wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Howard Hayes Scullard

2024-02-03T21:13:24Z

92.30.136.77: /* Life and career */

{{Short description|British historian (1903–1983)}}
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{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
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'''Howard Hayes Scullard''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA|FSA|}} (9 February 1903 – 31 March 1983) was a British historian specialising in [[ancient history]], notable for editing the ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'' and for his many published works.

== Life and career ==
Scullard's father was Herbert Hayes Scullard,<ref name="acad">{{acad|id=SCLT885HH|name=Scullard, Herbert Hayes}}</ref> a minister, and his mother Barbara Louisa Dodds.

Born in [[Bedford, England|Bedford]], England, his early education was at [[Highgate School]], followed by [[St John's College, Cambridge]]. He was a tutor and then [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]] at [[New College London]], from 1935 to 1959, when he became Professor of Ancient History at [[King's College London]], retiring in 1970. He nonetheless remained active in retirement and notably wrote chapters for the re-edition of ''[[The Cambridge Ancient History]]'', but his contributions to volumes VII and VIII were published posthumously.<ref>A. E. Astin & F. W. Walbank, ''Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII, Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C.'', Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. xvi.</ref>

Perhaps his most widely known work is ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68'', a text widely used by students studying Rome in the late republic, as well as Rome under the Julio-Claudians.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019|reason=I don't see why this book should mentioned before others, his works on Africanus and Roman Politics are equally famous.}}

== Books ==
Author:
* {{citation |last=Scullard |first=Howard Hayes |authorlink=Howard Hayes Scullard |display-authors=0 |title=Scipio Africanus in the Second Punic War |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1930 }}, a [[Thirlwall Prize]] essay.
* {{citation |last=Scullard |first=Howard Hayes |authorlink=Howard Hayes Scullard |display-authors=0 |title=A History of the Roman World from 753 to 146 BC |publisher=Methuen |location=London |year=1935 }}, reprinted.
* {{citation |last=Scullard |first=Howard Hayes |authorlink=Howard Hayes Scullard |display-authors=0 |title=Roman Politics 220-150 B.C. |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1951 }}.
* {{citation |last=Scullard |first=Howard Hayes |authorlink=Howard Hayes Scullard |display-authors=0 |title=From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 |publisher=Methuen |location=London |year=1959 }}, reprinted.
* {{citation |last=Scullard |first=Howard Hayes |authorlink=Howard Hayes Scullard |display-authors=0 |title=Shorter Atlas of the Classical World |publisher=Thomas Nelson & Sons |location=Edinburgh |year=1962 }}.
* {{citation |last=Scullard |first=Howard Hayes |authorlink=Howard Hayes Scullard |display-authors=0 |title=The Etruscan Cities and Rome |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |year=1967 }}.
* {{citation |last=Scullard |first=Howard Hayes |authorlink=Howard Hayes Scullard |display-authors=0 |title=Scipio Africanus: Soldier and Politician |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |year=1970 }}.
* {{citation |last=Scullard |first=Howard Hayes |authorlink=Howard Hayes Scullard |display-authors=0 |title=The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |year=1974 }}.
* {{citation |last=Scullard |first=Howard Hayes |authorlink=Howard Hayes Scullard |display-authors=0 |title=Roman Britain: Outpost of the Empire |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |year=1979 }}.
* {{citation |last=Scullard |first=Howard Hayes |authorlink=Howard Hayes Scullard |display-authors=0 |title=Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |year=1981 }}.

Editor:
* {{citation |author=[[Livy]] |title=[[History of Rome (Livy)|History of Rome]] |volume=Book XXX |location=London |publisher=Metheun }}, 1939, with [[Harold Edgeworth Butler|H.E. Butler]]
* {{citation |title=Atlas of the Classical World |publisher=Nelson |location=London |year=1959 }}.
* {{citation |title=The Grandeur That Was Rome |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |location=London |year=1961 }}.
* {{citation |title=[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]] |year=1970 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press }}, with [[Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond|N.G.L. Hammond]].
* {{citation |last=Cary |first=Max |authorlink=Max Cary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LyvCwAAQBAJ |title=A History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine |date=18 June 1975 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |isbn=9781349024155 |edition=3rd }}, 1975, the 1st edition having come out in 1935.

