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<hr />
<div>{{short description|Language family of Ethiopia and Sudan}}<br />
{{distinguish|Omotik language}}<br />
{{Expand Swedish|date=November 2018}}{{Infobox language family<br />
| name = Omotic<br />
| region = [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan]]<br />
| protoname = [[Proto-Omotic]]<br />
| familycolor = Afroasiatic<br />
| child1 = [[North Omotic languages|North Omotic]]<br />
| child2 = [[Aroid languages|South Omotic]]<br />
| child3 = <br />
| child4 = <br />
| iso5 = omv<br />
| glotto = none<br />
| map = Omotic languages es.svg<br />
| mapcaption = Omotic languages:<br />{{Col-begin}}<br />
{{Col-2}}<br />
<small>[[South Omotic languages]]:</small><br />
{{legend|#00FF00|[[Aroid languages]]}}<br />
{{Col-2}}<br />
<small>[[North Omotic languages]]:</small><br />
{{legend|#FF77FF|[[Mao languages|Mao]]}}<br />
{{legend|#C83737|[[Dizoid languages|Dizoid]]}}<br />
{{legend|#FF5555|[[Gonga languages|Gonga (Kefoid)]]}}<br />
{{legend|#D38D5F|[[Yem language|Yemsa]]}}<br />
{{legend|#FF8080|[[Bench language|Bench (Gimira)]]}}<br />
{{legend|#FF6600|[[Chara language|Chara]]}}<br />
{{legend|#FFAAAA|[[Ometo languages|Ometo]]}}<br />
{{Col-end}}<br />
Neighboring languages:<br />{{Col-begin}}<br />
{{Col-2}}<br />
{{legend|#FFC095|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]}}<br />
{{Col-2}}<br />
{{legend|#E9C6AF|Afroasiatic}}<br />
{{Col-end}}<br />
| ancestor = <br />
| glottoname = <br />
| glottorefname = <br />
| notes = <br />
| speakers = {{sigfig|7.889470|2}} million<ref name="Omotic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/1085/|title=Omotic languages|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=6 March 2024|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309054611/https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/1085/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
The '''Omotic languages''' are a group of languages spoken in southwestern [[Ethiopia]], in the [[Omo River]] region and southeastern [[Sudan]] in [[Blue Nile State]]. The [[Geʽez script]] is used to write some of the Omotic languages, the [[Latin script]] for some others. They are fairly [[agglutinative]] and have complex [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]] systems (for example, the [[Bench language]]). The languages have around 7.9 million speakers.<ref name="Omotic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/1085/|title=Omotic languages|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=6 March 2024|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309054611/https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/1085/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
The group is generally classified as belonging to the [[Afroasiatic language family]], but this is disputed by some linguists.<br />
<br />
Four separate "Omotic" groups are accepted by ''[[Glottolog]]'' 4.0 and Güldemann (2018): [[North Omotic languages|North Omotic]], [[Dizoid languages|Dizoid]] (Maji), [[Mao languages|Mao]], and [[Aroid languages|Aroid]] ("South Omotic").<ref name="Guldemann"/><br />
<br />
==Languages==<br />
[[File:Bench New Testament, ISBN 9966-40-063-X.jpg|thumb|[[New Testament]] in the [[Bench language]]]]<br />
The [[North Omotic languages|North]] and [[South Omotic languages|South Omotic]] branches ("Nomotic" and "Somotic") are universally recognized, with some dispute as to the composition of North Omotic. The primary debate is over the placement of the [[Mao languages]]. [[Lionel Bender (linguist)|Bender]] (2000) classifies Omotic languages as follows:<br />
<br />
{{tree list}}<br />
*'''Omotic'''<br />
**[[South Omotic languages|South Omotic]] / [[Aroid languages|Aroid]] ([[Hamer-Banna language|Hamer-Banna]], [[Aari language|Aari]], [[Dime language|Dime]], [[Karo language (Ethiopia)|Karo]])<br />
**[[North Omotic languages|North Omotic]] / Non-Aroid<br />
***[[Mao languages|Mao]]<br />
****[[Bambassi language|Bambassi]]<br />
****West Mao ([[Hozo language|Hozo]], [[Seze language|Seze]], [[Ganza language|Ganza]])<br />
***[[Dizoid languages|Dizoid]] ([[Dizi language|Dizi]], [[Sheko language|Sheko]], [[Nayi language|Nayi]])<br />
***[[Gonga–Gimojan languages|Gonga–Gimojan]]<br />
****[[Gonga languages|Gonga/Kefoid]] ([[Boro language (Ethiopia)|Boro]], [[Anfillo language|Anfillo]], [[Kafa language|Kafa]], [[Shekkacho language|Shekkacho]])<br />
****[[Gimojan languages|Gimojan]]<br />
*****''[[Yemsa language|Yemsa]]''<br />
*****[[Ometo–Gimira languages|Ometo–Gimira]]<br />
******''[[Bench language|Bench]]''<br />
******''[[Chara language|Chara]]''<br />
******[[Ometo languages]]<br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
<br />
Apart from terminology, this differs from [[Harold C. Fleming|Fleming]] (1976) in including the Mao languages, whose affiliation had originally been controversial, and in abolishing the "Gimojan" group.{{Clarify|date=February 2009}} There are also differences in the subclassification of Ometo, which is not covered here.<br />
<br />
===Hayward (2003)===<br />
Hayward (2003) separates out the Mao languages as a third branch of Omotic and breaks up Ometo–Gimira:<br />
<br />
{{tree list}}<br />
*'''Omotic'''<br />
**[[South Omotic languages|South Omotic]]<br />
**[[Mao languages|Mao]]<br />
**[[North Omotic languages|North Omotic]]<br />
***[[Dizoid languages|Dizoid]]<br />
***[[Ta–Ne languages]]<br />
****[[Gonga languages|Gonga]]<br />
****[[Gimojan languages|Gimojan]]<br />
*****''[[Yemsa language|Yemsa]]''<br />
*****''[[Bench language|Bench]]''<br />
*****[[Ometo–Chara languages|Ometo–Chara]]<br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
<br />
===Blench (2006)===<br />
Blench (2006) gives a more agnostic classification:<ref>Blench, 2006. [http://rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/AALIST.pdf The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007050740/http://rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/AALIST.pdf |date=2013-10-07 }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{tree list}}<br />
*'''Omotic'''<br />
**[[South Omotic languages|South Omotic]]<br />
**[[North Omotic languages|North Omotic]]<br />
***[[Mao languages|Mao]]<br />
***[[Dizoid languages|Dizoid]]<br />
***[[Gonga languages|Gonga]] (Kefoid)<br />
***''[[Yem language|Yem]]''<br />
***[[Gimira language|Gimira]]<br />
***[[Ometo languages|Ometo]] (?[[Chara language|Chara]])<br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
<br />
[[Bosha language|Bosha]]† is unclassified; ''Ethnologue'' lists it as a dialect of Kafa but notes it may be a distinct language.<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
Omotic is generally considered the most divergent branch of the [[Afroasiatic languages]]. In early work up to Greenberg (1963), the languages had been classified in a subgroup of [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]], called most often "West Cushitic". Fleming (1969) argued that it should instead be classified as an independent branch of Afroasiatic, a view which Bender (1971) established to most linguists' satisfaction,{{sfn|Hayward|2000|p=85}} though a few linguists maintain the West Cushitic position{{sfn|Lamberti|1991}}{{sfn|Zaborksi|1986}} or that only [[South Omotic]] forms a separate branch, with [[North Omotic]] remaining part of Cushitic.{{cn|date=March 2024}} Blench notes that Omotic shares honey-related vocabulary with Cushitic but not cattle-related vocabulary, suggesting that the split occurred before the advent of [[pastoralism]].{{sfn|Blench|2006|pp=150–152}} A few scholars have raised doubts that the Omotic languages are part of the Afroasiatic language family at all,<ref>I. M. Diakonoff (1998) ''Journal of Semitic Studies'' 43:209: "It is quite evident that cultural ties between Proto-Semitic and the African branches of the Afrasian macrofamily must have been severed at a very early date indeed. However, the grammatical structure of [Common Semitic] (especially in the verb) is obviously close to that of Common Berbero-Libyan (CBL), as well as to Bedauye. (Bedauye might, quite possibly, be classified as a family distinct from the rest of Kushitic.) The same grammatical isoglosses are somewhat more feebly felt between Semitic and (the other?) Kushitic languages. They practically disappear between the Semitic and the Omotic languages, which were formerly termed Western Kushitic, but which actually may not be Afro-Asiatic at all, like their neighbours the Nubian languages and Meroitic."</ref>{{sfn|Newman|1980}} and Theil (2006) proposes that Omotic be treated as an independent family.<ref name="Theil">Rolf Theil (2006) [http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/iln/LING2110/v07/THEIL%20Is%20Omotic%20Afroasiatic.pdf ''Is Omotic Afro-Asiatic?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224154313/https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/iln/LING2110/v07/THEIL%20Is%20Omotic%20Afroasiatic.pdf |date=2021-02-24 }} pp 1–2: "I claim to show that no convincing arguments have been presented [for the inclusion of Omotic (OM) in Afro-Asiatic (AA)], and that OM should be regarded as an independent language family. No closer genetic relations have been demonstrated between OM and AA than between OM and any other language family."</ref> However, the general consensus, based primarily on morphological evidence, such as pronominal prefixes, [[grammatical number]] and [[plural form]], as well as prefix conjugation is that membership in Afroasiatic is well established.<ref>[[Gerrit Dimmendaal]] (2008) "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", in ''Language and Linguistics Compass'' 2/5:841: "Although its Afroasiatic affiliation has been disputed, the allocation of Omotic within this family is now well-established, based on the attestation of morphological properties that this family shares with other Afroasiatic branches."</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ehret|first=Christopher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXh42PoLZIIC&q=South+Omotic+language|title=History and the Testimony of Language|date=2010-12-17|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-94759-7|language=en|access-date=2020-11-02|archive-date=2024-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526080807/https://books.google.com/books?id=iXh42PoLZIIC&q=South+Omotic+language#v=snippet&q=South%20Omotic%20language&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lecarme|first=Jacqueline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8Ex2kj3CoC&q=Omotic+afroasiatic|title=Research in Afroasiatic Grammar Two|date=2003-01-01|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-4753-7|language=en|access-date=2020-11-02|archive-date=2024-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526080807/https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8Ex2kj3CoC&q=Omotic+afroasiatic#v=snippet&q=Omotic%20afroasiatic&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Aroid (South Omotic) languages were first included in "West Cushitic" by Greenberg; they were excluded from earlier classifications by Italian Cushiticists such as [[Enrico Cerulli]] and Mario Martino Moreno,{{sfn|Lamberti|1991}} and their inclusion in Omotic remains contested.<br />
