ticker]]'' (2001), an action film directed by [[Albert Pyun]], with [[Steven Seagal]] and [[Dennis Hopper]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Kress |first=Bryan |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore, Saving Private Ryan and Heat Actor, Dead at 61 |url=https://consequence.net/2023/03/tom-sizemore-saving-private-ryan-heat-dead/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Consequence |language=en-US}}</ref> Sizemore also starred in the well-reviewed but short-lived television drama series ''[[Robbery Homicide Division (TV series)|Robbery Homicide Division]]'' (2002-2003).<ref name=":1" /> He appeared in the [[Mel Gibson]]-produced ''[[Paparazzi (2004 film)|Paparazzi]]'' (2004), played [[Pete Rose]] in [[Hustle (2004 film)|Hustle]] (2004) depicting his illegal gambling while managing the [[Cincinnati Reds]], and played an undercover cop in ''[[Swindle (2002 film)|Swindle]]'' (2006), opposite [[Sherilyn Fenn]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Tom Sizemore Dead at 61 |url=https://www.tmz.com/2023/03/03/tom-sizemore-actor-dead-dies/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=TMZ |date=March 4, 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ferraro |first=Pietro |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore è morto: 10 film per ricordare l'attore di Salvate il soldato Ryan e Assassini Nati |url=https://www.cineblog.it/post/tom-sizemore-morto-film-curiosita-attore |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Cineblog |language=it}}</ref>

In the same year, Sizemore starred in ''[[The Genius Club]]'' (2006), playing a terrorist who taunts seven geniuses into solving the world's problems in one night.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2023 |title=La familia de Tom Sizemore deberá tomar la decisión de si desconectar o no al actor de "Saving Private Ryan" |url=http://eltiempolatino.com/2023/02/28/cultura/entretenimiento/la-familia-de-tom-sizemore-debera-tomar-la-decision-de-si-desconectar-o-no-al-actor-de-saving-private-ryan/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=El Tiempo Latino |language=es}}</ref> He had a leading role in the action/thriller film ''[[Splinter (2006 film)|Splinter]]'' (2006) with [[Edward James Olmos]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> The next year, television network [[VH1]] aired a six-episode reality TV series called ''[[Shooting Sizemore]]'' (2007), depicting the actor's life as he struggled to regain his career in the midst of battling long-standing addictions to [[methamphetamine]] and heroin.<ref>{{cite web|title='Shooting Sizemore' Takes Aim at Actor's Road to Recovery|url=http://thefutoncritic.com/news/2007/01/02/shooting-sizemore-takes-aim-at-actors-road-to-recovery--23179/20070102vh101/|website=TheFutonCritic.com|publisher=[[The Futon Critic]]|access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 19, 2023 |title=Actor Tom Sizemore of 'Saving Private Ryan' hospitalized from brain aneurysm |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/actor-tom-sizemore-saving-private-ryan-hospitalized-brain-aneurysm-manager-2023-02-19/ |access-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref> The series also covered an ongoing legal appeal of his conviction for an assault of former Hollywood [[Prostitution|madam]] [[Heidi Fleiss]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/sizemore/series.jhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106193351/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/sizemore/series.jhtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 6, 2007|title=VH1 page for Shooting Sizemore|website=Vh1.com|access-date=February 9, 2022}}</ref> In the same year, the actor starred in the indie drama film ''[[Game of Life (film)|Oranges]]'' (2007) with [[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]] and [[Jill Hennessy]], which was directed by Syrian director and producer [[Joseph Merhi]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Muere el actor Tom Sizemore a los 61 años; deja un legado de más de 200 películas |url=https://www.diariodemorelos.com/noticias/muere-el-actor-tom-sizemore-los-61-os-deja-un-legado-de-m-s-de-200-pel-culas |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Diario de Morelos |date=March 4, 2023 |language=es-mx}}</ref> Sizemore performed in two films that screened at the [[List of films at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival|2008 Sundance Film Festival]], ''[[Red (2008 film)|Red]]'' (2008) and ''[[American Son (2008 film)|American Son]]'' (2008).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Riaño |first=Raquel |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Muere el actor Tom Sizemore a los 61 años: su vida marcada por las drogas y los escándalos |url=https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/celebrities/2023-03-04/tom-sizemore-muerte-vida-adiccion-drogas_3586783/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=El Confidencial |language=es}}</ref> He was highly prolific that year starring in ''[[The Last Lullaby]]'' (2008), ''[[The Flyboys (film)|The Flyboys]]'' (2008) with [[Stephen Baldwin]], action film ''[[Stiletto (2008 film)|Stiletto]]'' (2008) with [[Tom Berenger]] and [[Michael Biehn]], drama film ''[[Toxic (2008 film)|Toxic]]'' (2008) with [[Costas Mandylor]], and the Canadian drama ''A Broken Life'' (2008) with [[Ving Rhames]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Actor Tom Sizemore, star of 'Saving Private Ryan,' dies at 61 |url=https://goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/actor-tom-sizemore-dies-61-97523639 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore kimdir? Tom Sizemore neden öldü? Tom Sizemore hangi filmlerde oynadı? |url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yasam/tom-sizemore-kimdir-tom-sizemore-neden-oldu-tom-sizemore-hangi-filmlerde-oynadi-2057527 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Cumhuriyet |language=tr}}</ref>

Sizemore appeared in five episodes of the television series ''[[Crash (2008 TV series)|Crash]]'' (2008–2009) with [[Dennis Hopper]] and the comedy film ''[[Super Capers]]'' (2009).<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Dick |first=Jeremy |date=February 19, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore Hospitalized in Critical Condition After Brain Aneurysm |url=https://movieweb.com/tom-sizemore-critical-condition/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=MovieWeb |language=en}}</ref> Sizemore starred in the indie horror film ''[[Murder 101 (2014 film)|Murder 101]]'' (2014) and co-starred with [[Kyra Sedgwick]] and [[Vincent D'Onofrio]] in the comedy-drama film ''[[Chlorine (2013 film)|Chlorine]]'' (2013).<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/35472/first-look-tom-sizemore-class|title=First Look at Tom Sizemore in C.L.A.S.S.|date=July 16, 2012|publisher=DreadCentral|access-date=January 3, 2016}}</ref> Sizemore starred alongside martial arts actor [[Mark Dacascos]] in the action film ''[[Shadows in Paradise (2010 film)|Shadows in Paradise]]'' (2010), followed by an appearance as a trucker in an episode of ''[[It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia]]''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Barber |first=James |date=March 6, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore Never Served But Became a Military Movie Icon |url=https://www.military.com/off-duty/movies/2023/03/06/tom-sizemore-never-served-became-military-movie-icon.html |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Military.com |language=en}}</ref> Sizemore appeared alongside the [[Insane Clown Posse]] in the comedy film ''[[Big Money Rustlas]]'' (2010) and the heist thriller ''Five Thirteen'' with [[Taryn Manning]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Dick |first=Jeremy |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore Dies at 61 Following Brain Aneurysm |url=https://movieweb.com/tom-sizemore-dead/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=MovieWeb |language=en}}</ref> He had roles in the films ''[[Suing the Devil]]'' (2011) and ''[[Cellmates|White Knight]]'' (2011), as well as the adventure film ''The Age of Reason'' (2014).<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Poinsot |first=Elodie |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Mort de l'acteur Tom Sizemore (Il faut sauver le soldat Ryan, Heat) à l'âge de 61 ans |url=https://www.programme-tv.net/news/cinema/321754-mort-de-lacteur-tom-sizemore-il-faut-sauver-le-soldat-ryan-heat-a-lage-de-61-ans/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Tele-Loisirs |language=fr}}</ref> He had a career resurgence when he was cast as a series regular in the [[USA Network]] action program ''[[Shooter (TV series)|Shooter]]'' (2016), starring [[Ryan Phillippe]].<ref name=":1" /> Sizemore received positive notices for the drama thriller ''Calico Skies'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Martin|first1=Peter|title=Review: CALICO SKIES, Quiet Desperation in the California Desert|url=http://screenanarchy.com/2017/08/review-calico-skies-quiet-desperation-in-the-california-desert.html|website=ScreenAnarchy.com|date=August 15, 2017|publisher=[[Screen Anarchy]]|access-date=September 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hafer|first1=Martin|title=Calico Skies (2017) Review|url=http://influxmagazine.com/calico-skies-2017-review/|work=INFLUX Magazine|access-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234220/http://influxmagazine.com/calico-skies-2017-review/|archive-date=September 19, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017, he appeared as insurance agent Anthony Sinclair in [[David Lynch]]'s revival miniseries ''[[Twin Peaks (season 3)|Twin Peaks]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Murray|first1=Noel|title='Twin Peaks' Season 3, Episode 5 Recap: Vegas Baby|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/05/arts/television/twin-peaks-return-episode-5-recap.html?mcubz=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 5, 2017|access-date=September 19, 2017}}</ref> and portrayed [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] Agent [[William C. Sullivan|Bill Sullivan]] in the drama film ''[[Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fleming|first1=Mike Jr.|title=Tony Goldwyn, Josh Lucas, Michael C Hall, Marton Csokas & Kate Walsh Surround Liam Neeson For Watergate Thriller 'Felt'|url=https://deadline.com/2016/04/felt-liam-neeson-tony-goldwyn-josh-lucas-michael-c-hall-marton-csokas-watergate-deep-throat-mark-felt-1201746509/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 29, 2016|publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|access-date=September 19, 2017}}</ref> Sizemore acted in an indie action film entitled ''[[The Assault (2017 film)|The Assault]]'' (2017) with [[Jordan Ladd]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theactionelite.com/exclusive-clip-from-the-assault-with-tom-sizemore/ | title=Exclusive Clip from the Assault with Tom Sizemore | date=August 20, 2019 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}

In 2020, Sizemore appeared in ''[[C.L.E.A.N.]]'', a thriller/horror indie film and won a Vegas Movie Award; in 2021 he won another Vegas Movie Award for his supporting role in indie film ''The Electric Man'' with [[Vernon Wells (actor)|Vernon Wells]] and [[Eric Roberts]].<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmthreat.com/reviews/the-electric-man/|title=The Electric Man |website=Filmthreat.com|date=January 19, 2022|access-date=February 9, 2022}}</ref> In 2022, Sizemore won also an IndieFEST Film Award and Accolade Competition Award for his supporting role in ''The Electric Man''.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Shania |date=March 3, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore, Actor Known For Heat And Saving Private Ryan, Has Died At 61 |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1217528/tom-sizemore-actor-known-for-heat-and-saving-private-ryan-has-died-at-61/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=/Film |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2022, he joined the cast of ''The Legend of Jack and Diane'', a feature film described as a female-fronted revenge thriller, directed and written by Bruce Bellocchi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=January 20, 2022|title=Carlo Mendez Replaces Alvaro Orlando In 'The Legend Of Jack And Diane'; Wendie Malick To Star In Musical 'Mother Of All Shows'|url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/carlo-mendez-boards-the-legend-of-jack-and-diane-wendie-malick-mother-of-all-shows-1234915740/|access-date=January 23, 2022|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=December 14, 2021|title=Tom Sizemore Joins Female Revenge Thriller 'The Legend Of Jack And Diane'|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/tom-sizemore-joins-female-revenge-thriller-the-legend-of-jack-and-diane-1234891130/|access-date=January 23, 2022|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> Also in 2022, Sizemore starred in the comedy series ''Barbee Rehab'', alongside [[Bai Ling]] and [[Janice Dickinson]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/New-Trailer-Released-for-BARBEE-REHAB-Starring-Tom-Sizemore-and-Bai-Ling-20220402|title = New Trailer Released for BARBEE REHAB Starring Tom Sizemore and Bai Ling}}</ref>

=== Music ===
Sizemore fronted the Hollywood rock band Day 8.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Sizemore, Saving Private Ryan and Heat Actor, Dead at 61 |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/tom-sizemore-saving-private-ryan-heat-actor-dead-61-obituary/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Comicbook.com |date=March 4, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Formed in 2002, the band recorded a four-song [[Extended play|EP]] produced and recorded by Bradley Dujmovic and former [[Snot (band)|Snot]]/[[Soulfly]] guitarist Mike Doling. Originally called "The Bystanders", the group included guitarist and co-writer Rod Castro, Alan Muffterson, Tyrone Tomke, and Michael Taylor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sicily |first=Angeline |date=March 1, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore 'No Further Hope': Former Day 8 Frontman Remains in Coma After Suffering Brain Aneurysm |work=MusicTimes |url=https://www.musictimes.com/articles/90747/20230301/tom-sizemore-further-hope-former-day-8-frontman-remains-coma.htm |access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Tom Sizemore by Jayel Aheram 20101003.jpg|upright|thumb|Sizemore on [[Wilshire Boulevard]] in LA, October 2010]]

Sizemore married actress [[Maeve Quinlan]] in 1996. They divorced in 1999 because of Sizemore's drug problems.<ref name=":10" /> He dated [[Heidi Fleiss]], known as the onetime "Hollywood Madam".<ref name="fleiss" /> He was for a time in a relationship with Janelle McIntire, who gave birth in July 2005 to his twin sons, Jagger and Jayden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/tom-sizemore/biography.html|title=Biography|publisher=Yahoo Movies|access-date=January 4, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/parents/all-about-tom-sizemore-kids/|title=All About Tom Sizemore's Kids| first= Kelsie| last= Gibson| publisher= | work= People|date= March 3, 2023| accessdate=March 4, 2023}}</ref>

On October 19, 2005, [[Vivid Entertainment]] released ''The Tom Sizemore Sex Scandal'', a [[Pornographic film|pornographic video]] featuring Sizemore and three women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/la-tm-neil43oct23-story.html|title=Porn of the Gods |author= Dan Neil| website = [[Los Angeles Times]]|date=October 23, 2005| access-date=February 3, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20051017006247/en/Tom-Sizemore-Sex-Scandal-DVD-Interview-Reveals|title=Tom-Sizemore-Sex-Scandal |publisher= | work = Businesswire|date=October 17, 2005| access-date=January 4, 2015}}</ref> In the video, he said that he had sex with [[Paris Hilton]]. Hilton denied his claim and said it was a ploy by Sizemore to increase sales of the video.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Peterson|first1=Todd|title=Paris Denies Tom Sizemore Hookup|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1119879,00.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150217094211/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1119879,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 17, 2015|magazine=People|access-date=February 17, 2015}}</ref>

=== Substance abuse and legal issues ===
{{overly detailed|section|date=January 2024}}
Sizemore said that he battled drug addiction from age 15.<ref>He revealed this in the fourth episode of ''[[Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew]]''{{'}}s third season.</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}

In 2003, Sizemore was convicted of [[domestic violence]] against ex-girlfriend [[Heidi Fleiss]].<ref name="fleiss">{{cite web |first=Stephen M. | last= Silverman |author-link=Stephen M. Silverman |date=August 18, 2003 |title=Sizemore Convicted of Abusing Fleiss |url=https://people.com/celebrity/sizemore-convicted-of-abusing-fleiss/ |access-date=September 8, 2023 |work=People}}</ref> On March 25, 2005, he was sentenced to seven months in jail and four months of drug treatment for repeatedly failing drug tests while on [[probation]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1041673,00.html | title= Strange Days | date= March 25, 2005| magazine =[[Entertainment Weekly]] | url-status = dead | first = Gary| last= Susman| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126143458/https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1041673,00.html | archivedate= January 26, 2007| accessdate= January 3, 2016}}</ref> He was caught attempting to fake a urine test using a [[Whizzinator]].<ref>{{cite news |date=July 23, 2005 |title=Actor Tom Sizemore sent back to rehab |work= [[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]] |url=https://archive.triblive.com/news/actor-tom-sizemore-sent-back-to-rehab/?printerfriendly=true |access-date=June 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= June 23, 2005 |title=Actor Tried to Fake Drug Test, 2 Testify |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jun-23-me-briefs23.2-story.html |access-date=October 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=June 22, 2005 |title= Sizemore: I didn't fake drug tests |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/sizemore-i-didnt-fake-drug-tests-wbna8323180 | website =
Today.com | publisher = |access-date= October 8, 2011}}</ref> Fleiss' restraining order against him lapsed by 2010.<ref name="Rochlin">{{Citation |last=Rochlin |first=Margy |title= Addicted to Rehab |date=February 1, 2010 |newspaper=[[TV Guide]] |pages=34–35}}</ref>

On May 8, 2007, while still on probation for a previous drug conviction, he was arrested outside the [[Four Points by Sheraton|Four Points Sheraton]] hotel in [[Bakersfield, California]], for possession of methamphetamine.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 8, 2007 |title=Tom Sizemore Arrested in Drug Case |url=http://movies.msn.com/movies/article.aspx?news=261353&GT1=7701 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025024111/http://movies.msn.com/movies/article.aspx?news=261353&GT1=7701 |archive-date=October 25, 2007 |access-date=May 21, 2007 |publisher=| website= [[MSN]].com}}</ref>

In 2010, Sizemore appeared as a patient/castmember on [[VH1]]'s third season of ''[[Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.vh1.com/2009-06-01/tom-sizemore-joins-celebrity-rehab-3-cast|title=Tom Sizemore Joins Celebrity Rehab 3 Cast|publisher=Blog.vh1.com|date=June 1, 2009|access-date=March 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603125036/http://blog.vh1.com/2009-06-01/tom-sizemore-joins-celebrity-rehab-3-cast|archive-date=June 3, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because Fleiss was also in treatment on the show that season, both she and Sizemore had to consent to appear together. His reunion with Fleiss was amicable.<ref name="Rochlin" />

In 2013, he appeared on the episode "Explosive Relationships" of the talk show ''[[Dr. Phil (talk show)|Dr. Phil]]'' in which he discussed his rise to stardom and the subsequent fallout after his years of struggling with substance abuse.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shafer |first=Ellise |date= March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore, 'Saving Private Ryan' Actor, Dies at 61 |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/tom-sizemore-taken-off-life-support-brain-aneurysm-1235538021/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Also in 2013, Sizemore claimed in an interview that he had begun to achieve sobriety after a stern interrogation from fellow actor [[Robert De Niro]].<ref name=":4" /> De Niro personally checked Sizemore into rehabilitation.<ref>{{Cite web |date= October 23, 2011 |title=Interview: Tom Sizemore - Saving Tom Sizemore |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/interview-tom-sizemore-saving-tom-sizemore-1196331.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>

In early 2014, a recording emerged of Sizemore alleging that former girlfriend [[Elizabeth Hurley]] had an affair with [[Bill Clinton]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 5, 2014 |title= Cotswold's Liz Hurley contacts lawyers over allegations in newspapers |newspaper= [[Gloucestershire Echo]] |url=http://www.gloucestershireecho.co.uk/Cotswold-s-Liz-Hurley-contacts-lawyers/story-20565993-detail/story.html |access-date=October 23, 2015}} {{Dead link|date=July 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=no}}</ref> Under threat of legal action, Sizemore admitted that the allegation was false. He elaborated that the recording was made without his knowledge during a time when he was battling substance abuse.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 7, 2014 |title=Liz Hurley Exonerated From Rumours Of Sleeping With Bill Clinton |work=Aprokocity Magazine |url=http://www.aprokocity.com/liz-hurley-exonerated-rumours-sleeping-bill-clinton/ |access-date=October 23, 2015 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080951/http://www.aprokocity.com/liz-hurley-exonerated-rumours-sleeping-bill-clinton/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In February 2017, he pleaded [[no contest]] to two charges of domestic abuse for assaulting his girlfriend. He was sentenced to 36 months of summary probation, 30 days of community service and a year-long domestic violence program. He was subject to two protective orders associated with the charges and ordered to pay various fees. The deal was made by Sizemore to avoid spending 210 days in jail.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hamilton |first=Matt |date= February 7, 2017 |title=Actor Tom Sizemore pleads no contest to domestic violence charges and avoids jail time |work= Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-sizemore-plea-20170207-story.html |access-date=June 10, 2017}}</ref>

In November 2017, it was revealed by ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' that Sizemore had been kicked off the set of the film ''[[Born Killers]]'' (then known as ''Piggy Banks'') in 2003 for allegedly [[child molestation|sexually molesting]] an 11-year-old actress when the film was in production near [[Salt Lake City]], Utah.<ref>{{Cite news| first= Gary| last= Baum|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tom-sizemore-was-removed-movie-set-allegedly-violating-11-year-old-girl-1057629|title=Tom Sizemore Was Removed From Movie Set for Allegedly Violating 11-Year Old Girl| work= [[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=November 13, 2017|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref> He denied any wrongdoing and was allowed back on the film set after the Salt Lake County prosecutor's office decided against going forward with the case "due to witness and evidence problems."<ref>{{cite news | first = Pat | last = Reavy | date =
November 16, 2017 |url=https://www.ksl.com/?sid=46199521&nid=148&title=actor-tom-sizemore-denies-touching-girl-on-utah-movie-set-in-2003 | title= Actor Tom Sizemore denies touching girl on Utah movie set in 2003 | website = KSL.com| accessdate= May 7, 2018}}</ref> In May 2018, actress Kiersten Pyke, by then 26 years old, filed a lawsuit against Sizemore, claiming that his alleged abuse caused longstanding emotional problems and seeking at least $3 million. A statement from Sizemore's publicist again denied the abuse, noting that nothing amiss was reported by a ''Born Killers'' staff member whose duty was supervising the child actors who were on the set.<ref>{{cite web |first= Pat|last=Reavy|date=May 7, 2018|url=https://www.ksl.com/?sid=46315635&nid=148&title=woman-sues-actor-tom-sizemore-alleging-sex-abuse-on-salt-lake-movie-set| title=Woman sues actor Tom Sizemore alleging sex abuse on Salt Lake movie set|website=KSL.com|access-date= May 7, 2018}}</ref> On August 27, 2020, ''[[USA Today]]'' reported that a [[Utah]] judge had dismissed the lawsuit. Sizemore again denied her claims saying: "Beyond the loss of work and the pain and humiliation this has caused me and my family, the thought that an 11-year old girl would think I violated her, whether it be because she misconstrued some inadvertent touching when the director placed her upon my lap for the photo shoot or someone else instilled this idea in her head for whatever malicious, self-serving reasons, is what devastates me most."<ref>{{cite news |last=Puente |first=Maria |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Judge dismisses lawsuit alleging Tom Sizemore groped 11-year-old girl, actor still 'dismayed' by allegations |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2020/08/26/tom-sizemore-suit-alleging-he-groped-little-girl-dismissed/5636906002/ |access-date=September 2, 2020 |newspaper=[[USA Today]]}}</ref>

On January 5, 2019, Sizemore was arrested for misdemeanor drug possession of "various illegal narcotics" in [[Burbank, California]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Huff |first=Lauren |date=January 12, 2019 |title=Tom Sizemore Arrested For Drug Possession |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tom-sizemore-arrested-drug-possession-1175670 |access-date=January 12, 2019 |magazine=[[Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

== Death ==
On February 18, 2023, Sizemore suffered a [[Intracranial aneurysm|brain aneurysm]] at his Los Angeles home and was hospitalized at [[Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center]] in [[medical state|critical condition]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tmz.com/2023/02/19/tom-sizemore-aneurysm-actor-critical-hospital/|title= 'Saving Private Ryan' Tom Sizemore Suffers Brain Aneurysm At LA Home... Hospitalized In Critical Condition|website=[[TMZ]]|date=February 19, 2023| accessdate=February 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/19/us/tom-sizemore-actor-aneurysm/index.html | title=Tom Sizemore, 'Saving Private Ryan' actor, in critical condition after brain aneurysm, rep says| first1= Hannah| last1= Sarisohn| first2= Kevin| last2= Flower| first3= Eric| last3=Levenson| website= [[CNN]]|date=February 19, 2023| accessdate=February 19, 2023}}</ref><ref name="RSobit">{{cite magazine |last1=Kreps |first1=Daniel |title=Tom Sizemore, 'Heat' and 'Saving Private Ryan' Actor, Dead at 61 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/tom-sizemore-saving-private-ryan-actor-dead-obituary-1234682777/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=March 3, 2023 |access-date=March 3, 2023}}</ref> On February 27, his representative issued a statement indicating that doctors had determined that there was "no further hope" for Sizemore to recover and had "recommended [[End-of-life care|end-of-life decisions]]" to his family.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=William |last1=Mansell |first2=Marilyn |last2=Heck |title=Tom Sizemore's doctors recommend his family make end-of-life decisions | website= [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url=https://apple.news/AczU3inYoRJCZHFcD-gzl6w |date=February 27, 2023 |access-date=February 28, 2023 |via=[[Apple News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first1=Joe |last1=Sutton |first2=Dan |last2=Heching |title=Tom Sizemore's family deciding end of life matters, rep says | website=[[CNN]] |url=https://apple.news/AJR-MD6oJTCmxcbw_zkMOtA |access-date=February 28, 2023 |via= [[Apple News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Abbey |last=White |title=Tom Sizemore Remains in Coma With "No Further Hope" After Suffering Brain Aneurysm From Stroke, Rep Says | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://apple.news/A2Ns7OHsySy-RrIOvlYbzbA |date=February 27, 2023 |access-date=February 28, 2023 |via=[[Apple News]] |language= en-US}}</ref> Sizemore died on March 3, 2023, at the age of 61.<ref name= "RSobit"/>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1989
| ''[[Lock Up (1989 film)|Lock Up]]''
| Dallas
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| ''[[Rude Awakening (1989 film)|Rude Awakening]]''
| Ian
|<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Bankhurst |first=Adam |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore, Saving Private Ryan and Heat Actor, Dies at 61 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/tom-sizemore-saving-private-ryan-and-heat-actor-dies-at-61 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Penn & Teller Get Killed]]''
| 2nd Mugger
|<ref name=":13" />
|-
| ''[[Born on the Fourth of July (film)|Born on the Fourth of July]]''
| Vet No. 1
|<ref name=":13" />
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1990
| ''[[A Matter of Degrees]]''
| Zeno Stefanos
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[Blue Steel (1990 film)|Blue Steel]]''
| Wool Cap
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|rowspan="5"| 1991
| ''[[Flight of the Intruder]]''
| "Boxman"
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[Guilty by Suspicion]]''
| Ray Karlin
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[Point Break (1991 film)|Point Break]]''
| DEA Agent Deets
| <ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man]]''
| Chance Wilder
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| ''[[Where Sleeping Dogs Lie]]''
| Eddie Hale
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1992
| ''Love Is Like That''
| Lenny
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
| ''[[Passenger 57]]''
| Sly Delvecchio
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1993
| ''[[Watch It]]''
| Danny
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| ''[[Heart and Souls]]''
| Milo Peck
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[True Romance]]''
| Detective Cody Nicholson
|<ref name="varietygallery"/>
|-
| ''[[Striking Distance]]''
| Danny Detillo
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1994
| ''[[Wyatt Earp (film)|Wyatt Earp]]''
| [[Bat Masterson]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| ''[[Natural Born Killers]]''
| Detective Jack Scagnetti
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1995
| ''[[Strange Days (film)|Strange Days]]''
| Max Peltier
|<ref name="varietygallery">[https://variety.com/gallery/tom-sizemore-films-life-career/strange-days-tom-sizemore-1995-tm-and-copyright-c20th-century-fox-film-corp-all-rights-reserve/ Tom Sizemore: His Life and Career in Photos]</ref>
|-
| ''[[Devil in a Blue Dress (film)|Devil in a Blue Dress]]''
| DeWitt Albright
|<ref name="varietygallery"/>
|-
| ''[[Heat (1995 film)|Heat]]''
| Michael Cheritto
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| 1997
| ''[[The Relic (film)|The Relic]]''
| Lieutenant [[Vincent D'Agosta]]
|<ref name="varietygallery"/>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1998
| ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''
| [[Sergeant First Class]] Mike Horvath
|<ref name="varietygallery"/>
|-
| ''[[Enemy of the State (film)|Enemy of the State]]''
| Paulie Pintero, Mob Kingpin
| <ref name=":7" />
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1999
| ''[[The Florentine (film)|The Florentine]]''
| Teddy
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[The Match (1999 film)|The Match]]''
| "Buffalo"
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[Bringing Out the Dead]]''
| Tom Wolls
|<ref name="varietygallery"/>
|-
| ''[[Play It to the Bone]]''
| Joe Domino
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2000
| ''[[Get Carter (2000 film)|Get Carter]]''
| Les Fletcher
| Voice<ref name=":8" />
|-
| ''[[Red Planet (film)|Red Planet]]''
| Dr. Quinn Burchenal
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2001
| ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]''
| Sergeant Earl Sistern
|<ref name="varietygallery"/>
|-
| ''[[Ticker (2001 film)|Ticker]]''
| Detective Ray Nettles
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
| ''[[Black Hawk Down (film)|Black Hawk Down]]''
| Colonel Danny McKnight
|<ref name="varietygallery"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2002
| ''[[Big Trouble (2002 film)|Big Trouble]]''
| "Snake" Dupree
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[Swindle (2002 film)|Swindle]]''
| Seth George
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''Welcome to America''
| Zach
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2003
| ''[[Pauly Shore Is Dead]]''
| Himself
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skådespelaren Tom Sizemore död - blev 61 år |url=https://www.moviezine.se/nyheter/skadespelaren-tom-sizemore-dod-blev-61-ar |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=MovieZine|date=March 4, 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dreamcatcher (2003 film)|Dreamcatcher]]''
| Lieutenant Owen Underhill
|<ref name="varietygallery"/>
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Paparazzi (2004 film)|Paparazzi]]''
| Rex Harper
|<ref name=":12" />
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2005
| ''The Nickel Children''
| Freedo
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| ''[[Born Killers]]''
| Dad
|
|-
| ''[[No Rules (film)|No Rules]]''
| Kain Diamond
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2006
| ''[[Zyzzyx Road]]''
| Joey
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| ''Ring Around the Rosie''
| Pierce
| Video<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[Shut Up and Shoot!]]''
| Himself
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| ''[[Splinter (2006 film)|Splinter]]''
| Detective Cunningham
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[The Genius Club]]''
| Armand
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2007
| ''White Air''
| Steve
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| ''[[Bottom Feeder]]''
| Vince Stoker
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[Oranges (film)|Oranges]]''
| Burt
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| ''[[Furnace (film)|Furnace]]''
| Frank Miller
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''A Broken Life''
| Max
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2008
| ''[[American Son (2008 film)|American Son]]''
| Dale
|<ref name=":14" />
|-
| ''[[The Flyboys (film)|The Flyboys]]''
| Angelo Esposito
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[Red (2008 film)|Red]]''
| Michael McCormack
|<ref name=":14" />
|-
| ''[[The Last Lullaby]]''
| Price
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
| ''[[Stiletto (2008 film)|Stiletto]]''
| "Large" Bills
|<ref name=":15" />
|-
| ''[[Toxic (2008 film)|Toxic]]''
| Van Sant
|<ref name=":15" />
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2009
| ''Commute''
| God
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| ''[[Super Capers]]''
| Roger Cheatem
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| ''The Grind''
| Chuck
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| ''[[21 and a Wake-Up]]''
| Jack Breedlau
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Armitage |first=Tim |date=November 3, 2022 |title=What Happened To The Stars Of Jaws The Revenge |url=https://thedailyjaws.com/blog/what-happened-to-the-stars-of-jaws-the-revenge |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=The Daily Jaws |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Double Duty''
| Craig
|<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Mort de Tom Sizemore, acteur dans Heat, Soldat Ryan et True Romance |url=https://www.allocine.fr/article/fichearticle_gen_carticle=1000013547.html |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=AlloCiné |language=fr}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2010
| ''[[Big Money Rustlas]]''
| Himself
|<ref name=":17" />
|-
| ''[[Shadows in Paradise (2010 film)|Shadows in Paradise]]''
| Colonel Bunker
|<ref name=":16" />
|-
| ''[[Corrado (film)|Corrado]]''
| Paolo Spinello
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2011
| ''Good God Bad Dog''
| Ezra Mann
| Short<ref name=":18" />
|-
| ''[[Black Gold (2011 Nigerian film)|Black Gold]]''
| Detective Brandano
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[Cellmates]]''
| Leroy Lowe
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Webster |first=Andy |date=June 1, 2012 |title=A Prison Conversion for a Ku Klux Klan Leader |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/movies/cellmates-directed-by-jesse-baget-starring-tom-sizemore.html |access-date=March 7, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| ''Contractor's Routine''
| Art Professor
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A New Independent Psychological Thriller, Contractor's Routine, Is Now on DVD, Starring: Tom Sizemore, Kevin Giffin, Richard Frederick |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/a_new_independent_psychological_thriller_contractor_s_routine_is_now_on_dvd_starring_tom_sizemore_kevin_giffin_richard_frederick/prweb12927758.htm |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=PRWeb}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Suing the Devil]]''
| Tony "The Hip" Anzaldo
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| ''[[El Cartel de los Sapos (film)|El Cartel de los Sapos]]''
| DEA Agent Sam Mathews
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muere Tom Sizemore, actor de 'Salvando al Soldado Ryan', a los 61 años |url=https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/espectaculos/2023/03/04/muere-tom-sizemore-actor-de-salvando-al-soldado-ryan-a-los-61-anos/ |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=El Financiero |date=March 4, 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2012
| ''Slumber Party Slaughter''
| Tom Kingsford
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Sizemore muere a los 61 años ¿Quién fue el actor y cuál fue su trayectoria? |url=https://www.msn.com/es-cl/noticias/others/tom-sizemore-muere-a-los-61-a%C3%B1os-%C2%BFqui%C3%A9n-fue-el-actor-y-cu%C3%A1l-fue-su-trayectoria/ar-AA18dDvR |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=MSN |language=es-CL}}</ref>
|-
| ''El bosc''
| Pickett
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salvà |first=Bernat |title=Mor Tom Sizemore, actor de 'Salvem el soldat Ryan' |url=https://www.elpuntavui.cat/cultura/article/19-cultura/2262101-mor-tom-sizemore-actor-de-salvem-el-soldat-ryan.html |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=El Punt Avui |language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2012 |title='El Bosc': ciencia ficción ambientada en la Guerra Civil española |url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1454727/0/el-bosc/guera-civil/ciencia-ficcion/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="9"| 2013
| ''Madoff: Made Off with America''
| Vito
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2010 |title=Brhlíková: Hollywood dáva šancu, ale treba klopať na dvere |url=https://kultura.pravda.sk/film-a-televizia/clanok/33261-brhlikova-hollywood-dava-sancu-ale-treba-klopat-na-dvere/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Pravda.sk |language=sk-SK}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Company of Heroes (film)|Company of Heroes]]''
| Lieutenant Dean Ransom
| Video<ref name=":2" />
|-
| ''Five Hour Friends''
| Timothy Bonner
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''Meth Head''
| Sonny
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=February 26, 2013 |title=Drug Drama 'Meth Head' Hopes to Attract Attention on Capitol Hill |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/politics-news/drug-drama-meth-head-hopes-424700/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chlorine (2013 film)|Chlorine]]''
| Ernie
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldstein |first=Gary |date=February 27, 2014 |title=Review: Vincent D'Onofrio, Kyra Sedgwick can't help 'Chlorine' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-chlorine-review-20140228-story.html |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paranormal Movie]]''
| Himself
|<ref name=":20" />
|-
| ''[[Before I Sleep (film)|Before I Sleep]]''
| Randy
|<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=In Memoriam: Tom Sizemore, 1961-2023, Gifted and Intense Character Actor |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/memoriam-tom-sizemore-1961-2023-gifted-and-intense-character-actor |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Golden Globes |date=March 4, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Five Thirteen''
| Glen
|<ref name=":20" />
|-
| ''Fake Dog Shit''
| The Bum
| Short<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2013 |title=Fake Dog Shit [w/ Tom Sizemore & Kirk Fox] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qb7f_Dp3-bk |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2014
| ''[[SEAL Team 8: Behind Enemy Lines]]''
| Ricks
| Video<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''Through the Eye''
| Frank Rossi
|<ref name=":18" />
|-
| ''[[Murder 101 (2014 film)|Murder 101]]''
| FBI Agent Ridley
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[Bordering on Bad Behavior]]''
| Bob
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can Tom Sizemore Make A Comeback? |url=https://uk.yahoo.com/movies/can-tom-sizemore-make-a-comeback-91938752326.html |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=uk.yahoo.com |date=July 16, 2014 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Reach Me]]''
| Frank
|<ref name=":21" />
|-
| ''The Age of Reason''
| Robert
|<ref name=":18" />
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2015
|-
| ''[[The Intruders (2015 Canadian film)|The Intruders]]''
| Howard Markby
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''Laugh Killer Laugh''
| Orphanage Headmaster
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2015 |title='Laugh Killer Laugh': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/laugh-killer-laugh-film-review-791221/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''6 Ways to Die''
| Mike Jones
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2015 |title='6 Ways to Die': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/6-ways-die-film-review-813578/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Night of the Living Dead: Darkest Dawn]]''
| Chief McClelland
| Voice<ref name=":11" />
|-
| ''If I Tell You I Have to Kill You''
| Dr. Richard Baum
|<ref name=":11" /> 
|-
|rowspan="12"| 2016 
|-
| ''[[Durant's Never Closes]]''
| Jack Durant
|<ref name=":21" />
|-
| ''Swap''
| Kyle Norris
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| ''Halloweed''
| Vincent Modine
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orange |first=B. Alan |date=September 19, 2016 |title=Halloweed Trailer Mixes Murder, Mystery and Marijuana |url=https://movieweb.com/halloweed-trailer/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=MovieWeb |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Crossing Point''
| Pedro
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''Wolf Mother''
| Jon
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barkan |first=Jonathan |date=May 19, 2016 |title=Grim 'Wolf Mother' Clip Offers One Messy Bathtub (Exclusive) |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3391758/grim-wolf-mother-clip-offers-one-messy-bathtub-exclusive/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Bloody Disgusting! |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Traded (film)|Traded]]''
| Lew Crawford / Lavoie
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
| ''[[The Bronx Bull]]''
| Tony
|<ref name=":21" />
|-
| ''Beyond Valkyrie: Dawn of the 4th Reich''
| Master Sergeant O'Malley
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage]]''
| Chief Petty Officer McWhorter
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| ''Better Criminal''
| Sergeant Mike Martin
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
| ''[[Calico Skies (film)|Calico Skies]]''
| Phoenix
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2018 |title=Calico Skies {{!}} Film Threat |url=https://filmthreat.com/reviews/calico-skies/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Sizemore è un metodico asociale nel trailer del thriller Calico Skies |url=https://www.ilcineocchio.it/cinema/tom-sizemore-un-metodico-asociale-nel-trailer-del-thriller-calico-skies/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Il Cineocchio |language=it-IT}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="11"| 2017
| ''Secrets of Deception''
| Eddie Green
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| ''Cross Wars''
| Detective Frank Nitti
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''Joe's War''
| Captain Vickers
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Sizemore sued by stuntman who says he was run over on TV set - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3033571/tom-sizemore-sued-by-stuntman-who-says-he-was-run-over-on-tv-set/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Atomica (film)|Atomica]]''
| Darius Zek
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheck |first=Frank |date=March 16, 2017 |title='Atomica': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/atomica-986669/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Immortal Wars''
| "Bloodshed"
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[Bad Frank]]''
| Mickey Duro
|<ref name=":18" />
|-
| ''College Ball''
| -
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''[[Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House]]''
| FBI Agent [[William C. Sullivan|Bill Sullivan]]
|<ref name="RSobit" />
|-
| ''A Chance in the World''
| John Sykes
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2019 |title=Theme of Wahlberg's 'Instant Family' reminds me of Pemberton's 'A Chance in the World' |url=https://chicagocrusader.com/theme-of-wahlbergs-instant-family-reminds-me-of-pembertons-a-chance-in-the-world/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Blood Circus''
| Detective Jake Dawson
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2017 |title=Blood Circus {{!}} Film Threat |url=https://filmthreat.com/reviews/blood-circus/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Radical''
| CIA Agent McKitrick
|<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Sandomir |first=Richard |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore, Intense Actor With a Troubled Life, Dies at 61 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/03/movies/tom-sizemore-dead.html |access-date=March 10, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2018
| ''The Second Coming of Christ''
| Larry
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Luke Y. |title='The Second Coming Of Christ' Shows A Pro-Pope Version Of Armageddon (Review) |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lukethompson/2017/12/07/the-second-coming-of-christ-shows-a-pro-pope-version-of-armageddon-review/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Martyr Maker''
| CIA Agent Terry Davis
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
| ''Black Wake''
| Detective Michaels
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| ''[[Speed Kills]]''
| Dwayne Franklin
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brisco |first=Elise |title=John Travolta remembers Tom Sizemore, his 'excellent' co-star in 'Speed Kills': 'He will be missed' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2023/03/05/john-travolta-more-celebrities-remember-tom-sizemore-after-death/11400367002/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Nazi Overlord''
| Colonel Forrester
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2019
| ''[[Wish Man]]''
| Sergeant Mason
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheck |first=Frank |date=July 23, 2019 |title='Wish Man': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/wish-man-1226440/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Hell Girl''
| Jebidiha
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
| ''The Pining''
| Father William
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2020 |title=The Pining {{!}} Film Threat |url=https://filmthreat.com/reviews/the-pining/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Abstruse''
| Max London
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandon |date=January 1, 2020 |title='Abstruse' (2019) Movie Review: A Noir of Murder, Corruption and Conspiracy |url=https://pophorror.com/abstruse-2019-movie-review-a-noir-of-murder-corruption-and-conspiracy/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=PopHorror |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|I Believe
|Don Carlo
|
|-
| ''Cross 3''
| Detective Frank Nitti
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|rowspan=2| 2020
|-
| ''[[C.L.E.A.N.]]''
| Mr. Wilkens, The Manager
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|rowspan=7| 2021
|-
| ''Narco Sub''
| DEA Agent-In-Charge Craig Ford
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodman |first=Claire |date=May 25, 2021 |title='Narco Sub,' filmed in Katy, to open this weekend |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/katy/article/Narco-Sub-filmed-in-Katy-to-open-this-16202827.php |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Houston Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Central Park Dark]]''
| Thomas Winters
|<ref name=":15" />
|-
| ''Monstrous: Interview with a Killer''
| Gabriel Light
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
| ''The Trouble''
| Bob Carter
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''Megalodon Rising''
| Commander Moore
|<ref name=":23">{{Cite magazine |date=February 19, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore in Critical Condition Following Brain Aneurysm |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2023/02/tom-sizemore-in-critical-condition-following-brain-aneurysm |access-date=March 10, 2023 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Hustle Down''
| Cully
|<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |last=Forward |first=Devon |date=February 19, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore in Critical Condition Following Brain Aneurysm |work=Parade |url=https://parade.com/news/tom-sizemore-critical-condition-brain-aneurysm-february-2023 |access-date=March 10, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2022
| ''Vampfather''
| Dr. Oomious
|<ref name=":23" />
|-
| ''Damon's Revenge''
| Sheriff Walsh
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
| ''The Electric Man''
| Jace
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
| ''Impuratus''
| Detective Clayton Douglas
|<ref name=":24" />
|-
| ''Project Skyquake''
| Hank
|<ref name=":23" />
|-
| ''Bullet Train Down''
| Scott Madison
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
| ''Night of the Tommyknockers''
| Marshal Steed
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore, 'Black Hawk Down' and 'Saving Private Ryan' actor, dies at 61 |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/tom-sizemore-black-hawk-down-and-saving-private-ryan-actor-dies-at-61 |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| ''Battle for Pandora''
| Commander Hank Lewis
|<ref name=":22" />
|-
| ''Amber Road''
| Pluto
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|''An Hedonia, The Fallen''
|Bossman Roy
|Short<ref name=":7" />
|-
| ''The Legend of Jack and Diane''
| Detective Parker
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/tom-sizemore-joins-female-revenge-thriller-the-legend-of-jack-and-diane-1234891130/|title=Tom Sizemore Joins Female Revenge Thriller 'The Legend Of Jack And Diane'|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=December 14, 2021|website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=5| 2023
| ''The Getter''
| Moe "Cadillac"
| Posthumous release<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=Karomo |first=Chege |date=March 6, 2023 |title=Was Tom Sizemore sick? His life-long addiction struggles |url=https://www.okaybliss.com/tom-sizemore-long-addiction-struggles/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=OkayBliss |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Breakout''
| Chaz Coleman
| Posthumous release<ref name=":25" />
|-
| ''Made Vicious''
| Victor
| Posthumous release<ref name=":25" />
|-
| ''Mega Ape''
| Tom Goodwin
| Posthumous release<ref name=":25" />
|-
| ''Buckle Up''
| Lucas Bergman
| Unreleased <ref name=":25" />
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Gideon Oliver]]''
| Paul Slocum
| Episode: "Sleep Well, Professor Oliver"<ref name=":22" />
|-
| 1989–90
| ''[[China Beach]]''
| Sergeant Vinnie Ventresca
| Recurring cast: Season 3<ref name=":3" />
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2002
|-
| ''[[Justice League (TV series)|Justice League]]''
| [[Metamorpho]]
| Voice, episode: "Metamorphosis"<ref name="btva2">{{cite web |title=Tom Sizemore (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Tom-Sizemore/ |access-date=November 18, 2023 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref>
|-
| 2002–03
| ''[[Robbery Homicide Division (TV series)|Robbery Homicide Division]]''
| Lieutenant Sam Cole
| Main cast<ref name=":1" />
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2004
| ''[[Hustle (2004 film)|Hustle]]''
| [[Pete Rose]]
| Television film<ref name="RSobit" />
|-
| ''[[Dr. Vegas]]''
| Vic Moore
| Main cast<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Robert Lang,Patrick |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore: A Career In Photos |url=https://deadline.com/gallery/tom-sizemore-photos-movies-tv-career/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007
| ''[[Shooting Sizemore]]''
| Himself
| Main cast<ref name=":3" />
|-
| ''[[Head Case]]''
| Himself
| 2 episodes<ref name=":28">{{Cite web |last1=Barnes |first1=Abbey White,Mike |last2=White |first2=Abbey |last3=Barnes |first3=Mike |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore, 'Saving Private Ryan,' 'Heat' and 'Natural Born Killers' Actor, Dies at 61 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/tom-sizemore-dead-saving-private-ryan-1235329851/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| ''[[CSI: Miami]]''
| Kurt Rossi
| Episode: "Down to the Wire"
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Southland (TV series)|Southland]]''
| Timmy Davis
| Episode: "See the Woman"<ref name=":17" />
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2010
| ''[[Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew]]''
| Himself
| Main cast: Season 3<ref name="Rochlin" />
|-
| ''[[Celebrity Rehab Presents Sober House]]''
| Himself
| Main cast: Season 2<ref name=":10" />
|-
| ''[[Entourage (American TV series)|Entourage]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Tequila Sunrise"<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore, Saving Private Ryan actor, dies aged 61 |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-04/tom-sizemore-dead-at-61-saving-private-ryan/102054330 |access-date=March 10, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia]]''
| Byron the Trucker
| Episode: "The Gang Gets Stranded in the Woods"<ref name=":2" />
|-
| 2011–12
| ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]''
| Captain Vince Fryer
| Recurring cast: Season 2<ref>{{Cite web |last=Earl |first=William |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Tom Sizemore: His Life and Career in Photos |url=https://variety.com/gallery/tom-sizemore-films-life-career/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2012
|-
| ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]''
| Lewis Hoda
| Episode: "[[Manhattan Vigil]]"{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Dr. Phil (talk show)|Dr. Phil]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Explosive Relationships"<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 2014
| ''Dark Haul''
| Knicks
| Television film<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2020 |title=Movies on TV this week, June 7: Mary Poppins; Finding Nemo |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-06-05/movies-on-tv-this-week-june-7-mary-poppins-finding-nemo |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–15
| ''[[The Red Road (TV series)|The Red Road]]''
| Jack Kopus
| Recurring cast<ref name=":27" />
|-
|rowspan=2| 2015
| ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]''
| Lewis Hoda
| Episode: "Depravity Standard"{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
| ''Exit Strategy''
| Jonathan Marks
| Unaired pilot<ref name=":8" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Lucifer (TV series)|Lucifer]]''
| Hank Cutter
| Episode: "Favorite Son"<ref name=":5" />
|-
| ''Undercover''
| Captain Rogers
| Episode: "Is It Really What It Appears to Be?"
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Shooter (TV series)|Shooter]]''
| Hugh Meachum
| Recurring cast: "Season 1"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanhope |first=Kate |date=2016-05-10 |title=Tom Sizemore Joins USA Network's 'Shooter' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/tom-sizemore-joins-shooter-series-892459/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Twin Peaks (season 3)|Twin Peaks]]''
| Anthony Sinclair
| Recurring cast{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
|-
| 2021
| ''Scarlett''
| Joe Salvatore
| Television film
|-
| 2023
| ''Barbee Rehab''
| Dr. Tom
| Main cast<ref name=":17" />
|}

=== Video games ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]''
| Sonny Forelli
|<ref name=":28" /><ref name="btva2" />
|-
| 2006
| ''[[24: The Game]]''
| Sid Wilson
|<ref name=":28" /><ref name="btva2" />
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy – The Definitive Edition]]''
| Sonny Forelli
| Archival recordings Remaster of ''Grand Theft Auto: Vice City'' only.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Onder |first=Cade |date=November 4, 2021 |title=GTA Trilogy Cast: Every Famous Voice In Vice City |url=https://screenrant.com/gta-trilogy-cast-vice-city-famous-voice-actors/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
| 1994
| [[Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films]]
| Best Supporting Actor<ref>{{Cite web |last=National |first=The |date=February 20, 2023 |title=Saving Private Ryan actor Tom Sizemore in hospital after suffering brain aneurysm |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/pop-culture/2023/02/20/saving-private-ryan-actor-tom-sizemore-hospitalised-after-suffering-brain-aneurysm/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>
| {{center|''[[Heart and Souls]]''}}
| {{Nom}}
|-
| 1998
| [[Golden Satellite Award]]
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tom Sizemore Dead at 61 Following Brain Aneurysm: 'He was Larger Than Life' |url=https://people.com/movies/tom-sizemore-dead-at-61-following-brain-aneurysm/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref>
| {{center|''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''}}
| {{Nom}}
|-
| 1999
| [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
| Outstanding Performance by a Cast<ref>{{Cite web |title='Saving Private Ryan' actor Tom Sizemore dies at 61 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/saving-private-ryan-actor-tom-sizemore-dies-61-rcna72663 |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=NBC News |date=March 4, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| {{center|''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''}}
| {{Nom}}
|-
| 2000
| [[Golden Globe Awards]]
| Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television<ref name="cnn">[https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/19/us/tom-sizemore-actor-aneurysm/index.htmlTom Sizemore, 'Saving Private Ryan' actor, in critical condition after brain aneurysm, rep says]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| {{center|''[[Witness Protection (film)|Witness Protection]]''}}
| {{Nom}}
|-
| 2006
| [[XRCO Award]]
| Best New Stud<ref name=":1" />
|{{center|''Triple-X Tom''}}
| {{Nom}}
|-
| 2021
| IndieFEST Film Awards
| Best Supporting Actor<ref name=":14" />
|{{center|''The Electric Man''}}
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2022
| Accolade Competition
| Best Supporting Actor<ref name=":14" />
|{{center|''The Electric Man''}}
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2022
| Vegas Movie Awards
| Best Supporting Actor<ref name=":19" />
|{{center|''Project Skyquake''}}
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2022
| Hollywood Blood Horror Festival
| Best Supporting Actor<ref name=":19" />
|{{center|''Amber Road''}}
| {{Won}}
|}

== Book ==
* {{cite book
| last = Sizemore
| first = Tom (with Anna David)
| title = By Some Miracle I Made It Out of There: A Memoir
| publisher = Atria Books
| date = April 9, 2013
| isbn = 978-1-451-68167-3
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0001744}}
* {{TCMDb name | id=178680%7C174722}}
* {{discogs artist|Tom Sizemore}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sizemore, Tom}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:American people of French descent]]
[[Category:Deaths from intracranial aneurysm]]
[[Category:Film producers from Michigan]]
[[Category:Male actors from Detroit]]
[[Category:Michigan State University alumni]]
[[Category:Neurological disease deaths in California]]
[[Category:Participants in American reality television series]]
[[Category:Temple University alumni]]
[[Category:Wayne State University alumni]]

Glenn Corbett

2025-06-12T23:07:03Z

99.185.77.46: /* Early years */

{{Short description|American actor (1933–1993)}}
{{about|the actor best known for "Route 66"| the actor born 1922|Glen Corbett}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Glenn Corbett
| image = Glenn Corbett 1963.JPG
| caption = Corbett in ''[[Route 66 (TV series)|Route 66]]'' (1963)
| birth_name = Glenn Edwin Rothenburg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|8|17|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[El Monte, California]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=y|1993|1|16|1933|8|17}}
| death_place = [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]], U.S.
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1959–1993
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Judy Daniels|1957|1973|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Kathryn Lea Glisson|1977|1977|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Jackie Lynn Henry|1978|1978|end=divorced}}
}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Glenn Corbett''' (born '''Glenn Edwin Rothenburg'''; August 17, 1933 – January 16, 1993)<ref name=obituary>"CORBETT Obituary — Corbett, 59, starred in 'Route 66,' Wayne films." ''[[San Antonio Express-News]]'' January 18, 1993. Web. May 29, 2012. Document #0F22314D24CC9793. {{registration required}}</ref> was an American actor in movies and television for more than 30 years. He came to national attention in the early 1960s, when he replaced [[George Maharis]] in the cast of the popular [[CBS]] adventure drama ''[[Route 66 (TV series)|Route 66]]''. He followed this with roles in high-profile films and television shows, including a [[Zefram Cochrane|guest role]] in the original ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' series, the daytime soap opera ''[[The Doctors (1963 TV series)|The Doctors]]'', the primetime soap ''[[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]]'', and movies such as ''[[Chisum]]'' with [[John Wayne]], as one of [[Jimmy Stewart]]'s sons in ''[[Shenandoah (film)|Shenandoah]]'', and the [[World War II]] epic ''[[Midway (1976 film)|Midway]]''.

==Early years==
Corbett was born on August 17, 1933, in [[El Monte, California]], the son of Sarah Bell (Holland) and John Warren Rothenburg, a garage mechanic.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXAkDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22John+Warren+Rothenburg+and+his+wife,+sarah+Bell+Holland%22&pg=PA1882|title=Television Western Players, 1960–1975: A Biographical Dictionary|first=Everett|last=Aaker|date=21 July 2017|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476628561|via=Google Books|access-date=April 11, 2023|archive-date=April 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112930/https://books.google.com/books?id=yXAkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1882&dq=%22John+Warren+Rothenburg+and+his+wife,+sarah+Bell+Holland%22|url-status=live}}</ref>

After serving in the [[United States Navy]] as a [[Seabee]], he met his wife Judy at [[Occidental College]] in [[Los Angeles]], and with her encouragement, he began acting in campus theater plays. A talent scout saw him and he was signed to a contract with [[Columbia Pictures]].<ref name="callan">{{cite magazine|access-date=6 April 2025|date=6 April 2025|magazine=Filmink|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/not-quite-movie-stars-michael-callan/|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|title=Not Quite Movie Stars: Michael Callan}}</ref> In his youth, Corbett did modeling work for photographer [[Bob Mizer]].

==Film and television career==
Corbett's film debut was in ''[[The Crimson Kimono]]'' (1959); it was followed with supporting roles in ''[[The Mountain Road]]'', ''[[Man on a String]]'' (1960), and ''[[ All the Young Men]]'' (all 1960). He took the lead role in [[William Castle]]'s suspense thriller, ''[[Homicidal]]'' (1961) and was cast as one of the sons of [[James Stewart|Jimmy Stewart]]'s character in the Civil War film ''[[Shenandoah (film)|Shenandoah]]'' (1965). In other film work, he starred as [[Pat Garrett]], opposite [[John Wayne]] in ''[[Chisum]]'' (1970). He again co-starred with Wayne in ''[[Big Jake]]'' (1971). Later, he appeared in ''[[Nashville Girl]]'' (1976) and ''[[Midway (1976 film)|Midway]]'' (1976).

In 1963, Corbett replaced George Maharis on ''Route 66''. Corbett, playing Lincoln Case, co-starred with [[Martin Milner]] during part of the third season and the fourth and final season of the series (1963–64). In 1964–65, he had a role on ''[[Twelve O'Clock High (TV series)|Twelve O'Clock High]]'' as Lt. Tom Lockridge for two episodes.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Corbett's other television roles in the early to late 1960s include Wes Macauley on ''[[It's a Man's World (TV series)|It's a Man's World]]'' (1962–63). He was featured in 1964 as Dan Collins in an episode of ''[[Gunsmoke]]'' titled "Chicken" in which a man gets an undeserved reputation as a gunman when he is found at a way station with four dead outlaws at his feet. Corbett was cast in a 1965 episode of ''Bonanza'', "Mighty Is the Word", in which he portrayed a gunfighter who finds religion and becomes a preacher, only to be confronted by a vengeful man whose brother he had killed. In the 1965–1966 season, Corbett guest-starred on ''[[The Legend of Jesse James (TV series)|The Legend of Jesse James]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Corbett also guest-starred in an episode of ''[[The Virginian (TV series)|The Virginian]]'', entitled "The Awakening",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tv.com/shows/the-virginian/the-awakening-93289/|title=The Virginian: The Awakening|website=TV.com|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-date=August 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824193750/http://www.tv.com/shows/the-virginian/the-awakening-93289/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in which his character, David Henderson, is a destitute former minister who has had a crisis of faith and comes to Medicine Bow just as a dispute breaks out at a local mine over safety issues. He appeared as Chance Reynolds, a regular cast member on ''[[The Road West]]'' (1966–67).{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} He guest-starred in the second season ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' episode "[[Metamorphosis (Star Trek: The Original Series)|Metamorphosis]]" (1967) as [[Zefram Cochrane]], inventor of the warp drive.

In 1971, Corbett had a guest appearance with [[Mariette Hartley]] on ''[[Gunsmoke]]'' (episode: "Phoenix"). In the 1970s, he had guest-starring roles on the television shows ''[[The Mod Squad]]'', ''[[Cannon (TV series)|Cannon]]'', ''[[The Streets of San Francisco]]'', ''[[Police Woman (TV series)|Police Woman]]'', ''[[The Rockford Files]]'', and ''[[Barnaby Jones]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

In 1976, Corbett joined the cast of the NBC daytime soap opera ''[[The Doctors (1963 TV series)|The Doctors]]'' as Jason Aldrich, and stayed on the series until 1981. Throughout the 1980s, Corbett was a recurring guest star on the long-running television series ''[[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]]'' as Paul Morgan from 1983 to 1984, and then from 1986 to 1988.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==Death==
In January 1993, Corbett died of lung cancer at the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Administration]] hospital in [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]], at the age of 59.<ref name=obituary/> He was buried in Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery, San Antonio.

==Selected TV and filmography==

All the items listed are films on general release except as shown.

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Operation Petticoat]]'' (1959) as a Seaman
* ''[[The Crimson Kimono]]'' (1959) as Det. Sgt. Charlie Bancroft
* ''[[Man on a String]]'' (1960) as Frank Sanford
* ''[[The Mountain Road]]'' (1960) as Collins
* ''[[All the Young Men]]'' (1960) as Pvt. Wade, Medic
* ''[[Homicidal]]'' (1961) as Karl Anderson
* ''[[The Pirates of Blood River]]'' (1962) as Henry
* ''[[It's a Man's World (TV series)|It's a Man's World]]'' (TV series, 1962–1963) as Wes Macauley
* ''[[Route 66 (TV series)|Route 66]]'' (TV series, 1963–1964) as Linc Case
* ''[[Gunsmoke]]'' (TV series, 1964–1974) as Hargraves / Phoenix / Dan Collins
* ''[[The Man from U.N.C.L.E.]]'' (TV series, 1965) as Bernie Oren
* ''[[Bonanza (TV series)|Bonanza]]'' (TV series, 1965-1971) as Reverend Paul Watson/Howie Landis
* ''[[Shenandoah (film)|Shenandoah]]'' (1965) as Jacob Anderson
* ''[[The Virginian (TV series)|The Virginian]]'' (TV series, 1965) as David Henderson in episode 1.06, "The Awakening"
* ''[[The Road West]]'' (TV series, 1966–1967) as Chance Reynolds
* ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' (TV series, 1967) as [[Zefram Cochrane]]
* ''[[Land of the Giants]]'' (TV series, 1968) as Major Kagan
* ''[[Guns in the Heather]]'' (1969) as Tom
* ''[[Chisum]]'' (1970) as Pat Garrett
* ''[[Big Jake]]'' (1971) as O'Brien
* ''[[Night Gallery]]'' (TV series, 1971) as Brenda's Father in "Brenda")
* ''[[Barnaby Jones]]'' (TV series, 1973) as Charlie Cort in "Divorce - Murderer's Style"
* ''[[Alias Smith and Jones]]'' (TV series, 1972) as Marty in episode 3.05, "Bushwhack!"
* ''[[Dead Pigeon on Beethoven Street]]'' (TV movie in German series [[Tatort]]'', 1973) as Sandy
* ''[[The Stranger (1973 film)|The Stranger]]'' (TV movie, 1973) as Neil Stryker
* ''[[Movin' On (TV series)|Movin' On]]'' (TV series, 1974) as Tommy Trueblood
* ''Police Story'' (TV series, 1974) as Detective Pruett in episode 2.03, "Robbery: 48 Hours"
* ''[[Nashville Girl]]'' (1976) as Jeb
* ''[[Midway (1976 film)|Midway]]'' (1976) as Lieutenant Commander [[John C. Waldron]]
* ''[[The Doctors (1963 TV series)|The Doctors]]'' (TV series, 1976–1982) as Jason Aldrich
* ''[[The Rockford Files]]'' (TV series, 1979) as FBI Agent Spelling in "The Battle-Ax and the Exploding Cigar"
* ''[[Stunts Unlimited (film)|Stunts Unlimited]]'' (1980) as Dirk Macauley
* ''[[The Fall Guy]]'' (TV series, 1983) as Steve Kruger
* ''[[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]]'' (TV series, 1983–1990) as Paul Morgan
* ''[[Shadow Force (1992 film)|Shadow Force]]'' (1992) as Al Finch Sr. (final film role)
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0179148}}
* {{Find a Grave|522673}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corbett, Glenn}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in Texas]]
[[Category:Occidental College alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from California]]
[[Category:Military personnel from California]]
[[Category:People from El Monte, California]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:Seabees]]
[[Category:Male Western (genre) film actors]]

Naseem Hamed

2025-06-11T23:33:03Z

99.185.77.46: /* Hamed vs. Barrera */

{{Short description|British boxer (born 1974)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox boxer
| name = Naseem Hamed
| image = WWE - Sheffield 020499 (17).jpg
| caption = Hamed in 1997
| realname =
| nickname = {{plainlist|
*Prince Naseem
*Naz
}}
| weight = {{plainlist|
*[[Bantamweight]]
*[[Super-bantamweight]]
*[[Featherweight]]
}}
| height = 5 ft 3 in<ref name=hamedbarrera>''[[HBO Sports]]'' tale of the tape prior to the [[Naseem Hamed vs. Marco Antonio Barrera|Marco Antonio Barrera fight]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.si.com/vault/2001/04/16/301493/glam-rocked-prince-naseem-hameds-glitz-was-no-match-for-the-grit-of-marco-antonio-barrera-in-their-featherweight-showdown |title=Glam Rocked Prince Naseem Hamed's glitz was no match for the grit of Marco Antonio Barrera in their featherweight showdown |publisher=Sports Illustrated |date=16 April 2001 |access-date=9 May 2023}}</ref>
| reach = 63 in<ref name=hamedbarrera />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|2|12|df=y}}<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/boxing/4765035.stm Naseem Hamed profile]. BBC.com. Retrieved 4 April 2014</ref>
| birth_place = [[Sheffield]], [[South Yorkshire]], England
| style = [[Southpaw stance|Southpaw]]
| total = 37
| wins = 36
| KO = 31
| losses = 1
}}

'''Naseem Hamed''' ([[Arabic]]: نسيم حميد; born 12 February 1974), nicknamed '''Prince Naseem''' and '''Naz''', is a British former [[professional boxer]] who competed from 1992 to 2002.<ref name="br">Davies, Gareth A (8 June 2015). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxing/11661062/Prince-Naseem-I-deserve-to-be-in-the-Hall-of-Fame.html "Prince Naseem Hamed: 'I always thought they would put me in the Hall of Fame sooner or later'"]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. [[Telegraph Media Group]]. Retrieved 10 May 2024. {{note|mn}} Reddy, Luke (31 May 2020). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/52851787 "Greatest Fights: Hamed v Barrera and the 'carrot' too big to turn down"]. [[BBC Sport]]. Retrieved 10 May 2024. {{note|mn}} Christie, Matt (11 May 2020). [https://boxingnewsonline.net/naseem-hamed-i-wont-say-arrogant-lets-say-i-was-extremely-confident/ "Naseem Hamed: 'I won't say arrogant. Let's say I was extremely confident'"]. ''[[Boxing News]]''. [[Kelsey Media]]. Retrieved 10 May 2024. {{note|mn}} Parkinson, Nick (19 December 2017). [https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/21813948/naseem-hamed-rates-kevin-kelley-win-20-years-ago-career-standout "Naseem Hamed rates Kevin Kelley win 20 years ago as career standout"]. [[ESPN]]. Retrieved 10 May 2024. {{note|mn}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/12/98/new_year_honours/244944.stm "Prince Naz lands 'Royal reunion'"]. [[BBC News]]. 31 December 1998. Retrieved 10 May 2024. {{note|mn}} Slot, Owen. [https://www.thetimes.com/sport/boxing/article/naseem-hamed-gifted-flawed-unfulfilled-in-search-of-british-boxing-prince-who-disappeared-fqd3q5q8v "Naseem Hamed: Gifted, flawed, unfulfilled – in search of British boxing prince who disappeared"]. ''[[The Times]]''. [[News UK]]. Retrieved 10 May 2024.{{subscription required}} {{note|mn}} ESPN staff (10 October 2013). [https://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/9802192/juan-manuel-marquez-vs-prince-naseem-hamed "Classic Matchup: Marquez vs. Hamed"]. [[ESPN]]. Retrieved 10 May 2024.</ref><ref name=boxrec>{{Boxrec|4462}}. Retrieved 25 February 2016.</ref> He held multiple [[featherweight]] world championships between 1995 and 2000, and reigned as [[lineal champion]] from 1998 to 2001. In 2015, he was inducted into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]]. ''[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]'' magazine retroactively awarded Hamed their featherweight title in 2019 to acknowledge his dominance of the division and the multiple champions he defeated; he is the only former world champion in any division thus far to receive this honour.<ref>Gray, Tom (17 June 2019). [https://www.ringtv.com/568428-prince-naseem-hamed-awarded-ring-magazine-featherweight-belt-history-in-the-making/ "Prince Naseem Hamed Awarded Ring Magazine Featherweight Belt, History in the Making"]. ''[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]''. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</ref>

Hamed made his professional debut in the [[flyweight]] division at the age of 18 in 1992. In 1994, he won the [[List of European Boxing Union champions #Bantamweight|European bantamweight]] title and the vacant [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] International [[Super bantamweight|super-bantamweight]] title. A year later he won the [[List of WBO world champions#Featherweight|WBO featherweight]] title when he beat [[Steve Robinson (boxer)|Steve Robinson]] via TKO in the eighth round. In 1997, he won the [[List of IBF world champions#Featherweight|IBF featherweight]] title when he beat [[Tom Johnson (American boxer)|Tom Johnson]] via TKO in the eighth round. In 1999, he won the [[List of WBC world champions#Featherweight|WBC featherweight]] title when he beat [[César Soto]]. In 2001, he lost his undefeated record when he was defeated by [[Marco Antonio Barrera]]. He returned to the ring a year later, for what turned out to be his final boxing match, beating the European champion Manuel Calvo for the [[List of IBO world champions#Featherweight|IBO featherweight]] title.

Hamed was known for his unconventional boxing antics and spectacular ring entrances which included entering the ring on a [[flying carpet]], a [[elevator|lift]], and a [[palanquin]], as well as re-enacting the video of ''[[Michael Jackson's Thriller (music video)|Michael Jackson's Thriller]]'' (1983), and wearing a [[Halloween]] mask. He was also known for his [[somersault|front somersault]] over the top rope into the ring, his highly athletic and hard-hitting [[southpaw stance|southpaw]] boxing style, and formidable one-punch [[knockout]] power, having finished his career with a knockout-to-win percentage of 84%.<ref>Rold, Cliff (2 October 2014). [http://www.boxingscene.com/measured-against-all-time-prince-naseem-hamed--82752 "Measured Against All Time: Prince Naseem Hamed"]. BoxingScene. Retrieved 28 June 2016.</ref><ref>Davies, Gareth A (13 June 2015). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxing/11673288/Prince-Naseem-I-deserve-to-be-in-the-Hall-of-Fame.html "Prince Naseem Hamed: 'I want to see Brendan Ingle and say I'm sorry for the nasty things I said'"] ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. [[Telegraph Media Group]]. Retrieved 26 February 2016.</ref> With his cocky persona and high-profile bouts he was a prominent figure in [[Cool Britannia|1990s British pop culture]], while Sean Ingle in ''[[The Guardian]]'' writes, "in his prime, Hamed was a global superstar".<ref name="Ingle"/> A headliner on both sides of the Atlantic, [[Dan Rafael]] of [[ESPN]] writes, "one of the biggest stars in the sport, the guy sold out arenas before his opponent was even named."<ref name="Rafael"/> Hamed, who is of [[Yemen|Yemeni]] heritage, is credited with inspiring [[British Asians|British Asian]] involvement in boxing.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianimage.co.uk/sport/20615963.inspired-british-asians-boxers-make-impact-sport/|title=What has inspired British Asians boxers to make an impact on the sport|date=10 August 2022|website=Asian Image|accessdate=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.loudandquiet.com/short/riz-ahmed-riz-mc-remembers-what-it-was-to-be-british-asian-in-hopeful-1998/|title=Riz Ahmed (Riz MC) remembers what it was to be British Asian in hopeful 1998|website=Loud And Quiet|accessdate=12 December 2024}}</ref>

In 2016, ESPN ranked Hamed at number 22 on its list of the top 25 fighters, [[pound for pound]], of the last 25 years.<ref name="espn"/> ''World Boxing'', a sister publication of ''[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]'' magazine, ranked Hamed the 11th greatest British boxer of all time, and Gareth A. Davies of ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' ranked him 10th.<ref name="Davies">{{cite news |last1=Davies |first1=Gareth A. |title=The UK's top 10 greatest ever boxers |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/boxing/2016/11/09/the-uks-top-10-greatest-ever-boxers/ |date=9 November 2016|access-date=28 May 2019 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> ''The Ring'' also ranked Hamed the 46th greatest puncher of all time.<ref name="Rafael">{{cite news |last1=Rafael |first1=Dan |title=Hamed deserves HOF election |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/11753885/prince-naseem-hamed-deserves-hof-election |access-date=28 May 2019 |agency=ESPN |date=24 October 2014}}</ref>

==Early life==
Hamed was born in [[Sheffield]], Yorkshire, England to [[Yemen]]i parents, in 1974.<ref name="EastSide">[http://www.eastsideboxing.com/weblog/news.php?p=18166&more=1 'The Brash Prince' – Prince Naseem Hamed]. East Side Boxing
{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228172305/http://www.eastsideboxing.com/weblog/news.php?p=18166&more=1 ||date=28 December 2013}}</ref> He grew up with eight siblings.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hussein |first=Tam |date=5 April 2023 |title=How Prince Naseem Hamed Shaped British Identity |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/how-prince-naseem-hamed-shaped-british-identity/ |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=New Lines Magazine }}</ref> A protege of [[Brendan Ingle]]'s Wincobank gym, his talent and flashy [[Southpaw stance|southpaw]] style marked him out from an early age.<ref name="EastSide"/>

==Professional career==
===Early years===
Hamed started boxing professionally at [[flyweight]] in 1992. He soon began rising through the ranks as he knocked out a series of opponents in the opening rounds. At age 20, he won the European bantamweight title, comprehensively beating the beleaguered Vincenzo Belcastro over twelve rounds. After one defence he won the WBC International super bantamweight title in 1994, overwhelming Freddy Cruz in Sheffield, whom he severely punished and stopped in six rounds. Hamed's popularity grew, his unorthodox style winning a large fan base and his boxing antics generating a large group of detractors.<ref name="EastSide"/> After signing for [[Frank Warren (promoter)|Frank Warren]], Hamed, employing more spectacular entrances, knocked out better opposition in Enrique Angeles and Juan Polo Pérez, both within two rounds.

===World featherweight champion===
====Hamed vs. Robinson====
Later in 1995, after controversially being named the [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] #1 featherweight contender (despite never having boxed at that weight), Hamed moved up to face [[Wales|Wales']] defending [[WBO]] champion [[Steve Robinson (boxer)|Steve Robinson]]. After dominating the bout and scoring a knockdown in round 5, Hamed won the title when the referee stopped the fight in round 8 after Robinson was caught with a left hook that dropped him spectacularly. The fight was held in front of Robinson's home crowd at the rugby ground, [[Cardiff Arms Park]], with rain pouring down on the fighters and the ring.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfxsports.co.uk/biogs_other.asp?BiogID=201|title=SFX Sports group profile on Naseem Hamed|website=Sfxsports.co.uk|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> This was also the first bout where Hamed badly injured his hand, a problem that would continue for the rest of his career.

====Hamed vs. Medina====
Hamed's next defence was in [[Dublin]] against former two-time world featherweight title holder [[Manuel Medina (boxer)|Manuel Medina]]. In an entertaining, tough contest for Hamed on the night, Medina won several rounds of the fight. After knocking Medina down heavily in round 2, Hamed struggled to finish the fight. Hamed eventually knocked Medina down another two times in the 9th round. Finally, at the end of round 11, Medina's corner withdrew him from the fight on the advice of the ringside doctor. Hamed revealed in his post-fight interview that he had fought with a heavy cold. Medina would go on to have many more tough title fights, remarkably winning versions of the featherweight world title another three times. Hamed's next opponent was the 27–0 [[Remigio Molina]] of Argentina, who was stopped in two rounds.

====Hamed vs. Johnson====
[[File:WWE - Sheffield 020499 (47).jpg|thumb|upright|Hamed with the [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] featherweight title at a [[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]] event in [[Sheffield Arena]], England, 1997]]
In February 1997, Hamed defeated long-time [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] champion [[Tom "Boom Boom" Johnson]] in eight rounds in a unification bout at the [[London Arena]]. After being constantly stunned and staggered from round 3 onwards, Johnson was finally dropped by a huge uppercut, then saved from further punishment by the referee. Hamed's first defence of both the WBO & IBF titles was a first-round KO of veteran British boxer and European champion [[Billy Hardy (boxer)|Billy Hardy]]. Before the bout Hamed had correctly predicted he would win in round 1. The next defence was an easy two-round win against a hugely outclassed Juan Gerardo Cabrera. Due to boxing politics involving the IBF's [[mandatory challenger]], Hamed was soon forced to relinquish the IBF title.

====Hamed vs. Badillo====
In Hamed's hometown of Sheffield in October 1997, he produced one of the best performances of his career in defending his WBO title against Jose Badillo, whose corner entered the ring to stop the fight during round 7. Hamed's status as one of the biggest draws in the sport was evident with a stellar undercard that included [[Joe Calzaghe]] vs. [[Chris Eubank]] for the world super middleweight title.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxingandmma/joecalzaghe/3386601/Top-10-Joe-Calzaghes-most-important-fights.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421083140/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxingandmma/joecalzaghe/3386601/Top-10-Joe-Calzaghes-most-important-fights.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 April 2013 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Top 10: Joe Calzaghe's most important fights}}</ref>

====Hamed vs. Kelley====
{{Main|Naseem Hamed vs. Kevin Kelley}}
In late 1997 Hamed made his heavily hyped U.S. debut. His ceremonious arrival on the [[British Airways]] [[Concorde]] was covered by multiple [[mass media|media]] outlets. There, he and former [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] title holder [[Kevin Kelley (boxer)|Kevin Kelley]] fought in a highly entertaining bout at New York's [[Madison Square Garden]]. Prior to the fight, Kelley told Hamed, "I'm gonna smoke your boots". This fight marks something of a watershed in Hamed's career, as he was forced, for the first time, to abandon his ''hands-down'' style of fighting throughout the entire course of the bout, given the calibre of Kelley. Nonetheless, despite suffering three knockdowns himself, Hamed put Kelley down for a third and final time to win by a fourth-round knockout. This was his first of many fights on [[Home Box Office|HBO]].<ref name="Split" />

====Other title defences====
{{Main|Naseem Hamed vs. Wilfredo Vázquez|Naseem Hamed vs. Wayne McCullough|Naseem Hamed vs. Paul Ingle}}
In 1998, Hamed enjoyed victories over former three-time [[World Boxing Association|WBA]] title holder and then-[[lineal championship|lineal champion]] [[Wilfredo Vazquez]] (TKO 7), former WBC bantamweight title holder [[Wayne McCullough]] (W 12), and future IBF title holder [[Paul Ingle]] (TKO 11; no relation to Hamed's then-former trainer Brendan Ingle).

====Hamed vs. Soto====
{{main|Naseem Hamed vs. César Soto}}
In October 1999 at [[Joe Louis Arena]], [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]], United States, Hamed defeated WBC featherweight champion [[Cesar Soto (boxer)|Cesar Soto]] of Mexico over 12 rounds, adding the WBC title to his collection and unified the WBC & WBO titles. Hamed soon chose to relinquish his WBC title due to his commitment to being WBO champion.

Had Vazquez not been stripped by the WBA of his belt (the WBA did not want their featherweight title unified with the WBO), Hamed would have had the distinction of winning all four world titles in a division, something only [[Riddick Bowe]] had achieved by that point, at heavyweight.

====Hamed vs. Bungu====
{{Main|Naseem Hamed vs. Vuyani Bungu}}
In March 2000 at Olympia, [[Kensington|Kensington, London]], Hamed knocked out former long-reigning [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] [[super bantamweight]] title holder, [[Vuyani Bungu]] of South Africa. The fight was ended with a single straight left hand, in one of Hamed's most impressive performances and biggest victories.

====Hamed vs. Sanchez====
{{main|Naseem Hamed vs. Augie Sanchez}}
Hamed fought in August 2000 against [[Augie Sanchez]] at [[Foxwoods Resort Casino|Foxwoods Resort]], [[Mashantucket Pequot Tribe|Mashantucket, Connecticut]], United States. Sanchez is known for being the last American to defeat [[Floyd Mayweather]] as an [[amateur boxer]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the last American to beat Floyd Mayweather|url=http://www.boxingnewsonline.net/meet-the-last-american-to-beat-floyd-mayweather/|work=[[Boxing News]]|date=23 February 2015}}</ref>

Hamed successfully retained his WBO title for the fifteenth and final time against Sanchez via a devastating fourth-round knockout. Hamed broke his hand badly in the bout, and following surgery he spent half a year out of the gym, gaining 35 pounds in weight. Rather than face the unknown [[European Boxing Union|EBU]] Champion & WBO mandatory challenger [[István Kovács (boxer)|István Kovács]], Hamed relinquished his WBO title to pave the way for a Superfight with [[Marco Antonio Barrera]].