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* Necrology by [[F.W. Walbank]] in ''Proceedings of the British Academy'' 69, 595–610. {{Cite web|url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/publishing/memoirs/pba-69/scullard-howard-hayes-1903-1983/|title = Scullard, Howard Hayes, 1903-1983}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Scullard, Howard Hayes}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
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[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English classical scholars]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London]]
[[Category:Historians of antiquity]]
[[Category:People educated at Highgate School]]
[[Category:Historians of ancient Rome]]

John Watkinson

2024-02-03T17:20:08Z

92.30.136.77:

{{For|the New Zealand soil chemist|John Watkinson (chemist)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
'''John Taylor Watkinson''' (25 January 1941 – 21 September 2004) was a British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] politician, barrister and teacher.

He was educated at [[Bristol Grammar School]] before reading [[Philosophy, Politics and Economics|PPE]] at [[Worcester College, Oxford]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/oct/04/guardianobituaries.obituaries Obituary in ''The Guardian'']</ref> From graduation until 1971 he was a schoolmaster at [[Rugby School|Rugby]], and thereafter was called to the [[Bar (law)|Bar]], where he practised on the [[Circuit Court#England and Wales|Midland Circuit]].<ref>{{Who's Who | title=WATKINSON, John Taylor | id = U39021 | type = was | volume = 2018 | edition = online}}</ref>

Watkinson was elected as the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Gloucestershire West (UK Parliament constituency)|Gloucestershire West]] in the [[October 1974 United Kingdom general election|October 1974 general election]], but lost the seat in 1979 to the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Paul Marland]].

Watkinson was on the moderate 'right' wing of the Labour Party, but was relatively unusual for a member of that tendency in voting for Britain's withdrawal from the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) during the [[1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum|referendum on membership]] in 1975.<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1975/apr/09/european-community-membership ''Hansard Parliamentary Debates'', vol. 889, cols. 1366-71, 9 April 1975]</ref><ref>''Guardian'', 10 April 1975.</ref> He defected to the [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]] (SDP) in October 1981, and contested Gloucestershire West under his new colours in [[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983]] and [[1987 United Kingdom general election|1987]].<ref>''Times'', 15 October 1981.</ref>

==References==
<references/>
*''Times Guide to the House of Commons 1979''
*{{rayment-hc|date=March 2012}}

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-john-watkinson | John Watkinson }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Gloucestershire West (UK Parliament constituency)|Gloucestershire West]]
| years = [[October 1974 United Kingdom general election|October 1974]]–[[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979]]
| before = [[Charles Loughlin]]
| after = [[Paul Marland]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Watkinson, John}}
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Colin Leakey

2024-01-28T20:53:26Z

92.30.136.77:

{{Short description|English plant scientist and academic}}
{{Infobox scientist
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| name = Colin Leakey
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| death_date = {{death date and age |2018|01|29 |1933|12|13 | df=yes}}
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| workplaces = [[Makerere University]], [[Uganda]],
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
'''Colin Louis Avern Leakey''' (13 December 1933, Cambridge, England – 29 January 2018, [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]], England) was a leading plant scientist in the United Kingdom, a Fellow of [[King's College, Cambridge]] and of the [[Institute of Biology]], and a world authority on [[bean]]s.

==Background==
Colin Leakey was the son of [[Louis Leakey]] (1903–1972), the pioneering paleoanthropologist, and [[Frida Leakey|Frida (Avern) Leakey]], of [[Newnham College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]. His paternal grandparents were [[Church of England]] missionaries in [[British East Africa]]; his father grew up amidst the [[Kikuyu people]] and spent almost all his life in what became Kenya. His parents met in 1927 and married the following year.<ref name=passion/> Their first child was a daughter, Priscilla Muthoni; Colin was their only other child. Louis left Frida just after Colin was born.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|title=Leakey, Louis Seymour Bazett (1903–1972), archaeologist and palaeoanthropologist|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31343|access-date=2020-09-23|year = 2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31343}}</ref> He grew up with his mother and sister in Cambridge, and did not see his father again until he was 19.<ref name=passion>{{cite book|last1=Morell|first1=Virginia|title=Ancestral Passions: The Leakey Family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings|date=2011|page=244}}</ref>

By his father's second marriage to [[Mary Leakey]], Leakey was half-brother to [[Richard Leakey|Richard]], a [[conservation movement|conservationist]], [[Philip Leakey|Philip]], a politician, and Jonathan, a businessman. Many of the [[Leakey family]] have made contributions to archaeology and anthropology. His mother never remarried.