<br />
===''Glottolog''===<br />
Hammarström, et al. in ''[[Glottolog]]'' does not consider Omotic to be a unified group, and also does not consider any of the "Omotic" groups to be part of the Afroasiatic phylum. ''Glottolog'' accepts the following as independent language families.<br />
<br />
*[[Ta-Ne-Omotic languages|Ta-Ne-Omotic]]<br />
*[[Dizoid languages|Dizoid]] (Maji)<br />
*[[Mao languages|Mao]]<br />
*[[Aroid languages|Aroid]] (Ari-Banna; "South Omotic")<br />
<br />
These four families are also accepted by Güldemann (2018), who similarly doubts the validity of Omotic as a unified group.<ref name="Guldemann">{{Cite book|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Africa|last=Güldemann|first=Tom|editor-last=Güldemann|editor-first=Tom|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|chapter=Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa|year=2018|isbn=978-3-11-042606-9|doi=10.1515/9783110421668-002|location=Berlin|pages=58–444|series=The World of Linguistics series|volume=11|s2cid=133888593 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
===General===<br />
The Omotic languages have a morphology that is partly [[agglutinative]] and partly [[fusional]]:<br />
* Agglutinating: Yem ''am-se-f-∅-à'' go+plural+present+3. Person+Femininum “they go”<ref>Mammo Girma: ''Yemsa Verb Morphology. Some Inflections and Derivations.'' 1986, quoted from {{harvnb|Bender|2000|p=120}}; Clay marking according to the different forms in {{harvnb|Lamberti|1993|p=190}}</ref><br />
* Fusional: Aari ''ʔíts-eka'' eat+3. Person Pl. [[Converb]] “by eating”<ref>{{harvnb|Hayward|1990}} quoted in {{harvnb|Bender|2000|p=171}}</ref><br />
[[Inflection]] through [[Suprafix|suprasegmental morphemes]] is found in individual languages such as Dizi and Bench; Historically, these are partly reflexes of [[affixes]]: <br />
* Bench ''sum˩'' "name", ''sum-s˦'' "to name"<br />
The [[Nominal (linguistics)|nominal morphology]] is based on a [[nominative]]-[[accusative]]-[[absolutive]] system; for [[verbal morphology]], a complex inflection according to categories such as [[Grammatical tense|tense]]/[[aspect (linguistics)|aspect]], interrogative/declarative, and affirmative/negative, as well as [[agreement (linguistics)|agreement]], is more predicative, characterizing forms with the [[subject (grammar)|subject]]. In syntax, the word order [[subject-object-verb]] (SOV) is generally valid; [[postposition]]s are used, which can be considered typical for both SOV languages in general and for the Ethiopian region.<br />
<br />
===Phonology===<br />
The Omotic languages have on average slightly less than thirty [[consonant]] [[phonemes]], which is a comparatively high number, but is also found in other primary branches of Afro-Asiatic. Commonly used are [[bilabial]], [[alveolar]], [[Velar consonant|velar]] and [[glottal plosive]], various [[fricative]], alveolar [[affricates]] and /w/, /y/, /l/, /r/, /m/, /n/. What is typical for the non-glottal plosives is that they are each represented by a voiced, a voiceless, and an [[ejective]] phoneme; All three types can also be found in fricatives and affricates. Most Omotic languages have additional consonants. Examples of this are the [[Implosive]] in South Omotic (/ɓ/, /ɗ/, /ɠ/) and the [[Retroflex]] of the Bench. In some cases, consonants can also occur [[Gemination|geminated]]. Representatives of the Nordomotic and Mao have five to six [[vowel|vowel phonemes]], the quantity is partly a difference in meaning; In contrast, much more extensive vowel systems are typical for South Omotic.<br />
<br />
All Omotic languages for which sufficient data is available are [[tonal languages]], which usually only distinguish two tones (high and low), some languages have more tones: Dizi distinguishes three, Bench six. Certain Omotic languages such as Aari and Ganza (Mao) have tonal accent systems in which each independent word has exactly one high tone, whereas in most languages the tones are freely distributed.<br />
<br />
===Morphology===<br />
====Nouns====<br />
The Omotic languages distinguish between the nominal categories [[Grammatical number|number]], [[Grammatical case|case]],<ref>R. Hayward, Y. Tsuge: ''Concerning case in Omotic.'' In: ''Africa and Overseas. '' Volume 81, pp. 21-38. 1998.</ref> and [[definiteness (linguistics)|definiteness]]. These categories are marked by different suffixes, which can be fusional or analytic depending on the language. The two genders in all omotic languages for which sufficient data are available are [[masculine]] and [[feminine]]; they essentially correspond to natural gender. The case system distinguishes the omotic languages as accusative languages; other cases form various adverbial determinations. A number of omotic languages have an [[absolutive]] case, which marks the citation form and the direct object (examples from Wolaita):{{sfn|Bender|2000|p=21}}<br />
* Absolute ''keett-a'' "the house"<br />
* Nominative ''keett-i'' "the house"<br />
Some common case suffixes are:<br />
* Nominative *-''i'' (Gonga-Gimojan, Dizi-Sheko)<br />
* Accusative *-''m'' (South Domotic)<br />
* Genitive *-''kV'' (Gonga-Gimojan, Dizi-Sheko, Mao, Dime)<br />
* Dative *-''s'' (Gonga-Gimojan, Dizi-Sheko, Mao?{{sfn|Bender|2000|p=212}})<br />
A typological peculiarity, which is also isolated within Omotic, is the person and gender dependency of the nominative in Bench (either -''i''˧ or -''a''˧, depending on the person):<br />
* ''a˦tsin˦-a˧'' “a woman” (3rd person sg. femininum){{sfn|Bender|2000|p=127}}<br />
* ''nun˧-a˧'' "we" (1st person plural exclusive)<ref name="Breeze">Mary J. Breeze: ''Personal Pronouns in Gimira (Benchnon).'' In: [[Ursula Wiesemann]] (Ed.): ''Pronominal Systems.'' Narr, Tübingen 1986, ISBN 3-87808-335-1, pp. 47–70, p. 53.</ref><br />
* ''nas˦i˧'' “a man” (3rd person sg. masculine)<ref name="Breeze" /><br />
<br />
In most languages, the [[Grammatical number|singular]] is unmarked, while the plural has its own [[suffix]]. It is possible that plural suffixes in some languages arose from a partitive construction. This is supported by the length of certain plural suffixes, formal relationships to the genitive singular and the fact that the determining suffix sometimes comes before the plural suffix, which is typologically unusual:{{sfn|Hayward|2003|p=246}}{{sfn|Lamberti|1993|p=70 f}}<br />
* Dizi ''kìan-à-kʾankàs'' dog+det.+plural “the dogs”{{sfn|Bender|2000}}<br />
* Yem ''ʔasú-nì-kitó'' human+gene+plural “people”{{sfn|Lamberti|1993|p=71}}<br />
<br />
====Pronouns====<br />
The [[personal pronouns]] distinguish similar categories to the nouns in most omotic languages; However, the genera are usually only marked in the 3rd person singular. The personal pronouns usually have their own stem for each number-person-gender combination, to which case suffixes are then added, which are the same for all persons. Some of the pronouns show similarities with other Afro-Asian language families and can therefore be traced back to Proto-Afro-Asiatic; Certain South Omotic personal pronouns can be explained as borrowings from the neighboring Nilo-Saharan:<ref>Reconstructions according to {{harvnb|Bender|2000|p=196}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! colspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
! colspan="3" | 3rd person<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | sg. !! rowspan="2" | pl.<br />
! rowspan="2" | sg. !! rowspan="2" | pl.<br />
! colspan="2" | sg. !! rowspan="2" | pl.<br />
|-<br />
! m.<br />
! f.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | Omotic<br />
| colspan="8" | Nordomotic<br />
|-<br />
| Proto-Gonga-Gimojan<br />
| *ta<br />
| *nu~*no<br />
| *no<br />
| *int-<br />
| *isi<br />
| ?<br />
| *is-<br />
|-<br />
| Proto-Dizi-Sheko<br />
| *ǹ<br />
| *ń<br />
| *yeta<br />
| *iti<br />
| *iz-<br />
| *iži<br />
| *iš-<br />
|-<br />
| Proto-Mao<br />
| *ti-<br />
| ?<br />
| *hiya<br />
| *nam<br />
| ?<br />
| ?<br />
| ?<br />
|-<br />
| Proto-Southomotic<br />
| *inta<br />
| *wo-ta<br />
| *yaa/*in<br />
| *ye-ta<br />
| *nuo<br />
| *naaa<br />
| *ke-ta<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | Other<br />
| Afroasiatic: Akkadian<br />
| ī<br />
| nī<br />
| k-a/k-ī<br />
| k-unu/k-ina<br />
| š-u<br />
| š-a<br />
| š-unu/š-ina<br />
|-<br />
| Nilotic: Teso{{sfn|Bender|2000|p=163}}<br />
| ɛɔŋɔ<br />
| ɔnɪ/ɪs(y)ɔ<br />
| ɪjɔ<br />
| yɛsɪ<br />
| colspan="2" | ŋɛsɪ<br />
| kɛsɪ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The case endings of the personal pronouns and the nouns are usually identical:<br />
* Aari: Accusative -m: ''yé-m'' "you", ''fatir-in-ám'' "the corn"<br />
Possessive pronouns in particular have their own forms:<br />
* Aari: ''yé'' "yours," ''ʔéed-te'' "a man's"<br />
<br />
==Reconstruction==<br />