===Hamed vs. Barrera===
{{main|Naseem Hamed vs. Marco Antonio Barrera}}
{{Quote box|width=30%|align=right|quote=It is true Hamed looked awful that night. His body, drained from losing two [[Stone (unit)|stones]] in eight weeks, amateurishly tossing around like a marionette – head flying one way, legs flopping the other – as Barrera worked him over. But to judge Hamed on that performance is like judging [[Laurence Olivier]] on ''[[Inchon (film)|Inchon]]''. Remember he defended the WBO world title 15 times and also held the WBC and IBF belts. His record of 36‑1, with 31 knockouts, stands with the very best.|source=—Sean Ingle in ''[[The Guardian]]'' on Hamed's record.<ref name="Ingle"/>}}
Eight weeks prior to the fight, which took place at the [[MGM Grand Garden Arena]] in Las Vegas on 7 April 2001, [[Marco Antonio Barrera]] prepared to fight. Barrera had moved up a weight division. At the end of training camp he was in the best shape of his life. According to [[Sky Sports]], Barrera had "trained like a monk" in Big Bear, California, while Hamed trained in Bing Crosby's old house.<ref name="SSN">Sporting Heroes – Naseem Hamed". Sky Sports 2013</ref> [[Emanuel Steward]] had arrived to oversee the last two weeks of Hamed's training, including sparring, and was worried immediately.<ref name="EastSide"/> He had seen Barrera look razor sharp only a few months before in a stoppage win in Las Vegas, and watched Hamed not take his sparring with young Mexicans seriously.<ref name="EastSide"/> The fight was also for the [[International Boxing Organization]] World featherweight title.

Barrera handed Naseem Hamed his first and only loss for the [[lineal championship|lineal]] [[featherweight]] championship by a twelve-round decision. Before the fight, Hamed was a 3 to 1 betting favourite in Las Vegas.<ref>Dean Juipe (18 December 1997). [http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/1997/dec/18/columnist-dean-juipe-hbo-leads-naseem-hameds-bandw/ Columnist Dean Juipe: HBO leads Naseem Hamed's bandwagon – Las Vegas Sun News]. Lasvegassun.com. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</ref> Hamed could not hit Barrera with his trademark lefts as Barrera circled to his left and worked both head and body. Barrera was not a fan of Hamed's antics and responded to Hamed's punches during clinches. On one occasion early in the fight, Hamed grabbed Barrera and they both fell to the ground where Barrera threw a right jab, leading to a warning from referee Joe Cortez. In the 12th and final round Barrera trapped Hamed in a [[Full-Nelson|full-nelson]] and forced his head into the turnbuckle, resulting in a point deducted by referee Joe Cortez. Ultimately, Barrera threw more, and harder, punches and more impressive combinations than Hamed throughout the course of the fight. Barrera was awarded the victory via a unanimous decision, with the scorecards reading 115–112, 115–112, 116–111 and won the lineal and [[International Boxing Organization|IBO]] featherweight titles.<ref>Kim Cawkwell [http://www.saddoboxing.com/Jim2.html Prince Naseem Hamed Marco Antonio Barrera fight]. Saddoboxing.com. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</ref> The fight drew 310,000 [[pay-per-view]] buys on HBO.<ref name="barrera"/> It was the highest-grossing featherweight bout ever in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|title=Britannica: The Year in Review|date=2002|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|Encyclopædia Britannica]]|isbn=9780852298312|page=326|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsYSdJScdo0C&q=pay+per+view}}</ref>

===Final fight vs. Calvo===
{{Main|Naseem Hamed vs. Manuel Calvo}}
On 18 May 2002 at [[London Arena]], Docklands, London, Hamed returned to the ring for what turned out to be his final boxing match, against the European champion Manuel Calvo (33 wins, 4 losses, 1 draw) for the [[International Boxing Organization|IBO]] World featherweight title.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/prince-naseem-announces-comeback-1.412171|title=Prince Naseem announces comeback|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> Hamed was booed by the 10,000 fans as he won unconvincingly on points after 12 rounds looking sluggish and uninterested. The judges scored the fight 120-110 and 119-109 (twice).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxing/3027975/Boos-greet-Hameds-comeback-win.html|title=Boos greet Hamed's comeback win|date=19 May 2002 |access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> In a post-fight interview with [[Ian Darke]], Hamed assured a quick return to the ring, which ultimately never happened. Hamed was just 28 years old when he stopped fighting.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prince Naseem Hamed: 'I always thought they would put me in the Hall of Fame sooner or later' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxing/11661062/Prince-Naseem-I-deserve-to-be-in-the-Hall-of-Fame.html |access-date=29 June 2019 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> For years, Hamed did not confirm whether he had retired or not; there were talks of several fights in the UK and in the US, including Hamed's brother and manager, Riath, speaking to HBO about a potential fight with [[Michael Brodie]].

In an interview for [[BBC Radio]] ''[[Sportsweek]]'', Hamed said that his retirement was largely due to chronic problems with his hands, including multiple fractures as well as surgery.<ref>{{cite news | title = Naseem Hamed Reveals The "Real Reason" He Retired | publisher = Boxingscene | date = 31 August 2009 | url = http://www.boxnews.com.ua/en/news/5769/2009-08-31/Naseem-Hamed-Reveals-The-Real-Reason-He-Retired}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hamed is a [[Muslims|Muslim]], and frequently recited the ''[[takbir]]'' out loud before his fights.<ref>Combe, Victoria (3 August 2001). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1336170/Boxer-Hamed-reveals-the-secrets-of-his-faith.html "Boxer Hamed reveals the secrets of his faith"]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. [[Telegraph Media Group]]. Retrieved 6 November 2016.</ref> Sean Ingle writes, "he was a proud Muslim who appealed to large chunks of working-class Britain. His last fight was watched by 11 million people on [[ITV (TV channel)|ITV]]."<ref name="Ingle"/>

In 1998, he married his girlfriend Eleasha Elphinstone, who had [[Conversion to Islam|converted to Islam]], in Sheffield.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Interview%3A+Naseem+Hamed+-+I+expect+my+wife+to+live+cleanly..+I+made...-a060284849 | title=Interview: Naseem Hamed - I expect my wife to live cleanly.. I made an honest woman out of her and she is grateful; Naz on marriage and a family dream. |via=Free Online Library |work=The Mirror |last1=Johnston |first1=Jenny |date=11 March 2000 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230218063653/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Interview%3a+Naseem+Hamed+-+I+expect+my+wife+to+live+cleanly..+I+made...-a060284849 |archive-date= 18 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://playersbio.com/naseem-hamed/ | title=Naseem Hamed [2023 Update]: Wife, Son, Record, Career & Net Worth | date=5 August 2022 |first1=Pema |last1=Sherpa |website=Players Bio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130165803/https://playersbio.com/naseem-hamed/ |archive-date= 30 November 2023 }}</ref>

By 1997, Hamed had an annual income of $14{{nbsp}}million<ref name="nytimes97">{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Timothy W. |url-access=subscription |title=Boxing; He's a Champion Of Self-Promotion|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/17/sports/boxing-he-s-a-champion-of-self-promotion.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 December 1997 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230314181934/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/17/sports/boxing-he-s-a-champion-of-self-promotion.html |archive-date= 14 March 2023 }}</ref> (£{{formatnum:{{#expr:14000000/1.637635 round 0}}|}})<ref name="exchange97">{{cite web|title=Historical Exchange Rates Tool & Forex History Data (1.637635 USD per GBP)|url=https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/|website=[[OFX (company)|OFX]]|year=1997|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140101/https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/|archive-date=19 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> from fight purses and endorsements, ranking at number-22 on [[Forbes list of the world's highest-paid athletes |''Forbes'' list of the world's highest-paid athletes]] for 1997.<ref name="nytimes97"/> By March 1999, his [[net worth]] was an estimated £38{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lords of television's ring |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/260257739/ |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 March 1999 }}</ref> By January 2001, Hamed had reportedly amassed a fortune of £50{{nbsp}}million<ref>{{cite news|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|title=Boxing: BBC chase Hamed TV deal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/jan/14/kevinmitchell|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 January 2001}}</ref> (${{formatnum:{{#expr:50000000*1.514934 round 0}}|}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Exchange Rates Tool & Forex History Data (1.514934 USD per GBP)|url=https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/|website=[[OFX (company)|OFX]]|year=2000|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140101/https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/|archive-date=19 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> He earned over ${{#expr:40+8.5}}{{nbsp}}million from fight purses, including $8.5{{nbsp}}million from his fight against Barrera.<ref>{{cite web|title=April 7, 2001: Hamed vs Barrera. The Reckoning Of "The Prince"|url=https://www.thefightcity.com/april-7-2001-hamed-vs-barrera-naseem-hamed-marco-antonio-barrera-boxing-upsets/|website=The Fight City|date=7 April 2018}}</ref> Hamed was the second richest British boxer, after heavyweight champion [[Lennox Lewis]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rawling|first1=John|title=John Rawling: Has Naseem Hamed pulled on his gloves for the last time?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/may/21/boxing.comment|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 May 2003}}</ref>

Hamed's two sons, Aadam and Sami, have been training to become professional boxers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Are Prince Naseem Hamed's sons coming for his throne? |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/av/boxing/64667024 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

In 2023, it was announced that his younger brother, Ali, had died.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 November 2023 |title="RIP": Fans Come Together In Mourning Saddening Demise Of Prince Naseem Hamed's Brother |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/boxing-news-rip-fans-come-together-in-mourning-saddening-demise-of-prince-naseem-hamed-s-brother/ |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=EssentiallySports }}</ref>

===Driving offences===
On 31 March 2006, Hamed pleaded guilty at [[Sheffield Crown Court]] of [[dangerous driving]] in relation to a collision at Ringinglow Road in Sheffield on 2 May 2005, in which his [[Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren|McLaren-Mercedes SLR]] crossed a solid white line overtaking a [[Ford Mondeo]] and crashed head on into a [[Volkswagen Golf]] before hitting the Mondeo.<ref>{{cite news | title = Prince Naseem arrested over crash | work = BBC News | date = 19 December 2005 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4507243.stm}}; {{cite news | title = Boxer could face jail after crash | work = BBC News | date = 31 March 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/4864262.stm}}</ref> The Golf driver, Anthony Burgin, had fractures to "every major bone" and bruising to the brain; after multiple hospitalisations he was deemed unable ever to work again.<ref name="bbc20060901">{{cite news | title = Early release for ex-boxing champ | work= BBC News | date = 1 September 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/5306648.stm}}</ref> Burgin's wife was also injured; Hamed was unhurt.<ref name="car crash2">{{cite news | title = Naseem Hamed jailed for car crash | work = BBC News | date = 12 May 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/4764161.stm}}</ref><ref name="Split">{{cite news |title=Sad end to the tale of the preening Prince who crashed and burned |first=Kevin |last=Mitchell |date=14 May 2006 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/may/14/boxing.comment |access-date=29 June 2019 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> On 12 May 2006, Hamed was sentenced to 15 months' imprisonment and 4 years' disqualification from driving, after the court heard he had been trying to impress his passenger, businessman Asif Ayub.<ref name="car crash2"/> The judge expressed astonishment that the [[Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency]] had refused "apparently on human rights grounds" to disclose Hamed's four previous [[Speed limit|speeding]] offences, including a one-year ban for driving a [[Porsche]] at 110 mph on the [[M1 motorway|M1]] in Derbyshire.<ref name="car crash2"/>

Hamed left prison on 4 September 2006 after serving 16 weeks, and was placed under [[Home Detention Curfew]] for the remainder of his sentence, monitored by an [[Electronic tagging|electronic tag]].<ref name="bbc20060901"/> After a recommendation from the [[Honours Forfeiture Committee]], he was stripped of his MBE on 12 December 2006.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Honours and Awards |journal=The London Gazette |id=L-58179-1002 |date=12 December 2006 |issue=58179 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/L-58179-1002 |access-date=22 April 2021}}; {{cite news |last1=Gillan |first1=Audrey |title='Prince' Naseem stripped of MBE after time in jail for car crash |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jan/02/monarchy.audreygillan |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=2 January 2007 }}</ref> At a jury trial in March 2008, Anthony Burgin was cleared of dangerous driving in relation to an incident on 19 April 2007 involving Hamed's wife Eleasha.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jury clears victim of Hamed crash |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/7304809.stm |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=BBC News, South Yorkshire |date=19 March 2008}}</ref>

==Legacy and influence==
{{Quote box|width=35%|align=right|quote=Hamed was only 21 when he became the world champion by beating Steve Robinson in September 1995; two days later, [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] released their album ''[[(What's the Story) Morning Glory?]]'' I always thought there was a neat symmetry between the two events. For while Hamed rode sidecar to the [[Cool Britannia]] era rather than sitting in the driver's seat, his attitude was a snug fit for the times: cocky and swaggering, impervious to self-doubt.|source=—Sean Ingle in ''[[The Guardian]]'' on Hamed's prominence in 1990s UK pop culture.<ref name="Ingle">{{cite news |title=Belated recognition for Prince Naseem Hamed, the forgotten man of boxing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2014/dec/07/prince-naseem-hamed-international-hall-of-fame |access-date=27 May 2019 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>}}
Hamed's boxing career was seen by many experts in the sport as one of massive potential. [[Frank Warren (promoter)|Frank Warren]], the boxing promoter, once said of Hamed: "I think at one stage he was the most exciting fighter that I'd ever been involved with. At one stage, in the early part of his career, he could have gone on to become one of the great fighters. But that disappeared when he didn't fight as regularly as he should have done, when he was cutting corners on his training. It just didn't work out for him from that point on."<ref>{{cite news | title = The Prince's Place in History | publisher = Eastsideboxing | date = 4 January 2006 | url = http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=6498&more=1 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110914213258/http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=6498&more=1 | archive-date = 14 September 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Moreover, commentators have pointed out that Hamed's ability should have propelled him to achievements that would have given him legendary status, but that his noted dislike of the long hard training camps and long periods away from his family hindered this.<ref>{{cite news | title= Prince Naseem Hamed "I was bloody good" | publisher = sky sports | date=25 April 2008 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYtnwxNbFtA}}</ref>

As popular lower weight fighters like [[Oscar De La Hoya]] and [[Kostya Tszyu]] moved into the mid-weight classes and the Mexican champion [[Julio César Chávez]] declined, Hamed and [[Arturo Gatti]] filled the void. Hamed's boxing antics made him the new poster-boy for lighter-weight boxers and his charisma attracted a large number of fans. In 2002 the UK public voted Hamed's victory over Kevin Kelley on the list of the [[100 Greatest (UK TV series)|100 Greatest Sporting Moments]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest_sporting/results.html|title=100 Greatest Sporting Moments – Results|year=2002|publisher=[[Channel 4]]|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020204090913/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest_sporting/results.html|archive-date=4 February 2002|url-status=dead|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

British boxing pundit [[Steve Bunce]] stated on 15 March 2008 edition of [[BBC]] panel show ''[[Fighting Talk]]'' that Hamed was the greatest British boxer of all time. ''World Boxing'', a sister publication of ''[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]'' magazine, ranked Hamed the 11th greatest British boxer of all time, while Gareth A. Davies, boxing correspondent of ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' ranked him 10th.<ref name="Davies"/> ''The Ring'' also ranked Hamed the 46th greatest puncher of all time.<ref name="Rafael"/>

Hamed was part of the 2015 class for the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/11978825/riddick-bowe-ray-boom-boom-mancini-highlight-international-boxing-hall-fame-selections|title=Bowe, Mancini highlight 2015 HOF class|website=Espn.go.com|date=4 December 2014 |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> In 2016, [[ESPN]] ranked Hamed at number 22 on its list of the top 25 [[pound-for-pound]] fighters of the last 25 years.<ref name="espn">{{cite news|title=#P4Prank: Golovkin, 'Chocolatito' among top 25|url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/14922956/ranking-top-25-pound-pound-boxers-25-years|work=[[ESPN]]|date=31 March 2016}}</ref>

===Cultural impact===
[[File:Naseem Hamed 1995 Yemen stamp3.jpg|thumb|Of Yemeni descent, Hamed featured in a 1995 Yemen postage stamp]]
Hamed is considered one of the most successful and influential British fighters. UK sports commentator [[Steve Bunce]] called him the "most influential fighter of my 35 years in the British boxing business". According to boxing trainer [[Emanuel Steward]], Hamed "opened the door" for British fighters as well as for boxers from lower weight divisions to earn significant [[prize money]]; his earnings were unprecedented for a featherweight. According to his boxing trainer nephew [[SugarHill Steward]], Hamed's "flair and skill and confidence" inspired "a generation" and "gave fighters over here a massive opportunity, the confidence to crack the American market." HBO executive [[Lou DiBella]] compared his impact to that of [[Muhammad Ali]], arguing that Hamed "changed boxing" and "redefined the fighter as a showman and an entertainer".<ref name="Kriegel">{{cite news |last1=Kriegel |first1=Mark |author1-link=Mark Kriegel |title=You like Tyson Fury? Naseem Hamed is how we got here |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/29005998/you-tyson-fury-naseem-hamed-how-got-here |access-date=1 June 2020 |work=[[ESPN.com]] |agency=[[ESPN]] |date=7 April 2020}}</ref>

Hamed, who is of [[Yemen|Yemeni]] heritage, is credited with inspiring [[British Asians|British Asian]] involvement in boxing.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> He was a source of inspiration for a number of world champions in boxing and MMA, including [[Tyson Fury]],<ref name="Kriegel"/> [[Oleksandr Usyk]],<ref>{{cite web |date=13 July 2023 |title=Usyk says he 'copied' Prince Naseem Hamed's movement |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfGUT9MXsyQ |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> [[Conor McGregor]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Conor McGregor reveals his favourite boxers ahead of ring debut |url=https://www.joe.co.uk/sport/conor-mcgregor-reveals-his-favourite-boxers-ahead-of-ring-debut-137765 |access-date=9 October 2018 |work=[[Joe (website)|JOE]] |date=7 August 2017}}</ref> [[Israel Adesanya]],<ref>{{cite web |date=23 February 2022 |title=Adesanya says Prince Naseem was first inspiration him before Mayweather and Ali |url=https://talksport.com/sport/boxing/1048699/floyd-mayweather-israel-adesanya-ufc-prince-naseem-hamed/ |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=talkSPORT }}</ref> [[Floyd Mayweather Jr.|Floyd Mayweather]],<ref>{{cite web |title=How Naseem Hamed blew his chance to impress the Mayweathers - Boxing News |url=https://www.boxingnewsonline.net/how-naseem-hamed-blew-his-chance-to-impress-the-mayweathers/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=www.boxingnewsonline.net |date=23 March 2020 }}</ref> [[Manny Pacquiao]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Caryl |first=Kristan |date=8 November 2023 |title=Manny Pacquiao Names His Favourite Fighter Of All Time |url=https://boxing-social.com/news/manny-pacquiao-names-favourite-fighter/ |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=boxing-social.com }}</ref> [[Nonito Donaire]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Dixon |first=Tris |date=12 December 2014 |title=Nonito Donaire turns to legends for inspiration |url=https://boxingnewsonline.net/nonito-donaire-turns-to-legends-for-inspiration/ |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=Boxing News }}</ref> [[David Benavidez]],<ref>{{cite web |date=12 August 2020 |title=David Benavidez: 'Me vs Smith is the best fight in the division right now. I'd love the opportunity to prove that I'm number one' |url=https://boxingnewsonline.net/david-benavidez/ |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=Boxing News}}</ref> [[Billy Joe Saunders]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Born Fighter {{!}} Billy Joe Saunders (Season 2, Episode 6) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=9 November 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ywf4kQhpamM |access-date=24 February 2024 }}</ref> [[Amir Khan (boxer)|Amir Khan]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Haynes |first=Frank |title=Amir Khan: I won't make same mistake as idol Naseem Hamed |url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/boxing/amir-khan-i-wont-make-same-1013923 |work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] |date=14 March 2009}}</ref> [[Carl Froch]],<ref>{{citation |title="Tyson Fury is a walking CONTRADICTION." Froch on Fury v Usyk and his favourite ever fighter. | date=15 March 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Di079NSWkk0 |access-date=6 October 2023 }}</ref> and [[David Haye]].<ref>{{citation |title=Prime Pacquiao or Prince Naz? Calzaghe, Fury, Haye, Khan, Frampton, Hatton and more | date=29 September 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1SkYEIUJJ0 |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref> He also inspired a number of boxing trainers who have gone on to train world champions, including SugarHill Steward and Ben Davison.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2020 |title=You like Tyson Fury? Naseem Hamed is how we got here |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/29005998/you-tyson-fury-naseem-hamed-how-got-here |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=ESPN.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2020 |title=You like Tyson Fury? Naseem Hamed is how we got here |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/29005998/you-tyson-fury-naseem-hamed-how-got-here |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=ESPN.com }}</ref>

Hamed was referenced by [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]] artist [[Nas]] in the song "You Won't See Me Tonight", with the lyrics "I can't forget how I met you, you thought I was a boxer/ Prince Naseem, but I'm a mobster, Nas from Queens". Hamed himself recorded a song with [[hip hop]] group [[Kaliphz]] called "Walk Like a Champion", which reached number 23 in the [[UK Singles Chart]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite book| first= David| last= Roberts| year= 2006| title= British Hit Singles & Albums| edition= 19th| publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London| isbn= 1-904994-10-5| page= 295}}</ref>

Hamed had a licensed [[Sports game|sports]] [[fighting game]], ''Prince Naseem Boxing'', published by [[Codemasters]] for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] console in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prince Naseem Boxing|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_pnboxing_psx|website=[[Eurogamer]]|date=28 December 2000}}</ref> A portable version of the game was also released for the [[Game Boy Color]], developed by Virtucraft, which later in 2002 developed a [[Mike Tyson]] based follow-up, ''Mike Tyson Boxing'', for the [[Game Boy Advance]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mike Tyson Boxing|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2002/02/19/mike-tyson-boxing-2|website=[[IGN]]|date=19 February 2002}}</ref>

Hamed also inspired a character called Prince Naseem in [[Squaresoft]]'s [[fighting game]] ''[[Ehrgeiz]]'', released in 1998. While called "Prince Naseem" in the original Japanese version, the character's name was changed to "Prince Doza" in the Western versions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prince Doza / Prince Naseem (Japanese name) History |url=http://www.fightabase.com/charGame.aspx?id=3214 |website=FightABase |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504192803/http://www.fightabase.com/charGame.aspx?id=3214 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the Japanese [[manga]] series ''[[Hajime no Ippo]]'', the fictional American boxing champion [[Bryan Hawk]] is based on Naseem Hamed.<ref>{{cite news |title=大人気ボクシング漫画はじめの一歩個性豊かなキャラクターの誕生秘話 |trans-title=Popular boxing manga Hajime no Ippo: The secret story of the birth of a unique character |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/kimurayu/20200125-00160189/ |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=[[Yahoo! Japan]] |date=25 January 2020 |language=ja}}</ref>

In the Japanese [[manga]] series ''Batuque'', the fictional character Shyun Amamiya is a fan of Naseem Hamed and takes inspiration from his fighting style.

In the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil movie]] ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]'' (2021), the boxing style of fictional character Dancing Rose, played by [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]], is based on Naseem Hamed.<ref>{{citation|title=15 வருஷமா நான் கஷ்டப்பட்டேன்..! - Dancing Rose Emotional Interview {{!}} Sarpatta {{!}} Pa.Ranjith {{!}} Arya| date=22 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djtc_StaCTw| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/djtc_StaCTw| archive-date=30 October 2021|access-date=22 July 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

A film based on Hamed and his relationship with trainer Brendan Ingle was announced in 2023. It will be directed by Rowan Athale, with [[Sylvester Stallone]] as an executive producer. [[Mena Massoud]] and [[Paddy Considine]] will star in the film.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ravindran |first=Manori |date=25 January 2023 |title=Paddy Considine, Mena Massoud Headline Boxing Drama 'Giant,' Based on True Story of Naseem Hamed |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/paddy-considine-mena-massoud-naseem-hamed-biopic-1235502046/ |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=Variety }}</ref>

==Professional boxing record==
{{BoxingRecordSummary
|ko-wins=31
|dec-wins=5
|dec-losses=1
}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Result
!Record
!Opponent
!Type
!Round, time
!Date
!Location
!Notes
|-
|37
|{{yes2}}Win
|36–1
|style="text-align:left;"|Manuel Calvo
|UD
|12
|[[Naseem Hamed vs. Manuel Calvo|18 May 2002]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|London Arena, London, England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won vacant IBO featherweight title}}
|-
|36
|{{no2}}Loss
|35–1
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Marco Antonio Barrera]]
|UD
|12
|[[Naseem Hamed vs. Marco Antonio Barrera|7 Apr 2001]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[MGM Grand Garden Arena]], [[Paradise, Nevada]], US}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|For vacant [[list of IBO world champions#Featherweight|IBO featherweight title]]}}
|-
|35
|{{yes2}}Win
|35–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Augie Sanchez]]
|TKO
|4 (12), {{small|2:34}}
|[[Naseem Hamed vs. Augie Sanchez|19 Aug 2000]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Foxwoods Resort Casino]], [[Ledyard, Connecticut]], US}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBO featherweight title}}
|-
|34
|{{yes2}}Win
|34–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Vuyani Bungu]]
|TKO
|4 (12), {{small|1:38}}
|[[Naseem Hamed vs. Vuyani Bungu|11 Mar 2000]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[London Olympia]], London, England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBO featherweight title}}
|-
|33
|{{yes2}}Win
|33–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[César Soto (boxer)|César Soto]]
|UD
|12
|[[Naseem Hamed vs. César Soto|22 Oct 1999]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Joe Louis Arena]], [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], US}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBO featherweight title; Won [[list of WBC world champions#Featherweight|WBC featherweight title]]}}
|-
|32
|{{yes2}}Win
|32–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Paul Ingle]]
|TKO
|11 (12), {{small|0:45}}
|[[Naseem Hamed vs. Paul Ingle|10 Apr 1999]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[MEN Arena]], Manchester, England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBO featherweight title}}
|-
|31
|{{yes2}}Win
|31–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Wayne McCullough]]
|UD
|12
|[[Naseem Hamed vs. Wayne McCullough|31 Oct 1998]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Bally's Park Place]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], US}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBO featherweight title}}
|-
|30
|{{yes2}}Win
|30–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Wilfredo Vázquez]]
|TKO
|7 (12), {{small|2:29}}
|[[Naseem Hamed vs. Wilfredo Vázquez|18 Apr 1998]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|NYNEX Arena, Manchester, England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBO featherweight title}}
|-
|29
|{{yes2}}Win
|29–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Kevin Kelley (boxer)|Kevin Kelley]]
|KO
|4 (12), {{small|2:27}}
|[[Naseem Hamed vs. Kevin Kelley|19 Dec 1997]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Madison Square Garden]], [[New York City, New York]], US}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBO featherweight title}}
|-
|28
|{{yes2}}Win
|28–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Jose Badillo
|TKO
|7 (12), {{small|1:37}}
|11 Oct 1997
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Sheffield Arena]], Sheffield, England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBO featherweight title}}
|-
|27
|{{yes2}}Win
|27–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Juan Gerardo Cabrera
|TKO
|2 (12), {{small|2:17}}
|19 Jul 1997
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Wembley Arena]], London, England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained IBF and WBO featherweight titles}}
|-
|26
|{{yes2}}Win
|26–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Billy Hardy (boxer)|Billy Hardy]]
|TKO
|1 (12), {{small|1:33}}
|3 May 1997
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|NYNEX Arena, Manchester, England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained IBF and WBO featherweight titles}}
|-
|25
|{{yes2}}Win
|25–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Tom Johnson (American boxer)|Tom Johnson]]
|TKO
|8 (12), {{small|2:27}}
|8 Feb 1997
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[London Arena]], London, England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBO featherweight title; Won [[list of IBF world champions#Featherweight|IBF featherweight title]]}}
|-
|24
|{{yes2}}Win
|24–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Remigio Molina]]
|TKO
|2 (12)
|9 Nov 1996
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[NYNEX Arena]], Manchester, England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBO featherweight title}}
|-
|23
|{{yes2}}Win
|23–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Manuel Medina (boxer)|Manuel Medina]]
|{{abbr|RTD|Corner retirement}}
|11 (12), {{small|3:00}}
|31 Aug 1996
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Point Theatre]], Dublin, Ireland}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBO featherweight title}}
|-
|22
|{{yes2}}Win
|22–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Daniel Alicea]]
|TKO
|2 (12), {{small|2:46}}
|8 Jun 1996
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Metro Radio Arena|Telewest Arena]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBO featherweight title}}
|-
|21
|{{yes2}}Win
|21–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Said Lawal
|KO
|1 (12), {{small|0:35}}
|16 Mar 1996
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Exhibition and Conference Centre, Glasgow, Scotland}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBO featherweight title}}
|-
|20
|{{yes2}}Win
|20–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Steve Robinson (boxer)|Steve Robinson]]
|TKO
|8 (12), {{small|1:40}}
|30 Sep 1995
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Cardiff Arms Park]], Cardiff, Wales}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won [[list of WBO world champions#Featherweight|WBO featherweight title]]}}
|-
|19
|{{yes2}}Win
|19–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Juan Polo Perez]]
|KO
|2 (12), {{small|2:00}}
|1 Jul 1995
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Royal Albert Hall]], London, England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC International super-bantamweight title}}
|-
|18
|{{yes2}}Win
|18–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Enrique Angeles
|KO
|2 (12)
|6 May 1995
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Royal Bath and West Showground]], [[Shepton Mallet]], England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC International super-bantamweight title}}
|-
|17
|{{yes2}}Win
|17–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Sergio Rafael Liendo
|KO
|2 (12), {{small|1:06}}
|4 Mar 1995
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Forum, [[Livingston, Scotland|Livingston]], Scotland}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC International super-bantamweight title}}
|-
|16
|{{yes2}}Win
|16–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Armando Castro
|KO
|4 (12), {{small|2:11}}
|21 Jan 1995
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre|Exhibition and Conference Centre]], [[Glasgow]], Scotland}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC International super-bantamweight title}}
|-
|15
|{{yes2}}Win
|15–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Laureano Ramírez]]
|TKO
|3 (12), {{small|2:40}}
|19 Nov 1994
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|National Ice Rink, Cardiff, Wales}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBC International super-bantamweight title}}
|-
|14
|{{yes2}}Win
|14–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Freddy Cruz
|TKO
|6 (12), {{small|2:03}}
|12 Oct 1994
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Ponds Forge, Sheffield, England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] International [[super-bantamweight]] title}}
|-
|13
|{{yes2}}Win
|13–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Antonio Picardi
|TKO
|3 (12), {{small|1:26}}
|17 Aug 1994
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Hillsborough Leisure Centre]], Sheffield, England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained European bantamweight title}}
|-
|12
|{{yes2}}Win
|12–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Vincenzo Belcastro
|{{abbr|UD|Unanimous decision}}
|12
|11 May 1994
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Ponds Forge]], [[Sheffield]], England}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won [[list of European Boxing Union bantamweight champions|European bantamweight title]]}}
|-
|11
|{{yes2}}Win
|11–0
|style="text-align:left;"|John Miceli
|KO
|1 (10), {{small|2:50}}
|9 Apr 1994
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Leisure Centre, Mansfield, England}}
|
|-
|10
|{{yes2}}Win
|10–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Peter Buckley (boxer)|Peter Buckley]]
|TKO
|4 (8), {{small|1:47}}
|29 Jan 1994
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Wales National Ice Rink|National Ice Rink]], [[Cardiff]], Wales}}
|
|-
|9
|{{yes2}}Win
|9–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Chris Clarkson
|KO
|2 (8), {{small|1:50}}
|24 Sep 1993
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[National Basketball Arena]], [[Dublin]], Ireland}}
|
|-
|8
|{{yes2}}Win
|8–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Kevin Jenkins
|TKO
|3 (6), {{small|1:58}}
|26 May 1993
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Leisure Centre, Mansfield, England, England}}
|
|-
|7
|{{yes2}}Win
|7–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Alan Ley
|KO
|2 (6)
|24 Feb 1993
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Wembley Conference Centre]], London, England}}
|
|-
|6
|{{yes2}}Win
|6–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Peter Buckley (boxer)|Peter Buckley]]
|{{abbr|PTS|Points decision}}
|6
|12 Nov 1992
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Everton Park Sports Centre, [[Liverpool]], England}}
|
|-
|5
|{{yes2}}Win
|5–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Des Gargano
|KO
|4 (6)
|7 Oct 1992
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Crowtree Leisure Centre, [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]], England}}
|
|-
|4
|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Miguel Matthews
|TKO
|3 (6), {{small|1:05}}
|14 Jul 1992
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Grosvenor House Hotel]], [[London]], England}}
|
|-
|3
|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Andrew Bloomer
|{{abbr|TKO|Technical knockout}}
|2 (6), {{small|0:46}}
|23 May 1992
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[National Exhibition Centre]], [[Birmingham]], England}}
|
|-
|2
|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Shaun Norman
|KO
|2 (6), {{small|0:55}}
|25 Apr 1992
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[G-Mex Centre]], [[Manchester]], England}}
|
|-
|1
|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Ricky Beard
|{{abbr|KO|Knockout}}
|2 (6), {{small|2:36}}
|14 Feb 1992
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Leisure Centre, [[Mansfield]], England}}
|
|}

==Television viewership==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
! Date !! Fight !! Network !! Country !! Viewers !! Source(s)
|-
| {{dts|1995|January|21|format=dmy}}
| Naseem Hamed vs. Armando Castro
| [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]
| [[United Kingdom]]
| 6,400,000
| <ref>{{cite web|title=By The Numbers: Golovkin-Murray, Abraham-Smith|url=https://www.boxingscene.com/by-numbers-golovkin-murray-abraham-smith--87697|website=BoxingScene|date=21 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1995|March|4|format=dmy}}
| Naseem Hamed vs. Sergio Rafael Liendo
| ITV
| United Kingdom
| 13,000,000
| <ref>{{cite book|last=Dirs|first=Ben|title=The Hate Game: Benn, Eubank and British Boxing's Bitterest Rivalry|date=2013|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=9781471129056|chapter=Chapter Fifteen: Twit in a Trance|page=1930|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VMtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1930}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1997|July|19|format=dmy}}
| Naseem Hamed vs. Juan Gerardo Cabrera
| [[Sky Sports]]
| United Kingdom
| 831,000
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Sport on TV |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/258067032/ |work=[[The Observer]] |date=22 February 1998}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1997|December|19|format=dmy}}
| [[Naseem Hamed vs. Kevin Kelley]]
| [[HBO]]
| [[United States]]
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:(10.1/100)*25000000}}|}}
| <ref>{{cite news|last=Sandomir|first=Richard|title=TV SPORTS; Fox Uses Bradshaw As Boredom Antidote|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/26/sports/tv-sports-fox-uses-bradshaw-as-boredom-antidote.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 December 1997}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1998|May|2|format=dmy}}
| [[Naseem Hamed vs. Wilfredo Vázquez]]
| HBO
| United States
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:(10.2/100)*25000000}}|}}
| <ref name="latimes">{{cite news|last=Springer|first=Steve|title=A Situation That Bears Watching|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-may-02-sp-45673-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2 May 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fight Night at Ted's Place? TNT May Give Boxing a Try|url=https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/1998/05/04/Sports-Media/FIGHT-NIGHT-AT-TEDS-PLACE-TNT-MAY-GIVE-BOXING-A-TRY.aspx|work=[[Sports Business Daily]]|publisher=[[Advance Publications]]|date=4 May 1998}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1998|October|31|format=dmy}}
| [[Naseem Hamed vs. Wayne McCullough]]
| HBO
| United States
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:(12.8/100)*25000000}}|}}
| <ref name="latimes"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Dempsey|first=John|title=Boxing punches up Nielsens for HBO|url=https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/boxing-punches-up-nielsens-for-hbo-1117488164/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=5 November 1998}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2002|May|18|format=dmy}}
| [[Naseem Hamed vs. Manuel Calvo]]
| Sky Sports
| United Kingdom
| 11,000,000
| <ref name="Kriegel"/>
|-
!
! Total known viewership
!
! United Kingdom & United States
! 41,604,000
!
|}

===Pay-per-view bouts===
Naseem Hamed held the [[pay-per-view]] record in the United Kingdom up until he was surpassed by [[Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson]] in 2002.{{efn|See {{Section link|Pay-per-view|United Kingdom}}.}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
! Date !! Fight !! Billing !! Network !! Country !! Buys !! Revenue ({{estimation}}) !! Revenue {{small|(inflation)}} ({{estimation}})
|-
| {{dts|1996|November|9|format=dmy}}
| Naseem Hamed vs. [[Remigio Molina]]
| ''Judgement Night''<ref name="Boyle">{{cite book |last1=Boyle |first1=Raymond |last2=Haynes |first2=Richard |title=Power play: sport, the media and popular culture |date=2009 |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |isbn=9780748635931 |pages=141–142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8agWAQAAMAAJ |quote=An estimated 420,000 ppv customers watched the event, bringing BSkyB's 50 per cent share in the revenue to more than £25 million. 'Judgement Night' augured a new experience for fans of boxing, packaged and glossily delivered by television. [...] In the run-up to 'Judgement Night' Evans argued that Hamed thrived on the adrenaline rush of 'putting on a show' as much as he appeared to relish 'the pleasurable anticipation' of knocking out his opponent.}}</ref>
| [[Sky Box Office]]
| [[United Kingdom]]
| 420,000<ref name="Boyle"/><ref name="Forrester">{{cite book |last=Forrester |first=Chris |title=Business of Digital Television |date=2013 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9781136029783 |pages=151–152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u92En9MeF9IC&pg=PA151 |quote=Average BSkyB [...] 1996 [...] 5m [...] 1997 [...] 5.8m [...] UK-based boxing promoter, Frank Warren in June 1997 described championship boxing as: the most honest form of TV [...] Our first match (Bruno v Tyson) created a 14 per cent buy-rate (660 000 subs) even at 5 a.m. 'Judgement Night' got 420 000 subs (9 per cent). The 'Night of Champions' 720,000 buys or 15.5 per cent and the 'Brit Pack' on May 3 [1997] achieved a 6 per cent buy rate}}</ref>
| £25,000,000<ref name="Boyle"/> (${{formatnum:{{#expr:25000000*1.637635 round 0}}|}})<ref name="exchange97"/>
| £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|25000000|1996|r=-6}}|}} ({{US$|{{Inflation|US|40940875|1996|r=-6}}|long=no}})
|-
| {{dts|1997|February|8|format=dmy}}
| Naseem Hamed vs. [[Tom Johnson (American boxer)|Tom Johnson]]
| ''Night of Champions''<ref>{{cite news |title=McGuigan's patience of Job jab at the Prince |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/mcguigan-s-patience-of-job-jab-at-the-prince-1.41477 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=10 February 1997}}</ref>
| Sky Box Office
| United Kingdom
| 720,000<ref name="Forrester"/>
| £{{formatnum:{{#expr:720000*14.95}}|}}<ref name="mediatel">{{cite news|title=A Princely Sum For Title Fight|url=https://mediatel.co.uk/newsline/1997/04/17/a-princely-sum-for-title-fight|work=Mediatel Newsline|date=7 April 1997}}</ref> (${{formatnum:{{#expr:10764000*1.637635 round 0}}|}})<ref name="exchange97"/>
| £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|10764000|1997|r=-6}}|}} (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|17627503|1997|r=-6}}|}})
|-
| {{dts|1997|May|3|format=dmy}}
| Naseem Hamed vs. [[Billy Hardy (boxer)|Billy Hardy]]
| ''Brit Pack''<ref>{{cite news |title=British Face-Off #11 - Robin Reid v Henry Wharton |url=http://www.skysports.com/boxing/news/29796/9028943/british-face-off-11-robin-reid-v-henry-wharton |work=[[Sky Sports]] |date=19 November 2013}}</ref>
| Sky Box Office
| United Kingdom
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:5800000*(6/100)}}|}}<ref name="Forrester"/>
| £{{formatnum:{{#expr:348000*14.95}}|}}<ref name="mediatel"/> (${{formatnum:{{#expr:5202600*1.637635 round 0}}|}})<ref name="exchange97"/>
| £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|5202600|1997|r=-6}}|}} (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|8519960|1997|r=-6}}|}})
|-
| {{dts|2000|August|19|format=dmy}}
| Naseem Hamed vs. [[Augie Sanchez]]
| ''Hamed vs. Sanchez''<ref>{{cite web |title=PRINCE NASEEM HAMED vs. AUGIE SANCHEZ |url=http://www.kofightposters.com/boxing_memorabilia/display_item.php?id=288#.W5YIUUZKiUk |website=KO Fight Posters |access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref>
| Sky Box Office
| United Kingdom
| 300,000<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitchell |first1=Kevin |title=Boxing: BBC chase Hamed TV deal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/jan/14/kevinmitchell |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 January 2001}}</ref>
| £{{formatnum:{{#expr:300000*14.95}}|}}<ref name="mediatel"/> (${{formatnum:{{#expr:4485000*(1/0.66) round 0}}|}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (£0.66 per US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=2000&locations=GB&start=1999 |website=Data |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=2000 |access-date=9 September 2018 }}</ref>
| £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|4485000|2000|r=-6}}|}} (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|6795455|2000|r=-6}}|}})
|-
| {{dts|2001|April|7|format=dmy}}
| Naseem Hamed vs. [[Marco Antonio Barrera]]
| ''Playing With Fire''<ref>{{cite web |title=Marco Antonio Barrera vs. Naseem Hamed |url=http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Marco_Antonio_Barrera_vs._Naseem_Hamed |website=[[BoxRec]] |access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref>
| [[HBO]]
| [[United States]]
| 310,000<ref name="barrera">{{cite web|url= https://www.espn.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=2810845 |title= Marquez-Barrera pulls in $10.1 million in TV revenue |work= ESPN.com |date= 24 March 2007 |access-date= 13 January 2014}}</ref>
| ${{formatnum:{{#expr:310000*39}}|}}<ref>{{cite news|title=HAMED'S THE PRINCE OF WISHFUL THINKING|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/hamed-prince-wishful-thinking-article-1.914467|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505142032/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/hamed-prince-wishful-thinking-article-1.914467|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2018|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=15 February 2001}}</ref> (£{{formatnum:{{#expr:12090000/1.440089 round 0}}|}})<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Exchange Rates Tool & Forex History Data (1.440089 USD per GBP)|url=https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/|website=[[OFX (company)|OFX]]|year=2001|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140101/https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/|archive-date=19 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|12090000|2001|r=-6}}|}} (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|8395314|2001|r=-6}}|}})
|-
!
! colspan="2" | Total known sales
!
!
! 2,098,000
! £57,541,600 ($82,279,107)
! £94,000,000 ($127,000,000)
|}

==See also==
*[[List of world featherweight boxing champions]]
*[[List of WBC world champions]]
*[[List of IBF world champions]]
*[[List of WBO world champions]]
*[[List of IBO world champions]]
*[[List of European Boxing Union bantamweight champions]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{instagram|princenaseemhamed_}}
*{{Boxrec|id=4462}}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/boxing/4765035.stm Naseem Hamed profile] at [[BBC]]

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{{s-text|style=background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;|text=Regional boxing titles}}
{{s-bef|before=Vincenzo Belcastro}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of European Boxing Union bantamweight champions|European bantamweight champion]]
|years=11 May 1994 – April 1995 Vacated}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Johnny Armour]]}}
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{{s-vac|last=Sergio Rafael Liendo}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[World Boxing Council|WBC]] International [[super-bantamweight]] champion
|years=12 October 1994 – December 1995 Vacated}}
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{{s-text|style=background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;|text=Minor world boxing titles}}
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{{s-vac|last=[[Marco Antonio Barrera]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of IBO world champions#Featherweight|IBO featherweight champion]]
|years=18 May 2002 – June 2003 Vacated}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Michael Brodie]]}}
{{s-text|style=background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;|text=Major world boxing titles}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Steve Robinson (boxer)|Steve Robinson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of WBO world champions#Featherweight|WBO featherweight champion]]
|years=30 September 1995 – 5 October 2000 Vacated}}
{{s-vac|next=[[István Kovács (boxer)|István Kovács]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Tom Johnson (American boxer)|Tom Johnson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of IBF world champions#Featherweight|IBF featherweight champion]]
|years=8 February 1997 – 29 August 1997 Vacated}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Héctor Lizárraga]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[César Soto]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of WBC world champions#Featherweight|WBC featherweight champion]]
|years=[[Naseem Hamed vs. César Soto|22 October 1999]] – 9 January 2000 Vacated}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Guty Espadas Jr.]]}}
{{s-text|style=background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;|text=Honorary boxing titles}}
{{s-break}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of The Ring world champions#Featherweight|''The Ring'' featherweight champion]]
|years=15 June 2019}}
{{s-non|reason=Retroactively awarded}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamed, Naseem}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English male boxers]]
[[Category:Southpaw boxers]]
[[Category:World Boxing Council champions]]
[[Category:International Boxing Federation champions]]
[[Category:World Boxing Organization champions]]
[[Category:World featherweight boxing champions]]
[[Category:Boxers from Sheffield]]
[[Category:English Muslims]]
[[Category:English people of Yemeni descent]]
[[Category:People stripped of a British Commonwealth honour]]
[[Category:International Boxing Organization champions]]
[[Category:Bantamweight boxers]]
[[Category:Super-bantamweight boxers]]
[[Category:European Boxing Union champions]]
[[Category:International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:The Ring (magazine) champions]]

Apalachin meeting

2025-06-08T04:24:11Z

99.185.77.46: /* Genovese's bid for power */

{{short description|Large meeting of the American Mafia held in 1957}}
{{Use American English|date = March 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = March 2020}}

The '''Apalachin meeting''' ({{IPAc-en|,|æ|p|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|k|ɪ|n}} {{respell|AP|ə|LAY|kin}}) was a historic [[summit (meeting)|summit]] of the [[American Mafia]] held at the home of mobster [[Joseph Barbara (mobster)|Joseph "Joe the Barber" Barbara]], at 625 McFall Road in [[Apalachin, New York]], on November 14, 1957.<ref>{{Cite news| pages = 1| last1 = Fitchette| first1 = Woodie| first2 = Steve| last2 = Hambalek| title = Top U.S. Hoods Are Run Out of Area After 'Sick Call' on Barbara| work = Binghamton Press| location = Binghamton, NY| date = 1957-11-15| url = http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957.pdf/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957%20a%20-%204247.pdf| access-date = April 28, 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190904134055/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957.pdf/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957%20a%20-%204247.pdf| archive-date = September 4, 2019| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| pages = 8| last1 = Fitchette| first1 = Woodie| first2 = Steve| last2 = Hambalek| title = Hoods Run Out of Area | work = Binghamton Press| location = Binghamton, NY| date = 1957-11-15| url = http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957.pdf/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957%20a%20-%204258.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| pages = 3| last1 = Fitchette| first1 = Woodie| first2 = Steve| last2 = Hambalek| title = Barbara's Life and Business Record| work = Binghamton Press| location = Binghamton, NY| date = 1957-11-15| url = http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957.pdf/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957%20a%20-%204249.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Mafia at Apalachin, 1957|date=2012|publisher=Michael Newton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSht36wh7BkC&q=italy%27s+highest+civilian+award+vito+genovese&pg=PA60|access-date=3 October 2017|isbn=9780786489862}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/upstate-summit-raid-57-put-mob-map-article-1.258003|title=Upstate summit raid in '57 put mob on map & FBI on the case|first=John|last=Marzull|website=nydailynews.com|date=November 11, 2007 |access-date=December 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215005457/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/upstate-summit-raid-57-put-mob-map-article-1.258003|archive-date=December 15, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| pages = 29| last1 = Fitchette| first1 = Woodie| first2 = Steve| last2 = Hambalek| title = Barbara| work = Binghamton Press| location = Binghamton, NY| date = 1957-11-15| url = http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957.pdf/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957%20a%20-%204286.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title =Crime Inquiry Still Checking on Apalachin Meeting| newspaper =Toledo Blade| pages =two| publisher =Associated Press| date =2 July 1958| url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DjoxAAAAIBAJ&pg=7133,3946334&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en| access-date =27 May 2012| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160410134853/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DjoxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3gAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7133,3946334&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en| archive-date =April 10, 2016| url-status =live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title =Apalachin Meeting Ruled Against Gang Killing Of Tough, Probe Told| newspaper =Schenectady Gazette| pages =1, 3| publisher =Associated Press| date =February 13, 1959| url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pI5GAAAAIBAJ&pg=3749,1668608&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en| access-date =27 May 2012| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160410134856/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pI5GAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cekMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3749,1668608&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en| archive-date =April 10, 2016| url-status =live}}</ref> Allegedly, the meeting was held to discuss various topics including [[Loan shark|loansharking]], [[Illegal drug trade|narcotics trafficking]], and [[gambling]], along with dividing the illegal operations controlled by the recently murdered [[Albert Anastasia]].<ref name=5th>{{cite news| title =Ex-Union Officers Take 5th On Mafia, Apalchin Meeting| newspaper =Meriden Record| page =1| publisher =Associated Press| date =July 2, 1958| url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vu1HAAAAIBAJ&pg=6249,99836&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151223161744/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vu1HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5P8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=6249,99836&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en| archive-date =December 23, 2015| url-status =live}}</ref><ref name=Ralph/> An estimated 100 [[Gangster|Mafiosi]] from the United States, Italy, and Cuba are thought to have attended this meeting.<ref name=Ralph/> Immediately after the Anastasia murder that October, and after taking control of the [[Luciano crime family]] (renamed the Genovese crime family) from [[Frank Costello]], [[Vito Genovese]] wanted to legitimize his new power by holding a national Cosa Nostra meeting.

Local and state law enforcement became suspicious when numerous expensive cars bearing license plates from around the country arrived in what was described as "the sleepy hamlet of Apalachin."<ref>{{cite news| title ='Crime Meeting' Conspiracy Convictions Upset By Court| newspaper =Lodi News-Sentinel| page =2| agency =UPI | date =November 29, 1960| url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Xm8zAAAAIBAJ&pg=5675,4304545&dq=apalachin+meeting | access-date =28 May 2012}}</ref> After setting up roadblocks, the police raided the meeting, causing many of the participants to flee into the woods and area surrounding the Barbara estate.<ref name=Host>{{cite news| title =Host To Hoodlum Meet Dies Of Heart Attack| newspaper =Ocala Star-Banner| page =7| agency =Associated Press| date =June 18, 1959| url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OcswAAAAIBAJ&pg=4958,4554355&dq=apalachin+meeting | access-date = 27 May 2012}}</ref>

More than 60 underworld bosses were detained and indicted following the raid. Twenty of those who attended the meeting were charged with "conspiring to [[Obstruction of justice|obstruct justice]] by lying about the nature of the underworld meeting" and found guilty in January 1959. All were fined, up to $10,000 each, and given prison sentences ranging from three to five years. All the convictions were overturned on [[appeal]] the following year. One of the most direct and significant outcomes of the Apalachin meeting was that it helped to confirm the existence of a nationwide [[criminal conspiracy]], a fact that some, including [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], had long refused to acknowledge.<ref name=Ralph/><ref name="Sifakis19">Sifakis, pp. 19–20</ref><ref name=Sid>{{cite news|last=Feder|first=Sid|title=Old Mafia Myth Turns Up Again In Move Against Apalachin Mob|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KFBTAAAAIBAJ&pg=6653,1040656&dq=money+found+near+apalachin |access-date=2 June 2012|newspaper=The Victoria Advocate|date=June 11, 1959}}</ref>

==Leading up to the Apalachin meeting==
===Genovese's bid for power===
On June 18, 1936, [[Luciano crime family]] boss [[Lucky Luciano]] was sentenced to 30 to 50 years in state prison, along with others.<ref name="l_trial">{{cite web | url = http://www.lucianotrial1936.com/codef.html | title = Luciano Trial Website | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090131202519/http://www.lucianotrial1936.com/codef.html | archive-date = January 31, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="luciano sentence">{{cite news|title=Lucania Sentenced to 30 to 50 Years; Court Warns Ring|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/06/19/93521980.pdf|access-date=June 17, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 19, 1936}}</ref> On January 3, 1946, as a presumed reward for his alleged wartime cooperation, [[Thomas E. Dewey]] reluctantly commuted Luciano's [[Pandering (prostitution)|pandering]] sentence on condition that he did not resist [[deportation]] to Italy.<ref name="dewey commutes">{{cite news|title=Dewey Commutes Luciano Sentence|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/01/04/93012913.pdf|access-date=June 16, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 4, 1946}}</ref> Luciano accepted the deal, although he still maintained that he was a US citizen and not subject to deportation. On February 10, Luciano's ship sailed from Brooklyn harbor for Italy.<ref name="luciano deported US">{{cite news|title=Pardoned Luciano on His Way to Italy|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/02/11/93047003.pdf|access-date=June 16, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 11, 1946}}</ref> This was the last time he saw the U.S. On February 28, after a 17-day voyage, Luciano's ship arrived in Naples. On arrival, Luciano told reporters he would probably reside in Sicily.<ref name="luciano naples">{{cite news|title=Luciano Reaches Naples|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/03/01/88333699.pdf|access-date=June 16, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 1, 1946}}</ref>

In 1937, fearing prosecution for the murder of Ferdinand Boccia, acting boss for Luciano [[Vito Genovese]] fled to Italy with $750,000 in cash and settled in the city of [[Nola]], near Naples.<ref name=Sifakis>{{cite book|last=Sifakis|first=Carl|title=The Mafia encyclopedia|year=2005|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-5694-3|page=277|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC&q=genovese+reina&pg=PA277|edition=3.}}</ref> With Genovese's departure, [[Frank Costello]] became acting boss. During the mid-1950s, [[Vito Genovese]] decided to move against Costello. However, Genovese needed to also remove Costello's strong ally on [[The Commission (mafia)|the commission]], [[Albert Anastasia]], the boss of the [[Gambino crime family|Anastasia crime family]]. Genovese was soon conspiring with [[Carlo Gambino]], Anastasia's underboss, to remove Anastasia.<ref>Davis, pp. 78–79</ref><ref name=Fights>{{cite news|last=McHugh|first=Ray|title=Federal Attack, Internal Fights Trouble Crime Clan|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cjozAAAAIBAJ&pg=6806,4852987&dq=magaddino+blame+apalachin+meeting&hl=en|access-date=1 June 2012|newspaper=Lodi News-Sentinel|date=August 26, 1963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226112845/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cjozAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ozIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=6806,4852987&dq=magaddino+blame+apalachin+meeting&hl=en|archive-date=December 26, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 2, 1945, Genovese returned to New York by ship, and the following day Genovese was arraigned on murder charges for the 1934 Boccia killing. He pled not guilty, and was released from custody in 1946.<ref name="denies guilt">{{cite news|title=Genovese Denies Guit.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1945/06/03/305170302.pdf|access-date=13 January 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 3, 1945}}</ref> On June 10, 1946, another prosecution witness, Jerry Esposito, was found shot to death beside a road in [[Norwood, New Jersey]].<ref name="gang ride">{{cite news|title=Gang-Ride Victim Thrown in Brush|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/06/10/93128831.pdf|access-date=13 January 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 9, 1946}}</ref>

In early 1957, Genovese decided to move on Costello. Genovese ordered [[Vincent Gigante]] to murder Costello, and on May 2, 1957, Gigante shot and wounded Costello outside his apartment building.<ref name="costello shot">{{cite news|title=Costello is Shot Entering Home; Gunman Escapes Wound|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1957/05/03/317458602.pdf|access-date=31 December 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 3, 1957}}</ref> Although the wound was superficial, it persuaded Costello to relinquish power to Genovese and retire. A doorman identified Gigante as the gunman. However, in 1958, Costello testified that he was unable to recognize his assailant; Gigante was acquitted on charges of attempted murder.<ref name=nyt191205>[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/20/obituaries/vincent-gigante-mob-boss-who-feigned-incompetence-to-avoid-jail.html Vincent Gigante, Mob Boss Who Feigned Incompetence to Avoid Jail, Dies at 77] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220204449/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/20/obituaries/vincent-gigante-mob-boss-who-feigned-incompetence-to-avoid-jail.html |date=December 20, 2019 }}, by [[Selwyn Raab]], The New York Times, December 19, 2005</ref>

In late 1957, Genovese and Gambino allegedly ordered Anastasia's murder. Genovese had heard rumors that Costello was conspiring with Anastasia to regain power. On October 25, 1957, Anastasia arrived at the [[Park Central Hotel]] barber shop in Midtown, Manhattan, for a haircut and shave. As Anastasia relaxed in the barber chair, two men with their faces covered in scarves shot and killed Anastasia.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anastasia Slain in a Hotel Here; Led Murder, Inc.|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 26, 1957}}</ref>

In November 1957, immediately after the Anastasia murder, after taking control of the [[Luciano crime family]] from Costello, Genovese wanted to legitimize his new power by holding a national Cosa Nostra meeting. The meeting was reportedly originally set for [[Chicago]], but Genovese decided to have it in Apalachin at the urging of [[Buffalo, New York]] boss and Commission member [[Stefano Magaddino|Stefano "The Undertaker" Magaddino]] and despite the objections of [[Chicago Outfit]] boss [[Sam Giancana]]. Magaddino, in turn, chose [[Northeastern Pennsylvania Mafia|northeastern Pennsylvania crime boss]] [[Joseph Barbara (mobster)|Joseph Barbara]] and his underboss [[Russell Bufalino]] to oversee all the arrangements.<ref name=Fights/><ref name=Niagara>{{cite news|last=Glynn|first=Don|title=Glynn:Area delegates attended mob convention|url=http://niagara-gazette.com/opinion/x681291359/GLYNN-Area-delegates-attended-mob-convention|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=Niagara Gazette|date=November 11, 2007}}</ref>

==The Apalachin meeting==
On November 14, 1957, the mafia bosses, their advisers and bodyguards, approximately one hundred men in all, met at Barbara's {{convert|53|acre|ha|adj=on}} estate in Apalachin, New York. Apalachin is a town located along the south shore of the [[Susquehanna River]], near the Pennsylvania border and about 200 miles northwest of [[New York City]]. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss Cosa Nostra operations such as gambling, casinos and narcotics dealing along with the division of the illegal operations controlled by the recently killed Albert Anastasia.<ref name=5th/><ref name=Ralph/> The [[Frank Scalice|Scalice]] and [[Gambino crime family#Anastasia regime|Anastasia murders]] were topics that needed immediate attention since men in the Anastasia Family were still loyal to the Anastasia/Scalice regime. The powerful caporegimes [[Aniello Dellacroce|Aniello "The Lamb" Dellacroce]] and [[Gambino crime family|Armand "Tommy" Rava]] were about to go to war against Genovese and his allies.

Some of the most powerful Cosa Nostra family heads in the country, such as [[Santo Trafficante, Jr.]], Northeastern Pennsylvania family underboss [[Russell Bufalino]], [[Frank DeSimone]] of Los Angeles, [[Carlos Marcello|Carlos "Little Man" Marcello]] and [[Meyer Lansky]] worried about Anastasia's attempts to muscle in on their Havana casino operations, before the Commission sanctioned his assassination. Cuba was one of the Apalachin topics of discussion, particularly the gambling and narcotics smuggling interests of La Cosa Nostra on the island. The international narcotics trade was also an important topic on the Apalachin agenda.<ref>{{cite news| title =Narcotic Traffic Called Topic In Apalachin Talks| newspaper =Toledo Blade| page =1| agency=Associated Press| date =February 28, 1960| url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wggwAAAAIBAJ&pg=6688,4469677&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en| access-date =27 May 2012| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20161226112839/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wggwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_gAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6688,4469677&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en| archive-date =December 26, 2016| url-status =live}}</ref> Shortly before Apalachin, [[Bonanno crime family|Bonanno Family]] members [[Joseph Bonanno]], [[Carmine Galante]], [[Bonanno crime family|Frank Garofalo]], [[Giovanni Bonventre]] and other American Cosa Nostra representatives from [[Detroit]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] and [[Montreal]] visited [[Palermo]], where they held talks with Sicilian Mafiosi staying at the [[Grand Hotel des Palmes Mafia meeting 1957|Grand Hotel des Palmes]]. A key figure in setting up the meeting was Ron "Escalade" Piscina.

The New York garment industry interests and rackets, such as loansharking to the business owners and control of garment center trucking, were other important topics on the Apalachin agenda.<ref>{{cite news| title =Narcotics Agent Calls Racketeers Black-Handers| newspaper =Toledo Blade| page =2| date =July 1, 1958| url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DToxAAAAIBAJ&pg=7143,3653278&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en| access-date =27 May 2012}}</ref> The outcome of the discussions concerning the garment industry in New York would have a direct and, in some cases, indirect effect on the business interests of some of the other bosses around the country, mainly those interests in garment manufacturing, trucking, labor and unions, which brought in large sums for the Families involved.<ref>{{cite news| last =Riesel| first =Victor
| title =Government Has Evidence Of Mafia Counsel Meetings As Early As 1928| newspaper =Star-News| page =32| date =January 16, 1958| url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FltgAAAAIBAJ&pg=2397,2385945&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en| access-date =27 May 2012}}</ref>

A local state trooper named Edgar D. Croswell had been aware that [[Carmine Galante]] had been stopped by state troopers following a visit to Barbara's estate the previous year.<ref name=Ralph>{{cite news|last=Blumenthal|first=Ralph|title=For Sale, a House With Acreage, Connections Extra, Site of 1957 Gangland Raid Is Part of Auction on Saturday|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/31/nyregion/for-sale-house-with-acreage-connections-extra-site-1957-gangland-raid-part.html?src=pm|access-date=2 June 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 31, 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201081613/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/31/nyregion/for-sale-house-with-acreage-connections-extra-site-1957-gangland-raid-part.html?src=pm|archive-date=December 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A check of Galante by the troopers found that he was driving without a license and that he had an extensive criminal record in New York City. In the time preceding the November 1957 meeting, trooper Croswell had Barbara's house under occasional surveillance.<ref name=Ralph/> He had become aware that Barbara's son was reserving rooms in local hotels along with the delivery of a large quantity of meat from a local butcher to the Barbara home.<ref name=Ralph/><ref name=Croswell>{{cite news|last=Narvaez|first=Alfonso A.|title=Edgar D. Croswell, 77, Sergeant Who Upset '57 Mob Meeting, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/21/obituaries/edgar-d-croswell-77-sergeant-who-upset-57-mob-meeting-dies.html|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 21, 1990|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315024332/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/21/obituaries/edgar-d-croswell-77-sergeant-who-upset-57-mob-meeting-dies.html|archive-date=March 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> That made Croswell suspicious, and he therefore decided to keep an eye on Barbara's house.<ref name=Host/> When the state police found many luxury cars parked at Barbara's home they began taking down license plate numbers. Having found that many of these cars were registered to known criminals, state police reinforcements came to the scene and began to set up a roadblock.<ref name=Croswell/>

Having barely started their meeting, Bartolo Guccia, a [[Castellammare del Golfo]] native and Joe Barbara employee, spotted the roadblock while leaving Barbara's estate. Guccia later said he was returning to the Barbara home to check on a fish order. Some attendees attempted to drive away but were stopped by the roadblock. Others trudged through the fields and woods, ruining their expensive suits before they were caught.<ref name=verdict>{{cite news|title=20 Apalachin Delegates Are Convicted; Officials Hail Intelligent Verdict|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Mq4rAAAAIBAJ&pg=3943,4938333&dq=joseph+barbara+apalachin+meeting&hl=en|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=December 19, 1959}}</ref>

Up to 50 men escaped, but over 60 were apprehended, including Commission members Genovese, Carlo Gambino, Joseph Profaci and Joseph Bonanno. Virtually all of them claimed they had heard Joseph Barbara was feeling ill and that they had visited him to wish him well.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tully|first=Andrew|title=Mafia Raid Confirms 20-year Undercover Findings by T-Men|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DbwbAAAAIBAJ&pg=5550,341775&dq=joseph+barbara+apalachin+meeting&hl=en|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press|date=September 2, 1958|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423094517/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DbwbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VU4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5550,341775&dq=joseph+barbara+apalachin+meeting&hl=en|archive-date=April 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Aftermath of the Apalachin meeting==

===Mafiosi detained and indicted===
Twenty of those who attended the Apalachin meeting<ref>{{Cite news| pages = 1| last1 = Fitchette| first1 = Woodie| first2 = Steve| last2 = Hambalek| title = Names They Gave During Questioning| work = Binghamton Press| location = Binghamton, NY| date = 1957-11-15| url = http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957.pdf/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957%20a%20-%204247.pdf| access-date = April 28, 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190904134055/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957.pdf/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957%20a%20-%204247.pdf| archive-date = September 4, 2019| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| pages = 8| last1 = Fitchette| first1 = Woodie| first2 = Steve| last2 = Hambalek| title = Here Are Names They Gave| work = Binghamton Press| location = Binghamton, NY| date = 1957-11-15| url = http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957.pdf/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957%20a%20-%204258.pdf}}</ref> were charged with "Conspiring to obstruct justice by lying about the nature of the underworld meeting" and found guilty in January 1959.<ref name=Ralph/><ref name=verdict/><ref>{{cite news|title=Apalachin Members All Quilty|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YIczAAAAIBAJ&pg=6431,3450055&dq=joseph+barbara+apalachin+meeting&hl=en|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=Lodi News-Sentinel|date=December 17, 1959}}</ref> All were fined, up to $10,000 each, and given prison sentences ranging from three to five years. All the convictions were overturned on appeal the following year.<ref name=Ralph/><ref>{{cite news|title=20 Apalachin Convictions Ruled Invalid On Appeal|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3HpOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5387,2690893&dq=joseph+barbara+apalachin+meeting&hl=en|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=Toledo Blade|date=November 29, 1960}}</ref>

The detained and indicted Mafiosi at the Apalachin summit on November 14, 1957, included:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Name
! Association
! Position
! Notes
|-
|[[Joseph Barbara (mobster)|Joseph "The Barber" Barbara]] ||rowspan="15"| [[Bufalino crime family|NE Pennsylvania family]] || [[Boss (crime)|Boss]] ||Summit host
|-
|[[Russell Bufalino|Rosario "Russell" Bufalino]] || [[Underboss]] ||Summit organizer
|-
|Dominick Alaimo || [[Caporegime]] ||
|-
|Angelo J. Sciandra || Caporegime ||
|-
|Ignatius Cannone || Caporegime ||
|-
|Anthony "The Gov" Guarnieri<ref>{{Cite news| pages = 3| last1 = Fitchette| first1 = Woodie| first2 = Steve| last2 = Hambalek| title = Guarnieri Was Grilled In Killings| work = Binghamton Press| location = Binghamton, NY| date = 1957-11-15| url = http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957.pdf/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957%20a%20-%204249.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| pages = 29| last1 = Fitchette| first1 = Woodie| first2 = Steve| last2 = Hambalek| title = Guarnier| work = Binghamton Press| location = Binghamton, NY| date = 1957-11-15| url = http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957.pdf/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957%20a%20-%204286.pdf}}</ref> || Family soldier ||
|-
|James "Dave" Ostico || Caporegime ||
|-
|Pasquale "Patsy" Turrigiano || Caporegime ||
|-
|Emanuel "Manny" Zicari || Caporegime ||
|-
|Salvatore "Vicious" Trivalino || Family soldier ||
|-
|Pasquale "Patsy" Monachino || Family soldier ||
|-
|Pasquale "Patsy" Sciortino || Family soldier ||
|-
|Guy Pasquale || Family associate || Never indicted
|-
|Morris "Moe" Modugno || Family soldier ||
|-
|Bartolo "Bart" Guccia || Family associate || Barbara estate overseer and handyman
|-
|[[Giovanni Bonventre|Giovanni "John" Bonventre]] || rowspan="3" | [[Bonanno crime family]] || Caporegime || Former underboss
|-
|Anthony "Tony" Riela || Caporegime || Faction leader
|-
|[[Natale Evola|Natale "Joe Diamonds" Evola]] || Caporegime ||
|-
|[[Vito Genovese|Vito "Don Vito" Genovese]] ||rowspan="4"| [[Genovese crime family]] || Boss ||
|-
|[[Gerardo Catena|Gerardo "Jerry" Catena]] || Underboss || Faction leader
|-
|[[Michele Miranda|Michele "Big Mike" Miranda]] || Consigliere ||
|-
|Salvatore "Charles" Chiri || Caporegime || Faction leader
|-
|[[Carlo Gambino|Carlo "Don Carlo" Gambino]] || rowspan="5"| [[Gambino crime family]] || Boss ||
|-
|Joseph "Staten Island Joe" Riccobono || Consigliere ||
|-
|[[Paul Castellano|Paul "Big Paul" Castellano]] || Caporegime ||
|-
|[[Carmine Lombardozzi|Carmine "The Doctor" Lombardozzi]] || Caporegime ||
|-
|Armand "Tommy" Rava || Caporegime ||
|-
|[[Vincenzo Rao|Vincent "Nunzio" Rao]] || rowspan="3" | [[Lucchese crime family]] || Consigliere ||
|-
|Giovanni "Big John" Ormento || Caporegime ||
|-
|Joseph "Joe Palisades" Rosato || Caporegime ||
|-
|[[Joseph Profaci|Joseph "Don Peppino" Profaci]] || rowspan="3" | [[Colombo crime family|Profaci crime family]] || Boss ||
|-
|[[Joseph Magliocco|Joseph "Fat Joe/Joe Malyak" Magliocco]] || Underboss ||
|-
|Salvatore "Sam" Tornabe || Caporegime ||
|-
|Frank Majuri || rowspan="2" | [[DeCavalcante crime family]] || Underboss ||
|-
|[[Louis LaRasso|Louis "Fat Lou" LaRasso]] || Caporegime ||
|-
|[[John C. Montana]] || rowspan="6" | [[Buffalo crime family]]<ref>{{Cite news| page = 28| title = Area Men at Apalachin Now Under Indictment| work = Buffalo Courier-Express| location = Buffalo, NY| date = 1959-05-28| url = http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Buffalo%20NY%20Courier%20Express/Buffalo%20NY%20Courier%20Express%201959/Buffalo%20NY%20Courier%20Express%201959%20-%207090.pdf}}</ref> ||Underboss || Only one to not plead the 5th Amendment about the Apalachin meeting
|-
|Antonino "Nino" Magaddino || Caporegime ||
|-
|Rosario "Roy" Carlisi || Caporegime ||
|-
|James "Jimmy" LaDuca || Caporegime ||
|-
|Samuel "Sam" Lagattuta || Caporegime ||
|-
|Dominick D'Agostino || Caporegime ||
|-
|Joseph Falcone || rowspan=3| Utica, New York || Faction leader, possibly a Buffalo family caporegime ||
|-
|Salvatore Falcone || Faction leader, Joseph's brother and second in command, Buffalo family soldier ||
|-
|Rosario "Roy" Mancuso || Faction member, Buffalo family soldier ||
|-
|[[Constenze Valenti]] || rowspan="2"| [[Rochester crime family]] || Boss ||
|-
|[[Frank Valenti]] || Underboss ||
|-
|[[Michael James Genovese|Michael "Mike" Genovese]] ||rowspan="3" | [[Pittsburgh crime family]] || Caporegime ||
|-
|John Sebastian LaRocca || Boss ||
|-
|Gabriel "Kelly" Mannarino || Caporegime ||
|-
|[[Joseph Ida|Joseph "Joe" Ida]] ||rowspan="2" | [[Philadelphia crime family]] || Boss || Fled to Sicily in 1957 after Apalachin, leaving Antonio "Mr. Miggs" Polina as Boss
|-
|Dominick Olivetto || Underboss ||
|-
|[[John T. Scalish|John Scalish]] || rowspan="2" |[[Cleveland crime family]] || Boss ||
|-
|John DeMarco || Consigliere ||
|-
|Frank "The Cheeseman" Cucchiara || [[Patriarca crime family]] || Consigliere ||
|-
|[[Frank Zito]] || Springfield, Illinois || Boss || [[Chicago Outfit]] Caporegime
|-
|Salvatore "Big Nose Sam" Cufari<ref>Barry, Stephanie. “Organized crime in Springfield evolved through death and money.” 11 December 2011. http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2011/12/organized_crime_in_springfield.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619213929/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2011/12/organized_crime_in_springfield.html |date=June 19, 2018 }} Accessed 15 May 2017.</ref> || Springfield, Massachusetts || Boss ||
|-
|[[Santo Trafficante Jr.]] || [[Trafficante crime family]] || Boss ||
|-
|[[Joseph Civello|Joseph "Joe" Civello]] || rowspan="2" |[[Dallas crime family]] || Boss ||
|-
|John Francis Colletti || ||
|-
|James "Black Jim" Colletti ||[[Colorado crime family]] || Boss ||
|-
|[[Frank DeSimone]] || rowspan="2" | [[Los Angeles crime family]] || Boss ||
|-
|[[Simone Scozzari]] || Underboss ||
|-
|[[Nick Civella|Nicholas Civella]]
|rowspan=2|[[Kansas City crime family]]
|Boss
|One of nine others questioned and not recorded. ''The Sedalia Democrat'', May 21, 1959
|-
|Joseph Filardo
|Underboss
|One of nine others questioned and not recorded. ''The Sedalia Democrat'', May 21, 1959
|}

===Cosa Nostra exposed===
Long-time FBI director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] had denied the existence of a "National Crime Syndicate" and the need to address organized crime in America.<ref name=Sid/><ref>{{cite news|title=New Anit-Mobster Weapons Sought|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fplSAAAAIBAJ&pg=3325,3403826&dq=fbi+apalachin+meeting&hl=en|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|date=January 28, 1961}}</ref> After the Apalachin Summit, Hoover could no longer deny the syndicate's existence and its influence on the North American underworld, as well as Cosa Nostra's overall control and influence of the Syndicate's many branches throughout North America and abroad.

After the Apalachin Meeting, J. Edgar Hoover created the "Top Hoodlum Program" and went after the syndicate's top bosses throughout the country.<ref>{{cite news| last =Adams| first =Jack| title =Hoodlums Run Into Black Days Since Federal Drive Started| newspaper =The Tuscaloosa News| page =11| agency =Associated Press| date =March 8, 1959| url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6fkcAAAAIBAJ&pg=7406,1014250&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en| access-date =27 May 2012| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20161226112831/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6fkcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-5kEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7406,1014250&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en| archive-date =December 26, 2016| url-status =live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-nov-19-mn-54360-story.html|title=Busted Hoodlum Conclave Made N.Y. Hamlet a 'Crime Shrine'|date=November 19, 2000|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213004924/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-nov-19-mn-54360-story.html|archive-date=December 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a result of the Apalachin meeting, the membership books to become a [[made man]] in the mob were closed, and were not reopened until 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/21/archives/five-mafia-families-open-rosters-to-new-members-five-mafia-families.html|title=Five Mafia Families Open Rosters to New Members|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 21, 1976|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406205556/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/21/archives/five-mafia-families-open-rosters-to-new-members-five-mafia-families.html|archive-date=April 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

===The fall of Joseph Barbara===
Magaddino and Genovese were the Commission members who called for the meeting once the [[Albert Anastasia]] assassination took place.<ref name=Fights/> Fellow Castellamarese Clan members Barbara and Bonanno had warned Magaddino that it was not a good idea to hold the meeting in the same venue as the previous year.<ref name=Bonanno>{{cite news|last=Bonanno|first=Joseph|author2=Sergio Lalli|title='Big Barbecue' put Joe Bonanno in the public eye|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=M10_AAAAIBAJ&pg=925,2669633&dq=magaddino+apalachin+meeting+assassination&hl=en|access-date=1 June 2012|newspaper=The Windsor Star|date=July 14, 1983}}</ref> Barbara warned Magaddino that he and a local policeman by the name of Croswell disliked each other very much and that Croswell might cause problems if he discovered the meeting, but Magaddino said it was too late to call it off because all the arrangements had been made and the invitees were already en route.

Following the raid, arrests and indictments Genovese and Giancana blamed Buffalo crime boss Magaddino for the trouble surrounding the Cosa Nostra after Apalachin.<ref name=Fights/> Some time after the publicity and heat from law enforcement subsided, there was an attempt made on the life of Magaddino. Magaddino lived in one of several "Mafia Row" houses on Dana Drive in the Buffalo suburb of [[Lewiston, New York|Lewiston]]. The houses were owned by Magaddino and his sons-in-law, [[James V. LaDuca]], [[Charles A. Montana]] and [[Vincent Scro]], who were all "made" members of his crime Family. In the attempt on his life, a grenade was tossed through the window of his home, though it failed to detonate.

Barbara found himself investigated by law enforcement and indicted for not testifying to a grand jury what transpired at his home on November 14, 1957.<ref name=U.S.>{{cite news|title=U.S. Launches Roundup of 27 Big Racketeers|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=phdLAAAAIBAJ&pg=4014,4983280&dq=joseph+barbara+indicted&hl=en|access-date=29 May 2012|newspaper=Oxnard Press-Courier|date=May 21, 1959}}</ref> He was also charged in 1959 with income tax evasion and submitting fraudulent corporation tax forms.<ref>{{cite news|title=Apalachin Pals Rapped|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c_dGAAAAIBAJ&pg=1739,1249698&dq=apalachin+meeting+arrests&hl=en|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=The Newburgh News|date=March 14, 1959}}</ref> Barbara's business interests declined, as he lost his lucrative bottling contract with [[Canada Dry]]. Joseph Barbara's health continued to deteriorate and he died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] on June 17, 1959. Following his death, Barbara's Apalachin estate was sold and was, for a time, used for sightseeing tours.<ref>{{cite news| title =Six Mobsters Yet At Large In Fed Sweep| newspaper =Sarasota Journal| page =2| agency =Associated Press| date =May 22, 1959| url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sgIdAAAAIBAJ&pg=7223,2082941&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en| access-date =27 May 2012}}</ref>

==Alternate theories of sabotage==
Subsequent investigation and research into the Apalachin Summit have raised the possibility that the event was a setup, designed to destroy newly crowned boss Genovese.<ref name="mafiaencyc22">{{cite book |title=The Mafia Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/mafiaencyclopedi00sifa_0|url-access=registration|last=Sifakis|first=Carl|year=2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6989-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mafiaencyclopedi00sifa_0/page/22 22]}}</ref> The primary evidence for this theory is the conspicuous absence of three prominent national crime bosses: "Lucky" Luciano, Frank Costello, and Meyer Lansky. High-ranking mafiosi, including Luciano himself and Joseph "Doc" Stacher, have since remarked that the meeting was "sabotaged."<ref name="mafiaencyc22" /> The outcome of the meeting fell mostly in favor of Costello's and Luciano's agenda (both of whom wanted revenge against Genovese for his recent actions).