==Education==
[[File:Grasshopper-crest.GIF|thumb|right|85px|[[Gresham's School|Gresham's]] ]]
After [[Gresham's School]], [[Holt, Norfolk|Holt]], Leakey served his [[national service]] in the [[Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve]], including a year on the staff of [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] who was then Commander in Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet. Leakey then studied [[physiology]], [[biochemistry]], [[botany]] and the history and philosophy of science for a first degree in [[Natural Sciences]] at [[King's College, Cambridge]].<ref>"Cambridge Tripos Results: Natural Sciences", ''The Times'', 20 June 1958, p. 7.</ref> He later trained in tropical agriculture and tropical plant pathology at [[Exeter University]] and the [[University of the West Indies]], [[Trinidad]], receiving a postgraduate Diploma in Tropical Agriculture, specialising in tropical plant pathology. At Exeter, he was awarded the Currie Memorial Prize.

In 1972, having already taught doctoral students at [[Makerere University]], [[Uganda]], he was awarded a PhD by the [[University of Cambridge]].

==Botany==
{{botanist|C.L.Leakey|Leakey, Colin Louis Avern}}

== Position in the Leakey family ==
{{Leakey family tree}}

==Publications==
* Background to current breeding work at Makerere University, Uganda (1970)
* Anthracnose resistance breeding in Pinto beans in Uganda using the ARE gene from Cornell (1970)
*Scope for breeding for improved protein content and quality in Dry Beans in Uganda (1970)
* Need one grow pure lines in developing Countries (Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Co-operative, 1970)
* The improvement of beans in East Africa (in Crop Improvement in East Africa, ed. C.L.A. Leakey, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, (1970)
* Races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and implications for bean breeding in Uganda (Annual of Applied Biology, with A. Simbwa-Bunnya, 1971)
* Bean Rust studies in Uganda (with J. Atkins & J. Magara, Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Co-operative, 1972)
* Crop Index in Beans (Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Co-operative, 1972)
* Factors affecting increased production and marketing of food crops in Uganda (East African Journal of Rural Development, 1972)
* The effect of plant population and fertility level on the yield and its components in two determinate cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris (Journal of Agricultural Science 1972)
* A note on Xanthomonas blight of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) Savi and prospects for its control by breeding for tolerance (Euphytica 1973)
* Potentials of field beans and other food legumes in Latin America (1974)
*Making use of germplasm collections (Bean Improvement Co-operative Annual Report 1975)
* Effective rhizobium inoculation in beans – a mini review (Annual Report of the Bean Improvement Co-operative 1977)
* Collecting diary of Dr and Mrs C.L.A. Leakey, Spain 4–23 September 1979 (report in two volumes for CIAT, 1979)
*Phenotype and Corresponding Genotypic Descriptors for Phaseolus vulgaris (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, 1982)
* Genotypic and Phenotypic markers in Common Bean (1988)
* Breeding on the C, J and B loci for modification of bean seed-coat flavonoids with the objective of improving food acceptability (Bean Improvement Co-operative Annual Report 1992)
* Beans – Past, Present and Future: a Ugandan Perspective (African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 1994)
*A survey of beans in relation to their consumption and cooking characteristics carried out in Kenya during January and February 1994 (with G Njeri-Maina, J.K. Kamau & S.M.W. Munene (Food Research Institute, Norwich, 1994)
* Beans, Fibre, Health and Gas (with C. Harbach, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1995)
* Flatulence, a re-examination of the causes, and the development of improved technology for direct volumetric measurement and determination of organic volatiles in flatus (with C. Harbach, Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Grain Legumes, Copenhagen 1995)
* Breeding Phaseolus beans for consumer quality (Grain Legumes, 1996)
* Mantecas, a new class of beans Phaseolus vulgaris of enhanced digestibility (with G. Hosfield & A. Dubois, Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Grain Legumes, Valladolid 1998)
* Progress in developing dry Phaseolus beans for Britain, Protection and Production of Combinable Break Crops (Aspects of Applied Biology, 1999)
* Progress in developing tannin-free dry Phaseolus vulgaris (Bean Improvement Co-operative Biennial Conference Proceedings, Calgary, Canada, 1999)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*''Ancestral Passions: The Leakey family and the quest for humankind's beginnings'' by Virginia Morrell (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1995) {{ISBN|0-684-80192-2}}
* [http://www.colinleakey.com/ colinleakey.com] official site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081015135034/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19980527/ai_n14158626 article at 'The Independent': "Tomorrow's world today"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061228171512/http://foodmanufacture.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/2515/Prim_and_proper_beans.html Prim and proper beans]