[[Lionel Bender|Bender]] (1987: 33–35)<ref name="Bender, Lionel M 1987">Bender, Lionel M. 1987. "First Steps Toward proto-Omotic." ''Current Approaches to African Linguistics'' 3 (1987): 21–36.</ref> reconstructs the following proto-forms for Proto-Omotic and Proto-North Omotic, the latter which is considered to have descended from Proto-Omotic.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! English gloss !! Proto-<br>Omotic !! Proto-North <br>Omotic<br />
|-<br />
| ashes || *bend || <br />
|-<br />
| bird || *kaf || <br />
|-<br />
| bite || || *sats’<br />
|-<br />
| breast || *t’iam || <br />
|-<br />
| claw || *ts’ugum || <br />
|-<br />
| die || *hayk’ || <br />
|-<br />
| dog || *kan || <br />
|-<br />
| egg || *ɓul || <br />
|-<br />
| fire || || *tam<br />
|-<br />
| grass || *maata || <br />
|-<br />
| hand || || *kuc<br />
|-<br />
| head || *to- || <br />
|-<br />
| hear || *si- || <br />
|-<br />
| mouth || *non- || <br />
|-<br />
| nose || *si(n)t’ || <br />
|-<br />
| root || *ts’ab- || <br />
|-<br />
| snake || *šooš || <br />
|-<br />
| stand (vb.) || || *yek’<br />
|-<br />
| this || *kʰan- || <br />
|-<br />
| thou (2.SG) || *ne(n) || <br />
|-<br />
| water || *haats’ || <br />
|-<br />
| we (1.PL) || *nu(n) || <br />
|-<br />
| ye (2.PL) || *int- || <br />
|-<br />
| green || *c’il- || <br />
|-<br />
| house || || *kyet<br />
|-<br />
| left || *hadr- || <br />
|-<br />
| elephant || *daŋgVr || <br />
|-<br />
| sister, mother || *ind || <br />
|-<br />
| armpit || || *šoɓ-<br />
|-<br />
| boat || *gong- || <br />
|-<br />
| grave || *duuk || <br />
|-<br />
| vomit || || *c’oš-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Comparative vocabulary==<br />
Sample basic vocabulary of 40 Omotic languages from Blažek (2008):<ref>Blažek, Václav. 2008. A lexicostatistical comparison of Omotic languages. In Bengtson (ed.), 57–148.</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"<br />
! Language !! eye !! ear !! nose !! tooth !! tongue !! mouth !! blood !! bone !! tree !! water !! eat !! name<br />
|-<br />
| [[Basketo language|Basketo]] || af || waytsi || sints || ačči || B ɪnts'ɨrs || no·na || suuts || mεk'εts || B mɪts || B waːtse || A moy- || B sumsa<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dokka language|Dokka]] || af || waytsi || si·nts || ačči || ɨrs'ɪns || no·na || su·ts || mik'әts || mittse || wa·tsi || m- || suntsa<br />
|-<br />
| [[Male language (Ethiopia)|Male]] || ’aːpi || waizi || sied‘i || ’ači || ’ɪndɪrsi || daŋka || sugutsi || mεgεtsi || mitsi || waːtsi || mo- || sunsi<br />
|-<br />
| [[Wolaita language|Wolaita]] || ayf-iya; A ayp'-iya || haytta || sir-iya || acca; A acc'a || int'arsa || doona || suutta; Ch maččamié || mek'etta || mitta || hatta || m- || sunta<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kullo language|Kullo]] || ayp'-iya || haytsa || siid'-iya || acc'a || ins'arsa || doona || sutsa || mek'etsa || barzap'-iya || hatsa || m- || sutta<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kachama-Ganjule language|Cancha]] || ayp'e || hayts || sire || acc‘a || ins‘arsa || doona || suts || mek'etsa || mits || haats || m- || sunts<br />
|-<br />
| [[Melo language|Malo]] || ’áɸe || hʌ́je || síd'e || ’áčʰә || ’irɪ́nts || dɔ́nʌ || sútsʰ || mεk‘ɨ́ts‘ || mɪ́ts || ’átsә || m- || sʊns<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gofa language|Gofa]] || ayp'e || haytsa || siide || acc'a || intsarsa || doona || sutsa || mek'etta || mitsa || hatse || m- || suntsa<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zala language|Zala]] || ayfe || (h)aytsa || sid'e || ačča || int'arsa || duna || tsutsa || || mitsa || hatsa || maa- || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Gamo language|Gamu]] || ayp'e || haytsa || siire || acc'a || ins'arsa || doona || suuts || mek'ets || mitsa || hatse || m- || sunts<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dache language|Dache]] || ayfe || hayts'e || siyd'e || acé || ɪntsεrs || duna || suts || mek'ets || šara || hatse || m- || sunts<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dorze language|Dorze]] || ayp'e || waye || sire || acc'a || ins'arsa || duuna || suts || mek'etsa || mits || haats || m- || sunts<br />
|-<br />
| [[Oyda language|Oyda]] || ápe, ayfe || B haːye || sid'e || ’ač, pl. o·či || iláns || B doːna || suts || mεk'εts || mɪns'a || haytsi || mu’- || suntsu<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zayse language|Zayse]] || ’áaɸε || waayέ || kuŋké || ’acc' || ints'έrε || baadέ || súuts' || mεk'έεte || mits'a || wáats'i || m- || č'úuč'e<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zergulla language|Zergulla]] || ’aːɸe || wai || kuŋki || ’ac'e || ’insәre || haː’e || suːts || nεkεtε || mintsa || waːtse || m- || suːns<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ganjule language|Ganjule]] || ’áaɸε || waašέ || kuŋkε || gaggo || ints'úrε || baadέ || súuts' || mεk'έtε || mits'i || waats'i || m- || ts'únts'i<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gidicho language|Gidicho]] || ’áaɸε || waašέ || kuŋké || gaggo || ints'úrε || baadέ || súuts'i || mεk'εte || míts'i || wáats'i || m- || ts'únts'i<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kachama language|Kachama]] || ’áaɸε || uwaašέ || kuŋkέ || gaggo || ints'úrε || baadέ || súuts'ε || mέk‘έtee || mits'i || wáats'i || m- || ts'únts'i<br />
|-<br />
| [[Koyra language|Koyra]] || ’áɸε || waayέ || siid'ε || gaggo || ’únts'úrε || ’áaša || súuts' || mεk‘έεte || míts'e; Ce akka || wáats'e || múuwa || súuntsi<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chara language|Chara]] || áːpa || wóːya || sínt'u || áč'a || ’íns'ila || noːná || súːta || mertá || mítsa || áːs'a || ḿ-na || sumá<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bench language|Bench]] || ap || (h)ay || sint' || gaš; san || eyts' || non || sut || mert || inč || so’ || m’ || sum<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shekkacho language|She]] || af || ai || sint' || gaš || ets' || non || sut || mεrt || enc || so’ || mma || sum<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yemsa language|Yemsa]] || aafa; kema || odo || siya || a’ya || terma || noono || anna || mega || i’o || aka || me || suna<br />
|-<br />
| [[Boro language (Ethiopia)|Bworo]] || aawa || waaza || šint'a || gaša || albeera || noona || ts'atts'a || mak'әttsa || mitta || aatsa || maa- || šuutsa<br />
|-<br />
| [[Anfillo language|Anfillo]] || aːfo || waːjo || šiːnto || gaːššo || εrɪːtso || nɔːno || ts'antso || šaušo || mɪːtso || yuːro || m || šiːgo<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kafa language|Kafa]] || affo, aho || wammo; kendo || muddo || gašo || eč'iyo || nono; koko || dammo || šawušo || met'o || ač'o || mammo; č‘okko || šiggo<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mocha language|Mocha]] || á·p̱o || wa·mmo || šit'ó || gášo || häč'awo || no·no || damo || ša·wúšo || mit'ó || à·č'o || ma̱·(hä) || šəgo<br />
|-<br />
| Proto-Omotic<ref name="Bender, Lionel M 1987"/> || || || *si(n)t’ || || || *non- || || || || *haats’ || || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan = "13" | [[Maji languages|Maji]]<br />
|-<br />
| Proto-[[Maji languages|Maji]]<ref>Aklilu, Yilma. 2003. Comparative phonology of the Maji languages. ''Journal of Ethiopian studies'' 36: 59–88.</ref> || *ʔaːb || *háːy || || *aːç’u || || *eːdu || || *uːs || *inču || *haːy || *um || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dizi language|Dizi]] || ab-u || aːi || sin-u || ažu || yabɪl || εd-u || yεrm-u || us || wɪč || aːi || m- || sɪm-u<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shako language|Shako]] || áːb || aːy || B sɪnt' || áːč'u || érb || eːd || yärm || uːsu || íːnču || áːy || m̥̀- || suːm<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nayi language|Nayi]] || ’aːf || B haːy || si.n || B acu || B yalb || eːdu || yarbm || ’uːs || B incus || B hai || m- || suːm<br />
|-<br />
! colspan = "13" | [[Mao languages|Mao]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bambassi language|Mao]] || áːfέ || wáːlέ || šíːnt'έ || àːts'ὲ || ánts'ílὲ || pɔ́ːnsὲ || hándέ || máːlt‘έ || ’íːntsὲ || hàːtsὲ || hà míjà || jèːškέ<br />
|-<br />
| [[Seze language|Seze]] || aːb, áːwi || wέὲ || šíːnté || háːts'έ, haːnsì || jántsílὲ/ t'agál || waːndè || hámbìlὲ || bàk‘ílí || ’innsì || háːns'ì || máːmɔ́ || nìːší<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hozo language|Hozo]] || abbi || wεεra || šini || ats'i || S wìntə́lә || waandi || hambilε || bak‘ilε || S ’íːnti || haani || maa || iiši<br />
|-<br />
! colspan = "13" | [[South Omotic languages|Aroid]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dime language|Dime]] || ’afe, ’aɸe || k'aːme || nʊkʊ || F baŋgɪl; ɪts; kәsɪl || ’ɨdәm || ’afe; B ’app- || maχse; F dzumt || k‘oss; F k‘ʊs || ’aχe; B haːɣo || naχe; B nәːɣ- || ’ɨčɨn || mɨze; F naːb<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hamer language|Hamer]] || api, afi || k'a(ː)m- || nuki || ’ats' || ’ad’ab || ap- || zum’i || leːfi || ak'- || noko || kʊm- || nam-<br />
|-<br />
| [[Banna language|Banna]] || afi || k'ami || nuki || atsi || adʌb/adɪm || afa || zump'i || lεfi || ɑhaka/haːk'a || noko || its-; kum- || na(a)bi<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karo language (Ethiopia)|Karo]] || afi || k'ami || nuki || asi || attәp' || M ’apo || mәk'әs || lefi || aka || nuk'o || isidi || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aari language|Ari]] || afi || k'ami || nuki || atsi; B kasel geegi || adim || afa || zom’i || lεfi || ahaka || noɣa; B nɔk'ɔ || its- || nami<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hamer language|Ubamer]] || a·fi || ɣ/k'a·mi || nuki || atsi || admi || afa || mək'əs ~ -ɣ- || lεfí || aɣa || luk'a, luɣa || ’its- || na·mi<br />
|-<br />
| [[Galila language|Galila]] || a·fi || k'a·mi || nuki || ači || admi || afa || mәk'әs || lεfí || aɣa/aháɣa || lu·ɣa/lo·ɣa || ič- || la·mi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Languages of Ethiopia]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== Sources cited ==<br />
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |author-link=Lionel Bender (linguist)<br />
|year=2000<br />