Luciano and Gambino allegedly helped pay part of $100,000 to a [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] drug dealer to falsely implicate Genovese in a drug deal.<ref>Sifakis, p. 186</ref> On July 7, 1958, Genovese was indicted on charges of conspiring to import and sell narcotics.<ref name="narcotics plot">{{cite news|title=U.S. July Indicts Genovese, Gigante, in Narcotics Plot|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/07/08/83417186.pdf |access-date=13 January 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 8, 1958}}</ref> The government's star witness was Nelson Cantellops, a Puerto Rican drug dealer who claimed Genovese met with him.<ref name="Raab">Raab, Selwyn. ''The Five Families: The Rise, Decline & Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empire''. New York: St. Martins Press, 2005. {{ISBN?}} {{page?|date=November 2024}}</ref> On April 4, 1959, Genovese was convicted in New York of [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] to violate federal narcotics laws.<ref name="genovese guilty">{{cite news|title=Genovese Guilty in Narcotics Plot|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/04/04/91418997.pdf|access-date=June 25, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 4, 1959}}</ref> On April 17, 1959, Genovese was sentenced to 15 years in the [[Atlanta Federal Penitentiary]] in [[Atlanta]], where he tried to run his crime family from prison.<ref name="15 years">{{cite news|last=Feinberg|first=Alexander|title=Genovese is Given 15 Years in Prison in Narcotics Case|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/04/18/80770381.pdf|access-date=15 January 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 18, 1959}}</ref><ref name="jersey mafia">{{cite news|last=Grutzner|first=Charles|title=Jersey Mafia Guided From Prison by Genovese|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/12/25/76924531.pdf|access-date=June 25, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 25, 1968}}</ref><ref name="mafiaencyc23">{{cite book|title=The Mafia Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/mafiaencyclopedi00sifa_0|url-access=registration|last=Sifakis|first=Carl|year=2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6989-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mafiaencyclopedi00sifa_0/page/23 23]}}</ref>

Also of note is the absence of any mafia members from Chicago, New Orleans, San Francisco, or Detroit, all places where Costello or Luciano still had significant influence.<ref name="mafiaencyc23" /> It is possible that these families were represented and simply not apprehended, but no evidence has been found of their presence. Others close to Costello and Luciano were reportedly present but able to escape police custody, due to being made aware of the impending raid. Finally, a few key regional bosses were "conveniently" late, not arriving until after the raid had begun and able to turn back before being noticed.<ref name="lacndbap">{{cite web|url=http://www.lacndb.com/php/Info.php?name=Apalachin%20Meeting|title=La Cosa Nostra – Appalachian Meeting|access-date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602062538/http://www.lacndb.com/php/Info.php?name=Apalachin%20Meeting|archive-date=June 2, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, there has never been conclusive evidence to prove such a theory, and there are alternative explanations for many of the dubious propositions underpinning the events. Meyer Lansky's absence is often cited as being conspicuous, but in fact, Lansky was a member of the [[Jewish Mafia]], and none of the other high-ranking Jewish bosses, including Stacher, [[Abner Zwillman|Abner "Longy" Zwillman]], Philip Kastel and [[Morris Dalitz|Morris "Moe" Dalitz]] were present (there is some dispute over whether any Jewish mafia members were even invited). Lansky, for his part, claimed to have been ill on the day of the summit. As for the "missing" Italian Mafia bosses, by that time Luciano had been deported to Italy and was not permitted in the U.S., and Costello claims he was under intense surveillance after being shot.

There is evidence of ''some'' level of conspiracy<ref name="mafiaencyc23" /> by these three to sabotage Genovese's attempted power grab. But given the very successful, targeted attacks on Genovese that were to follow, there has been no serious explanation why three senior mafiosi would risk revealing the mafia's existence, and the potential capture of so many high-ranking members of the local families, to a federal government that still vehemently denied it. Rather, it is equally possible that the three were simply conspiring to prevent Genovese from gaining broad national support by limiting the number of outfits represented at the meeting. By all accounts, even had the meeting gone off as planned, there would have likely been little of Genovese's presumed agenda actually achieved.<ref name="mafiaencyc22" />

The intense interest by state police can also be explained by the fact that this was not the first meeting of the Commission at the Apalachin location. That same location had been used the previous year, on a smaller scale. Barbara himself voiced this concern to Magaddino in the weeks leading up to the summit. Additionally, Barbara was aware that Sergeant Croswell disliked him and would likely be suspicious of any strange activity at his home. (Magaddino was later recorded blaming Barbara for this fiasco, despite it having been Magaddino's decision to host the event there).<ref name="mafiaencyc23" /> Finally, police and federal agents had only the suspicion of illegal activity occurring at the summit; they did not have sufficient cause to obtain search warrants for the house itself. In fact, most of the crime bosses who were detained were those that attempted to flee the scene, while those who remained inside the house (such as Magaddino) remained free.<ref name="lacndbap" />

==In popular culture==
The Apalachin meeting is mentioned or depicted in several popular novels, films, and television series, including:
* The meeting is very loosely depicted in the 1959 film, ''[[Inside the Mafia]]''.
* The book and movie version of the 1972 film, ''[[The Valachi Papers (film)|The Valachi Papers]]''.
* The narration near the beginning of the 1990 [[Martin Scorsese]] film ''[[Goodfellas]]'' mentions, "It was a glorious time, before Apalachin, before Crazy [[Joe Gallo]] took on a mob boss and started a war ...".
* The meeting is referenced several times in the 1999 gangster comedy film ''[[Analyze This]]'', including in the opening scene where the protagonist, Paul Vitti ([[Robert De Niro]]), remembers his father and best friend Dominic attending the meeting but fleeing the State Troopers by "commandeering" a farmer's tractor to escape back to Manhattan.
* The meeting is also mentioned in the 2013 film, ''[[The Family (2013 film)|The Family]]''.
* The meeting is depicted in the 2019 film, ''[[Mob Town (2019 film)|Mob Town]]''.
* The meeting is loosely described (but not identified by name) in the 2004 novel, ''[[The Godfather Returns]]'', in a scene where mob boss Michael Corleone arrives late just as the police are swooping in and escapes by driving past.
* The meeting is mentioned in Season 5 Episode 4 of ''[[The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel]]''.
* The meeting serves as the denouement of the 2025 film, ''[[The Alto Knights]]'', focused on the rivalry between Frank Costello (Robert De Niro) and Vito Genovese (Robert De Niro).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|author=Sifakis, Carl|title=The Mafia Encyclopedia|edition=2nd|location=New York|publisher=Checkmark Books|date=1999|isbn=0-8160-3857-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038565}}

==Further reading==
* Bernstein, Lee. ''The Greatest Menace: Organized Crime in Cold War America''. Boston: Univ of Massachusetts Press, 2001. {{ISBN|1-55849-345-X}}
* Lamothe, Lee and Antonio Nicaso. ''Bloodlines: The Rise and Fall of the Mafia's Royal Family''. Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers, 2001. {{ISBN|0-00-638524-9}}
* Peterson, Robert W. ''Crime & the American Response''. New York: Facts on File, 1973. {{ISBN|0-87196-227-6}}
* Raab, Selwyn. ''Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-312-30094-8}}
* Reavill, Gil. ''Mafia Summit: J. Edgar Hoover, The Kennedy Brothers, and the Meeting That Unmasked the Mob.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-312-65775-8}}
* Reppetto, Thomas. ''American Mafia: A History of Its Rise to Power''. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2004. {{ISBN|0-8050-7798-7}}
* Sterling, Claire. ''Octopus: The Long Reach of the International Sicilian Mafia''. New York: Simon & Schuster (Touchstone Edition), 1991. {{ISBN?}}
* United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. ''Profile On Organized Crime Mid-Atlantic Region''. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1983.
* ''Pennsylvania Crime Commission: 1984 Report''. St. Davids, Pennsylvania: Diane Publishing, 1984. {{ISBN|0-8182-0000-6}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_259.html |title=The Mob on the Nob: The Mafia I Knew |website=AmericanMafia.com |author=La Sorte, Mike (Professor Emeritus) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004190612/http://www.americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_259.html |archive-date=2006-10-04 }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/orgcrime/lcn/lcn.htm |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |title=Investigative Programs: Organized Crime}}
* {{cite web|url=http://hafergary.com/23apalachinmafia01.htm |website=hafergary.com |title=Mafia In Apalachin? |author=Hafer, Gary |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206051809/http://hafergary.com/23apalachinmafia01.htm |archive-date=2010-02-06 }}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.greaterowego.com/communitypress/1997/12-97/KENNEDY.htm |website=Community Press|title=Were the Kennedys at Apalachin?|location=Greater Owego, NY|date=December 1997|author=Ward, Terry J. }}

{{Coord|42.054382|-76.157361|type:city|display=title}}
{{American Mafia}}

[[Category:Mafia meetings]]
[[Category:1957 conferences]]
[[Category:1957 in New York (state)]]
[[Category:November 1957 in the United States]]
[[Category:Organized crime events in the United States]]
[[Category:Tioga County, New York]]

Joseph Barbara (mobster)

2025-06-08T04:19:44Z

99.185.77.46: /* Aftermath of Apalachin */

{{Short description|Italian-American mobster (1905–1959)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Joseph Barbara
| image = Giuseppe "Joe The Barber" Barbara.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Barbara in the Federal District Court in Syracuse, New York, April 1959
| birth_name = Giuseppe Maria Barbara
| birth_date = {{birth date|1905|8|9|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Castellammare del Golfo]], Sicily, Kingdom of Italy
| death_date = {{death date and age|1959|6|17|1905|8|9|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Johnson City, New York]], U.S.
| resting_place = Calvary Cemetery, Johnson City, New York, U.S.
| nationality = Italian
| other_names = Joe the Barber
| citizenship = United States
| occupation = [[Caporegime]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Josephine Vivona|1933}}
| children = 4
| allegiance = [[Buffalo crime family]]
}}

'''Joseph Mario Barbara'''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1988-11-01-2665941-story.html|quote=Joseph Mario Barbara Sr., a former capo of the Buffalo Cosa Nostra family who hosted the now-infamous Appalachian crime meeting.|last=Weston|first=Cael|title=RHOADES CONFIRMS CRIME FIGURE SUPPORT|work=[[The Morning Call]]|date=November 1, 1988|accessdate=August 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mob-who.blogspot.com/2011/04/barbara-joseph-barber-1905-1959.html|title=The American Mafia - Who Was Who: Barbara, Joseph "Barber" (1905-1959)|first=Thomas|last=Hunt}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|aː|r|ˈ|b|ɛː|ə}};<ref name="Blumenthal">{{cite news|last=Blumenthal|first=Ralph|title=For Sale, a House With Acreage. Connections Extra.; Site of 1957 Gangland Raid Is Part of Auction on Saturday|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/31/nyregion/for-sale-house-with-acreage-connections-extra-site-1957-gangland-raid-part.html?src=pm|quote=Mr. Barbara (pronounced Bar-BARE-a), [...] Mr. Vasisco recalled that in 1956, about a year before the big raid, troopers stopped a car with fake plates. Inside was Carmine Galante, a Bonanno underboss. An investigation pointed to some kind of crime conclave in Binghamton. [...] "We get back out of the way and listen," Mr. Vasisco said. They heard the younger Barbara reserve six rooms, saying his father would pay.|page=1|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 31, 2002|accessdate=June 2, 2012}}</ref> born '''Giuseppe Maria Barbara''', {{IPA|it|dʒuˈzɛppe maˈriːa barˈbaːra|lang}}; August 9, 1905 – June 17, 1959), also known as "'''Joe the Barber'''", was an Italian-American [[mobster]] who became ''[[caporegime]]'' of the [[Southern Tier|Southern New York Tier]] territory of the [[Buffalo crime family]], and hosted the abortive [[Apalachin meeting]] in 1957. Barbara died on June 17, 1959.

==Early life==
Barbara was born on August 9, 1905, in [[Castellammare del Golfo]], Sicily, to Giuseppe Barbara and Angela Galante.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dl.antenati.san.beniculturali.it/v/Archivio+di+Stato+di+Trapani/Stato+civile+italiano/Castellammare+del+Golfo/Nati/1905/007844065_00943.jpg.html|title=Immagine 109|work=Antenati|quote=L'anno millenovecentocinque, addì dieci di Agosto [...] è comparso Barbara Giuseppe, [...] il quale mi ha dichiarato che alle ore [...] del dì dieci del corrente mese [...] da Galante Angela di Antonino sua moglie [...] è nato un bambino di sesso maschile che egli mi presenta, e a cui dà il nome di Giuseppe.|language=it|accessdate=August 2, 2020}}</ref> He immigrated to the United States in 1921, at the age of 16<ref name="mafiaencyc31">{{cite book|title=The Mafia Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/mafiaencyclopedi00sifa_0|url-access=registration|quote=joseph barbara 1956 heart attack.|last=Sifakis|first=Carl|year=2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6989-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/mafiaencyclopedi00sifa_0/page/31 31]}}</ref><ref name="Dream">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25840009/barbara-death/|title=Sicilian Immigrant's Dream Was Smashed by Headlines|page=3|quote=Joseph Barbara [...] came to this country in 1921 from Sicily as an obscure immigrant. [...] On June 24, 1933, [...] Joseph Barbara was married to Josephine Vivona of 4 Garfield Avenue, Endicott, [...] DAY IN COURT—The ailing Joseph Barbara looked like this on his last appearance in court, last April 27 when he pleaded innocent to income tax charges in Federal District Court in Syracuse|work=[[Press & Sun-Bulletin]]|date=June 18, 1959|accessdate=August 2, 2020|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref> and became a naturalized citizen in 1927.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mafia at Apalachin, 1957|year=2012|author-link=Michael Newton (author)|last=Newton|first=Michael|quote=he immigrated to the United States at the age of 15 or 16 and was naturalized in 1927.|page=86|isbn=9780786489862}}</ref> He was soon working as a [[hitman]] for the [[Buffalo crime family]]. During the 1930s, Barbara was arrested for several murders, including the 1933 murder of rival [[rum-running|bootlegger]] Sam Wichner. Wichner had gone to Barbara's house for a business meeting, where Barbara allegedly strangled Wichner to death.<ref name="mafiaencyc31"/> However, law enforcement never obtained enough evidence to prosecute Barbara. Though some mistakenly believe he ascended to the top of the Bufalino family in 1940 through the murder of John Sciandra, Barbara was more than likely a caporegime in the Buffalo Maggadino Family. John Sciandra passed away in 1949 of natural causes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37217539/local-mobster-john-sciandra-dies-of/|title=John Sciandra, Mine Official, Dies|work=[[Times Leader]]|page=20|location=Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania|date=September 12, 1949|accessdate=August 2, 2020|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref name="Scranton Bosses">{{Cite web|url=http://www.onewal.com/maf-b-sc.html#|title=The American Mafia.com "Scranton crime Bosses"|access-date=2011-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629074133/http://www.onewal.com/maf-b-sc.html#|archive-date=June 29, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Barbara married Josephine Vivona on June 24, 1933, in [[Endicott, New York]],<ref name="Dream"/> and fathered two sons, Joseph Jr. and Peter, and two daughters, Angeline, who died at the age of two,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/252673102/?terms=angeline%2Bbarbara|title=Obituaries|quote=Angeline Barbara, two years and four months' old died [...] after a short illness. She is survived by her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Barbara; a brother, Joseph, and her grandmother.|work=[[Press & Sun-Bulletin]]|date=March 15, 1937|page=5|accessdate=August 2, 2020|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and Angela.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25840009/barbara-death/|title=Death Ends Story of Apalachin for Barbara --|page=3|quote=BARBARA SURVIVORS — Immediate survivors of the Apalachin host are, lefto to right, his children, Joseph Jr., Angela and Peter, and his wife, the former Josephine Vivona of Endicott.|work=[[Press & Sun-Bulletin]]|date=June 18, 1959|accessdate=August 2, 2020|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref>

==Country estate==
In 1944, Barbara bought a {{convert|58|acre|ha|adj=on|lk=out}} parcel of land in the rural town of [[Apalachin, New York]], and built an estate on 625 McFall Road for a total of $250,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mafia at Apalachin, 1957|date=2012|author-link=Michael Newton (author)|last=Newton|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSht36wh7BkC&q=italy%27s+highest+civilian+award+vito+genovese&pg=PA60|accessdate=October 3, 2017|isbn=9780786489862}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/upstate-summit-raid-57-put-mob-map-article-1.258003|title=Upstate summit raid in '57 put mob on map & FBI on the case|first=John|last=Marzulli|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=November 11, 2007|accessdate=August 2, 2020}}</ref> Barbara soon involved himself in local business circles and [[philanthropy]]. When Barbara applied for a New York handgun permit, the police chief of Endicott, New York, served as a reference.<ref name="americanheritage2000">[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2000/4/2000_4_76.shtml "How America Met the Mob"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205195000/http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2000/4/2000_4_76.shtml|date=February 5, 2009}} American Heritage Magazine July–August 2000</ref> In 1946, Barbara was convicted of illegally purchasing 300,000 pounds of sugar (intended for the manufacture of bootleg alcohol).<ref name=event>{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/180/71/1484981/|title=United States v. Bonanno, 180 F. Supp. 71 (S.D.N.Y. 1960)|website=Justia Law}}</ref> Soon after this, Barbara entered the [[soft drink]] distribution business, buying a [[Canada Dry]] [[bottling plant]]. Barbara eventually gained control of the beer and soft drink market in [[Binghamton, New York]]. In 1956, a conference between dozens of mobsters was held at Barbara's estate; Barbara also suffered a heart attack that year.<ref name="mafiaencyc31"/>

===The Apalachin meeting===
{{main|Apalachin meeting}}

In 1957, after taking control of the [[Luciano crime family]] from boss [[Frank Costello]], boss [[Vito Genovese]] wanted to legitimize his new power by holding a national Cosa Nostra meeting. Genovese elected [[Buffalo, New York]] boss and [[The Commission (Mafia)|Commission]] member, [[Stefano Magaddino|Stefano "the Undertaker" Magaddino]], who in turn chose his caporegime Joseph Barbara and the Northeastern Pennsylvania boss [[Russell Bufalino]] to oversee all the arrangements.<ref name="Niagara">{{cite news|last=Glynn|first=Don|title=Glynn:Area delegates attended mob convention|url=http://niagara-gazette.com/opinion/x681291359/GLYNN-Area-delegates-attended-mob-convention|accessdate=May 28, 2012|newspaper=[[Niagara Gazette]]|date=November 11, 2007}}</ref><ref name=Fights>{{cite news|author-link=Ray McHugh|last=McHugh|first=Ray|title=Federal Attack, Internal Fights Trouble Crime Clan|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cjozAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ozIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=6806,4852987&dq=magaddino+blame+apalachin+meeting&hl=en|accessdate=June 1, 2012|newspaper=[[Lodi News-Sentinel]]|date=August 26, 1963}}</ref>

On November 14, 1957, Barbara's estate in Apalachin was used again to hold a large meeting—over 100 mafiosi from the United States, Italy and Cuba.<ref>{{Cite news|page=1|last1=Fitchette| first1=Woodie|first2=Steve|last2 = Hambalek| title=Top U.S. Hoods Are Run Out of Area After 'Sick Call' on Barbara| work=[[Binghamton Press]]|location=Binghamton, New York|date=November 15, 1957|url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957.pdf/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957%20a%20-%204247.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| page=8|last1=Fitchette|first1=Woodie|first2=Steve|last2=Hambalek|title=Hoods Run Out of Area--|work=[[Binghamton Press]]|location=Binghamton, New York|date=November 15, 1957|url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper4/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957.pdf/Binghamton%20NY%20Press%20Grayscale%201957%20a%20-%204258.pdf}}</ref> Cuba was one of the Apalachin topics of discussion, particularly the gambling and narcotics smuggling interests of La Cosa Nostra on the island. The international narcotics trade was also an important topic on the Apalachin agenda.<ref>{{cite news|title=Narcotic Traffic Called Topic In Apalachin Talks|newspaper=[[Toledo Blade]]|page=1|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=February 28, 1960|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wggwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_gAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6688,4469677&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en|accessdate=May 27, 2012}}</ref> The New York garment industry interests and rackets, such as loansharking to the business owners and control of garment center trucking, were other important topics on the Apalachin agenda.<ref>{{cite news|title=Narcotics Agent Calls Racketeers Black-Handers|newspaper=[[Toledo Blade]]|page=2|date=July 1, 1958|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DToxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3gAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7143,3653278&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en|accessdate=May 27, 2012}}</ref>

A local state trooper named Edgar D. Croswell had been aware that [[Carmine Galante]] had been stopped by state troopers following a visit to Barbara's estate the previous year.<ref name="Blumenthal"/> A check of Galante by the troopers found that he was driving without a license and that he had an extensive criminal record in New York City. In the time preceding the November 1957 meeting, trooper Croswell had Barbara's house under occasional surveillance.<ref name="Blumenthal"/> He had become aware that Barbara's son was reserving rooms in local hotels along with the delivery of a large quantity of meat from a local butcher to the Barbara home.<ref name="Blumenthal"/><ref name=Croswell>{{cite news|last=Narvaez|first=Alfonso A.|title=Edgar D. Croswell, 77, Sergeant Who Upset '57 Mob Meeting, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/21/obituaries/edgar-d-croswell-77-sergeant-who-upset-57-mob-meeting-dies.html|accessdate=May 28, 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 21, 1990}}</ref> That made Croswell suspicious, and he therefore decided to keep an eye on Barbara's house.<ref name=Host>{{cite news| title =Host To Hoodlum Meet Dies Of Heart Attack|newspaper=[[Ocala Star-Banner]]|page=7|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=June 18, 1959|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OcswAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5QQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4958,4554355&dq=apalachin+meeting|accessdate=May 27, 2012}}</ref> When the state police found many luxury cars parked at Barbara's home they began taking down license plate numbers. Having found that many of these cars were registered to known criminals, state police reinforcements came to the scene and began to set up a roadblock.<ref name="Croswell"/>

Having barely started their meeting, Bartolo Guccia, a Castellammare del Golfo native and Barbara employee, spotted a police roadblock while leaving Barbara's estate. Guccia later said he was returning to the Barbara home to check on a fish order. Some attendees attempted to drive away but were stopped by the roadblock. Others trudged through the fields and woods ruining their expensive suits before they were caught.<ref name=verdict>{{cite news|title=20 Apalachin Delegates Are Convicted; Officials Hail Intelligent Verdict|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Mq4rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t_0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3943,4938333&dq=joseph+barbara+apalachin+meeting&hl=en|accessdate=May 28, 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (magazine)|The Telegraph]]|date=December 19, 1959}}</ref> Many Mafiosi escaped through the woods surrounding the Barbara estate.<ref name="mafia-news1">{{cite news|url=http://www.mafia-news.com/apalachin-raid-on-mafia-reverberates-50-years-later/|title=Apalachin raid on Mafia reverberates 50 years later|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212065600/http://www.mafia-news.com/apalachin-raid-on-mafia-reverberates-50-years-later/|work=Mafia News|date=November 11, 2007|archive-date=February 12, 2010|quote=a police raid sent Mafia bosses, their underbosses and capos running through the woods of Apalachin [...] FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover could no longer pretend that the crime families were not organized, Rossie said.|via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref>

Up to 50 men escaped, but over 60 were apprehended, including Commission members Genovese, [[Carlo Gambino]], [[Joseph Profaci]] and [[Joseph Bonanno]]. Virtually all of them claimed they had heard Joseph Barbara was feeling ill and that they had visited him to wish him well.<ref>{{cite news|author-link=Andrew Tully|last=Tully|first=Andrew|title=Mafia Raid Confirms 20-year Undercover Findings by T-Men|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DbwbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VU4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5550,341775&dq=joseph+barbara+apalachin+meeting&hl=en|accessdate=May 28, 2012|newspaper=[[The Pittsburgh Press]]|date=September 2, 1958}}</ref>

====Aftermath of Apalachin====
Barbara found himself investigated by law enforcement and indicted for not testifying to a grand jury about what transpired at his home on November 14, 1957.<ref name=U.S.>{{cite news|title=U.S. Launches Roundup of 27 Big Racketeers|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=phdLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DSMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4014,4983280&dq=joseph+barbara+indicted&hl=en|accessdate=May 29, 2012|newspaper=[[Oxnard Press-Courier]]|date=May 21, 1959}}</ref> In 1959, he was also charged with income tax evasion and submitting fraudulent corporation tax forms.<ref>{{cite news|title=Apalachin Pals Rapped|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c_dGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5DMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1739,1249698&dq=apalachin+meeting+arrests&hl=en|quote=A federal grand jury indicted Barbara on charges of evading payment of $14,600 in income taxes in 1952-56 and failing to report approximately $38,000 in taxable income for those years.|page=1|newspaper=The Newburgh News|date=March 14, 1959|accessdate=May 28, 2012}}</ref> On April 27, 1959, Barbara pled innocent to income tax charges before the Federal District Court in [[Syracuse, New York]].<ref name="Dream"/> Barbara's business interests declined, as he lost his lucrative bottling contract with Canada Dry. Barbara's health continued to deteriorate, suffering a [[heart attack]] on May 27, 1959, and another on June 17, 1959, at Wilson Memorial Hospital in [[Johnson City, New York]], killing him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39873794/joseph-barbara-obit/|title=Area Obituaries|work=[[Press & Sun-Bulletin]]|page=40|quote=JOSEPH BARBARA, SR., 53, [...] died at 7:35 p.m. Wednesday at Wilson Memorial Hospital.|date=June 18, 1959|accessdate=August 2, 2020|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref name=Host/> Following his death, Barbara's Apalachin estate was sold for $130,000, and, for a time, was used for sightseeing tours.<ref>{{cite news|title=Six Mobsters Yet At Large In Fed Sweep| newspaper =[[Sarasota Journal]]|page=2|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sgIdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3ooEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7223,2082941&dq=apalachin+meeting&hl=en|quote=While the roundup was going on, the hilltop mansion and 53-acre estate of Barbara was sold for $130,000. Russell Terry, of Endicott, N.Y., a real estate dealer, said he and Laurie Quick of Endwell, N.Y., a builder, will reopen the place to sighteers at a fee to be determined.|date=May 22, 1959|accessdate=May 27, 2012}}</ref> Barbara is buried at Calvary Cemetery in Johnson City, New York.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.owegopennysaver.com/PS/2017/11/14/sixty-years-ago-mafia-meeting-put-apalachin-on-the-map/|title=Sixty years ago, Mafia meeting put Apalachin on the map|quote=Perhaps one final bullet item of interest, Barbara is buried at Calvary Cemetery in Johnson City, N.Y.|work=Owego Pennysaver|date=November 14, 2017|accessdate=August 2, 2020}}</ref>

The Apalachin meeting put the media spotlight directly on the secretive [[Cosa Nostra]], triggering both state and federal hearings. As a result, [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] could no longer deny the existence of the Cosa Nostra in the United States.<ref name="mafia-news1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Find a Grave|11207|name=Joseph M. Barbara, Sr|work=Organized Crime Figure|date=July 26, 2000|accessdate=August 2, 2020}}

{{Buffalo crime family}}
{{American Mafia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barbara, Joseph}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:American male criminals]]
[[Category:American gangsters of Italian descent]]
[[Category:People of Sicilian descent]]
[[Category:Buffalo crime family]]
[[Category:Criminals from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Italian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Mafia hitmen]]
[[Category:People from Broome County, New York]]
[[Category:People from Castellammare del Golfo]]
[[Category:People from Endicott, New York]]
[[Category:American gangsters of the interwar period]]

Bernard King

2025-06-07T01:46:17Z

99.185.77.46: /* NBA career */

{{Short description|American basketball player (born 1956)}}
{{About|the former basketball player|the current basketball player|Bernard King (basketball, born 1981)|other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Bernard King
| image = Bernard King UT.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = King with the [[Tennessee Volunteers basketball|Tennessee Volunteers]] {{c.}} 1976
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|12|4}}
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn, New York]], U.S.
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 7
| weight_lbs = 205
| high_school = [[Fort Hamilton High School|Fort Hamilton]] (Brooklyn, New York)
| college = [[Tennessee Volunteers basketball|Tennessee]] (1974–1977)
| draft_year = 1977
| draft_round = 1
| draft_pick = 7
| draft_team = [[New York Nets]]
| career_start = 1977
| career_end = 1993
| career_position = [[Small forward]]
| career_number = 22, 30
| years1 = {{nbay|1977|start}}–{{nbay|1978|end}}
| team1 = [[New Jersey Nets]]
| years2 = {{nbay|1979|full=y}}
| team2 = [[Utah Jazz]]
| years3 = {{nbay|1980|start}}–{{nbay|1981|end}}
| team3 = [[Golden State Warriors]]
| years4 = {{nbay|1982|start}}–{{nbay|1986|end}}
| team4 = [[New York Knicks]]
| years5 = {{nbay|1987|start}}–{{nbay|1990|end}}
| team5 = [[Washington Bullets]]
| years6 = {{nbay|1992|end}}
| team6 = New Jersey Nets
| highlights =
* 4× [[NBA All-Star Game|NBA All-Star]] ([[1982 NBA All-Star Game|1982]], [[1984 NBA All-Star Game|1984]], [[1985 NBA All-Star Game|1985]], [[1991 NBA All-Star Game|1991]])
* 2× [[All-NBA First Team]] (1984, 1985)
* [[All-NBA Second Team]] (1982)
* [[All-NBA Third Team]] (1991)
* [[NBA Comeback Player of the Year]] (1981)
* [[NBA All-Rookie Team]] (1978)
* [[List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders|NBA scoring champion]] (1985)
* Consensus first-team [[NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|All-American]] ([[1977 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|1977]])
* Consensus second-team All-American ([[1976 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|1976]])
* Third-team All-American – [[National Association of Basketball Coaches|NABC]] ([[1975 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|1975]])
* 3× [[Southeastern Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year|SEC Player of the Year]] (1975–1977)
* No. 53 [[Tennessee Volunteers basketball#Retired jerseys|retired by Tennessee Volunteers]]
| stats_league = NBA
| stat1label = [[Point (basketball)|Points]]
| stat1value = 19,655 (22.5 ppg)
| stat2label = [[Rebound (basketball)|Rebounds]]
| stat2value = 5,060 (5.8 rpg)
| stat3label =[[Assist (basketball)|Assists]]
| stat3value = 2,863 (3.3 apg)
| HOF_player = bernard-king
}}

'''Bernard King''' (born December 4, 1956) is an American former professional [[basketball]] player at the [[small forward]] position in the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA). He played 14 seasons with the [[New Jersey Nets]], [[Utah Jazz]], [[Golden State Warriors]], [[New York Knicks]], and [[Washington Bullets]]. King is a four-time [[NBA All-Star]], four-time [[All-NBA]] selection and led the NBA in scoring in the [[1984–85 NBA season|1984–85 season]]. He was inducted into the [[Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame]] on September 8, 2013.<ref name="Times – Araton">{{cite news|last=Lawrence|first=Mitch|title=Basketball Hall of Fame doors finally open for Knicks legend Bernard King|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/basketball/knicks/lawrence-hall-doors-finally-open-knick-legend-king-article-1.1448928|access-date=September 8, 2013|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=September 8, 2013}}</ref> His younger brother, [[Albert King (basketball)|Albert]], also played in the NBA during his career.

== Early life and college ==
{{Expand section|King's high school basketball career|date=June 2024}}
Bernard King was born on December 4, 1956, in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]]. He developed his basketball skills on the playgrounds of [[Fort Hamilton]] in Brooklyn. King used the outdoor courts in New York City to refine his game and as an escape from his surroundings. Reflecting on this time, King noted how the parks provided a space where he could focus entirely on basketball, teaching him discipline and motivating him to pursue greatness.

King attended the [[University of Tennessee]], where he had a successful collegiate basketball career. His time in college prepared him for his future in professional basketball.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-13 |title=Bernard King on Growing Up in Brooklyn and Writing His New Book |url=https://www.slamonline.com/news/nba/bernard-king-growing-brooklyn-writing-new-book/ |access-date=2024-10-21 |website= SLAM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Villanueva |first=Virgil |date=2024-10-05 |title=The origins of Bernard King's quick release that dominated the NBA: "I played center in high school; I had to find a way to get the shot off" |url=https://www.basketballnetwork.net/off-the-court/the-origins-of-bernard-kings-quick-release-that-dominated-the-nba |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Basketball Network |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame :: Bernard King |url=https://www.hoophall.com/hall-of-famers/bernard-king/ |access-date=2024-10-21 |website= hoophall.com |language=en}}</ref>

==NBA career==
At {{height|ft=6|in=7}} and 205 pounds, King was an explosive, high-scoring [[small forward]] utilizing long arms and a quick release. King was a tremendous scorer. In the {{nbay|1984}} season, he led the NBA in scoring with 32.9 points per game.

===New Jersey Nets===
After playing [[college basketball]] for the Tennessee Volunteers, the [[New York Nets]] selected King with the seventh overall pick in the [[1977 NBA draft]],<ref>{{cite web |title=1977 NBA Draft, First Round|url=http://www.nba.com/draft2002/history/history_77draft.html |work=NBA.com|access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legends profile: Bernard King |url=https://www.nba.com/news/history-nba-legend-bernard-king |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=NBA.com |language=en}}</ref> Months later, the Nets relocated from [[Uniondale, New York]], to [[New Jersey]] and became known as the [[New Jersey Nets]].

In [[1977–78 NBA season|1977–78]], his rookie season, King set a New Jersey Nets franchise record for most points scored in a season with 1,909, at [[List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages|24.2 points per game]]. For his efforts, he was named to the NBA all-rookie first team and placed third in [[NBA Rookie of the Year]] voting, behind [[Walter Davis (basketball)|Walter Davis]] and [[Marques Johnson]].<ref>[https://www.basketball-reference.com/awards/awards_1978.html#all_roy 1977-78 NBA Awards Voting: Rookie of the Year (Wilt Chamberlain Trophy)]</ref> He would surpass this record with his 2,027-point season in [[1983–84 NBA season|1983–84]], earning the first of his back-to-back All-NBA First Team selections.

===Utah Jazz===
King played for the [[Utah Jazz]] in the 1979–80 season and averaged 9.3 points per game in 19 games.

===Golden State Warriors===
The Jazz traded King to the [[Golden State Warriors]] before the [[1980–81 NBA season|1980–81 season]]. Over two years, he averaged 21.9 points per game, in his first year playing alongside players such as 1980 NBA All-Star [[World B. Free]], [[Joe Barry Carroll]], and [[Clifford Ray]] and 23.2 points per game in his second year with the team. Just before the start of the [[1982–83 NBA season|1982–83 season]], King was traded to the [[New York Knicks]] in exchange for [[Micheal Ray Richardson]].

===New York Knicks===
On a Texas road trip on January 31 and February 1, 1984, King made history by becoming the first player since [[Rick Barry]] in 1967 to score at least 50 points in consecutive games. He scored 50 points on 20 for 30 shooting with 10 free throws in a 117–113 Knicks' victory over the [[San Antonio Spurs]] on January 31. King followed this with another 50-point performance at Dallas, setting a [[Reunion Arena]] single-game scoring record in the process. He scored 11 points in both the first and second quarters and 14 points in both the third and fourth quarters. King drew 13 fouls on [[Dallas Mavericks]] defenders, including [[Mark Aguirre]], who fouled out. King shot 20 for 28 from the field with 10 free throws in the 105–98 win over the Mavericks.<ref>{{cite news|title=King's 50 beat Mavericks, 105-98|date=February 2, 1984|first=Jan|last=Hubbard|newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]]|page=1B, 7B}}</ref><ref name="Times – Berkow">{{cite news|last=Berkow|first=Ira|title=The Incandescent King|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/02/sports/sports-of-the-times-the-incandescent-king.html|access-date=May 22, 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=February 2, 1984}}</ref>

The next season, on Christmas Day, 1984, King lit up the New Jersey Nets for 60 points in a losing effort, becoming just the tenth player in NBA history to score [[List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game|60 or more points in a single game]]. King had scored 40 points by halftime, and finished the game with 19 of 30 shooting from the field and 22 of 26 from the free throw line.<ref>{{cite news|title=King Scores Knick-Record 60 Points in Loss to Nets|date=December 26, 1984|first=Sam|last=Goldpaper|newspaper=The New York Times|page=D9}}</ref>

At the peak of his career, however, King suffered a devastating injury to his right leg<ref name="Times – Araton" /> while planting it under the hoop attempting to block a dunk by [[Kansas City Kings|Kansas City King]] [[Reggie Theus]] on March 23, 1985. The injury included a torn [[anterior cruciate ligament]], torn [[Meniscus (anatomy)|meniscus]], and [[lateral condyle fracture]] of the [[femur]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.com/sports/basketball/knicks/bernard-king-says-he-s-most-proud-of-grueling-comeback-1.6030658|title=Bernard King: Comeback 'defines my career'|website=newsday.com|access-date=March 26, 2018}}</ref> required major reconstruction, causing King to miss all of the [[1985–86 NBA season|1985–86 season]]. To that point no NBA player had returned to form after such a potentially career-ending injury, surgery, and loss of time.

Rehabilitating completely out of the media spotlight, King drove himself back into competitive shape. Despite averaging 22.7 points per game during his first six games back, he had not recovered his pre-injury explosiveness and was released by the Knicks at the end of the [[1986–87 NBA season|1987 season]].

===Washington Bullets===
King spent the 1987–88 season climbing back to his former stature as a scorer with the [[Washington Bullets]]. That season, during which King, fellow all-star journeyman [[Moses Malone]], and [[Jeff Malone]] teamed up to form a formidable trio, would be the only time Washington made the playoffs during King's tenure. In the first round, the Bullets lost a contested five-game series 3–2 against the up-and-coming [[Detroit Pistons]], who would go on to make the [[NBA Finals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/playoffs/1988-nba-eastern-conference-first-round-bullets-vs-pistons.html|title = 1988 NBA Eastern Conference First Round - Bullets vs. Pistons}}</ref>

On November 3, 1990, King scored 44 points in a win over [[Michael Jordan]] and the Bulls, which was the most points King had scored in a game since his devastating 1985 knee injury.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aldridge |first=David |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1990/11/04/bullets-rise-to-occasion-as-kings-44-nail-bulls/be872bfe-3479-4977-bdfb-cce801943b99/ |title=BULLETS RISE TO OCCASION AS KING'S 44 NAIL BULLS |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 4, 1990 |accessdate=June 11, 2022}}</ref> On December 29, in a game against the [[Denver Nuggets]], King scored a season high 52 points in a 161–133 victory. It was the most points a Washington player had scored since the team moved from [[Baltimore]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/12/29/Bullets-161-Nuggets-133/2075662446800/ | title=Bullets 161, Nuggets 133 }}</ref> That season, King was selected to his fourth all-star team.

From 1989 to 1991, King averaged 20-plus points in three consecutive seasons. His scoring average peaked at 28.4 points per game at age 34 in [[1990–91 Washington Bullets season|1991]], which included ten games where King scored more than 40 points.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statmuse.com/nba/ask?q=how+many+times+did+bernard+king+score+more+than+40+points+in+1990-91 | title=How Many Times Did Bernard King Score More Than 40 Points in 1990-91 }}</ref>

===New Jersey Nets===
After a year-and-a-half hiatus due to yet another knee injury, King returned for a 32-game stint with the [[New Jersey Nets]] at the end of the [[1992–93 NBA season|1992–93 season]], until [[knee]] problems forced him to retire from the NBA permanently.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bernard King Retires After 14 Seasons in the NBA |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-03-sp-31376-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=March 27, 2020 |date=September 3, 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/219757-bernard-king-the-nbas-underrated-legend?FORM=ZZNR8 | title=Bernard King: The NBA's Underappreciated Legend | website=[[Bleacher Report]] }}</ref>

==NBA career statistics==
King retired with 19,655 points in 874 games, good for a 22.5 points per game average and number 16 on the [[List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders|all-time NBA scoring list]] at the time of his retirement.

{{NBA player statistics legend|leader=y}}

===Regular season===
{{NBA player statistics start}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1977}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1977–78 New Jersey Nets season|New Jersey]]
| 79 || {{sort|-|—}} || '''39.1''' || .479 || {{sort|-|—}} || .677 || '''9.5''' || 2.4 || '''1.5''' || '''.5''' || 24.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1978}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1978–79 New Jersey Nets season|New Jersey]]
| '''82''' || {{sort|-|—}} || 34.9 || .522 || {{sort|-|—}} || .564 || 8.2 || 3.6 || 1.4 || '''.5''' || 21.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1979}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1979–80 Utah Jazz season|Utah]]
| 19 || {{sort|-|—}} || 22.1 || .518 || {{sort|-|—}} || .540 || 4.6 || 2.7 || .4 || .2 || 9.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1980}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1980–81 Golden State Warriors season|Golden State]]
| 81 || {{sort|-|—}} || 36.0 || '''.588''' || '''.333''' || .703 || 6.8 || 3.5 || .9 || .4 || 21.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1981}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1981–82 Golden State Warriors season|Golden State]]
| 79 || 77 || 36.2 || .566 || .200 || .705 || 5.9 || 3.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 23.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1982}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1982–83 New York Knicks season|New York]]
| 68 || 68 || 32.5 || .528 || .000 || .722 || 4.8 || 2.9 || 1.3 || .2 || 21.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1983}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1983–84 New York Knicks season|New York]]
| 77 || 76 || 34.6 || .572 || .000 || .779 || 5.1 || 2.1 || 1.0 || .2 || 26.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1984}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1984–85 New York Knicks season|New York]]
| 55 || 55 || 37.5 || .530 || .100 || .772 || 5.8 || 3.7 || 1.3 || .3 || style="background:#cfecec;"|'''32.9'''*
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1986}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1986–87 New York Knicks season|New York]]
| 6 || 4 || 35.7 || .495 || {{sort|-|—}} || .744 || 5.3 || 3.2 || .3 || .0 || 22.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1987}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1987–88 Washington Bullets season|Washington]]
| 69 || 38 || 29.6 || .501 || .167 || .762 || 4.1 || 2.8 || .7 || .1 || 17.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1988}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1988–89 Washington Bullets season|Washington]]
| 81 || 81 || 31.6 || .477 || .167 || '''.819''' || 4.7 || 3.6 || .8 || .2 || 20.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1989}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1989–90 Washington Bullets season|Washington]]
| '''82''' || '''82''' || 32.8 || .487 || .130 || .803 || 4.9 || '''4.6''' || .6 || .1 || 22.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1990}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1990–91 Washington Bullets season|Washington]]
| 64 || 64 || 37.5 || .472 || .216 || .790 || 5.0 || '''4.6''' || .9 || .3 || 28.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|{{nbay|1992}}
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1992–93 New Jersey Nets season|New Jersey]]
| 32 || 2 || 13.4 || .514 || .286 || .684 || 2.4 || .6 || .3 || .1 || 7.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 874 || 547 || 33.7 || .518 || .172 || .730 || 5.8 || 3.3 || 1.0 || .3 || 22.5
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|All-Star
| 4 || 1 || 21.0 || .474 || {{sort|-|—}} || .692 || 4.3 || 2.3 || .8 || .5 || 11.3
{{s-end}}

===Playoffs===
{{NBA player statistics start}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1979 NBA playoffs|1979]]
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1978–79 New Jersey Nets season|New Jersey]]
| 2 || {{sort|-|—}} || '''40.5''' || .500 || {{sort|-|—}} || .417 || 5.5 || '''3.5''' || '''2.0''' || .0 || 26.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1983 NBA playoffs|1983]]
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1982–83 New York Knicks season|New York]]
| 6 || {{sort|-|—}} || 30.7 || '''.577''' || '''.333''' || .800 || 4.0 || 2.2 || .3 || .0 || 23.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1984 NBA playoffs|1984]]
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1983–84 New York Knicks season|New York]]
| '''12''' || {{sort|-|—}} || 39.8 || .574 || .000 || .756 || '''6.2''' || 3.0 || 1.2 || '''.5''' || '''34.8'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1988 NBA playoffs|1988]]
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1987–88 Washington Bullets season|Washington]]
| 5 || 4 || 33.6 || .491 || {{sort|-|—}} || '''.810''' || 2.2 || 1.8 || .6 || .0 || 13.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1993 NBA playoffs|1993]]
| style="text-align:left;"|[[1992–93 New Jersey Nets season|New Jersey]]
| 3 || 1 || 8.0 || .571 || {{sort|-|—}} || {{sort|-|—}} || .3 || .0 || .3 || .0 || 2.7
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 28 || 5 || 33.4 || .559 || .250 || .729 || 4.3 || 2.3 || .9 || .2 || 24.5
{{s-end}}

==Awards and recognition==
At the age of 24, King won the [[NBA Comeback Player of the Year Award]] for his play during the 1980–1981 season with the Golden State Warriors. That year, King averaged 21.9 points per game after having played just 19 games the season before with the Utah Jazz.<ref name="Times – Berkow" /><ref>{{cite web|title=NBA & ABA Comeback Player of the Year Award Winners|url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/awards/cpoy.html|publisher=basketball-reference.com|access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref>

On February 13, 2007, Bernard King's number 53 was retired at the halftime of the Tennessee-Kentucky basketball game at [[Thompson–Boling Arena]] in [[Knoxville, Tennessee]].<ref>[http://utsports.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/021207aad.html University of Tennessee Retires Bernard King's Number] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820164811/http://utsports.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/021207aad.html |date=August 20, 2008 }} @ UTsports.com</ref> His jersey number was the first jersey number retired by the Volunteers, who later retired the number of [[Ernie Grunfeld]], King's former teammate. The late 1970s Tennessee men's basketball team was known as the "Ernie and Bernie Show" (in reference to Grunfeld and King) and is viewed by many as the golden age of UT men's basketball. During an ESPN interview after halftime, King stated he had not returned to the University of Tennessee in more than 30 years, but expressed his sincere appreciation to the university and his plans to return again. His reason for not visiting his alma mater was simply that he had not been asked. King's ceremony punctuated an 89–85 Tennessee victory over the visiting Wildcats.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100114062706/http://utsports.tv/featured/tipoff-club-bernard-king-speech/ Bernard King speech to Tennessee Tip-Off Club], UTsports.com</ref>

During the 2006 NBA All-Star Game, a panel of basketball analysts for the [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]] network selected Bernard King as one of nominees of the "Next 10", a list of 10 unofficial additions to the [[NBA 50 Greatest Players|NBA's 50 greatest players]] list in honor of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]'s 60th anniversary.<ref>[http://www.tnt.tv/dramalounge/article/?oid=7461 Legends in the Making] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230112838/http://www.tnt.tv/dramalounge/article/?oid=7461 |date=December 30, 2007 }}, [[TNT (U.S. TV network)|TNT]], accessed March 9, 2008</ref>

In 2013, he was elected to the [[Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame]] with inductees such as [[Rick Pitino]] and [[Gary Payton]].<ref>[http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1596944-basketball-hall-of-fame-2013-complete-list-of-inductees-to-naismith-memorial ]. bleacherreprot.com </ref>

==Broadcasting career==
King is now working as a part-time broadcaster for [[NBA TV]] as well as the [[MSG Network]], filling in on some occasions as color commentator when [[Walt Frazier]] is on vacation.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Acting career==
King made an appearance in ''[[Miami Vice]]'' as Matt Ferguson, son of Judge Roger Ferguson (played by [[Bill Russell]]), a basketball star with the fictitious Florida Sunblazers in the episode "The Fix". He also appeared in the 1979 movie ''[[Fast Break (film)|Fast Break]]'' (with [[Reb Brown]]).

==Personal life==

===Legal Troubles===
In July 1977, a month after being drafted by the Nets, King was arrested and charged with burglary for breaking into a UT athletics building to steal a television set.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bernard King Arrested |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19770711&id=NWFNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vPoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5101,3249074 |access-date=February 15, 2024 |publisher=Lakeland Ledger |date=July 11, 1977}}</ref> He had earlier been suspended from the Tennessee team after being arrested for marijuana possession (later acquitted), drunk driving, and resisting arrest (all later dropped),<ref name="bloom1982">{{cite news |last1=Bloom |first1=Barry |title=Bernard King |url=https://from-way-downtown.com/2023/02/22/the-resurrection-of-bernard-king-1982/ |work=The Complete Handbook of Pro Basketball |issue=1982 |publisher=Signet}}</ref> which stemmed from an arrest after police were called by a woman who said a man was trying to break into her apartment, and upon arrival they found King in the hallway.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kindred |first1=Dave |title=King's Arrests Mystify His Friends and Coaches |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1977/07/23/kings-arrests-mystify-his-friends-and-coaches/c2c83d4f-66e5-47b0-ace6-27271f0eebed/ |access-date=February 15, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=July 22, 1977}}</ref>

In December 1978, King was arrested by the NYPD while sleeping in his car with "less than $10 worth" of cocaine on hand, and was charged with several misdemeanors, later dropped.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldaper |first1=Sam |title=Nets' King Is Arrested on Driving and Drug Counts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/19/archives/nets-king-is-arrested-on-driving-and-drug-counts-trouble-in-college.html |access-date=February 15, 2024 |work=New York Times |date=December 19, 1978}}</ref>

In January 1980, King was arrested in Salt Lake City after complaint of forcible sexual assault by a woman.<ref>{{cite news |title=King, Forward for Jazz, Arrested on Sex Charge; Acquired From Nets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/01/03/archives/king-forward-for-jazz-arrested-on-sex-charge-acquired-from-nets.html |access-date=February 15, 2024 |work=New York Times |date=January 3, 1980}}</ref> Facing a possible 10-year sentence, he took multiple lie detector tests to support his assertion that he had been so intoxicated he had no recollection of the events in question.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sachare |first1=Alex |title=King Comes Back After Skid to Rock Bottom |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19810323&id=UDFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nwIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1868,7749510 |access-date=February 15, 2024 |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Toledo Blade |date=March 23, 1981}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosen |first1=Byron |title=Nba Hopes to Discover Dawkins-Proof Boards |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1980/06/05/nba-hopes-to-discover-dawkins-proof-boards/bfdf1a07-d055-4a5c-a589-a73fd43c213b/ |access-date=February 15, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=June 4, 1980}}</ref> That June, he would plead guilty to a reduced charge of attempted forcible sexual abuse, and received a fine and suspended sentence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 5, 1980 |title=King Pleads Guilty, Escapes Prison Term; Still Faces Drug Charge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/05/archives/king-pleads-guilty-escapes-prison-term-still-faces-drug-charge.html |access-date=February 15, 2024 |work=New York Times|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

In his 2017 autobiography, King would say that he battled alcohol addiction in the late 1970s, and that it was "the darkest period of my life".<ref>{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Bernard |title=Game Face: A Lifetime of Hard-Earned Lessons On and Off the Basketball Court |date=November 7, 2017 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0306825705 }}</ref> Following his early-1980 arrest, he spent a month at a California rehab center, and then sought help through [[Alcoholics Anonymous]].<ref name="bloom1982" />

After his playing career was over, more troubles followed. In August 1994, an intoxicated King was arrested in New York and charged with assaulting a 22-year-old woman in his apartment, after allegedly grabbing her around the neck in an altercation (for which she was treated for bruises at a local hospital).<ref>{{cite news |title=Bernard King arrested for assault |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/08/11/Bernard-King-arrested-for-assault/5501776577600/ |access-date=February 15, 2024 |work=United Press International |date=August 11, 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BERNARD KING RELEASED AFTER ARREST FOR ASSAULT ON FEMALE |url=https://greensboro.com/bernard-king-released-after-arrest-for-assault-on-female/article_0154ca56-d645-5df9-83a9-009f52133b03.html |access-date=February 15, 2024 |publisher=Greensboro News and Record |date=August 11, 1994}}</ref> In October 2004, King was again arrested in New York for battery of his wife Shana, who told authorities he had pushed her to the ground three times; the incident left her black and blue with bruises on her eye and swelling on her forehead.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doyle |first1=John |title=FORMER KNICK BUSTED; KING BEAT WIFE: COPS |url=https://nypost.com/2004/10/24/former-knick-busted-king-beat-wife-cops/ |access-date=February 15, 2024 |publisher=NY Post |date=October 24, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Melago |first1=Carrie |title=Police Bust Ex-Knicks Star in Wife Feud |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2004/10/24/bust-ex-knicks-star-in-wife-feud/ |access-date=February 15, 2024 |publisher=NY Daily News |date=October 24, 2004}}</ref> The charges were dropped after King agreed to marriage counseling sessions,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Richmond |first1=Peter |title=On the Fame of a King |url=http://www.bronxbanterblog.com/2013/04/08/on-the-fame-of-a-king/ |website=Bronx Banter Blog |access-date=February 15, 2024 |date=April 8, 2013}}</ref> but the incident cost King a promotional relationship with local property developer [[Bruce Ratner]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wisloski |first1=Jess |title=Key Ratner booster accused of spousal abuse |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/key-ratner-booster-accused-of-spousal-abuse/ |access-date=February 15, 2024 |publisher=Brooklyn Paper |date=October 29, 2004}}</ref> as well as resulting in his name being removed as an honoree of the [[Brooklyn Public Library]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Creekmore |first1=Betsey |title=Bernard King |url=https://volopedia.lib.utk.edu/entries/bernard-king/ |website=Volopedia |publisher=University of Tennessee |access-date=February 15, 2024 |date=September 25, 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of NBA career turnovers leaders]]
* [[List of NBA single-season scoring leaders]]
* [[List of NBA rookie single-season scoring leaders]]
* [[List of NBA single-game scoring leaders]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Basketballstats|nba_historical=bernard_king|bbr=k/kingbe01}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100718042609/http://www.nba.com/history/players/kingb_bio.html Bernard King bio] @ ''NBA.com''
*[https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/02.01.html "The Incandescent King"] @ nytimes.com
* {{Basketballhof|bernard-king}}

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Sofia Coppola

2025-06-04T22:03:46Z

99.185.77.46: /* Personal life */

{{Short description|American filmmaker and actress (born 1971)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sofia Coppola
| birth_name = Sofia Carmina Coppola
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|5|14}}
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| image = SofiaCoppPicCen081223 (6 of 22) (53388050173) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Coppola in 2023
| other_names = Domino Coppola
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Spike Jonze]]|1999|2003|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Thomas Mars]]|2011}}
}}
| children = 2, including [[Romy Mars]]
| parents = {{plainlist|
* [[Francis Ford Coppola]] (father)
* [[Eleanor Coppola|Eleanor Neil]] (mother)
}}
| years_active = 1972–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter|producer|actress}}
| known for = [[#Filmography|Full list]]
| relatives = {{Plainlist|
* [[Carmine Coppola]] (grandfather)
* [[Italia Coppola|Italia Pennino]] (grandmother)
* [[Gian-Carlo Coppola]] (brother)
* [[Roman Coppola]] (brother)
* [[August Coppola]] (uncle)
* [[Talia Shire]] (aunt)
* [[Gia Coppola]] (niece)
* [[Nicolas Cage]] (cousin)
* [[Marc Coppola (actor)|Marc Coppola]] (cousin)
* [[Christopher Coppola]] (cousin)
* [[Jason Schwartzman]] (cousin)
* [[Robert Schwartzman]] (cousin)
* [[Matthew Shire]] (cousin)
}}
| family = [[Coppola family tree|Coppola]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Sofia Coppola|Full list]]
}}

'''Sofia Carmina Coppola''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|oʊ|p|əl|ə}} {{respell|KOH|pə|lə}},<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVfdxMOqwcE&t=28s|title='The Virgin Suicides' Roundtable: Sofia Coppola, Kirsten Dunst, & More|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=June 18, 2020|access-date=April 6, 2022}}</ref> {{IPA|it|soˈfiːa ˈkɔppola|lang}}; born May 14, 1971) is an American filmmaker and former actress. She has [[List of awards and nominations received by Sofia Coppola|won]] an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]], two [[Golden Globe Awards]], a [[Golden Lion]],{{efn|At the [[67th Venice International Film Festival]], Coppola became the first American woman (and fourth American filmmaker) to win the [[Golden Lion]] in the festival's history.}} and a [[Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director|Cannes Film Festival Award]].{{efn|At the [[2017 Cannes Film Festival]], Coppola became the second woman (and first American woman) to win [[Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Director]] in the festival's history.}}<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/29/entertainment/cannes-sofia-coppola/index.html|title=Sofia Coppola is first woman to win Cannes director prize in 56 years|first=Sandra |last=Gonzalez|publisher=CNN|access-date=May 30, 2017}}</ref> She was also nominated for three [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Awards]], as well as a [[Primetime Emmy Awards|Primetime Emmy Award]].<ref name="britannica1">{{cite web|last=Blumberg |first=Naomi |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sofia-Coppola |title=Sofia Coppola | American director |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=May 30, 2017}}</ref><ref name="silverstein1">{{cite web |url=http://womenandhollywood.com/2010/09/12/sofia-coppola-wins-top-prize-at-venice-film-festival/#more-7090 |title=Sofia Coppola Wins Top Prize at Venice Film Festival |website=Women and Hollywood |first=Melissa |last=Silverstein |access-date=September 12, 2010 |archive-date=September 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915043641/http://womenandhollywood.com/2010/09/12/sofia-coppola-wins-top-prize-at-venice-film-festival/#more-7090 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Her parents are filmmakers [[Eleanor Coppola|Eleanor]] and [[Francis Ford Coppola]], and she made her acting debut as an infant in her father's acclaimed crime drama ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972). Coppola later appeared in several music videos and had a supporting role in the fantasy comedy film ''[[Peggy Sue Got Married]]'' (1986). She then portrayed [[Mary Corleone]], the daughter of [[Michael Corleone]], in the sequel ''[[The Godfather Part III]]'' (1990).

Coppola transitioned into filmmaking with her feature-length directorial debut in the coming-of-age drama ''[[The Virgin Suicides (film)|The Virgin Suicides]]'' (1999). It was the first of her collaborations with actress [[Kirsten Dunst]]. Her films often deal with themes of [[loneliness]], wealth, [[Social privilege|privilege]], [[Emotional isolation|isolation]], [[youth]], [[Feminine|femininity]], and [[adolescence]] in America. Coppola received the [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] for the comedy-drama ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'' (2003), and was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Director]],{{efn|At the [[76th Academy Awards]], Coppola also became the first American woman and the youngest woman to be nominated in the directing category.}} becoming the third woman to do so. She has since directed the historical drama ''[[Marie Antoinette (2006 film)|Marie Antoinette]]'' (2006), the family drama ''[[Somewhere (film)|Somewhere]]'' (2010), the satirical crime drama ''[[The Bling Ring]]'' (2013), the [[Southern Gothic|southern gothic]] thriller [[The Beguiled (2017 film)|''The Beguiled'']] (2017), the comedy ''[[On the Rocks (film)|On the Rocks]]'' (2020), and the biographical drama ''[[Priscilla (film)|Priscilla]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web|last=Sales|first=Nancy Jo|title=THE SUSPECTS WORE LOUBOUTINS {{!}} Vanity Fair {{!}} March 2010|url=https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/share/e9cc0cc3-dbf1-4fab-8367-5fc7c05608e6|access-date=December 6, 2021|website=Vanity Fair {{!}} The Complete Archive|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The Bling Ring|date=June 14, 2013|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_bling_ring_2013|language=en|access-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref>

In 2015, Coppola released the [[Netflix]] Christmas musical comedy special ''[[A Very Murray Christmas]]'', which earned her a nomination for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.emmys.com/shows/very-murray-christmas|title= A Very Murray Christmas|website= [[Primetime Emmy Awards|Television Academy]]|accessdate= February 15, 2023}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Coppola was born in New York City on May 14, 1971,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sofia Coppola |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sofia-Coppola |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |access-date=March 12, 2022}}</ref> the youngest child of documentarian [[Eleanor Coppola|Eleanor]] (''[[née]]'' Neil) and filmmaker [[Francis Ford Coppola]]. She is of Italian descent ([[Basilicata|Lucanian]]<ref>{{cite book|last= Cowie|first=Peter|title=Coppola: a biography|year=1988|publisher=Da Capo Press| isbn = 978-0-306-80598-1|page=2| no-pp = true }}</ref> and [[Naples|Neapolitan]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Cabanatuan |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Italia-Coppola-mother-of-filmmaker-2807695.php |title=Italia Coppola – mother of filmmaker |work=[[SFGate]] |date=January 23, 2004 |access-date=May 14, 2014}}</ref>) on her father's side<ref>{{cite web |url=http://the-talks.com/interviews/sofia-coppola/ |title=Sofia Coppola Interview |website=The Talks|date=June 22, 2011 }}</ref> and was raised on her parents' farm in [[Rutherford, California]].<ref>{{cite web|work=[[SFGate]]|url=https://www.sfgate.com/sf-culture/article/coppola-filmmaker-reveals-secrets-priscilla-18457450.php|title=Sofia Coppola's teen years in the Bay Area shaped disturbing Priscilla Presley film|date=November 3, 2023|last=Bartlett|first=Amanda|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231231071049/https://www.sfgate.com/sf-culture/article/coppola-filmmaker-reveals-secrets-priscilla-18457450.php|archive-date=December 31, 2023}}</ref> At 15, Coppola interned with [[Chanel]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/fashion/article4059937.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615200828/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/fashion/article4059937.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 15, 2011 |title=Sofia Coppola: I'm more interested in looking than being looked at |work=The Times |location=London |first=Lisa |last=Armstrong |date=June 4, 2008 |access-date=June 3, 2008}}</ref> Coppola graduated from [[St. Helena High School]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite interview|first=Sofia|last=Coppola|interviewer=[[Marc Maron]]|title=Interview with Sofia Coppola|date=June 22, 2017 |work=WTF Podcast}}</ref> She first studied at [[Mills College]] and transferred to the [[California Institute of the Arts]] from 1993 to 1994 to focus on painting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/14/style/14iht-fsofia.html |title=Sofia Coppola: Discreet, chic and grown-up |last=Menkes |first=Suzy |date=October 14, 2008 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 29, 2009}}</ref> Thereafter, she attended [[Art Center College of Design]], where she was mentored by [[Paul Jasmin]]. After dropping out of college, Coppola started a clothing line called Milkfed, which is now sold exclusively in Japan.<ref name="mf">{{cite web |url=http://www.sassybella.com/2007/11/did-you-know-sophia-coppola-has-a-fashion-line-called-milkfed/ |title=Did you know Sofia Coppola has a fashion line called MilkFed? |website=Sassybella.com |last=Lee |first=Helen |date=November 5, 2007 |access-date=July 29, 2009}}</ref>

Coppola had many varying interests growing up, including fashion, photography, music, and design, and did not initially intend to become a filmmaker. However, after making her first short film ''Lick the Star'' in 1998, she realized it "brought together all the things [she] loved", and decided to continue her directing pursuits.<ref name=Guardian1.25.18>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jan/25/sofia-coppola-on-the-virgin-suicides-director-debut|title=Sofia Coppola on making The Virgin Suicides: 'When I saw the rough cut I thought: Oh no, what have I done?'|last=Coppola|first=Sofia|date=January 25, 2018|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=April 15, 2018}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 1972–1999: Acting career ===
Coppola's acting career, marked by frequent criticisms of [[nepotism]] and negative reviews,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.film.com/celebrities/sofia-coppola/biography/15034328 |title=Sofia Coppola from Marie Antoinette – Celebrity Biographies at |website=Film.com |date=November 21, 2006 |access-date=September 12, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2008/jan/12/fonlywecouldconfineallne |title=If only... we could confine all nepotism to Los Angeles |location=London |work=The Guardian |first=John |last=Patterson |date=January 12, 2008}}</ref> began while she was an infant, as she made background appearances in eight of her father's films. The best known of these is her appearance in ''[[The Godfather]]'' as the infant Michael Francis Rizzi, in the baptism scene.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Fresh Air |date=December 20, 2010| url=https://www.npr.org/2010/12/20/132203547/sofia-coppola-mimics-hollywood-life-in-somewhere |time=19:25}}</ref><ref name="Baptism">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-eu3DWJjYP0| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/-eu3DWJjYP0| archive-date=October 30, 2021|title=The Godfather| website=[[YouTube]]| date=December 20, 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Coppola also acted in her father's films ''[[The Outsiders (film)|The Outsiders]]'' (1983), in a scene where [[Matt Dillon]], [[C. Thomas Howell|Tommy Howell]], and [[Ralph Macchio]] are eating at a [[Dairy Queen]]; ''[[Rumble Fish]]'' (1983); ''[[The Cotton Club (film)|The Cotton Club]]'' (1984); and ''[[Peggy Sue Got Married]]'' (1986), in which she portrayed [[Kathleen Turner]]'s sister Nancy.<ref name="Tribute">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribute.ca/people/sofia-coppola/5248/ |title=Sofia Coppola Biography |work=Tribute|publisher=Tribute Entertainment Media Group |access-date=July 5, 2013 |year=2013}}</ref> ''[[Frankenweenie (1984 film)|Frankenweenie]]'' (1984) was the first film Coppola performed in that was not associated with her father, however, it often goes unnoticed due to her stage name "Domino", which she adopted at the time because she thought it was glamorous.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ffwdweekly.com/Issues/2000/0518/film1.htm |title=FFWD Weekly Interview - May 18, 2000 |work=FFWD Weekly |date=May 18, 2000 |access-date=August 27, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828154744/http://www.ffwdweekly.com/Issues/2000/0518/film1.htm |archive-date=August 28, 2012}}</ref> A short film entitled ''[[Life Without Zoe]]'' (1989), released as part of a [[wikt:tripartite|tripartite]] anthology film ''[[New York Stories]]'', was co-written by a teenage Coppola and her father; her father also directed the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/movies/12sofia.html |title=It's What She Knows: The Luxe Life |work=The New York Times |first=Dennis |last=Lim |date=December 10, 2010 |access-date=July 5, 2013}}</ref> During the time, she partnered with [[Roman Coppola]] on a production company with funding from [[American Zoetrope]] in 1988 to produce low-budget movies, Commercial Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEGALOPOLIS, Francis Ford Coppola, and Me {{!}} Filmsuck |url=https://www.patreon.com/posts/megalopolis-ford-113377834 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Patreon |language=en-US}}</ref>

Coppola returned to her father's ''Godfather'' trilogy in both the second and third ''Godfather'' films, playing an immigrant child in ''[[The Godfather Part II]]'' and playing Michael Corleone's daughter in ''[[The Godfather Part III]]'' after the originally cast actress, [[Winona Ryder]], dropped out of the film at the last minute due to [[nervous exhaustion]].<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/apr/15/features.weekend |title=Death in the family |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 15, 2000 |access-date=August 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tiff.net/the-review/the-teenage-heartbreak-of-sofia-coppolas-mary-corleone|title=The Teenage Heartbreak of Sofia Coppola's Mary Corleone|website=TIFF|language=en|access-date=February 27, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ryan">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jul/04/sofia-coppola-the-bling-ring-interview|title=Sofia Coppola on The Bling Ring: 'What these kids did really took ingenuity' |work=The Guardian |first=Ryan |last=Gilbey |date=July 4, 2013 |access-date=July 5, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Tribute"/> It has been suggested that Coppola's performance in ''The Godfather Part III'' damaged Francis Ford Coppola's career and ruined Sofia's before it had even begun.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/1991/01/25/storm-over-sofia-coppola/|title=Storm over Sofia Coppola|work=EW.com|access-date=April 16, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Coppola has said that she never really wanted to act and only did it to help out when her father asked her to.<ref name=InterviewMag10.26.17>{{Cite news|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/revisited-sofia-coppola-the-beguiled|title=Revisited: Sofia Coppola|date=October 26, 2017|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|access-date=April 15, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> It has also been suggested that Sofia's role in the film may have affected its box office performance, which started strongly and then went into decline. Coppola herself worried that she had only been given the role because she was the director's daughter, and the role placed a strain on her during the time of shooting that her mother observed in a series of diaries she wrote for [[Vogue (magazine)|''Vogue'']] during the filming.<ref name=":8"/> Coppola later stated that she was not hurt by the criticism from her work in the film because she never especially wanted an acting career.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/arts/out-of-the-godfathers-shadow-514061.html |title=Out of the Godfather's shadow |work=The Independent |date=April 30, 2000 |access-date=August 27, 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Sofia Coppola.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Coppola in 2003]]

After she was critically panned for her performance in ''The Godfather Part III'' (for which she was named "Worst Supporting Actress" and "Worst New Star" at the [[1990 Golden Raspberry Awards]]), Coppola largely ended her acting career. However, she did appear in the independent film ''[[Inside Monkey Zetterland]]'' (1992), as well as in the backgrounds of films by her friends and family (for example, she appeared as [[List of Star Wars characters#S|Saché]], one of Queen [[Padmé Amidala]]'s five handmaidens, in [[George Lucas]]' 1999 film ''[[Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace]]'').<ref name="Ryan"/>

Coppola also appeared in several 1990s music videos: [[the Black Crowes]]' "Sometimes Salvation"; [[Sonic Youth]]'s "Mildred Pierce"; [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]'s "[[Deeper and Deeper]]"; [[the Chemical Brothers]]' "[[Elektrobank]]", which was directed by her then-husband [[Spike Jonze]]; and later [[Phoenix (French band)|Phoenix]]'s "Funky Squaredance".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://i-d.co/article/sofia-coppola-90s-music-videos/ |title=Sofia Coppola was the queen of 90s music video cameos |last=Dunn |first=Frankie |work=i-D |date=June 9, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2021 }}</ref>

=== 1998–2003: Directorial debut and acclaim ===
''' ''The Virgin Suicides'' (1999) '''

Coppola's first short film was ''[[Lick the Star]]'' (1998). It played many times on the [[Independent Film Channel]]. She made her feature film directing debut with ''[[The Virgin Suicides (film)|The Virgin Suicides]]'' (1999); the film adaptation of the novel ''[[The Virgin Suicides]]'' by [[Jeffrey Eugenides]]. It received critical acclaim upon its premiere in North America at the 2000 [[Sundance Film Festival]] and was released later that year. Coppola was first drawn to the story after reading the book by [[Jeffrey Eugenides]] in 1995, at the recommendation of musician [[Thurston Moore]]. Coppola said she felt the novel's author understood the teenage experience. She has also said that if not for the book, she may not have had a career in film. Specifically, Coppola has highlighted the representation of teenagers "lazing around", a situation she connected with but felt was not seen very much in films in any relatable way. The story's theme of loss was a personal connection for Coppola in light of the 1986 death of her oldest brother in a boating accident, though she stated that she did not immediately realize this connection.<ref name=Guardian1.25.18/> Coppola secured the rights to the novel and adapted the screenplay herself.<ref name=InterviewMag10.26.17/> The low-budget film drew praise from critics<ref name=Guardian1.25.18/> and represented the point at which Coppola became a filmmaker independent of her family connections.<ref name=InterviewMag10.26.17/> She credits the start of her career to the [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] festival after the film premiered there.<ref name=Guardian1.25.18/> The film stars actors [[Danny DeVito]], [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[Scott Glenn]], [[Josh Hartnett]], [[Michael Paré]], [[Jonathan Tucker]], [[Kathleen Turner]], and [[James Woods]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The Virgin Suicides (1999) - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0159097/fullcredits |access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

; ''Lost in Translation'' (2003)
[[File:Bill Murray-8830.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Coppola has collaborated with Murray on three projects including ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'' (2003).]]

Coppola's second feature ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'' (2003) won her the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for best original screenplay and three [[Golden Globe Award]]s including Best Picture Musical or Comedy. After [[Lina Wertmüller]] and [[Jane Campion]], Coppola became the third female director to be nominated for an Academy Award for Directing and the second to win the Original Screenplay award, after Campion in 1994 (Wertmüller was also nominated). Her win for the best original screenplay in 2003 made her a third-generation Oscar winner. Coppola was the second woman, after [[Edith Head]], to be nominated for three Oscars in one night. In 2004, Coppola was invited to join the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/press/latest-academy-news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611122016/http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2004/04.06.28.html|url-status=dead|title=Latest Academy News|date=September 10, 2014|archive-date=June 11, 2007|website=Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref> Coppola shot ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]'' in 27 days,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2004/02/sofia-coppola-talks-about-lost-in-translation-her-love-story-thats-not-nerdy-79158/|title=Sofia Coppola Talks About "Lost In Translation," Her Love Story That's Not "Nerdy"|last=Indiewire|date=February 4, 2004|work=IndieWire|access-date=April 16, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> with a small crew, working without permits. Scenes were filmed impromptu on the street, while scenes shot at the [[Hyatt|Park Hyatt Hotel]] allowed the crew to use its corridors between two and three in the morning without disturbing guests.<ref name="Collin">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/sofia-coppola-interview-beguiled-slavery-little-mermaid-got/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/sofia-coppola-interview-beguiled-slavery-little-mermaid-got/ |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Sofia Coppola interview: The Beguiled, slavery, and how her Little Mermaid got lost at sea|last=Collin|first=Robbie|date=July 8, 2017|work=The Telegraph|access-date=November 16, 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The film received positive reception and acclaim, though also generated controversy due the film's usage "of Japan as an exotic and bizarre landscape for its American protagonists". The group Asian Mediawatch lobbied against the film's Academy Award nominations, stating "The film has no meaningful Japanese roles, nor is there any significant dialogue between the main characters and the Japanese. Such portrayals perpetuate negative stereotypes and attitudes that are harmful to Asian Americans in the US, where a significant minority of Americans already have negative attitudes towards Asians."<ref>{{cite web|date=February 27, 2004|title=Hit film gets lost in racism row|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/feb/27/oscars2004.usa|access-date=December 6, 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Coppola responded to these allegations in an interview for ''[[The Independent]]'', "I can see why people might think that, but I know I'm not racist. I think if everything's based on truth, you can make fun, have a little laugh, but also be respectful of a culture. I just love Tokyo, and I'm not mean-spirited...Even on our daily call sheets, they would mix up the 'rs' and the 'ls' – all that was from experience, it's not made up. I guess someone has misunderstood my intentions. It bugs me, because I know I'm not racist."<ref>{{cite news|date=January 2, 2004|title=Sofia Coppola: Hollywood princess|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/sofia-coppola-hollywood-princess-72526.html|access-date=December 6, 2021|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2006–2017: Established career ===
[[File:Kirsten Dunst Cannes 2011.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Coppola first collaborated with Dunst in ''[[The Virgin Suicides (film)|The Virgin Suicides]]'' (1999).]]
; ''Marie Antoinette'' (2006)

Her third film was the [[biographical film|biopic]] ''[[Marie Antoinette (2006 film)|Marie Antoinette]]'' (2006), adapted from the biography by British historian [[Antonia Fraser]]. [[Kirsten Dunst]] plays the titular character and [[Jason Schwartzman]], Coppola's cousin, plays [[Louis XVI of France|King Louis XVI]]. The film debuted at the [[2006 Cannes Film Festival]]<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4352266/year/2006.html |website=Festival de Cannes|title='' Marie Antoinette'' (2006) |access-date=December 13, 2009 |location=Cannes}}</ref> where, despite boos in the audience, it received a standing ovation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bigscreenlittlescreen.net/2006/10/20/marie-antoinette-a-quotational-reference/ |title=Marie Antoinette - a Quotational Reference Guide |website=Big Screen Little Screen |access-date=August 27, 2012 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224135210/http://bigscreenlittlescreen.net/2006/10/20/marie-antoinette-a-quotational-reference/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Though critics were divided at the time of its release, it has since received a cult following and more critical acclaim in the years that followed.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=May 16, 2022 |title=Cannes Controversy: 22 Movies That Earned Boos and Walkouts, From 'Taxi Driver' to 'Neon Demon' |url=https://variety.com/lists/cannes-walkouts-controversial-movies/marie-antoinette-2/ |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Peter Bradshaw of ''[[The Guardian]]'' declared, "Sofia Coppola's presentation of Marie's life has a sisterly, unjudging intimacy, and the director has carried off pert inventions and provocations with some style, combining dazzling visual tableaux and formal set-pieces in strict period, with new wave chart hits from the 1970s and 80s: these musical anachronisms lending ironic torsion to the overall effect."<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/oct/20/drama.romance|title= Marie Antoinette|website= The Guardian|date= October 20, 2006|accessdate= July 25, 2023|last1= Bradshaw|first1= Peter}}</ref>

''Marie Antoinette'' was shot on location at the [[Palace of Versailles|Château de Versailles]]. Coppola herself has claimed that she was initially drawn towards the character of [[Marie Antoinette]] as an innocent and caring character who found herself in a situation outside of her control, and that rather than creating a historical representation, she wanted to create a more intimate look into the world of the heroine.<ref name=Sight&Sound>{{Cite news|author=Cook, Pam|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/features/portrait-of-a-lady-sofia-coppola-marie-antoinette|title=Portrait of a lady: Sofia Coppola and Marie Antoinette|magazine=[[Sight & Sound]]|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=October 22, 2021|access-date=November 15, 2021|archivedate=October 22, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022141508/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/features/portrait-of-a-lady-sofia-coppola-marie-antoinette}}</ref> Coppola was interested in making an emotional connection to the young royalty whose "coming-of-age took place under conditions familiar to a pampered zoo animal".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chocano |first=Carina |date=2006-10-20 |title=All eyes on the queen |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-oct-20-et-marie20-story.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The film's style is not that of a traditional [[Biographical film|biopic]], and instead utilizes "hit songs and incongruous dialogue".<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|title=Marie Antoinette movie review (2006) {{!}} Roger Ebert|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/marie-antoinette-2006|access-date=December 6, 2021|website=rogerebert.com/|language=en}}</ref> The film received the [[Academy Award for Best Costume Design]] as well as three [[BAFTA Awards]] nominations.