==External links==
* [http://www.leakeyfoundation.org/ LeakeyFoundation.org] – The Leakey Foundation: committed to research related to human origins
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/lleakey.html Talk Origins.org – Louis Leakey]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Leakey, Colin}}
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[[Category:University of the West Indies alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Cambridge]]
[[Category:British evolutionary biologists]]
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[[ro:Familia Leakey]]

Leslie Martin (disambiguation)

2024-01-27T23:36:10Z

92.30.136.77:

'''[[Leslie Martin]]''' (1908–2000) was an English architect.

'''Leslie''', '''Lesley''' or '''Les Martin''' may also refer to:

*[[Leslie H. Martin]] (1900–1983), Australian physicist and professor
*[[Leslie Dale Martin]] (1967–2002), American murderer
*[[Lesley Martin]], New Zealand pro-euthanasia activist

{{hndis|Martin, Leslie}}

Barry Bergdoll

2024-01-27T23:02:57Z

92.30.136.77:

{{short description|American art historian}}

{{more footnotes|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox academic
| name =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| discipline = [[Architectural history]]
| education = {{Plain list|
* [[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[PhD]])
* [[University of Cambridge]]
}}
| image =
| workplaces = {{Plain list|
* [[Columbia University]]
}}
| children =
| influences =
| doctoral_students =
| spouse =
| awards =
}}'''Barry Bergdoll''' is Meyer Schapiro Professor of art history in the Department of Art History and Archaeology at [[Columbia University]] and from 2007 to 2019 a curator in the Department of Architecture and Design at the [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York, where from 2007 to 2013 he served as [[Philip Johnson]] Chief Curator of Architecture and Design. He serves, since 2018, as President of the Board of the [[Center for Architecture]] in New York City and a member of the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize]] jury since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-20|title=Deborah Berke and Barry Bergdoll Appointed to Pritzker Architecture Prize Jury|url=https://www.archdaily.com/925171/deborah-berke-and-barry-bergdoll-appointed-to-pritzker-architecture-prize-jury|access-date=2020-11-15|website=ArchDaily|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Education==

Bergdoll graduated from [[Columbia University]] in 1977 and studied at [[King's College, Cambridge]], on a [[Kellett Fellowship]] (1977-79) before returning to Columbia to complete his Ph.D. in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gram|first=Margaret Hunt|date=April 2007|title=Fresh Eyes for MoMA|url=https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/mar_apr07/features1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216013833/https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/mar_apr07/features1.html |archive-date=2022-02-16 |access-date=November 15, 2020|website=Columbia College Today}}</ref>

==Academic career==

Bergdoll's chief interest is architectural history, particularly that of France and Germany since 1750. He studies architecture from an art historical approach, however, tying it to history, sociology, and culture. He has studied cultural representation in architecture, the evolution of architecture as a profession, and the intersections between artistic genres such as architecture and film. He has also worked on the problems of museological exhibitions of architecture. Prior to joining MoMA, Bergdoll was the chair of the Department of Art History at Columbia. In 1993, he received a grant from the [[Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts|Graham Foundation]] for study on the impact of the fall of Communism on architectural teachings in Eastern Europe.