|title=Comparative Morphology of the Omotic Languages<br />
|location=Munich<br />
|publisher=LINCOM<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last=Blench |first=Roger<br />
|date=2006<br />
|title=Archaeology, Language, and the African Past<br />
|publisher=AltaMira Press<br />
|location=Oxford<br />
|isbn=9780759104662<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last=Fleming |first=Harold<br />
|year=1976<br />
|chapter=Omotic overview<br />
|title=The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia<br />
|editor-first=M. Lionel |editor-last=Bender<br />
|pages=299–323<br />
|location=East Lansing, MI<br />
|publisher=Michigan State University<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|editor-last=Hayward |editor-first=Richard J. |editor-link=Richard Hayward (linguist)<br />
|year=1990<br />
|title=Omotic Language Studies<br />
|location=London<br />
|publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last=Hayward |first=Richard J. |author-link=Richard Hayward (linguist)<br />
|year=2003<br />
|chapter=Omotic: the 'empty quarter' of Afroasiatic linguistics<br />
|title=Research in Afroasiatic Grammar II: selected papers from the fifth conference on Afroasiatic languages, Paris 2000<br />
|editor=Jacqueline Lecarme<br />
|pages=241–261<br />
|location=Amsterdam<br />
|publisher=John Benjamins<br />
|doi=10.1075/cilt.241.13hay<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last=Newman |first=Paul<br />
|year=1980<br />
|title=The classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic<br />
|publisher=Universitaire Pers Leiden<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite journal<br />
|last=Lamberti |first=Marcello<br />
|year=1991<br />
|title=Cushitic and its Classifications<br />
|journal=Anthropos<br />
|volume=86<br />
|issue=4/6<br />
|pages=552–561<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last=Lamberti |first=Marcello<br />
|title=Materialien zum Yemsa. Studi Linguarum Africae Orientalis, Band 5<br />
|publisher=Universitätsverlag Winter<br />
|location=Heidelberg<br />
|year=1993<br />
|isbn=3-8253-0103-6<br />
}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== General Omotic bibliography ==<br />
*[[Lionel Bender (linguist)|Bender, M. L.]] 1975. ''Omotic: a new Afroasiatic language family''. (University Museum Series, 3.) Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University.<br />
*Zaborski, Andrzej. 1986. Can Omotic be reclassified as West Cushitic? In Gideon Goldenberg, ed., ''Ethiopian Studies: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference'' pp.&nbsp;525–530. Rotterdam: Balkema.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/iln/LING2110/v07/THEIL%20Is%20Omotic%20Afroasiatic.pdf Is Omotic Afro-Asiatic?] by Rolf Theil<br />
<br />
{{Afro-Asiatic languages}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Omotic Language}}<br />
[[Category:Omotic languages| ]]<br />
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]<br />
[[Category:Afroasiatic languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Ethiopia]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed language families]]</div>97.145.96.72http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Christopher_Ehret&diff=534404Christopher Ehret2025-05-19T01:09:17Z<p>97.145.96.72: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|American historian and linguist}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox academic<br />
| name = Christopher Ehret<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 27 July 1941<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = 25 March 2025<br />
| death_place = Thousand Oaks, California<br />
| nationality = American<br />
| occupation = Historian<br />
| spouse = Patricia Ehret<br />
| alma_mater = [[Northwestern University]]<br />
| influences = <br />
| workplaces = [[University of California, Los Angeles]]<br />
| main_interests = [[Afroasiatic languages]], [[Nilo-Saharan languages]], [[historical linguistics]]<br />
| notable_works = ''Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian)'' (2005)<br />
| notable_ideas = <br />
| influenced = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Christopher Ehret''' (27 July 1941 – 25 March 2025), was an American scholar of [[African history]] and African [[historical linguistics]] who was particularly known for his efforts to correlate linguistic taxonomy and reconstruction with the archeological record. He was a professor at [[UCLA]] for almost half a century and published many works, including ''Reconstructing Proto-Afrasian'' (1995) and ''Ancient Africa'' (2023). He authored around seventy articles on a range of historical, linguistic, and anthropological subjects. These works include monographic articles on Bantu subclassification; on internal reconstruction in Semitic; on the reconstruction of proto-Cushitic and proto-Eastern Cushitic; and, with Mohamed Nuuh Ali, on the classification of the Somali languages. <br />
<br />
He contributed to a number of encyclopedias on African topics and on world history, such as Volume III of [[UNESCO]] ''[[General History of Africa]]'' book series for which he wrote a chapter on the [[East Africa|East African]] interior.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Africa |first1=Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of |title=UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. III, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century |date=3 November 1992 |pages=616–643|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06698-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa0wDwAAQBAJ&q=unesco+general+history+of+africa+volume+iii |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Ehret's historical books emphasize early African history. In ''An African Classical Age'' (1998) he argued for a conception of the period from 1000 BC to 400 AD in [[East Africa]] as a "classical age" during which a variety of major technologies and social structures first took shape. His Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 (2002), brings together the whole of African history from the close of the last ice age down to the end of the eighteenth century. With the archaeologist Merrick Posnansky, he also edited ''The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History'' (1982), at that time a state-of-the-field survey of the correlation of linguistic and archaeological findings in the different major regions of the continent.<br />
<br />
In reviewing ''An African Classical Age'' for the ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', [[Ronald Field Atkinson|Ronald Atkinson]] calls it "not easy or light reading", but concludes that "the result is a remarkably rich, evocative social and cultural history…” and that it "will itself become a classic and shape future scholarship in early African history for many years to come".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Atkinson|first=Ronald|journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|date=July 2000|volume=570|pages=192–193|doi=10.1177/0002716200570001019|title=Africa, Asia, and Latin America}}</ref> The late Kennell Jackson of Stanford, writing in ''The Historian'', says that "by the book’s midpoint, the immensity of his synthesis becomes apparent, as well as Ehret’s achievement as a historical conceptualizer. He repeatedly challenges formulaic ideas about causality, linearity as a model of change, and the cultural factors affecting innovation…. Ehret has written a fabulous African history book, furthering a genre far from the seemingly ubiquitous slavery studies and trendy colonial social history".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Kennell|journal=The Historian|volume=62|issue=4|year=2000|pages=857–858}}</ref> Peter Robertshaw in the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, offers a more measured conclusion: "Ehret has produced a remarkably coherent and detailed history which should spur further research".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Robertshaw|first=Peter|journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|date=March 2000|volume=6|issue=1|pages=150–151}}</ref><br />
<br />
The historian Esperanza Brizuela-Garcia,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brizuela-Garcia|first=Esperanza|journal=African Studies Review|year=2003|volume=46|issue=2|pages=134–136|doi=10.2307/1514850|title=A History of Africa|jstor=1514850 |s2cid=144553885 }}</ref> in her review of ''The Civilizations of Africa'' for the ''African Studies Review'', calls this book "challenging and innovative" for presenting "the early history of Africa within the context of wide historical processes such as the development of agriculture, the emergence of metalwork, and the evolution of trade…. It gives these themes a thorough and masterful treatment…. By looking at broad themes of the history of human experience, Ehret is able to explain what makes Africa unique and what makes it comparable to other continents". She concludes: "The most important achievement of Ehret’s book is that finally the early history of the continent is taken seriously and is presented in detail and form that do justice to its complexity and depth. One hopes that Christopher Ehret has initiated a new trend in the writing of African history textbooks, one that challenges previously accepted chronologies and ideas and presents us with an interpretation that connects social, economic, political, and cultural history".<br />
<br />
Scott MacEachern's review of the same book for the ''Journal of Africa History'' adds an archaeologist's perspective: "The book is well written and comprehensive and abundantly illustrates the richness and complexity of African societies over many thousands of years. More discussion of methodologies and data compatibility, and a more complete reference list, would have been useful. It will make a fine introductory text for courses in African history, especially if supplemented by books and papers that reflect other research methods and their results".<ref>{{cite journal|last=MacEachern|first=Scott|title=HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS AND AFRICAN HISTORY the Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. By CHRISTOPHER EHRET. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia; Oxford: James Currey 2002. Pp. Xii+480. $50 (ISBN 0-8139-2084-1); $22.50; £18.95, paperback (ISBN 0-85255-475-3) |journal=Journal of African History|year=2003|volume=44|issue=2|pages=342–343|doi=10.1017/s0021853703228553|s2cid=162352245 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