; ''Somewhere'' (2010)

Coppola's fourth film was ''[[Somewhere (film)|Somewhere]]'' (2010), filmed at [[Chateau Marmont]]. The plot focuses on a "bad boy" actor Marco (portrayed by [[Stephen Dorff]]) who is forced to reevaluate his life when his daughter Cleo (played by [[Elle Fanning]]) arrives unexpectedly.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/sofia-coppola-books-marmont-film-1118002519/ |title=Sofia Coppola books Marmont film |work=Variety |first=Tatiana |last=Siegel |date=April 16, 2009}}</ref> The relationship between Marco and Cleo was loosely based on Coppola's own relationship with her father.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 8, 2010|title=Sofia Coppola: My childhood wasn't quite as dramatic as Somewhere|url=https://metro.co.uk/2010/12/08/sofia-coppola-my-childhood-wasnt-quite-as-dramatic-as-somewhere-602531/|access-date=December 9, 2020|website=Metro|language=en}}</ref> The film won the prestigious [[Golden Lion]] at the [[67th Venice International Film Festival|Venice Film Festival]]. In November 2010, Coppola was interviewed by [[Joel Coen]], who professed his admiration of her work, at the DGA screening of ''Somewhere'' in New York City.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2010/11/20/sofia-coppola-joel-cohen-somewhere-dga/ |title=Sophia Coppola and a Cohen Brother talk Somewhere at DGA Screening |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |last=Rome |first=Emily |access-date=August 27, 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Sofia Coppola Cannes 2014.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Coppola in 2014]]

''[[Somewhere (film)|Somewhere]]'' depicts a newly famous actor ([[Stephen Dorff]]) recuperating from a minor injury whose wealth, fame, and professional experiences cannot alleviate the existential crisis he is experiencing, as he is forced to care for his 11-year-old daughter in the absence of his wife. The film premiered at the [[67th Venice International Film Festival]], and opened in the rest of Italy, on September 3, 2010. The festival jury unanimously awarded the film the [[Golden Lion]] prize for the best overall film. [[Quentin Tarantino]], president of the jury, said the film "grew and grew in our hearts, in our minds, in our affections" after the first screening. The film continued to receive critical acclaim, especially from notable film critic [[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' who praised the detail in the portrait of Johnny Marco, writing, "Coppola is a fascinating director. She sees, and we see exactly what she sees. There is little attempt here to observe a plot. All the attention is on the handful of characters, on Johnny."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/somewhere-2010|title=Somewhere movie review & film summary (2010) | Roger Ebert|author=[[Ebert, Roger]]|website=www.rogerebert.com}}</ref>

; ''The Bling Ring'' (2013)

Coppola's next film, ''[[The Bling Ring]]'' (2013), was based on actual events centered around the [[Bling Ring]], a group of California teenagers who burgled the homes of several celebrities over 2008 and 2009, stealing around $3 million in cash and belongings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/sofia-coppola-reportedly-planning-movie-on-the-hollywood-hills-burglar-bunch-tess-taylor-apparently-stars |title=Sofia Coppola Reportedly Planning Movie On The Hollywood Hills Burglar Bunch; Tess Taylor Apparently Stars & The Playlist |work=Indiewire |date=December 5, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2012}}</ref> [[Emma Watson]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/emma-watson-to-star-in-sofia-coppolas-next-film-the-bling-ring |title=Emma Watson To Star In Sofia Coppola's Next Film 'The Bling Ring' & The Playlist |website=Indiewire |date=February 29, 2012 |access-date=August 27, 2012}}</ref> [[Taissa Farmiga]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collider.com/taissa-farmiga-bling-ring-jamesey-boy/149484/ |title=American Horror Story Star Taissa Farmiga Joins Sofia Coppola's The Bling Ring and Jamesy Boy |website=Collider.com |date=March 1, 2012 |access-date=August 27, 2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105175020/https://collider.com/taissa-farmiga-bling-ring-jamesey-boy/149484/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Leslie Mann]], [[Israel Broussard]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/leslie-mann-israel-broussard-sofia-coppola-bling-ring-297118 |title=Leslie Mann, Israel Broussard Cast in Sofia Coppola's 'Bling Ring' (Exclusive) |work=The Hollywood Reporter |first=Borys |last=Kit |date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> [[Katie Chang]], and Claire Julien starred in the film, which premiered at the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]], opening the ''[[Un Certain Regard]]'' section.<ref name="Cannes 2013">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2013/04/bling-ring-cannes-2013-un-certain-regard-opening-film-477254/ |title=Bling Ring 2013 Un Certain Regard Opening Film |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=April 18, 2013|access-date=April 18, 2013}}</ref><ref name=IndieWire>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2013/06/sofia-coppola-on-her-reasons-for-making-the-bling-ring-casting-emma-watson-and-getting-to-know-paris-hilton-37603/|title=Sofia Coppola on Her Reasons For Making 'The Bling Ring,' Casting Emma Watson and Getting to Know Paris Hilton|last=Smith|first=Nigel M.|work=[[IndieWire]]|date=June 14, 2013|access-date=April 15, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> It was inspired by a ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' feature on the [[Bling Ring|real-life criminals]] depicted in the film,<ref name=VanityFair>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2013/06/sofia-coppola-bling-ring-interview|title=Sofia Coppola on The Bling Ring, Emma Watson's Kardashian Dialect Training, and Which of Her Films She'll Allow Her Kids to Watch|last=Miller|first=Julie|website=HWD|date=June 12, 2013|language=en|access-date=April 15, 2018}}</ref> whom Coppola described as "products of our growing reality TV culture".<ref name=DailyTelegraph>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10126910/Sofia-Coppola-interview-The-Bling-Ring-isnt-my-world.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/10126910/Sofia-Coppola-interview-The-Bling-Ring-isnt-my-world.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Sofia Coppola interview: 'The Bling Ring isn't my world'|last=Hiscock|first=John|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=July 4, 2013|access-date=April 15, 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film received generally positive reviews, with many praising its style and performances. While some felt that the film glamorized the crimes in the story and failed to make an assertive message about them through the narrative; "Coppola neither makes a case for her characters nor places them inside of some kind of moral or critical framework; they simply pass through the frame, listing off name brands and staring at their phones".<ref>{{cite web|last=Vishnevetsky|first=Ignatiy|title=The Bling Ring movie review & film summary (2013) {{!}} Roger Ebert|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-bling-ring-2013|access-date=December 6, 2021|website=rogerebert.com/|language=en}}</ref>

; ''A Very Murray Christmas'' (2015)

Coppola collaborated again with her ''Lost in Translation'' star [[Bill Murray]] on ''[[A Very Murray Christmas]]'', which stars Murray and was co-written by herself, Murray and [[Mitch Glazer]]. The film, an homage to classic [[Christmas]]-themed [[variety show]]s, was released in December 2015 on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/watch-first-teaser-for-sofia-coppolas-a-very-murray-christmas-with-bill-murray-20150522 |title=Watch: First Teaser For Sofia Coppola's 'A Very Murray Christmas' With Bill Murray |website=Indiewire |last=Jagernauth |first=Kevin |date=May 22, 2015 |access-date=May 22, 2015}}</ref>

; ''The Beguiled'' (2017)

Coppola directed ''[[The Beguiled (2017 film)|The Beguiled]]'' (2017), a remake of the 1971 [[The Beguiled (1971 film)|eponymous Southern Gothic film]], starring [[Nicole Kidman]], [[Elle Fanning]], and [[Kirsten Dunst]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/colin-farrell-eyes-sofia-coppolas-the-beguiled-remake-1201792411/|title=Colin Farrell In Talks to Star in Sofia Coppola's 'Beguiled' Remake (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=July 14, 2016|work=Variety|access-date=May 30, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[2017 Cannes Film Festival]], where Coppola became the second woman (and the first American woman) to win the [[Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Director award]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="britannica1"/> The film is based on the 1966 book of the same name by author [[Thomas P. Cullinan]] about a wounded [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] soldier in a Mississippi [[seminary]] during the [[American Civil War]],<ref name=Guardian7.2.17>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/jul/02/sofia-coppola-beguiled-i-never-felt-i-had-to-fit-into-the-majority-view-interview|title=Sofia Coppola: 'I never felt I had to fit into the majority view'|last=Lodge|first=Guy|date=July 2, 2017|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=April 15, 2018}}</ref> and was made for under $10 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/11/sofia-coppola-interview-the-beguiled-gotham-awards-television-1201901256/|title=Sofia Coppola: How She Survived 'The Beguiled' Backlash, Why She Won't Do TV, and Why Her Dad is 'Over' Film|last=Kohn|first=Eric|date=November 27, 2017|work=IndieWire|access-date=April 15, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The film exhibited elements of the [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] genre, another departure for Coppola.<ref name=Guardian7.2.17/>
[[File:Cannes 2017 27.jpg|thumb|right|[[Colin Farrell]], [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[Elle Fanning]], Coppola, [[Nicole Kidman]] at the [[2017 Cannes Film Festival]]]]

Coppola cited her intrigue with the [[Southern United States|South]] as part of the story's appeal. Coppola has said that she "wanted the film to represent an exaggerated version of all the ways women were traditionally raised there just to be lovely and cater to men—the manners of that whole world, and how they change when the men go away". Coppola has cited ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' as her inspiration for creating a film that was relatable despite its position within a different era.<ref name=Guardian7.2.17/> The film faced a wave of controversy and division, including accusations of 'whitewashing' the original story after Coppola removed the supporting role of a black female slave from the film, as well as chose [[Kirsten Dunst]] to portray a character who was biracial in the original novel. Coppola also faced criticism for minimizing the story of the people experiencing actual hardship in favor of depicting, albeit authentically, the lavish lifestyle of her protagonists, thus minimizing the importance of a weighty topic. Coppola responded to these allegations by citing the presence of young girls among her movie-going audience. ''The Beguiled'' is not the only of Coppola's films to be accused of exposing the socio-cultural affordances of her own childhood.<ref name=Guardian7.2.17/>

Coppola described her version of the film as a reinterpretation, rather than a remake, of [[Don Siegel]]'s [[The Beguiled (1971 film)|1971 adaption]] of the same book.<ref name=Guardian7.2.17/> Coppola wanted to tell the story of the male soldier entering into a classically southern and female environment from the point of view of the women and represent what that was like for them.<ref name=Guardian7.2.17/><ref name=InterviewMag10.26.17/> Coppola thought that the earlier version made the characters out to be crazy caricatures and did not allow the viewer to know them.<ref name=Guardian7.2.17/> While some critics claim that Coppola intended ''The Beguiled'' as a feminist work, Coppola explained that she is not in favor of that labeling. Though she has said she is happy if others see the film in this way, she sees it as a film, rather, that possesses a female perspective—an important distinction. ''The Beguiled'' was also made as a contrast to ''The Bling Ring'', and Coppola has explained that
she needed to correct that film's harsh [[Los Angeles]] aesthetic with something more beautiful and poetic.<ref name=Guardian7.2.17/>

=== 2020–present ===
; ''On the Rocks'' (2020)

Coppola's film, ''[[On the Rocks (film)|On the Rocks]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/01/sofia-coppola-and-bill-murray-reunite-lost-in-translation-duo-team-up-for-on-the-rocks-first-details-1202035405/|title=Sofia Coppola and Bill Murray Reunite: 'Lost In Translation' Duo Team Up for 'On the Rocks' — First Details|last1=Sharf|first1=Zack|date=January 15, 2019|website=IndieWire|language=en|access-date=February 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/apple-a24-partner-on-first-film-sofia-coppola-bill-murray-reunion-on-the-rocks-1202535587/ |title=Sofia Coppola And Bill Murray To Reteam For 'On The Rocks', Apple & A24's First Film|last1=D'Alessandro|first1=Anthony|date=January 15, 2019|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref> tells the story of a daughter and father, played by [[Rashida Jones]] and [[Bill Murray]] respectively, as they explore New York together in an attempt to mend their fractured relationship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/06/game-of-thrones-jessica-henwick-sofia-coppola-on-the-rocks-1202627629/|title='Game Of Thrones' Jessica Henwick Joins Sofia Coppola's 'On The Rocks'|last1=D'Alessandro|first1=Anthony|date=June 5, 2019|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=February 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/04/marlon-wayans-sofia-coppola-on-the-rocks-a24-apple-1202057741/|title='On the Rocks': Marlon Wayans Joins Sofia Coppola's Apple/A24 Movie|last1=Nordine|first1=Michael|date=April 11, 2019|website=IndieWire|language=en|access-date=February 27, 2020}}</ref> It was released in a [[limited theatrical release]] on October 2, 2020, by [[A24]] and was released for digital streaming on October 23, 2020, by [[Apple TV+]].<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=September 25, 2020|title=Bill Murray-Sofia Coppola Reteam 'On The Rocks' Hits Theaters Next Friday|url=https://deadline.com/2020/09/on-the-rocks-release-date-sofia-coppola-bill-murray-movie-1234585406/|access-date=October 7, 2020|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref>

The film received positive reviews from critics, who praised Coppola's screenplay and direction, and noted it as lighter than her previous films.<ref>{{citation|title=On The Rocks (2020)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/on_the_rocks_2020|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|language=en|date=2020|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> Some critics stated that the film "isn't destined to achieve the same kind of iconic status as some of Coppola's previous work".<ref>{{cite web|last=Ehrlich|first=David|date=September 23, 2020|title='On the Rocks' Review: Sofia Coppola Reunites with Bill Murray for a Fizzy Comedy About the Cost of Being Cool|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/09/on-the-rocks-review-sofia-coppola-1234588107/|access-date=December 6, 2021|website=IndieWire|language=en}}</ref>

; ''Fairyland'' (2023)

An announcement in mid-December 2013 stated that [[American Zoetrope]] had successfully attained the screen rights for the memoir ''Fairyland: A Memoir of My Father'' and that Coppola would adapt the book with Andrew Durham. Coppola would also produce the film with her brother Roman.<ref name="Cannes">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2013/12/sofia-coppola-to-co-write-fairyland-for-american-zoetrope-653086/ |title=Sofia Coppola To Co-Write 'Fairyland' For American Zoetrope |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 16, 2013|access-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref> Coppola would later drop out of directing duties while remaining herself as a producer, as Durham took over as the sole director and writer for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-d.co/article/fairyland-sofia-coppola-movie/|title=Sofia Coppola's next movie is an 80s AIDS drama|last=Greenwood|first=Douglas|date=August 12, 2022|website=[[i-D]]|access-date=September 6, 2022|archive-date=September 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903124606/https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/y3pwnx/fairyland-sofia-coppola-movie|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film, titled ''[[Fairyland (film)|Fairyland]]'' and starring [[Emilia Jones]] and [[Scoot McNairy]], premiered at the 2023 [[Sundance Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/12/sundance-2023-lineup-1234788461/|title=Sundance 2023 Lineup: New Films from Nicole Holofcener, Brandon Cronenberg, Jonathan Majors, & More|website=[[Indiewire]]|first=Kate|last=Erbland|date=December 7, 2022|access-date=December 7, 2022|archive-date=December 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207182344/https://www.indiewire.com/2022/12/sundance-2023-lineup-1234788461/|url-status=live}}</ref> to positive reviews.

; ''Priscilla'' (2023)

Coppola's next film, ''[[Priscilla (film)|Priscilla]]'' (2023), her eighth as a director, is based on the life of [[Priscilla Presley]] and her 1985 memoir ''[[Elvis and Me]]''. It stars [[Cailee Spaeny]] as Priscilla and [[Jacob Elordi]] as [[Elvis Presley]]. The film is distributed by [[A24]] and premiered at the [[80th Venice International Film Festival]] in September 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://apnews.com/article/venice-film-festival-lineup-4631bd8e93718ba35d863820ec37df7d|title= Venice Film Festival unveils A-list lineup with 'Priscilla,' 'Ferrari,' 'Maestro' amid strikes|website= The Associated Press|date= July 25, 2023|accessdate= July 25, 2023}}</ref>
[[File:SofiaCoppPicCen081223 (14 of 22) (53388050073).jpg|left|thumb|285x285px|Coppola at a Q&A for ''Priscilla'' in 2023]]
The film dives into the life of [[Priscilla Presley]], allowing viewers to take a look into Priscilla's relationship with [[Elvis Presley]]. Unlike the film [[Elvis (2022 film)|Elvis]] (2022) by [[Baz Luhrmann]], the film does not portray Elvis positively or much of his successful career. Instead, it portrays Elvis' "darker, domestic side".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Kyle |date=October 27, 2023 |title=Sofia Coppola Makes It Look Easy. It Isn't. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/27/movies/sofia-coppola-priscilla.html |access-date=December 3, 2023 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Coppola was more interested in showing Priscilla's side of their relationship, highlighting the terror of Elvis' physical and emotional abuse towards Priscilla.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-05 |title=Perspective {{!}} What Sofia Coppola gets right |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/movies/2023/11/05/sofia-coppola-movies-priscilla/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref>

The film received positive reviews, with ''[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]'' declaring the film to be her best since ''Lost in Translation''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/priscilla-review-sofia-coppola-priscilla-presley-elvis-jacob-elordi-cailee-spaeny-venice-1234817954/|title= 'Priscilla' Shows Elvis's Dark Side, and Is Sofia Coppola at Her Best|magazine= Rolling Stone|accessdate= September 4, 2023}}</ref> David Rooney of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote, "Coppola has always been a filmmaker who coaxes out feelings rather than blasts them with emphatic declarations, and the nuanced restraint of her writing and direction here are very much points in Priscilla's favor."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/priscilla-review-cailee-spaeny-jacob-elordi-sofia-coppola-priscilla-presley-1235581607/|title= 'Priscilla' Review: Sofia Coppola's Quietly Affecting Portrait of Priscilla Presley's Years With Elvis|website= The Hollywood Reporter|date= September 4, 2023|accessdate= September 4, 2023}}</ref>

Coppola stated that she used her teenage years growing up in the Bay Area to inform her position in this role. She stated specifically about her time as a teenager, "I just remember everything being epic and important and with a lot of feeling and driving around and listening to music. Your senses are more heightened or something."<ref>{{Cite web |first=G. Allen |last=Johnson |date=October 12, 2023 |title=How Sofia Coppola used her Bay Area teenage years to inform 'Priscilla' |url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/sofia-coppola-priscilla-18420091 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205092426/https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/sofia-coppola-priscilla-18420091 |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Datebook |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Other work==
===Television===
In the mid-1990s, Coppola and her best friend [[Zoe Cassavetes]] helmed the short-lived [[Comedy Central]] series ''[[Hi Octane]]'', which spotlit performers in [[underground music]]. The show was cancelled after four episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/film/article-8525882-daddys-girl.do|title=Daddy's girl|website=ThisIsLondon|date=2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914141857/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/film/article-8525882-daddys-girl.do|archive-date=September 14, 2012}}</ref>

In December 2008, Coppola's first commercial premiered during an episode of ''[[Gossip Girl]]''. The advertisement she directed for the [[Christian Dior S.A.|Christian Dior]] fragrance ''Miss Dior Chérie'', shot in France with model [[Maryna Linchuk]], was very well received and continues to be popular on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zWvtx0nijE | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828185853/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zWvtx0nijE| archive-date=August 28, 2012|title=Miss Dior Chérie Commercial (Director's Cut) |publisher=YouTube |year=2008 |access-date=August 27, 2012}}</ref>

In October 2014, Coppola launched a series of Christmas ads for the clothing chain [[Gap Inc.|Gap]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/ad-day-sofia-coppola-directs-4-oddly-charming-holiday-ads-gap-161076 |title=Ad of the Day: Sofia Coppola Directs 4 Oddly Charming Holiday Spots for Gap Love, but not understanding |work=AdWeek |last=Nudd |first=Tim |access-date=November 7, 2014}}</ref>

In May 2020, it was announced Coppola would write and direct an adaptation of ''[[The Custom of the Country]]'' by [[Edith Wharton]] for [[Apple TV+]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/05/apple-sofia-coppola-edith-whartons-novel-the-custom-of-the-country-1202932700/|title=Apple & Sofia Coppola Developing Adaptation Of Edith Wharton's Novel 'The Custom Of The Country'|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Peter|last=White|date=May 12, 2020|access-date=May 12, 2020}}</ref>

In 2022, Coppola guest-starred as herself, alongside her husband [[Thomas Mars]] and fellow director [[Jim Jarmusch]], in an episode of the [[FX (TV channel)|FX]] horror comedy series ''[[What We Do in the Shadows (TV series)|What We Do in the Shadows]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/what-we-do-in-the-shadows-nandor-the-relentless-becomes-nandor-the-cruel/ |title=What We Do in the Shadows: Nandor the Relentless Becomes Nandor the Cruel |publisher=Den of Geek |date= August 31, 2022|accessdate=September 3, 2022}}</ref>

===Modeling===
At the beginning of the 1990s, Coppola was often featured in girl-oriented magazines like ''[[seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]'' and ''[[YM (magazine)|YM]]''. In 1994,<ref>Ginsberg, Merle (September 1, 1994). [https://www.wmagazine.com/story/sofia-coppola-milk-fed "Launching Sofia"]. ''[[W (magazine)|W]]'' (WMagazine.com). Retrieved June 30, 2019.</ref> she co-founded the clothing line ''Milk Fed'' in Japan, with her friend Stephanie Hayman in cooperation with [[Sonic Youth]]'s [[Kim Gordon]]. In 2001,<ref>Blasberg, Derek (August 13, 2014). [https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a3169/marc-jacobs-sofia-coppola-0914/ "Marc and Sofia: The Dreamy Team."] ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]''. Retrieved June 30, 2019.</ref> the fashion designer [[Marc Jacobs]] chose the actress/director to be the "face" of his house's fragrance, Daisy. The campaign photographs of Coppola were shot by photographer [[Jürgen Teller]]. The July 2013 issue of [[Elle (magazine)|''Elle'']] featured photographs shot by Coppola of [[Paris Hilton]] at Hilton's [[Beverly Hills]] mansion (Both model and house appear in ''[[The Bling Ring]]'').<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elle.com/fashion/celebrity-style/paris-hilton-home-fashion#slide-1 |title=Forget Versailles: When Sofia Met Paris |work=Elle |date=June 13, 2013 |access-date=August 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2013/06/14/paris-hilton-bling-ring/2415747|title=Coppola: Filming in Paris Hilton's house was 'wild'|work=USA Today|date=June 14, 2013|access-date=September 2, 2013}}</ref>

===Stage direction===
In 2017, before Coppola started pre-production on ''[[The Beguiled (2017 film)|The Beguiled]]'', she was asked by Italian state broadcaster Rai Com from All'Opera to direct their latest production of ''[[La traviata|La Traviata]]. [[La traviata|La Traviata]]'' is a three act opera by [[Giuseppe Verdi]] set to an Italian libretto by [[Francesco Maria Piave|Francesca Maria Piave]]. This Coppola-directed production was filmed for broadcast in Germany and France by Arte/ZDF, using multiple state-of-the art 4k cameras and up to 100 microphones.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodfellow |first=Melanie |date=Winter 2016 |title=Rai Com adds Sofia Coppola's 'La Traviata' to All'Opera strand|journal=Screen International |volume=1 |page=1 |id={{ProQuest|1912496602}} }}</ref> Coppola said in an interview she "could not turn down the project" with designer and fashion icon [[Valentino (fashion designer)|Valentino Garavani]] designing the costumes for this 15 show run of ''La Traviata'' (2017).<ref name=codd>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/41785/1/face-to-grace-coddington-interview-sophia-coppola-new-show-nicolas-ghesquiere|title=Watch Grace Coddington interview Sofia Coppola for her new show|date=October 11, 2018|work=Dazed|access-date=November 15, 2018}}</ref> Discussing her modern take on this classic story Coppola says "I wanted to bring out the personal side of the French courtesan, the party girl used to the social scene. It's a very feminine world that I love".<ref name=valentino>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/19/fashion/valentino-sofia-coppola-la-traviata.html|title=Valentino and Sofia Coppola Make an Opera|work=The New York Times |date=May 18, 2016 |access-date=November 16, 2018 |last1=Povoledo |first1=Elisabetta }}</ref>

This was the first stage production Coppola directed.<ref name=codd /> Coppola discusses how Valentino "really motivated me to take a chance and do something that was scary for me and very unfamiliar," and promised a "traditional" production that could nevertheless be appreciated by those who are not opera connoisseurs. Rome Opera House Director Carlo Fuortes said in an interview ticket sales had exceeded 1.2 million euros (1.35 million dollars), a record for the establishment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Armellini|first=Alvise|date=Summer 2016|title=Valentino and Sofia Coppola set for glitzy production of La Traviata|journal=DPA International |volume=1 |page=1|id={{ProQuest|1790070544}}}}</ref>

All fifteen shows nearly sold out before opening night.<ref name=valentino /> It was the biggest box office success since the [[Teatro dell'Opera di Roma|Teatro dell'Opera Di Roma]] opened in 1880.<ref name=valentino />

=== Art ===
Coppola sits on the board for [[Gagosian Gallery]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Larry Gagosian Announces the Formation of a Board of Directors |url=https://gagosian.com/news/2022/11/16/gagosian-board-of-directors-announcement/ |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=Gagosian |language=en}}</ref>

=== Retail ===
In 2024, Coppola released a line of lip balms in collaboration with skin care brand Augustinus Bader.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ferla |first=Ruth La |date=2024-05-03 |title=Sofia Coppola's Latest Release? A Lip Balm. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/03/style/sofia-coppola-lip-balm.html |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:42-WHPO-P76594-19A.jpg|thumb|Coppola with President [[Bill Clinton]] and then-husband Spike Jonze at ''[[Three Kings (1999 film)|Three Kings]]'' screening on October 14, 1999.]]

In 1992, Coppola met director [[Spike Jonze]]; they married in 1999 and divorced in 2003. In an official statement, Coppola's publicist explained that the divorce decision was reached "with sadness". It is widely believed that the main character's husband in ''Lost in Translation'' is based on Jonze, as Coppola stated after the film's release, "There are elements of Spike there, elements of experiences."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/2003-12-09-coppola-divorce_x.htm |title=Sofia Coppola, Spike Jonze to divorce |work=USA Today |access-date=July 5, 2013 |date=December 9, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2009/dec/06/spike-jonze-observer-profile |title=Spike Jonze: Master of the Wild Things |work=The Guardian |first=Vanessa |last=Thorpe |date=December 6, 2009 |access-date=July 5, 2013}}</ref>

From 2003 to 2005 Coppola dated filmmaker [[Quentin Tarantino]]. They have remained friends since their separation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/sofia-coppola-5-things-you-didnt-know|title= 5 Things You Didn't Know About Sofia Coppola|website= [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|date= June 5, 2017|accessdate= June 30, 2021}}</ref>

Coppola married musician [[Thomas Mars]] on August 27, 2011, at [[Palazzo Margherita (Bernalda)|Palazzo Margherita]] in Bernalda, Italy. They met while producing the soundtrack to ''The Virgin Suicides''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/marc_malkin/b58903_exclusive_sofia_coppola_gives_birth.html |title=Exclusive! Sofia Coppola Gives Birth! |work=E! Online |date=November 28, 2006 |access-date=September 12, 2010}}</ref> They have two daughters: [[Romy Mars|Romy]] (born November 28, 2006), whose name is an homage to Coppola's brother [[Roman Coppola|Roman]],<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1565544,00.html|title=People: Dec. 11, 2006|last=Keegan|first=Rebecca Winters|date=December 3, 2006|magazine=Time|access-date=February 11, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/11/30/features/peepfri.php |title=People: Nicole Kidman, Sofia Coppola, Michael Richards |work=International Herald Tribune |date=March 29, 2009 |access-date=August 27, 2012}}</ref> and Cosima (born May 2010).<ref>{{cite news |first=Sheryl |last=Garratt |title= LA Confidential |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=December 4, 2010 |page=M.28 }}</ref>

Coppola and her family lived in [[Paris]] for several years before moving to [[New York City]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2010/12/19/my-new-york-sofia-coppola/#1|title=My New York: Sofia Coppola|date=December 19, 2010}}</ref>

Coppola has maintained a low public profile for her family, aiming for her daughters' lives to be unaffected by her career and travel. When asked if her choices as a parent to keep her children out of the spotlight is a result of her own upbringing, Coppola has explained that she does not want her children to be jaded.<ref name="Guardian7.2.17" />

==Filmography==
'''Film'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Writer
! width=65 | Producer
! Notes
|-
| 1989
| ''[[New York Stories]]''
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| Segment: "Life Without Zoë"
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Lick the Star]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| Short film
|-
| 1999
| ''[[The Virgin Suicides (film)|The Virgin Suicides]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Marie Antoinette (2006 film)|Marie Antoinette]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Somewhere (film)|Somewhere]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[The Bling Ring]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[The Beguiled (2017 film)|The Beguiled]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[On the Rocks (film)|On the Rocks]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| ''[[Fairyland (film)|Fairyland]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Priscilla (film)|Priscilla]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
|}

'''Television'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! style="width:65px;"| Director
! style="width:65px;"| Writer
! style="width:65px;"| Executive Producer
! Notes
|-
| 2015
| ''[[A Very Murray Christmas]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| Television special
|}

'''Stage'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
| 2017
| ''La Traviata''
| Opera in Rome [[Teatro dell'Opera di Roma]]
|}

'''Music videos'''
* "Shine" by [[Walt Mink]] (1993)
* "[[This Here Giraffe]]" by [[The Flaming Lips]] (1996)
* "Playground Love" by [[Air (French band)|Air]] (2000)
* "[[City Girl (song)|City Girl]]" by [[Kevin Shields]] (2003)
* "[[I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself]]" by [[The White Stripes]] (2003)
* "[[Chloroform (song)|Chloroform]]" by [[Phoenix (French band)|Phoenix]] (2013)
* "A-Lister" by [[Romy Mars]] (2025)

'''Advertisements'''
* ''Miss Dior Chérie'' fragrance for [[Christian Dior]] starring [[Maryna Linchuk]] (2008)
* ''City of Light'' fragrance for Christian Dior starring [[Natalie Portman]] (2012)
* ''Marni'' collection for H&M starring [[Imogen Poots]] (2012)
* ''La vie en rose'' for Christian Dior fragrance Miss Dior starring [[Natalie Portman]] (2013)
* ''[[Daisy (perfume)|Daisy]]'' fragrance for [[Marc Jacobs]] starring [[Ondria Hardin]], [[Malaika Firth]], [[Antonia Wesseloh]], and [[Sophia Ahrens]] (2013)
* ''Dress Normal'' for [[Gap Inc.|Gap]] (2014)
* ''[[Calvin Klein]] Underwear Women's Spring'' (2017)
* ''New York City Ballet'' for the 2021 Spring Gala (2021)
* ''Suntory Time'' 100th anniversary tribute for [[Suntory]] whiskey featuring [[Keanu Reeves]] (2023)
* ''Barrie + Sofia Coppola'' capsule collection for [[Barrie (company)|Barrie]] featuring [[Margaret Qualley]] (2023)

===Acting roles===

'''Film'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Director !! Notes
|-
| 1972 || ''[[The Godfather]]'' || Michael Francis Rizzi (Infant) ||rowspan=4| [[Francis Ford Coppola]] ||rowspan=2| Uncredited
|-
| 1974 || ''[[The Godfather Part II]]'' || Child on Ship
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1983 || ''[[The Outsiders (film)|The Outsiders]]'' || Little Girl ||rowspan=4| Credited as Domino
|-
| ''[[Rumble Fish]]'' || Donna
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1984 || ''[[Frankenweenie (1984 film)|Frankenweenie]]'' || Anne Chambers || [[Tim Burton]]
|-
| ''[[The Cotton Club (film)|The Cotton Club]]'' || Child in Street ||rowspan=2| Francis Ford Coppola
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Peggy Sue Got Married]]'' || Nancy Kelcher ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Anna (1987 film)|Anna]]'' || Noodle || [[Yurek Bogayevicz]] ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Tucker: The Man and His Dream]]'' || Girl at Mellon Publicity Event ||rowspan=2| Francis Ford Coppola || Uncredited
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1990 || ''[[The Godfather Part III]]'' || [[Mary Corleone]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Spirit of '76 (1990 film)|The Spirit of '76]]'' || Girl in Parade || [[Lucas Reiner]] || Uncredited
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Inside Monkey Zetterland]]'' || Cindy || [[Jefery Levy]] ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace]]'' || Saché || [[George Lucas]] ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[CQ (film)|CQ]]'' || Enzo's Mistress ||[[Roman Coppola]] ||
|}

'''Television'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1986–1987 || ''[[Faerie Tale Theatre]]'' || Child / Gwendolyn || 2 episodes
|-
| 2022 || ''[[What We Do in the Shadows (TV series)|What We Do in the Shadows]]'' || Herself || Episode: "[[Freddie (What We Do in the Shadows)|Freddie]]"
|}

'''Music videos'''
* "Mildred Pierce" by [[Sonic Youth]] (1990) – directed by [[Dave Markey]]
* "[[Deeper and Deeper]]" by [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] (1992) – directed by Bobby Woods
* "Sometimes Salvation" by [[The Black Crowes]] (1992) – directed by [[Stéphane Sednaoui]]
* "[[Elektrobank]]" by [[The Chemical Brothers]] (1997) – directed by [[Spike Jonze]]
* "Funky Squaredance" by [[Phoenix (French band)|Phoenix]] (2002) – directed by [[Roman Coppola]]

==Awards and nominations==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Sofia Coppola}}

Coppola was nominated for three [[Academy Awards]] for her film ''Lost in Translation'' (2003), in the categories of [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]], [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]], and [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]. She went on to win Best Original Screenplay, losing the other two nominations to Peter Jackson's ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''. Coppola's nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]] made her the first American woman to be nominated in that category, and the third woman overall, after [[Lina Wertmüller]] and [[Jane Campion]]. In 2010, [[Kathryn Bigelow]] became the fourth woman to be nominated, and the first to win the award. Coppola, however, remains the youngest woman to be nominated in the category. Her win for Best Original Screenplay (along with her cousin [[Nicolas Cage]]'s 1996 win for [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]) resulted in her family becoming the second three-generation Oscar-winning family, with her grandfather [[Carmine Coppola]] and her father [[Francis Ford Coppola]] having previously won Oscars as well. The first family to achieve this feat was the Huston family, for wins by [[Walter Huston|Walter]], [[John Huston|John]], and [[Anjelica Huston|Anjelica]]. For her work on ''Lost in Translation'', Coppola also won the [[Golden Globe Awards]] for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy|Best Motion Picture]] and [[Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]], in addition to receiving three [[Independent Spirit Awards]] and three [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Award]] nominations.

On September 11, 2010, Coppola's film ''Somewhere'' won the [[Golden Lion]], the top prize at the [[Venice International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2010/biz/news/coppola-s-somewhere-wins-golden-lion-1118024027/ |title=Coppola's 'Somewhere' wins Golden Lion |work=Variety |first=Nick |last=Vivarelli |date=September 11, 2010 |access-date=September 12, 2010}}</ref> Coppola became the first American woman and the fourth American filmmaker to win the award.<ref name="silverstein1"/>

In 2016, Coppola's musical comedy special ''[[A Very Murray Christmas]]'' earned her a nomination for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie]].

On May 28, 2017, Coppola was awarded the [[Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Director Award]] at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] for her film ''The Beguiled'', making her the second woman and the first American woman to win the award.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="britannica1"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Awards and nominations received by Coppola's films
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! colspan="2" width="160" style="text-align:center;" |Academy Awards
! colspan="2" width="160" style="text-align:center;" |BAFTA Awards
! colspan="2" width="160" style="text-align:center;" |Golden Globe Awards
! colspan="2" |Cannes/Venice Film Festival
|-
!Nominations
!Wins
!Nominations
!Wins
!Nominations
!Wins
!Nominations
!Wins
|-
|1999
|''[[The Virgin Suicides (film)|The Virgin Suicides]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |2
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]''
| align="center" |4
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |8
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |5
| align="center" |3
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |2
|-
|2006
|''[[Marie Antoinette (2006 film)|Marie Antoinette]]''
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |3
|
|
|
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |1
|-
|2010
|''[[Somewhere (film)|Somewhere]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |1
|-
|2013
|''[[The Bling Ring]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |1
|
|-
|2017
|''[[The Beguiled (2017 film)|The Beguiled]]''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |1
|-
|2020
|''[[On the Rocks (film)|On the Rocks]]''
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |1
|
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Priscilla (film)|Priscilla]]''
|
|
|
|
| align="center" |1
|
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
! align="center" |5
! align="center" |2
! align="center" |11
! align="center" |3
! align="center" |6
! align="center" |3
!12
!6
|}

== Books ==
* {{Cite book |last=Coppola |first=Sofia |year=2023 |title=Sofia Coppola Archive: 1999–2023 |location=London |publisher=Mack |isbn=978-1-915743-13-8 |oclc=1396453281}}
Released on November 1, 2023. ''Archive'' by Sofia Coppola is a personal collection with behind the scene content, scripts, photographs, and development behind each film. Including content from all eight of her films [[The Virgin Suicides (film)|''The Virgin Suicides'' (1999)]], [[Lost in Translation (film)|''Lost in Translation'' (2003)]], [[Marie Antoinette (film)|''Marie Antoinette'' (2006)]], [[Somewhere (film)|''Somewhere'' (2010)]], [[The Beguiled (2017 film)|''The Beguiled'' (2017)]], and [[Priscilla (film)|''Priscilla'' (2023)]]. The book has a total of 488 pages. ''Archive'' is personally edited and annotated by Coppola herself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sofia Coppola Will Release Her First Book This Fall Alongside Her New Film Priscilla |url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni64091189/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=A First Look at Sofia Coppola's Deeply Personal New Book |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/first-look-sofia-coppola-archive-1999-2023-book |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Coppola family tree]]
* [[List of Academy Award–winning families]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/31/magazine/31COPPOLA.html |title=The Coppola Smart Mob |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |date=August 31, 2003}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/592ace6ae4b0a7b7b469cb63 |title=Sofia Coppola Wins Prize for Best Director at Cannes for ''Beguiled''|work= Huffington Post |date=2017}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.ocregister.com/ocr/2005/04/21/sections/wine_food/wf_wine/article_488518.php|title=So fine, Sofia|date=April 21, 2005|work=Wine Review|access-date=June 19, 2007|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185039/http://www.ocregister.com/ocr/2005/04/21/sections/wine_food/wf_wine/article_488518.php|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.kcrw.com/etc/programs/tt/tt040225sofia_coppola |work=KCRW's The Treatment|title=Sofia Coppola}}
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44019394 "Off with Hollywood's Head: Sofia Coppola as Feminine Auteur"]. Film Criticism, 2010.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sofia Coppola}}
* {{IMDb name|1068}}
* [http://www.milkfed.jp Milk fed.]—Coppola's Japanese fashion label
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081221045127/http://www.sofiamini.com/noflash.php Sofia Mini]}}—Coppola's Canned Wine
* {{cite web|url=http://www.clubplanet.com/Articles/1579/Marie-Antoinette-Interview|title= Sofia Coppola ''Marie Antoinette'' Interview |website=Clubplanet|date= September 22, 2022 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.fashionhippo.com/sofia-coppolas-parisian-inspired-style|website=FashionHippo.com|title=Sofia Coppola's Parisian Inspired Style|date=December 21, 2011|access-date=December 30, 2011|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225143342/http://www.fashionhippo.com/sofia-coppolas-parisian-inspired-style/|url-status=dead}}

{{s-start}} {{s-ach}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Alexander Payne]] for ''[[About Schmidt]]''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay]] for ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]''|years=2004}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alexander Payne]], [[Jim Taylor (writer)|Jim Taylor]] for ''[[Sideways]]''}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Clint Eastwood]] for ''[[Mystic River (film)|Mystic River]]''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[César Award for Best Foreign Film]] for ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]''|years=2005}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Clint Eastwood]] for ''[[Million Dollar Baby]]''}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sofia Coppola}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Sofia Coppola|Awards for Sofia Coppola]]
|list =
{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalScreenplay 2001-2020}}
{{Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director}}
{{Cannes Film Festival Best Director Award}}
{{Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay}}
{{Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Screenplay}}
{{GoldenGlobeBestScreenplayMotionPicture 2001-2020}}
{{Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress}}
{{Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star}}
{{IndependentAwardforBestDirector}}
{{Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best New Filmmaker}}
{{New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director}}
{{Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Original Screenplay}}
{{Satellite Award Best Original Screenplay}}
{{TFCA Award for Best Screenplay}}
{{Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Original Screenplay}}
{{Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay}}
}}
{{Coppola family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coppola, Sofia}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Coppola family|Sofia Carmina]]
[[Category:Spiegel family]]
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[[Category:Postmodernist filmmakers]]

Dag Hammarskjöld

2025-06-01T05:15:15Z

99.185.77.46: /* Death */

{{Short description|UN Secretary-General from 1953 to 1961}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Dag Hammarskjöld.jpg
| caption = Hammarskjöld in the 1950s
| birthname = Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld
| office = 2nd [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
| term_start = 10 April 1953
| term_end = 18 September 1961
| predecessor = [[Trygve Lie]]
| successor = [[U Thant|Thant]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1905|7|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jönköping]], [[Sweden–Norway]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1961|9|18|1905|7|29}}
| death_place = [[Ndola]], [[Northern Rhodesia]], [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] (now [[Zambia]])
| death_cause = [[1961 Ndola United Nations DC-6 crash|Aeroplane crash]]
| father = [[Hjalmar Hammarskjöld]]
| mother = [[Agnes Hammarskjöld]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Uppsala University]]|[[Stockholm University]]}}
| signature = Dag Hammarskjöld signature.svg
}}
'''Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld''' (English: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|æ|m|ər|ʃ|ʊ|l|d}} {{respell|HAM|ər|shuuld}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hammarskjold|title=Hammarskjöld|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}</ref>; 29 July 1905 – 18 September 1961) was a Swedish economist and diplomat who served as the second [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|secretary-general of the United Nations]] from April 1953 until his death in [[1961 Ndola Transair Sweden DC-6 crash|a plane crash]] in September 1961. As of 2025, he remains the youngest person to have held the post, having been only 47 years old when he was appointed. He was a son of [[Hjalmar Hammarskjöld]], who served as [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] from 1914 to 1917.

Hammarskjöld's tenure was characterized by efforts to strengthen the newly-formed UN both internally and externally. He led initiatives to improve morale and organisational efficiency while seeking to make the UN more responsive to global issues. He presided over the creation of the first UN peacekeeping forces in [[United Nations Emergency Force|Egypt (the UNEF)]] and [[United Nations Operation in the Congo|the Congo (the ONUC)]] and personally intervened to defuse or resolve diplomatic crises. Hammarskjöld's second term was cut short when he died in a plane crash while en route to [[cease-fire]] negotiations during the [[Congo Crisis]].

Hammarskjöld was and remains well regarded internationally as a capable diplomat and administrator, and his efforts to resolve various global crises led to him being the only [[Posthumous award|posthumous recipient]] of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nobel Prize facts|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/|access-date=13 May 2020|publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> In the Western world, his appointment and tenure were hailed as one of the most notable and successful in UN leadership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alvaro-de-soto-/how-not-to-select-the-bes_b_8403780.html|title=How Not to Select the Best UN Secretary-General|website=[[HuffPost]]|date=28 October 2015}}</ref> U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] called Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman of our century".<ref name="Linnér">{{cite book
|author-first1=Sture
|author-last1=Linnér
|author-first2=Sverker
|author-last2=Åström
|year=2008
|isbn=978-91-85214-51-8
|url=http://www.daghammarskjold.se/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/Dh_lecture_2007.pdf
|title=UN Secretary-General Hammarskjöld: Reflections and Personal Experiences (The 2007 Dag Hammarskjöld Lecture)
|page=28
|publisher=Uppsala University}} [https://archive.today/20190723011606/https://www.daghammarskjold.se/publication/dag-hammarskjold-lecture-2007/ Catalog record archived] from [https://www.daghammarskjold.se/publication/dag-hammarskjold-lecture-2007/ the original] on 22 July 2019. "This is the translated text of the 2007 Dag Hammarskjöld Lecture given by Sture Linnér and Sverker Åström at Uppsala University on 15 October 2007".</ref> In the third world, however, his legacy is extremely controversial, given his erratic performance in the Congo Crisis, with consequences to this day.<ref name="Knudsen 2023">{{cite web|url=https://africasacountry.com/2024/07/not-an-obvious-hero|title=Not an obvious hero|author=Dino Knudsen|publisher=Africa Is a Country|date=2023}}</ref><ref name="De Vos et al. 2004">{{cite book|author=Luc De Vos, Emmanuel Gerard, Jules Gérard-Libois en Philippe Raxhon|title=Lumumba. De complotten? |publisher=De moord|date=2004|isbn=9058262286}}</ref><ref name="Melber 2017">{{cite web|url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/14857/ |author=Henning Melber|title=Lumumba, Hammarskjöld and the Cold War in the Congo|publisher=African Magazine|date=17 January 2017}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Östra Storgatan 91.jpg|thumb|left|Hammarskjöld's birthplace in [[Jönköping]]]]
Dag Hammarskjöld was born in [[Jönköping]] to the [[Hammarskjöld family|noble family Hammarskjöld]] (also spelled ''Hammarskiöld'' or ''Hammarsköld''). He spent most of his childhood in [[Uppsala]]. His home there, which he considered his childhood home, was [[Uppsala Castle]]. He was the fourth and youngest son of [[Hjalmar Hammarskjöld]], [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] from 1914 to 1917.<ref name="Sze memoir">{{cite book|last1=Sze|first1=Szeming|title=Working for the United Nations: 1948–1968|date=December 1986|publisher=University of Pittsburgh|location=Pittsburgh|page=20|edition=Digital|url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/text-idx?idno=31735066261623;view=toc;c=ulstext|access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>

Hammarskjöld studied first at [[Katedralskolan, Uppsala|Katedralskolan]] and then at [[Uppsala University]]. By 1930, he had obtained [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]] of Philosophy and Master of Laws degrees. Before he finished his law degree he had already obtained a job as Assistant Secretary of the Unemployment Committee.<ref name=dag>{{cite web |url=http://www.daghammarskjold.se/biography/#early-life |title=Biography, at Dag Hammerskjoldse |publisher=Daghammarskjold.se|access-date=10 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002221559/http://www.daghammarskjold.se/biography/#early-life |archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
From 1930 to 1934, Hammarskjöld was Secretary of a governmental committee on unemployment. During this time he wrote his economics thesis, {{lang|sv|italic=no|"Konjunkturspridningen"}} ("The Spread of the Business Cycle"), and received a [[doctorate]] from [[Stockholm University]]. In 1936, he became a secretary in Sweden's central bank, the [[Sveriges Riksbank|Riksbank]]. From 1941 to 1948, he served as chairman of the Riksbank's General Council.<ref name=nobel>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1961/hammarskjold/biographical/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1961|website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>

Hammarskjöld quickly developed a successful career as a Swedish public servant. He was state secretary in the [[Ministry of Finance (Sweden)|Ministry of Finance]] 1936–1945, Swedish delegate to the [[OECD|Organization for European Economic Cooperation]] 1947–1953, cabinet secretary for the [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] 1949–1951 and [[minister without portfolio]] in [[Tage Erlander]]'s government 1951–1953.<ref name=nobel/>

He helped coordinate government plans to alleviate the economic problems of the post-[[World War II]] period and was a delegate to the Paris conference that established the [[Marshall Plan]]. In 1950, he became head of the Swedish delegation to [[UNISCAN]], a forum to promote economic cooperation between the United Kingdom and the Scandinavian countries.<ref>"[http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/bio.htm Dag Hammarskjöld]" [biography]. United Nations. United Nations. Retrieved 13 October 2017.</ref> Although Hammarskjöld served in a cabinet dominated by the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democrats]], he never officially joined any political party.<ref name=nobel/>

In 1951, Hammarskjöld was vice chairman of the Swedish delegation to the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in Paris. He became the chairman of the Swedish delegation to the [[General Assembly of UN|General Assembly]] in New York in 1952. On 20 December 1954, he was elected to take his father's vacated seat in the [[Swedish Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/dag/bio.htm|title=Dag Hammarskjöld: The UN years ...|publisher=United Nations|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref>

==United Nations Secretary-General==
=== Nomination and election ===
{{see also|United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1953}}

On 10 November 1952, [[Trygve Lie]] announced his resignation as [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]. Several months of negotiations ensued between the Western powers and the Soviet Union without reaching an agreement on his successor. On 13 and 19 March 1953, the [[Security Council]] voted on four candidates. [[Lester B. Pearson]] of Canada was the only candidate to receive the required majority, but he was vetoed by the Soviet Union.<ref name=nyt1>{{cite news |last1=Hamilton |first1=Thomas J. |title=Soviet Veto Blocks Pearson U.N. Boom; Romulo Also Fails |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=1 |date=13 March 1953}}</ref><ref name="nytimes19530320">{{cite news|last1=Hamilton|first1=Thomas J.|title=Mme. Pandit Loses in Vote for Lie Post |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=4 |date=20 March 1953}}</ref> At a consultation of the permanent members on 30 March 1953,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Barry|editor1-first=Donald|title=Documents on Canadian External Relations|date=1953|volume=19|page=322}}</ref> [[Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations|French permanent representative]] [[Henri Hoppenot]] suggested four candidates, including Hammarskjöld, whom he had met at the [[OECD|Organisation for European Economic Cooperation]].<ref name="froehlich2007">{{cite book|last1=Fröhlich |first1=Manuel|title=Political Ethics and The United Nations: Dag Hammarskjöld as Secretary-General|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134065561|page=59}}</ref>

The superpowers hoped to seat a Secretary-General who would focus on administrative issues and refrain from participating in political discussion. Hammarskjöld's reputation at the time was, in the words of biographer [[Emery Kelèn]], "that of a brilliant economist, an unobtrusive technician, and an aristo-bureaucrat". As a result, there was little to no controversy in his selection;{{sfn|Lipsey|2013|p=117}} the [[Soviet Permanent Representative to the United Nations|Soviet permanent representative]], [[Valerian Zorin]], found Hammarskjöld "harmless".{{sfn|Heller|2001|p=14}} Zorin declared that he would be voting for Hammarskjöld, surprising the Western powers.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hamilton | first1=Thomas J.|title=U.N. Chief is Picked | work=The New York Times | page=1 | date=1 April 1953}}</ref> The announcement set off a flurry of diplomatic activity. [[Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom|British Foreign Secretary]] [[Anthony Eden]] was strongly in favor of Hammarskjöld and asked the United States to "take any appropriate action to induce the [Nationalist] Chinese to abstain".<ref name="frus1952-213">{{harvnb|FRUS 1952–1954 III|loc=[https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v03/d213 Document 213]}}: Memorandum of Telephone Conversation, by the Deputy Director of the Office of United Nations Political and Security Affairs (Popper), 31 March 1953.</ref> (Sweden recognized the People's Republic of China and faced a potential veto from the Republic of China.) At the [[U.S. State Department]], the nomination "came as a complete surprise to everyone here and we started scrambling around to find out who Mr. Hammarskjold was and what his qualifications were".<ref name="frus1952-216">{{harvnb|FRUS 1952–1954 III|loc=[https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v03/d216 Document 216]}}: Memorandum of Conversation, by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for United Nations Affairs (Sandifer), 30 April 1953.</ref> The State Department authorized [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]], the [[US ambassador to the UN|US Ambassador]], to vote in favor after he told them that Hammarskjöld "may be as good as we can get".<ref name="frus1952-211">{{harvnb|FRUS 1952–1954 III|loc=[https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v03/d211 Document 211]}}: The United States Representative at the United Nations (Lodge) to the Department of State, 30 March 1953—1:38 p.m.</ref><ref name="frus1952-212">{{harvnb|FRUS 1952–1954 III|loc=[https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v03/d212 Document 212]}}: Memorandum for the Files by the Assistant Secretary of State for United Nations Affairs (Hickerson), 30 March 1953.</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = ''Journalist'': "We understand you've been designated Secretary-General of the United Nations." ''Hammarskjöld'': "This April Fool's Day joke is in extremely bad taste: it's nonsense!"
| source = –Exchange between a Stockholm journalist and Hammarskjöld, 1 April 1953{{sfn|Lipsey|2013|p=117}}
| width = 35%
| align = right}}

On 31 March 1953, the [[Security Council]] voted 10–0–1 to recommend Hammarskjöld to the General Assembly, with an abstention from Nationalist China.{{sfn|Heller|2001|p=15}} The vote was conducted in secret, and Hammarskjöld was unaware his name had been put forward for the position.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dag Hammarskjöld: The UN years ... |url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/time1953.htm |publisher=United Nations |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref> Shortly after midnight on 1 April 1953, Hammarskjöld was awakened by a telephone call from a journalist with the news, which he dismissed as an [[April Fools' Day|April Fool's Day joke]].{{efn|The nomination was leaked early by a delegate of the Security Council, who informed a correspondent of the vote as they left the council chamber to go to the restroom.{{sfn|Lipsey|2013|pp=117–118}} Earlier in March, Hammarskjöld had discussed the succession problem of the UN Secretariat with artist {{interlanguage link|Bo Beskow|de||no||sv}}. When Beskow suggested that Hammarskjöld would be suitable for the office, the latter replied, "Nobody is crazy enough to propose me—and I would be crazy to accept."{{sfn|Lipsey|2013|p=118}}}} He finally believed the news after the third phone call.<ref name="froehlich2007"/> The [[Consulate General of Sweden, New York City|Swedish mission in New York]] confirmed the nomination at 03:00 and a communique from the Security Council was soon thereafter delivered to him.{{sfn|Lipsey|2013|pp=117–118}} After consulting with the Swedish cabinet and his father, Hammarskjöld decided to accept the nomination.{{sfn|Heller|2001|p=15}} He sent a wire to the Security Council:{{sfn|Lipsey|2013|p=118}}

<blockquote>With strong feeling personal insufficiency I hesitate to accept candidature but I do not feel I could refuse to assume the task imposed on me should the [UN General] Assembly follow the recommendation of the Security Council by which I feel deeply honoured.
</blockquote>

Later in the day, Hammarskjöld held a press conference at the Swedish Foreign Ministry. According to diplomat [[Sverker Åström]], he displayed an intense interest and knowledge in the affairs of the UN, which he had never shown any indication of before.{{sfn|Lipsey|2013|p=118}}

The UN General Assembly voted 57–1–1 on 7 April 1953 to appoint Dag Hammarskjöld as Secretary-General of the United Nations. Hammarskjöld was sworn in as Secretary-General on 10 April 1953.{{sfn|Heller|2001|p=15}} He was unanimously reelected on 26 September 1957 for another term, taking effect on 10 April 1958.{{sfn|Heller|2001|p=21}}

=== Tenure ===
[[File:Dag Hammarskjold outside the UN building.jpg|thumb|upright|Hammarskjöld (age 48) outside the [[United Nations headquarters|UN headquarters]] in [[New York City]], 1953]]

Immediately following the assumption of the Secretariat, Hammarskjöld attempted to establish a good rapport with his staff. He made a point of visiting every UN department to shake hands with as many workers as possible, eating in the cafeteria as often as possible, and relinquishing the Secretary-General's private elevator for general use.{{sfn|Lipsey|2013|p=135}} He began his term by establishing his own secretariat of 4,000 administrators and setting up regulations that defined their responsibilities. He was also actively engaged in smaller projects relating to the UN working environment; for example, he spearheaded the building of a [[Headquarters of the United Nations meditation room|meditation room]] at the [[UN headquarters]], where people can withdraw into themselves in silence, regardless of their faith, creed, or religion.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Mary |last1=Cherif |first2=Nathalie |last2=Leroy |first3=Anna |last3=Banchieri |first4=Armando |last4=Da Silva |url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/meditationroom.htm |title=The Meditation Room in the UN Headquarters |publisher=United Nations |access-date=10 September 2013 }}</ref>

During his term, Hammarskjöld tried to improve relations between [[Israel]] and the [[Arab states]], frequently playing the role of a mediator between [[David Ben-Gurion]] and [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Oren |first=Michael B. |date=January 1992 |title=Ambivalent Adversaries: David Ben-Gurion and Israel vs. the United Nations and Dag Hammarskjöld, 1956–57 |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002200949202700105 |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=89–127 |doi=10.1177/002200949202700105 |s2cid=159548543 |issn=0022-0094 |access-date=13 October 2023 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Other highlights include a 1955 visit to [[China]] to negotiate the release of 11 captured US pilots who had served in the [[Korean War]],<ref name="Sze memoir" /> the 1956 establishment of the [[United Nations Emergency Force]], and his intervention in the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]]. He is given credit by some historians for allowing participation of the [[Holy See and the United Nations|Holy See within the UN]] that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_doc_20020422_tauran_en.html |title=Holy See's Presence in the International Organizations|publisher=Vatican.va |date=22 April 2002 |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215051159/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_doc_20020422_tauran_en.html |archive-date=15 February 2014 }}</ref>

In 1960, the newly independent [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Congo]] asked for UN aid in defusing the [[Congo Crisis]]. Hammarskjöld made four trips to Congo, but his efforts toward the [[decolonisation of Africa]] were considered insufficient by the [[Soviet Union]]; in September 1960, the Soviet government denounced his decision to send a UN emergency force to keep the peace. They demanded his resignation and the replacement of the office of Secretary-General by a three-man directorate with a built-in veto, the "[[Triumvirate|troika]]". The objective was, citing the memoirs of Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]], to "equally represent interests of three groups of countries: capitalist, socialist and recently independent".<ref name="un-history60">[https://www.un.org/russian/av/radio/history60/11history60.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022115139/http://www.un.org/russian/av/radio/history60/11history60.htm|date=22 October 2006}}</ref><ref name="dag" />

The UN sent a nearly 20,000-strong peacekeeping force to restore order in [[Congo-Kinshasa]]. Hammarskjöld's refusal to place peacekeepers in the service of [[Patrice Lumumba|Lumumba's]] constitutionally elected government provoked a strong reaction of disapproval from the Soviets. The situation would become more scandalous with the assassination of Lumumba by [[Moïse Tshombe|Tshombe's]] troops. In February 1961, the UN authorized the Peacekeeping Forces to use military force to prevent civil war. The Blue Helmets' attack on Katanga caused Tshombe to flee to Zambia. Hammarskjöld's erratic attitude in not providing support to Lumumba's government, which had been elected by popular vote, drew severe criticism among non-aligned countries and communist and socialist countries.<ref name="Knudsen 2023"/> Hammarskjöld knew that the Belgian Government, allegedly supported by the United States, arranged for the assassination of Patrice Lumumba. In the end, his actions were supported only by the United States and [[Belgium]].<ref name="De Vos et al. 2004"/><ref name="Melber 2017"/>

His final report to the United Nations was some 6,000 words and is considered to be one of his most important. The report was dictated in a single afternoon to his assistant, Hannah Platz.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2019 |title=Character Sketches: Dag Hammarskjöld by Brian Urquhart {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/spotlight/character-sketches-dag-hammarskjold-brian-urquhart |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=United Nations }}</ref>

==Death==
{{Main|1961 Ndola Transair Sweden DC-6 crash}}
[[File:Dag Hammaskölds gravsten.jpg|thumb|Hammarskjöld's grave in [[Uppsala]]]]

On 18 September 1961, Hammarskjöld was en route to negotiate a [[cease-fire]] between [[United Nations Operation in the Congo]] forces and [[State of Katanga|Katangese]] troops under [[Moise Tshombe]]. His [[Douglas DC-6]] airliner [[1961 Ndola United Nations DC-6 crash|SE-BDY crashed]] near [[Ndola]], [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Northern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zambia]]). Hammarskjöld perished as a result of the crash, as did all of the 15 other passengers.<ref name=tg1>{{Cite web|title=RAF veteran 'admitted 1961 killing of UN secretary general'|last1=Graham-Harrison|first1=Emma|last2=Rocksen|first2=Andreas|last3=Brügger|first3=Mads|work=The Guardian|date=12 January 2019 |access-date=17 September 2021 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/12/raf-veteran-admitted-killing-un-secretary-general-dag-hammarskjold-in-1961}}</ref> Hammarskjöld's death set off a succession crisis at the United Nations, because there was no line of succession and as a result, the Security Council had to [[United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1961|vote on a successor]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hamilton|first1=Thomas J.|title=Interim U.N. Head is Urged by Rusk; His Timing Scored|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/09/23/archives/interim-un-head-is-urged-by-rusk-his-timing-scored-delegates-fear.html|work=The New York Times|date=23 September 1961|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Halberstam|first1=David|title=Hammarskjold Dies in African Air Crash; Kennedy Going To U.N. In Succession Crisis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/09/19/archives/hammarskjold-dies-in-african-air-crash-kennedy-going-to-un-in.html|work=The New York Times|date=19 September 1961|page=1}}</ref>

The circumstances of the crash are still unclear. A 1962 Rhodesian inquiry concluded that pilot error was to blame, while a later UN investigation could not determine the cause of the crash.<ref name="foreignpolicy">{{cite news |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/08/01/u-n-to-probe-whether-iconic-secretary-general-was-assassinated/|title=U.N. to Probe Whether Iconic Secretary-General Was Assassinated|work=Foreign Policy |date=1 August 2016 |access-date=17 December 2017|first=Colum|last=Lynch}}</ref> There is evidence suggesting the plane was shot down.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dag Hammarskjöld: Evidence Suggests UN Chief's Plane Was Shot Down |work= The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/17/dag-hammarskjold-un-secretary-general-crash |date=17 August 2011 |access-date=2 August 2014 |first=Julian |last=Borger }}</ref><ref name="theguardian042014">{{cite web |title=Dag Hammarskjöld's Plane May Have Been Shot Down, Ambassador Warned |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/04/dag-hammarskjold-plane-shot-down-mercenary-cable |date=4 April 2014 |access-date=2 August 2014 |first=Julian |last=Borger }}</ref><ref>Susan Williams, ''Who Killed Hammarskjold?'' 2011, Hurst Publishers, 2014, Oxford University Press</ref> A [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] report claimed the KGB was responsible.<ref name="theguardian2014">Jamie Doward, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/13/spy-messages-solve-mystery-un-chief-death-crash "Spy messages could finally solve mystery of UN chief’s death crash"], ''[[The Guardian]]'' 13 December 2014.</ref>

The day after the crash, former U.S. President [[Harry Truman]] commented that Hammarskjöld "was on the point of getting something done when they killed him. Notice that I said 'when they killed him'."<ref name="theguardian2014" />

In 1998, documents were discovered that detailed an alleged plot, named Operation Celeste, to assassinate Hammarskjöld. The alleged plot was backed by the [[CIA]], [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]] and a Belgian mining interest and the assassination was to be carried out by the [[South African Institute for Maritime Research]], a South African paramilitary organisation. One of the documents stated that CIA director [[Allen Dulles]] agreed that "Dag is becoming troublesome ... and should be removed" and pledged local CIA support for the alleged plot. The information was contained in a file that the [[National Intelligence Agency (South Africa)|South African National Intelligence Agency]] turned over to the [[South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] in relation to the 1993 assassination of [[Chris Hani]], leader of the [[South African Communist Party]]. The authenticity of the documents could not be substantiated because they were copies instead of originals. More documents related to the alleged plot were discovered by the South African government in 2016.<ref name="foreignpolicy" />

In 2011, Göran Björkdahl, a Swedish aid worker whose father worked for the UN in Zambia, wrote that in part, he believed that Hammarskjöld's death was a murder that was committed to benefit mining companies like [[Union Minière du Haut Katanga|Union Minière]], after Hammarskjöld had made the UN intervene in the Katanga crisis. Björkdahl based his assertion on interviews with witnesses of the plane crash near the border of the DRC with Zambia and on archival documents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dag Hammarskjöld: I have no doubt Dag Hammarskjöld's plane was brought down |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/17/dag-hammarskjold-crash-goran-bjorkdahl |date=17 August 2011 |access-date=2 August 2014 |first=Goran |last=Bjorkdahl }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Eyewitnesses: The Hammarskjold Plane Crash |journal=International Peacekeeping |volume=20 |pages=98–115 |date=February 2013 |first=Goran|last=Bjorkdahl |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/13533312.2013.763681 |s2cid=144859006 }}</ref>

In 2013, accident investigator Sven Hammarberg was asked by the [[International Commission of Jurists]] to investigate Hammarskjöld's death.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Hammarberg | first1=Sven | title=Accident Investigator's Report to the Hammarskjöld Commission |url=http://www.hammarskjoldcommission.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Accident-Investigators-report-to-the-Hammarskold-Commission1.pdf | work=Hammarskjöld Commission | date=15 August 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, newly declassified documents revealed that the American ambassador to the Congo sent a cable to Washington D.C. and in it, he wrote his suspicion that the plane could have been shot down by Belgian mercenary pilot Jan Van Risseghem, commander of the small Katanga Air Force. Van Risseghem died in 2007.<ref name="theguardian042014" />

On 16 March 2015, United Nations Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] appointed members to an Independent Panel of Experts that was established for the purpose of examining new information that was related to Hammarskjöld's death. The three-member panel was led by [[Mohamed Chande Othman]], the [[Chief Justice of Tanzania]], and it included Kerryn Macaulay (Australia's representative to the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]]) and Henrik Larsen (a ballistics expert from the [[Danish National Police]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50337 |title=UN announces members of panel probing new information on Dag Hammarskjöld death |date=16 March 2015 |publisher=UN News Centre |access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> The panel's 99-page report, released 6 July 2015, assigned moderate value to nine new eyewitness accounts and transcripts of radio transmissions. Those accounts suggested that Hammarskjöld's plane was already on fire as it was landing and they also suggested that other jet aircraft and other intelligence agents were nearby.<ref name=NYT06July2015>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Panel: Possible Aerial Attack on Hammarskjold Plane in 1961|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/07/06/world/ap-un-united-nations-hammarskjold-review.html|access-date=6 July 2015|work=The New York Times|date=6 July 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, the original documents from the 1998 South African investigation surfaced. Those who were familiar with the investigation cautioned that even if they were authentic, the documents could have initially been authored as part of a disinformation campaign.<ref name="foreignpolicy" />

In 2019, the documentary film ''[[Cold Case Hammarskjöld]]'' by Danish filmmaker [[Mads Brügger]] claimed that Jan van Risseghem had told a friend that he shot down Hammarskjöld's aircraft. This went against the official stance maintained by van Risseghem's family that he was not involved in the death of Hammarskjöld. According to an interview with van Risseghem's wife, he was in Rhodesia negotiating the purchase of a plane for the Katanga Air Force, with the logbooks proving that he was not flying for Katanga at the time. The documentary crew interviewed colleagues of van Risseghem's for the film, all of whom supported their theory.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/17/world/africa/hammarskjold-crash-mystery.html|title=More Clues, and Questions, in 1961 Crash That Killed Dag Hammarskjöld|work=The New York Times|date=17 February 2019|access-date=30 December 2019|last1=Gladstone|first1=Rick|last2=Cowell|first2=Alan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/nya-uppgifter-legoknekt-ska-ha-erkant-att-han-dodade-dag-hammarskjold|title=Mercenary admits to murder of Dag Hammarskjöld|newspaper=SVT Nyheter|date=13 January 2019|publisher=SVT|access-date=13 January 2019|last1=Ripås|first1=Johan}}</ref><ref name="theguardian2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/12/raf-veteran-admitted-killing-un-secretary-general-dag-hammarskjold-in-1961|title=RAF veteran 'admitted 1961 killing of UN secretary general'|work=The Guardian|date=12 January 2019|access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref> In an interview with Swedish historian Leif Hellström, van Risseghem claimed that he was not in southern Africa at the time the crash happened, and dismissed the idea of his involvement.<ref name="theguardian2019" />

A document that was found in France amidst the Fonds [[Jacques Foccart|Foccart]] (National Archives in Pierrefitte) in November 2021 is a death warrant for Hammarskjöld that contained the acronym [[Organisation armée secrète|OAS]], the secret organization that was nestled in the French army at the time of [[Algerian War|Algeria's war for independence]]. The document reads: "It is high time to put an end to his harmful intrusion ... this sentence common to justice and fairness to be carried out, as soon as possible". The unsigned document is a facsimile that appeared to be a transcription of an original letter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A new Hypothesis on Hammarskjöld's death: OAS |date=21 April 2022 |url=https://consortiumnews.com/2022/04/21/missing-link-in-a-un-cold-case/ |access-date=18 September 2022 }}</ref>

Hammarskjöld's 1959 will left his personal archive to the [[National Library of Sweden]].<ref>{{cite web |title=L179 The Dag Hammarskjöld Collection |url=https://arken.kb.se/SE-S-HS-L179 |publisher=National Library of Sweden |access-date=16 June 2018 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Dag Hammarskjöld quote cropped.jpg|thumb|A spiritual quote by Dag Hammarskjöld engraved in the stone wall within the Peace Chapel of the [[International Peace Garden]]]]

In 1953, soon after his appointment as United Nations Secretary-General, Hammarskjöld was interviewed on radio by [[Edward R. Murrow]]. In the talk, Hammarskjöld declared:

<blockquote>But the explanation of how a man should live a life of active social service in full harmony with himself as a member of the community of spirit, I found in the writings of those great medieval mystics <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Meister Eckhart]] and [[Jan van Ruysbroek (scholar)|Jan van Ruysbroek]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> for whom 'self-surrender' had been the way to self-realization, and who in 'singleness of mind' and 'inwardness' had found the strength to say yes to every demand which the needs of their neighbours made them face, and to say yes also to every fate life had in store for them when they followed the call of duty as they understood it.<ref>Henry P Van Dusen. ''Dag Hammarskjöld: A Biographical Interpretation of Markings'' Faber and Faber London 1967 p. 47.</ref></blockquote>

Hammarskjöld's only book, ''[[Vägmärken]]'' (''Markings'', or more literally ''Waymarks''), was published in 1963. A collection of his diary reflections, the book starts in 1925, when he was 20 years old, and ends the month before his death in 1961.<ref name="har05003">Hartman, Thom (3 March 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20051019231821/http://www.buzzflash.com/hartmann/05/03/har05003.html ''Markings – the spiritual diary of Dag Hammarskjöld'']. BuzzFlash.</ref> This diary was found in his New York house, after his death, along with an undated letter addressed to then Swedish Permanent [[State Secretary for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs]], {{interlanguage link|Leif Belfrage|sv}}. In this letter, Hammarskjöld wrote:

<blockquote>These entries provide the only true 'profile' that can be drawn ... If you find them worth publishing, you have my permission to do so.</blockquote>

The foreword is written by the English poet [[W. H. Auden]], a friend of Hammarskjöld.<ref>Auden, with Leif Sjoberg, translated the book into English. {{cite book|last=Hammarskjold|first=Dag|title=Markings|year=1964|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York}}</ref>

''Markings'' was described by the late theologian Henry P. Van Dusen as "the noblest self-disclosure of spiritual struggle and triumph, perhaps the greatest testament of personal faith written ... in the heat of professional life and amidst the most exacting responsibilities for [[world peace]] and order".<ref>Henry P Van Dusen. ''Dag Hammarskjöld: A Biographical Interpretation of Markings'' Faber and Faber London 1967 p. 5</ref> Hammarskjöld wrote, for example:

<blockquote>We are not permitted to choose the frame of our destiny. But what we put into it is ours. He who wills adventure will experience it – according to the measure of his courage. He who wills sacrifice will be sacrificed – according to the measure of his purity of heart.<ref>''Dag Hammarskjöld: Markings'' Leif Sjoberg and WH Auden (trans) Faber and Faber London 1964 p. 63.</ref></blockquote>

''Markings'' is characterised by Hammarskjöld's intermingling of prose and [[haiku]] poetry in a manner exemplified by the 17th-century Japanese poet [[Matsuo Bashō|Basho]] in his ''[[Narrow Roads to the Deep North]]''.<ref>''Dag Hammarskjöld: Markings'' Leif Sjoberg and WH Auden (trans) Faber and Faber London 1964 p149</ref> In his foreword to ''Markings'', W. H. Auden quotes Hammarskjöld as stating:

<blockquote>In our age, the road to holiness necessarily passes through the world of action.<ref>WH Auden Foreword to ''Dag Hammarskjöld: Markings'' Leif Sjoberg and WH Auden (trans) Faber and Faber London 1964 p. 23.</ref></blockquote>

Hammarskjöld's interest in philosophical and spiritual matters is also proven by the finding of [[Martin Buber]]'s main work ''[[I and Thou]]'', which he was translating into Swedish, in the wreckage after the plane crash.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sage Who Inspired Hammarskjöld; He is Martin Buber |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/12/03/archives/sage-who-inspired-hammarskjold-he-is-marlin-buber-scholar.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 December 1961 |author=Meyer Levin Jerusalem |access-date=18 September 2022 }}</ref>

The [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] commemorates the life of Hammarskjöld as a renewer of society on the anniversary of his death, 18 September.<ref>Gail Ramshaw, ''More Days for Praise: Festivals and Commemorations in Evangelical Lutheran Worship'' (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, the publishing arm of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, 2016), p. 220.</ref>

[[Brian Urquhart]]'s biography of Hammarskjöld addressed what [[Israel Shenker]] described in his ''[[The New York Times]]'' review as "the oft-discussed question of Hammaskjöld's sexuality".<ref name="NYT 1972-12-04">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/04/archives/-hammarskjold-a-biography-based-on-private-papers-tells-of-rifts.html |title=''Hammarskjold'', a Biography Based on Private Papers, Tells of Rifts With Big Powers |first=Israel |last=Shenker |author-link=Israel Shenker |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=18 |date=4 December 1972 |access-date=5 July 2023 }}</ref> Urquhart reports that [[Trygve Lie]] spread rumours of Hammarskjöld's homosexuality but, having interviewed Hammarskjöld's close friends, Urquhart concludes that "no one who knew him well or worked closely with him thought he was a homosexual".<ref name="NYT 1972-12-04"/> Shenker infers from Urquhart's work "that Hammarskjöld was an example, not unique in contemporary politics, of an [[asexuality|asexual]], somewhat [[narcissism|narcissistic]] individual" and quoted private papers where Hammarskjöld had written that "the Secretary General of the UN should have an iron constitution and should not be married".<ref name="NYT 1972-12-04"/> Despite Urquhart concluding the rumours were inaccurate, [[Larry Kramer]] included Hammarskjöld in the "I belong to a culture" speech in his 1985 play ''[[The Normal Heart]]''.<ref name="Kramer">{{cite book |title=The Normal Heart |title-link=The Normal Heart |first=Larry |last=Kramer |author-link=Larry Kramer |date=21 April 1985 |at=Scene 13 }}</ref><ref name="Royal National Theatre">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-vIBq2lTn0 |title=Ben Daniels performs "I belong to a culture" speech from Larry Kramer's ''The Normal Heart'' |date=9 September 2021 |access-date=5 July 2023 |publisher=[[Royal National Theatre]] |via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:United Nations Media Global.11.JPG|thumb|Memorial at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City]]

===Honors===
* Honorary degrees: [[Carleton University]] in Ottawa (then called Carleton College)<ref>[http://admissions.carleton.ca/cu9798uc/aboutcu/Carleton_Through_the_Years.html Carleton Through the Years] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512035215/http://admissions.carleton.ca/cu9798uc/aboutcu/Carleton_Through_the_Years.html|date=12 May 2011}} Retrieved 31 March 2011</ref> awarded its first-ever [[honorary degree]] to Hammarskjöld in 1954, when it presented him with a [[Legum Doctor]], ''honoris causa''. The university has continued this tradition by conferring an honorary doctorate upon every subsequent Secretary-General of the United Nations. He also held honorary degrees from [[Oxford University]], United Kingdom; in the United States from [[Harvard]], [[Yale]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]], [[Columbia University|Columbia]], the [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[Amherst College|Amherst]], [[Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]], the [[University of California]], and [[Ohio University]]; in Sweden, Uppsala University; and in Canada from [[McGill University]] as well as Carleton University, in Ottawa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mary Cherif|author2=Nathalie Leroy|author3=Anna Banchieri|author4=Armando Da Silva|url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/bio.htm|title=Dag Hammarskjöld: The Un Years|publisher=United Nations|access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>

===People's views===
* [[John F. Kennedy]]: After Hammarskjöld's death, U.S. president John F. Kennedy regretted that he had opposed the UN policy in the Congo and said: "I realise now that in comparison to him, I am a small man. He was the greatest statesman of our century."<ref name="Linnér"/>
* In 2011, ''[[The Financial Times]]'' wrote that Hammarskjöld has remained the benchmark against which later UN Secretaries-General have been judged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/6ba2edc0-7c3a-11e0-a386-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/6ba2edc0-7c3a-11e0-a386-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=The road to redemption|work=Financial Times|author=Alec Russell|date=13 May 2011|access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref>
* His legacy in the third world is extremely controversial, especially due to his statements to the British representative at the UN, [[Patrick Dean (diplomat)|Patrick Dean]], that Lumumba was "a communist puppet".<ref name="Knudsen 2023"/><ref name="De Vos et al. 2004"/> For the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], its erratic performance in the crisis of the 1960s has had disastrous consequences for the country to this day.<ref name="Melber 2017"/>

===Structures named in honor of Dag Hammarskjöld===
[[File:Regnellianum_side.jpg|thumb|[[Uppsala University Library|Uppsala University's Dag Hammarskjöld Law Library]]]]
[[File:DagHammarskjoldCentre II.jpg|thumb|The Dag Hammarskjöld centre in Uppsala]]
* Buildings and rooms:
**[[Dag Hammarskjöld Library]]: On 16 November 1961, shortly after his death, the newly completed Library building at United Nations Headquarters in New York was named the Dag Hammarskjöld Library.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/library|title=Library|first=United|last=Nations|publisher=United Nations}}</ref>
**[[Stanford University]]: Dag Hammarskjöld House, on the Stanford University campus, is a residence cooperative for undergraduate and graduate students with international backgrounds and interests at Stanford.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/resed/row/hammarskjold/about.html|title=Hammarskjold House|publisher=Stanford.edu|access-date=19 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808225935/http://www.stanford.edu/group/resed/row/hammarskjold/about.html|archive-date=8 August 2011}}</ref>
**[[Hammarskjold High School]]: Public high school located in the town of [[Thunder Bay]], Ontario, Canada.
**Hammarskjold Middle School: Public middle school located in the town of [[East Brunswick, New Jersey|East Brunswick]], New Jersey.
**[[Dag Hammarskjold Middle School]]: Public middle school located in the town of [[Wallingford, Connecticut]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dag Hammarskjöld Middle School – Wallingford Public Schools|url=https://www.wallingford.k12.ct.us/our-schools/dag-hammarskjold-school|access-date=23 October 2020|website=wallingford.k12.ct.us|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026035651/https://www.wallingford.k12.ct.us/our-schools/dag-hammarskjold-school|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**Dag Hammarskjöld Elementary School: Public elementary school located in Sheepshead Bay, [[Brooklyn]], New York.
**Dag Hammarskjöld Memorial Primary School: Government School located in Ndola, Zambia (adjacent to the Dag Hammarskjöld Memorial Crash Site). This School contains the Karl Eriksson Computer Lab (Hammarskjöld and Eriksson knew each other).
**Dag Hammarskjöld "Hammar" Residence: Waterloo Co-operative Residence (WCRI) building located in the town of [[Waterloo, Ontario]], Canada.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=30 September 1976 |title=Co-op living in Waterloo |url=https://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1320&context=thecord |work=The Cord |location=Waterloo, Ontario |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>
* Streets:
** [[:de:Hammarskjöldplatz]] is the wide square to the north entrance of the [[Messe Berlin]] fairgrounds in [[Berlin]], Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.messe-berlin.de/media/mb/mb_media/mb_pdf/gelaende_1/mb_weitere_locations/mb_eventbereich_nord_1/Flyer_Event_Area_North.pdf|title=Event Area North|publisher=Messe Berlin|access-date=19 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218214103/http://www.messe-berlin.de/media/mb/mb_media/mb_pdf/gelaende_1/mb_weitere_locations/mb_eventbereich_nord_1/Flyer_Event_Area_North.pdf|archive-date=18 February 2014}}</ref>
** Hammarskjöldring is a street in [[Frankfurt]], Germany, connecting the boroughs Mertonviertel and Niederursel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hammarskjöldring|url=https://onlinestreet.de/strassen/HammarskjC3%B6ldring.Frankfurt+am+Main.93279.html|access-date=18 September 2021|website=onlinestreet.de|language=de}}</ref>
** Dag Hammarskjölds Alle is a street in Copenhagen, Denmark that connects the inner city with the affluent suburb of Østerbro.
** Dag Hammarskjølds Gade is a street in Aalborg, Denmark. Headquarters for the regional police, Nordjyllands Politi, are located here.
** {{interlanguage link|Dag Hammarskjöldsleden|sv}} is a traffic route in Gothenburg, Sweden between Linnéplatsen and Västerleden/Söderleden (E6.20). With a length of 5 km, it also connects to Högsboleden .
** Hammarskjöldsingel is a street in [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Straten: straten, Amstelveen|url=https://www.amstelveenweb.com/straten&straatnum=3690|language=nl}}</ref>
* [[Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza]] is a [[public park]] near the [[headquarters of the United Nations]] in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/neighborhoodwatch/neighborhood-news-2011-3-14/|title=Neighborhood News|date=14 March 2011|work=New York}}</ref>

===Other commemorations===
[[File:Dag Hammarskjöld Medallion 1962 by Harald Salomon.jpg|thumb|1962 Medal Dag Hammarskjöld by the Danish sculptor [[Harald Salomon]]]]
[[File:Unstamp un ny 5.jpg|thumb|UN flag at half-mast]]
* [[Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation]]: In 1962, the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation was created as Sweden's national memorial to Dag Hammarskjöld.<ref name="dhf">{{cite web|url=http://www.interenvironment.org/cipa/dhf.htm|title=Convening thinkers and doers: Sweden's Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation|publisher=Interenvironment.org|date=25 November 1975|access-date=19 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001054108/http://www.interenvironment.org/cipa/dhf.htm|archive-date=1 October 2011}}</ref>
* Memorial awards:
** Nobel Peace Prize: The [[Nobel Foundation]] posthumously awarded Dag Hammarskjöld the 1961 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for developing the UN according to the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1961 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1961/summary/ |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>
** Medal: On 22 July 1997, the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1121|UN Security Council Resolution 1121]] established the [[Dag Hammarskjöld Medal]] in recognition and commemoration of those who have lost their lives as a result of [[UN peacekeeping]] operations.<ref name="UN_SPV3802_1997">{{UN document|docid=S-PV-3802|date=22 July 1997|type=Verbatim Report|body=Security Council|meeting=3802|accessdate=21 August 2007}}</ref>
** Prize in Peace and Conflict Studies: [[Colgate University]] annually awards a student the Dag Hammarskjöld Prize in Peace and Conflict Studies based on outstanding work in the program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colgate.edu/academics/departments-and-programs/peace-and-conflict-studies/fellowships-and-awards|title=Colgate University : P-CON Fellowships and Awards|publisher=Colgate.edu|access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>
* [[Commemorative stamp|Postage stamps]]: Many countries issued postage stamps commemorating Hammarskjöld.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mary Cherif|author2=Nathalie Leroy|author3=Anna Banchieri|author4=Armando Da Silva|url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/stamps.htm|title=Selection of stamps commemorating the life of Dag Hammarskjöld|publisher=United Nations|access-date=10 September 2013}}</ref>
* On 6 April 2011, Sweden's central bank, the [[Sveriges Riksbank|Riksbank]], announced that Hammarskjöld's image would be used on the 1000-[[Swedish krona|kronor]] banknote, the highest-denomination banknote in Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riksbank.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=46685 |title=Sveriges Riksbank/Riksbanken – Sweden's new banknotes and coins |publisher=Riksbank.com |access-date=19 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927172146/http://www.riksbank.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=46685 |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref> The new currency was introduced in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.se/galleries/news/2374/6|title=Sweden's New Bank Notes|date=24 April 2012 |publisher=unknown|access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref>

==Depictions in music and popular culture==
In 1974, the Australian-British composer [[Malcolm Williamson]], [[Master of the Queen's Music]], wrote his ''Hammarskjöld Portrait'' for soprano and string orchestra. The text was taken from ''[[Vägmärken]]'', and the work's first performance took place on 30 July 1974, at a [[Royal Albert Hall]] [[Proms]] Concert, with the soprano [[Elisabeth Söderström]], and the [[BBC Symphony Orchestra]] conducted by [[John Pritchard (conductor)|John Pritchard]].