==Curation==

As a curator, Bergdoll has participated in several major architectural exhibitions, including "Mies in Berlin", shown in New York, Barcelona, and Berlin (2001–03); "Le Panthéon: Symbole des Révolutions" shown in Montreal and Paris in 1989, and "Les Vaudoyers: une dynastie d'architectes" at the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in Paris in 1992. On January 1, 2007, Bergdoll succeeded Terence Riley as Chief Curator for Architecture and Design at MoMA. Among the exhibitions he has curated at MoMA since joining in January 2007 are "Lost Vanguard" (2007); "Home Delivery: Fabricating the Modern Dwelling," (2008) which included five full scale prefabricated or digitally fabricated houses on the vacant lot next to the museum; "Bauhaus" (2009) with Leah Dickerman; "Rising Currents: Projects for New York's Waterfront" (2010); and "Foreclosed: Rehousing the American Dream" (2012) with [[Reinhold Martin]]. The exhibition "Labrouste: La Structure Mise en Lumiere" co-curated with Corine Belier of the Cite de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine and Marc LeCoeur of the Bibliothèque Nationale was shown in Paris (2012–13) and presented at the Museum of Modern Art in Spring 2013, followed by "Le Corbusier: An Atlas of Modern Landscapes," organized with Jean-Louis Cohen. In 2012 Bergdoll was instrumental in bringing the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation archives to MoMA and Columbia; in 2014 he organized a first exhibition based on that archive: "Frank Lloyd Wright and the City," followed by a major exhibition in 2017, "Frank Lloyd Wright at 150: Unpacking the Archive."

==Recent works==

*''Bauhaus 1919–1933: Workshops for Modernity'' (2009-2010)
*''Mies in Berlin'' (2001)
*''European Architecture 1750–1890'' (2000)
*''Léon Vaudoyer: Historicism in the Age of Industry'' (1994)
*''Karl Friedrich Schinkel: An Architecture for Prussia'' (1994)

==External links==
*[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/arthistory/html/dept_faculty_bergdoll.html Columbia University faculty page]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130805212947/http://www.americanacademy.de/home/person/barry-bergdoll Biography at The American Academy in Berlin]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDiubkJuRTg Interview with Bergdoll]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821175258/http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/08/07/24/10231446.html Gulf News article on Bergdoll & PS1]

== References ==

<references />{{authority control}}

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[[Category:Slade Professors of Fine Art (University of Cambridge)]]

Albrecht Fröhlich

2024-01-22T01:13:05Z

92.30.136.77:

{{Short description|British mathematician}}
{{distinguish|Alfred Frölicher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Albrecht Fröhlich
| image = 
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1916|05|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Munich]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2001|11|08|1916|05|22|df=y}}
| death_place = {{Nowrap|[[Cambridge]], England, United Kingdom}}
| nationality = British
| fields = [[Mathematics]]
| workplaces = [[University of London]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Bristol]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Hans Heilbronn]] J. G. Mostyn<ref name="mathgene">{{MathGenealogy|id=46030}}</ref><ref name="mactutor">{{MacTutor Biography|id=Frohlich}}</ref>
| doctoral_students = [[Colin Bushnell]] [[Martin J. Taylor]]
| known_for =
| awards = [[De Morgan Medal]] (1992) [[Berwick Prizes|Berwick Prize]] (1976) [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]<ref name="frs"/>
}}
'''Albrecht Fröhlich''' [[Royal Society|FRS]]<ref name="frs"/> (22 May 1916 – 8 November 2001) was a German-born British mathematician, famous for his major results and [[conjectures]] on [[Galois module]] theory in the Galois structure of rings of integers.<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Birch | first1 = B. J. | last2 = Taylor | first2 = M. J. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.2005.0010 | title = Albrecht Frahlich 22 May 1916 - 8 November 2001: Elected FRS 1976 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 51 | pages = 149 | year = 2005 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Education==
He was born in [[Munich]] to a [[Jew]]ish family. He fled from the [[Nazism|Nazi]]s to [[France]], and then to [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. He went to [[Bristol University]] in 1945, gaining a B.Sc. in 1948 and a Ph.D. in 1951 with a dissertation entitled ''On Some Topics in the Theory of Representation of Groups and Individual Class Field Theory '' under the supervision of [[Hans Heilbronn]]. He was a lecturer at the [[University of Leicester]] and then at the [[University of Keele|Keele University]], then in 1962 moved as reader to [[King's College London]] where he worked until his retirement in 1981 when he moved to [[Robinson College, Cambridge]].