Ehret's linguistic tome, ''Reconstructing [[Proto-Afroasiatic language|Proto-Afroasiatic]] (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary'' (1995), is the subject of a detailed review article in ''Afrika und Übersee'' by the distinguished scholar of Afroasiatic languages, [[Ekkehard Wolff]]. Wolff writes: "Ehrets opus magnum ist ein Parforce-Ritt durch schwierigstes Terrain, bei dem sich der Reiter auch an die steilsten Hindernissen überraschend gut in Sattel hält und an nur einer einzigen Hürde nach Meinung des Rez. scheitert (…Tonalität). Es ist ein nahezu unmöglisches, ein sehr mutiges und ein möglicherweise epochales Buch". ("Ehret’s opus magnum is a steeplechase ride through the most difficult terrain, in which the rider stays in the saddle astonishingly well even at the steepest obstacles and, in the opinion of the reviewer, crashes at only a single hurdle (…tone). It is a nearly impossible, a very courageous, and a possibly epochal book".) After an extensive and thorough critical commentary on the contents of the book, Wolff concludes: "Ehret hat nichts weniger versucht als einen zukünftigen "Klassiker" zu schreiben....”<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wolff|first=Ekkehard|journal=Afrika und Übersee|year=2000|volume=83|pages=115–139}}</ref> ("Ehret has sought to write nothing less than a future classic.")<br />
<br />
This particular book appeared in the same year as another comparative work on the same language family, Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova's ''Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction''. Two reviewers have given comparative assessments of the two books, John Greppin in the ''Times Literary Supplement'', 1 November 1996, and Robert Ratcliffe in a paper, "Afroasiatic Comparative Lexica: Implications for Long (and Medium) Range Language Comparison". Greppin writes a strongly positive review; Ratcliffe takes a more negative stance toward both books.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ratcliffe|first=Robert|title=Afroasiatic Comparative Lexica: Implications for Long (and Medium) Range Language Comparison|url=http://www.tufs.ac.jp/ts/personal/ratcliffe/comp%20&%20method-Ratcliffe.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ehret's 2001 book, ''A Historical-Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan'', has had a mixed reception. Václav Blažek, in a review article originally prepared for ''Afrikanische Arbeitspapiere'', presents additional data, most of which, in his words, "confirm Ehret’s cognate sets". He continues, "The weakest point in the…monograph consists in semantics. Ehret’s approach is rather benevolent …. But in any case, in the present time Ehret’s work signifies big progress".<ref>{{cite web|last=Blažek|first=Václav|title=The first comparative dictionary of Nilo-Saharan|url=http://www.nostratic.net/books/(262)blazek-nilosaharan.pdf}}{{dead link|date=November 2018}}</ref> The sociologist and linguist Gerard Philippson in his review in the ''Journal of African Languages and Linguistics'', also raises questions on some of the semantic connections, and he has doubts about the environments of certain sound changes proposed in the book. He has issues as well with Ehret's use of evidence from the Central Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family, but he finds his arguments relating to the Eastern Sahelian (Eastern Sudanic) branch convincing and "solid". He avers in conclusion: "Même les chercheurs s'opposant à cette reconstruction disposeront, en tous cas, d'une somme de matériaux, clairement présentés dans l'ensemble, sur lesquels ils pourront s'appuyer pour mettre en cause ou rebâtir l'ensemble proposé. Il s'agit de toutes façons d'un travail qui ne saurait être ignoré." ("Even the researchers who are opposed to this reconstruction will have, in any case, an amount of material, clearly presented throughout, which they can rely on to either challenge or rebuild what is proposed. As a whole, it constitutes a work which cannot be ignored".)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Philippson|first=Gerard|journal=Journal of African Languages and Linguistics|volume=24|issue=2|year=2003|pages=204–207}}</ref> Roger Blench, a development anthropologist, published a critical comparison of Ehret's and M. L. Bender's comparative work on the Nilo-Saharan family in ''Africa und Übersee'' in 2000—from its date, seemingly written before the book came out. It may be based, in part, on a preliminary manuscript by Ehret from the early 1990s.<br />
<br />
In later years Ehret carried his work in several new directions, including the history and evolution of early human kinship systems. He also was interested in applying the methods of historical reconstruction from linguistic evidence to issues in anthropological theory and in world history, and he collaborated with geneticists in seeking to correlate linguistic with genetic findings (e.g., Sarah A. Tishkoff, Floyd A. Reed, F. R. Friedlaender, Christopher Ehret, Alessia Ranciaro, et al., "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", Science 324, 22 May 2009). He was also engaged in developing mathematical tools for dating linguistic history (e.g., Andrew Kitchen, Christopher Ehret, Shiferew Assefa, and Connie Mulligan, "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, July 2009).<br />
<br />
Christopher Paul Ehret passed away on 25 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christopher Paul Ehret Obituary |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/santa-paula-ca/christopher-paul-ehret-12309545 |website=Dignity Memorial |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
* ''Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2023.<br />
* ''The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800.'' Second Edition. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2016.<br />
* ''A Dictionary of Sandawe: The Lexicon and Culture of a Khoesan People of Tanzania.'' (C. Ehret and Patricia Ehret, eds.) Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2012.<br />
* ''History and the Testimony of Language.'' Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2011.<br />
* ''The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2002.<br />
* ''A Historical-Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan.'' Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2001.<br />
* ''An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998.<br />
* ''Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary.'' Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995.<br />
* ''The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History.'' (C. Ehret and M. Posnansky, eds.) Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982.<br />
* ''The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary.'' Berlin: Reimer, 1980.<br />
* ''Ethiopians and East Africans: The Problem of Contacts.'' Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1974.<br />
* ''Southern Nilotic History: Linguistic Approaches to the Study of the Past.'' Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1971.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040815220138/http://www.history.ucla.edu/ehret/ His works]<br />
* [http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/2.1/ehret.html A Conversation with Christopher Ehret], ''World History Connected'' Vol. 2 No. 1 (November 2004)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110905152254/http://www.upress.virginia.edu/books/ehret.html Reviews of ''An African Classical Age''], 2007<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ehret, Christopher}}<br />
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Linguists of Khoisan languages]]<br />
[[Category:Historians of Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American historians]]<br />
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:Linguists of Nilo-Saharan languages]]<br />
[[Category:Linguists of Afroasiatic languages]]<br />
[[Category:1941 births]]<br />
[[Category:Historical linguists]]<br />
[[Category:Historians from California]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]</div>97.145.96.72http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Wayne_Huizenga&diff=403023Wayne Huizenga2025-05-18T15:45:01Z<p>97.145.96.72: /* Baseball */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|American businessman (1937–2018)}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| image = Wayne Huizenga.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Huizenga in the 1980s<br />
| birth_name = Harry Wayne Huizenga<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1937|12|29|mf=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Evergreen Park, Illinois]], U.S.<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|03|22|1937|12|29|mf=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], U.S.<br />
| resting_place = Evergreen Cemetery, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.<br />
| education = [[Calvin College]]<br />
| occupation = Businessman; entrepreneur<br />
| known_for = [[Blockbuster LLC|Blockbuster Video]], [[Waste Management (corporation)|Waste Management, Inc.]], [[AutoNation]], and [[Swisher Hygiene]]<br/>former owner of NFL's [[Miami Dolphins]],<br/>the NHL's [[Florida Panthers]], and MLB's [[Miami Marlins|Florida Marlins]] teams<br />