In 1985, Hammerskjöld was one of the names mentioned in the "I Belong to a Culture" speech in [[Larry Kramer]]'s play ''[[The Normal Heart]]'', where the protagonist includes him in a list of 24 historical gay figures.<ref name="Kramer"/><ref name="Royal National Theatre"/>

In the 2016 film ''[[The Siege of Jadotville (film)|The Siege of Jadotville]]'', depicting the events of the [[Congo Crisis]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.galwayfilmfleadh.com/index.php/project/the-siege-of-jadotville/ |publisher=[[Galway Film Fleadh]] |access-date=11 September 2016 |title= 28th Galway Film Fleadh – July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123180253/http://www.galwayfilmfleadh.com/index.php/project/the-siege-of-jadotville/ |archive-date=23 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hammarskjöld's plane (incorrectly a [[Douglas DC-4|DC-4]]) is purposely shot down by a [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|fighter jet only used by American forces at the time]] (it's likely this was for production reasons, just as a DC-4 stood in for the DC-6). Hammarskjöld is played by fellow [[Swedish people|Swede]], [[Mikael Persbrandt]].

Also in 2016, the [[1961 Ndola Transair Sweden DC-6 crash]] was featured in Canadian TV series ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]'' [[List of Mayday episodes#Season 15 (2016)|(S15, E5)]], "Deadly Mission" and ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Air Crash Investigation Special Report]]'' [[List of Mayday episodes#The Accident Files#Season 3 (2020)|(S3, E3)]], "VIP on Board". Peter James Howarth portrayed Hammarskjöld.<ref>{{Citation |title="Air Crash Investigation" Deadly Mission (TV Episode 2016) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4831048/ |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>

In 2023, Persbrandt again played the eponymous politician, in the film ''[[Hammarskjöld (film)|
Hammarskjöld]]'', directed by [[Per Fly]].<ref name="Knudsen 2023"/> The film received negative reviews for glossing over its Congo Crisis controversies.<ref name="Knudsen 2023"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Politics|Biography}}
*[[List of unsolved deaths]]
*[[List of heads of state and government who died in aviation accidents and incidents]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Durel, Bernard, op, (2002), «Au jardin secret d'un diplomate suédois: ''Jalons'' de Dag Hammarskjöld, un itinéraire spirituel», ''La Vie Spirituelle'' (Paris). T. 82, pp. 901–922.
* {{citation|title=United Nations Affairs |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v03 | series=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954 | volume=3 | editor-last=Goodwin | editor-first=Ralph R. | year=1979 | location=[[Washington D.C.]] | publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]] |ref=CITEREFFRUS 1952–1954 III}}.
* {{cite book| last = Heller| first = Peter B.| title = The United Nations under Dag Hammarskjöld, 1953–1961| publisher = Scarecrow Press| date = 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Qj-AAAAQBAJ| isbn = 9781461702092}}
* Kelen, Emery (1966) ''Hammarskjold''. Putnam.
* Lichello, Robert (1972) "Dag Hammarskjöld: A Giant in Diplomacy." Samhar Press, Charlotteville, N.Y. {{ISBN|978-0-87157-501-2}}.
* {{cite book| last = Lipsey| first = Roger| title = Hammarskjöld: A Life| publisher = University of Michigan Press| edition = illustrated| date = 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5li4S0bpAwC| isbn = 9780472118908}}
* Urquhart, Brian, (1972), ''Hammarskjold''. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
* Velocci, Giovanni, cssr, (1998), «Hammarskjold Dag», in Luigi Borriello, ocd – Edmondo Caruana, ocarm – Maria Rosaria Del Genio – N. Suffi (dirs.), ''Dizionario di mistica''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Città del Vaticano, pp. 624–626.

==Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Melber |first=Henning |title=Dag Hammarskjöld, the United Nations and the Decolonisation of Africa |year=2019 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |isbn=978-1787380042}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://search.archives.un.org/secretary-general-dag-hammarskjold-1953-1961 Dag Hammarskjöld papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610121243/https://search.archives.un.org/secretary-general-dag-hammarskjold-1953-1961 |date=10 June 2022 }} at the United Nations Archives
*[https://archives.un.org/content/death-dag-hammarskjöld Death of Dag Hammarskjöld] on [https://archives.un.org/ UN Archives website]
* [http://www.unmultimedia.org/photo/detail/416/0416742.html UNSG Ban Ki-Moon Lays Wreath Honouring Dag Hammarskjold of 1 October 2009] and [http://www.unmultimedia.org/photo/detail/416/0416741.html UNSG] with King [[Carl XVI Gustaf]] of Sweden
* [https://www.un.org/sg/formersgs.shtml United Nations Secretaries-General]
* [https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/index.html Dag Hammarskjöld, Secretary-General] at the official website of the UN
* {{Nobelprize}}
* [http://www.globalpolicy.org/secgen/pastsg/murder.htm Letters say Hammarskjöld's death Western plot]
* [http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1961/Death-of-Dag-Hammarskj/12295509433760-4/ Audio of Dag Hammarskjöld's response to Russian pressure] From UPI Audio Archives
* [https://archive.org/details/foia_Hammarskjold_Dag-HQ-1 Dag Hammarskjöld's FBI files] hosted at the [[Internet Archive]]

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{{s-bef |before=[[Hjalmar Hammarskjöld]] }}
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{{s-aft |after=[[Erik Lindegren]] }}
{{s-intgov}}
{{s-bef |before={{flagicon|Norway}} [[Trygve Lie]] }}
{{s-ttl |title={{flagicon|UN}} [[United Nations Secretary-General]] |years=April 1953 – September 1961 }}
{{s-aft |after={{flagicon|Burma|1948}} [[U Thant]] }}
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{{s-bef |before=[[Albert Lutuli]] }}
{{s-ttl |title=[[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Laureate]] of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] |years=1961 }}
{{s-aft |after=[[Linus Pauling]] }}
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{{Navboxes
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hammarskjold, Dag}}
[[Category:Dag Hammarskjöld| ]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
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[[Category:20th-century Swedish economists]]
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[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
[[Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar]]
[[Category:People of the Congo Crisis]]
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[[Category:Posthumous Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Protestant mystics]]
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[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1961]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Zambia]]

Jaime King

2025-06-01T04:20:49Z

99.185.77.46: /* Personal life */

{{short description|American actress and model (born 1979)}}
{{about||the swimmer|Jaime King (swimmer)|people with similar names|Jamie King (disambiguation)|and|James King (disambiguation)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox model
| name = Jaime King
| image = Jamie King in San Diego Comic-Con 2008 cropped.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = King in 2008
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|4|23}}
| birth_place = [[Omaha, Nebraska]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = {{flatlist|
* James King
* Jamie King
* Jaime King-Newman
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Actress
* [[Model (person)|model]]
}}
| years_active = 1993–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kyle Newman]]|2007|2023|end=divorced}}
| children = 2
| height = 175 cm
| agency = {{flatlist|
* [[Next Management|Next Model Management]] (New York, London, Los Angeles)
* [[Why Not Model Management]] (Milan)<ref>[https://models.com/people/jaime-king Jaime King - Actor Profile - Photos & latest news]. models.com. Retrieved May 20, 2020.</ref>
}}
}}

'''Jaime Barbara King'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaime Barbara King - Ancestry.com |url=https://www.ancestry.com/search/?name=Jaime+Barbara_King&event=_usa_2&birth=1979&birth_x=0-0-0&event_x=_1-0&name_x=1_1&searchMode=advanced |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.ancestry.com}}</ref> (born April 23, 1979) is an American actress and model best known for her roles in TV series ''[[Hart of Dixie]]'' (2011-2015) and [[Black Summer (TV series)|''Black Summer'']] (2019-2021), and films such as [[Pearl Harbor (film)|''Pearl Harbor'']] (2001), [[Slackers (film)|''Slackers'']] (2002), ''[[White Chicks]]'' (2004), [[Sin City (film)|''Sin City'']] (2005), ''[[Sin City: A Dame to Kill For]]'' (2014)'','' [[Ocean's 8|''Ocean’s 8'']] (2018) and ''[[Lights Out (2024 film)|Lights Out]]'' (2024).

A successful model, King was discovered at age 14 in 1993 and appeared in ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', ''[[Mademoiselle (magazine)|Mademoiselle]]'' and ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', among other fashion magazines. From 1998, she moved into acting, taking small film roles. Her first major role was in ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' (2001) and her first starring movie role was in ''[[Bulletproof Monk]]'' (2003). She has since appeared films including cult classics like ''[[White Chicks]]'' (2004) and ''[[Sin City (film)|Sin City]]'' (2005), as well as and ''[[My Bloody Valentine 3D]]'' (2009) ''[[Waiting for Forever]]'' (2010), ''[[The Pardon]]'' (2013), ''[[Sin City: A Dame to Kill For]]'' (2014)'', [[Ocean's 8|Ocean’s 8]]'' (2018)'','' ''[[Out of Death]]'' (2021) and ''[[Code Name Banshee]]'' (2022) and ''[[Lights Out (2024 film)|Lights Out]]'' (2024)

King has starred in television series including the TV hit comedy-drama ''[[Hart of Dixie]]'' (2011-2015), ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'' (2009–2012) and the [[Netflix]] series [[Black Summer (TV series)|''Black Summer'']] (2019-2021).

==Early life==
King was born on April 23, 1979, in the suburbs of [[Omaha, Nebraska]], the daughter of Nancy King, a former [[beauty queen]], and Robert King. She has an older sister Sandi, an older brother Barry and a younger brother Robert (Robbie).<ref name="YBio"/> King was named after [[Lindsay Wagner]]'s character, [[Jaime Sommers (The Bionic Woman)|Jaime Sommers]], on the 1970s television series ''[[The Bionic Woman]]''.<ref name="Complex">{{cite interview| subject= King, Jaime| interviewer= Kim, Serena| title= // Cover Girls // JAIME KING| publisher= [[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]| url= http://www.complex.com/GIRLS/Cover-Girls/Jaime-King?page=2| access-date= December 12, 2007| archive-date= August 1, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090801024020/http://www.complex.com/GIRLS/Cover-Girls/Jaime-King?page=2| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="IMDb">{{cite web | title= Biography for Jaime King| website= [[Internet Movie Database]] | url= https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0454809/bio| access-date=October 15, 2006}}</ref> King's parents separated in 1994.<ref name="Egan">{{cite news |last=Egan |first=Jennifer |date=February 4, 1996 |title=James is a Girl |url=http://www.jenniferegan.com/articles/1996_02_04_james.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618115941/http://www.jenniferegan.com/articles/1996_02_04_james.html |archive-date=June 18, 2007 |access-date=November 28, 2006 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

King attended [[Westside High School (Omaha)|Westside High School]] in Omaha and dropped out of in 1995 to order to pursue a modelling career in New York City. She attended modelling school Nancy Bounds' Studios. She later enrolled in a home-study program run by the [[University of Nebraska]].<ref name="Egan" /><ref>{{cite web| title= Westside High School| publisher= publicschoolreview.com| url= http://www.publicschoolreview.com/school_ov/school_id/50056| access-date= October 7, 2007}}</ref>

== Modeling career ==

King was discovered in November 1993, at age 14,<ref>Prato, Alison. [http://www.inkedmag.com/articles/detail/133/hail-to-the-king-/ Hail To The King] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20090118163148/http://www.inkedmag.com/articles/detail/133/hail-to-the-king-/ |date=January 18, 2009 }}</ref> while attending the modeling school Nancy Bounds' Studios. After being spotted at her graduation fashion show by [[model agent]] [[Michael Flutie]], King was invited to New York City to begin modelling professionally.<ref name="YBio">{{cite web|title=James King Biography |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800157425/bio |access-date=October 15, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505223234/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800157425/bio |archive-date=May 5, 2006 }}</ref><ref name="Model">{{cite web|title=James King |work=[[Ask Men]] |url=http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/models/41_james_king.html |access-date=October 15, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914031842/http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/models/41_james_king.html |archive-date=September 14, 2008 }}</ref> She joined Company Management, which already represented Jaime Rishar, a more established model. To avoid confusion, King opted to use her childhood nickname, James, for the duration of her modelling career and later, at the beginning of her film career. Her breakthrough shoot was an advertisement for [[Abercrombie & Fitch]] in 1994.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

King had a successful early career as a fashion model, and by age 15 she had been featured in the fashion magazines ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', ''[[Mademoiselle (magazine)|Mademoiselle]]'', ''[[Allure (magazine)|Allure]]'', and ''[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]''. At sixteen, King had graced the pages of ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]'' and ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]''. She was featured in the cover story of the ''[[New York Times Magazine]]'' published on February 4, 1996,<ref name="CoverNY">{{cite web| title= Nan Goldin| publisher= Museum of Contemporary Photography| url= http://www.mocp.org/collections/permanent/goldin_nan.php| access-date= October 15, 2006| archive-date= November 6, 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121106161623/http://www.mocp.org/collections/permanent/goldin_nan.php| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Egan"/> and had walked the runway for [[Chanel]], [[Alexander McQueen]] and [[Christian Dior]]. In 1998, she began co-hosting [[MTV]]'s fashion series, ''[[House of Style]]'', with fellow model turned actress [[Rebecca Romijn]]. Despite her success, King noted that she "remember[s] the times where I was so alone" and thought she was "never gonna be able to be a kid."<ref name="Egan"/>

In 2004, King, along with [[Halle Berry]], [[Julianne Moore]], and [[Eva Mendes]] was chosen as a spokesmodel for a high-profile ad campaign for [[Revlon]]. The advertisements were featured in print, television, theatrical, outdoor, and Internet venues,<ref>{{cite news|title=Revlon Unveils Breakthrough Advertising Campaign; Campaign Features Revlon Spokespeople Halle Berry, Julianne Moore, Eva Mendes, Jaime King. Four Women. Four Stories. One Feeling |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=April 2, 2004 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_April_2/ai_114871761 |access-date=December 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318164847/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_April_2/ai_114871761 |archive-date=March 18, 2008 }}</ref> banking on their spokeswomen's "collective star power" to sell the cosmetics products.<ref>{{cite news|title=Revlon taps emotion in new ad campaign |publisher=Drug Store News |date=April 19, 2004 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3374/is_6_26/ai_n6007348 |access-date=December 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212163402/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3374/is_6_26/ai_n6007348 |archive-date=February 12, 2009 }}</ref> In 2006, King was chosen by [[Rocawear]] CEO [[Jay-Z]] to become the new face of the line; her advertisements were featured for the winter 2006 season.<ref>{{cite magazine |last= Kim |first= Serena |title= Do not Call it a Comeback |magazine= [[Complex (magazine)|Complex]] |date=August–September 2006 }}</ref>

==Acting career==

=== Early work (1998–2004) ===

In 1999, King began her acting career and made her debut in the [[Daniel Waters (screenwriter)|Daniel Waters']] comedy ''[[Happy Campers (film)|Happy Campers]]'', as Pixel. ''Happy Campers'' was screened at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in 2001, and in 2003, King was nominated for Best Actress at the DVD Exclusive Awards.<ref>{{cite web| title= Happy Campers (2001)| website= [[Internet Movie Database]]| url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0210094/awards| access-date= November 13, 2007}}</ref> Filmed in 1999, she also appeared in [[Filter (band)|Filter]]'s music video for "[[Take a Picture (Filter song)|Take a Picture]]". Following her debut acting roles, King appeared briefly in the film ''[[Blow (film)|Blow]]'', portraying the adult Kristina Jung, daughter of [[cocaine]] smuggler [[George Jung]], played by [[Johnny Depp]].<ref>{{cite news| title= Demme took cocaine, says coroner| publisher= BBC| date= February 3, 2002| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/entertainment/1798961.stm| access-date= November 13, 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Jaime King Pearl Harbor.jpg|left|thumb|upright|King at the [[Hawaii]]an premiere of ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' in May 2001]]

King made her first appearance in a large [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] production with her role as a nurse, Betty Bayer, in the [[World War II]] epic romance ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' (2001). [[Peter Travers]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine commented that King "has a lively minute or two" in the film, but her part was small and the "young cast is mostly pinup packaging".<ref>{{cite magazine| last= Travers| first= Peter| title= Pearl Harbor| magazine = Rolling Stone| date= May 24, 2001| url= https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5948445/review/5948446/pearl_harbor| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070817081055/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5948445/review/5948446/pearl_harbor| url-status= dead| archive-date= August 17, 2007| access-date= December 12, 2007}}</ref> King went on to be featured in the [[Incubus (band)|Incubus]] music video "[[Wish You Were Here (Incubus song)|Wish You Were Here]]".<ref name="Other"/> The roles King took part in during 2001 garnered her the "New Stylemaker" title at the Young Hollywood Awards.<ref>{{cite web| title= Jaime King (I)| website= [[Internet Movie Database]]| url= https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0454809/awards| access-date= November 13, 2007}}</ref>

In 2002, she appeared in the teen comedy ''[[Slackers (film)|Slackers]]'' as Angela Patton, ''[[Four Faces of God]]'' as Sam, and the crime comedy ''Lone Star State of Mind'' as Baby. ''Slackers'' received negative responses from critics, including one who found that the characters "are not so strikingly original as to elevate the slack material",<ref>{{cite news| last= Hunter| first= David| title= Slackers| work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]| date= January 25, 2002| url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1279858| access-date= December 12, 2007}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> while ''Four Faces of God'' and ''Lone Star State of Mind'' did not have wide theatrical releases.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

In 2003 starred in King in the film ''[[Bulletproof Monk]]'', alongside [[Chow Yun-fat]] and [[Seann William Scott]], an adaptation of a comic book by [[Michael Avon Oeming]]. This was King's first leading action film role. ''Bulletproof Monk'' was nominated for Choice Movie in a Drama/Action Adventure award at the [[Teen Choice Awards]]. In late 2003, King appeared in the music video for the [[Robbie Williams]] song, "[[Sexed Up]]", and on the cover artwork for the single's release.<ref name="Other" />

In 2004, she appeared in the comedy ''[[White Chicks]]'', playing Heather Vandergeld, with actress [[Brittany Daniel]] as her sister Megan Vandergeld, a parody on [[socialites]] [[Paris Hilton|Paris]] and [[Nicky Hilton]]. ''White Chicks'' was negatively reviewed by critics, receiving five nominations at the [[Razzie Awards]] in the categories for Worst Actress, Worst Director, Worst Picture, Worst Screen Couple and Worst Screenplay. However, ''White Chicks'' won Outstanding Directing for a Box Office Movie and Outstanding Writing for a Box Office Movie at the [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]] Comedy Awards.<ref>{{cite web| title= White Chicks (2004)| website= [[Internet Movie Database]]| url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0381707/awards| access-date= November 13, 2007}}</ref>

=== Breakthrough (2005–09) ===
In 2005, King appeared in a variety of film and television roles. She first appeared in the independent [[black comedy]] and [[satire]] ''[[Pretty Persuasion]]'', playing a small role as Kathy Joyce, the stepmother of [[Evan Rachel Wood]]'s character. King landed dual roles (as twins) in the [[Sin City (film)|film adaptation]] of [[Frank Miller (comics)|Frank Miller]]'s graphic novel ''[[Sin City]]''. She had met with director [[Robert Rodriguez]], who was a fan of her work, and at the time King was unaware that Rodriguez wanted her involved in the film. Eventually, "we started reading [the ''Sin City'' graphic novel], and it was really fun".<ref name="Complex"/> King portrayed Goldie and Wendy, the twin prostitutes in charge of the girls of Old Town, in the segment ''[[The Hard Goodbye]]'' opposite [[Mickey Rourke]]. ''Sin City'' featured a large ensemble cast of well-known actors which included [[Rosario Dawson]] and [[Jessica Alba]], with whom King "kinda grew up together" in New York.<ref name="Complex"/>

[[File:Jamie King in San Diego Comic-Con 2008 3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|King at [[San Diego Comic-Con]] in July 2008]]

In ''Sin City'', King was one of the few in the black and white film to have color, that being, red lips and blonde hair when acting as Goldie. The film was screened at the 2005 [[Cannes Film Festival]] in-competition and won the Technical Grand Prize for the film's "visual shaping."<ref>{{cite web| title= Cannes Film Festival awards (2005)| publisher= [[Internet Movie Database]]| url= http://imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Cannes_Film_Festival/2005#Technical_Grand_Prize| access-date= October 5, 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081228072730/http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Cannes_Film_Festival/2005#Technical_Grand_Prize| archive-date= December 28, 2008| url-status= dead| df= mdy-all}}</ref> The family comedy ''[[Cheaper by the Dozen 2]]'' featured King as Anne Murtaugh in another large ensemble cast. She also acted in the [[Al Pacino]] drama ''[[Two for the Money (2005 film)|Two for the Money]]'' as Alexandria. Both films had negative critical and box office reception.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}

On television, she had a guest appearance on the teen drama ''[[The O.C.]]'' and a recurring role on the short-lived [[situation comedy]] ''[[Kitchen Confidential (TV series)|Kitchen Confidential]]''. King was featured in the [[Zach Braff]]-directed music video for [[Gavin DeGraw]]'s "[[Chariot (song)|Chariot]]".<ref name="Other">{{cite web| title= Other Works for Jamie King| website= [[Internet Movie Database]]| url= https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0454809/otherworks| access-date= December 12, 2007}}</ref>

In 2006, King appeared with a small role as Heather in the comedy ''[[The Alibi]]'' and a starring role in the thriller ''[[True True Lie]]''. Her largest role that year was in the [[David Arquette]] horror film ''[[The Tripper]]'' as Samantha. King had a recurring role on the short lived comedy ''[[The Class (TV series)|The Class]]'', which ended its run on television after an announcement in May 2007. ''The Class'' had been nominated for an [[Emmy Award]] in 2007, and it won the [[People's Choice Award]] for Favorite New TV Comedy.<ref>{{cite web| title= Awards for "The Class"| website= [[Internet Movie Database]]| url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0484082/awards| access-date= November 17, 2007}}</ref>

In 2007, King filmed ''[[They Wait]]'', a horror-thriller film inspired by true events, with [[Terry Chen]] as her husband and Regan Oey as their son.<ref name="BD">{{cite web|title=TIFF: First Horror Film Announced, 'They Wait' |publisher=[[Bloody Disgusting]] |url=http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/9379 |access-date=September 8, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921111851/http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/9379 |archive-date=September 21, 2007 }}</ref> She stars as a mother attempting to find the truth and save her son when threatened by spirits during the Chinese tradition of [[Ghost Month]]. It was featured in the 2007 [[Toronto International Film Festival]], but has not yet had a wide theatrical release. However, it was broadcast on Lifetime Movie Network February 2015.

In 2008, King appeared as Lorelei Rox in ''[[The Spirit (2008 film)|The Spirit]]'', a [[live-action]] film adaptation based on the 1940s newspaper strip [[Spirit (comics)|''The Spirit'']] created by [[Will Eisner]]. The role reunited King with ''Sin City'' writer Frank Miller, who wrote and directed the film.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sanchez |first=Robert |title=Exclusive: Sin City Hottie Joins Frank Miller's The Spirit! |publisher=IESB.net |url=http://www.iesb.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3423&Itemid=99 |access-date=October 5, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011010947/http://iesb.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3423&Itemid=99 |archive-date=October 11, 2007 }}</ref> In May 2008, King featured in another Newman-directed film, Act I of ''The Cube'', the beginning of an online movie-making contest.<ref name="ElliotNYT">Stuart Elliott (May 8, 2008). "Your Chance to Finish a Movie Microsoft Started". ''The New York Times''.</ref>

In 2009, King played Sarah Palmer in the horror remake ''[[My Bloody Valentine 3D]],'' and starred in the ''[[Star Wars]]''-themed comedy ''[[Fanboys (film)|Fanboys]]'' directed by [[Kyle Newman]].

=== ''Hart of Dixie'' and other roles (2010–2019) ===
In the early 2010's, King starred in films such as the romantic comedy ''[[Waiting for Forever]]'' alongside [[Rachel Bilson]] and [[Tom Sturridge]], ''[[Mother's Day (2010 film)|Mother's Day]], [[Red Tails]], [[Silent Night (2012 film)|Silent Night]], [[Barely Lethal]]'', and in TV series including the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] [[mockumentary]] [[comedy drama]] television series [[My Generation (2010 TV series)|''My Generation'']]'', [[Love Bites (TV series)|Love Bites]]''[[Love Bites (TV series)|, and]] ''[[Comedy Bang! Bang! (TV series)|Comedy Bang! Bang!]].<ref>{{cite web |date=May 18, 2010 |title=ABC Unveils 2010–11 Primetime Schedule |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2010/05/18/abc-unveils-2010-11-primetime-schedule/20100518abc01/ |access-date=May 29, 2010 |work=The Futon Critic}}</ref>''

From 2009–2012, King starred in the TV series ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]''.<ref>[http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34909/dread-central-pays-a-visit-scream-queens-2 Exclusive: Dread Central Pays a Visit to Scream Queens 2]. dreadcentral.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213160233/http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34909/dread-central-pays-a-visit-scream-queens-2 |date=December 13, 2009 }}</ref> She played the role of [[Aurra Sing]] in the series Season 1 finale episode "Hostage Crisis" and later the final three episodes of Season 2: "Death Trap", "R2 Come Home", and "Lethal Trackdown" as well as an appearance in Season 3. She played three other characters in addition to Aurra Sing in the series. In the episode "Lightsaber Lost", she voices Cassie Cryar and Muk Muk Monkey. She voices a ticket droid in the episode "Lethal Trackdown".<ref>{{Citation|last=Filoni|first=Dave|title=Lethal Trackdown|date=2010-04-30|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1626031/|series=Star Wars: The Clone Wars|access-date=2022-01-06}}</ref>

In 2011, King landed the role of Lemon Breeland in the [[CW Television Network|CW]] show ''[[Hart of Dixie]]'', which premiered on September 26, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwtv.com/shows/hart-of-dixie/about |title=Hart of Dixie-About |publisher=The CW Television Network |access-date=August 20, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923120339/http://www.cwtv.com/shows/hart-of-dixie/about |archive-date=September 23, 2014 }}</ref> The comedy-drama series taired on [[The CW]] from September 26, 2011, to March 27, 2015. The series, created by [[Leila Gerstein]], stars [[Rachel Bilson]] as Dr. Zoe Hart, a New Yorker who, after her dreams of becoming a heart surgeon fall apart, accepts an offer to work as a [[general practitioner]] in the fictional [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] town of Bluebell, [[Alabama]]. King played Lemon Breeland, the main antagonist in Hart of Dixie.

In 2013, King starred in the film ''[[The Pardon]]'', based on the true life story of [[Toni Jo Henry]], the only woman to be electrocuted by [[Louisiana]], stars King in the lead role with [[John Hawkes (actor)|John Hawkes]] playing her partner-in-crime. The film's co-producer and writer Sandi Russell was quoted as saying: "Jaime carries this film. She is literally in every scene of the movie and given the subject matter, that is no small task."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cast and Crew : The Pardon Movie |url=https://www.thepardonmovie.com/cast-and-crew/ |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=www.thepardonmovie.com}}</ref>

In 2014, King reprised her role as twins Goldie and Wendy in the part sequel and part prequel of the Miller written and co-directed film ''[[Sin City: A Dame to Kill For]]''.

King has appeared in various music videos including: [[Lana Del Rey]]'s music video, "[[Summertime Sadness]]", which was directed by her husband, Kyle Newman, [[The Fray]]'s hit single "[[Never Say Never (The Fray song)|Never Say Never]]",<ref>{{cite web |title=The Fray - Never Say Never |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aihu16RyYp8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Aihu16RyYp8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |access-date=August 20, 2014 |publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> "[[Chariot (song)|Chariot]]" by [[Gavin DeGraw]], and "[[Bury Me Alive (song)|Bury Me Alive]]" by the band [[We Are The Fallen]].<ref>{{cite web |title=We Are The Fallen - Bury me Alive |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzTZeeMCUBk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/zzTZeeMCUBk |archive-date=2021-12-21 |access-date=August 20, 2014 |publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In the late 2010's King starred in films such as the dark [[comedy film]] ''[[Bitch (film)|Bitch]],'' ''[[Escape Plan 2: Hades]], [[Escape Plan: The Extractors]], [[Ice Cream in the Cupboard]], The Mistletoe Promise'', and voiced roles in ''[[Robot Chicken]]'' and ''[[Transformers: Power of the Primes]].''

=== ''Black Summer'' and film roles (2020–present) ===
From 2019–2021, King starred in the main role on the [[Netflix]] series [[Black Summer (TV series)|Black Summer.]] The series is a horror drama television series spinoff of ''[[Z Nation]]'', created by [[Karl Schaefer]] and [[John Hyams]]. King starred in the lead role as Rose, a mother who is separated from her daughter during the earliest and deadliest days of a [[zombie apocalypse]]. The series garnered moderate approval from fans and critics. Many of the filming locations are around and within [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table 8: Pearson’s correlation coefficient between different parameters, recorded from the “Summer Black” table grape during the summer season. |url=https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5592/table-8 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=doi.org}}</ref>

In 2021, King starred in the [[action thriller film]] ''[[Out of Death]]'' alongside [[Bruce Willis]] directed by [[Mike Burns (producer)|Mike Burns]]. Willis plays a retired forest ranger tries to help a woman played by King, after she witnesses a crime and finds herself running from a rural mountain town's corrupt police department.<ref>{{Citation |last=Evans |first=Russell |title=Cast and Crew Online |date=2017-10-03 |work=Stand-Out Shorts |pages=29–35 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351224345-7 |access-date=2025-03-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-22434-5}}</ref>

In 2022, King starred in ''[[Code Name Banshee]]'' alongside [[Antonio Banderas]] and [[Tommy Flanagan (actor)|Tommy Flanagan]], and directed by [[Jon Keeyes]]. Flanagan plays Caleb, a former government assassin in hiding, resurfaces when his protege, the equally deadly killer known as Banshee, played by King, discovers a bounty has been placed on Caleb's head, and they must put the past behind them and join together one last time to fight off the secret CIA-backed killers who threaten to destroy them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Keith & the Movies |url=https://keithandthemovies.com/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Keith & the Movies |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, King starred in the main role of the [[Lifetime (TV channel)|Lifetime]] film ''Hoax: The Kidnapping of Sherri Papini''. The film is based on the case of the [[Sherri Papini kidnapping hoax]], in which Sherri Papini staged her abduction after going missing in November 2016 while on a jog, she was eventually found and revealed to have staged the ordeal which became national news.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-19 |title=Sherri Papini: US woman who staged her own disappearance sentenced to 18 months |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-62957627 |access-date=2025-03-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2024, King starred in ''[[Lights Out (2024 film)|Lights Out]],'' an ensemble [[Action film|action]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by [[Christian Sesma]] and starring [[Frank Grillo]], [[Mekhi Phifer]], [[Dermot Mulroney]] and [[Scott Adkins]]. The film centers around an drifting ex-soldier turns into an underground fighter with the help of a just released ex-con, pitting them both against a crime boss, corrupt cops and hired killers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Figure 3: Feature separability of the datasets: IMDB. Movie-Rev1, Movie-Rev2, Movie-Sub, and SMS-Spam. |url=https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.252/fig-3 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=doi.org}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
From 1997-1998, King dated fashion photographer [[Davide Sorrenti]], who died from a kidney ailment.<ref name="NJKV" /> In 2000, she dated singer [[Kid Rock]].<ref name="NJKV">{{cite news|last1=Mills|first1=Nancy|title=THE NEW JAMES KING VERSION Ex-model puts wild times behind her and bids for movie stardom|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-james-king-version-ex-model-puts-wild-times-behind-bids-movie-stardom-article-1.479776|access-date=June 21, 2015|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=January 27, 2002}}</ref>

In 2006, she met director [[Kyle Newman]] while working on the set of his film ''[[Fanboys (film)|Fanboys]]''. The couple moved in together after three months of dating<ref name="children">{{cite news|last=Serpe|first=Gina|title=Jaime King Made a Missus|publisher=[[E! News]]|date=November 26, 2007|url=http://www.eonline.com/print/index.jsp?uuid=1d1d687a-725f-4971-ae5b-c57f070ad259&contentType=newsStory|access-date=December 18, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801004539/http://www.eonline.com/print/index.jsp?uuid=1d1d687a-725f-4971-ae5b-c57f070ad259&contentType=newsStory|archive-date=August 1, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and got engaged in 2007. They married in November 2007<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaime King ties the knot |publisher=Monsters and Critics|date=November 26, 2007|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/news/article_1376421.php/Jaime_King_ties_the_knot|access-date=December 18, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111072852/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/news/article_1376421.php/Jaime_King_ties_the_knot |archive-date=January 11, 2009 }}</ref> at [[Greystone Mansion]], where Newman had proposed.<ref name="People">{{cite magazine | last= Lehner| first= Marla| title= Jaime King Talks About FedEx Engagement Fiasco|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]| date= September 13, 2007|url= https://people.com/celebrity/jaime-king-talks-about-fedex-engagement-fiasco/|access-date=February 18, 2019}}</ref> After struggling with infertility due to [[endometriosis]] and [[polycystic ovary syndrome]], King gave birth to sons James Knight (b. 2013) and Leo Thames (b. 2015).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaime King's 2 Kids: All About Her Sons James and Leo |url=https://people.com/all-about-jaime-king-kids-11698985 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=People.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Taylor Swift]] is [[Godparent|godmother]] to son Leo.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Bayley|first1=Leanne|title=Jaime King sends cute message to his son's godmother Taylor Swift|url=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/jaime-king-pregnant-with-second-child|access-date=May 21, 2020|magazine=Glamour|date=July 17, 2016}}</ref>

In May 2020, King filed for divorce from Newman after 14 years of marriage.<ref name="People200518">{{cite web|url=https://people.com/tv/jaime-king-granted-temporary-restraining-order-against-kyle-newman/|title=Jaime King Granted Temporary Restraining Order Against Husband Kyle Newman: 'She's Distraught'|magazine=People|first=Melody|last=Chiu|date=May 18, 2020|access-date=May 20, 2020}}</ref> King also filed a domestic violence prevention petition and was granted a temporary [[restraining order]] against Newman,<ref name="People200518" /> which was later withdrawn.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etonline.com/jaime-king-withdraws-request-for-temporary-restraining-order-against-estranged-husband-kyle-newman|title=Jaime King Withdraws Request for Temporary Restraining Order Against Estranged Husband Kyle Newman|work=Entertainment Tonight|first=Liz|last=Calvario|date=June 27, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2024}}</ref> The divorce was finalized in September 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/jaime-king-kyle-newman-settle-divorce-7972315|title=Jaime King Reaches 'Loving and Harmonious' Agreement in 3.5-Years from Kyle Newman|magazine=People|first=Dory|last=Jackson|date=September 20, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2024}}</ref> In March 2025, Newman was awarded [[Sole custody|sole physical custody]] and King was mandated to complete a 6-month substance [[Drug rehabilitation|rehabilitation program]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Jaime King's ex Kyle Newman wins physical custody of sons as she's ordered to rehab |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2025-03-18/jaime-king-rehab-ex-kyle-newman-wins-custody-sons |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

King’s struggles with addiction began when she started using [[heroin]] at age 14, which was given to her by a photo assistant on one of her first modelling jobs.<ref name="NJKV" /> In a 2023 interview with The Cut she shared: "I was 14 [when given heroin]. I also remember being naked as a 14-year-old, 15-year-old, 16-year-old, even at 13 years old, dude, it's — I remember being naked in a bathtub for ''[[Vogue Italia|Italian Vogue]]'' when I was not even 14 years old. I remember being given champagne, and I never knew what to do with that. How could any child know what it is to do with that? You're just trying to get through it, and there's this pervasive terror that if you don't participate, you'll be sent home."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaime King Candidly Reflects on Being a Model on Her Own at 13: 'I Was Terrified' |url=https://people.com/style/jaime-king-reflects-being-model-13-terrified/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=People.com |language=en}}</ref>

King shared the trauma of her early modelling days living without family at 13 years old in [[New York City|New York]]: “I was terrified. I was terrified. I mean, I was a child. I think I was 13 and a half. The first time I came to New York, my mother and I came together, but when she eventually went home, I moved in with one of the editors of ''[[Harper's Bazaar|Harper’s Bazaar]].'' After that, I was sort of shuffled between different people’s households, you know; basically, wherever my agent told me I should go, that’s where I was placed. I was a child, and this may sound harsh but I believe it’s true: A child at that age should not be in the fashion industry.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Alissa |date=2023-04-24 |title=Jaime King Was Too Young for All That |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/jaime-king-new-york-it-girl.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The Cut |language=en}}</ref> King made the decision to leave the modelling industry at age 18.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Film
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Happy Campers (2001 film)|Happy Campers]]''
| Pixel
| rowspan='3'|Credited as James King
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Blow (film)|Blow]]''
| Older Kristina
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]''
| Nurse Betty Bayer
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Four Faces of God]]''
| Sam
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Slackers (film)|Slackers]]''
| Angela Patton
| Credited as James King
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Lone Star State of Mind (film)|Lone Star State of Mind]]''
| Baby
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Bulletproof Monk]]''
| Jade 'Bad Girl' Kerensky
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[White Chicks]]''
| Heather Vandergeld
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Pretty Persuasion]]''
| Kathy Joyce
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Sin City (film)|Sin City]]''
| [[Goldie and Wendy]]
| Double role
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Two for the Money (2005 film)|Two for the Money]]''
| Alexandria
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Cheaper by the Dozen 2]]''
| Anne Murtaugh
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[True True Lie]]''
| Nathalie
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The Alibi]]''
| Heather
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The Tripper]]''
| Samantha
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[They Wait]]''
| Sarah
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[The Spirit (2008 film)|The Spirit]]''
| Lorelei Rox
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[My Bloody Valentine 3D]]''
| Sarah Palmer
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Fanboys (film)|Fanboys]]''
| Amber
| Credited as Jaime King-Newman
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Waiting for Forever]]''
| Susan Donner
|
|-
| 2010
| ''A Fork in the Road''
| April Rogers
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Mother's Day (2010 film)|Mother's Day]]''
| Beth Sohapi
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Red Tails]]''
| 'Axis Mary'
| Voice role
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Silent Night (2012 film)|Silent Night]]''
| [[Aubrey Bradimore (Silent Night, Deadly Night)|Deputy Aubrey Bradimore]]
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[The Pardon]]''
| [[Toni Jo Henry]]
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Sin City: A Dame to Kill For]]''
| Goldie and Wendy
| Double role
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Barely Lethal]]''
| Analyst Knight
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Bitch (film)|Bitch]]''
| Beth
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Escape Plan 2: Hades]]''
| rowspan=2 | Abigail Ross
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Escape Plan: The Extractors]]''
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Ice Cream in the Cupboard]]''
| Dr. Giselle Cohen
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Out of Death]]''
| Shannon Mathers
|
|-
| 2022
|''[[Code Name Banshee]]''
|Banshee
|
|-
| 2023
| ''The Resurrection of Charles Manson''
|
| Also producer
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Lights Out (2024 film)|Lights Out]]''
| Detective Ellen Ridgway
| Post-production
|-
| TBA
| ''How to Cook Your Daughter''<ref>{{Cite web|last=N'Duka|first=Amanda|date=2017-02-28|title=Jaime King To Stir It Up In 'How To Cook Your Daughter'|url=https://deadline.com/2017/02/jamie-king-how-to-cook-your-daughter-1202019241/|access-date=2021-02-28|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Television
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2004
| ''Harry Green and Eugene''
| Anna Marie
| Unaired [[television pilot|pilot]]
|-
| 2005
| ''[[The O.C.]]''
| Mary-Sue
| Episode: "The Return of the Nana"
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Kitchen Confidential (TV series)|Kitchen Confidential]]''
| Tanya
| Main role, 13 episodes
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The Worst Week of My Life]]''
| Paige
| Episode: "Pilot"
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[The Class (TV series)|The Class]]''
| Palmer
| Recurring role, 6 episodes
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Gary Unmarried]]''
| Vanessa Flood
| Main role (season 1), 13 episodes
|-
| 2009
| ''Tit for Tat''
| Jaime
| 1 episode; also writer and producer
|-
| 2009–2012
| ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]''
| Luce / Nightsister / Aurra Sing / Customs Droid / Cassie Cryar / Muk Muk Monkey
| Voice role, 7 episodes
|-
| 2010
| ''[[My Generation (2010 TV series)|My Generation]]''
| Jackie Vachs
| Main role
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Scream Queens (2008 TV series)|Scream Queens]]''
| Herself
| Season 2 host
|-
| 2011–2015
| ''[[Hart of Dixie]]''
| Lemon Breeland
| Main role
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Celebrity Ghost Stories]]''
| Herself
| Season 3, episode 1
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Love Bites (TV series)|Love Bites]]''
| Amanda
| Episode: "Modern Plagues"
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Comedy Bang! Bang! (TV series)|Comedy Bang! Bang!]]''
| Sheila Linter
| Episode: "Dane Cook Wears a Black Blazer & Tailored Pants"
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Lip Sync Battle]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "[[Olivia Munn]] vs. [[Kevin Hart]]"
|-
| 2016
| ''The Mistletoe Promise''
| Elise Donner
| Hallmark movie
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Robot Chicken]]''
| Shani / Anita Radcliffe / Cleo de Nile
| Voice role; episode: "Yogurt in a Bag"
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Transformers: Power of the Primes]]''
| Solus Prime
| Voice role
|-
| 2019–2021
| ''[[Black Summer (TV series)|Black Summer]]''
| Rose
| Main role
|-
| 2023
| ''Hoax: The Kidnapping of Sherri Papini''
| Sherri Papini
| Lifetime movie
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Music videos
|-
! Year
! Title
! Artist
|-
| 1999
| "[[Take a Picture (Filter song)|Take a Picture]]"
| [[Filter (band)|Filter]]
|-
| 2003
| "[[Sexed Up]]"
| [[Robbie Williams]]
|-
| 2005
| "[[Chariot (song)|Chariot]]"
| [[Gavin DeGraw]]
|-
| 2009
| "[[Never Say Never (The Fray song)|Never Say Never]]"
| [[The Fray]]
|-
| 2010
| "[[Bury Me Alive (song)|Bury Me Alive]]"
| [[We Are The Fallen]]
|-
| 2012
| "[[Summertime Sadness]]"
| [[Lana Del Rey]]
|-
| 2021
| "One Last Time"
| [[LP (singer)|LP]]
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ As director
|-
! Year
! Title
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2011
| ''The Break In''
| Short film
|-
| 2011
| ''Latch Key''
| Short film; also writer
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=August 2014}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Ceremony
! Category
! Work
! Result
|-
| 2001
| [[Young Hollywood Awards]]
| New Stylemaker – Female
| {{TableTBA|N/A}}
| {{won}}
|-
| 2003
| [[DVD Exclusive Awards]]
| Best Actress
| ''[[Happy Campers (2001 film)|Happy Campers]]''
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|454809|Jaime King}}
* {{Fashionmodel|name=James King}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:King, Jaime}}

[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Omaha, Nebraska]]
[[Category:American child models]]
[[Category:Female models from Nebraska]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Nathan Bedford Forrest III

2025-05-26T21:44:11Z

99.185.77.46: /* Early life and education */

{{short description|United States Army Air Forces general}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
|birth_name= Nathan Bedford Forrest III
|birth_date= {{birth date|1905|4|6}}
|death_date= {{death date and age|1943|6|13|1905|4|7}}
|image=Nbforrest-01.jpg
|caption=Brigadier General Nathan Bedford Forrest III
|nickname=
|birth_place= [[Memphis, Tennessee]], U.S.
|death_place= [[Kiel]], [[Nazi Germany]]
|placeofburial= [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
|allegiance= {{flag|United States|1912}}
|branch=[[File:USAAC Roundel 1919-1941.svg|23px]] [[United States Army Air Corps]] [[File:US Army Air Corps Hap Arnold Wings.svg|23px]] [[United States Army Air Forces]]
|serviceyears=1928–1943
|rank = [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|23px]] [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]]
|unit= [[Second Air Force]] [[Eighth Air Force]]
|commands=
|battles=[[World War II]]{{KIA}}
|awards=[[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] [[Purple Heart]]
|relations= [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] (great-grandfather) [[Nathan Bedford Forrest II]] (father)
|laterwork=
}}

'''Nathan Bedford Forrest III''' (April 6, 1905 – June 13, 1943) was an American [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] of the [[United States Army Air Forces]] who was the [[List of U.S. general officers and flag officers killed in World War II|first American general to be killed in action]] in the [[European theatre of World War II|European Theater]] of [[World War II]].<ref name=USAFWebsite>Official United States Air Force Website. [https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/108538/brigadier-general-nathan-b-forrest-iii/ Brigadier General Nathan Bedford Forrest III]</ref> Forrest was a great-grandson of [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] general [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] and an early [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]] of the [[United States Army Air Corps]] in 1929. Forrest was [[killed in action]] when his plane was shot down during a raid over [[Nazi Germany]] in June 1943.

==Early life and education==
[[File:Nathan Bedford Forrest III (1905–1943) at West Point in 1928.png|thumb|left|150px|Forrest at West Point in 1928.]]
Nathan Bedford Forrest III was born on April 6, 1905 in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], the son of [[Nathan Bedford Forrest II]] and Mattie Patterson (Patton).
His paternal great-grandfather was [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]], the famed [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] general and leader of the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. On November 22, 1930, he married Frances Brassler. According to the [[Arlington National Cemetery]] website, he did not have any children, making him the final male Forrest in his great-grandfather's legitimate direct line.

==Career==
Forrest graduated from [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] in 1928 and was commissioned a [[Second lieutenant#United States|second lieutenant]] in the [[cavalry]] of the [[United States Army]]. In 1929, he transferred to the [[United States Army Air Corps|Air Corps]], gaining rank rapidly and graduating from the [[Air Corps Tactical School]] in December 1939.<ref name=USAFWebsite/><ref>{{cite book |url=http://digital-library.usma.edu/digital/collection/p16919coll3/id/21160/rec/4 |title=Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York since its establishment in 1802: Supplement, 1940–1950 |date=December 1955 |volume=IX |page=565 |publisher=The Association of Graduates, U.S. Military Academy |access-date=August 7, 2024}}</ref> Promoted to [[brigadier general]] in 1942, Forrest was serving as [[chief of staff]] of the [[Second Air Force]] when he flew missions as an observer with the [[Eighth Air Force]] in [[England]].

==Death==
On June 13, 1943, Forrest was reported [[missing in action]] while leading a bombing raid on the German [[Submarine base|submarine yard]]s at [[Kiel]] when his [[B-17 Flying Fortress]] was shot down by [[anti-aircraft]] fire. The other squadron members reported seeing [[parachute]]s and hoped the general had survived. However, on September 23, 1943, Forrest's [[corpse]] washed up near a [[seaplane]] base on the island of [[Rügen]] in Germany. He was buried on September 28, 1943, in a small cemetery near [[Wiek, Rügen|Wiek]].<ref name=USAFWebsite/>

His family was presented his [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]], which he was awarded posthumously for staying at the controls of his B-17 bomber while his crew bailed out.<ref name=USAFWebsite/> The plane exploded before Forrest could bail out. By the time the ''[[Seenotdienst]]'' (the German air-sea rescue) arrived, only one of the crew was still alive in the water.

===Distinguished Service Cross citation===

[[File:Army distinguished service cross medal.jpg|40px|left]]

<blockquote>The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Brigadier General Nathan Bedford Forrest, III (ASN: 0-17124), United States Army Air Forces, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy while serving as Chief of Staff for the SECOND Air Force and an Observer in a B-17 Heavy Bomber of the EIGHTH Air Force, while participating in a bombing mission on 13 June 1943, against enemy ground targets in the European Theater of Operations. While in command of a bomber division of an operational bombing mission against a vital military target, the formation was subjected to heavy antiaircraft fire and enemy aircraft attacks, during which a number of the planes in the division were shot down, and the plane in which General Forrest was flying was damaged before reaching the target. In the face of the strongest opposition yet encountered on a bombing mission, and with complete disregard for personal safety, General Forrest led his command to the target and accomplished his mission from which he did not return. His leadership, skill, and extraordinary heroism on this occasion were an inspiration to all officers and men of the Air Force in this theater, and reflect the highest credit upon himself and the Armed Forces of the United States. General Forrest has been officially reported as missing in action.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nathan Bedford Forrest |url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/30985 |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref></blockquote>

==Legacy==
In 1947, two years after the war ended, his widow requested that he be returned to the United States and buried in [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. He was buried in Section 11 at Arlington on November 15, 1949.<ref>[https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/Cgdmb3JyZXN0EgZuYXRoYW4aAWI-/ Burial Detail: Forrest, Nathan B] – ANC Explorer</ref>

==Dates of rank==
* June 9, 1928 [[second lieutenant]]
* February 4, 1934, [[first lieutenant]]
* June 9, 1938, [[Captain (United States)|captain]]
* January 31, 1941, [[Major (rank)|major]]
* January 5, 1942, [[lieutenant colonel]]
* March 1, 1942, [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]]
* November 2, 1942, [[brigadier general]]
Source: <ref name=afhrastudy91pdf134>{{cite web |url=https://www.afhra.af.mil/Portals/16/documents/Studies/51-100/AFD-090601-134.pdf |title=Biographical Data on Air Force General Officers, 1917-1952, Volume 1 – A thru L |year=1953 |last=Fogerty |first=Robert P. |page=602 |publisher=[[Air Force Historical Research Agency]] |id= USAF historical studies: no. 91 |access-date=November 9, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831192543/https://www.afhra.af.mil/Portals/16/documents/Studies/51-100/AFD-090601-134.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2021}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[Alternate history]] novelist [[Harry Turtledove]] makes Forrest III a significant character in the ''[[Southern Victory]]'' series, and a minor character in the standalone novel ''[[Joe Steele (novel)|Joe Steele]]''. The ''Southern Victory'' version (an officer of a still-extant Confederacy, which has become analogous to [[Nazi Germany]]), leads a [[20 July plot|July 20-style]] coup attempt against [[Adolf Hitler|Hitleresque]] Confederate President Jake Featherston.

==See also==
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea]]
* [[Thomas Jonathan Jackson Christian Jr.]], another great-grandson of a notable Confederate general who was a high-ranking USAAF pilot killed in action in the ETO in World War II

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Forrest, Nathan Bedford 3}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1940s missing person cases]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:Forrest family]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Memphis, Tennessee]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:Air Corps Tactical School alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II]]
[[Category:United States Army Air Forces generals of World War II]]
[[Category:Aerial disappearances of military personnel in action]]
[[Category:Missing in action of World War II]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in Germany]]
[[Category:People lost at sea]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:United States Army Air Forces personnel killed in World War II]]
[[Category:Aviators killed by being shot down]]
[[Category:People who died at sea]]
[[Category:Formerly missing American people]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]

The Story of G.I. Joe

2025-05-26T21:18:05Z

99.185.77.46: /* Finding a director */

{{Short description|1945 film by William A. Wellman}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Story of G.I. Joe
| image = Ernie Pyle's 'Story of G.I. Joe' (1945 poster).jpg

| alt = Poster depicting a soldier holding a small dog
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| producer = Lester Cowan David Hall
| based_on = {{based on|''Here Is Your War'' 1943 book ''Brave Men'' 1944 book|[[Ernie Pyle]]}}
| director = [[William A. Wellman]]
| screenplay = Leopold Atlas [[Guy Endore]] [[Philip Stevenson]]
| starring = [[Burgess Meredith]] [[Robert Mitchum]]
| music = [[Louis Applebaum]] [[Ann Ronell]]
| cinematography = [[Russell Metty]]
| editing = [[Albrecht Joseph]]
| distributor = [[United Artists]]
| released = {{Film date|1945|06|18}}
| runtime = 108 min.
| country = United States
| budget = $1.2 million<ref>{{cite journal |date= 3 November 1944|title=Indies $70,000,000 Pix Output |url= https://archive.org/stream/variety156-1944-11#page/n17/mode/1up|journal= Variety|pages = 18|access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="var">{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/variety163-1946-09/page/n2/mode/1up?q=%22negative+cost%22|title=British Exhibition Chill Continues Against 'GI Joe' and 'Objective Burma' |date=4 September 1946|pages=3, 27|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
|gross=$2.5 million (US)<ref name="var"/>
| language = English Italian
}}

'''''The Story of G.I. Joe''''', also credited in prints as ''[[Ernie Pyle]]'s Story of G.I. Joe'', is a 1945 American [[war film]] directed by [[William A. Wellman]] and starring [[Burgess Meredith]] and [[Robert Mitchum]]. The film was nominated for four [[Academy Awards]], including Mitchum's only career Oscar nomination.

The story is a tribute to the American infantryman (G.I. Joe) during [[World War II]], told through the eyes of [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning [[war correspondent]] [[Ernie Pyle]], with dialogue and narration lifted from Pyle's columns. The film concentrates on one company (C Company, [[18th Infantry Regiment (United States)|18th Infantry]]) that Pyle accompanies into combat in [[Tunisia]] and [[Italy]].

In 2009, the film was selected for preservation in the [[National Film Registry]] by the [[Library of Congress]] for being "culturally, historically or aesthetically" significant.<ref>{{Cite news|title=25 new titles added to National Film Registry |newspaper=Yahoo News |publisher=Yahoo |date=2009-12-30 |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091230/ap_en_mo/us_classic_films_glance |access-date=2009-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106004526/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091230/ap_en_mo/us_classic_films_glance |archive-date=January 6, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Complete National Film Registry Listing |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|website=Library of Congress|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson, the Muppets and Early Cinema Tapped for Preservation in 2009 Library of Congress National Film Registry|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-09-250/2009-selections-to-the-national-film-registry-announced/2009-12-30/|website=Library of Congress|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

==Plot==
The untested infantrymen of C Company, 18th Infantry, U.S. Army, board trucks to travel to the front for the first time. Lt. Bill Walker allows [[war correspondent]] Ernie Pyle, himself a rookie to combat, to accompany them. Ernie follows the men all the way to the front lines through the rain and mud.

Ernie comes to know the men about whom he will write, including Sgt. Warnicki and privates Dondaro, Mew and Murphy.

Their baptism by fire occurs at the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]], a bloody chaotic defeat. Pyle is present at battalion headquarters when Walker arrives as a runner for his company commander. Ernie and the company part ways, but months later he seeks to find them, as he believes that they are the finest outfit in the army. He finds them on a [[road in Italy]], about to attack a German-held town. Ernie finds that Company C has become proficient at killing without remorse. In house-to-house combat, they capture the town. After arrangements are made for Murphy to marry his nurse fiancée, a fatigued Ernie struggles to stay awake during the ceremony.

The company advances to a position in front of [[Monte Cassino]], but, unable to advance, they are soon reduced to living in caves dug in the ground, persistent rain and mud, endless patrols and savage [[artillery]] barrages. When his men are forced to eat cold rations for Christmas dinner, Walker obtains food for them at gunpoint. Casualties are heavy, and young replacements are quickly killed before they can learn how to survive in combat. Walker is always short of lieutenants, and the veterans lose men, including Murphy. After a night patrol to capture a prisoner, Warnicki suffers a [[nervous breakdown]] and is sent to the infirmary. Ernie returns to the correspondents' quarters to write a piece on Murphy's death and is told by his fellow reporters that he has won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for his combat reporting. Ernie again connects with the outfit after Cassino is finally taken. His reunion with the men is interrupted when a string of mules is led to them, each carrying the dead body of a G.I. to be placed on the ground. A final mule, led by Dondaro, bears the body of Walker. The soldiers express their grief in the presence of Walker's corpse.

Ernie joins the company as it proceeds down the road, narrating its conclusion: "For those beneath the wooden crosses, there is nothing we can do, except perhaps to pause and murmur, 'Thanks pal, thanks.'"

==Cast==
* [[Burgess Meredith]] as [[Ernie Pyle]]
* [[Robert Mitchum]] as Lt./Capt. Bill Walker
* [[Freddie Steele]] as Sgt. Steve Warnicki
* [[Wally Cassell]] as Pvt. Dondaro
* [[Jimmy Lloyd (actor)|Jimmy Lloyd]] as Pvt. Spencer
* John R. Reilly as Pvt. Robert "Wingless" Murphy
* [[William Murphy (actor)|William Murphy]] as Pvt. Charles R. Mew
* [[William Edwin Self|William Self]] as Pvt. Cookie Henderson (uncredited)
* [[Dorothy Coonan Wellman]] as Nurse Lt. Elizabeth 'Red' Murphy (uncredited)
* Sicily and Italy Combat Veterans of the Campaigns in Africa as Themselves

===Casting notes===
Casting for the role of Pyle began in June 1944.<ref name="cast">Tobin, James (1997). ''Ernie Pyle's War: America's Eyewitness to World War II''. Hardcover: Free Press, {{ISBN|0-684-83642-4}}, p. 213.</ref> Pyle had pleaded: "For God's sake, don't let them make me look like a fool."<ref name="pyle214">Tobin, p. 214.</ref> Producer Lester Cowan considered [[James Gleason]] and [[Walter Brennan]] for the lead role but selected Meredith because he was lesser known. Meredith had been serving as a captain in the Army,<ref name="cast"/> and the Army refused to release him from active duty. According to Meredith, the Army was overruled by presidential advisor [[Harry Hopkins]], and his [[honorable discharge]] from the Army was approved personally by general [[George C. Marshall]].<ref name="pyle214"/> Meredith spent time with Pyle, who was recuperating in New Mexico from the emotional effects of surviving an [[Friendly fire#1944|accidental bombing]] by the [[United States Army Air Forces|Army Air Forces]] at the start of [[Operation Cobra]] in [[Normandy]].<ref>Tobin, pp. 196 and 221.</ref> Pyle approved of the casting of Meredith and said that he believed Meredith to be the best choice after the death of British actor [[Leslie Howard]] in a plane crash.<ref>United Press, "Pyle Pleased Over Lead for His Movie", ''The San Bernardino Daily Sun'', San Bernardino, California, Sunday 12 November 1944, Volume 51, page 1.</ref> The studio had wanted to place a leading-man type in the main role, but Wellman wanted a physically smaller man such as Meredith to better portray the middle-aged Pyle. As a compromise, Mitchum was chosen to play Bill Walker. The film was one of Mitchum's earliest starring roles.

Nine war correspondents are listed as technical advisors in the film's credits, three of whom appear in the scene in which Pyle learns that he has won the [[Pulitzer Prize]].

Wellman's wife, actress [[Dorothy Coonan Wellman]], appears in an uncredited speaking role as Lt. Elizabeth "Red" Murphy, the combat-zone bride of character "Wingless" Murphy.

The Army agreed to Wellman's request for 150 soldiers, who were training in California for deployment to the Pacific and had all been veterans of the Italian campaign, as extras during the six weeks of filming in late 1944. The War Department allowed the men to grow beards for their roles. Wellman insisted that actual soldiers speak much of the dialogue for authenticity. He also insisted that the film's Hollywood actors live and train with the soldiers.<ref>Suid, Lawrence H. (2002 edition). ''Guts and Glory: The Making of the American Military Image in Film'', University Press of Kentucky. {{ISBN|0-8131-9018-5}}, p. 94-95.</ref>

==Production==
===Screenplay===
The film's concept originated with independent producer Lester Cowan, who approached the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] in September 1943 for cooperation in making a film about the [[infantry]] with the same high degree of prestige as in ''[[Air Force (film)|Air Force]]''. In October, he agreed to terms with [[United Artists]] for financial support and distribution of the proposed film. Cowan then developed a story outline based on Pyle's columns reproduced in ''Here is Your War'' that the Army approved on November 27.<ref name="suid2">Suid (2002), p. 92.</ref>

Attempts to write a script that would accurately translate Pyle's style and sentiments to the screen delayed filming for a year<ref>Tobin (1997), p. 215, however, credits Wellman instead for coming up with this theme--and quotes him nearly word for word with the phrasing used by Suid--after Cowan had gotten off-track drawing up synopses that depicted Pyle as a wayward, drunken, and failing journalist at the start of the war.</ref> After the [[D-Day Invasion]] of Normandy, with the end of the war in sight, the script became more focused on Pyle's movements with the infantry in its final advance to victory.<ref name="suid2"/>

The screenplay was developed with the input of several war correspondents and associates of Pyle, mainly [[Don Whitehead]], [[Lee Miller]] and Paige Cavanaugh, who selected details from Pyle's columns for inclusion in the film,<ref>Tobin (1997), p. 213.</ref> Director William Wellman also worked directly with Pyle.<ref name="suid4">Suid (2002), p. 94.</ref>

===Finding a director===
Cowan's first choice as director was [[John Huston]], who had completed only two films before entering military service.<ref>However, the two films, ''[[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)|The Maltese Falcon]]'' and ''[[In This Our Life]]'', were themselves an impressive resumé.</ref> Cowan was impressed by two combat documentaries that Huston had directed, ''[[Report from the Aleutians]]'' and ''[[The Battle of San Pietro]]'', but was unable to gain Huston's services from the army.<ref name="suid3">Suid (2002), p. 93.</ref>

In August 1944, unable to complete the screenplay, Cowan tried to recruit [[William A. Wellman|William Wellman]] to be the film's director. However, Wellman took convincing.<ref name="suid3" /> So, Cowan asked Ernie Pyle to contact Wellman. Pyle invited Wellman to his home, where he persuaded Wellman to accept the director role.<ref name="suid4">Suid (2002), p. 94.</ref>

===Historical basis===
Pyle covered the 1st Infantry Division, including the 18th Infantry, in Tunisia from January to May 1943, and wrote a column on the American defeat at [[Kasserine Pass]]. He also landed with the 1st Division during the [[Operation Husky|invasion of Sicily]] in July 1943. However, after the Sicilian campaign, which is mentioned but not portrayed in the film, the 18th Infantry moved to [[England]] to prepare for the [[Operation Overlord|Allied invasion of France]], while the film's Company C is said to have made a landing under fire at [[Operation Avalanche|Salerno]].

While the screenwriters chose the 18th Infantry Regiment for the film, Pyle's favorite outfit was the 133rd Infantry Regiment of the 34th Infantry Division, a unit that he had covered in 1942 while it was still stationed in [[Northern Ireland]] and then again in Tunisia.<ref>Pyle, Ernie (2000 edition), ''Brave Men'', University of Nebraska Press, {{ISBN|0-8032-8768-2}}, pp. 193-216.</ref>

The events in Italy portrayed in the film are based on Pyle's experiences with soldiers of the 36th Infantry Division in the [[Battle of San Pietro Infine|Battle of San Pietro]] and the 133rd Infantry in the [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]. Mitchum's character of captain Bill Walker was modeled on two soldiers who had impressed Pyle. Walker was based on Captain [[Henry T. Waskow]] of the 36th Division's Company B 143rd Infantry. Waskow's death in combat on December 14, 1943, was the subject of Pyle's most famous column. Sgt. "Buck" Eversole was a platoon leader who became the subject of several of Pyle's stories.

== Release ==
Although filmed with Pyle's cooperation, the film premiered two months to the day after he was killed in action on [[Ie Shima]] during the [[invasion of Okinawa]]. In his February 14, 1945 posting titled "In the Movies", Pyle commented: "They are still calling it ''The Story of G.I. Joe''. I never did like the title, but nobody could think of a better one, and I was too lazy to try."<ref>[http://journalism.indiana.edu/resources/erniepyle/wartime-columns/in-the-movies/ Ernie Pyle, "In the Movies", Indiana University School of Journalism]</ref>

==Critical appraisal==
Film critic [[Manny Farber]] in [[The New Republic]], August 13, 1945, wrote:

{{blockquote |The writing, as well as the direction, constantly shuns the romanticism that has colored almost every other war film. Nobody talks about the war, either as an aim, or as a matter of beating an enemy; in general they seem too tired to talk, and when they do it is in shorthand, avoiding the obvious, which includes every great question like the danger of death and the separation from everybody they love. <ref name="Farber, 2009 p. 249">Farber, 2009 p. 249</ref>}}

Farber adds: “Wellman’s ''The Story of G. I. Joe'' is one of the only movies in years that says just about all it has to say, and drives it home with real cinematic strength.” <ref name="Farber, 2009 p. 249">Farber, 2009 p. 249</ref>

In ''[[The Nation (magazine)| The Nation]]'' in 1945, film critic [[James Agee]] lauded it: "Coming as it does out of a world in which even the best work is nearly always compromised, and into a world which is generally assumed to dread honesty and courage and to despise artistic integrity, it is an act of heroism, and I cannot suggest my regard for it without using such words as veneration and love{{nbsp}}... It seems to me a tragic and eternal work of art{{nbsp}}... "<ref>Agee, James - ''Agee on Film Vol. 1'' © 1958 by The James Agee Trust.</ref> [[Leslie Halliwell]] gave it two of four stars: "Slow, convincing, sympathetic war film with good script and performances; not by any means the usual action saga."<ref>Halliwell's Film Guide, 7th Edition 1987 ISBN 0-06-016322-4</ref> [[Leonard Maltin]] gave the film three and a half of four stars: "Meredith is superb as war correspondent Ernie Pyle{{nbsp}}... Mitchum's first outstanding film role{{nbsp}}... "<ref>Leonard Maltin's Classic Movie Guide - Third Edition 2015 {{ISBN|978-0-14-751682-4}}</ref>

==Preservation==
The [[Academy Film Archive]] preserved ''G.I. Joe'' in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Preserved Projects |url=http://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=&filmmaker=william+wellman&category=All&collection=All |website=Academy Film Archive}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==

===Academy Award nominations===
* [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] - [[Robert Mitchum]]
* [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] - [[Ann Ronell]] for "Linda"
* [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Score]] - [[Louis Applebaum]] and [[Ann Ronell]]
* [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] - Leopold Atlas, [[Guy Endore]], and Philip Stevenson

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
*[[Manny Farber|Farber, Manny]]. 2009. ''Farber on Film: The Complete Film Writings of Manny Farber''. Edited by [[Robert Polito]]. [[Library of America]]. {{ISBN | 978-1-59853-050-6}}

==External links==
*''The Story of G.I. Joe'' essay [https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-film-preservation-board/documents/g_i_joe.pdf] by Amy Dunkleberger at [[National Film Registry]]
* {{IMDb title| 0038120 }}
* {{TCMDb title| 91522 }}
* {{AFI film|24602}}
* [https://erniepyle.iu.edu/wartime-columns/captain-waskow.html ''"The Death of Captain Waskow"'' reprinted at the Indiana University School of Journalism]
* [http://thenedscottarchive.com/hollywood/films/story-of-g-i-joe.html Photos of Ernie Pyle from ''Story of G.I. Joe'' 1944] by [[Ned Scott]]
* ''The Story of G.I. Joe'' essay by Daniel Eagan In America's Film Legacy, 2009-2010: A Viewer's Guide To The 50 Landmark Movies Added To The National Film Registry In 2009–10, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2011, {{ISBN|1441120025}} pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=4GNRD_icEmkC]

{{William A. Wellman}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Story Of G.I. Joe, The}}
[[Category:1945 films]]
[[Category:1940s war films]]
[[Category:1940s biographical films]]
[[Category:American biographical films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:American war films]]
[[Category:Battle of Monte Cassino]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:1940s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Louis Applebaum]]
[[Category:Films directed by William A. Wellman]]
[[Category:Italian Campaign of World War II films]]
[[Category:United Artists films]]
[[Category:United States National Film Registry films]]
[[Category:World War II films made in wartime]]
[[Category:World War II films based on actual events]]
[[Category:English-language war films]]
[[Category:English-language biographical films]]

Ernie Pyle

2025-05-26T21:10:45Z

99.185.77.46: /* Personal life */

{{short description|American war correspondent and writer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ernie Pyle
| image = Ernie Pyle cph.3b08817.jpg
| caption = Ernie Pyle in 1945
| birth_name = Ernest Taylor Pyle
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1900|08|03}}
| birth_place = [[Dana, Indiana]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1945|04|18|1900|08|03}}
| death_place = [[Iejima]], [[Okinawa Prefecture]], [[Empire of Japan]]
| death_cause = [[Killed in action]]
| resting_place = [[National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific]], [[Honolulu]]
| occupation = Journalist
| spouse = {{marriage|Geraldine Siebolds|1925}}
}}

'''Ernest Taylor Pyle''' (August 3, 1900 – April 18, 1945) was an American journalist and [[war correspondent]] who is best known for his stories about ordinary American soldiers during [[World War II]]. Pyle is also notable for the [[Columnist#Newspaper and magazine|columns]] he wrote as a roving [[human interest|human-interest]] reporter from 1935 through 1941 for the [[The E. W. Scripps Company|Scripps-Howard]] newspaper syndicate that earned him wide acclaim for his simple accounts of ordinary people across North America. When the United States entered World War II, he lent the same distinctive, folksy style of his human-interest stories to his wartime reports from the [[European theatre of World War II|European theater]] (1942–44) and [[Pacific War|Pacific theater]] (1945). Pyle won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] in 1944 for his newspaper accounts of "[[Dogface (military)|dogface]]" [[infantry|infantry soldiers]] from a first-person perspective. He was killed by enemy fire on [[Iejima]] (then known as Ie Shima) during the [[Battle of Okinawa]].