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|{{marriage|end=div.|Joyce VanderWagen|1960|1966}}|{{marriage|end=died|Martha Jean "Marti" Goldsby |1972|2017}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Harry Wayne Huizenga Sr.'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quotes.wsj.com/AN/company-people/executive-profile/89435171|title=Harry Wayne Huizenga, 80|newspaper=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|ˈ|z|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ə}}; December 29, 1937&nbsp;– March 22, 2018) was an American businessman. He founded [[AutoNation]] and [[Waste Management (corporation)|Waste Management Inc.]], and was the owner or co-owner of [[Blockbuster LLC|Blockbuster Video]], the [[Miami Dolphins]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL), the [[Florida Panthers]] of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL), and the [[Miami Marlins]] (formerly Florida Marlins) of [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB).<br />
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==Early life and education==<br />
Harry Wayne Huizenga was of [[Dutch Americans|Dutch]] descent.<ref name=almond>{{cite web| url= https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/wayne-huizenga-the-unauthorized-biography-17392137 | title= Citizen Wayne: The Unauthorized Biography |first= Steven |last= Almond | newspaper= [[Miami New Times]] |volume= 9 |number= 33 |date= December 1–7, 1994}}</ref><ref>[http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Huizinga_(Huysinga,_Huisinga)_family Huizinga (Huysinga, Huisinga) family], Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia.</ref><ref>[[Huizinge]] in the Netherlands.</ref> His grandfather, Harm Huizenga,<ref name="WSJ obit" /> came to the United States from the Netherlands. Starting with a horse and wagon, Harm Huizenga built a trash hauling service, Huizenga & Sons Scavenger Co. in suburban Chicago in 1894.<ref name="MH obit" /><ref name=almond /> Wayne Huizenga's parents, Gerrit Harry Huizenga (1916–2001),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Gerrit-Huizenga/6000000054321337922|title=Gerrit Harry Huizenga|date=June 28, 1916 |publisher=Geni}}</ref> a cabinet maker, and Jean Huizenga (née Riddering; 1918–2006),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Jean-Huizenga/6000000054321131058|title=Jean Huizenga|date=May 25, 1918 |publisher=Geni}}</ref> a home decorator;<ref name="WSJ obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/wayne-huizenga-entrepreneur-behind-blockbuster-and-autonation-dies-at-80-1521822048|title=Wayne Huizenga, Entrepreneur Behind Blockbuster and AutoNation, Dies at 80|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=March 23, 2018|author=Hagerty, James R.}}</ref> grew up in the Dutch community in Chicago<ref name="NNI">{{cite web|url=https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/dutch_americans/wayne-h-huizenga/|title=Wayne H. Huizenga [1937]|publisher=New Netherland Institute}}</ref> and were strict [[Dutch Reformed Church|Dutch Reformed]] Christians.{{cn|date=August 2022}}<br />
<br />
Huizenga was born at Little Company of Mary Hospital, in [[Evergreen Park, Illinois]], on December 29, 1937, the first child in a family of garbage haulers.<ref name="CT">{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-wayne-huizenga-dies-20180323-story.html|title=Chicago-born Wayne Huizenga dies at 80; built his fortune though Waste Management and Blockbuster Video|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=March 23, 2018|author=Spencer, Terry; Wine, Steve}}</ref> In 1940 when Wayne was 2, the Huizenga family were listed as living in an apartment building in Berwyn, Illinois.<ref>Year: ''1940''; Census Place: ''Berwyn, Cook, Illinois''; Roll: ''m-t0627-00773''; Page: ''3B''; Enumeration District: ''16-29''</ref> He had one sister, Bonnie, who was five years younger.<ref name=almond /> He attended Chicago Christian High School in his sophomore year.<ref>Source Citation<br />
<br />
''"U.S., School Yearbooks, 1880-2012"''; School Name: ''Chicago Christian High School''; Year: ''1954''</ref> In 1953, the Huizenga family moved to Florida and settled in the [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortlauderdaledaily.com/features/remebering-south-florida-icon-h-wayne-huizenga|title=Remebering South Florida Icon H. Wayne Huizenga|website=Fort Lauderdale Daily|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> His father became a building contractor in a booming real estate market.{{cn|date=August 2022}}<br />
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The remainder of Huizenga's high school years were spent at [[Pine Crest School]], where he was a member of the football team and senior class treasurer.<ref name=almond /><ref name="NNI" /> After high school graduation in 1956, he moved back to Chicago where most of his friends, grandparents and other relatives lived, and enrolled for three semesters{{cn|date=August 2022}} at [[Calvin College]], a liberal arts college in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], but he dropped out before finishing his sophomore year.<ref name=almond /> For approximately five years after graduation, he took on low-wage jobs and in September 1959 enlisted in the [[United States Army Reserve]] and spent six months on active duty.<ref name="NNI" /><ref name="NB">{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/656/000055491/|title=H. Wayne Huizenga|publisher=NNDB}}</ref><br />
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==Career==<br />
In Fort Lauderdale, Huizenga started a [[waste management|garbage hauling]] business, as his grandfather had done in Chicago in 1894.<ref name=almond /> In 1962, he started the Southern Sanitation Service by borrowing US$5,000 from his father and convincing a rival trash hauler to sell him used trucks.<ref name="MH obit" /> Beginning with one garbage truck in 1968, and pursuing customers in an aggressive manner,<ref>According to a civil suit filed in November 1961 by Thomas Millwood, a self-employed electrical engineer, refused young Huizenga's offer to haul the trash with his Pompano Carting venture, and "[a]fter using abusive and profane language to both Millwood and his wife, the defendant Huizenga attacked Millwood in a fit of anger and without provocation ... striking him on his face and body, using great force and violence, thereby inflicting great bodily harm and mental shock." The altercation left Millwood with a "ripped shirt, broken sunglasses, and abrasions" on his face. Most painful, noted the lawsuit, was the "permanent injury to the testicles and genital area as a result of grabbing and twisting by the defendant." The matter went to trial, where the jury awarded Millwood $1,000 in damages. : From Almond, 1994.</ref> he created [[Waste Management (corporation)|Waste Management, Inc.]], an entity that eventually became a [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] company. Huizenga purchased many independent garbage hauling companies; when he took the company public in 1972, he had acquired 133 small-time haulers. In the early 1980s, he had grown Waste Management into one of the largest waste-disposal companies in the United States.<ref>Aseltine, McRea, Modi, Shukla, and Sullivan. ''[http://www.uhv.edu/bus/conference/samples/WM1stplace.pdf A Strategic Case Analysis: Waste Management Inc]'', Spring 2006, 3.6.3., :Summary of Competitive Analysis" : "The three largest national companies, Waste Management, Allied Waste and Republic Services together handle more than half the solid waste generated in the United States today."</ref> In 1984, he left the company and soon again bought companies including suppliers of portable toilets and water bottles for home coolers.<ref name="WSJ obit" /><br />
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Huizenga repeated the process with Blockbuster Video, acquiring a handful of stores in 1987,<ref name=block><br />
{{cite web | work=CNN Money | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2003/07/01/347314/index.htm | title=He Began Blockbuster. So What? David Cook created a household name, but he refuses to become one. | date=July 1, 2003 | first=Joshua|last=Hyatt | access-date=January 23, 2014}}</ref> with the company becoming the leading movie-rental chain in the U.S. by 1994. After a process of building and acquiring auto dealerships, in 1996, he formed [[AutoNation]], which became the nation's largest automotive dealer.<ref>White, Joseph B., [https://www.wsj.com/public/article/SB114487401909024337-ouwLdesvUMPaejrsk_WhxkaZzNU_20060516.html?mod=tff_main_tff_top "One Billion Cars"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', p. R1, April 17, 2006.</ref><br />
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In 2004, he sold Boca Resorts, a group of hotels, including The Hyatt Pier 66 Hotel<ref name=pier>"[http://www.sun-sentinel.com/business/tourism/fl-hyatt-pier-66-hotel-for-sale-20160203-story.html Iconic Hyatt Pier 66 hotel and marina for sale]" by Arlene Satchell, ''The Sun Sentinel'', February 3, 2016.</ref> and the Radisson Bahia Mar Hotel & Marina<ref name=bahia>"[http://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/article1976807.html Bahia Mar sold, may be upgraded with more dining and shopping]" by Arlene Satchell, ''The Sun Sentinel'', February 3, 2016.</ref> in Fort Lauderdale, The Boca Raton Resort & Club in [[Boca Raton, Florida]], and several others in [[Naples, Florida]], and Arizona, to [[private equity]] firm [[The Blackstone Group|Blackstone]] as part of a $1.25 billion deal.<ref name=pier /><br />
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In 2010, Huizenga along with Steve Berrard, former CEO of Blockbuster Video and AutoNation, took a majority stake in [[Swisher Hygiene]], after paying $8.1 million to founder Patrick Swisher and his wife, Laura.<ref name=boye>"[http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/stories/2005/01/10/story1.html Swisher's blockbuster deal]" by Will Boye, ''[[American City Business Journals|Charlotte Business Journal]]'', January 10, 2005.</ref> Swisher Hygiene went on to be traded on the [[NASDAQ]] and the [[Toronto Stock Exchange]] via a 2010 [[reverse takeover]] deal in which the company acquired the publicly traded [[CoolBrands International]], a Canada-based frozen food and dessert manufacturer. CoolBrands had divested its core businesses in 2007, leaving little more than a corporate shell.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}<br />