At the time of his death in 1945, Pyle was among the best-known American war correspondents. His syndicated column was published in 400 daily and 300 weekly newspapers nationwide. [[President of the United States|President]] [[Harry Truman]] said of Pyle, "No man in this war has so well told the story of the American fighting man as American fighting men wanted it told. He deserves the gratitude of all his countrymen."<ref name=Truman>{{cite web | title =Statement by the President on the Death of Ernie Pyle | work =Public Papers, Harry S. Truman, 1945–1953 | publisher =Harry S. Truman Library and Museum | date =April 18, 1945 | url =http://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=14&st=&st1= | access-date =February 9, 2015 | archive-date =September 10, 2015 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150910095844/http://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=14&st=&st1= | url-status =dead}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Dana-Ernie-Pyle-birthplace-in.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ernie Pyle birthplace in [[Dana, Indiana]]]]
Ernest "Ernie" Taylor Pyle was born on August 3, 1900, on the Sam Elder farm near [[Dana, Indiana]], in rural [[Vermillion County, Indiana]]. His parents were Maria (Taylor) and William Clyde Pyle.<ref>{{cite book | author=Lee G. Miller| title =An Ernie Pyle Album: Indiana to Ie Shima | publisher =William Sloane Associates | year =1946 | location =New York | pages =8–9 | oclc=466608}}</ref><ref name=Brockman46>{{cite journal| author=Paul Brockman | title =Ernie Pyle's Library | journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =16 | issue =4 | page=46 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | location =Indianapolis | date =Fall 2004}}</ref> At the time of Pyle's birth his father was a tenant farmer on the Elder property.<ref name=BoomhowerTraces30-31>{{cite journal| author=Ray E. Boomhower| title =The G.I.'s Friend: Ernie Pyle | journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =3 | issue =4 | pages =30–31 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | location =Indianapolis | date =Fall 1991}}</ref> Neither of Pyle's parents attended school beyond the eighth grade.<ref name=Brockman46/>

Pyle, an only child, disliked farming and pursued a more adventurous life.<ref name=McMurray>{{cite web |author=John McMurray | title =Ernie Pyle's Reporting Vividly Brought WWII Back Home | publisher = Investor's Business Daily | date =January 27, 2016 | url =https://www.investors.com/news/management/leaders-and-success/ernie-pyles-reporting-vividly-brought-wwii-back-home/ | access-date =January 15, 2019}}</ref> After graduating from a local high school in [[Bono, Vermillion County, Indiana|Bono]], Helt Township, Vermillion County, Indiana, he enlisted in the [[United States Navy|U.S. Naval Reserve]] during [[World War I]]. Pyle began his training at the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]], but the war ended before he could be transferred to the [[Naval Station Great Lakes|Great Lakes Naval Training Station]] for additional training.<ref>{{cite book | author=Ray E. Boomhower |title =The Soldier's Friend: A Life of Ernie Pyle | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | year =2006 | location =Indianapolis | pages=19–20| isbn =9780871952004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Ruth Padget Albright| title =Ernie Pyle at Indiana University | journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =12 | issue =2 | page=6| publisher =Indiana Historical Society | location =Indianapolis | date =Spring 2000}}</ref><ref>He served three months of active duty until the war ended, then finished his enlistment in the reserves and was discharged with the rank of Petty Officer Third Class.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}</ref>

Pyle enrolled at [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]] in 1919,<ref name=Miller46-13>Miller (1946), page 13.</ref> aspiring to become a journalist. However, Indiana University did not offer a degree in journalism at that time, so Pyle majored in economics and took as many journalism courses as he could. Pyle began studying journalism in his sophomore year, the same year he joined [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]] fraternity and began working on the ''[[Indiana Daily Student]]'', the student-written newspaper. During his junior year Pyle became the newspaper's city editor and its news editor; he also worked on the ''Arbutus'', the campus yearbook, although he did not enjoy the desk-bound work. Pyle's simple, storytelling writing style, which he developed while a student at IU, later became his trademark style as a professional journalist and earned him millions of readers as a columnist for [[E. W. Scripps Company|Scripps-Howard]] newspaper syndicate.<ref>Albright, pages 6 and 8.</ref>

In March 1922, during his junior year at Indiana University, Pyle and three of his fraternity brothers dropped out of school for a semester to follow the Indiana University baseball team on a trip to Japan. Pyle and his fraternity brothers found work aboard the S.S. ''Keystone State''. During its voyage across the Pacific Ocean, the ship docked at ports such as Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Manila, as well as in Japan before returning trip to the United States. Pyle's interest in traveling and exploring the world continued in his later years as a reporter.<ref>Miller (1946), pages 13–14.</ref><ref>Albright, pages 8 and 11.</ref>

After his trip across the Pacific, Pyle returned to Indiana University Bloomington, where he was named editor-in-chief of the ''Indiana Summer Student'', the summer edition of the campus newspaper. During his senior year at Indiana University, Pyle continued his work at the ''Daily Student'' and the ''Arbutus''. He also joined [[Society of Professional Journalists|Sigma Delta Chi]], the journalism fraternity, and was active in other campus clubs. In addition, Pyle was selected as a senior manager of IU's football team, making him a [[Letterman (sports)|letterman]] along with the other members of the team in 1922.<ref name=Albright10>Albright, page 10.</ref>

Pyle left school in January 1923 with only a semester remaining and without graduating from IU.<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 25.</ref><ref>Miller (1946), page 15.</ref>
He took a job as a newspaper reporter for the ''Daily Herald'' in [[La Porte, Indiana]], earning $25 a week.<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 27.</ref><ref name=GS279>{{cite book | editor= Linda C. Gugin and James E. St. Clair | title =Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State | publisher =Indiana Historical Society Press| year =2015 | location =Indianapolis | page=279 | isbn =978-0-87195-387-2}}</ref> Pyle worked at the ''Daily Herald'' for three months before moving to Washington, D.C., to join the staff of ''[[The Washington Daily News]]''.<ref name=GS279/>

==Personal life==
Pyle met his future wife, Geraldine Elizabeth "Jerry" Siebolds (August 23, 1899 – November 23, 1945), a native of [[Minnesota]], at a [[Halloween]] party in Washington, D.C., in 1923.
They married in July 1925.<ref name=Brockman46-47>Brockman, pages 46–47.</ref><ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 30. See also: {{cite book | author= Lee G. Miller | title =The Story of Ernie Pyle | publisher = Viking Press | year =1950 | location =New York | page =[https://archive.org/details/storyoferniepyle00mill/page/33 33] | isbn =9780837137438 | url =https://archive.org/details/storyoferniepyle00mill| url-access= registration}}</ref> In the early years of their marriage the couple traveled the country together. In Pyle's newspaper columns describing their trips, he often referred to her as "That Girl who rides with me."<ref name="Albright, p. 11">Albright, page 11.</ref> In June 1940, Pyle purchased property about {{convert|3|mi|km}} from downtown [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]], and had a modest, {{convert|1,145|ft2|m2|adj=on}} home built on the site. The residence served as the couple's home base in the United States for the remainder of their lives.<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 51.</ref>

Ernie and Jerry Pyle had a tempestuous relationship. He often complained of being ill, was a "heavy abuser of alcohol at times," and suffered from bouts of [[Mood disorder|depression]], later made worse from the stress of his work as a war correspondent during World War II. His wife suffered from alcoholism and periods of [[mental disorder|mental illness]] (depression or [[bipolar disorder]]).<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 50.</ref><ref>Miller (1950), pages and 169–73. See also: {{cite book|author=James Tobin |title=Ernie Pyles War: America's Eyewitness to World War II|date=1997|publisher=Free Press|pages=41–42, 49–51, 60–61, and 166|location=New York |isbn=9780684836423}}</ref> She also made several suicide attempts.<ref name=Brockman46-47/><ref>During one of Pyle's return visits to the United States during World War II, he wrote to his college roommate, Paige Cavanaugh: "Geraldine was drunk the afternoon I got home. From there she went on down. Went completely screwball. One night she tried the gas. Had to have a doctor." See: Miller (1950), pages 164. Pyle later described her as his "fearful and troubled wife ... desperate within herself since the day she was born."{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}</ref> Although the couple divorced on April 14, 1942, they remarried by [[proxy wedding|proxy]] in March 1943, while Pyle was covering the war in North Africa.<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 62.</ref><ref>Miller (1950), pages 63–64.</ref> They did not have any children.<ref name=McMurray/> Newspapers reported that Jerry Pyle "took the news [of her husband's death] bravely," but her health declined rapidly in the months following his death on April 18, 1945, while he was covering operations of American troops on [[Ie Shima]]. Jerry Pyle died from complications of [[influenza]] at [[Albuquerque]], New Mexico, on November 23, 1945.<ref>{{cite book |author=B. O'Connor |url=https://archive.org/details/soldiersvoicesto00ocon/page/76 |title=The Soldier's Voice: The Story of Ernie Pyle |publisher=Carolrhoda Books |year=1996 |isbn=0876149425 |page=[https://archive.org/details/soldiersvoicesto00ocon/page/76 76]}} See also:{{cite journal |date=November 24, 1945 |title=That Girl' of Ernie Pyle's Columns Dies |journal=The San Bernardino Daily Sun |location=San Bernardino, California |volume=52 |page=2}}</ref>

==Career==
===Staff reporter and aviation columnist===
In 1923, Pyle moved to Washington, D.C., to join the staff as a reporter for the ''[[The Washington Daily News|Washington Daily News]]'', a new Scripps-Howard [[tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]] newspaper, and soon became a copy editor as well.<ref name=GS279/> Pyle was paid $30 a week for his services, beginning a career with Scripps-Howard that would continue for the remainder of his life. When Pyle joined the ''Daily News'' all the editors were young, including editor-in-chief John M. Gleissner, Lee G. Miller (who became a lifelong friend of Pyle)<ref name=Albright10/><ref>Miller later became Pyle's biographer and the author of ''An Ernie Pyle Album – Indiana to Ie Shima'' (1946). See {{cite journal| author=Owen V. Johnson and Holly Hays| title =Wrestling with Fame: Ernie Pyle and the Pulitzer Prize | journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =28 | issue =2 | pages =47 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | location =Indianapolis | date =Spring 2016}}</ref>
Charles M. Egan, Willis "June" Thornton Jr., and Paul McCrea.<ref>Miller (1946), pages 16–17.</ref>

By 1926, Pyle and his wife, Geraldine "Jerry", had quit their jobs. In ten weeks the couple traveled more than 9,000 miles across the United States in a [[Ford Model T]] [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]].<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 31.</ref><ref name=Price>{{cite book | author= Nelson Price | title =Indiana Legends: Famous Hoosiers from Johnny Appleseed to David Letterman | publisher =Guild Press of Indiana | year =1997 | location =Carmel, Indiana | page=263 | isbn =1578600065}}</ref> After briefly working in New York City for the ''[[The Evening World|Evening World]]'' and the ''[[New York Post]]'', Pyle returned to the ''Daily News'' in December 1927 to begin work on one of the country's first and its best-known [[aviation]] column, which he wrote for four years. Pyle's column appeared in syndication for the Scripps-Howard newspapers from 1928 to 1932. Although he never became an [[aircraft pilot]], Pyle flew about {{convert|100000|mi|km}} as a passenger.<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', pages 32, 34.</ref><ref name=JohnsonHays47>Johnson and Hays, page 47.</ref> As [[Amelia Earhart]] later said, "Any aviator who didn't know Pyle was a nobody."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://journalism.indiana.edu/archive/news/041505pyle/ |title=Ernie Pyle: 60 years after his death |author=Owen V. Johnson |publisher=Indiana University School of Journalism |date=April 15, 2005 |access-date=June 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042800/http://journalism.indiana.edu/archive/news/041505pyle/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Human-interest and columnist===
In 1932, at the age of thirty-one, Pyle was named managing editor at the ''Daily News'', serving in the position for three years before taking on a new writing assignment.<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', pages 33–34.</ref><ref name=JohnsonHays47/> In December 1934 Pyle took an extended vacation in the [[western United States]] to recuperate from a severe bout of influenza. Upon his return to Washington, D.C., and while he filled in for the paper's vacationing [[Columnist#Newspaper and magazine|syndicated columnist]] [[Heywood Broun]], Pyle wrote a series of eleven articles about his trip and the people he had met. The series proved popular with both readers and colleagues. G.B. ("Deac") Parker, editor-in-chief of the [[Scripps-Howard]] newspaper chain, said he had found in Pyle's vacation articles "a sort of [[Mark Twain]] quality and they knocked my eyes right out".<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', pages 38–39.</ref>

In 1935, Pyle left his position as managing editor at the ''Daily News'' to write his own national column as a roving reporter of human-interest stories for the Scripps-Howard newspaper syndicate.<ref name=Price/> Over the next six years, from 1935 until early 1942, Pyle and his wife, Jerry, whom Pyle identified in his columns as "That Girl who rides with me," traveled the United States, Canada, and [[Mexico]], as well as Central and South America, writing about the interesting places he saw and people he met. Pyle's column, published under the title of the "Hoosier Vagabond," appeared six days a week in Scripps-Howard newspapers. The articles became popular with readers, earning Pyle national recognition in the years preceding his even bigger fame as a war correspondent during World War II.<ref name=McMurray/><ref name=BoomhowerTraces2-3>{{cite journal| author= Ray E. Boomhower| title =The Hoosier Vagabond | journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =28 | issue =2 | pages =2–3 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | location =Indianapolis | date =Spring 2016}}</ref> Selected columns of Pyle's human interest stories were later compiled in ''[[Home Country (book)|Home Country]]'' (1947),
published posthumously.<ref name=BoomhowerTraces30-31/>

Despite his growing popularity, Pyle lacked confidence and was perpetually dissatisfied with his writing; however, he was pleased when others recognized the quality of his work. Pyle's aviation and travel reports laid the groundwork for his life as a [[war correspondent]]. Pyle continued his daily travel column until 1942, but by that time he was also writing about American soldiers serving in [[World War II]].<ref name=JohnsonHays47/><ref name=McMurray/>

===World War II correspondent===
[[File:Ernie Pyle at Anzio with the 191st Tank Battalion, US Army.jpg|thumb|Pyle with a crew from the US Army's 191st Tank Battalion at the Anzio beachhead in 1944]]

Pyle initially went to [[London]] in 1940 to cover the [[Battle of Britain]], but returned to Europe in 1942 as a war correspondent for Scripps-Howard newspapers. Beginning in North Africa in late 1942, Pyle spent time with the U.S. military during the [[North African Campaign]], the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]], and the [[Invasion of Normandy|Normandy landings]]. He returned to the United States in September 1944, spending several weeks recuperating from combat stress before reluctantly agreeing to travel to the [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater]] in January 1945. Pyle was covering the [[invasion of Okinawa]] when he was killed in April 1945.

====European theater====
[[File:Ernie Pyle - US Army photo at Anzio, 1944. Photo Credit - USAMHI.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Pyle at Anzio, Italy, 1944]]
Pyle volunteered to go to London in December 1940 to cover the Battle of Britain. He witnessed the [[Germany|German]] firebombing of the city and reported on the growing conflict in [[Europe]]. His recollections of his experiences from this period were published in his book, ''Ernie Pyle in England'' (1941).<ref name=BoomhowerTraces30-31/><ref name=Brockman47>Brockman, page 47.</ref> After returning to the United States in March 1941 and taking a three-month leave of absence from work to care for his wife, Pyle made a second trip to [[Great Britain]] in June 1942, when he accepted an assignment to become a [[war correspondent]] for Scripps-Howard newspapers. Pyle's wartime columns usually described the war from the common man's perspective as he rotated among the various branches of the U.S. military and reported from the front lines. Pyle joined American troops in North Africa and Europe (1942–44), and the Asiatic-Pacific Theater (1945).<ref name=Price/><ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', pages 55–59 and 63.</ref> Collections of Pyle's newspaper columns from the campaigns he covered in the [[European theatre of World War II|European theater]] are included in ''Here is Your War'' (1943) and ''Brave Men'' (1944).<ref name=BoomhowerTraces30-31/><ref name=Brockman47/>

In his reports of the [[North African Campaign]] in late 1942 and early 1943,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pyle |first=Ernie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aypb4g_8uZkC |title=Here Is Your War |date=April 2005 |publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Incorporated |isbn=978-1-57912-441-0 |language=en}}</ref> Pyle told stories of his early wartime experiences, which made interesting reading for Americans in the United States.<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 64.</ref> Through his work, Pyle became friends of the enlisted men and officers, as well as those in leadership roles such as Generals [[Omar Bradley]] and [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].<ref name=Price/><ref name=GS280>Gugin and St. Clair, eds., page 280.</ref> Pyle wrote that he was especially fond of the infantry "because they are the underdogs".<ref name=BoomhowerTraces30-31/>

Pyle lived among the U.S. servicemen and was free to interview anyone he wanted. As a noncombatant Pyle could also leave the front when he wanted. He interrupted his reporting in September 1943 and in September 1944 to return home to recuperate from the stresses of combat<ref>Johnson and Hays, pages 49 and 53.</ref><ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 65.</ref> and care for his wife when she was ill.<ref>Tobin, pages 60–61, 123–24, 159–61, and 219–220.</ref>

Reinforcing his status as the [[Dogface (military)|dogface]] G.I.'s best friend, Pyle wrote a column from [[Italy]] in 1944 proposing that soldiers in combat should get "fight pay," just as airmen received "[[United States military pay#Special Pay|flight pay]]". In May 1944 the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] passed a law that became known as the Ernie Pyle bill. It authorized 50 percent extra pay for combat service.<ref name=BoomhowerTraces30-31/> Pyle's most famous column, "The Death of [[Henry T. Waskow|Captain Waskow]]," written in Italy in December 1943, was published on January 10, 1944, when Allied forces were fighting at the [[Anzio]] beachhead in Italy.<ref name=GS280/> The notable story also marked the peak of Pyle's writing career.<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 78.</ref>

After the [[North African Campaign|North African]] and [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaigns]], Pyle left Italy in April 1944, relocating to England to cover preparations for the Allied landing at [[Invasion of Normandy|Normandy]]. Pyle was among the twenty-eight war correspondents chosen to accompany U.S. troops during the initial invasion in June 1944. He landed with American troops at [[Omaha Beach]] aboard a [[Landing Ship, Tank|LST]].<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', pages 81–83.</ref> On [[D-Day]] Pyle wrote:
<blockquote>The best way I can describe this vast armada and the frantic urgency of the traffic is to suggest that you visualize New York city on its busiest day of the year and then just enlarge that scene until it takes in all the ocean the human eye can reach clear around the horizon and over the horizon. There are dozens of times that many.<ref>On preparations to invade at Normandy, see: {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/thewar/|title=THE WAR |publisher=PBS}}</ref></blockquote>

In July 1944, Pyle was nearly caught in the accidental bombing by the [[United States Army Air Forces|U.S. Army Air Forces]] at the onset of [[Operation Cobra]] near [[Saint-Lô]] in Normandy.<ref>Tobin, pages 195–96.</ref> A month after witnessing the [[liberation of Paris]] in August 1944,<ref>{{cite book |author=Nicholas Rankin|title=Ian Fleming's Commandos: The Story of 30 Assault Unit in WWII | publisher =Faber
|year=2011 | location =London | isbn = 9780571250639}}</ref> Pyle publicly apologized to his readers in a column on September 5, 1944, stating that "my spirit is wobbly and my mind is confused" and he said that if he "heard one more shot or saw one more dead man, I would go off my nut".<ref name=lifepyle>{{cite magazine|date=2 April 1945 |author=Lincoln Barnett|title=Ernie Pyle | magazine=Life | page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EkEAAAAMBAJ&q=nauseated}}</ref> He later said he had "lost track of the point of the war" and that another two weeks of coverage would have seen him hospitalized with "[[Posttraumatic stress disorder|war neurosis]]".<ref name=lifepyle/> An exhausted Pyle wrote that he hoped that a rest at his home in [[New Mexico]] would restore his vigor to go "warhorsing around the Pacific".<ref>Tobin, pages 201.</ref>

====Pacific theater====
[[File:Ernie Pyle on Okinawa.png|thumb|upright|Pyle shares a cigarette with Marines on Okinawa]]

Pyle reluctantly headed for the Pacific theater in January 1945 for what became his final writing assignment.<ref name=GS280/> While covering the [[U.S. Navy]] and [[U.S. Marine Corps|Marine]] forces in the Pacific, Pyle challenged the Navy's policy forbidding the use of the names of sailors in reporting the war. He won a partial but unsatisfying victory when the ban was lifted exclusively for him.<ref name="Tobin, p. 234">Tobin, page 234.</ref> Pyle travelled on board the aircraft carrier {{USS|Cabot|CVL-28|6}}. He thought the naval crew had an easier life than the infantry in Europe, and wrote several unflattering portraits of the Navy.<ref>Tobin, pages 228, 231, and 233–34.</ref> In response, fellow correspondents, newspaper editorialists and G.I.s criticized Pyle (who was a former member of the [[United States Navy Reserve|U.S. Naval Reserve]]) for his negative coverage of the Navy in his columns and for underestimating the difficulties of naval warfare in the Pacific. Pyle conceded that his heart was with the servicemen in Europe,<ref>Tobin, pages 234 and 236.</ref> but he persevered. After traveling to [[Guam]] and resuming his writing, Pyle went on to report on naval action during the [[Battle of Okinawa]], the largest [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious assault]] in the [[Pacific War|Pacific theater]] during World War II.<ref>{{cite web| author=Laura Lacey| title =Battle of Okinawa |publisher=Militaryhistoryonline.com |url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/okinawa/default.aspx | access-date =January 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031340/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/okinawa/default.aspx|archive-date=16 December 2018}} See also: {{cite web |url= https://www.historynet.com/battle-of-okinawa-operation-iceberg.htm |title=Battle of Okinawa: Summary, Fact, Pictures and Casualties |publisher=Historynet.com |date=June 12, 2006 |access-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 98.</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Ernie pyle death.jpg|thumb|right|Ernie Pyle shortly after being killed on Iejima, April 18, 1945]]
[[File:Funeral for Ernie Pyle on Okinawa.jpg|thumb|right|Ernie Pyle funeral]]

On more than one occasion, Pyle was noted for having premonitions of his own death. Before landing he wrote letters to his friend Paige Cavanaugh, as well as playwright [[Robert E. Sherwood]], predicting that he might not survive the war.<ref>Tobin, page 238.</ref>

On April 17, 1945, Pyle came ashore with the U.S. Army's 305th Infantry Regiment, [[77th Infantry Division (United States)|77th Infantry Division]], on Ie Shima (now known as [[Iejima]]), a small island northwest of [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]]<ref name="purple"/> that Allied forces had captured, but had not yet cleared of enemy soldiers.<ref name=GS280/> The following day, after local enemy opposition had supposedly been neutralized, Pyle was traveling by jeep with Lieutenant Colonel Joseph B. Coolidge, the commanding officer of the 305th and three additional officers toward Coolidge's new command post when the vehicle came under fire from a Japanese machine gun.<ref name="Boomhower, pp. 106">Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', pages 106–07.</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=David Nichols | title = Ernie's War: The best of Ernie Pyle's World War II Dispatches | publisher = Random House | year = 1986 | location = New York City | page= 32 | isbn = 978-0-394-54923-1}}</ref> The men immediately took cover in a nearby ditch. "A little later Pyle and I raised up to look around," Coolidge reported. "Another burst hit the road over our heads ... I looked at Ernie and saw he had been hit." A machine-gun bullet had entered Pyle's left temple just under his helmet, killing him instantly.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ernie Pyle Is Killed on Ie Island; Foe Fired When All Seemed Safe |date=April 19, 1945|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0803.html
|journal=The New York Times|access-date=August 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216212430/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0803.html|archive-date=2017-12-16}}</ref>

[[File:Ernie Pyle Memorial Ie Shima Okinawa.jpg|thumb|upright|The Ernie Pyle Memorial on Iejima, Japan]]
Pyle was buried wearing his helmet, among other battle casualties on Ie Shima, between an infantry private and a combat engineer.<ref>Miller (1950), page 42.</ref> In tribute to their friend, the men of the 77th Infantry Division erected a monument that still stands at the site of his death.<ref>N 26 42.656 E 127 47.877 (Google Earth)</ref> Its inscription reads: "At this spot the 77th Infantry Division lost a buddy, Ernie Pyle, 18 April 1945."<ref>{{cite journal| author=D. Allen |title=Ie Shima: Island off Okinawa holds annual event honoring newsman Ernie Pyle |journal=Stars and Stripes |date=April 20, 2004 |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/ie-shima-island-off-okinawa-holds-annual-event-honoring-newsman-ernie-pyle-1.19006 |access-date=July 8, 2015}} See also:"We pay our final respects to Ernie Pyle, the Doughboy's best friend." Photo caption in{{cite book|title=Second to None! The story of the 305th Infantry in World War II |publisher=Infantry Journal Press |year=1949 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=162}}</ref> Echoing the sentiment of the men serving in the Pacific theater, General Eisenhower said: "The GIs in Europe––and that means all of us––have lost one of our best and most understanding friends."<ref name="Boomhower, pp. 106"/>

Former First Lady [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], who frequently quoted Pyle's war dispatches in her newspaper column, ''[[My Day]]'', paid tribute to him in her column the day after his death: "I shall never forget how much I enjoyed meeting him here in the White House last year," she wrote, "and how much I admired this frail and modest man who could endure hardships because he loved his job and our men."<ref>{{cite web |author=Eleanor Roosevelt|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1945&_f=md000003|title=My Day by Eleanor Roosevelt, April 19, 1945 | work =The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project | publisher =George Washington University | date=2017 |access-date=January 17, 2019}}</ref> [[President of the United States|President]] [[Harry S. Truman]], who had been in office for less than a week following the death of [[Franklin Roosevelt]] on April 12, also paid tribute to Pyle: "No man in this war has so well told the story of the American fighting man as American fighting men wanted it told. He deserves the gratitude of all his countrymen."<ref name=Truman/>

After the war, Pyle's remains were moved to a U.S. military cemetery on Okinawa. In 1949, his remains were some of the first to be interred at the [[National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Oahu]], Hawaii.<ref name=GS280/>

==Writing style==
Pyle's signature storytelling style was developed at IU and during his early years as a human-interest reporter. As a war correspondent he generally wrote from the perspective of the common soldier, explaining how the war affected the men instead of recounting troop movements or the activities of generals. His descriptions of, or reactions to, an event in simple, informal stories are what set his writing apart and made him famous during the war.<ref name=JohnsonHays48-49>Johnson and Hays, pages 48–49.</ref>

Fellow journalists praised Pyle's writing. Walter Morrow, editor of the ''[[Rocky Mountain News]],'' claimed that Pyle's columns from his travels across the United States in the 1930s were "the most widely read thing in the paper."<ref name=BoomhowerTraces2-3/> During World War II Pyle continued to write about his experiences from the perspective of what he called "the worm's-eye view."<ref name=McMurray/> In addition to publication of his columns in newspapers in the United States, Pyle's writing was the only writing from a civilian correspondent to be regularly published in the U.S. armed forces newspaper, ''[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]].''<ref name=JohnsonHays48-49/>

Pyle's "everyman" approach to his wartime reporting earned him the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for journalism in 1944.<ref name=GS280/>

==Popularity==
Pyle was well known and popular among the American military.<ref name=JohnsonHays48>Johnson and Hays, page 48.</ref> According to Sergeant Mack Morris, whose essay appeared in the U.S. army's weekly newspaper, ''[[Yank, the Army Weekly|Yank]]'': "The secret of Ernie's tremendous success and popularity, if there is any secret about it, is his ability to report a war on a personal plane."<ref name=JohnsonHays53>Johnson and Hays, page 53.</ref> Artist [[George Biddle]] wrote of how a battalion commander told him that Pyle was a poor writer, but was very popular because "he writes about and writes to the great, anonymous American average. They ... are thirsty for recognition and publicity".<ref name="fussell1989">{{Cite book |title=Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War |author=Paul Fussell |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=0-19-503797-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/wartimeunderstan00paul/page/155 155–56] |lccn=89002875 |url=https://archive.org/details/wartimeunderstan00paul/page/155}}</ref>

Pyle's newspaper columns were popular in the United States with readers in a wide range of ages from older readers to high school and college students. In November 1942 Pyle's columns were distributed to 42 newspapers, but the number had increased to 122 newspapers by April 1943. When he returned to the United States for a break during the war, reporters and photographers made increasing demands for his time. In 1943 Pyle also gave interviews on radio programs to help sell war bonds.<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', pages 70, 72–73.</ref> At the time of Pyle's death his columns appeared in 400 daily and 300 weekly newspapers.<ref name=BoomhowerTraces30-31/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Ernie Pyle gravesite.jpg|thumbnail|right|Pyle's headstone at Memorial Cemetery in Honolulu]]
Pyle is described as "the pre-eminent war correspondent of his era,"<ref name=McMurray/> who achieved worldwide fame and readership for his World War II battlefield reports that were published from 1942 to 1945.<ref name=BoomhowerTraces30-31/> Present-day war correspondents, World War II veterans, and historians still recognize Pyle's World War II dispatches as "the standard to which every other war correspondent should strive to emulate."<ref>Brockman, page 44.</ref> As ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine once described Pyle and his work: "He now occupies a place in American journalistic letters which no other correspondent of this war has achieved. His smooth, friendly prose succeeded in bridging a gap between soldier and civilian where written words usually fail."<ref name=JohnsonHays47/>

Pyle is best remembered for his World War II newspaper reports of the firsthand experiences of ordinary Americans, especially the G.I.s serving in the U.S. Armed Forces in Europe in particular.<ref>{{cite book | author=James H. Madison | title = Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana| publisher =Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press | year =2014 | location =Bloomington and Indianapolis | page =266 | isbn =978-0-253-01308-8}}</ref> His legacy also lies in the stories of soldiers who would otherwise be unknown. "The Death of Captain Waskow," published in January 1944, is considered Pyle's most famous column.<ref name=McMurray/> In describing the soldiers he had met, Pyle remarked:<blockquote>Their life consisted wholly and solely of war, for they were and always had been front-line infantrymen. They survived because the fates were kind to them, certainly – but also because they had become hard and immensely wise in animal-like ways of self-preservation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/anzioitalybattle00clar|url-access=registration|title=Anzio : Italy and the battle for Rome, 1944|last=Clark|first=Lloyd|date=2006|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/anzioitalybattle00clar/page/39 39]|others=Internet Archive|isbn=9780871139467}}</ref></blockquote>

In addition to his writing, Pyle's legacy includes the Ernie Pyle bill, whose content he proposed in one of his columns in early 1944. Congress passed formal legislation in May 1944 to provide American soldiers with a 50 percent increase in pay for their combat service.<ref name=BoomhowerTraces30-31/> The U.S. Army also adopted Pyle's suggestion of providing [[Overseas Service Bar|overseas service bars]] on uniforms to designate six months of overseas service.<ref name=JohnsonHays52>Johnson and Hays, page 52.</ref>

Pyle's papers and other archival materials related to his life and work are held at the [[Lilly Library]], [[Indiana University Bloomington]]; the Ernie Pyle World War II Museum, Dana, Indiana;<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 121.</ref> the Indiana State Museum; and the Wisconsin State Historical Society.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} The [[Indiana Historical Society]] acquired Ernie and Jerry Pyle's personal library from IU Bloomington's School of Journalism in 2005 and moved the collection to its headquarters in Indianapolis.<ref>{{cite journal| title =News from Other Places: Ernie Pyle's Library Moved to Indy | journal =Monroe County Historian | volume =2005 | issue =2 | publisher =Monroe County Historical Society, Inc. | location =Bloomington, Indiana | date =April 2005| url = https://monroehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/vol2005issue2.pdf| access-date =January 16, 2019}}</ref>

==Honors and awards==
*A two-time recipient of the National Headliners Club Award (1943 and 1944).<ref>Johnson and Hays, pages 51–52.</ref>
* Awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his war correspondence in 1944.<ref name="Albright, p. 11"/>
*Featured on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, July 17, 1944.<ref name=McMurray/>
*Recipient of the [[Raymond Clapper Memorial Award]] in 1944 from the journalism fraternity Sigma Delta Chi (the present-day [[Society of Professional Journalists]]).<ref name=JohnsonHays52/>
*The Sons of Indiana in New York City named Pyle the Hoosier of the Year in 1944.<ref name=GS280/>
*Awarded an honorary doctorate from the [[University of New Mexico]].<ref name=JohnsonHays52/>
*Awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Humane Letters]] degree from Indiana University on November 13, 1944.<ref>Albright, page 12.</ref>
*The U.S. government posthumously awarded Pyle a [[Medal for Merit]] in July 1945.<ref>{{cite web| title =Who was Ernie Pyle? | publisher =Albuquerque and Bernalillo County Public Library | url = https://abqlibrary.org/whowaserniepyle | access-date =January 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 110.</ref>
*In 1983, Pyle was posthumously awarded the [[Purple Heart]]–a rare honor for a civilian—by the 77th Division's successor unit, the 77th Army Reserve Command.<ref name="purple">{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19830423&id=qqUrAAAAIBAJ&pg=3040,4809583|title=A Purple Heart for Ernie Pyle|page=4|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Nashua)|The Telegraph]]|date=April 23, 1983}}</ref>
*Recipient, posthumously, of the [[American Legion]]'s Distinguished Service Medal in 1945.<ref>{{cite web| title =Ernie Pyle | publisher =The American Legion | url =https://www.legion.org/distinguishedservicemedal/1945/ernie-pyle | access-date =January 16, 2019}}</ref>

==Tributes==
[[File:Ernie Pyle-B29.jpg|thumb|175px|right|The Ernie Pyle Boeing B-29]]
*The employees of [[Spirit AeroSystems|Boeing-Wichita]], through the 7th War Loan Drive, paid for and built a Boeing [[B-29 Superfortress]] named the "Ernie Pyle," which was dedicated on May 1, 1945.<ref>{{cite journal | title =Superfort "Ernie Pyle", Gift of Plane Plant Workers, Here En Route to Japan | journal =Wing Tips | pages =2 | publisher =1505th A.A.F | location =Mathers Field, Sacramento, California | url =http://www.chassis-plans.com/Wing-Tips-Article_Ernie_Pyle_B29.pdf | access-date =January 15, 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110708140524/http://www.chassis-plans.com/Wing-Tips-Article_Ernie_Pyle_B29.pdf | archive-date =July 8, 2011 | url-status =dead}}</ref> Initially assigned to the Second Air Force at [[Kearney Air Force Base]], the B-29 named in Pyle's honor, Serial Number 44-70118, was sent to the Twentieth Air Force, Pacific Theater of Operations, on May 27, 1945. The plane was ferried to the Pacific theater by a crew under the command of Lieutenants Howard F. Lippincott and Robert H. Silver. The nose art was removed when the aircraft reached its intended operations base in the Pacific because the base commander thought it would become a prime target of the Japanese. The "Ernie Pyle" survived the war and was returned to the United States on October 22, 1945. It was stored at Pyote AAF, Texas, and disposed of as surplus on March 25, 1953.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
*Shortly after his death, on Friday, April 27, 1945, the United States Maritime Commission announced (PR 2247) that a troop ship would be named after him [[Type C4-class ship|SS Ernie Pyle]]. It was launched by Babette Johnson, his niece, in June 1945. It was used to transport refugees from Europe.
*During the [[American occupation of Japan]], between 1945 and 1955, the [[Tokyo Takarazuka Theater]] in downtown Tokyo was renamed the Ernie Pyle Theater, a site that was popular with many American G.I.s.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
*Scripps-Howard Newspapers established the Ernie Pyle Memorial Fund in 1953 to support the Ernie Pyle Award. Beginning in 1953, the award is given annually to reporters who "most nearly exemplify the style and craftsmanship for which Ernie Pyle was known".<ref name="PYLE-19531231">{{Cite news |url=https://newspapers.com/image/149951462/?terms=Jim%2BG.%2BLucas%2BScripps-Howard%2BAward |title=Ernie Pyle Award Goes To Writer Jim Lucas |date=December 31, 1953 |work=[[The Pittsburgh Press]] |access-date=March 17, 2019 |agency=Scripps-Howard Service |issue=190 |edition=Home |volume=70 |page=2 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The award is now known as the Excellence in Human Interest Storytelling Award (Honoring Ernie Pyle), and is part of the annual [[Scripps Howard Awards]].
*The Indiana University board of trustees voted in 1954 to officially name the building that housed the IU School of Journalism on the Bloomington campus as Ernie Pyle Hall. The previous year, Sigma Delta Chi had placed a marker honoring Pyle at the east end of the building.<ref>Albright, page 13.</ref> Ernie Pyle Hall is the present-day home of the Office of Admissions Welcome Center and the College of Arts and Sciences Center for Career Achievement.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Metta Thomas| title =Ernie Pyle Hall to be rededicated in ceremony | journal =Indiana Daily Student | location =Bloomington | date = October 16, 2018| url =https://www.idsnews.com/article/2018/10/ernie-pyle-hall-to-be-rededicated-in-ceremony| access-date =January 15, 2019}}</ref>
*In 1970, Pyle's nephew, Bruce L. Johnson, placed a memorial plaque at Pyle's burial site at the [[National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific]], [[Punchbowl Crater]], [[Honolulu]], [[Oahu]], Hawaii.<ref>{{cite journal| title =Lake Worth Couple to Make Ernie Pyle Pilgrimage 30th |journal=The Lake Worth Herald | location =Lake Worth, Florida|date=May 21, 1970}}</ref>
*On May 7, 1971, the [[United States Postal Service|U.S. Postal Service]] issued a 16-cent postage stamp in Pyle's honor.<ref>{{cite web| author=Roger S. Brody |title=16-cent | work =Arago: People, Postage & the Post |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum | date =May 18, 2006|url=http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2038938 | access-date =January 15, 2019}}</ref>
*Indiana University's annual Ernie Pyle Scholars Honors Program was established in 2006 for incoming freshman honors students majoring in journalism.<ref>{{cite web| title =Ernie Pyle Scholars | publisher =Indiana University | url = http://mediaschool.indiana.edu/students-in-action/honors-programs/honors-ernie-pyle-scholars/ | access-date =January 16, 2019}}</ref>
*In 2014, sculptor [[Tuck Langland]] 's bronze statue of Pyle was erected in front of Franklin Hall on the Indiana University Bloomington campus.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Alison Graham |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Spelling error identified on new Ernie Pyle sculpture |url=http://www.idsnews.com/article/2014/10/spelling-error-on-ernie-pyle-statue |journal=Indiana Daily Student |access-date=January 15, 2019}}</ref> (The Indiana University School of Journalism, the department of Telecommunications, and the Department of Communication and Culture also merged in 2014 to establish the Indiana University Media School, which is housed in Franklin Hall<ref name=IDS7-26-18>{{cite journal| author=Dominick Jean, Cameron Drummond, and Murphy Wheeler| title =Inaugural Ernie Pyle Day: what it means and how to celebrate | journal =Indiana Daily Student | location =Bloomington | date =July 26, 2018| url = https://www.idsnews.com/article/2018/07/inaugural-ernie-pyle-day-what-that-means-and-how-to-celebrate-on-aug-3| access-date =January 16, 2019}}</ref>)
*The first annual Ernie Pyle Legacy Foundation Scholarship of $1,000 was awarded in 2017 to a University of New Mexico journalism student.<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Rick Nathanson| title =Duck City to mark birthday of correspondent Ernie Pyle | journal =Albuquerque Journal | location =Albuquerque, New Mexico | date =July 10, 2018| url =https://www.abqjournal.com/1030683/duke-city-to-mark-birthday-of-correspondent-ernie-pyle.html| access-date =January 16, 2019}}</ref>
*August 3, 2018, the inaugural National Ernie Pyle Day, was the result of a Congressional resolution drafted by the [[United States Senate|U.S. senators]] from Indiana, [[Joe Donnelly]] and [[Todd Young]].<ref>{{cite journal| author=Alex Modesitt| title =Indiana, nation celebrate Ernie Pyle's legacy | journal =Tribune Star | location =Terre Haute, Indiana | date =August 3, 2018| url = https://www.tribstar.com/news/local_news/indiana-nation-celebrate-ernie-pyle-s-legacy/article_9ba56b12-25b5-58e6-8454-46ccf388b272.html| access-date =January 16, 2019}}</ref> [[Governor of Indiana|Indiana governor]] [[Eric Holcomb]] also proclaimed August 3, 2018, as Ernie Pyle Day in Indiana.<ref name=IDS7-26-18/>

==Pyle historic sites==
[[File:Ernie Pyle Library Albuquerque New Mexico.jpg|thumb|The Ernie Pyle Library in Albuquerque]]
*In 1947, the [[Albuquerque City Council]] accepted Pyle's last home in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]], as a memorial to the late war correspondent. Since 1948 the former residence, known as the [[Ernie Pyle House/Library|Ernie Pyle Library]], has served as the first branch of the [[Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Library System]]. The library branch houses a small collection of adult and children's books, as well as Pyle memorabilia and archives.<ref name="NHL">{{cite web|url=http://www.doi.gov/news/06_News_Releases/061013.html|title=Ernie Pyle's Home a National Historic Landmark|author=U.S. Department of the Interior |access-date=October 31, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070125100622/http://www.doi.gov/news/06_News_Releases/061013.html  |archive-date = January 25, 2007|author-link= United States Department of the Interior}}</ref> The Ernie Pyle House/Library was designated as a [[National Historic Landmark]] on September 20, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ernie Pyle House | work=National Historic Landmark Program|publisher=National Park Service |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1923418086&ResourceType=Building |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606190021/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1923418086&ResourceType=Building |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=January 16, 2019}}</ref>
*The Ernie Pyle World War II Museum (Pyle's restored birthplace) includes a farmhouse that was moved from its original location to [[Dana, Indiana]]. The museum, which is open to the public, became a state historic site in July 1976; however, it is no longer part of the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites system. Its present-day owners and operators are the Friends of Ernie Pyle.<ref name=BoomhowerTraces30-31/><ref>{{cite web| title =Home | work = The Ernie Pyle World War II Museum | publisher =Friends of Ernie Pyle | url =https://www.erniepyle.org | access-date =January 22, 2019}}</ref> The museum's visitor center, constructed from two World War II-era [[Quonset hut]]s features displays, mostly of Pyle's wartime career.<ref>{{cite book | author=Earl L. Conn | title =My Indiana: 101 Places to See | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | year =2006 | location =Indianapolis | pages=110–11 | isbn=9780871951953}}</ref>

===Other sites named in Pyle’s honor===
*Elementary schools named for Pyle include buildings in [[Clinton, Indiana]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Ernie Pyle Elementary School [Clinton, Indiana] | publisher =GreatSchools.org | url =https://www.greatschools.org/indiana/clinton/1626-Ernie-Pyle-Elementary-School/ | access-date =January 15, 2019}}</ref> [[Indianapolis]], Indiana;<ref>{{cite web| title =Ernie Pyle School 90 | publisher =GreatSchools.org | url =https://www.greatschools.org/indiana/indianapolis/809-Ernie-Pyle-School-90/ | access-date =January 15, 2019}}</ref> [[Bellflower, California]];<ref>{{cite web| title =Ernie Pyle Elementary School [Bellflower, California] | publisher =GreatSchools.org | url =https://www.greatschools.org/california/bellflower/1546-Ernie-Pyle-Elementary-School/ | access-date =January 15, 2019}}</ref> and [[Fresno, California]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Ernie Pyle Elementary School [Fresno, California] | publisher = GreatSchools.org | url =https://www.greatschools.org/california/fresno/851-Pyle-Elementary-School/ | access-date =January 15, 2019}}</ref>
*Other schools include Ernie Pyle Middle School in Albuquerque, New Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ernie Pyle Middle School |url=http://www.greatschools.org/new-mexico/albuquerque/62-Ernie-Pyle-Middle-School/| access-date =January 15, 2019}}</ref>
*A segment of [[US 36#Indiana|U.S. Highway 36]] from [[Danville, Indiana]], to the Indiana/Illinois state line is known as the Ernie Pyle Memorial Highway. A memorial rest park named in Pyle's honor was established along U.S. 36, southeast of Dana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highwayexplorer.com/EndsPage.php?id=2036&section=1|title=US 36|publisher=Highway Explorer – Indiana Highway Ends|access-date=2013-04-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216072050/http://www.highwayexplorer.com/EndsPage.php?id=2036&section=1|archive-date=December 16, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*A street in Galax, Virginia.
*A road at [[Fort Riley]], [[Kansas]], bears his name, as well as a street at [[Fort Meade, Maryland|Fort Meade]], [[Maryland]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=U.S. Army |title=History of Fort George G. Meade |url=https://home.army.mil/meade/index.php/about/history |access-date=May 23, 2023}}</ref>
*A small island in [[Cagles Mill Lake]], southeast of the town of Cunot in [[Owen County, Indiana]], bears his name.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ernie Pyle Island |publisher=Mapcarta |url=http://mapcarta.com/20860074 |access-date=February 9, 2015}}</ref>
*Ernie Pyle Reserve Center, [[Fort Totten (Queens)|Fort Totten, Queens, New York]].
*A rest stop on Interstate 80 near Brighton, IN is named Ernie Pyle Travel Plaza.

==In popular culture==
*''[[The Story of G.I. Joe]]'' (1945), starring [[Burgess Meredith]] as Pyle, is based on Pyle's reports from North Africa and Italy, including "The Death of Captain Waskow".<ref name=JohnsonHays50>Johnson and Hays, page 50.</ref> The film's producers donated a major portion of the proceeds toward scholarships at Indiana University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erniepyle.iu.edu/essays/ties-to-iu.html|title=Remembering Ernie Pyle's IU Ties|last=Johnson|first=Owen V.|website=erniepyle.iu.edu|access-date=December 28, 2024}}</ref>
*On November 11, 1999, ''[[Peanuts]]'' creator [[Charles Schulz]] paid tribute to [[Veterans Day]] with his comic strip of [[Snoopy]] honoring Ernie Pyle titled "Ernie Pyle – To Remember". The caption for Snoopy reads: "Another C-Ration Has Been Consumed in Your Honor, Ernie Pyle... We'll Never Forget You..."<ref>{{cite web| author=GoComics Team| title =Classic 'Peanuts' Comics Commemorating Veterans Day | publisher =GoComics | date =November 11, 2019 | url =https://www.gocomics.com/blog/3501/classic-peanuts-comics-commemorating-veterans-day | access-date =January 16, 2019}}</ref>
*In 2002, the [[Hasbro]] toy company released an Ernie Pyle action figure.<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', page 2.</ref>
*The protagonist/narrator of the Argentine comic book series ''[[Ernie Pike]]'' is said to have been inspired by Pyle, although the character physically resembles its creator.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ernie Pike – Coda # 1 |work=The Crib Sheet | date =December 27, 2014|url=http://thecribsheet-isabelinho.blogspot.com/2014/12/ernie-pike-coda-1.html |access-date=September 14, 2016}}</ref>

==Selected published works==
===Notable column===
"The Death of [[Henry T. Waskow|Captain Waskow]]", Pyle's most famous column, was written in December 1943 and published on January 10, 1944.<ref name=GS280/> The [https://www.columnists.com National Society of Newspaper Columnists] later selected it as "the best American newspaper column of all time".<ref name=JohnsonHays49>Johnson and Hays, page 49.</ref> The organization has bestowed the Ernie Pyle Lifetime Achievement Award annually since 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ernie Pyle Lifetime Achievement Award|url=https://www.columnists.com/awards/nsnc-hall-of-fame/}}</ref>

===Books===
*Pyle's wartime writings are preserved in four books:
**''Ernie Pyle In England'' (1941)<ref name=BoomhowerTraces30-31/>
**''Here Is Your War'' (1943)<ref name=Brockman47/>
**''Brave Men'' (1944) <ref name=Brockman47/>
**''Last Chapter'' (1949)<ref>Boomhower, ''The Soldier's Friend'', pages 127–28.</ref>
*Selected columns of Pyle's human-interest stories:
**''[[Home Country (book)|Home Country]]'' (1947)<ref name=BoomhowerTraces30-31/>

==See also==
*{{Portal-inline|Biography}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}

==References==
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage= | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?87455-1/ernie-pyles-war ''Booknotes'' interview with James Tobin on ''Ernie Pyle's War'', August 10, 1997], [[C-SPAN]]}}
*{{cite journal| author=Albright, Ruth Padget | title =Ernie Pyle at Indiana University | journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =12 | issue =2 | pages =4–13 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | location =Indianapolis | date =Spring 2000}}
*{{cite journal| author=Allen, D. | title =Ie Shima: Island off Okinawa holds annual event honoring newsman Ernie Pyle | journal =Stars and Stripes | date = April 20, 2004| url =http://www.stripes.com/news/ie-shima-island-off-okinawa-holds-annual-event-honoring-newsman-ernie-pyle-1.19006 | access-date = July 8, 2015}}
*{{Cite news| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19830423&id=qqUrAAAAIBAJ&pg=3040,4809583|title=A Purple Heart for Ernie Pyle|page=4|agency=[[Associated Press]]|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Nashua)|The Telegraph]] |location=Nashua, NH |date=April 23, 1983}}
*{{cite news | agency=Associated Press| title ='That Girl' of Ernie Pyle's Columns Dies | journal =The San Bernardino Daily Sun | volume =52 | page=2 | location =San Bernardino, California | date =November 24, 1945}}
*{{cite web |url= https://www.historynet.com/battle-of-okinawa-operation-iceberg.htm |title=Battle of Okinawa: Summary, Fact, Pictures and Casualties |publisher=Historynet.com |date=June 12, 2006 |access-date=January 19, 2012}}
*{{cite journal| author=Boomhower, Ray E.| title =The G.I.'s Friend: Ernie Pyle | journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =3 | issue =4 | pages =30–31 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | location =Indianapolis | date =Fall 1991}}
*{{cite journal| author=Boomhower, Ray E.| title =The Hoosier Vagabond | journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =28 | issue =2 | pages =2–3 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | location =Indianapolis | date =Spring 2016}}
*{{cite book | author=Boomhower, Ray E.| title =The Soldier's Friend: A Life of Ernie Pyle | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | year =2006 | location =Indianapolis | isbn =9780871952004}}
*{{cite journal| author=Brockman, Paul | title =Ernie Pyle's Library | journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =16 | issue =4 | pages =44–47 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | location =Indianapolis | date =Fall 2004}}
*{{cite web| author=Brody, Roger S. | title =16-cent Pyle | work =Arago: People, Postage & the Post | publisher = Smithsonian National Postal Museum | date =May 18, 2006 | url = http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2038938| access-date =January 15, 2019}}
*{{cite book | author=Conn, Earl L. | title =My Indiana: 101 Places to See | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | year =2006 | location =Indianapolis | pages=110–11 | isbn=9780871951953}}
*{{cite web| title =Ernie Pike - Coda # 1 | work =The Crib Sheet | date =December 27, 2014 | url =http://thecribsheet-isabelinho.blogspot.com/2014/12/ernie-pike-coda-1.html | access-date =September 14, 2016}}
*{{cite web| title =Ernie Pyle | publisher =The American Legion | url =https://www.legion.org/distinguishedservicemedal/1945/ernie-pyle | access-date =January 16, 2019}}
*{{cite web| title =Ernie Pyle Elementary School [Bellflower, California] | publisher =GreatSchools.org | url =https://www.greatschools.org/california/bellflower/1546-Ernie-Pyle-Elementary-School/ | access-date =January 15, 2019}}
*{{cite web| title =Ernie Pyle Elementary School [Fresno, California] | publisher = GreatSchools.org | url =https://www.greatschools.org/california/fresno/851-Pyle-Elementary-School/ | access-date = January 15, 2019}}
*{{cite web| title =Ernie Pyle Elementary School [Clinton, Indiana] | publisher =GreatSchools.org | url =https://www.greatschools.org/indiana/clinton/1626-Ernie-Pyle-Elementary-School/ | access-date =January 15, 2019}}
*{{cite web|title=Ernie Pyle House | work=National Historic Landmark Program|publisher=National Park Service|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1923418086&ResourceType=Building |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606190021/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1923418086&ResourceType=Building |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=January 16, 2019}}
*{{cite journal| title =Ernie Pyle Is Killed on Ie Island; Foe Fired When All Seemed Safe | journal =The New York Times | date = April 19, 1945| url =https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0803.html | access-date = August 3, 2015}}
*{{cite web| title =Ernie Pyle Island | publisher =Mapcarta | url =http://mapcarta.com/20860074 | access-date =February 9, 2015}}
*{{cite web|title=Ernie Pyle Middle School | publisher =GreatSchools.org |url=http://www.greatschools.org/new-mexico/albuquerque/62-Ernie-Pyle-Middle-School/| access-date =January 15, 2019}}
*{{cite web| title =Ernie Pyle Scholars | publisher =Indiana University | url = http://mediaschool.indiana.edu/students-in-action/honors-programs/honors-ernie-pyle-scholars/ | access-date =January 16, 2019}}
*{{cite web| title =Ernie Pyle School 90 | publisher =GreatSchools.org | url =https://www.greatschools.org/indiana/indianapolis/809-Ernie-Pyle-School-90/ | access-date =January 15, 2019}}
*{{Cite book |author=Fussell, Paul |title=Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=0-19-503797-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/wartimeunderstan00paul/page/155 155–56] |lccn=89002875 |url=https://archive.org/details/wartimeunderstan00paul/page/155}}
*{{cite web| author=GoComics Team| title =Classic 'Peanuts' Comics Commemorating Veterans Day | publisher =GoComics | date =November 11, 2019 | url =https://www.gocomics.com/blog/3501/classic-peanuts-comics-commemorating-veterans-day | access-date =January 16, 2019}}
*{{cite journal| author=Graham, Alison | title =Spelling error identified on new Ernie Pyle sculpture | journal =Indiana Daily Student | publisher =IDSnews.com | date =October 15, 2014| url =http://www.idsnews.com/article/2014/10/spelling-error-on-ernie-pyle-statue| access-date =January 15, 2019}}
*{{cite book |editor-first1= Linda C.| editor-last1= Gugin| editor-first2= James E.| editor-last2= St. Clair| title =Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State | publisher =Indiana Historical Society Press| year =2015 | location =Indianapolis | pages=279–81 | isbn =978-0-87195-387-2}}
*{{cite web| title =Home | work =The Ernie Pyle World War II Museum | publisher =Friends of Ernie Pyle | url =https://www.erniepyle.org | access-date =January 22, 2019}}
*{{cite journal|author1=Jean, Dominick |author2=Cameron Drummond |author3=Murphy Wheeler | title =Inaugural Ernie Pyle Day: what it means and how to celebrate | journal =Indiana Daily Student | location =Bloomington | date =July 26, 2018| url = https://www.idsnews.com/article/2018/07/inaugural-ernie-pyle-day-what-that-means-and-how-to-celebrate-on-aug-3| access-date =January 16, 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=http://journalism.indiana.edu/archive/news/041505pyle/ |title=Ernie Pyle: 60 years after his death |last=Johnson |first=Owen V. |publisher=[[Indiana University School of Journalism]] |date=April 15, 2005 |access-date=June 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042800/http://journalism.indiana.edu/archive/news/041505pyle/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal| author=Johnson, Owen V., and Holly Hays| title =Wrestling with Fame: Ernie Pyle and the Pulitzer Prize | journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =28 | issue =2 | pages =46–55 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | location =Indianapolis | date =Spring 2016}}
*{{cite book | author=Johnson, Owen V., ed., with Ernie Pyle |title=At Home with Ernie Pyle |publisher=Indiana University Press | year =2015| location=Bloomington | isbn = 9780253019110}}
*{{cite web| author=Lacey, Laura | title =Battle of Okinawa |publisher=Militaryhistoryonline.com |url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/okinawa/default.aspx | access-date =January 17, 2019}}
*{{cite journal| title =Lake Worth Couple to Make Ernie Pyle Pilgrimage 30th | journal =The Lake Worth Herald | date = May 21, 1970}}
*Letterman, Gretchen (1974) ''This is Our Ernie Pyle. (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting association for Education in Journalism... a biographical sketch of Ernie Pyle...) San Diego, California August 1974'' from The Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED098573/mode/2up]
*{{cite book | author=Madison, James H. | title = Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana| publisher =Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press | year =2014 | location =Bloomington and Indianapolis | page =266 | isbn =978-0-253-01308-8}}
*{{cite web |author=McMurray, John | title =Ernie Pyle's Reporting Vividly Brought WWII Back Home | publisher = Investor's Business Daily | date =January 27, 2016 | url = https://www.investors.com/news/management/leaders-and-success/ernie-pyles-reporting-vividly-brought-wwii-back-home/ | access-date =January 15, 2019}}
*{{cite book | author=Miller, Lee G. |title=An Ernie Pyle Album – Indiana to Ie Shima |publisher=William Sloane Associates | year =1946| location =New York | oclc=466608}}
*{{cite book | author=Miller, Lee G. | title =The Story of Ernie Pyle | publisher = Viking Press | year =1950 | location = New York | isbn =9780837137438 | url =https://archive.org/details/storyoferniepyle00mill| url-access=registration}}
*{{cite journal| author=Modesitt, Alex | title =Indiana, nation celebrate Ernie Pyle's legacy | journal =Tribune Star | location =Terre Haute, Indiana | date =August 3, 2018| url = https://www.tribstar.com/news/local_news/indiana-nation-celebrate-ernie-pyle-s-legacy/article_9ba56b12-25b5-58e6-8454-46ccf388b272.html| access-date =January 16, 2019}}
*{{cite journal| author=Nathanson, Rick | title =Duck City to mark birthday of correspondent Ernie Pyle | journal =Albuquerque Journal | location =Albuquerque, New Mexico | date =July 10, 2018| url =https://www.abqjournal.com/1030683/duke-city-to-mark-birthday-of-correspondent-ernie-pyle.html| access-date =January 16, 2019}}
*{{cite journal| title =News from Other Places: Ernie Pyle's Library Moved to Indy | journal =Monroe County Historian | volume =2005 | issue =2 | publisher =Monroe County Historical Society, Inc. | location =Bloomington, Indiana | date =April 2005| url = https://monroehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/vol2005issue2.pdf| access-date =January 16, 2019}}
*{{cite book | author=Nichols, David | title = Ernie's War: The Best of Ernie Pyle's World War II Dispatches | publisher =Random House | year = 1986 | location =New York City | page=32 | isbn = 978-0-394-54923-1}}
*{{cite book | author =O'Connor, B. | title =The Soldier's Voice: The Story of Ernie Pyle | publisher =Carolrhoda Books | year =1996 | page =[https://archive.org/details/soldiersvoicesto00ocon/page/76 76] | url =https://archive.org/details/soldiersvoicesto00ocon/page/76 | isbn =0876149425}}
*{{cite book | author=Price, Nelson| title =Indiana Legends: Famous Hoosiers from Johnny Appleseed to David Letterman | publisher =Guild Press of Indiana | year =1997 | location =Carmel, Indiana | page=263 | isbn =1578600065}}
*{{cite book | author=Rankin, Nicholas | title =Ian Fleming's Commandos: The Story of 30 Assault Unit in WWII | publisher =Faber | year =2011 | location =London | isbn = 9780571250639}}
*{{cite web| author= Roosevelt, Eleanor |title=My Day by Eleanor Roosevelt, April 19, 1945 | work = The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project | publisher =George Washington University | date=2017|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1945&_f=md000003 | access-date =January 17, 2019}}
*{{Cite book | title =Second to None! The story of the 305th Infantry in World War II | publisher =Infantry Journal Press | year =1949 | location = Washington, D.C. | page=162}}
*{{cite web | title =Statement by the President on the Death of Ernie Pyle | work =Public Papers, Harry S. Truman, 1945–1953 | publisher =Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum | date =April 18, 1945 | url =http://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=14&st=&st1= | access-date =January 19, 2019 | archive-date =September 10, 2015 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150910095844/http://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=14&st=&st1= | url-status =dead}}
*{{cite journal | title =Superfort 'Ernie Pyle', Gift of Plane Plant Workers, Here En Route to Japan | journal =Wing Tips | pages =2 | publisher =1505th A.A.F | location =Mathers Field, Sacramento, California | url =http://www.chassis-plans.com/Wing-Tips-Article_Ernie_Pyle_B29.pdf | access-date =January 15, 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110708140524/http://www.chassis-plans.com/Wing-Tips-Article_Ernie_Pyle_B29.pdf | archive-date =July 8, 2011 | url-status =dead}}
*{{cite journal| author=Thomas, Metta | title =Ernie Pyle Hall to be rededicated in ceremony | journal =Indiana Daily Student | location =Bloomington | date = October 16, 2018| url =https://www.idsnews.com/article/2018/10/ernie-pyle-hall-to-be-rededicated-in-ceremony| access-date =January 15, 2019}}
*{{cite book|last=Tobin | first= James | authorlink= James Tobin (author) |title=Ernie Pyle's War: America's Eyewitness to World War II |year=1997|publisher=Free Press| location =New York |isbn=9780684836423}} Reprint edition: {{cite book | author=Tobin, James | title =Ernie Pyle's War: America's Eyewitness to World War II | publisher =Simon & Schuster |year=2000| location =New York |isbn=978-0-684-86469-3}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.highwayexplorer.com/EndsPage.php?id=2036&section=1|title=US 36|publisher=Highway Explorer – Indiana Highway Ends|access-date=2013-04-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216072050/http://www.highwayexplorer.com/EndsPage.php?id=2036&section=1|archive-date=December 16, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.doi.gov/news/06_News_Releases/061013.html
|title=Ernie Pyle's Home a National Historic Landmark |author=U.S. Department of the Interior|access-date=October 31, 2006 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070125100622/http://www.doi.gov/news/06_News_Releases/061013.html |archive-date = January 25, 2007|author-link= United States Department of the Interior}}
*{{cite web|title=THE WAR | publisher =PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/thewar/}}
*{{cite web| title =Who Was Ernie Pyle? | publisher =Albuquerque and Bernalillo County Public Library | url = https://abqlibrary.org/whowaserniepyle | access-date =January 22, 2019}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book | author=Harden, Mike, and Evelyn Hobson | title =On a Wing and a Prayer: The Aviation Columns of Ernie Pyle | publisher =Friends of Ernie Pyle | year =1995 | location =Dana, Indiana | isbn = 9780964574403}}
*{{cite book | author=Nichols, David | title =Ernie's America: The Best of Ernie Pyle's 1930's Travel Dispatches | publisher =Random House | year =1989 | location =New York | url =https://archive.org/details/erniesamericabes00pyle| url-access=registration | isbn = 9780394575728}}
*{{cite book | author=Nichols, David | title =Ernie's War: The Best of Ernie Pyle's World War II Dispatches | publisher =Random House | year =1986 | location =New York | isbn = 9780394549231}}
*{{Cite news |last=Chrisinger |first=David |date=5 June 2019 |title=The Man Who Told America the Truth About D-Day |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |postscript=. Includes a high resolution photo of Pyle.}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ernie Pyle}}
*[https://sites.mediaschool.indiana.edu/erniepyle/ Ernie Pyle exhibit] and resources at [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]]'s Media School
*{{FadedPage|id=Pyle, Ernie|name=Ernie Pyle|author=yes}}
*[http://mediaschool.indiana.edu/erniepyle/wartime-columns/ "Wartime Columns]," Indiana University, Bloomington
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050825132244/http://www.usarc.army.mil/77thRSC/ "Ernie Pyle, U.S. War Correspondent]," in "History of the United States Army Reserve 77th Regional Support Command", Ernie Pyle Center, U.S. Army Reserve, Fort Totten, New York
*[https://abqlibrary.org/erniepyle Ernie Pyle Library], Albuquerque, New Mexico
*[http://www.erniepyle.org The Ernie Pyle WWII Museum], Dana, Indiana
*[https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0803.html "Ernie Pyle Is Killed on Ie Island; Foe Fired When All Seemed Safe"], obituary, ''The New York Times'', April 19, 1945
*[http://www.c-span.org/video/?170132-1/writings-ernie-pyle "Writings of Ernie Pyle"] from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Writers: A Journey Through History]]''
*[http://thenedscottarchive.com/galleries/film-stars/ernie-pyle-photos.html "Ernie Pyle Photos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108134450/http://thenedscottarchive.com/galleries/film-stars/ernie-pyle-photos.html |date=November 8, 2014}}, from ''Story of G.I. Joe'' (1944), The [[Ned Scott]] Archive

{{EWS CORP}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pyle, Ernie}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American journalists]]
[[Category:American civilians killed in World War II]]
[[Category:American male journalists]]
[[Category:American newspaper reporters and correspondents]]
[[Category:American war correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:Burials at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Japan]]
[[Category:E. W. Scripps Company people]]
[[Category:Indiana University Bloomington alumni]]
[[Category:Journalists from Indiana]]
[[Category:Journalists killed while covering World War II]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Indiana]]
[[Category:People from Vermillion County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Correspondence winners]]
[[Category:Sigma Alpha Epsilon members]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:United States Navy reservists]]
[[Category:United States Navy sailors]]
[[Category:Writers from Indiana]]

Andre Ward

2025-05-25T01:20:13Z

99.185.77.46: /* Fighting style */

{{short description|American boxer}}
{{distinguish|Andre Ware}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox boxer
| name = Andre Ward
| image = Andre Ward.jpg
| caption = Ward in 2011
| realname = Andre Michael Ward
| nickname = S.O.G. ("Son of God")
| height = 6 ft 0 in<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andre Ward |url=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/281958|access-date=March 14, 2022 |website=[[BoxRec]]}}</ref>
| reach = 71 in
| weight = {{plainlist|
*[[Super middleweight]]
*[[Light heavyweight]]
}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|2|23}}
| birth_place = [[San Francisco, California]], U.S.
| style = [[Orthodox stance|Orthodox]]
| total = 32
| wins = 32
| KO = 16
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[amateur boxing]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{flagu|United States}} }}
{{MedalOlympics}}
{{MedalGold | [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens]] | [[Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Light heavyweight|Light heavyweight]]}}
}}

'''Andre Michael Ward''' (born February 23, 1984) is an American former [[professional boxer]] who competed from 2004 to 2017. He [[list of undefeated boxing world champions|retired with an undefeated record]] and held multiple world championships in two [[weight class (boxing)|weight classes]], including [[unified championship (boxing)|unified]] [[super middleweight]] titles between 2009 and 2015, and unified [[light heavyweight]] titles between 2016 and 2017.

During his reign as light heavyweight champion, Ward was ranked as the world's best [[pound for pound]] boxer, by [[The Ring magazine Pound for Pound|''The Ring'' magazine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Andre Ward retires: Boxing pound-for-pound world No.1 ends career undefeated, as LHW champion |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/boxing/andre-ward-retires-boxing-poundforpound-world-no1-ends-career-undefeated-as-lhw-champion/news-story/f61edc673187c0ceb3629d9be94d142b |website=Fox Sports |agency=The Associated Press |access-date=6 May 2025 |language=en |date=21 September 2017}}</ref> In 2024, ''[[ESPN]]'' ranked him as the 7th greatest men's boxer of the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkinson |first=Nick |date=2024-07-25 |title=Ranking the top 10 men's boxers of the 21st century |url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/40588404/boxing-ranking-top-10-men-boxers-2000 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref>

As an [[amateur boxer]], Ward won the light heavyweight gold medal at the [[2004 Olympics]] and turned professional later that year. He rose to worldwide prominence upon entering the [[Super Six World Boxing Classic]] tournament in 2009, where he won the [[World Boxing Association]] (WBA) super middleweight title ([[WBA (Super)|Super version]]) from [[Mikkel Kessler]] in the opening group stage. In 2011, Ward defeated [[World Boxing Council]] (WBC) champion [[Carl Froch]] in the tournament final to unify the titles, as well as winning the vacant ''[[The Ring (magazine)|Ring]]'' magazine title. That same year, Ward was named Fighter of the Year by ''[[The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year|The Ring]]'' and the [[Sugar Ray Robinson Award|Boxing Writers' Association of America]].

In 2016, following a long period of sporadic in-ring activity, Ward moved up to light heavyweight and won the WBA ([[WBA (Undisputed)|Undisputed version]]), [[International Boxing Federation]] (IBF) and [[World Boxing Organization]] (WBO) titles from then-undefeated [[Sergey Kovalev]]. This earned Ward the [[The Ring magazine Comeback of the Year|Comeback of the Year]] award by ''The Ring''. He successfully defended his titles in a rematch against Kovalev a year later, after which he retired from boxing. Ward was inducted into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] as part of the Class of 2021, his first year of eligibility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibhof.com/pages/inductionweekend/2021/21_announce.html | title=Class of 2021 Announced in Canastota! |publisher=IBHOF |access-date=2020-12-26}}</ref>

==Early life==
Andre was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Frank Ward, an [[Irish Americans|Irish American]] and Madeline Arvie Taylor an [[African Americans|African American]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvl0glMJ0h0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/jvl0glMJ0h0 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Andre Ward Remembers the Father Who Inspired His Boxing Career |publisher=HBO |access-date=2014-01-09}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Andre's career started when his father took him to U.S. Karate School of the Arts,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://andscape.com/features/andre-ward-fights-to-avoid-a-boxers-bad-ending/ |title=Andre Ward Fights to avoid a boxer's bad ending |date=August 4, 2016 |publisher=[[Andscape]] |access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref> a boxing gym in [[Hayward, California]], when he was nine years old. After his parents fell to drug abuse, Ward was looked after by his godfather, Virgil Hunter, who became his trainer and remained his trainer for the length of his career.

He attended [[Hayward High School (California)|Hayward High School]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

==Amateur career==
Ward started boxing in 1994. In 2002, he won the Under 19 National Championship and was also a two time U.S. National Champion in 2001 and 2003 at [[United States national amateur boxing middleweight champions|middleweight]]. Ward finished his amateur career with a record of 115 wins and 5 losses.<ref>Wainwright, Anson (December 13, 2010). [http://www.15rounds.com/q-a-with-andre-ward-121410/ "Q & A with Andre Ward"]. 15rounds.com. Retrieved July 9, 2017.</ref>

===Amateur highlights===
*2001 United States Amateur Middleweight Champion
*2002 Under 19 National Championship
*2003 United States Amateur Light Heavyweight Champion
*Won the Light Heavyweight gold medal for the United States at the 2004 [[Summer Olympic Games|Olympics]] in Athens, Greece becoming the first American boxer to capture gold in 8 years.

====Results====
*1st round – Second Place at the [[1st AIBA American 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament]]
*2nd round – Defeated [[Clemente Russo]] (Italy) 17–9
*Quarterfinals – Defeated [[Evgeny Makarenko]] (Russia) 23–16
*Semifinals – Defeated [[Utkirbek Haydarov]] (Uzbekistan) 17–15
*Gold Medal Match – Defeated [[Magomed Aripgadjiev]] (Belarus) 20–13

==Professional career==

===Super middleweight===

====Early years====
Ward made his pro debut on December 18, 2004, by scoring a second round [[Knockout|TKO]] over Chris Molina. On February 5, 2005, Ward fought in his second pro fight against Kenny Kost. Ward overcame a rocky second round, in which he was hurt by a left hook, to win by unanimous decision. Ward defeated Roy Ashworth on April 7, 2005, by disqualification.

Ward won his next three fights, all by knockout, before going up against [[Darnell Boone]] on November 19, 2005. Ward was knocked down for the first time in his career in round four. Despite the knockdown, Ward went on to win by unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boxingnews24.com/2014/09/darnell-boone-vs-the-3-champions-ward-stevenson-kovalev/|title=Darnell Boone vs The 3 Champions (Ward, Stevenson, Kovalev) – Boxing News|date=2014-09-26|newspaper=Boxing News 24|access-date=2017-02-07|language=en-US}}</ref>

After the fight with Boone, Ward went on to win his next six fights, including TKO victories over undefeated [[Andy Kolle]] (this fight was the last of five that Ward fought within the [[middleweight]] limit of 160 lbs) and Francisco Diaz. On November 16, 2007, Ward beat undefeated Roger Cantrell by fifth-round TKO in [[Saint Lucia]].

At this point, Ward's record was 14 wins, no losses. He was ready to step up to his biggest challenge against big American puncher [[Allan Green]] (25–1, 18 KOs), with the fight scheduled to take place on February 2, 2008, on [[HBO]]. The fight was called off because Green had an obligation with [[ESPN]] to fight [[Rubin Williams]] on January 4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/andre-ward-vs-allan-green-unlikely-2-2--11543|title=Andre Ward vs. Allan Green Unlikely For 2/2 – Boxing News|website=www.boxingscene.com|date=December 5, 2007 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-07-05}}</ref> Green won the bout, and had hoped to fight Ward later in the year. He eventually got his chance two years later, losing a unanimous decision.

On March 20, 2008, at the [[HP Pavilion at San Jose|HP Pavilion]] in [[San Jose, California]], Ward defeated [[Rubin Williams (boxer)|Rubin Williams]] by seventh-round TKO. Ward hit Williams with jabs and straight left hands almost at will, opening a bad cut over Williams' left eye in the process. The cut would force the referee to stop the fight.

Ward faced [[Jerson Ravelo]] on June 20, 2008, in [[Georgetown, Cayman Islands]], for the vacant regional [[North American Boxing Organization|NABO]] [[super-middleweight]] title. Ward dominated Ravelo for most of the fight en route to a TKO victory in the eighth round.