<br />
==Sports team ownership==<br />
Huizenga was notable for introducing baseball and ice hockey to the South Florida area as the creator and initial owner of the [[Miami Marlins|Florida Marlins]] and [[Florida Panthers]].<ref name="MH obit">{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/obituaries/article206530794.html|title=H. Wayne Huizenga, billionaire entrepreneur and Miami sports icon, dies at 80|newspaper=Miami Herald|date=March 23, 2018|author=Cohen, Howard; Beasley, Adam H.; Jackson, Barry}}</ref> Also, he bought the cable television channel [[Fox Sports Florida|SportsChannel Florida]] (now Bally Sports Florida) in 1996 to air his teams' games in the region.<br />
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He was criticized for naming the two teams for the state of Florida rather than the city of Miami. As an advocate for the city of Fort Lauderdale, he explained that his goal was to include [[Broward County, Florida|Broward County]] and [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach County]] in his teams' fan base.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}<br />
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In 1994, Huizenga's brother-in-law attempted to purchase the NBA's [[Miami Heat]],<ref name=heat>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/13/sports/sports-people-basketball-huizenga-relative-buys-control-of-heat.html Huizenga Relative Buys Control of Heat]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 13, 1994.</ref> but was unsuccessful.<br />
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===American football===<br />
In 1990, during a period of financial hardship for the franchise, Huizenga purchased 15% of the National Football League's [[Miami Dolphins]] and its stadium in [[Miami Gardens, Florida]]. Founding owner [[Joe Robbie]] had recently died, and his surviving family found it difficult to keep the team afloat. In turn, Huizenga bought the remaining shares of the team for $115 million to obtain full ownership in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|last=Salguero|first=Armando|date=June 28, 1994|title=Huizenga Expected To Finalize Purchase Of Dolphins Today - tribunedigital-orlandosentinel|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1994/06/28/huizenga-expected-to-finalize-purchase-of-dolphins-today/|access-date=March 23, 2018|publisher=Orlando Sentinel}}</ref> He changed the name of [[Hard Rock Stadium|Joe Robbie Stadium]], selling the naming rights to [[Fruit of the Loom]] brand Pro Player for $2 million per year for 10 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/08/26/Robbie-Stadium-renamed-Pro-Player-Park/7400841032000/ |title=Robbie Stadium renamed Pro Player Park - UPI Archives |publisher=Upi.com |date=August 26, 1996 |access-date=March 23, 2018}}</ref> It has since been renamed many times – as Dolphins Stadium, Dolphin Stadium, [[Anheuser-Busch brands#LandShark Lager|Land Shark]] Stadium, [[Sun Life Financial|Sun Life]] Stadium, as well as a few other corporate names, such as Fruit of the Loom, and is currently named [[Hard Rock Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kirshner |first=Alex |url=https://www.sbnation.com/college-football/2017/11/11/16628422/miami-stadium-name-dolphins-hurricanes |title=Miami stadium name history: 10 changes in 29 years |publisher=SBNation.com |date=November 11, 2017 |access-date=March 23, 2018}}</ref><br />
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In 2008, Huizenga sold 50% of the team and 50% of the stadium to [[Stephen M. Ross]], chairman of [[The Related Companies]]. Huizenga remained the managing general partner of the franchise until January 2009, when he sold another 45% of the team and as much of the stadium to Ross. Thus, Ross became managing general partner with 95% ownership of the Dolphins and the stadium, and Huizenga retained a 5% share of both club and stadium.<ref name=huddle /> Huizenga remained the proprietor of 50% of the land.<ref name=huddle>[https://www.huddle.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/17Dolphins.pdf 2017 Media Guide], The Miami Dolfins - from ''The Huddle'' website.</ref><ref name=dev>{{cite news| url=http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/7829172/Huizenga-to-sell-share-of-Dolphins | title= Huizenga to sell share of Dolphins to developer | agency= Associated Press |date= February 22, 2008 | archive-date=February 26, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080226093413/http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/7829172/Huizenga-to-sell-share-of-Dolphins}}</ref><br />
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In the early 1990s, Huizenga served a two-year probationary period with the National Football League as an owner, with the stipulation that he not buy another team.<ref name=boye /><br />
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===Baseball===<br />
In the 1996 off-season period, and only four years after the Marlins' first [[Expansion team#Major League Baseball|expansion]] appearance in the Major League, Huizenga and [[General manager (baseball)|General Manager]] [[Dave Dombrowski]] spent more than $89 million on free agents, the amount surprising the rest of the league.<ref>"[https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/06/29/huizengas-big-splash-engulfs-all-of-baseball/ Huizenga's Big Splash Engulfs All Of Baseball]" by Paul Sullivan, ''Chicago Tribune'', June 29, 1997.</ref> The Marlins strengthened its pitching staff by luring [[Alex Fernandez (baseball)|Alex Fernandez]] to Miami and brought over third baseman [[Bobby Bonilla]], outfielder [[Moisés Alou]], reliever [[Dennis Cook]] and outfielders [[John Cangelosi]] and [[Jim Eisenreich]].<ref name=BBTN /> In the 1997 season, the team made the [[Major League Baseball postseason|playoffs]] for the first time then went on to [[1997 World Series|win]] the World Series, defeating the Cleveland Indians in seven games.<ref name=BBTN>"Is Wayne Huizenga a Genius?" by Jonah Keri, chapter 8.3 of ''Baseball Between The Numbers: Why Everything You Know About the Game Is Wrong'' by the [[Baseball Prospectus]] Team, [[Basic Books]], USA, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-465-00547-5}}, pp. 306–325.</ref><br />
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In the next off season, Huizenga, claiming a financial loss of about $34 million running the team that year,<ref name=bleach>"[http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1425257-miami-marlins-the-7-worst-moves-in-franchise-history Miami Marlins: The 7 Worst Moves in Franchise History]", by Cheng Sio, ''The Bleacher Report'', December 2, 2012.</ref> a claim subsequently disputed by [[Smith College]] economist [[Andrew Zimbalist]] in an essay,<ref name=zimba>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/18/magazine/the-capitalist-a-miami-fish-story.html The Capitalist; A Miami Fish Story]" by [[Andrew Zimbalist]], ''The New York Times'', October 18, 1998.</ref> ordered the $54 million players-payroll to be cut, which led to the exodus of most of the championship players.<ref name=bleach /> In November 1998, the year after it won the World Series, the Marlins were sold for a reported amount of approximately $150 million to commodities trader [[John W. Henry|John Henry]],<ref name=sold>"[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sold-john-henry-buys-marlins/ Sold! John Henry Buys Marlins]", ''CBC News'', November 6, 1998.</ref> who later sold the franchise to finance his 2002 acquisition of the Boston Red Sox. In 2017, the Marlins was sold by entrepreneur owner [[Jeffrey Loria]] to a group of investors for a reported sum of $1.2 billion.<ref name=new>"[http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/miami-marlins-sold-to-new-owner-derek-jeter-and-bruce-sherman-9575204 Five Things to Know About the New Miami Marlins Owner Who Isn't Derek Jeter]" by Jerry Iannelli, ''[[Miami New Times]]'', August 13, 2017.</ref><br />
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While his sale of the Marlins was characterized as "one of the worst moves in the franchise's history"<ref name=bleach /> and Huizenga subsequently expressed regret over his final years with the club and wished he had instead chosen to "go one more year",<ref name=regret>"[http://mlb.mlb.com/news/print.jsp?ymd=20090210&content_id=3814820&vkey=news_mlb&c_id=mlb&fext=.jsp Ex-owner regrets breaking up '97 club]" by Joe Frisaro, MLB website, February 10, 2009.</ref> the analysts of the [[Baseball Prospectus]], through statistical work, claimed by both winning the sport's ultimate trophy and selling the club immediately after that win for a substantial profit, Wayne Huizenga proved to be a "genius."<ref name=BBTN /><br />
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When he sold the Marlins, Huizenga, who still owned then-Pro Player Stadium, retained the rights to skybox tickets and club seat customers, as well as 62.5% of parking revenue, and 30% of concessions.<ref name=asif>"[http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2003/10/Issue-21/Franchises/As-If-The-Marlins-Fire-Sale-Wasnt-Enough-For-Wayne-Huizenga.aspx As If The Marlins Fire Sale Wasn't Enough For Wayne Huizenga]", ''[[Advance Publications#Publications|Sports Business Daily]]'', October 10, 2003.</ref> Economist Andrew Zimbalist commented: "Huizenga made a killing when he sold the team for $150 million [in 1998] and had the lease for this stadium that enabled him to keep just about all the stadium revenue."<ref name=asif /><br />
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===Ice hockey===<br />
Huizenga operated the Florida Panthers as a public holding company, buying numerous real estate properties in the name of his Panthers Holding Group. Capitalizing on the team's 1996 drive to the [[Stanley Cup]] finals, he sold shares to the public, whose enthusiasm for the club drove civic leaders in Broward County to use public money to build a new [[BB&T Center (Sunrise, Florida)|arena]] for the team. Huizenga used the hockey team's stock as currency to begin building yet another diversified enterprise, buying two resort hotels owned partly by Huizenga and other Panthers officials. His original investment in the Panthers had nearly tripled in total value to $150 million.<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/25/sports/hockey-as-the-panthers-lose-money-their-fans-enrich-huizenga.html As the Panthers Lose Money, Their Fans Enrich Huizenga]" by Edward Wyatt, ''The New York Times'', March 25, 1998.</ref><br />
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In 2001, he sold the Panthers to pharmaceutical businessman and friend [[Alan Cohen]] and Cohen's partner, former NFL quarterback [[Bernie Kosar]], for approximately $100 million.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114424/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2001-06-06/news/0106060333_1_alan-p-cohen-andrx-florida-panthers Panthers Sold For $101 Million]" by Sarah Talalay, ''The Sun-Sentinel'', June 6, 2001.</ref> In December 2017, 25 years after he created the club, the Panthers [[Retired number|retired]] the no. 37 shirt in honor of Huizenga. His family chose the number because it was his "birth year and lucky number."<ref>"[http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/florida-panthers/fl-sp-panthers-20171210-story.html Panthers to retire No. 37 in honor of former owner H. Wayne Huizenga]" by Matthew DeFranks, ''The Sun Sentinel'', December 10, 2017.</ref><br />
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==Honors==<br />
In 1991, Huizenga received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#sports}}</ref> In 1992, he was named a "Distinguished American" by the [[Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans|Horatio Alger Association]] in 1992.<ref>[https://horatioalger.org/members/member-detail/?id=003j000000f219BAAQ H. Wayne Huizenga], The [[Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans|Horatio Alger Foundation]].</ref> He was named its 2008 [[Norman Vincent Peale]] Award recipient.<ref>[https://horatioalger.org/horatio-alger-award/norman-vincent-peale-award/ Norman Vincent Peale Award], The Horatio Alger Foundation.</ref> He was named the 2005 [[Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award#21st century recipients|Ernst & Young World Entrepreneur Of The Year]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Treadway|first1=Tyler|last2=Andreassi|first2=George|date=23 March 2018|title=AutoNation, Blockbuster and Waste Management founder H. Wayne Huizenga dies at age 80|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2018/03/23/autonation-blockbuster-and-waste-management-founder-h-wayne-huizenga-dies-age-80/452866002/|access-date=2020-11-10|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2012, the City of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, renamed Southeast 9th Street in the Rio Vista neighborhood Wayne Huizenga Blvd.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/broward/fl-wayne-huizenga-boulevard-20121204,0,6003025.story | title= Wayne's World: Fort Lauderdale adds Huizenga Boulevard | location= Fort Lauderdale | date= December 4, 2012| first= Larry |last= Barszewski |newspaper= Sun Sentinel | access-date= October 18, 2014}}</ref><br />
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==Personal life and death==<br />
On September 10, 1960, he married Joyce Vander Wagen whom he met while in high school. He had known Joyce since his early school years in Evergreen Park. Wayne and Joyce had two children, Wayne Jr. and Scott. The marriage ended in divorce in 1966.<ref name= almond /> Huizenga married his second wife, Martha Jean "Marti" (née Pike) Goldsby, a native of [[San Antonio, Florida]],<ref>[http://www.walkersresearch.com/Profilepages/Show_Executive_Title/Executiveprofile/M/Marti__Huizenga_100024965.html Marti Huizenga] profile in Walker's Research.</ref> in April 1972.<ref>https://www.inc.com/bill-murphy-jr/want-to-be-a-successful-leader-9-things-to-learn-from-life-of-h-wayne-huizenga-founder-of-blockbuster-waste-management-autonation-many-other-companies.html</ref> She was a secretary, and had done billing and clerical work in one of his businesses.<ref name= almond /><ref name="WSJ obit" /> He later adopted her son,<ref name= almond /> Robert Ray, and daughter Pamela.<ref name="hit">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140727191846/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2007-11-20/news/0711190446_1_dui-conviction-dui-charge-sentence Huizenga's son has to stay in prison]" by Tonya Alanez, ''[[Sun-Sentinel]]'', November 20, 2007.</ref> The couple remained married until her death on January 3, 2017, following a fourteen-year battle with cancer.<ref>"[http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/obituaries/article124412444.html Marti Huizenga, who gave millions to help students and animals, dies at 74]" by Howard Cohen, ''[[Miami Herald]]'', January 3, 2017.</ref><br />
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In 2004, Huizenga purchased a private luxury yacht from Australian professional golfer [[Greg Norman]].<ref>{{cite web|date=October 14, 2004|title=Norman, Tiger sail away from golf|url=http://www.espn.com/golf/news/story?id=1901955|access-date=March 23, 2018|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> The yacht cost $77 million and was further modified by Huizenga to feature a [[helipad]] for a 12-seat helicopter. In August 2004, ''Power & Motoryacht'' ranked it the 43rd-longest yacht in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Business: Florida home to few of biggest yachts|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2004/08/02/Business/Florida_home_to_few_o.shtml|access-date=March 23, 2018|publisher=Tampa Bay times}}</ref><br />
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Huizenga co-funded the [[H. Wayne Huizenga School of Business and Entrepreneurship]] at the [[Nova Southeastern University]] in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He donated to [[Pine Crest School]], a private preparatory school, which named its science building the Huizenga Science Building. He was a board member of the Laureus Foundation, a charity which, according to its mission statement, "us[es] the power of sport to end violence, discrimination and disadvantage."<ref>[https://www.laureus.com/content/our-mission-1 Mission Statement], Laureus Foundation.</ref> In 2009, his Huizenga Family Foundation donated the chapel at the [[South Florida Council]]'s Scout camp in [[Davie, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Fishman |first=Scott |date=April 5, 2009 |title=Scouts break ground on site |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2009-04-05-0904020449-story.html |access-date=September 25, 2019 |work=[[Sun-Sentinel]]}}</ref><br />
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In the 1980s, he began acquiring some 2,000 acres about 30 miles north of West Palm Beach. In 1996, he based the Floridian Golf & Yacht Club there, an exclusive golf club "with enough estate homes on the property to cover his costs,"<ref name=flo>"[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2003-06-01/a-round-with-wayne-huizenga A Round with Wayne Huizenga]", ''[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]'', June 2, 2003.</ref> whose course was designed by [[Gary Player]],<ref>[https://www.golflink.com/golf-courses/course.aspx?course=1562356 Floridian Golf Course Description], ''Golf Link''.</ref> where he extended free privileges to some two hundred "friends, relatives, and business associates," including actors [[Michael Douglas]] and [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]] and retired GE Chairman [[Jack Welch]].<ref name=flo /> He renamed his yacht ''Floridian'', before selling the Floridian club and estate to Texas entrepreneur [[Jim Crane]] in 2010.<ref name=texas>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100421061152/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-04-18/news/fl-huizenga-sells-club-20100418_1_huizenga-holdings-stuart-property-holdings-billionaire-h-wayne-huizenga Huizenga sells Floridian Golf & Yacht Club to Texas entrepreneur]" by Nadia Vanderhoof, ''[[Sun-Sentinel]]'', April 18, 2010.</ref><br />
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Huizenga died of cancer at his home in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on the night of March 22, 2018.<ref name="CT" /><ref name="nyt obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/23/obituaries/h-wayne-huizenga-entrepreneur-and-team-owner-is-dead-at-80.html|title=H. Wayne Huizenga, Owner of Teams and a Business Empire, Dies at 80|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 23, 2018|author=Scheiber, Noam}}</ref> He was 80.<ref name="MH obit" /><br />
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==References==<br />
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[[Category:1937 births]]<br />
[[Category:2018 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:American billionaires]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]<br />
[[Category:Calvin University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Florida Panthers owners]]<br />
[[Category:Major League Baseball owners]]<br />
[[Category:Miami Dolphins owners]]<br />
[[Category:Miami Marlins owners]]<br />
[[Category:Military personnel from Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:National Hockey League executives]]<br />
[[Category:National Hockey League owners]]<br />
[[Category:Nova Southeastern University people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Evergreen Park, Illinois]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Florida]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Pine Crest School alumni]]</div>97.145.96.72