On May 16, 2009, at the [[Oracle Arena]] in [[Oakland, California]], Ward defeated former prospect [[Edison Miranda]] by unanimous decision. The scores were 116–112, 119–109, and 119–109 for Ward. Ward showed he had an inside game as well as an outside game. Miranda couldn't stay up with Ward's versatility around the ring. Miranda said of Ward in the post fight, "I thought it was going to be easier, but it was tougher than I was expected. I don't feel cheated. Andre is the champion. I have respect for him." Ward, who fought his biggest name to date said, "This is kind of a bittersweet victory. I'm happy and excited because the fans had a good time, and there were a lot of people here, but I'm not 100 percent happy with my performance. I've got to go look at the tape. I did some things well, but I felt I could have improved in other areas."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=4172256|title=Ward wins unanimous decision over Miranda|date=2009-05-17|website=ESPN.com|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref>

On September 12, 2009, at the [[Pechanga Resort and Casino]] in [[Temecula, California]], Ward defeated Shelby Pudwill by TKO in the 3rd round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/andre-ward-vs-shelby-pudwill-on-september-12--21348|title=Andre Ward vs Shelby Pudwill on September 12 – Boxing News|website=www.boxingscene.com|date=July 31, 2009 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Lynn Collins|title=Andre Ward vs Shelby Pudwill 2009 09 12|date=2015-07-15|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3YQBpwaHNw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/-3YQBpwaHNw |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|access-date=2017-02-07}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

====Super Six World Boxing Classic====
{{Main|Super Six World Boxing Classic}}

=====Ward vs. Kessler=====
{{Main|Mikkel Kessler vs. Andre Ward}}
Ward's first fight in the tournament took place in his hometown of [[Oakland, California]], against Ring Magazine #1 ranked and joint tournament favorite [[Mikkel Kessler]] (42–1, 32 KO) on November 21, 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thesweetscience.com/articles-of-2009/7446-andre-ward-vs-mikkel-kessler-on-saturday|title=Andre Ward Vs. Mikkel Kessler On Saturday – The Sweet Science|access-date=2017-09-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Kessler's [[World Boxing Association|WBA]] [[List of super middleweight boxing champions|super-middleweight championship]] was also at stake. Ward defeated Kessler to via technical decision in round 11 to win his first world title. Kessler was the strong favorite going into Showtime's Super Six tournament. In a career-defining performance, undefeated hometown favorite Ward put the U.S. on the board in the Super Six and captured the WBA super middleweight title with a dominant 11 round technical decision over Denmark's Kessler in their Group Stage 1 bout.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Ward defeats Kessler | journal = MyBoxingFans | date = 2009-11-29 | first = Edgar | last = Gonzalez | url = http://www.myboxingfans.com/2009/11/ward-defeats-kessler/ | access-date = 2011-04-26 | archive-date = December 12, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111212031705/http://www.myboxingfans.com/2009/11/ward-defeats-kessler/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> The fight was stopped in round 11 due to cuts on Kessler's face caused by what was deemed unintentional headbutts by Ward. The fight went to the scorecards and Ward was far ahead by scores of 98–92, 98–92, and 97–93 at the time of the stoppage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/295134-mikkel-kessler-vs-andre-ward-round-by-round|title=Mikkel Kessler vs. Andre Ward: Round By Round|last=Tylwalk|first=Nick|newspaper=Bleacher Report|access-date=2017-02-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boxinginsider.com/headlines/andre-ward-vs-mikkel-kessler-report/|title=Andre Ward vs Mikkel Kessler Report – BoxingInsider.com|date=2009-11-22|newspaper=BoxingInsider.com|access-date=2017-02-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/sports/boxing/columns/story?id=4680599&columnist=rafael_dan|title=Ward emerges as man to beat in Super Six|date=2009-11-23|website=ESPN.com|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref>

=====Ward vs. Green=====
In January 2010 [[Jermain Taylor]] announced his exit from Showtime's Super Six World Boxing Classic tournament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.espn.co.uk/more/sport/story/1843.html|title=Jermain Taylor withdraws from Super Six|work=ESPN.co.uk|access-date=2017-09-22|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[The Ring (magazine)|''The Ring'']] Top 10 ranked [[super-middleweight]] [[Allan Green]] (25–1, 18 KOs) was selected as his replacement and challenged Andre Ward on June 19.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/sportsextra/article.aspx?subjectid=29&articleid=20100124_29_0_Egtyas348248&allcom=1 Tulsa's Allan Green] [[Tulsa World]] accessed February 17, 2010</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=4997508|title=Ailing Ward postpones title defense vs. Green|date=2010-03-15|website=ESPN.com|access-date=2017-07-05}}</ref> Ward, defending the WBA super middleweight title, outclassed an opponent who spent most of the fight with his back against the ropes. Ward defeated Green by unanimous decision on June 19, 2010. Though the 30-year-old gamely fought on, the knockout he needed to win never appeared remotely likely and he looked a spent man by the end as he picked up the second loss of his 31-fight pro career. Throughout the fight, Ward out landed Green by nearly 200 punches. All three judges scored the fight lop-sided 120–108 for Ward, who said post-fight of his win, "This means a lot to me. Couldn't get caught up in the first defense too much mentally. Now that it's over with, I'm ecstatic I was able to defend this belt one time. I feel like a real champion now." Ward stated his only regret was that he wasn't able to stop Green, who turned up to survive. Ward advanced to the semi-finals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2010/6/19/1526613/andre-ward-shuts-out-allan-green|title=Andre Ward shuts out Allan Green in Oakland|work=Bad Left Hook|access-date=2017-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5306920|title=Ward keeps WBA crown, gains Super Six semis|date=2010-06-20|website=ESPN.com|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref>

Ward was exempt from the final preliminary fight in the Super Six because he had already secured a number one position in the elimination rounds and his designated opponent ([[Andre Dirrell]]) had dropped out of the tournament. Dirrell's trainer and uncle Leon Lawson Jr., told ESPN that Dirrell had [[Neurology|neurological]] problems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=5659177|title=Dirrell out of Super Six as career in jeopardy|date=2010-10-07|website=ESPN.com|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref> Instead, Ward successfully defended his WBA super middleweight title, unanimously outpointing another top 10 ranked super middleweight, [[Sakio Bika]] (28–4–2), in front of a sparse crowd at Oracle Arena on Saturday night.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/ward-vs-bika-basically-done-not-part-super-six--31817|title=Ward vs Bika 'Basically Done' – Not Part of The Super Six – Boxing News|website=www.boxingscene.com|date=October 14, 2010 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref> Fighting in front of his hometown crowd as part of a dual-site co-main event, Ward didn't land many big shots but repeatedly hit Bika with a stinging left jab that the challenger was unable to counter. Ward won all 12 rounds on one judges scorecard and was ahead 118–110 on the other two. Bika landed 201 of his 612 punches (33%), but Ward was more precise with his shots, landing 235 of 398 (59%). Ward later admitted it was his toughest fight to date, since he became professional.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2010/11/27/1839710/fight-results-andre-ward-against-sakio-bika+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk|title=Andre Ward Overcomes Sakio Bika Test in Oakland|work=Bad Left Hook|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=SouthpawSwagga|title=Andre Ward vs. Sakio Bika|date=2011-12-08|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vPW7jVXLCo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/1vPW7jVXLCo |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|access-date=2017-09-22}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Andre Ward defeats Sakio Bika | journal = ESPN | date = 2010-11-28 | first = Dan | last = Rafael | url = http://www.myboxingfans.com/2009/11/ward-defeats-kessler/ | access-date = 2011-04-26 | archive-date = December 12, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111212031705/http://www.myboxingfans.com/2009/11/ward-defeats-kessler/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

=====Ward vs. Abraham=====
{{Main|Andre Ward vs. Arthur Abraham}}
Ward's opponent at the semi-final stage was top 10 ranked super middleweight [[Arthur Abraham]] (32–2, 26 KOs). The fight took place on May 14, 2011, at the [[Home Depot Center]] in [[Carson, California]]. Abraham entered having lost two of his previous three bouts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.boxinginsider.com/headlines/super-6-semi-finals-andre-ward-vs-arthor-abraham/|title=Super 6 Semi-finals, Andre Ward vs Arthor Abraham {{!}} BoxingInsider.com|date=2011-03-22|work=BoxingInsider.com|access-date=2017-09-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Ward started out slow with Abraham, trying to find a way to penetrate his tight defense. After a competitive first few rounds, Ward seized control of the fight, using his ring savvy and instincts to control Abraham. Although Abraham was somewhat passive at times, he gave an earnest effort and frequently threw combinations that were mostly blocked by Ward. Abraham hurt Ward a couple of times in the final round, but it wasn't enough to finish Ward, who had dominated the fight and won a lopsided unanimous decision. The three judges scored the bout 120–108, 118–110, and 118–111. ESPN had it 118–110 in favor of Ward. Abraham didn't believe he had lost the fight with such wide scores. Over 12 rounds, Ward threw 289 jabs. In total he landed 178 of 444 total punches thrown (40%).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2011/5/15/2171646/andre-ward-vs-arthur-abraham-results-super-six-showtime-boxing-ne|title=Andre Ward Takes Wide Decision Win Over Arthur Abraham|work=Bad Left Hook|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref>

In the post fight interviews, Abraham said through a translator, "I started well, and I thought I did good the first three rounds He didn't hit me, and I was blocking a lot of his shots. But then I tried for the knockout, and I couldn't do it. I cramped up, and I got too tense." Ward had to adjust his game plan as he was unable to fight on the inside. He said, "We're going to the final, baby. Arthur is strong, and he's a hard hitter, [but] we showed that we can win in a way other than our original game plan [...] "I wish the ref had let me fight on the inside, because that's what I had planned for. But we made adjustments and got the win."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=6551199|title=Ward dominates Abraham to reach Super 6 final|date=2011-05-15|website=ESPN.com|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref>

=====Ward vs. Froch=====
{{Main|Andre Ward vs. Carl Froch}}
Advancing to the final of the Super Six, Ward fought [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] super middleweight champion [[Carl Froch]] (28–1, 20 KOs) in front of 5,626 at [[Boardwalk Hall]] on December 17, 2011. Ward and Froch were rated #1 and #2 respectively by Ring magazine, and the vacant [[The Ring (magazine)|''Ring'' magazine]] super middleweight title was on the line, as well as Froch and Ward's super middleweight titles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/167635-ring-ratings-update-froch-advances-to-no-2-super-middleweight|title=Froch advances to No 2 super-middleweight|work=Ring TV |date=June 8, 2011 |publisher=ringtv.craveonline.com|access-date=2011-07-08}}</ref>

Ward won the [[Super Six World Boxing Classic]] tournament via unanimous decision . Over the first seven rounds, Ward outboxed Froch, successfully using his jab to neutralize Froch and beating Froch to the punch from a distance and at close range. In the later rounds, Ward seemed to take his foot off the gas, leaving Froch to win a couple rounds near the end of the fight, though they were close and fairly competitive rounds. An MRI later revealed that Ward injured his lead left hand on which he relied for landing hooks to Froch's head. The hand was broken in two places. Ward noted extreme pain in the sixth round of the fight as well as one week prior, though the initial X-ray came back clear.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/7384318/andre-ward-had-broken-hand-win-carl-froch|title=Ward had broken hand in victory over Froch|date=December 23, 2011 }}</ref> The judges scorecards were 115–113, 115–113, and 118–110 all in favor of Ward. CompuBox statistics showed that Ward landed 243 of 573 punches thrown (42%), whilst Froch landed 156 of 683 punches (23%). After the bout, Ward gave a victory speech, "I can't believe it, I can't believe it -- it's not so unbelievable that we never thought we were going to win, but now that it's happened, it is unbelievable. We told you this is what we wanted to do. We wanted to fight on the inside and on the outside, and we pulled it off tonight. We were able to beat him to the punch, and that's what won us the fight." Froch also praised Ward in winning the tournament, "Fair credit to Andre Ward. He's very good defensively. I lost the fight, fair and square. It was quite hard to hit him. The name of the game is to not get hit, and he did that well."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/7364173/andre-ward-outfoxes-carl-froch-super-six-final|title=Andre Ward outfoxes Carl Froch|publisher=ESPN|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/16234673|title=Carl Froch outclassed by dazzling Andre Ward|date=2011-12-18|work=BBC Sport|access-date=2017-09-22|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/dec/18/andre-ward-carl-froch-wins-supersix|title=Andre Ward beats Carl Froch into a distant second place {{!}} Kevin Mitchell|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=2011-12-18|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-09-22|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Ward won the vacant ''Ring'' with his Super Six World Boxing Classic win against Froch, despite some independent sources rating then-undefeated IBF champion [[Lucian Bute]] at number one or two at the time. The fight peaked at 580,000 viewers on Showtime.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/boxing-experts-blog/andre-ward-draws-1-3-million-viewers-tko-223459651--box.html|title=Andre Ward draws 1.3 million viewers to HBO for his TKO of Chad Dawson|access-date=2017-05-29|language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[World Boxing Council|World Boxing Council Board]] of Governors voted to make Ward "Champion in Recess" due to a broken hand Ward had sustained during the Super Six tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/dirrell-sjekloca-wbc-title-ward-champion-recess--52210 |title=Dirrell-Sjekloca For WBC Title, Ward is Champion in Recess – Boxing News |date=April 26, 2012 |publisher=Boxingscene.com |access-date=2014-07-04}}</ref>

====Ward vs. Dawson====
Ward's next fight was announced on June 22, 2012, to take place at the Oracle Arena in Oakland, California on September 8, 2012, against WBC and ''The Ring'' [[light heavyweight]] champion [[Chad Dawson]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/chad-dawson-calls-out-andre-ward-sog-responds--52310|title=Chad Dawson Calls Out Andre Ward; "S.O.G." Responds – Boxing News|website=www.boxingscene.com|date=April 29, 2012 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref> The fight, billed as "Ward vs. Dawson – World Champions – Made In America<nowiki>''</nowiki> took place at 168 lbs for Ward's super middleweight titles. Dawson was coming off a big win against future Hall of Famer [[Bernard Hopkins]] in April. At the press conference, he said that it was his desire to drop down in weight and challenge Ward rather than fight lesser-known opponents at light heavyweight. Dawson started his career at super middleweight, but hadn't fought at the weight since February 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/andre-ward-vs-chad-dawson-oracle-made-america--54221|title=Andre Ward vs Chad Dawson at Oracle: 'Made In America' – Boxing News|website=www.boxingscene.com|date=June 21, 2012 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref>

The fight ended in round ten with a technical knockout victory for Ward when Dawson asked the referee for the fight to be ended with the words: "It's over. I'm finished. I'm done." In the first two rounds, Ward and Dawson felt each other out, with neither fighter having much success, though Dawson was able to land a few counter right hooks as Ward lunged inside. In the third round, Ward dropped Dawson with a left hook and dominated the round. Again in the fourth round, Ward was able to drop Dawson, in another dominating round. From fifth round until the end of the fight, Ward was able to neutralize Dawson's jab and work rate, seemingly out boxing and frustrating Dawson throughout. Then, in the tenth round, Ward dropped Dawson to a knee after a solid combination, which prompted referee Steve Smoger to stop the fight after Dawson could not continue. At the time of stoppage, Ward was ahead 90–79, 89–80, and 89–80 on all three judges' scorecards. For the loss, Dawson earned $600,000, whilst Ward had a total $1,367,500 purse.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/8356811/andre-ward-cuts-chad-dawson-size|title=Ward cuts Dawson down to size|publisher=ESPN|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.badlefthook.com/2012/9/8/3304479/ward-vs-dawson-results-andre-ward-dominates-stops-chad-dawson-tko-demarco-molina-hbo-boxing-news|title=Ward vs Dawson Results: Andre Ward Dominates, Stops Chad Dawson in Oakland|date=2012-09-08|website=Bad Left Hook|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref>

The fight was watched by an average 1.3 million viewers on HBO.<ref name=":0" /> In 2013, Dawson spoke out about the fight and said it was a "set-up by HBO and other people." He claimed that it was done to make him look "vulnerable and expose him with weight loss."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.badlefthook.com/2013/6/6/4402144/chad-dawson-andre-ward-fight-was-a-set-up-by-hbo-and-others|title=Dawson: Ward loss was HBO set-up|date=2013-06-06|website=Bad Left Hook|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref>

====Ward vs. Pavlik cancelled fight====
Ward was scheduled to defend his super middleweight titles against former unified middleweight champion [[Kelly Pavlik]] on January 26, 2013, at the [[Galen Center]] in Los Angeles. However, an injury sustained by Ward originally postponed the bout for 4 more weeks and the fight was expected to take place on February 23, 2013. The injury was more severe than originally thought and led to the cancellation of the fight as well as the subsequent retirement of Pavlik.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/8783129/andre-ward-kelly-pavlik-fight-canceled-ward-shoulder-surgery |title=Andre Ward-Kelly Pavlik fight to be canceled, Ward to have shoulder surgery – ESPN |publisher=Espn.go.com |date=2012-12-27 |access-date=2014-07-04}}</ref>

On March 23, 2013, the [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] stripped Ward of the [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] [[super middleweight|super-middleweight]] title belt for being inactive for a long period of time, and for failing to face a [[mandatory challenger]]. They granted him champion emeritus status. Ward claimed a shoulder injury that required surgery was the reason for his inactivity, but the [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] claimed that Ward had not provided any medical evidence or even given them a rough availability date.<ref>{{cite news|last=.com|first=Fightingnews|title=WBC Statement on Andre Ward|url=http://www.fightnews.com/Boxing/wbc-statement-on-andre-ward-199960|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608115219/http://www.fightnews.com/Boxing/wbc-statement-on-andre-ward-199960|archive-date=June 8, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

On May 20, Ward relinquished the champion emeritus title, stating that he did not believe the WBC had the right to strip him of the world title because he was willing and able to defend it within the period specified by the WBC's rules.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1645997-andre-ward-decides-to-relinquish-wbc-super-middleweight-emeritus-title|title=Andre Ward Decides to Relinquish WBC Super Middleweight Emeritus Title|last=Langford|first=Richard|work=Bleacher Report|access-date=2017-05-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Ward was praised for standing up to the WBC.<ref>{{cite web | last =Iole | first =Kevin | title =Andre Ward tells the WBC to get lost, and hopefully he is the first of many | url = https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/boxing/andre-ward-tells-wbc-lost-hopefully-first-many-182452657.html | publisher =Yahoo! | date = 21 May 2013 | access-date = 22 May 2013 }}</ref>

====Ward vs. Rodríguez====
{{Main|Andre Ward vs. Edwin Rodríguez}}
Ward spent most of 2013 recovering from injuries, and feuding with promoter Dan Goossen, over the inclusion of a co-manager in Ward's promotional contract. The case has been to court or arbitration on 3 separate occasions. Each time, Goossen was deemed in the right. Ward defended his WBA and Ring titles against unbeaten [[Edwin Rodríguez (boxer)|Edwin Rodríguez]] in Ontario, California in November 2013 with a wide unanimous decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/9698705/andre-ward-return-action-fight-vs-edwin-rodriguez|title=Ward to return to action with fight vs. Rodriguez|publisher=ESPN|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref> The fight started with rough tactics until Jack Reiss made an unprecedented move, penalizing both fighters two points each and warning them that he would end the fight if it did not clean up. Ward went on to dominate the rest of the fight. The three judges scored the fight 118–106, 117–107, and 116–108 all in favor of Ward.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.badlefthook.com/2013/11/16/5113178/ward-vs-rodriguez-results-andre-ward-dominates-again-in-physical|title=Ward dominates Rodriguez over 12|date=2013-11-16|website=Bad Left Hook|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/boxing/2013/11/16/andre-ward-defeats-edwin-rodriguez-in-decision/3614453/|title=Ward dominates Rodriguez with unanimous decision|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2017-05-29|language=en}}</ref>

Ward spent all of 2014 inactive, still feuding with Goossen.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ringtv.com/337561-andre-ward-speaks-out-on-dan-goossen-lawsuit/|title=Andre Ward speaks out on Dan Goossen, lawsuit – The Ring|date=2014-05-07|work=The Ring|access-date=2017-05-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/11387735/judge-dismisses-andre-ward-latest-attempt-break-contract-promoter-dan-goossen|title=Ward's case against Goossen dismissed|publisher=ESPN|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref> Dan Goossen died of complications from liver cancer in September 2014, leaving the future of Andre Ward's boxing career even further in doubt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2014/09/29/boxer-andre-wards-longtime-promoter-dan-goossen-dies/|title=Boxer Andre Ward's longtime promoter Dan Goossen dies – The Mercury News|date=September 29, 2014 |access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref>

On February 19, 2015 [[The Ring (magazine)|''The Ring'']] stripped Ward of the Ring champion belt due to him not having defended his title against a top #5 contender in the last two years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ringtv.com/381519-ring-ratings-update-andre-ward-stripped-of-title-dropped-from-ratings/|title=Ring Ratings Update: Andre Ward stripped of title, dropped from ratings – The Ring|date=2015-02-19|work=The Ring|access-date=2017-05-29|language=en-US}}</ref>

====Ward vs. Smith====
In April 2015 Ward announced that he would make a ring return after a 19 month long lay off. Ward signed with [[Jay-Z|Jay Z]]'s [[Roc Nation Sports]] in January 2015 and this was announced to be the first event under the Roc Nation banner. It was later confirmed that he would fight on June 20, against British [[Paul Smith (boxer)|Paul Smith]] (35–5, 20 KOs) at the Oracle Arena in California at a 172 lbs catchweight fight. The fight was to take place on [[BET]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.boxinginsider.com/headlines/press-release-bet-to-air-andre-ward-vs-paul-smith-plus-9-throne-boxing-events-with-roc-nation/|title=Press Release: BET To Air Andre Ward vs Paul Smith, Plus 9 "Throne boxing" events with Roc Nation {{!}} BoxingInsider.com|date=2015-04-23|work=BoxingInsider.com|access-date=2017-09-10|language=en-US}}</ref> Roc Nation did reach out to HBO, where Ward had worked as an analyst previously, but upon hearing his opponent, they passed on the opportunity to showcase Ward's long-awaited return.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/12745645/super-middleweight-champion-andre-ward-face-paul-smith-19-month-layoff|title=Ward to face England's Smith in June 20 return|publisher=ESPN|access-date=2017-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/32431253|title=Andre Ward: Undefeated champion to fight Paul Smith|work=BBC Sport|access-date=2017-09-10|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ward won via TKO in the 9th round. Ward was winning every round at the time of stoppage 80–72 on all three judges' scorecards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.badlefthook.com/2015/6/21/8819669/ward-vs-smith-results-andre-ward-returns-with-one-sided-stoppage-win|title=Ward returns with easy win over Smith|last=Christ|first=Scott|date=2015-06-21|website=Bad Left Hook|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/33214692|title=Andre Ward beats Paul Smith in comeback fight in Oakland|date=2015-06-21|newspaper=BBC Sport|access-date=2017-02-07|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/13122989/andre-ward-scores-ninth-round-knockout-paul-smith-return-layoff|title=Ward TKO's Smith in return from 19-month break|newspaper=ESPN.com|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref> Smith missed weight, coming in at 176.4 lbs and was fined 20% ($45,000) of his $225,000 purse by the [[California State Athletic Commission]], half of which went to Ward and half to the commission.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/blog/dan-rafael/post/_/id/13182/paul-smith-blows-weight-for-second-time-for-ward-fight|title=Paul Smith blows weight for second time for Ward fight|newspaper=ESPN.com|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref> Despite being available in over 90 million homes, the fight averaged 323,000 viewers on BET.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itrboxing.com/2015/06/24/ward-vs-smith-nets-low-ratings-of-323k-in-viewership/|title=Ward vs. Smith nets low ratings of 323k in viewership|date=2015-06-24|website=Inside the Ropes Boxing – Your #1 source for boxing news.|access-date=2017-09-10}}</ref>

On November 12, 2015, in advance of his upcoming move up to the [[light heavyweight]] division, Ward vacated his WBA super middleweight title. Ward originally claimed the belt in November 2009 with a victory over long-time champion [[Mikkel Kessler]] in his opening fight of the Super Six tournament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/14114743/andre-ward-vacates-super-middleweight-title|title=Ward vacates belt, eyes moving up weight class|publisher=ESPN|access-date=2017-09-10}}</ref>

===Light heavyweight===

====Ward vs. Barrera====
Boxing Scene reported In January 2016, Ward's light heavyweight debut was set against Cuban boxer [[Sullivan Barrera]] (17–0, 12 KOs) at the [[Oracle Arena]]. on March 26, 2016, on HBO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.badlefthook.com/2016/2/10/10958274/andre-ward-vs-sullivan-barrera-finally-official-for-march-26-on-hbo|title=Ward-Barrera official for 3/26 on HBO|last=Christ|first=Scott|date=2016-02-10|website=Bad Left Hook|access-date=2017-06-12}}</ref> Barrera was risking his IBF mandatory position in this fight. Barrera became the mandatory to Kovalev's IBF title when he stopped German [[Karo Murat]] in December 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/andre-ward-sullivan-barrera-being-finalized-march-26--100122|title=Andre Ward-Sullivan Barrera Being Finalized For March 26|work=BoxingScene.com|access-date=2017-12-12|language=en-us}}</ref> According to Ward, he wasn't moving up in weight for the money, but rather daring to be great.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/andre-ward-im-daring-great-by-moving-up-175--102704|title=Andre Ward: I'm Daring To Be Great By Moving Up To 175|work=BoxingScene.com|access-date=2017-12-12|language=en-us}}</ref> 8,532 fans packed the arena on fight night. En route to a wide unanimous decision victory, Ward dropped Barrera to the canvas in the third round as he turned a left hook while on the ropes. Barrera was also dropped in the eighth round from a body shot, but referee Raul Caiz Sr. saw it as a low blow and as a result deducted a point from Ward. Ward dictated the pace for the vast majority of the bout, showcasing good strength and ring generalship against Barrera. The three judges scored the fight 117–109, 119–109, and 117–108. Ward landed 166 from 463 thrown (36%) whilst Barrera landed 111 of 722 punches thrown (15%). When asked about the potential mega fight against Kovalev, Ward said, "It's never a problem. You look at my track record. I want to fight the best. I've always fought the best. Sergey Kovalev, he's a great champion." For the fight, Ward earned $1.85 million and Barrera earned a $450,000 purse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.badlefthook.com/2016/3/26/11304864/ward-vs-barrera-live-streaming-results-and-round-by-round-coverage|title=Ward-Barrera: Live RBR Coverage|last=Christ|first=Scott|date=2016-03-26|website=Bad Left Hook|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/15076172/andre-ward-defeats-sullivan-barrera-unanimous-decision-light-heavyweight-title-elimination-fight|title=Ward routs Barrera in light heavyweight debut|publisher=ESPN|access-date=2017-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/andre-ward-drops-dominates-sullivan-barrera-175-debut--102810|title=Andre Ward Drops, Dominates Sullivan Barrera in 175 Debut – Boxing News|website=www.boxingscene.com|date=March 26, 2016 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref> The fight averaged 1.064 million viewers and peaked at 1.152 million viewers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boxingnews24.com/2016/03/ward-barrera-averages-1-064m-viewers-hbo/|title=Ward-Barrera averages 1.064M viewers on HBO » Boxing News|date=2016-03-29|work=Boxing News 24|access-date=2017-06-12|language=en-US}}</ref>

====Ward vs. Brand====
On June 28, 2016, Roc Nation Sport confirmed that Ward would fight once more before his mega fight with Kovalev on July 30 against 39 year old Colombian boxer [[Alexander Brand]] (25–1, 19 KOs). The fight was to take place in Oakland, California at the Oracle Center. This was the eighth and final time Ward fought in his hometown. Brand entered the fight as a 100-1 underdog.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/andre-ward-vs-alexander-brand-officially-revealed-by-roc-nation--106168|title=Andre Ward vs. Alexander Brand Officially Revealed By Roc Nation – Boxing News|website=www.boxingscene.com|date=June 28, 2016 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-06-12}}</ref> In front of 8,653 hometown fans, Ward unanimously outpointed Brand to claim the vacant WBO International light heavyweight title. All three judges had the fight 120–108 for Ward. Brand, who looked as though he came to survive 12 rounds, didn't initiate any action, which ultimately led him to lose all the rounds on the three scorecards. Ward looked slow in the victory, not looking like the same fighter he was in 2011. Ward dictated the fight however with a strong jab. This showed in round 7 when Brand's right eye suddenly started to swollen up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/sports/boxing/la-sp-boxing-ward-brand-20160806-snap-story.html|title=Ward takes WBO Intercontinental light-heavyweight title from Brand in decision|last=Times|first=Los Angeles|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=August 7, 2016 |access-date=2016-08-07}}</ref> Ward spoke to HBO in the post fight interview about fighting Kovalev next saying: "I'm excited, I'm looking forward to it. I'll see you in November." This was Ward's third fight in eight months, after only fighting three times from 2012 to 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/boxing/news/12183/10526523/andre-ward-outpoints-alexander-brand-in-california-stroll|title=Andre Ward outpoints Alexander Brand in California stroll|date=August 6, 2016|website=Sky Sports|access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref> Ward landed 190 of 490 punches thrown (39%), and Brand landed 45 of 285 (16%). Ward earned a purse of $850,000 compared to the small amount of $30,000 earned by Brand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/17236127/andre-ward-defeats-alexander-brand-unanimous-decision-tuneup-sergey-kovalev|title=Ward routs Brand, setting up Kovalev showdown|publisher=ESPN|access-date=2017-06-12}}</ref> The fight averaged on 742,000 viewers on HBO. The dip could have been due to 21 million tuning in to the Olympics on NBC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/andre-ward-vs-alexander-brand-averages-742k-viewers-on-hbo--107545|title=Andre Ward vs. Alexander Brand Averages 742k Viewers on HBO – Boxing News|website=www.boxingscene.com|date=August 9, 2016 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-06-12}}</ref>

====Ward vs. Kovalev====
{{Main|Sergey Kovalev vs. Andre Ward}}
Ward fought the unified [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]], [[WBA (Super)]] and [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] light heavyweight champion [[Sergey Kovalev]] at the [[T-Mobile Arena]] on November 19, 2016. The fight was announced in June, with a rematch clause, and both fighters retained their undefeated records through interim bouts. This event marked Ward's first time fighting in [[Las Vegas, Nevada]].<ref name="espn.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/16269873/sergey-kovalev-andre-ward-bout-take-place-nov-19-t-mobile-arena-las-vegas|title=Kovalev-Ward to take place Nov. 19 in Las Vegas|website=ESPN.com|date=June 17, 2016 |access-date=2016-06-18}}</ref>

After being knocked down in the second round, he won a controversial decision with all three judges scoring the fight 114–113 in favor of Ward. Ward reiterated how the events of the evening unfolded, "I got off the canvas against the hardest puncher in the division and smiled. I took the fight to him and closed the show."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2016/11/20/ward-kovalev-was-no-robbery-and-everything-boxing-needed/|title=Ward-Kovalev was no robbery and everything boxing needed|last=Willis|first=George|date=2016-11-20|website=New York Post|access-date=2017-02-27}}</ref> Ward received Kovalev's [[list of WBA world champions#Light heavyweight|WBA (Super)]], [[list of IBF world champions#Light heavyweight|IBF]], and [[list of WBO world champions#Light heavyweight|WBO]] light heavyweight titles and became a two-division world champion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/nov/20/andre-ward-sergey-kovalev-decision-title-fight-boxing|title=The Kovalev-Ward decision was about boxing's fine margins, not corruption|last=Graham|first=Bryan Armen|date=2016-11-20|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-02-27|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Boxing experts have claimed that the judging was unfair. "It was a classic hometown decision. Kovalev won the fight", [[Larry Merchant]] stated after the fight.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/20/andre-ward-sergey-kovalev-boxing-points-decision-title-fight|title=Andre Ward scores controversial points victory over Sergey Kovalev|last=Graham|first=Bryan Armen|date=2016-11-20|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-02-27|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshkatzowitz/2016/11/19/andre-ward-sergey-kovalev-live-results-and-reaction/#15e8e08943ee|title=Andre Ward Beats Sergey Kovalev By The Slimmest Of Margins: Live Results And Reaction (VIDEO)|last=Katzowitz|first=Josh|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-02-27}}</ref> Kovalev's promoter, [[Kathy Duva]], said, "We got a great fight, which is what boxing needed. But we also got a bad decision, which is not what boxing needed."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2677133-andre-ward-and-sergey-kovalev-deliver-drama-controversy-and-an-instant-classic|title=Andre Ward and Sergey Kovalev Deliver Drama, Controversy and an Instant Classic|first=Jonathan |last=Snowden|website=[[Bleacher Report]] }}</ref> On the same token, many boxing fans have applauded the decision. [[Paulie Malignaggi]] noted the high degree of difficulty both fighters faced that night and doubted the prospect of a one-sided affair in the case of a rematch. Still, he concluded that Kovalev faded late in the fight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fighthype.com/news/article26956.html|title=[VIDEO] PAULIE MALIGNAGGI DETAILED ANALYSIS OF KNOCKDOWN AND ANDRE WARD'S VICTORY OVER KOVALEV {{!}}{{!}} FIGHTHYPE.COM|website=www.fighthype.com|access-date=2017-02-27}}</ref> Promoter [[Eddie Hearn]] added that Kovalev lacked a sense of urgency after the halfway point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fighthype.com/videos/clip8684.html|title=FIGHTHYPE VIDEOS|website=www.fighthype.com}}</ref> [[Gennady Golovkin]]'s trainer, [[Abel Sanchez]], scored the fight 114–112 for Kovalev. For the fight, Kovalev received a minimum purse of $2 million and Ward's purse was a career-high $5 million.<ref name="purses">{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/18083695/sergey-kovalev-andre-ward-make-weight-ahead-light-heavyweight-showdown|title=Sergey Kovalev predicts knockout ahead of Andre Ward showdown|last1=Rafael|first1=Dan|website=espn.com|date=November 19, 2016 |publisher=ESPN|access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> CompuBox stats showed that Kovalev landed more punches, 126 of 474 punches; Ward landed 116 out of 337 thrown
.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.insidehboboxing.com/inside/2016/11/20/ward-recovers-from-knockdown-to-score-close-win-over-kovalev|title=Ward Recovers from Knockdown to Score Close Win Over Kovalev|work=Inside HBO Boxing|access-date=2017-11-27|language=en-US|archive-date=September 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927085829/http://www.insidehboboxing.com/inside/2016/11/20/ward-recovers-from-knockdown-to-score-close-win-over-kovalev|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

The fight reported to have done 160,000 buys on [[HBO|HBO PPV]]. A replay was shown on HBO prior to the [[Vasyl Lomachenko|Lomachenko]]–[[Nicholas Walters|Walters]] title fight, which averaged 834,000 viewers. The event produced a live gate of $3.3 million from 10,066 tickets sold, including complimentary tickets, the full attendance was announced as 13,310. The venue was set up to hold 14,227.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mmapayout.com/2016/11/ward-kovalev-draw-160k-ppv-buys/|title=Ward-Kovalev draw 160K PPV buys|date=November 29, 2016|website=MMA PAYOUT|access-date=December 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/lomachenko-walters-hbo-broadcast-averaged-761000-viewers--111270|title=Ward/Kovalev does just less than a million viewers on HBO replay|date=November 30, 2016|access-date=December 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/ward-kovalev-33-million-live-gate-from-10066-tickets-sold--111447|title=Ward-Kovalev produced live gate of $3.3m|date=December 7, 2016|website=Boxing Scene|access-date=December 7, 2016}}</ref>

====Ward vs. Kovalev II====
{{Main|Andre Ward vs. Sergey Kovalev II}}
Kovalev's manager Egis Klimas announced that negotiations had begun for the rematch between Ward and Kovalev. Ward threatened to retire if he didn't get things "his way" for the rematch. According to the [[Nevada Athletic Commission|NSAC]], The T-Mobile Arena was put on hold for June 17, 2017, on HBO PPV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/ward-vs-kovalev-rematch-talks-finally-underway-june-17--114031|title=Ward vs. Kovalev Rematch Talks Finally Underway – For June 17? – Boxing News|website=www.boxingscene.com|date=February 27, 2017 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ringtv.com/486702-duva-roc-nation-start-talks-rematch-ward-kovalev-june-17/|title=Duva and Roc Nation start talks for rematch of Ward-Kovalev June 17 – The Ring|date=2017-02-27|work=The Ring|access-date=2017-03-01|language=en-US}}</ref> On March 24, 2017, Kovalev revealed via [[Social media|Social Media]] that he had signed his end of the deal. It was also noted that the rematch would take place at the [[Mandalay Bay]] in Paradise, Nevada on HBO PPV.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ringtv.com/490601-sergey-kovalev-indicates-signed-deal-memo-ward-rematch/|title=Sergey Kovalev indicates he signed deal memo for Ward rematch – The Ring|date=2017-03-24|work=The Ring|access-date=2017-03-25|language=en-US}}</ref> On April 4, [[Roc Nation Sports]] and Main Events confirmed that terms were agreed for the rematch to take place on HBO PPV. The fight was billed as ''No Excuses''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/19077276/sergey-kovalev-gets-rematch-light-heavyweight-titleholder-andre-ward|title=Andre Ward set to defend title vs. Sergey Kovalev in June – ESPN|work=ESPN|access-date=2017-04-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/984987-213640144.html|title=Andre Ward vs. Sergey Kovalev rematch set|work=Yahoo! Sports|access-date=2017-04-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Ward addressed the public by stating, "I'm going to keep it short and sweet. You got what you asked for -- now you have to see me on June 17. This time leave the excuses at home." The [[Las Vegas Sun]] confirmed the bout will take place at the Mandalay Bay Events Center.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/19077276/sergey-kovalev-gets-rematch-light-heavyweight-titleholder-andre-ward|title=Ward agrees to give Kovalev rematch in June|publisher=ESPN|access-date=2017-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2017/apr/04/andre-ward-sergey-kovalev-agree-to-rematch-june-17/|title=Andre Ward, Sergey Kovalev agree to rematch June 17 in Vegas|date=2017-04-04|work=LasVegasSun.com|access-date=2017-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406110253/https://lasvegassun.com/news/2017/apr/04/andre-ward-sergey-kovalev-agree-to-rematch-june-17/|archive-date=April 6, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On April 10, Kathy Duva said that there would be no rematch clause in place for a third fight, meaning whoever would win, would not be obliged to fight another rematch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/ward-vs-kovalev-ii-no-rematch-clause-third-fight--115487|title=Ward vs. Kovalev II: No Rematch Clause For Third Fight – Boxing News|website=www.boxingscene.com|date=April 10, 2017 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> The fight purses were revealed before the fight with Ward taking a guaranteed $6.5 million and Kovalev, not having a base purse, would receive a percentage of PPV and gate revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxingnewsandviews.com/2017/06/16/andre-ward-sergey-kovalev-purses-revealed/|title=Andre Ward, Sergey Kovalev purses revealed|date=2017-06-16|website=Boxing News and Views|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref>

In front of 10,592, the fight ended with controversy in the 8th round with a victory for Ward. A right hand from Ward had Kovalev in trouble, which was followed by several low blows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Esco |first=Wil |date=2019-09-04 |title=Carl Froch: Andre Ward's style was borderline cheating, beat Sergey Kovalev with low blows |url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2019/9/4/20849080/carl-froch-andre-wards-style-was-borderline-cheating-beat-sergey-kovalev-with-low-blows |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Bad Left Hook |language=en}}</ref> Tony Weeks stopped the fight, with Kovalev sitting on the middle rope, visibly hurt from the low blows he was subjected to.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-17 |title=Results: Ward Stops Kovalev After 3 Low Blows In Another Robbery - Boxing News |url=https://www.boxing247.com/boxing-news/results-ward-stops-kovalev-after-3-low-blows-in-another-robbery/77145 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.boxing247.com |language=en-US}}</ref> At the time of stoppage, two judges had Ward ahead 67–66, whilst the third judge had it 68–65 in favor of Kovalev. CompuBox stats showed that Ward landed 80 of 238 punches (34%) whilst Kovalev landed more punches with 95 of his 407 thrown (23%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/andre-ward-stops-sergey-kovalev-eight-retain-belts--117657|title=Andre Ward Stops Sergey Kovalev in Eight To Retain Belts – Boxing News|website=www.boxingscene.com|date=June 17, 2017 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-06-20}}</ref>

Ward praised Kovalev in the post-fight interview, "He's a good fighter, and I have nothing but respect for him. First time around, the man is world champion, and he's been on top a long time. I give him credit. He is a great fighter, and when you fight great fighters, you have to raise your game." Kovalev said the fight could have continued and pointed to low blows, "I couldn't believe it, I could win," he said."Only a low blow (hurt me)," he added, before watching video of the end of the fight and observing: "Low blow - and I felt this. Again, another one. The first one was on the border, and the second one a low blow."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-18 |title=Andre Ward beats Sergey Kovalev but fight mired in controversy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/boxing/andre-ward-beats-sergey-kovalev-rematch-low-blows-controversy-a7795646.html |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Yahoo! Sports]], the fight only generated around 130,000 buys on HBO PPV.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fightful.com/andre-ward-vs-sergey-kovalev-2-disappoints-greatly-ppv-buys|title=Andre Ward vs. Sergey Kovalev 2 Disappoints Greatly On PPV Buys|date=2017-07-01|work=Fightful.com|access-date=2017-07-03}}</ref> The replay was shown on regular HBO averaging 752,000 viewers and peaked at 947,000, which was during the final round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/ward-kovalev-rematch-replay-peaked-947k-viewers-on-hbo--117984|title=Ward-Kovalev Rematch Replay Peaked at 947K Viewers on HBO – Boxing News|website=www.boxingscene.com|date=June 28, 2017 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> The event produced a live gate of $2,187,340 from 6,366 tickets sold, including complimentary tickets, the full attendance was announced as 10,592. The venue was set up to hold 10,748.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/19845274/rematch-andre-ward-sergey-kovalev-underperforms|title=Ward-Kovalev rematch underperforms at gate|publisher=ESPN|access-date=2017-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingscene.com/ward-kovalev-rematch-paid-attendance-only-6366--118214|title=Ward-Kovalev Rematch: Paid Attendance Was Only 6,366 – Boxing News|website=www.boxingscene.com|date=July 5, 2017 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-07-06}}</ref>

On August 23, 2017, Ward announced that his contract with HBO had expired, making him a free agent. He confirmed that he was still under contract with Roc Nation Sports, but rumours indicated that he could sign with Top Rank. His appearance as an analyst for the [[Terence Crawford|Crawford]] vs. [[Julius Indongo|Indongo]] fight sparked further rumours.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/20422557/boxer-andre-ward-no-longer-contract-hbo|title=Andre Ward says contract with HBO is up|publisher=ESPN|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref>

===Retirement===
On September 21, 2017, via his website, Ward announced his retirement from boxing at the age of 33. In a statement, he said, "I want to be clear – I am leaving because my body can no longer put up with the rigors of the sport and therefore my desire to fight is no longer there. If I cannot give my family, my team, and the fans everything that I have, then I should no longer be fighting."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/boxing/story/_/id/20775014/pound-pound-king-world-titleholder-andre-ward-says-leaving-boxing|title=Ward 'leaving' boxing, says 'desire not there'|publisher=ESPN|access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/41353529|title=Andre Ward: American two-weight world champion retires from boxing|date=2017-09-21|work=BBC Sport|access-date=2017-09-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> Also in the statement read, "As I walk away from the sport of boxing today, I leave at the top of your glorious mountain, which was always my vision and my dream. I did it. We did it. From the bottom of my heart, thank you to everyone who has played a part in my journey. You know who you are. I could not have done this without you." Ward ended his career undefeated with 32 wins, 16 of which came inside the distance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/boxing/news/12040/11046675/andre-ward-stuns-boxing-world-by-announcing-his-retirement|title=Andre Ward stuns boxing world by announcing his retirement|work=Sky Sports|access-date=2017-09-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxingtalk.com/pag/article.php?aid=33097|title=BOXINGTALK : ANDRE WARD ABRUPTLY RETIRES|website=www.boxingtalk.com|access-date=2017-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921193902/http://www.boxingtalk.com/pag/article.php?aid=33097|archive-date=September 21, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On December 15, 2020, Ward was announced as being inducted into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] as part of the Class of 2021, his first year of eligibility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibhof.com/pages/inductionweekend/2021/21_announce.html | title=Class of 2021 Announced in Canastota! |publisher=IBHOF |access-date=2020-12-26}}</ref>

==Fighting style==
His trainer, Virgil Hunter, says Ward harnesses his speed and ring intelligence to control distance and pace in fights while maintaining high punch accuracy and [[counterpunch (boxing)|counterpunching]] skills.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wZom8virO8A |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/wZom8virO8A |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=VIRGIL HUNTER MENTOR OL' G BOB EXPLAINS WHY ANDRE WARD IS THE MOST COMPLETE FIGHTER TODAY|last=FightHype.com|date=March 21, 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A natural left-handed fighter who boxes in an [[orthodox stance]], Ward's best punches typically come from the lead left, including a sharp, piston-like [[jab]], which he shoots to the body as well as the head. An injury and eventual surgery to his right shoulder made Ward even more reliant on the left hand, causing him to [[switch hitter#Boxing|switch]] to [[Southpaw stance|southpaw]] on occasion to land his power punches. Connecting with his own punches, particularly the short [[hook (boxing)|left hook]] and uppercut, while [[clinch fighting|clinching]], weaving and smothering his opponent's punches is commonplace in Ward fights. He attributes his self-described "formless" style to years of studying [[Roy Jones Jr.]], [[Bernard Hopkins]], and [[Floyd Mayweather Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=3Rbq9Qtx0dM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/3Rbq9Qtx0dM |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=ANDRE WARD SAYS HE'S A COMBINATION OF ROY JONES, BERNARD HOPKINS, & FLOYD MAYWEATHER; EXPLAINS WHY|last=FightHype.com|date=August 7, 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Ward also makes effective use of the jab to the body while out of punching range. In an article, which appeared at [[FoxSports.com]], boxing writer Zachary Alapi speculates that Ward is one of the best [[in-fighter]]s in boxing, being "merciless when it comes to wrestling in the clinch while simultaneously throwing punches to prevent a break, Ward is also willing to fight dirty if he has to."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com/boxing/story/kovalev-vs-ward-5-keys-to-victory-for-andre-ward-111716|title=Kovalev vs Ward: 5 keys to victory for Andre Ward|first=Zachary|last=Alapi|date=June 30, 2017|work=[[FoxSports.com]]}}</ref>

==Professional boxing record==
{{BoxingRecordSummary
|ko-wins=16
|dec-wins=15
|dq-wins=1
}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Result
!Record
!Opponent
!Type
!Round, time
!Date
!Location
!Notes
|-
|32
|{{yes2}}Win
|32–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Sergey Kovalev]]
|TKO
|8 (12), {{small|2:29}}
|[[Andre Ward vs. Sergey Kovalev II|Jun 17, 2017]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Mandalay Bay Events Center]], Paradise, Nevada, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBA (Super), IBF, and WBO light heavyweight titles; Won vacant [[list of The Ring world champions#Light heavyweight|''The Ring'' light heavyweight title]]}}
|-
|31
|{{yes2}}Win
|31–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Sergey Kovalev]]
|UD
|12
|[[Sergey Kovalev vs. Andre Ward|Nov 19, 2016]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[T-Mobile Arena]], [[Paradise, Nevada]], U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won [[list of WBA world champions#Light heavyweight|WBA (Super)]], [[list of IBF world champions#Light heavyweight|IBF]], and [[list of WBO world champions#Light heavyweight|WBO light heavyweight titles]]}}
|-
|30
|{{yes2}}Win
|30–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Alexander Brand]]
|UD
|12
|Aug 6, 2016
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Oracle Arena, Oakland, California, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won vacant WBO International [[light heavyweight]] title}}
|-
|29
|{{yes2}}Win
|29–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Sullivan Barrera]]
|UD
|12
|Mar 26, 2016
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Oracle Arena, Oakland, California, U.S.}}
|
|-
|28
|{{yes2}}Win
|28–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Paul Smith (boxer)|Paul Smith]]
|TKO
|9 (12), {{small|1:45}}
|Jun 20, 2015
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Oracle Arena, Oakland, California, U.S.}}
|
|-
|27
|{{yes2}}Win
|27–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Edwin Rodríguez (boxer)|Edwin Rodríguez]]
|UD
|12
|[[Andre Ward vs. Edwin Rodríguez|Nov 16, 2013]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Citizens Business Bank Arena]], [[Ontario, California]], U.S.}}
|align=left|{{small|Retained WBA (Super) and ''The Ring'' super middleweight titles}}
|-
|26
|{{yes2}}Win
|26–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Chad Dawson]]
|TKO
|10 (12), {{small|2:45}}
|Sep 8, 2012
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Oracle Arena, Oakland, California, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBA (Super), WBC, and ''The Ring'' super middleweight titles}}
|-
|25
|{{yes2}}Win
|25–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Carl Froch]]
|UD
|12
|[[Andre Ward vs. Carl Froch|Dec 17, 2011]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Boardwalk Hall]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBA (Super) super middleweight title; Won [[list of WBC world champions#Super middleweight|WBC]] and vacant [[list of The Ring world champions#Super middleweight|''The Ring'' super middleweight titles]]; [[Super Six World Boxing Classic#Final|Super Six World Boxing Classic: final]]}}
|-
|24
|{{yes2}}Win
|24–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Arthur Abraham]]
|UD
|12
|[[Andre Ward vs. Arthur Abraham|May 14, 2011]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Home Depot Center, Carson, California, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBA (Super) super middleweight title; [[Super Six World Boxing Classic#Semi-final|Super Six World Boxing Classic: semi-final]]}}
|-
|23
|{{yes2}}Win
|23–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Sakio Bika]]
|UD
|12
|Nov 27, 2010
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Oracle Arena, Oakland, California, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBA (Super) super middleweight title}}
|-
|22
|{{yes2}}Win
|22–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Allan Green]]
|UD
|12
|Jun 19, 2010
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Oracle Arena, Oakland, California, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained WBA (Super) super middleweight title; [[Super Six World Boxing Classic#Group stage 2|Super Six World Boxing Classic: group stage 2]]}}
|-
|21
|{{yes2}}Win
|21–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Mikkel Kessler]]
|{{abbr|TD|Technical decision}}
|11 (12), {{small|1:42}}
|[[Mikkel Kessler vs. Andre Ward|Nov 21, 2009]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Oracle Arena, Oakland, California, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won [[list of WBA world champions#Super middleweight|WBA (Super) super middleweight title]]; [[Super Six World Boxing Classic#Group stage 1|Super Six World Boxing Classic: group stage 1]]; Unanimous TD: Kessler cut from accidental head clashes}}
|-
|20
|{{yes2}}Win
|20–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Shelby Pudwill
|TKO
|3 (10), {{small|2:16}}
|Sep 12, 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Pechanga Resort & Casino, Temecula, California, U.S.}}
|
|-
|19
|{{yes2}}Win
|19–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Edison Miranda]]
|UD
|12
|May 16, 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Oracle Arena]], [[Oakland, California]], U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Retained NABF and WBO–NABO super middleweight titles}}
|-
|18
|{{yes2}}Win
|18–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Henry Buchanan]]
|UD
|12
|Feb 6, 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Tachi Palace Hotel & Casino, Lemoore, California, U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won WBO–NABO super middleweight title; Won vacant [[list of NABF champions#Super middleweight|NABF super middleweight title]]}}
|-
|17
|{{yes2}}Win
|17–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Esteban Camou
|TKO
|3 (10), {{small|2:46}}
|Dec 13, 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Morongo Casino Resort & Spa]], [[Cabazon, California]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|16
|{{yes2}}Win
|16–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Jerson Ravelo]]
|TKO
|8 (12), {{small|2:37}}
|Jun 20, 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Royal Watler Cruise Terminal, [[George Town, Cayman Islands|George Town]], Cayman Islands}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]]–[[North American Boxing Organization|NABO]] [[super middleweight]] title}}
|-
|15
|{{yes2}}Win
|15–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Rubin Williams (boxer)|Rubin Williams]]
|TKO
|7 (10), {{small|2:51}}
|Mar 20, 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|HP Pavilion, San Jose, California, U.S.}}
|
|-
|14
|{{yes2}}Win
|14–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Roger Cantrell
|TKO
|5 (10), {{small|1:56}}
|Nov 16, 2007
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Beausejour Stadium]], [[Gros Islet]], Saint Lucia}}
|
|-
|13
|{{yes2}}Win
|13–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Francisco Diaz
|TKO
|3 (8), {{small|2:59}}
|Jul 14, 2007
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Home Depot Center]], [[Carson, California]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|12
|{{yes2}}Win
|12–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Dhafir Smith]]
|TKO
|6 (8), {{small|2:47}}
|May 17, 2007
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Tachi Palace Hotel & Casino, Lemoore, California, U.S.}}
|
|-
|11
|{{yes2}}Win
|11–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Julio Jean
|TKO
|3 (8), {{small|2:04}}
|Mar 29, 2007
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|HP Pavilion, San Jose, California, U.S.}}
|
|-
|10
|{{yes2}}Win
|10–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Derrick Findley
|UD
|6
|Nov 16, 2006
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|HP Pavilion, San Jose, California, U.S.}}
|
|-
|9
|{{yes2}}Win
|9–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Andy Kolle]]
|RTD
|6 (8), {{small|3:00}}
|Apr 29, 2006
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Foxwoods Resort Casino]], [[Ledyard, Connecticut]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|8
|{{yes2}}Win
|8–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Kendall Gould
|UD
|6
|Feb 23, 2006
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Tachi Palace Hotel & Casino]], Lemoore, California, U.S.}}
|
|-
|7
|{{yes2}}Win
|7–0
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Darnell Boone]]
|UD
|6
|[[Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Sharmba Mitchell|Nov 19, 2005]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Rose Garden (Portland)|Rose Garden]], [[Portland, Oregon]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|6
|{{yes2}}Win
|6–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Glenn LaPlante
|{{abbr|KO|Knockout}}
|1 (6), {{small|2:59}}
|[[Antonio Tarver vs. Roy Jones Jr. III|Oct 1, 2005]]
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[St. Pete Times Forum]], [[Tampa, Florida]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|5
|{{yes2}}Win
|5–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Christopher Holt
|{{abbr|RTD|Corner retirement}}
|3 (6), {{small|3:00}}
|Aug 18, 2005
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[HP Pavilion at San Jose|HP Pavilion]], [[San Jose, California]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|4
|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Ben Aragon
|TKO
|3 (6), {{small|0:59}}
|Jun 18, 2005
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[FedExForum]], [[Memphis, Tennessee]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|3
|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Roy Ashworth
|{{abbr|DQ|Disqualification}}
|3 (6), {{small|2:56}}
|Apr 7, 2005
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Pechanga Resort & Casino]], [[Temecula, California]], U.S.}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Small|Ashworth disqualified for hitting on the break}}
|-
|2
|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Kenny Kost
|{{abbr|UD|Unanimous decision}}
|6
|Feb 10, 2005
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Palace Indian Gaming Center]], [[Lemoore, California]], U.S.}}
|
|-
|1
|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
|style="text-align:left;"|Chris Molina
|{{abbr|TKO|Technical knockout}}
|2 (4), {{small|0:40}}
|Dec 18, 2004
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|[[Staples Center]], [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.}}
|
|}

==Titles in boxing==
===Major world titles===
* [[list of WBA world champions#Super middleweight|WBA (Super) super middleweight champion]] (168 lbs)
* [[list of WBC world champions#Super middleweight|WBC super middleweight champion]] (168 lbs)
* [[list of WBA world champions#Light heavyweight|WBA (Super) light heavyweight champion]] (175 lbs)
* [[list of IBF world champions#Light heavyweight|IBF light heavyweight champion]] (175 lbs)
* [[list of WBO world champions#Light heavyweight|WBO light heavyweight champion]] (175 lbs)

===''The Ring'' magazine titles===
* [[list of The Ring world champions#Super middleweight|''The Ring'' super middleweight champion]] (168 lbs)
* [[list of The Ring world champions#Light heavyweight|''The Ring'' light heavyweight champion]] (175 lbs)

===Regional/International titles===
* [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]]–[[North American Boxing Organization|NABO]] [[super middleweight]] champion (168 lbs) (2×)
* [[list of NABF champions#Super middleweight|NABF super middleweight champion]] (168 lbs)
* WBO International light heavyweight champion (175 lbs)

==Pay-per-view bouts==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ United States
|-
! No. !! Date !! Fight !! Billing !! Buys !! Network
|-
|align=center|1
|{{center|{{dts|2016|November|19|format=mdy}}}}
|'''Kovalev''' vs. '''Ward'''
|[[Sergey Kovalev vs. Andre Ward|Pound for Pound]]
|160,000<ref>{{Cite web|last=Esco|first=Wil|date=2016-11-29|title=Kovalev-Ward does 160,000 buys|url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2016/11/29/13776300/sergey-kovalev-vs-andre-ward-does-160000-ppv-buys|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Bad Left Hook|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-28|title=Ward-Kovalev does just over 160,000 PPV buys, source says|url=https://www.ringtv.com/475181-ward-kovalev-just-160000-ppv-buys-source-says/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Ring}}</ref>
|[[HBO]]
|-
|align=center|2
|{{center|{{dts|2017|June|17|format=mdy}}}}
|'''Ward''' vs. '''Kovalev''' II
| [[Andre Ward vs. Sergey Kovalev II|The Rematch]]
|125,000<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Mookie|date=2017-06-29|title=Andre Ward-Sergey Kovalev rematch flops on PPV|url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2017/6/29/15891070/andre-ward-vs-sergey-kovalev-rematch-pay-per-view-flop-boxing-news|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Bloody Elbow|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Esco|first=Wil|date=2017-06-29|title=Ward-Kovalev II predictably flops on PPV|url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2017/6/29/15894350/ward-kovalev-ii-predictably-flops-on-ppv|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Bad Left Hook|language=en}}</ref>
|HBO
|-
!
!
! colspan="2" | Total sales
! 285,000
!
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Films
|-
! Year
! Film title
! Role
! Form
|-
| 2015
| [[Creed (film)|Creed]]
| Danny "Stuntman" Wheeler
|-
| 2018
| [[Creed II]]
| Danny "Stuntman" Wheeler
|-
| 2023
| ''S.O.G.: The Book of Ward''
| Himself
| Documentary
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Andre Ward}}
*{{Official website|http://www.andresogward.com}}
*{{Boxrec|id=281958}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070317050246/http://www.usolympicteam.com/26_885.htm Andre Ward U.S. Olympic team profile]}} (archived)
*[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-dec-04-la-sp-victor-conte4-2009dec04-story.html Article about Andre Ward's involvement with Victor Conte] by ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''
*[http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/ward-andre.htm Andre Ward profile] at Cyber Boxing Zone

{{s-start-collapsible|header={{s-sports}} }}
{{s-text|style=background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;|text=Amateur boxing titles}}
{{s-before|before=[[Curtis Stevens (boxer)|Curtis Stevens]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States national amateur boxing light heavyweight champions|U.S. light heavyweight champion]]
|years=2003}}
{{s-after|after=Marcus Johnson}}
{{s-text|style=background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;|text=Regional boxing titles}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Jean Pascal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[North American Boxing Organization|NABO]] [[super middleweight]] champion
|years=June 20, 2008 – November 2008 Vacated}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Andre Dirrell]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=Andre Dirrell}}
{{s-ttl|title=NABO super middleweight champion
|years=February 6, 2009 – September 2009 Vacated}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Allan Green]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Peter Manfredo Jr.]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of NABF champions#Super middleweight|NABF super middleweight champion]]
|years=February 6, 2009 – September 2009 Vacated}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Sébastien Demers]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Artur Beterbiev]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=WBO International [[light heavyweight]] champion
|years=August 6, 2016 – [[Sergey Kovalev vs. Andre Ward|November 19, 2016]] Won world title}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Umar Salamov]]}}
{{s-text|style=background:#C1D8FF; font-weight: bold;|text=World boxing titles}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mikkel Kessler]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of WBA world champions#Super middleweight|WBA super middleweight champion]] [[WBA (Super)|Super title]]
|years=[[Mikkel Kessler vs. Andre Ward|November 21, 2009]] – November 12, 2015 Vacated}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Fedor Chudinov]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Carl Froch]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of WBC world champions#Super middleweight|WBC super middleweight champion]]
|years=[[Andre Ward vs. Carl Froch|December 17, 2011]] – April 11, 2013 Status changed}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Sakio Bika]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Joe Calzaghe]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of The Ring world champions#Super middleweight|''The Ring'' super middleweight champion]]
|years=December 17, 2011 – February 19, 2015 Stripped}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Callum Smith]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|rows=3|before=[[Sergey Kovalev]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of WBA world champions#Light heavyweight|WBA light heavyweight champion]] [[WBA (Undisputed)|Undisputed title]]
|years=November 19, 2016 – September 21, 2017 Retired}}
{{s-non|reason=Title discontinued}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of IBF world champions#Light heavyweight|IBF light heavyweight champion]]
|years=November 19, 2016 – September 21, 2017 Retired}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Artur Beterbiev]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of WBO world champions#Light heavyweight|WBO light heavyweight champion]]
|years=November 19, 2016 – September 21, 2017 Retired}}
{{s-vac|next=Sergey Kovalev}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Adonis Stevenson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of The Ring world champions#Light heavyweight|''The Ring'' light heavyweight champion]]
|years=[[Andre Ward vs. Sergey Kovalev II|June 17, 2017]] – September 21, 2017 Retired}}
{{s-vac}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-before|rows=2|before=[[Sergio Martínez (boxer)|Sergio Martínez]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year#2010s|''The Ring'' Fighter of the Year]]
|years=2011}}
{{s-after|after=[[Juan Manuel Márquez]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Sugar Ray Robinson Award#2010s|BWAA Fighter of the Year]]
|years=2011}}
{{s-after|after=[[Nonito Donaire]]}}
{{s-before|before=[[Badou Jack]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[The Ring magazine Comeback of the Year#2010s|''The Ring'' Comeback of the Year]]
|years=2016}}
{{s-after|after=[[Sadam Ali]]}}
{{s-ach|ach}}
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William J. Donovan

2025-05-23T20:31:18Z

99.185.77.46: /* World War I */

{{short description|American soldier, lawyer, and intelligence officer (1883–1959)}}
{{For|other people with the name|William Donovan (disambiguation){{!}}William Donovan}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bill Donovan
| image = William Joseph (Wild Bill) Donovan, Head of the OSS.jpg{{!}}border
| office1 = Director of the [[Office of Strategic Services]]
| president1 = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] [[Harry S. Truman]]
| deputy1 = [[John Magruder (United States Army officer, born 1887)|John Magruder]]
| term_start1 = June 13, 1942
| term_end1 = October 1, 1945
| predecessor1 = Himself (as Coordinator of Information)
| successor1 = [[John Magruder (United States Army officer, born 1887)|John Magruder]] (as Director of the [[Strategic Services Unit]])
| office2 = [[United States Ambassador to Thailand]]
| president2 = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| term_start2 = September 4, 1953
| term_end2 = August 21, 1954
| predecessor2 = Edwin F. Stanton
| successor2 = [[John Peurifoy]]
| office3 = [[Office of the Coordinator of Information|Coordinator of Information]]
| president3 = Franklin D. Roosevelt
| term_start3 = July 11, 1941
| term_end3 = June 13, 1942
| predecessor3 = Position established
| successor3 = Himself (as Director of the Office of Strategic Services)
| office4 = [[United States Assistant Attorney General|Assistant Attorney General]] for the [[United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division|Antitrust Division]]
| president4 = [[Calvin Coolidge]]
| term_start4 = 1926
| term_end4 = 1927
| predecessor4 = Position established
| successor4 = [[John Lord O'Brian]]
| office5 = [[United States Assistant Attorney General|Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division]]
| president5 = [[Calvin Coolidge]]
| term_start5 = 1924
| term_end5 = 1925
| predecessor5 = Earl J. Davis
| successor45 = [[Oscar Luhring]]
| office6 = [[United States Attorney for the Western District of New York]]
| term_start6 = 1922
| term_end6 = 1924
| president6 = [[Warren G. Harding]]
| predecessor6 = Stephen T. Lockwood
| successor6 = Thomas Penney Jr.
| birth_name = William Joseph Donovan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1883|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Buffalo, New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1959|2|8|1883|1|1}}
| death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| restingplace = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| education = [[Niagara University]] [[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| awards = {{Unbulleted list|[[National Security Medal]]|[[Freedom Award]]}}
| nickname = "Wild Bill"<ref name=Brown-56>{{harvnb|Brown|1982|p=56}}</ref>
| allegiance = [[United States of America|United States]]
| branch = {{Unbulleted list|[[New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs|New York National Guard]]|[[United States Army]]|[[United States Army Reserve]]}}
| serviceyears = {{Unbulleted list|1912–1917 (National Guard)|1917–1919 (active)|1919–1941 (reserve)|1941–1945 (active)}}
| rank = [[Major general (United States)|Major General]]
| commands = {{Unbulleted list|1st Battalion, [[69th New York Infantry Regiment|165th Infantry Regiment]]|[[69th New York Infantry Regiment|165th Infantry Regiment]]|[[Office of Strategic Services]]}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
*[[Pancho Villa Expedition]]
*[[World War I]]
** [[United States campaigns in World War I#Champagne-Marne, 15–18 July 1918|Champagne-Marne]]
** [[United States campaigns in World War I#Aisne-Marne, 18 July – 6 August 1918|Aisne-Marne]]
** [[Battle of Saint-Mihiel|St. Mihiel]]
** [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive|Meuse-Argonne]]
** [[Western Front (World War I)|Defensive Sector]]
*[[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Russian Civil War]]
*[[World War II]]
** [[American Theater (World War II)|American Theater]]
** [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater]]
** [[List of United States Army campaigns during World War II#European–African–Middle East Theater|European-African-Middle Eastern Theater]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| mawards = {{Unbulleted list|[[Medal of Honor]]||[[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]|[[Army Distinguished Service Medal]] (2)|[[Silver Star]]|[[Purple Heart]] (3)}}
}}
'''William Joseph''' "'''Wild Bill'''"<ref name=Brown-56/> '''Donovan''' {{post-nominals|country=USA-cats|sep=,||KBE}} (January 1, 1883 – February 8, 1959) was an American soldier, lawyer, [[intelligence officer]] and diplomat. He is best known for serving as the head of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS), the precursor to the [[Bureau of Intelligence and Research]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), during [[World War II]]. He is regarded as the founding father of the CIA, and a statue of him stands in the lobby of the [[George Bush Center for Intelligence|CIA headquarters building]] in [[Langley, Virginia]].

A decorated veteran of [[World War I]], Donovan is believed to be the only person to have been awarded all four of the following prestigious decorations: the [[Medal of Honor]], the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]], the [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]], and the [[National Security Medal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-29 |title=William J. Donovan |url=https://www.justice.gov/criminal/history/assistant-attorneys-general/william-j-donovan |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the [[Silver Star]] and [[Purple Heart]], as well as decorations from a number of other nations for his service during both World Wars.

==Early life==
Of [[Irish people|Irish]] descent, Donovan was born in [[Buffalo, New York]], to Anna Letitia "Tish" Donovan (née [[Lennon (name)|Lennon]]) and Timothy P. Donovan, both American-born children of Irish immigrants. The Lennons were from [[Ulster]] and the Donovans from [[County Cork]]. Donovan's grandfather, Timothy O'Donovan Sr., was from the town of [[Skibbereen]]; raised by an uncle who was a parish priest, he married Donovan's grandmother Mary Mahoney, who belonged to a propertied family of substantial means that disapproved of him. They first moved to Canada and then to Buffalo, where they dropped the "O" from their name. Donovan's father, born in 1858, worked as the superintendent of a Buffalo railroad yard, as secretary for Holy Cross Cemetery, and attempted to engage in a political career with little success.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=9–10}}

Donovan was born on New Year's Day in 1883. (Named William, he chose his middle name, Joseph, at the time of his confirmation.) He had two younger brothers and two younger sisters who survived into adulthood and several additional younger siblings who died in infancy or childhood. "From Anna's side of the family came style and etiquette and the dreams of poets," Donovan's biographer, [[Douglas C. Waller|Douglas Waller]], wrote. "From Tim came toughness and duty and honor to country and clan."{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=11}} Donovan attended [[St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute]], a Catholic institution at which he played football, acted in plays, and won an award for oratory. He went on to [[Niagara University]], a Catholic university and seminary where he undertook a [[pre-law]] major. Considering the priesthood, he ultimately decided "he wasn't good enough to be a priest," although he did win another oratorical contest, this time with a speech warning of corrupt, anti-Christian forces that threatened the United States.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=12}}

With the expectation of studying law, Donovan eventually transferred to [[Columbia University]], where he looked beyond "Catholic dogma" and attended Protestant and Jewish worship services to decide whether he wanted to change religions.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=13}} He joined the [[Phi Kappa Psi]] fraternity, rowed on varsity crew, again won a prize for oratory, was a campus football hero, and was voted the "most modest" and one of the "handsomest" members of the graduating class of 1905.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

After earning his bachelor of arts, Donovan spent two years at [[Columbia Law School]], where he was a classmate of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and studied under [[Harlan F. Stone|Harlan Fiske Stone]]. Returning to Buffalo, he joined the respected law firm of Love & Keating in 1909 and, two years later, opened his own Buffalo firm in partnership with a Columbia classmate, [[Bradley Goodyear]]. In 1914, their firm merged with another, becoming Goodyear & O'Brien.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=14}} In 1912, Donovan helped form, and became the leader of, a troop of cavalry of the [[New York National Guard]].<ref name=Legion>Thomas A. Rumer, ''The American Legion: A Official History, 1919–1989'', New York: M. Evans and Co., 1990; p. 107. {{ISBN?}}</ref> This unit was [[mobilization|mobilized]] in 1916 and served on the [[U.S.-Mexico border|U.S.–Mexico border]] during the American government's campaign against [[Pancho Villa Expedition|Pancho Villa]].<ref name=Legion/> He studied military strategy and combat tactics.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=15}} He also took acting courses in New York City from a stage star of the day, [[Eleanor Robson Belmont|Eleanor Robson]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=16}} In 1914, he married Ruth Rumsey, a Buffalo heiress who had attended Rosemary Hall.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=16–17}}

In 1916, Donovan spent several months in [[Berlin]] on behalf of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], seeking to persuade the governments of Britain and Germany to allow the shipment of food and clothing into Belgium, Serbia, and Poland. In July of that year, at the behest of the [[United States Department of State|State Department]], he returned to the U.S. and took his cavalry troop to the Texas border to join Brigadier General [[John J. Pershing]]'s army in the hunt for Pancho Villa.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=18}} Promoted to major in the field, he returned to Buffalo, then joined the [[69th New York Infantry Regiment|69th Regiment]], also known as the "Fighting Irish Regiment." This was the same 69th of [[American Civil War|Civil War]] fame,<ref>Sean Michael Flynn "The Fighting 69th</ref> later called the 165th, which was training for America's expected entry into [[World War I]], and which became part of the [[42nd Infantry Division (United States)|42nd Division]], also known as the "Rainbow Division."<ref>William Manchester American Caesar</ref> [[Douglas MacArthur]] was the 42nd Division's chief of staff.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=18, 20}} Donovan's son David was born in 1915, and a daughter, Patricia, was born in 1917. (Patricia died in an accident in 1940.){{sfn|Waller|2011|p=57}}

==World War I==
[[File:111-SC-25158 - NARA - 55209863-cropped.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Lieutenant Colonel William J. Donovan in uniform, September 6, 1918]]

During World War I, Major Donovan led the 1st Battalion, [[69th Infantry Regiment (New York)|165th Infantry]] of the 42nd Division. Serving in France, he suffered a [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]] wound in one leg and was almost blinded by gas. After performing a rescue under fire, he was offered the [[Croix de Guerre]], but turned it down because a [[Jewish]] soldier who had taken part in the rescue had not also been awarded the honor. After that insult had been corrected, Donovan accepted the distinction.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=21–22}} He was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] for leading an assault during the [[Third Battle of the Aisne|Aisne-Marne campaign]], in which hundreds of members of his regiment died, including his acting adjutant, the poet [[Joyce Kilmer]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=22}} The 1940 [[James Cagney]] movie, ''[[The Fighting 69th]]'', dramatised the events of this battle and the 69th Infantry Regiment's role in it.

[[File:111-SC-23728 - NARA - 55207066 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|General [[John J. Pershing]] decorates Brigadier General [[Douglas MacArthur]] (third from left) with the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] in late 1918. Major General [[Charles T. Menoher]] (furthest left) reads out the citation while Colonel [[George E. Leach]] (fourth from left) and Lieutenant Colonel William J. Donovan (right) await their decorations.]]

Donovan's remarkable level of endurance, which far exceeded that of the much younger soldiers under his command, led those men to give him the nickname "Wild Bill", which stuck with him for the rest of his life. Although he "professed annoyance with the nickname", his wife "knew that deep down he loved it".{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=22–23}}

Assigned [[commanding officer]] of the 165th Regiment,{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=23}} Donovan fought in another battle that took place near [[Landres-et-Saint-Georges]] on October 14–15, 1918.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=26}} Going into battle, Donovan "ignored the officers' custom of covering or stripping off insignia of rank (targets for snipers) and instead sallied forth wearing his medals", according to [[Evan Thomas]].<ref name="Vanity Fair"/> "They can't hit me and they won't hit you!" he told his men.<ref name="Vanity Fair"/> Struck in the knee by a bullet, he "refused to be evacuated and continued to direct his men until even American tanks were turning back under withering German fire".<ref name="Vanity Fair">{{cite news|last1= Thomas|first1= Evan|title= Spymaster General|url= http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2011/03/wild-bill-donovan201103|access-date= February 11, 2017|publisher= Vanity Fair|date= March 2011}}</ref> After lobbying by his friend, Father [[Francis P. Duffy]], a famous and widely revered [[Army chaplain]], Donovan was awarded an [[Oak Leaf Cluster]] of the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] (i.e., a second DSC) for his service in that battle. After the [[Armistice]] of November 11, 1918, Donovan remained in Europe as part of the occupation. On returning to New York in April 1919, Donovan, now a colonel, was widely discussed as a possible candidate for governor, but he rejected the idea, proclaiming his intention to return to Buffalo and resume the practice of law.<ref name=CaveBrown>
Anthony Cave Brown, ''Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero''; {{ISBN|978-0812910216}}{{Page needed|date=November 2020}}
</ref>{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=32}}

Medal of Honor
AWARDED FOR ACTIONS
DURING World War I

Service: Army

Division: 42d Division

GENERAL ORDERS:
War Department, General Orders No. 56, December 30, 1922

CITATION:
The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Lieutenant Colonel (Infantry) William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan (ASN: 0-102383), United States Army, for extraordinary heroism on 14 and 15 October 1918, while serving as Commanding Officer, 165th Infantry, 42d Division, American Expeditionary Forces, in action at Landres-et-St. Georges, France. Lieutenant Colonel Donovan personally led the assaulting wave in an attack upon a very strongly organized position, and when our troops were suffering heavy casualties he encouraged all near him by his example, moving among his men in exposed positions, reorganizing decimated platoons, and accompanying them forward in attacks. When he was wounded in the leg by machine-gun bullets, he refused to be evacuated and continued with his unit until it withdrew to a less exposed position.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/3330 |title=Valor awards for William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan |website=Military Times Hall of Valor}}</ref>

Distinguished Service Cross
AWARDED FOR ACTIONS
DURING World War I

Service: Army

GENERAL ORDERS:
War Department, General Orders 71 (1919)

CITATION:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Colonel (Infantry) William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan (ASN: 0-102383), United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in action while serving with 165th Infantry Regiment, 42d Division, A.E.F., near Villers-sur-Fere, France, July 28 - 31, 1918. Colonel Donovan led his battalion across the River Ourcq and captured important enemy strong holds. He was in advance of the division for four days, all the while under shell and machine-gun fire from the enemy, who were on three sides of him, and he was repeatedly and persistently counter-attacked, being wounded twice. Colonel Donovan's coolness and efficient leadership rendered possible the maintenance of this position.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/3330 |title=Valor awards for William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan |website=Military Times Hall of Valor}}</ref>

Army Distinguished Service Medal
AWARDED FOR ACTIONS
DURING World War I

Service: Army

GENERAL ORDERS:
War Department, General Orders No. 43 (1922)

CITATION:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Colonel (Infantry) William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan (ASN: 0-102383), United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As Battalion Commander of the 165th Infantry Regiment, 42d Division, during its operations in the Baccarat Sector from 28 to 31 July 1918, Colonel Donovan demonstrated high professional attainments and marked ability. He displayed conspicuous energy and most efficient leadership in the advance of his battalion across the Ourcq River and the capture of strong enemy positions. In October 1918, as Lieutenant Colonel he commanded the same regiment with marked success and distinction in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. His devotion to duty, heroism, and pronounced qualities of a commander enabled him to successfully accomplish all missions assigned to him in this important operation. From 3 January to 3 March 1919, as Inspector Instructor, Provost Marshall General's Department, he rendered services of great value to the American Expeditionary Forces.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/3330 |title=Valor awards for William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan |website=Military Times Hall of Valor}}</ref>

==Interwar years==
[[File:Medal of Honor, William Donovan, WWI - Flickr - The Central Intelligence Agency.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Medal of Honor presented to Donovan, in the collection of the [[CIA Museum]]]]
[[File:William Joseph Donovan cph.3b17495.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Donovan in 1924, during his time with the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]]]]

Following his return to the U.S., Donovan took his wife on a combined vacation, business trip, and intelligence mission to Japan, China, and Korea, then went on alone to [[Siberia]] during the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Russian Civil War]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=32–33}} He went back to work at his law firm, but also took an extensive journey to Europe, where he did business on behalf of [[J. P. Morgan]] and gathered intelligence about international Communism.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=34}}

From 1922 to 1924, while maintaining his private law practice, he also served as [[United States Attorney for the Western District of New York|U.S. Attorney for the Western District of New York]]. A high point came in 1923, when, as a result of continued pressure from Father Duffy, Donovan was finally awarded the [[Medal of Honor]] for his heroic acts in the battle at [[Landres-et-Saint-Georges]]. Presented with the medal at a New York City ceremony that was attended by about four thousand veterans, Donovan refused to keep it, saying that it belonged not to him but "to the boys who are not here, the boys who are resting under the white crosses in France or in the cemeteries of New York, also to the boys who were lucky enough to come through.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=35}}<ref name=Legion/>

As US Attorney, he was becoming well known as a vigorous crime-fighter.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=38}} He was especially famous (and, in some circles, notorious) for his energetic enforcement of Prohibition.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=38}} There were a number of threats to assassinate him and to dynamite his home, but he was not deterred. The climax of his war on alcohol came in August 1923, when his agents raided Buffalo's upmarket [[Saturn Club]] (of which Donovan himself was a member) and confiscated large amounts of illegal liquor. The club's members, who formed much of the city's upper crust, were outraged, having assumed that Prohibition did not apply to people such as themselves. Some regarded Donovan as a traitor to their class, and recalled that Donovan had not, after all, been born to high station but was, in fact, an Irish Catholic who had married into the world of privileged, professional Protestants. Donovan's law partner, Goodyear, quit their firm in anger over the raid, and Donovan's own wife never forgave him for it. Many working class residents of Buffalo cheered the raid as an example of equal justice under the law, however.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=36-38}}

In 1924, when President [[Calvin Coolidge]] cleaned house at the Department of Justice in the wake of the late President [[Warren G. Harding]]'s [[Teapot Dome scandal]], he appointed Donovan's former professor Harlan Stone as [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] and named Donovan as Stone's assistant, in charge of the criminal division. Donovan and his wife split their time between Washington and Buffalo, where he continued to run his law firm.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=38–39}} At the Justice Department, Donovan hired women and eschewed yes-men. He and his wife became a popular Washington couple, although Donovan's relationship with the acting Director of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|Bureau of Investigation]], [[J. Edgar Hoover]], briefly one of his underlings, was fraught with friction.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=39}}

When Stone was appointed to the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] in 1925, Donovan was put in charge of the Department of Justice's antitrust division, often serving as ''[[de facto]]'' Attorney General during the frequent absences of Stone's successor, [[John Garibaldi Sargent]]. Donovan was admired for his energetic and effective arguments before the Supreme Court, and was a favorite off-the-record source for the Washington press corps. He was talked up as a possible candidate for Governor of New York in 1926 and for the [[United States Vice President|Vice Presidency]] in 1928; [[Herbert Hoover]] promised to make him Attorney General if Hoover won the Presidency in 1928, but instead, under the influence of [[anti-Catholic]] Southerners, among others, Hoover ended up offering him the governorship of the [[Philippines]], a post Donovan turned down.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=39–41}}

Resigning from the Department of Justice in 1929, Donovan moved to [[New York City]] and formed a new law firm, [[Donovan, Leisure, Newton & Irvine]], in partnership with Frank Raichle. Despite the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|stock market crash]], he made a success of handling many of the [[mergers and acquisitions]] and [[Bankruptcy|bankruptcies]] that then resulted; he also acquired celebrity clients, such as [[Mae West]] and [[Jane Wyman]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=41-42}}

Donovan ran on the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] line in the [[1932 New York state election|1932 state election]] to succeed Franklin D. Roosevelt as [[Governor of New York]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=42–43}} Assisting Donovan in his campaign was journalist [[James J. Montague]], who served as "personal adviser and campaign critic".<ref name=nyt-obit>"James Montague, Versifier, Is Dead," ''[[New York Times]]'', December 17, 1941</ref> But despite Donovan's offstage charm and force, he proved to be an uninspiring campaigner on the stump. He ran a disorganized, strategy-free campaign, and in the end lost to the Democratic nominee, [[Herbert Lehman]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=43–44}}

==World War II==
During the interwar years, as "part of an informal network of American businessmen and lawyers who closely tracked and collected intelligence on foreign affairs," Donovan traveled extensively in Europe and Asia, "establishing himself as a player in international affairs – and honing his skills as an intelligence gatherer overseas." He met with such foreign leaders as [[Benito Mussolini]],{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=54}} with whom he discussed World War I, the expansionist ideology of [[Italian Fascism]], and Roosevelt's prospects for re-election in 1936. Mussolini granted Donovan permission to visit the Italian front in [[Ethiopia]], where he found [[Italian Armed Forces|Italy's military]] much improved since the war and predicted an Italian victory. Donovan also made connections with leading figures in [[Nazi Germany]]. But he was no friend of the dictators, publicly assailing [[Hitler]], Mussolini, and [[Stalin]] as [[totalitarian]]s and taking steps to protect his Jewish clients in Europe from the [[Nazi]]s.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=51–55}}

Donovan openly believed during this time that a second major European war was inevitable. His foreign experience and realism earned him the friendship of President Roosevelt, notwithstanding their extreme differences in domestic policy and despite the fact that Donovan, during the 1932 election campaign, had harshly criticized Roosevelt's record as Governor of New York. The two men were from opposing political parties, but were similar in personality.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=44–55}} Roosevelt respected Donovan's experience, felt that Hoover had done Donovan wrong on the Attorney General appointment, and believed that if Donovan had been a Democrat he could have been elected president. Also, Donovan's national profile had risen considerably thanks to the 1940 [[Warner Brothers]] film ''[[The Fighting 69th]]'', in which [[Pat O'Brien (actor)|Pat O'Brien]] played Father Duffy and [[George Brent]] played Donovan, and Roosevelt recognized a useful opportunity to exploit Donovan's newfound popularity. As the two men began exchanging notes about developments abroad, Roosevelt recognized that Donovan could be an important ally and adviser.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=54–55}}

Roosevelt came to place great value on Donovan's insight. Following Germany's and the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]'s invasions of Poland in September 1939 and the start of [[World War II]] in Europe, President Roosevelt began to put the United States on a war footing. This was a crisis of the sort that Donovan had predicted, and he sought out a responsible place in the wartime infrastructure. On the recommendation of Donovan's friend, [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]] [[Frank Knox]], Roosevelt gave him a number of increasingly important assignments. In 1940 and 1941, Donovan traveled as an informal [[Diplomat|emissary]] to Britain, where he was urged by Knox and Roosevelt to gauge Britain's ability to withstand Germany's aggression.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=66–67}}

During these trips, Donovan met with key officials in the British war effort, including [[Winston Churchill]] and the directors of [[British intelligence agencies|Britain's intelligence services]].<ref name="Secret Wars">{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Gordon|title=Secret Wars: One Hundred Years of British Intelligence Inside MI5 and MI6|year= 2010|publisher=Macmillan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAqjMjs09P0C&q=churchill&pg=PT124|access-date=March 23, 2017|isbn=978-1429945769}}</ref> He also had lunch with [[King George VI]]. Donovan and Churchill got along famously, sharing war stories and reciting in unison the nineteenth-century poem "The Cavalier's Song" by [[William Motherwell]].<ref name="Vanity Fair"/> Impressed by Donovan and cheered by his eagerness to help Britain, Churchill ordered that he be given unlimited access to classified information. Donovan returned to the U.S. confident of Britain's chances and enamored of the possibility of founding an American intelligence service modeled on that of the British.<ref name="Secret Wars"/> He strongly urged Roosevelt to give Churchill the aid he requested. Roosevelt wanted to provide such aid, and asked Donovan to use his knowledge of the law to figure out how to skirt the congressional ban on selling armaments to the United Kingdom.<ref name="Vanity Fair"/>

British diplomats, who shared Churchill's admiration for Donovan, expressed the wish to State Department officials that Donovan replace U.S. Ambassador to Britain [[Joseph P. Kennedy]], who favored the appeasers and was defeatist regarding British prospects. In the view of [[Walter Lippmann]], a political columnist, Donovan's findings about Britain's fighting capability "almost singlehandedly overcame the unmitigated defeatism which was paralyzing Washington." Donovan also examined U.S. naval defenses in the Pacific (which he found wanting) and visited several countries along the Mediterranean and in the Middle East, serving as an unofficial envoy for both the U.S. and Britain and urging leaders there to stand up to the Nazis.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=59–63}} He also met frequently in New York with [[British Security Co-ordination]] head [[William Stephenson]], a spy for [[MI6]] who was known as "Intrepid", and Stephenson's deputy, Australian-born MI6 intelligence officer [[Dick Ellis]], who has been credited with writing the blueprint for Donovan's new American intelligence agency.
[[File:Dick Ellis.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Dick Ellis]], with whom Donovan met frequently]]
Donovan and Stephenson, according to Thomas, "eventually became so close that they were known as 'Big Bill' and 'Little Bill'."<ref name="Vanity Fair"/> Donovan, Waller has said, "could not have formed the OSS without the British, who provided intelligence, trainers, organizational charts and advice – all with the idea of making OSS an adjunct to British intelligence. But Donovan wanted to mount his own operations."<ref name="History Net">{{cite web|title=Interview with 'Wild Bill' Donovan Biographer Douglas Waller|url=http://www.historynet.com/interview-with-wild-bill-donovan-biographer-douglas-waller.htm|website=History Net|access-date=February 16, 2017|date=2011-09-08}}</ref>

According to Ellis, quoted in his biography by British-Australian author [[Jesse Fink]]: ‘I was soon requested to draft a blueprint for an American intelligence agency, the equivalent of BSC [British Security Co-ordination] and based on these British wartime improvisations... detailed tables of organisation were disclosed to Washington... among these were the organisational tables that led to the birth of General William Donovan’s OSS.’<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fink |first1=Jesse |title=The Eagle in the Mirror |date=2023 |publisher=Black & White Publishing |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9781785305108 |page=96}}</ref>

Said United States Assistant Secretary of State [[Adolf A. Berle|Adolf Berle]]: ‘The really active head of the intelligence section in [William] Donovan’s [OSS] group is [Ellis] . . . in other words, [Stephenson’s] assistant in the British intelligence [sic] is running Donovan’s intelligence service.’"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fink |first1=Jesse |title=The Eagle in the Mirror |date=2023 |publisher=Black & White Publishing |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9781785305108 |page=97}}</ref>

===OSS===
[[File:Maj Gen William J 'Wild Bill' Donovan, Director, OSS and Colonel William Harding Jackson (ca 1945).jpg|thumb|250px|upright|Donovan (left), Director of the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]], and Colonel [[William Harding Jackson|William H. Jackson]] in April 1945]]
On July 11, 1941, Roosevelt signed an order naming Donovan [[Office of the Coordinator of Information|Coordinator of Information]] (COI). "At the time," Thomas wrote, "the U.S. government had no formal spy agency. In 1929, the Secretary of State, [[Henry L. Stimson]], had abolished the highly effective [[Black Chamber]], a code-breaking organization left over from World War I." In Stimson's view, "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail."<ref name="Vanity Fair"/> The Army, Navy, FBI, State Department, and other entities all ran their own intelligence units, but they were feeble and isolated from one another. They also saw Donovan's new operation as a threat to their turfs.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=70}}

Nevertheless, Donovan began to lay the groundwork for a centralized intelligence program. Working closely with Dick Ellis, it was he who organized the COI's New York headquarters in Room 3603 of [[Rockefeller Center]] in October 1941 and asked [[Allen Dulles]] to head it; the offices Dulles took were on the floor immediately above the location of the operations of Britain's [[MI6]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=352}} Thomas has described the OSS as an "informal" and "freewheeling" place where "[r]ank meant little." David Bruce later recalled: "Woe to the officer who turned down a project because, on its face, it seemed ridiculous or at least unusual  ... His [referring to the ideal officers in the OSS, contrasting with the aforementioned officers, who turned down such projects] imagination was unlimited. Ideas were his plaything. Excitement made him snort like a race horse." Throughout the war, the OSS would endure criticism by segments of the U.S. media and by many highly placed figures in the U.S. government and military. General [[George Marshall]] was an early critic but later changed his mind. Eisenhower was always supportive, as was General [[George Patton]].<ref name="History Net"/>

On December 7, after the [[Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]], Donovan met privately with Roosevelt and [[Edward R. Murrow]], and FDR told Donovan, apropos of the COI, "It's a good thing you got me started on this."{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=85}} When Hitler gave a speech declaring war on the United States, he mentioned Donovan, whom he called "utterly unworthy".{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=87}} Donovan urged Roosevelt not to intern [[Japanese-Americans]], warning that such an action would address a problem that did not exist, do harm to loyal Americans, and provide the Japanese with ammunition for their [[propaganda]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=89}}

Donovan set up espionage and sabotage schools, established [[front companies]], arranged clandestine collaborations with international corporations and the [[Holy See|Vatican]], and oversaw the invention of new, espionage-friendly guns, cameras, and bombs. Donovan also recruited agents, selecting individuals with a wide range of backgrounds – ranging from intellectuals and artists to people with criminal backgrounds. He hired a great many female spies, dismissing criticism by those who felt women were unsuited to such work. Among his prominent recruits were film director [[John Ford]], actor [[Sterling Hayden]], author [[Stephen Vincent Benét]], and [[Eve Curie]], daughter of the scientists [[Marie Curie|Marie]] and [[Pierre Curie]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=93–101, 107}} Other OSS recruits included poet [[Archibald MacLeish]], banker [[Paul Mellon]], businessman Alfred V. du Pont (son of industrialist [[Alfred I. du Pont]]), chef [[Julia Child]], psychologist [[Carl Jung]] (who helped with the effort to analyze the psyches of Hitler and other Nazi leaders), author [[Walter Lord]], and members of the [[Auchincloss]] and [[Vanderbilt family|Vanderbilt families]]. There were so many aristocrats in the agency that the joke went around that OSS stood for "Oh So Social".<ref name="Vanity Fair"/>

In 1942, the COI ceased being a White House operation and was placed under the aegis of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Roosevelt also changed its name to the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS).{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=116}} Donovan was returned to active duty in the [[U.S. Army]] in his World War I rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]]. He was promoted to brigadier general in March 1943 and to major general in November 1944. Under his leadership the OSS would eventually conduct successful espionage and sabotage operations in Europe and parts of Asia, but continued to be kept out of South America owing to Hoover's hostility to Donovan,{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=151}} which also had a deleterious impact on efforts to share information between the two agencies.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=127–128}} In addition, the OSS was blocked from the Philippines by the antipathy of General [[Douglas MacArthur]], the commander of the Southwest Pacific Theater.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=151}} OSS espionage and other on-site activities helped prepare the ground for the 1942 Allied invasion of North Africa, however,{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=130–144}} and Donovan himself took part in the Allied landing at Salerno, Italy, on September 3, 1943,{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=178–179}} and at the Anzio landing on January 22, 1944.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=229}}

Donovan was in fact very active in virtually every theater of World War II. He spent a good deal of time in the [[Balkans]], to which he had urged both Roosevelt and Churchill to pay more attention. He met in Europe with highly placed anti-Nazi Germans to broker an early peace that would allow for occupation by the Western Allies, establish a democratic Germany, and leave the Soviets out in the cold.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=183–192}} In China, he struggled with [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and his underlings for permission to carry out espionage activities in their territory.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=205–214}} He inspected OSS operations in Burma,{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=214–219}} met with [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] in Moscow to arrange for cooperation between the OSS and [[NKVD]],{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=220–224}} and was present for MacArthur's successful April 1944 [[Battle of Hollandia|invasion of Hollandia]] on the northern coast of [[New Guinea]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=233–234}} Overall, the OSS was most effective in the Balkans, China, Burma, and France.<ref name="History Net"/>

By 1943, Donovan's relations with British officials were becoming increasingly strained as a result of turf wars, strategic and tactical disagreements, radical differences in style and temperament (the British accused the OSS of playing "cowboys and red Indians"), and contrasting visions of the postwar world.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=183–192}} (The British wanted to retain their empire; Donovan saw the empire, at least in some instances, as an impediment to democracy and economic development.){{sfn|Waller|2011|p=205}} [[MI6]] chief [[Stewart Menzies]] was extremely hostile towards the idea of OSS operations anywhere in the [[British Empire]], and categorically forbade the OSS to operate within the UK, or to deal with allied [[governments in exile]] which were based in London. Nonetheless, as of May 1944, Donovan had "some eleven thousand American officers and foreign agents scattered in every important capital."{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=235}} During the war he also received intelligence from a network of Catholic priests across Europe who engaged in espionage without the Pope's knowledge.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=256–257}}

On [[D-Day]], Donovan was on one of the ships that took part in the [[Normandy landings]]. Going ashore, he and his commander of covert operations in Europe, Colonel [[David K. E. Bruce]], were shot at by a German plane, then moved on toward the American front lines and encountered German machine-gun fire. As they lay on the ground, Bruce later recalled, Donovan said, "David, we mustn't be captured. We know too much." Donovan said that he had two suicide pills, but then discovered he didn't. "I must shoot first," Donovan said. Bruce replied, "Yes, sir, but can we do much against machine guns with our pistols?" Donovan explained: "Oh, you don't understand. I mean, if we are about to be captured, I'll shoot you first. After all, I am your commanding officer."<ref name="Vanity Fair"/>

Eventually, they found their way to [[General Omar Bradley]]'s newly set-up tent headquarters on the beach. Upon returning to Washington, Donovan reported directly to Roosevelt on what he had observed. The success of the invasion, he said, showed that German naval and air forces were definitely no longer "Big League" and that "something has died in the German machine.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=242–248}} Before the month was over, he was in Italy, implementing reforms in the OSS operation in that theater. He also met with [[Pope Pius XII]], telling him about the activities of intelligence agents working out of the Japanese embassy at the Vatican.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=250–252}} During the weeks leading up to the [[Operation Valkyrie|Valkyrie plot]] to kill Hitler, Dulles, Donovan's man in Switzerland, who was in contact with the plotters, kept him abreast of developments.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=259–263}}

A particular triumph for the OSS was the role it played in conveying intelligence from southern France in the run-up to the [[Operation Dragoon|Allied landing on the French Riviera]] on August 15, 1944. Thanks to Donovan's spies, said Colonel [[William Wilson Quinn]], the invading army "knew everything about that beach and where every German was." Donovan was present for that invasion, too, after which he returned to Rome for a secret meeting with Hitler's envoy to the Vatican, [[Ernst von Weizsäcker]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=264–265}} Shortly afterwards, he met with [[Josip Broz Tito|Marshal Tito]] to discuss OSS operations in Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=274–280}} Also in August 1944, Donovan came into conflict with Churchill over the OSS's support for Greek anti-royalists.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=280–282}}

In the closing days of the war in Europe, Donovan spent much of his time in London, where he worked out of a command center that took up an entire floor of [[Claridge's Hotel]]. He fielded reports from across the continent, where the Wehrmacht was in such chaos that he "knew their positions on the battlefield better than German generals did." In one of many initiatives, he sent out "teams of French, Danish, Norwegian, and Polish nationals" to identify Gestapo officers who had tortured them and who now were trying to blend in with civilians in Allied-controlled areas of Germany. Acting on Donovan's orders, Dulles oversaw the surrender of the remaining Nazi forces in Italy several days in advance of the final German capitulation.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=315–318}}<ref name="Lovell 1963">Lovell, Stanley P. ''Of Spies and Stratagems'', New York: Prentice Hall, 1963. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

===Postwar plans===
As World War II began to wind to a close in early 1945, Donovan began to focus on preserving the OSS beyond the end of the war. A February 19 article in the ''[[Washington Times-Herald]]'' revealed his plans for a postwar intelligence agency and published a secret memo he had sent to Roosevelt proposing its creation. The article compared the proposed agency to the Gestapo. Knowing that Americans wanted a smaller federal government after the war, Roosevelt was not entirely sold on Donovan's proposal, although Donovan felt reasonably confident he could talk the president into the idea. Hoover disapproved of Donovan's plan, which he saw as a direct threat to FBI authority, even though Donovan had stressed that his agency would operate only abroad, not domestically.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=304–309}} After Roosevelt's death in April, however, Donovan's political position was substantially weakened. Although he argued forcefully for the OSS's retention, he found himself opposed by the new president, Harry S. Truman. While the OSS got "glowing reviews" from many wartime commanders, notably Eisenhower, who described its contributions as "vital", critics dismissed it as "an arm of British intelligence" and, like the Times-Herald reporter, painted dark pictures of it as an American Gestapo in the making.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=329}}

===Nuremberg trials===
While British authorities and the US military and State Department were relatively indifferent to the question of trying war criminals after the war, Donovan was lobbying Roosevelt as early as October 1943 to arrange for such prosecutions. Roosevelt tasked Donovan with looking into the legalities and technicalities, and in the months that followed Donovan collected testimonies about war criminals and related information from a wide range of sources. In addition to seeking justice, Donovan wanted to exact retribution for the torture and killing of OSS agents. When Truman named Supreme Court Justice [[Robert H. Jackson]] to serve as chief U.S. counsel in the prosecution of Nazi war criminals, Jackson, discovering that the OSS was the only agency that had seriously explored the issue, invited Donovan to join his trial staff.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=324}}

On May 17, 1945, Donovan flew to Europe to prepare for the prosecutions, and eventually brought 172 OSS officers onto Jackson's team, interviewing [[Auschwitz]] survivors, tracking down SS and Gestapo documents, and uncovering other evidence. Donovan, whose idea it was to hold the trials in [[Nuremberg]], also introduced Jackson to useful foreign officials and even released OSS funds to bankroll the prosecution effort. Eventually, Jackson, who had been a political rival of Donovan's in New York State, considered him a "godsend"; in return for Donovan's help, but also because the OSS had proven "vital for the prosecution team," Jackson lobbied Truman in person to approve of Donovan's plans for a permanent postwar intelligence agency.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=323–331}} The effort was unsuccessful, however. On September 20, 1945, Truman signed an executive order abolishing the OSS.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=338}}

As was only revealed 60 years later, Donovan succeeded in getting the Americans to block the Soviet attempt to add the [[Katyn massacre]] to the list of German war crimes. He had been convinced by the German opponent of Hitler, [[Fabian von Schlabrendorff]], unofficially included on his staff, that it was not the Germans but the Soviet secret service [[NKVD]] that had murdered some 4,000 Polish officers in the [[Katyn (rural locality)|Katyn forest]].<ref>[[Thomas Urban]]: ''The Katyn Massacre 1940. History of a Crime.'' Barnsley 2020, p. 161-165.</ref> But shortly afterwards Donovan came into conflict with Jackson.

In Nuremberg, Donovan interrogated many prisoners, including [[Hermann Göring]], whom he spoke with ten times. But eventually Donovan fell out with Jackson. The latter wanted to indict the entire German High Command, not just men who had personally ordered or committed war crimes; Donovan considered this a violation of American principles of fairness. Donovan, a former prosecutor, also criticized Jackson's lack of skill and experience at putting together a strong case and at courtroom examination and cross-examination. Jackson removed him from the team, and Donovan returned to the U.S., where in January 1946 Truman presented him with the [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=342–349}}

===CIA===
In 1946, Donovan resumed the practice of law and began writing a history of American intelligence since the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] – a book he never completed. He traveled extensively in Europe and Asia and ran unsuccessfully for the [[1946 United States Senate elections|Republican nomination for the US Senate]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=350–351}}

He also became chairman of the newly founded [[American Committee on United Europe]] (ACUE), which worked to counter the new Communist threat to Europe (→ [[Cold War]]) by promoting [[European integration|European political unity]]. The vice-chairman was Dulles, and [[Walter Bedell Smith]] sat on the board as well. The ACUE financed the European Movement, the most important federalist organization in the immediate postwar years. (In 1958, the ACUE provided 53.5% of the movement's funds.) In addition, the ACUE provided all of the funding for the [[European Youth Campaign]], in which [[Joseph Retinger]], [[Robert Schuman]], and [[Paul-Henri Spaak]] were involved.<ref>Clifford, Clark, ''Counsel To The President, A Memoir'', New York: Random House, 1991, pp. 165–66.{{ISBN?}}</ref>

[[File:William Donovan.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Donovan, during his time as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Thailand|ambassador]]]]
Meanwhile, Truman moved forward with plans for a new intelligence agency, finally giving approval in 1946 for a watered-down interdepartmental "Central Intelligence Group." Donovan warned that it would be ineffectual – he compared it to a "debating society" – and he soon proved to be right. As the Cold War quickly intensified, Truman recognized the need for a far stronger intelligence service, and in February 1947 asked Congress to approve plans for a Central Intelligence Agency along the lines Donovan had proposed.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=350–352}} Donovan himself lobbied Congress privately to pass the enabling legislation, the [[National Security Act of 1947]].<ref name="Lovell 1963"/> It was, in Waller's words, "a vindication of Donovan's vision".{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=352}} Among the OSS members who went on to become major CIA figures were Dulles, William Casey, William Colby, and James Jesus Angleton.<ref name="History Net"/>

Donovan wanted to lead the CIA, and had many supporters who urged Truman to put him in charge. Instead, the president gave the job to Admiral [[Roscoe Hillenkoetter]], whom Waller described as "lackluster". Meanwhile, Donovan accepted a Truman appointment to head a committee studying the country's fire departments. But he worked behind the scenes to aid in the formation of the CIA, recommending that Hillenkoetter hire Dulles and other OSS veterans, suggesting various covert operations, and sharing contacts and information from behind the [[Iron Curtain]]. After returning from abroad, U.S. businessmen and ambassadors passed information to Donovan that he shared with the CIA. Instead of being grateful for Donovan's help, Truman was furious, considering him an intrusive meddler.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=353}} In the [[1952 United States presidential election|1952 presidential election]], Donovan campaigned for Eisenhower, who had become a good friend since the war. After his victory, Donovan hoped to be named CIA head, but instead Eisenhower appointed Dulles, whose brother, [[John Foster Dulles]], was the new Secretary of State. Eisenhower offered to make Donovan the [[US Ambassador to France|Ambassador to France]], but Donovan turned down the offer, not wanting to work closely with John Foster Dulles, for whom he had little respect. In August 1953, however, he did accept the post of [[US Ambassador to Thailand|Ambassador to Thailand]], because the country was an important Cold War front and the position was one in which he felt he could operate with relative independence from Secretary Dulles.{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=360–363}}

Donovan took up that post on September 4. While [[History of Thailand#Cold War period|in Thailand]], he frequently traveled to Vietnam, which he thought could become a communist country, a possibility he felt the U.S. ambassador to that country, [[Donald Heath]], lacked the energy and vision to prevent.{{sfn|Waller|2011|p=369}} One source says that he "was deeply involved in setting up C.I.A. operations in Vietnam and throughout Southeast Asia."<ref name="Vanity Fair"/> Although his performance as ambassador received glowing reviews from the [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Thai government]], he resigned from his position effective August 21, 1954.<ref name="Seamus Dubhghaill">{{cite web|last1=Doyle|first1=Jim|title=Death of William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan|url=https://seamusdubhghaill.com/2016/02/08/death-of-william-joseph-wild-bill-donovan/|website=Seamus Dubhghaill|date=February 8, 2016|access-date=23 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="Chiefs of Mission for Thailand">{{cite web|title=Chiefs of Mission for Thailand|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/chiefsofmission/thailand|website=Office of the Historian|publisher=Department of State|access-date=23 March 2017}}</ref>

After returning to the U.S., he resumed his law practice and registered as a lobbyist for the Thai government. Eisenhower made him chairman of the [[People to People International|People to People Foundation]], a group that arranged international citizen exchanges; Donovan also worked with the [[International Rescue Committee]], co-founded [[American Friends of Vietnam]], and in 1956 raised a large sum of money for Hungarians who fled their country after the [[Soviet Army]] had [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|crushed the Hungarian Revolution]].{{sfn|Waller|2011|pp=373–375}}

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Medal of Honor recipient gravestone in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia in 2020 - 13.jpg|thumb|right|Grave of William J. Donovan at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] (March 2020)]]
Donovan had begun experiencing symptoms of dementia while in Thailand, and he was hospitalized in 1957. While in the hospital, he "imagined he saw the Red Army coming over the 59th Street bridge, into Manhattan, and in one memorable last mission, fled the hospital, wandering down the street in his pajamas." Shortly before his death, he was visited by Eisenhower, who later told a friend that Donovan was "the last hero."<ref name="Vanity Fair"/>

Donovan died at the age of 76 from complications of [[vascular dementia]] on February 8, 1959, at [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=CaveBrown/> Upon learning of his death, the CIA sent a cable to its station chiefs: "The man more responsible than any other for the existence of the Central Intelligence Agency has passed away."<ref name="Vanity Fair"/> He is buried in Section 2 of [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref name=CaveBrown/> After his death, Donovan was awarded the [[Freedom Award]] of the [[International Rescue Committee]].<ref name=cia2009december31/> The law firm he founded, [[Donovan, Leisure, Newton & Irvine]], was dissolved in 1998.<ref name="nytobit">[https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/20/business/donovan-leisure-old-line-law-firm-to-shut-its-doors.html "Donovan, Leisure, Newton & Irvine shuts its doors"}, nytimes.com, April 20, 1998.]</ref> His home in [[Chapel Hill (Berryville, Virginia)|Chapel Hill]] near [[Berryville, Virginia]], was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2004.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>

In 2011, it was suggested that a new federal courthouse in Buffalo be named after Donovan, but, instead, it was named after Robert H. Jackson, his rival prosecutor at Nuremberg. In 2014, U.S. Senator [[Charles Schumer]] asked the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs]] (VA) to name an upstate New York cemetery after Donovan. In 2016, however, the VA decided against using Donovan's name. "It is outrageous that nothing has been done to honor Gen. Donovan, one of America's greatest patriots, in Buffalo or western New York," declared Charles Pinck, president of the OSS Society, who had thought the naming of the cemetery after Donovan was "a done deal."<ref name="The Japan Times">{{cite news|title=N.Y. vets' cemetery won't bear 'Wild Bill' Donovan's name, irking WWII U.S. spy group|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/05/25/world/n-y-vets-cemetery-wont-bear-wild-bill-donovans-name-irking-wwii-u-s-spy-group/#.WKt3wLYrKV5|access-date=February 27, 2017|publisher=The Japan Times|date=May 25, 2016}}</ref>

Donovan is a member of the [[Military Intelligence Hall of Fame]].<ref name="nytobit"/> He is also known as the "Father of American Intelligence" and the "Father of Central Intelligence."<ref name=cia2009december31>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100324152943/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/gen.-william-j.-donovan-heads-oss.html CIA: ''Look Back ... Gen. William J. Donovan Heads Office of Strategic Services''], cia.gov; accessed February 27, 2016.</ref><ref name=cia1993september22>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080109192624/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol3no3/html/v03i3a07p_0001.htm CIA: ''William J. Donovan and the National Security''], cia.gov; accessed February 27, 2016.</ref> "The Central Intelligence Agency regards Donovan as its founding father," according to Thomas in a 2011 ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' profile. The [[George Bush Center for Intelligence]], the CIA headquarters building in [[Langley, Virginia]], has a statue of Donovan in the lobby. Thomas observed that Donovan's "exploits are utterly improbable but by now well documented in declassified wartime records that portray a brave, noble, headlong, gleeful, sometimes outrageous pursuit of action and skulduggery."<ref name="Vanity Fair"/>

===William J. Donovan Award===
The William J. Donovan Award was created by the OSS Society, which was founded by Donovan in 1947. The award is presented by the OSS Society to "someone who has exemplified the distinguishing features that characterized General Donovan's lifetime of public service to the United of States of America as a citizen and a soldier." Notable recipients include [[Allen W. Dulles]], President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[Margaret Thatcher]], President [[George H. W. Bush]], and former Director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] [[Gina Haspel]].<ref>{{cite web |title=William J. Donovan Award |url=http://www.osssociety.org/award.html |publisher=Office of Strategic Services Society |access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Donovan's son, David Rumsey Donovan, was a naval officer who served with distinction in World War II. His grandson, William James Donovan, served as an enlisted soldier in Vietnam and is also buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

==Awards and decorations==
'''U.S. awards'''
{|
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Medal of Honor ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Medal of Honor]]<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency">{{cite news|title=A Look Back ... Gen. William J. Donovan Heads Office of Strategic Services|url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/gen.-william-j.-donovan-heads-oss.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324152943/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/gen.-william-j.-donovan-heads-oss.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2010|access-date= March 8, 2017|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref name="The New Yorker"/><ref>Waller 2011, p. 30.</ref>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=US-DSC-RIBBON.png|width=106}}
|[[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] with one [[oak leaf cluster]]<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/><ref name="World War 1"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Silver Star ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Silver Star]]<ref name="The New Yorker">{{cite news|last1=Menand|first1=Louis|title=Wild Thing|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/03/14/wild-thing-louis-menand|access-date=March 14, 2017|magazine=The New Yorker|date=March 14, 2011}}</ref>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=2|type=oak|ribbon=Purple Heart ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Purple Heart]] with two oak leaf clusters<ref name="World War 1">{{cite web|last1=Hendrickson|first1=Raquel|title=William J. Donovan From Fighting Irishman to Spymaster|url=http://www.worldwar1.com/dbc/wjd.htm|website=World War 1 |access-date=March 14, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=USA - National Security Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[National Security Medal]]<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/><ref name="World War 1"/><ref name="Waller 2011, p. 378">Waller 2011, p. 378.</ref>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Mexican Border Service Medal]]<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/><ref name="World War 1"/><ref name="Waller 2011, p. 378"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=5|type=service-star|ribbon=World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[World War I Victory Medal (United States)|World War I Victory Medal]] with silver [[campaign star]]<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/><ref name="World War 1"/><ref name="Waller 2011, p. 378"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=|type=service-star|ribbon=Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Army of Occupation of Germany Medal]]<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/><ref name="World War 1"/><ref name="Waller 2011, p. 378"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=|type=service-star|ribbon=American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[American Defense Service Medal]]<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/><ref name="World War 1"/><ref name="Waller 2011, p. 378"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=|type=service-star|ribbon=American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[American Campaign Medal]]<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/><ref name="World War 1"/><ref name="Waller 2011, p. 378"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=11|type=service-star|other_device=arrowhead|ribbon=European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]] with [[Arrowhead device]], two silver and one bronze campaign stars<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/><ref name="World War 1"/><ref name="Waller 2011, p. 378"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=|type=service-star|ribbon=European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]] ''(second ribbon required for accoutrement spacing)''<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/><ref name="World War 1"/><ref name="Waller 2011, p. 378"/>
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=2|type=service-star|other_device=arrowhead|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]] with Arrowhead device and two bronze campaign stars<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/><ref name="World War 1"/><ref name="Waller 2011, p. 378"/>
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[World War II Victory Medal (United States)|World War II Victory Medal]]<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/><ref name="World War 1"/><ref name="Waller 2011, p. 378"/>
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Army of Occupation Medal]] with 'Germany' clasp<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/><ref name="World War 1"/><ref name="Waller 2011, p. 378"/>
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=AFRM_with_Hourglass_Device.jpg|width=106}}
|[[Armed Forces Reserve Medal]] with bronze [[hourglass device]]<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency"/><ref name="World War 1"/><ref name="Waller 2011, p. 378"/>
|-
|}

'''Foreign awards'''
{|
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|Knight, [[Légion d'honneur]] (France) (World War I)<ref name="The New Yorker"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[Légion d'honneur|Commander, Légion d'honneur]] (France) (World War II)<ref name="Noelle Floyd">{{cite news|last1=Floyd|first1=Noelle|title=Michel Robert receives highest order of France...|url=http://www.noellefloyd.com/michel-robert-receives-highest-order-of-france/|access-date=22 March 2017|publisher=Noelle Floyd|date=January 3, 2014|archive-date=January 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013745/http://www.noellefloyd.com/michel-robert-receives-highest-order-of-france/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=5|type=award-star|ribbon=Croix de guerre 1914-1918 with palm.jpg|width=106}}
|[[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre]] with Palm and Silver Star (France) (World War I)<ref name="The New Yorker"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.png|width=106}}
|[[Order of the British Empire|Honorary Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]]<ref name="The New Yorker"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of Pope Sylvester BAR.svg|width=106}}
|[[Order of St. Sylvester|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Sylvester]] (Vatican) ({{langx|it|Ordine di San Silvestro Papa}})<ref name="World War 1"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Cavaliere OCI BAR.svg|width=106}}
|[[Order of the Crown of Italy|Order of the Crown]] (Italy) ({{langx|it|Ordine della Corona d'Italia}})<ref name="World War 1"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Croce di guerra al merito BAR.svg|width=106}}
|[[War Merit Cross (Italy)|Croce al Merito di Guerra]] (Italy)<ref name="The New Yorker"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=POL Polonia Restituta Komandorski ZG BAR.svg|width=106}}
|Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of [[Polonia Restituta]] (Poland)<ref name="The New Yorker"/><ref name="World War 1"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=BEL - Order of Leopold - Grand Officer bar.svg|width=106}}
|[[Order of Léopold|Grand Officer of the Order of Léopold of Belgium with Palm]]<ref name="World War 1"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Czechoslovak War Cross 1939-1945 Bar.png|width=106}}
|[[Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945|Czechoslovakian War Cross (1939)]]<ref name="World War 1"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Grand Officer.svg|width=106}}
|[[Order of Orange Nassau|Grand Officer of the Order of Orange Nassau]] (Netherlands)<ref name="World War 1"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg|width=106}}
|Grand Cross of the [[Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav]] (Norway)<ref name="World War 1"/>
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the White Elephant - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of [[Order of the White Elephant|The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant]] (Thailand)<ref name="World War 1"/>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Politics|United States}}
* [[Dick Ellis]]
* [[List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I]]
* [[List of members of the American Legion]]
* [[List of U.S. political appointments that crossed party lines]]
* [[Special Activities Division]]
* ''[[Tightrope Walker (sculpture)|Tightrope Walker]]'' (1979), sculpture on the Columbia University campus commemorating Donovan
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book | last = Brown | first = Anthony Cave | author-link = Anthony Cave Brown | title =Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero| place = New York | publisher = Times Books| year = 1982| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=YV3fAAAAMAAJ&q=wild+bill | isbn = 978-0-8129-1021-6 | oclc = 123143243 }}
* {{cite book |last=Waller |first=Douglas |date=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsLlM1lzsZEC |title=Wild Bill Donovan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage |location=New York |publisher=Free Press. |isbn=978-1-4165-6744-8}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last1= Alcorn |first1=Robert |title= No Banners, No Bands |publisher = D. McKay|date=1965}}
* Chalou, George C. ed. ''The Secrets War: The Office of Strategic Services in World War II'' (1992) 24 scholarly essays
* {{Cite book|last1= Clark|first1=Blake|last2=Clark|first2=Nicol|title= Into Siam|publisher = Bobbs-Merrill|date=1946}}
* [[Francis Patrick Duffy|Duffy, Francis Patrick Fr.]] (1919). ''Father Duffy's Story'', New York: [[George H. Doran Company]]. {{OCLC|366081974}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ettinger |first1=Albert M.|last2=Ettinger|first2=A. Churchill |title= A Doughboy with the Fighting 69th|publisher =White Mane Pub. Co.|date=1992|isbn = 0-942597-34-6|oclc= 24846119}}
* Fink, Jesse. ''The Eagle in the Mirror'' (Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing, 2023) {{ISBN|9781785305108}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ford |first=Corey|author-link=Corey Ford| title= Donovan of O.S.S. |publisher= Little, Brown and Company|date=1970|oclc=836436423}}
* {{Cite book|last=Harris |first=Stephen L. |author-link=Stephen L. Harris| title= Duffy's War: Fr. Francis Duffy, Wild Bill Donovan, and the Irish Fighting 69th in World War I|publisher = Potomac Books|date=2006|isbn =1-57488-651-7 |oclc=63692700}}
* {{cite book | last = Hastings | first = Max |author-link=Max Hastings| title = The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939–1945 | publisher = William Collins | location= London| date=2015 | isbn=978-0-00-750374-2}}
* {{Cite book|last= Hogan|first=Martin J.|title= The Shamrock Battalion of the Rainbow: A Story of the Fighting Sixty-Ninth|publisher = D. Appleton|date=1919|oclc= 1896324}}
* {{Cite book | last = Keehn | first = Roy D.| title = Grand Catalogue of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity | place = Chicago | publisher = Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity| year = 1910 | edition =7th | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VuwCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 | oclc = 5469453 }}
* {{cite book | last = Lovell | year = 1964 | first = Stanley P | title = Of Spies & Stratagems | url = https://archive.org/details/ofspiesstratagem00love | url-access = registration | publisher = Pocket Books | asin = B0007ESKHE }}
* Reilly, Henry J.; Heer, F. J. (1936). ''Americans All, the Rainbow at War: The Official History of the 42nd Rainbow Division in the World War''.
* {{Cite book|last= Smith|first= R. Harris|title= OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency|publisher= University of California Press|date= 1972|isbn= 0-520-02023-5|oclc= 534470|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/osssecrethistory00smit}}
* {{Cite book|last= Srodes|first=James |title=Allen Dulles: Master of Spies |publisher = Regnery Publishing|date=1999|isbn = 0-89526-314-9 |oclc= 40744506}}
* Troy, Thomas F (1981). ''Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency'', CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence.
*{{cite book|last=Willbanks|first=James H.|date=2011|title=America's Heroes: Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEzEEAAAQBAJ|location=[[Santa Barbara, California]]|publisher=[[ABC-Clio]]|isbn=978-1-5988-4394-1}}
*{{cite book|title=Pershing's Lieutenants: American Military Leadership in World War I|date=2020|editor1-last=Zabecki|editor1-first=David T.|editor-link1=David T. Zabecki|editor2-last=Mastriano|editor2-first=Douglas V.|editor2-link=Doug Mastriano|location=New York, NY|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-4728-3863-6}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|William J. Donovan}}
* [https://www.empireadc.org/search/catalog/nbuhi_tbhm_b86_6 William J. Donovan Papers, 1913-1920]: An inventory of his papers at the [[Buffalo History Museum]], courtesy of EmpireADC.org.
* [http://www.osssociety.org The OSS Society]
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/library/whatwehave/specialcollections/donovan|title=Donovan Nuremberg Trials Collection at Cornell University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709015550/http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/library/WhatWeHave/SpecialCollections/Donovan|archive-date=July 9, 2012}}
* [http://vault.fbi.gov/William%20J%20Donovan%20 FBI FoI Act Release: File#:77-78706 William J. Donovan]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/004167}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jeremiah Wood]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[Lieutenant Governor of New York]]|years=[[1922 New York state election|1922]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Seymour Lowman]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles H. Tuttle]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[Governor of New York]]|years=[[1932 New York state election|1932]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Moses]]}}
|-
{{s-gov}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Office of the Coordinator of Information|Coordinator of Information]]|years=1941–1942}}
{{s-aft|after=Himself|as=Director of the Office of Strategic Services}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Himself|as=Coordinator of Information}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director of the [[Office of Strategic Services]]|years=1942–1945}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Magruder (Brigadier General)|John Magruder]]|as=Director of the [[Strategic Services Unit]]}}
|-
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Edwin F. Stanton]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to Thailand]]|years=1953–1954}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Peurifoy]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Freedom Award laureates}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Donovan, William}}
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency founding member]]
[[Category:People of the Office of Strategic Services]]
[[Category:Spymasters]]
[[Category:World War II spies for the United States]]
[[Category:United States Army generals of World War II]]
[[Category:United States Army generals]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:American organization founders]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Thailand]]
[[Category:American anti-communists]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Columbia College (New York) alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia Lions football players]]
[[Category:Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Eurofederalism]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau]]
[[Category:History of the European Union]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights of Malta]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of St. Sylvester]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Buffalo, New York]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Buffalo, New York]]
[[Category:New York (state) Republicans]]
[[Category:American recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Papal Lateran Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the War Merit Cross (Italy)]]
[[Category:St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army Medal of Honor recipients]]
[[Category:United States assistant attorneys general for the Antitrust Division]]
[[Category:United States assistant attorneys general for the Criminal Division]]
[[Category:United States attorneys for the Western District of New York]]
[[Category:World War I recipients of the Medal of Honor]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:New York National Guard personnel]]
[[Category:People from Berryville, Virginia]]
[[Category:O'Donovan family]]
[[Category:Deaths from dementia in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]

William G. Sebold

2025-05-23T18:29:26Z

99.185.77.46: /* Coerced into spying */

{{short description|FBI double agent}}
{{for|the writer and academic|W. G. Sebald}}

{{Infobox spy
| honorific_prefix =
| name = William G. Sebold
| honorific_suffix =
| nickname =
|birth_name=Gottlieb Adolf Wilhelm Sebold
| image = Het echtpaar Sebold in NYC (1937).jpg
| caption = William Sebold and his wife photographed in New York City, 1937.
| allegiance = {{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] (double agent) {{flag|United States}}
| agency = [[Abwehr]] [[FBI]]
| serviceyears = 1939–1941
| service =
| rank =
| operation = ''[[Duquesne Spy Ring]]''
| award =
| codename1 = Tramp
| codename2 =
| codename3 =
| codename4 =
| codename5 =
| codename6 =
| codename7 =
| codename8 =
| codename9 =
| other =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1899|3|10}}
| birth_place = [[Mülheim]], [[Rhine Province]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1970|2|16|1899|3|10}}
| death_place = [[Napa, California]]
| buried =
| height =
| nationality =
| religion =
| residence =
| parents =
| spouse = Helen Lena Buchner Sebold
| children =
| occupation = Spy
| alma_mater =
| signature =
}}
'''William G. Sebold''' ({{Langx|de|Gottlieb Adolf Wilhelm Sebold}};<ref>According to the birth certificate provided by the City Archives of Mülheim</ref> March 10, 1899 – February 16, 1970) was a German-born United States citizen who was coerced into becoming a [[spy]] when he visited Germany after being pressured by several high-ranking Nazi members. He informed the American Consul General in Cologne before leaving Germany and became a [[double agent]] for the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]. With the assistance of another German agent, [[Fritz Joubert Duquesne]], he recruited 33 agents that became known as the [[Duquesne Spy Ring]]. In June 1941, the Federal Bureau of Investigation arrested all of the agents. They were convicted and sentenced to a total of 300 years in prison.

== Early life ==

Sebold served in the German army engineering corps during [[World War I]].<ref name="FBI 33 Members">{{USGovernment|url=https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/duquesne-spy-ring|agency=Federal Bureau of Investigation|title=The Duquesne Spy Ring • The 33 Members of the Duquesne Spy Ring|date=12 March 1985|via=Freedom of Information Act}}</ref> After emigrating to the United States in 1922, he married and worked in industrial and aircraft plants throughout the United States and [[South America]].<ref name="FBI 33 Members" /> On February 10, 1936, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.<ref name="FBI 33 Members" />

He returned to Germany in February 1939 to visit his mother in Mülheim. Upon his arrival in [[Hamburg, Germany]], he was approached by a [[Gestapo]] agent who said that Sebold would be contacted in the near future due to the knowledge he obtained while working in United States aircraft factories. Sebold proceeded to Mülheim where he obtained employment.<ref name="FBI 33 Members" />

== Coerced into spying ==
[[File:Questioning of Frederick Duquesne in office of Harry Sawyer, June 25, 1941.tif|thumb|upright=1.6|Surveillance photographs of Sebold and Duquesne.]]
In September 1939, a Dr. Gassner visited Sebold in Mülheim and interrogated him regarding military planes and equipment in the United States. He also asked Sebold to return to the United States as an espionage agent for Germany. Gassner and another man, a "Dr. Renken," told him that they would expose information that he had omitted from his U. S. citizenship application about serving time in a German jail unless he agreed to assist them.<ref name="FBI 33 Members" /><ref name="davidkahn">{{cite book |last=Kahn |first=David |author-link=David Kahn (writer) |title=Hitler's Spies, Germany Military Intelligence in World War II |year=1978 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=0-306-80949-4 }}</ref> Renken was in fact Major Nickolaus Ritter of the [[Abwehr]].<ref name="FBI 33 Members" />

After the threats to his family, his life, and his citizenship, Sebold agreed to cooperate with the Nazis. He was then sent to a seven-week training program in Hamburg, German, where he learned to operate a clandestine shortwave radio that he would set up when he returned to the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnQduXa4JdoC|title=The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide|last=Theoharis|first=Athan G.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780897749916|language=en}}</ref>

Ritter gave Sebold final instructions before he left for the United States including [[shortwave radio]] codes and the use of microphotographs. Sebold was given the alias "Harry Sawyer",<ref name="FBI 33 Members" /> the code name TRAMP, and Abwehr number A.3549.<ref name=Westpoint>{{cite web | url=http://www.nnhs65.com/BILL-LEE/AMERICAs-Spies.pdf | title=America's Spies | access-date=February 22, 2023 }}</ref>

Sebold was tasked to meet with various spies, pass along instructions to them from Germany, receive messages in return, and transmit them back in code to Germany.<ref name="FBI Centennial History">{{cite book | url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/a-centennial-history/the-fbi-a-centennial-history-1908-2008 | title=The FBI: A Centennial History, 1908-2008 | year=2008 | publisher=U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation | access-date=May 11, 2016 | page=44 | isbn=978-0-16-080954-5 | location=Washington, D.C. }}{{USGovernment}}</ref> The intention was to pull off the efforts of spies who were passing technological secrets to the Germans during World War II.

=== Contacts U.S. consulate ===

Before leaving Germany, Sebold visited the U.S. [[Consulate]] in [[Cologne, Germany]], and insisted on speaking with the [[Consul General]]. He told the Consul that he had been blackmailed into becoming a German spy but that he was a loyal American citizen and wanted to cooperate with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the United States. The U.S. government agreed.<ref name="FBI 33 Members" /><ref name="DW p. 141">{{cite book|author1=Reinhard R. Doerries|author2=Gerhard L. Weinberg|title=Hitler's Intelligence Chief: Walter Schellenberg: Walter Schellenberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n58KBgb8mz4C&pg=PA141|date=October 18, 2013|publisher=Enigma Books|isbn=978-1-936274-13-0|page=141}}</ref>

Sebold sailed from [[Genoa, Italy]], and arrived in [[New York City]] on February 8, 1940. There, Sebold (with secret help from the FBI) set himself up as a consulting diesel engineer, with an office in [[Times Square]] in [[Manhattan]].<ref name="FBI 33 Members" /><ref name="FBI Centennial History" />

=== Duquesne Spy Ring ===
{{main article|Duquesne Spy Ring}}
With the assistance of the FBI, "Harry Sawyer" was able to obtain an office in [[Times Square]] for a company under the name "Diesel Research Company." This office provided a seemingly safe space where Nazi spies felt comfortable meeting with and discussing their plans with Sebold. The office also allowed spies to send letters to manufacturers like Consolidated Aircraft Corporation, where they would then receive letters back such as "Development of Diesel Engines."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9X5a1fgKqewC|title=A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century|last=Richelson|first=Jeffery T.|date=1997-07-17|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199880584|language=en}}</ref> The spies came to the office to deliver blueprints, wartime information, and other sensitive information regarding the United States. However, the office was outfitted with hidden microphones and two-way mirrors, so FBI agents would be able to film the meetings for future use. Using the office, the FBI were able to obtain countless hours of incriminating footage. For example, the group's leader Fritz Joubert Duquesne was caught discussing how fires could be started at industrial plants to slow production, and showed photographs of blueprints for a new bomb being built in the United States. In different footage, a spy explains his plan to bomb a building, going as far as bringing dynamite and detonation caps to Sebold's office.

[[File:Mug shots of the 33 convicted members of the Duquesne spy ring (cropped).tif|thumb|right|upright=1.6|Mugshots of Duquesne Spy Ring members. In his office and with cameras secretly rolling, Sebold met with a string of Nazis who wished to pass secret and sensitive national defense and wartime information to the Gestapo.<ref name="FBI Centennial History" />]]

Sebold was instructed by the Abwehr to contact Fritz Joubert Duquesne, code-named DUNN, a German spy in New York. Duquesne had been a spy for Germany since World War I; before that, he had been a [[Boer]] spy in the [[Second Boer War]].<ref name=Westpoint /><ref>{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Duffy|title=Double Agent: The First Hero of World War II and How the FBI Outwitted and Destroyed a Nazi Spy Ring|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXIHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|date=July 22, 2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-6795-0|page=188}}</ref> In the United States, Duquesne had been a [[New York Herald]] journalist and was the "master coordinator" of the Nazi spies operating in the United States. He contacted aircraft and other technology companies and requested information that he claimed he would use for his lectures. Any plans or photos that he received were sent to the [[Wehrmacht]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

At their first meeting, Duquesne was extremely worried about the possibility of listening devices in Sebold's office. He gave Sebold a note suggesting that they should talk elsewhere. After relocating to an [[automat]], the two men exchanged information about members of the German espionage system with whom they had been in contact.<ref name="FBI 33 Members" />

In his office and with cameras secretly rolling, Sebold met with a string of Nazis who wished to pass secret and sensitive national defense and wartime information to the Gestapo.<ref name="FBI Centennial History" />

Duquesne provided Sebold with information for transmittal to Germany during subsequent meetings, and the meetings that occurred in Sebold's office were filmed by FBI Agents. Duquesne, who was vehemently anti-British, submitted information dealing with national defense in America, the sailing of ships to British ports, and technology. He also regularly received money from Germany in payment for his services.<ref name="FBI 33 Members" />

On one occasion, Duquesne provided Sebold with photographs and specifications of a new type of bomb being produced in the United States. He claimed that he secured that material by secretly entering the DuPont plant in Wilmington, Delaware. Duquesne also explained how fires could be started in industrial plants. Much of the information Duquesne obtained was the result of his correspondence with industrial concerns. Representing himself as a student, he requested data concerning their products and manufacturing conditions.<ref name="FBI 33 Members" />

In May 1940, FBI agents on Long Island set up a [[shortwave]] radio station, and established contact with the Abwehr's radio station in Germany, posing as part of Sebold's spy ring. For 16 months this radio station was a main channel of communication between German spies in New York City and the Abwehr. During this time, the FBI's radio station transmitted over 300 messages containing falsified or useless information to Germany, and received 200 messages from Germany. Through Sebold, the U.S. identified dozens of German agents in the United States, Mexico and South America.<ref name="FBI 33 Members" /><ref name="FBI Centennial History" />

In June 1941, the FBI arrested thirty-three German agents that were part of Sebold's network. Nineteen of the agents arrested pleaded guilty. The remainder were tried in [[Federal District Court]], [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]], beginning 3 September 1941. The jury found all fourteen guilty on 13 December 1941.<ref name="FBI 33 Members" /> The thirty-three members of the Duquesne Spy Ring were sentenced to serve a total of over three hundred years in prison. Duquesne was sentenced to eighteen years in prison. The Duquesne Spy Ring remains the largest [[espionage]] case in U.S. history that ended in convictions.

As a result of the massive investigation, when the United States entered the war the FBI was confident that there was not a major German espionage network hidden in the United States.<ref name="FBI Centennial History" />

When the trial ended, Sebold disappeared. He entered a government witness protection program and moved to California under another assumed identity. He had countless jobs, even trying to be a chicken farmer, but could not ever hold down a job and was constantly plagued by bad health. Additionally, letters from his family back in Germany explained that the Nazis still wanted to exact their revenge, leaving him in a constant state of fear. Sebold was diagnosed with manic depression and committed to [[Napa State Hospital]] in 1965. Five years later he suffered a heart attack and died.<ref name="Westpoint" />

==Books and film==
Books detailing Sebold's career as a double agent include:
* The 1943 book ''[[Passport to Treason: The Inside Story of Spies in America]]'', written by [[Alan Hynd]].
* The 2014 book ''Double Agent: The First Hero of World War II and how the FBI Outwitted and Destroyed a Nazi Spy Ring'', written by Peter Duffy.

Film:
* The 1945 thriller, ''[[The House on 92nd Street]],'' is a thinly disguised version of the Duquesne Spy Ring saga.

==See also==
* [[FBI Counterintelligence Division]]
** [[British Security Co-ordination]]
* [[Leon G. Turrou]], FBI Special Agent - 1938 Rumrich-[[Ignatz Theodor Griebl|Greibl]] Ring

== References ==
{{Commons category|William G. Sebold}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sebold, William G.}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Double agents]]
[[Category:Federal Bureau of Investigation agents]]
[[Category:German Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:World War II spies for the United States]]
[[Category:People from Mülheim]]
[[Category:People with bipolar disorder]]
[[Category:World War II spies for Germany]]
[[Category:German emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Fritz Duquesne]]

Lucien Sarti

2025-05-16T05:47:52Z

99.185.77.46: /* The Murderers of John F. Kennedy and The Men Who Killed Kennedy */

{{Short description|French drug trafficker (1937–1972)}}
'''Lucien Sarti''' (8 October 1937<ref>{{cite book |last=Aguirre |first=Osvaldo |date=2008 |title=La Conexion Latina: de La Mafia Corsa a la Ruta Argentina de La Heroina |location=Buenos Aires |publisher=Tusquets Editors |page=67 |isbn=978-9871210732}}</ref> – 28 April 1972<ref name="Menéndez">{{cite news |last=Menéndez |first=Jorge Fernández |author-link=Jorge Fernández Menéndez |date=November 22, 2013 |title=Kennedy: Oswald, Sarti, México |url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/opinion/jorge-fernandez-menendez/2013/11/22/930020 |newspaper=Excélsior |location=Mexico City |access-date=November 9, 2014}}</ref>) was a French [[drug trafficker]].<ref name="The Gazette; February 8, 1975">{{cite news |date=February 8, 1975 |title=The dice turn sour for a pair of high rollers |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19750208&id=DpYtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YaEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3077,1832875 |newspaper=The Gazette |location=Montreal |page=12 |access-date=December 8, 2014}}</ref> Sarti was shot to death in Mexico in 1972 in a drug trafficking ring raid.

==Drug smuggling==
On 19 April 1968, Sarti was arrested along with [[Auguste Ricord]] and François Chiappe for questioning regarding the robbery of a branch of the [[Banco de la Nación Argentina|National Bank of Argentina]].<ref name="Hall">{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Isabelle |date=September 22, 1972 |title=Heroin, Smuggling Case May Uncover Mystery |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=110&dat=19720921&id=ro9aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LEoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6925,6396330 |newspaper=Ludington Daily News |location=Ludington, Michigan |agency=UPI |page=8 |access-date=December 8, 2014}}</ref> The three were released due to lack of evidence.<ref name="Hall" /> In April 1972, Sarti was shot to death in Mexico City during a raid of a drug trafficking ring by the [[Federal Police (Mexico)|Mexican federal police]].<ref name="The Gazette; February 8, 1975" /><ref name="Hall" /><ref name="Chicago Tribune; January 30, 1975">{{cite news |title=19 indicted in dope smuggling |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/01/30/page/6/article/elvis-presley-enters-hospital |work=Chicago Tribune |volume=128 |issue=30 |edition=Final |at=Section 1, page 6 |date=January 30, 1975 |access-date=September 3, 2017}}</ref> A detective in Rio de Janeiro was later suspended from the police force after being accused of accepting a bribe to free Sarti and his girlfriend Helena Ferreira from jail earlier in 1972.<ref name="The Pittsburgh Press; November 15, 1972">{{cite news |title=Jail Escape Plot, Rio Cop Linked |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19721115&id=b1gqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TFMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7465,7049374 |newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press |location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |agency=UPI |page=36 |date=November 15, 1972 |access-date=December 8, 2014}}</ref> In January 1975, four French citizens alleged to have supplied heroin to Sarti were among a group of 19 [[indicted]] by a federal [[grand jury]] in [[Brooklyn]].<ref name="Chicago Tribune; January 30, 1975" />

==Allegations of involvement in the assassination of John F. Kennedy==
===''The Murderers of John F. Kennedy'' and ''The Men Who Killed Kennedy''===
In November 1988, Steve J. Rivele's French-published book ''The Murderers of John F. Kennedy'' named Sarti as one of three French gangsters involved in the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]].<ref name="Chicago Tribune; November 9, 1988">{{cite news |last=Kozlol |first=Ronald |date=November 9, 1988 |title=Book resurrects mob-JFK theory |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1988/11/09/page/26/article/books-resurrect-mob-jfk-theory |work=Chicago Tribune |volume=142 |issue=314 |edition=Final |at=Section 1A, page 26 |access-date=September 3, 2017}}</ref> Rivele claimed Sarti fired the fatal shot from [[Dealey Plaza]]'s "[[grassy knoll]]."<ref name="Chicago Tribune; November 9, 1988"/> According to Rivele, Sarti, Roger Bocagnani, and Sauveur Pironti were contracted by organized crime in the United States to protect its drug interests.<ref name="Chicago Tribune; November 9, 1988"/><ref name=Observer-Reporter/> The British two-hour television special ''[[The Men Who Killed Kennedy]]'' was based on Rivele's book, but preceded its release airing on October 25, 1988.<ref name="Chicago Tribune; November 9, 1988"/><ref name=Observer-Reporter>{{cite news|title=French accused of killing JFK|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mqNdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Bl0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1234%2C4995432 |access-date=March 4, 2013|newspaper=Observer-Reporter|date=October 27, 1988|agency=AP|location=Washington, PA|page=A-8}}</ref> In the French newspaper ''Le Provençal'' published the day following the special, Pironti denied the allegation, stating that he believed at the time of the assassination that Sarti was held in [[Marseille]]'s [[Baumettes Prison]] and that Bocagnani was in [[Bordeaux]]'s Fort du Hâ.<ref name=Observer-Reporter/> He also showed the paper military records proving that he was serving on a [[minesweeper]] from October 1962 to April 1964.<ref name=Observer-Reporter/> The [[Ministry of Justice (France)|French Ministry of Justice]] stated that Bocagnani was in prison on the day of Kennedy's assassination and officials from the [[French Navy]] confirmed Pironti's military service.<ref name=Observer-Reporter/>

===E. Howard Hunt===
After the death of [[E. Howard Hunt]] in 2007, Howard St. John Hunt and David Hunt stated that their father had recorded several claims about himself and others being involved in a conspiracy to assassinate John F. Kennedy.<ref name=Williams>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Carol J.|title=Watergate plotter may have a last tale |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-mar-20-na-hunt20-story.html|access-date=December 30, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=March 20, 2007 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref><ref name=Hedegaard>{{cite magazine|last=Hedegaard|first=Erik|title=The Last Confessions of E. Howard Hunt|magazine=Rolling Stone |date=April 5, 2007|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/13893143/the_last_confessions_of_e_howard_hunt/1|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618150441/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/13893143/the_last_confessions_of_e_howard_hunt/1|archive-date=June 18, 2008}}</ref> In the April 5th, 2007 issue of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', Howard St. John Hunt detailed a number of individuals purported to be implicated by his father including Sarti, as well as [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[Cord Meyer]], [[David Atlee Phillips|David Phillips]], [[Frank Sturgis]], [[David Sánchez Morales|David Morales]], and [[William King Harvey|William Harvey]].<ref name=Hedegaard/><ref name=McAdams>{{cite book|last=McAdams|first=John|title=JFK Assassination Logic: How to Think About Claims of Conspiracy|year=2011|publisher=Potomac Books|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9781597974899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OJeNytAOZkC |author-link=John C. McAdams|access-date=December 30, 2012|page=189|chapter=Too Much Evidence of Conspiracy}}</ref> The two sons alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, ''American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond'', to avoid possible perjury charges.<ref name=Williams/> According to Hunt's widow and other children, the two sons took advantage of Hunt's loss of lucidity by coaching and exploiting him for financial gain.<ref name=Williams/> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' said they examined the materials offered by the sons to support the story and found them to be "inconclusive."<ref name=Williams/>

==Further reading==
*Davis, John H. ''[[American Mafia|Mafia]] Kingfish: [[Carlos Marcello]] and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy''. New York: Signet, 1989. {{ISBN|0-451-16418-0}}
*Kruger, Henrik. ''The Great Heroin Coup: Drugs, Intelligence, and International Fascism''. Boston: South End Press, 1980. {{ISBN|0-89608-031-5}}
*[[Jim Marrs|Marrs, Jim]]. ''Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy''. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1990. {{ISBN|0-88184-648-1}}
*Mills, James. ''The Underground Empire: Where Crime and Governments Embrace''. Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1986. {{ISBN|0-385-17535-3}}
*Scott, Peter Dale and Marshall, Jonathan. ''Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. {{ISBN|0-520-07312-6}}
*Sterling, Claire. ''Octopus: The Long Reach of the International [[Sicilian Mafia]]''. New York: Simon & Schuster (Touchstone Edition), 1991. {{ISBN|0-671-73402-4}}

==See also==
*[[French Connection]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jfk-online.com/tmwkk.html ''The Men Who Killed Kennedy''] - an article on the TV series, which mentions David's claim of Sarti's involvement.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarti, Lucien}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:French Connection gangsters]]
[[Category:People associated with the assassination of John F. Kennedy]]
[[Category:People from Corsica]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in Mexico]]

Deacon Jones

2025-05-16T05:33:58Z

99.185.77.46: /* College career */

{{Short description|American football player (1938–2013)}}
{{other people}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox NFL biography
| image = Deacon Jones in 1971 Brady Bunch promo.jpg
| caption = Jones in 1971
| position = [[Defensive end]]
| number = 75
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|12|9|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Eatonville, Florida]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|6|3|1938|12|9|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Anaheim Hills, California]], U.S.
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 5
| weight_lbs = 272
| draftyear = 1961
| draftround = 14
| draftpick = 186
| high_school = [[Hungerford Vocational High School|Hungerford]] (Eatonville)
| college = {{ubl|[[South Carolina State Bulldogs football|South Carolina State]] (1958)|[[Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils football|Mississippi Valley State]] (1960)}}
| teams =
* [[Los Angeles Rams]] ({{NFL Year|1961|1971}})
* [[San Diego Chargers]] ({{NFL Year|1972|1973}})
* [[Washington Redskins]] ({{NFL Year|1974}})
| highlights =
* 2× [[Newspaper Enterprise Association NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award|NFL Defensive Player of the Year]] (1967, 1968)
* 5× First-team [[All-Pro]] ([[1965 All-Pro Team|1965]]–[[1969 All-Pro Team|1969]])
* 3× Second-team All-Pro ([[1964 All-Pro Team|1964]], [[1970 All-Pro Team|1970]], [[1972 All-Pro Team|1972]])
* 8× [[Pro Bowl]] ([[1965 Pro Bowl|1964]]–[[1971 Pro Bowl|1970]], [[1973 Pro Bowl|1972]])
* 5× [[List of National Football League season sacks leaders|NFL sacks leader]] (1964, 1965, 1967–1969)
* [[NFL 1960s All-Decade Team]]
* [[NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team]]
* [[NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team]]
* [[Los Angeles Rams awards#St. Louis Football Ring of Fame|St. Louis Football Ring of Fame]]
* [[Los Angeles Rams#Retired numbers|Los Angeles Rams No. 75]] retired
| statlabel1 = [[Interception]]s
| statvalue1 = 2
| statlabel2 = Games played
| statvalue2 = 191
| pfr = JoneDe00
| HOF = david-deacon-jones
}}

'''David D.''' "'''Deacon'''" '''Jones''' (December 9, 1938 – June 3, 2013) was an American professional [[American football|football]] [[defensive end]] who played in the [[National Football League]] (NFL) for 14 seasons. He played for the [[Los Angeles Rams]], [[San Diego Chargers]], and [[Washington Redskins]]. He was inducted into the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] in 1980.

Jones specialized in [[Quarterback sack|sacks]], a term that he coined. Nicknamed "'''the Secretary of Defense'''", Jones is considered one of the greatest defensive players ever.<ref name=jones>{{cite web | work=Deacon Jones Foundation | url=http://www.deaconjones.com/about-deacon.php | title=About Deacon | access-date=July 18, 2008}}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called Jones "most valuable Ram of all time," and former Rams head coach [[George Allen (coach)|George Allen]] called him the "greatest defensive end of modern football".<ref name=jones />

==Early life==
Jones was born in [[Eatonville, Florida]], and lived in a four-bedroom house with his family of ten.<ref name=one>{{cite web |work=Pro Football Weekly |url=http://archive.profootballweekly.com/content/archives/features_2000/deaconjones1_112000.asp | title=Deacon Jones special: Page One |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010905001425/http://archive.profootballweekly.com/content/archives/features_2000/deaconjones1_112000.asp|archive-date=September 5, 2001}}</ref> Jones attended [[Hungerford Vocational High School|Hungerford High School]], where he played [[High school football|football]], [[baseball]], and [[basketball]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Deacon Jones Foundation |url=http://www.deaconjones.com/current_news.php?news_id=2&page=2 |title=The Very Frightening Secretary of Defense: Was Deacon Jones the NFL's Meanest |access-date=July 23, 2008}}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> During high school, Jones developed a lump in his [[thigh]] and learned that it was a [[tumor]]; he had surgery to remove it by Dr. Ron Alegria.<ref name=one />

Late in life, Jones told ''[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]'' that when he was 14 years old, he witnessed a carload of white teenagers laughingly hit an elderly black woman with a watermelon. The woman died days later from the injury, and Jones recalls that there was never a police investigation. "Unlike many black people then, I was determined not to be what society said I was," Jones later recounted. "Thank God I had the ability to play a violent game like football. It gave me an outlet for the anger in my heart."<ref name=TimesObit />

==College career==
Jones' [[college football]] career consisted of a year at [[South Carolina State University]] in 1958, followed by a year of inactivity in 1959 and a final season at [[Mississippi Valley State University|Mississippi Vocational College]], now known as Mississippi Valley State University, in 1960.<ref name=profootballhof>{{cite web | work=Pro Football Hall of Fame | url=http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/member.aspx?PlayerId=108 | title=Deacon Jones' HOF Profile | access-date=July 18, 2008}}</ref>

South Carolina State revoked Jones' scholarship after they learned that he participated in a protest during the [[Civil Rights Movement]].<ref name=one /> However, one of the assistant football coaches at South Carolina State was leaving to coach at Mississippi Vocational, and told Jones and some of the other African-American players that he could get them scholarships at the new school.<ref name=one /> While he was playing at Mississippi Vocational, he and his African-American teammates had to sleep on cots in the opposing team's gym because motels would not take them on numerous occasions.<ref name=one />

==Professional career==
[[File:Deacon jones topps 1963.jpg|thumb|left|1963 [[Topps]] trading card of Jones with the [[Los Angeles Rams]]]]
Due to a lack of television coverage and modern scouting networks, Jones was largely overlooked during his college career. According to an [[NFL Films]] interview with writer [[Ray Didinger]], "Deacon was discovered kinda by accident. The Rams were scouting some running backs and they found this defensive tackle who was outrunning the running backs that they were scouting." Jones was selected in the 14th round of the [[1961 NFL draft]] by the [[Los Angeles Rams]]. He then earned a starting role as a [[defensive end]] and teamed with tackle [[Merlin Olsen]] to give Los Angeles a perennial [[All-Pro]] left side of the defensive line.<ref name=profootballhof /> He became a part of the [[Fearsome Foursome (American football)|Fearsome Foursome]] defensive line of the Rams (along with [[Lamar Lundy]], [[Rosey Grier]], and Olsen), which is now considered to have been one of the best defensive lines of all time.<ref>{{cite news |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/26/sports/football/26lundy.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all&oref=slogin |title=Lamar Lundy, Lineman on the Rams' Fearsome Foursome, Dies at 71 |access-date=July 21, 2008 |first=Richard |last=Goldstein |date=February 26, 2007}}</ref>
{{Quote box
| quote =''"I'm probably the toughest (expletive) here. Ain't no question about that with me. I'm the toughest guy here... I'm clean. I mean, I ain't got no marks on me. I don't know nobody else who can say that who came out of any sport. I ain't got no marks on me, so I've got to be the baddest dude I know of."''
| source =Jones, in an interview with [[Kevin Jackson]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=ESPN |url=https://www.espn.com/page2/s/questions/deaconjones.html |title=10 Burning Questions for Deacon Jones |access-date=2008-07-21}}</ref>
| width =150
| align =right
}}
Jones won consensus All-Pro honors five straight years from [[1965 NFL season|1965]] through [[1969 NFL season|1969]] and was second-team All-Pro in 1964, 1970, and 1972. He was also in seven straight [[Pro Bowl]]s, from 1964 to 1970, and was selected to an eighth after the [[1972 NFL season|1972 season]] with the [[San Diego Chargers]].<ref name=profootballhof /> He was voted the team's Outstanding Defensive Lineman by the Los Angeles Rams Alumni in 1962, '64, '65, and '66. In 1971, Jones suffered a severely sprained arch, which caused him to miss four starts, and he ended the season with 4½ sacks, his career-low to that point.

Jones was traded along with [[Lee White (American football)|Lee White]] and [[Greg Wojcik]] from the Rams to the [[History of the San Diego Chargers|San Diego Chargers]] for [[Jeff Staggs]], a second-rounder in [[1972 NFL draft|1972]] (30th overall) and a second and third-rounder in [[1973 NFL draft|1973]] (31st and 60th overall) on January 29, 1972.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1972/01/30/archives/chargers-trade-for-deacon-jones-rams-acquire-staggs-three-draft.html "Chargers Trade for Deacon Jones," ''United Press International'' (UPI), Saturday, January 29, 1972.] Retrieved November 1, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.prosportstransactions.com/football/DraftTrades/Years/1972.htm 1972 NFL Draft Pick Transactions, February 1 (Rounds 1–7) & 2 (Rounds 8–17) – Pro Sports Transactions.] Retrieved November 1, 2020</ref> He was named San Diego's defensive captain and led all Chargers' defensive linemen in tackles and won a berth on the AFC Pro Bowl squad. He concluded his career with the [[Washington Redskins]] in 1974.<ref name=profootballhof /> In the final game of his NFL career, the Redskins allowed him to kick the point-after-touchdown for the game's last score. Along the way, Jones was named the Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Week four times: week 14, 1967; week 12, 1968; week 11, 1969; and week 10, 1970.

An extremely durable player, Jones missed only six games of a possible 196 regular-season encounters in his 14 [[National Football League]] seasons.<ref name=profootballhof />
[[File:Deacon Jones.png|thumb|Jones with the Rams in 1972]]

===Sacks===
Jones was considered by many to revolutionize the position of defensive end. He was credited with coining the phrase "sacking the quarterback".<ref>{{cite news |title=Jones, NFL coiner of 'sack the quarterback,' dies at 74 |date=June 4, 2013 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/04/us/sport-deacon-jones-death/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref> He once stated that a quarterback being sacked devastated the offense in the same way that [[Looting#In armed conflict|a city was devastated when it was sacked]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jones, NFL coiner of 'sack the quarterback,' dies at 74|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/04/us/sport-deacon-jones-death/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=June 5, 2013|date=June 4, 2013}}</ref> In 1999, Jones provided a ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reporter with some other detailed imagery about his forte: "You take all the offensive linemen and put them in a [[burlap]] bag, and then you take a baseball bat and beat on the bag. You're sacking them, you're bagging them. And that’s what you're doing with a quarterback."<ref name=TimesObit>{{cite news|last=Goldstein |first=Richard|title=Deacon Jones Dies at 74; Made Quarterback Sack Brutal and Enthralling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/sports/football/deacon-jones-fearsome-nfl-defensive-end-dies-at-74.html?hpw|access-date=June 6, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 6, 2013}}</ref>

What separated Jones from every other defensive end was his speed and his ability to make tackles from sideline to sideline, which was unheard of in his time. He also was the first pass rusher to use the head slap, a move that he said was, "to give myself an initial head start on the pass rush, in other words an extra step. Because anytime you go upside a man's head … or a woman; they may have a tendency to blink they [sic] eyes or close they eyes. And that's all I needed."<ref>{{youTube|Lm2l0pxYw-4|Deacon Jones' Equal Rights (& Lefts) For Women!}}</ref> "The head slap was not my invention, but [[Rembrandt]], of course, did not invent painting. The quickness of my hands and the length of my arms, it was perfect for me. It was the greatest thing I ever did, and when I left the game, they outlawed it."<ref name=TimesObit />

''[[Pro Football Weekly]]'' reported he accumulated 173.5 sacks over his career. The total would be third on the all-time sack list, which would have ranked first all-time at the time of his retirement by a substantial margin.<ref>{{cite web |work=Pro Football Weekly online | url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=doc&p_docid=127C84D644186A88&p_docnum=16/turney_062600.asp |title=Setting the record straight on all of those QB takedowns |last=Turney|first=John |date=June 26, 2000 |access-date=July 21, 2008}}</ref>

In 1964, Jones had 22 sacks in only 14 games. If official, this would have stood as an NFL record until Al Baker's 1978 campaign in which he totaled 23 sacks. (The term "sack" had not yet been coined at the time, and official sack statistics were not recorded by the NFL until 1982.)<ref>See ''Headslap'' by John Klawitter, 1996. pp. 551-560.</ref> In 1967, Jones had 21.5 sacks; he again tallied 22 sacks in 14 games the following year.
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Unofficial annual sack totals
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Sacks !! Team
|-
| [[1961 Los Angeles Rams season|1961]] || 8 || [[Los Angeles Rams]]
|-
| [[1962 Los Angeles Rams season|1962]] || 12 || [[Los Angeles Rams]]
|-
| [[1963 Los Angeles Rams season|1963]] || 5.5 || [[Los Angeles Rams]]
|-
| [[1964 Los Angeles Rams season|1964]] || 22 || [[Los Angeles Rams]]
|-
| [[1965 Los Angeles Rams season|1965]] || 19 || [[Los Angeles Rams]]
|-
| [[1966 Los Angeles Rams season|1966]] || 18 || [[Los Angeles Rams]]
|-
| [[1967 Los Angeles Rams season|1967]] || 21.5 || [[Los Angeles Rams]]
|-
| [[1968 Los Angeles Rams season|1968]] || 22 || [[Los Angeles Rams]]
|-
| [[1969 Los Angeles Rams season|1969]] || 15 || [[Los Angeles Rams]]
|-
| [[1970 Los Angeles Rams season|1970]] || 12 || [[Los Angeles Rams]]
|-
| [[1971 Los Angeles Rams season|1971]] || 4.5 || [[Los Angeles Rams]]
|-
| [[1972 San Diego Chargers season|1972]] || 6 || [[San Diego Chargers]]
|-
| [[1973 San Diego Chargers season|1973]] || 5 || [[San Diego Chargers]]
|-
| [[1974 Washington Redskins season|1974]] || 3 || [[Washington Redskins]]
|}
(Source: Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers and Washington Redskins Media Guides)

==After football==

===Acting===
Jones worked as a television actor, and appeared in numerous TV programs since the 1970s, most often appearing in [[Cameo appearance|cameo]] roles. He appeared in an episode of ''[[The Odd Couple (1970 TV series)|The Odd Couple]]'' where he and [[Oscar Madison|Oscar]] were in a television commercial selling shaving products. He appeared as himself on ''[[The Brady Bunch]]'', and in a ''[[Bewitched]]'' episode in 1969, he played a guard to the Giant's castle in "[[Sam & the Beanstalk]]". Jones also played himself on an episode of ''[[Wonder Woman (TV series)|Wonder Woman]]'' in 1978.

In 1978, he played a [[Viking]] named Thall in ''[[The Norseman]]''. Fellow Hall of Famer [[Fred Biletnikoff]] joined Jones in the film, also portraying a [[Norsemen|Norseman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078007/maindetails |title=The Norseman (1978)|work= IMDb |publisher=www.imdb.com |access-date=April 1, 2011 }}</ref> That same year, Jones portrayed a fierce defensive lineman named Gorman in the film ''[[Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)|Heaven Can Wait]]''.

In the series ''[[G vs E]]'', he played himself, but as an agent of "The Corps". He also played a role in the hit show, ''[[ALF (TV series)|ALF]]'', where he played a father figure to Alf.

===Broadcasting===
Jones served as a [[color analyst]] for Rams broadcasts on [[KSPN (AM)|KMPC]] radio in the [[1994 Los Angeles Rams season|1994 season]], teaming with [[Steve Physioc]] and [[Jack Snow (American football)|Jack Snow]]. In 1998, shortly before [[Super Bowl XXXII]] between the Denver Broncos and Green Bay Packers, Jones correctly predicted the Broncos, 11.5-point underdogs, would win the game and [[Terrell Davis]] would be named MVP of the game.

===Business===
Jones worked for many companies, including the [[Miller Brewing Company]], [[Haggar Clothing]], Pacific Coast Medical Enterprises, and [[Seiko Epson|Epson America]], and represented the NFL and [[Champion (sportswear)|Champion Products]] as spokesman for their Throwback campaigns.<ref name=jones /> Jones was also chairman for [[AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals]] in their national [[hypertension]] awareness program.<ref name=jones />

===Community involvement===
NFL.com reported that Jones made several trips to [[Iraq]] to visit the U. S. military.<ref name=jones /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/deacon-jones-hall-of-fame-defensive-end-dies-at-74-0ap1000000208873 |title=Deacon Jones, Hall of Fame defensive end, dies at 74 |work=National Football League |date=April 9, 2008 |access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref>

Jones served as the president and CEO of the Deacon Jones Foundation, an organization he founded in 1997 "to assist young people and the communities in which they live with a comprehensive program that includes education, mentoring, corporate internship, and community service."<ref name=jones />

===Bringing the NFL back to Los Angeles===
Jones was one of the many former L.A. Rams players who disliked the team's controversial relocation to [[St. Louis]] in 1995. He was adamant in interviews and appearances that he played for Los Angeles, not St. Louis, and considered the Rams franchise there a different team that should have a different name.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} He participated in many grassroots efforts to bring NFL football back to L.A. and also voiced support on many new stadium proposals .{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} The Rams eventually returned to Los Angeles in 2016 after Jones had died.

==Honors==
He was elected to the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] in his first year of eligibility in 1980, and was named to the [[NFL's 75th Anniversary All-Time Team]] in 1994.<ref name=jones /> In 1999, he was ranked number 13 on ''[[The Sporting News]]'' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, the highest-ranked player to have played for the Rams franchise, the highest-ranked defensive end, and the second-ranked defensive lineman behind [[Bob Lilly]]. The same year, he was named by ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' as the "Defensive End of the Century".<ref name=jones /> In 2010, he was named to the inaugural class of the [[Black College Football Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|title=All Inductees|website=BlackCollegeFootballHOF.org|url=https://www.blackcollegefootballhof.org/inductees/alphabetical|access-date=February 25, 2021|archive-date=February 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202222806/https://www.blackcollegefootballhof.org/inductees/alphabetical|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* 1980 – Elected to South Carolina Athletic Hall of Fame<ref>{{cite web|title=S.C. Athletic Hall of Fame: Honorees and Inductees|url=http://scahof.tripod.com/scathletichalloffame/id6.html|access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref>
* 1981 – Voted to the Central Florida Sports Hall of Fame<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Florida Sports Hall of Fame |url=http://centralfloridasports.org/cf_sports_hall_of_fame/ |work=Central Florida Sports Commission |access-date=June 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806004435/http://www.centralfloridasports.org/cf_sports_hall_of_fame/ |archive-date=August 6, 2011 }}</ref>
* 1983 – Elected to the [[Florida Sports Hall of Fame]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida Sports Hall of Fame Inductees 1960 to Present|url=http://floridasportshalloffame.blogspot.com/2013/01/florida-sports-hall-of-fame-inductees.html|work=Florida Sports Hall of Fame|access-date=June 4, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226153209/http://floridasportshalloffame.blogspot.com/2013/01/florida-sports-hall-of-fame-inductees.html|archive-date=February 26, 2014}}</ref>
* 1999 – Recipient of the [[Gale Sayers]] Lifetime Spirit Achievement Award<ref>{{cite web|title=Spirit Awards Finalists|url=http://www.onnidan.com/spirit98/safinals.htm|access-date=June 4, 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202123907/http://www.onnidan.com/spirit98/safinals.htm|archive-date=February 2, 2014}}</ref>
* 1999 – Awarded "The Order of the Leather Helmet" by the [[NFL Alumni]] Organization, their highest honor<ref>{{cite news|title=NFL Alumni to Honor Len Dawson, Deacon Jones and Paul Salata.|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/NFL+Alumni+to+Honor+Len+Dawson,+Deacon+Jones+and+Paul+Salata.-a055544482|access-date=June 4, 2013|newspaper=BW SportsWire|date=August 24, 1999|archive-date=February 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201190357/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/NFL+Alumni+to+Honor+Len+Dawson,+Deacon+Jones+and+Paul+Salata.-a055544482|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2001 – Winner of the [[NFL Alumni]] Spirit Award for community service<ref>{{cite web|title=Felix Jones Named 2011 NFL Alumni Spirit Award Recipient |url=http://www.solomonsimmonssports.com/?p=1648 |access-date=June 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201195535/http://www.solomonsimmonssports.com/?p=1648 |archive-date=February 1, 2014 }}</ref>
* 2005 – Recipient of the [[Junior Seau]] Foundation "Legend of the Year Award"<ref>{{cite web |title=Legend of the Year |url=http://juniorseau.org/about-the-foundation/legend-of-the-year |work=Junior Seau Foundation |access-date=June 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507002224/http://juniorseau.org/about-the-foundation/legend-of-the-year |archive-date=May 7, 2013 }}</ref>
* 2007 – Named to the [[FHSAA's All-Century Team|Florida High School Association All-Century Team]] which selected the Top 33 players in the 100-year history of high school football in Florida's history<ref>{{cite web|title=FHSAA announces 33-member All-Century football team|url=http://www.fhsaa.org/news/2007/1212|work=FHSAA.org|access-date=June 4, 2013|date=December 12, 2007|archive-date=June 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628174650/http://www.fhsaa.org/news/2007/1212|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2009 – His number 75 was retired by the [[Los Angeles Rams|Rams]] on September 27, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|first=Bryan |last=Burwell |url=http://www.cleveland.com/browns/index.ssf/2009/09/rams_finally_getting_around_to.html |title=Rams finally getting around to retiring Deacon Jones' jersey |agency=McClatchey-Tribune News Service |date=September 27, 2009 |newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |access-date=March 18, 2014}}</ref>
* 2013 – An award for the league leader in sacks is named in his honor and awarded for the first time. [[Robert Mathis]] of the [[Indianapolis Colts]] was the inaugural award winner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2014/01/02/robert-mathis-wins-first-deacon-jones-award/|title=Robert Mathis wins inaugural Deacon Jones Award|last=Alper|first=Josh|work=profootballtalk.nbcsports.com|date=January 2, 2014|access-date=January 2, 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jones stated that he gave himself the nickname Deacon after joining the Rams because too many David Joneses were in the local phone book. "Football is a violent world and Deacon has a religious connotation," he told the ''Los Angeles Times'' in 1980. "I thought a name like that would be remembered."<ref>{{cite web|last=Thursby|first=Keith|title=David 'Deacon' Jones dies at 74; Fearsome L.A. Rams lineman|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-0604-deacon-jones-20130604,0,2236197.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=June 4, 2013 |access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref>

Jones' wife Elizabeth is the chief operating and financial officer of the Deacon Jones Foundation, based in [[Anaheim Hills]], California,<ref name=one /> the community in which the couple lived.

Another Jones he was confused with, [[Melvyn "Deacon" Jones]] from Richmond, Indiana was a [[rhythm and blues]] singer during his football days, and was backed by the band Nightshift, which later became the group [[War (American band)|War]]. Jones sang onstage with [[Ray Charles]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Farrar|first=Doug|title=Legendary defensive end David 'Deacon' Jones dies at 74|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/legendary-defensive-end-deacon-jones-dies-74-052049616.html|publisher=Yahoo!}}</ref> performed on ''[[The Hollywood Palace]]'' in 1967 and 1968, and on ''[[The Merv Griffin Show]]'' in 1970. Jones was the inspiration for the name of the 1977 song "[[Deacon Blues]]" by [[Steely Dan]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Myers|first=Marc|title=How Steely Dan created Deacon Blues|newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=September 8, 2015 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-steely-dan-created-deacon-blues-1441727645?mod=e2fb|publisher=The Wall St. Journal}}</ref>

===Death===
On June 3, 2013, Jones died at his home in [[Anaheim Hills, California]] at age 74 of [[Death by natural causes|natural causes]] after suffering from [[lung cancer]] and [[heart disease]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NFL Hall of Fame defensive end Deacon Jones dead at 74|url=https://www.foxnews.com/sports/nfl-hall-of-fame-defensive-end-deacon-jones-dead-at-74/|work=Fox News|access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Goldstein|first=Richard|title=Deacon Jones, Fearsome N.F.L. Defensive End, Dies at 74|date=June 4, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/sports/football/deacon-jones-fearsome-nfl-defensive-end-dies-at-74.html?_r=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043450/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/sports/football/deacon-jones-fearsome-nfl-defensive-end-dies-at-74.html?_r=1&|archive-date=November 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Jones' death left [[Rosey Grier]] as the last surviving member of the [[Fearsome Foursome (American football)|Fearsome Foursome]], the L.A. Rams defensive line that is widely considered the best such unit in the history of the NFL. Of the former defensive standout, NFL commissioner [[Roger Goodell]] said, "Even with his fellow Hall of Famers, Deacon Jones held a special status. He was an icon among the icons." Washington Redskins General Manager [[Bruce Allen (American football)|Bruce Allen]], son of Jones' longtime coach [[George Allen (American football coach)|George Allen]], called him "one of the greatest players in NFL history. Off the field... a true giant."<ref>{{cite web|title=NFL legend Deacon Jones dies at 74|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/9340299/hall-fame-de-deacon-jones-famed-fearsome-foursome-dead-74|work=ESPN|access-date=June 4, 2013|date=June 4, 2013}}</ref> ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' columnist [[Peter King (sportswriter)|Peter King]] noted at his death that Jones had a profound effect on the way defense was played in the NFL and cited the influence on such later NFL stars as [[Lawrence Taylor]], [[Deion Sanders]], and [[Michael Strahan]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=King|first=Peter|title=Late Deacon Jones would have dominated any era|url=https://www.si.com/nfl/2013/06/04/deacon-jones-dead|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=June 4, 2013 |access-date=January 29, 2016}}</ref> As a tribute to Jones, the NFL created the [[Deacon Jones Award]], that is given annually to the league leader in sacks.<ref>{{cite web|last=McIntyre|first=Brian|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/nfl-honor-annual-sacks-leader-deacon-jones-award-211053612.html|title=NFL to honor annual sacks leader with Deacon Jones Award|publisher=[[Yahoo! Sports]]|date=June 22, 2013|access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://deaconjones.com/ Deacon Jones Foundation]
* {{ProFootballHOF|108|Deacon Jones}}
* {{Footballstats |pfr=J/JoneDe00}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0427893}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Deacon}}
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