==Awards==
He was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1976.<ref name="frs"/> He was awarded the [[Berwick Prizes|Berwick Prize]] of the [[London Mathematical Society]] in 1976 and its [[De Morgan Medal]] in 1992. The Society's [[Fröhlich Prize]] is named in his honour.

==Personal==
He is the brother of [[Herbert Fröhlich]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041115063414/http://www.lms.ac.uk/newsletter/0204/articles.html Memorial note in LMS newsletter]
*[http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~ci3/manu.html#Frohlich Obituary in German]
*The papers of Albrecht Fröhlich have just been processed by the NCUACS, Bath, England [https://web.archive.org/web/20071002183643/http://www.bath.ac.uk/ncuacs/]. They can be consulted in the Archives of King's College, London

{{De Morgan Medallists}}
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[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to France]]
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[[Category:Fellows of Robinson College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Bristol]]

{{UK-mathematician-stub}}

George Cunningham (British politician)

2024-01-20T20:50:28Z

92.30.136.77:

{{Short description|British politician (1931–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox MP
| honorific_prefix =
| name = George Cunningham
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 10 June 1931
| birth_place = Dunfermline
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|07|27|1931|06|10|df=y}}
| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Islington South and Finsbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington South and Finsbury]] {{nobold|[[Islington South West (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington South West]] (1970–Feb 1974)}}
| parliament =
| majority =
| term_start = 18 June 1970
| term_end = 13 May 1983
| predecessor = [[Albert Evans (politician)|Albert Evans]]
| successor = [[Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury|Chris Smith]]
}}
'''George Cunningham''' (10 June 1931 – 27 July 2018) was a British politician who is known for introducing an amendment to the [[1979 Scottish devolution referendum]] that resulted in the devolution act being repealed even though a majority voted in favour.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/organisation-page/association-former-members-parliament/43788/remembrance-departed-colleagues | title=Remembrance of departed colleagues | work=PoliticsHome | date=26 June 2019 | accessdate=2022-09-07 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in [[Dunfermline]], Cunningham was educated at [[Dunfermline High School]], [[Blackpool Grammar School]] and the [[Victoria University of Manchester|University of Manchester]].<ref name=HeraldObit>{{cite web | url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16412693.obituary-george-cunningham-politician/ | title=Obituary: George Cunningham, politician | work=The Herald | date=11 August 2018 | accessdate=2022-09-07 | first=Stephen | last=Naysmith }}</ref> He worked for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] as its [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] officer.<ref name=HeraldObit />

==Political career==
Cunningham contested [[Henley (UK Parliament constituency)|Henley]] at the [[1966 United Kingdom general election|1966 general election]] as the Labour candidate.<ref name=HeraldObit /> He was first elected as [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Islington South West (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington South West]] at the [[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970 general election]].<ref name=HeraldObit /> After boundary changes, he was elected for [[Islington South and Finsbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington South and Finsbury]] at the [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|February 1974 election]].<ref name=HeraldObit />

Cunningham strongly opposed [[Scottish devolution]]. At his prompting, the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] accepted an amendment to the [[Scotland Act 1978]] that a majority voting "yes" in [[1979 Scottish devolution referendum|the 1979 referendum]] on establishing a devolved Assembly would have to constitute at least 40 per cent of the Scottish electorate, without which the proposal could be withdrawn and the Act repealed by [[Statutory instrument (UK)|statutory instrument]].<ref name="remember"/> Although “yes” won a majority of those voting in the referendum, as the "yes" constituted only 32.9 per cent of the electorate, the Labour government decided it would not proceed with devolution. This prompted the [[Scottish National Party]] to withdraw its support for the minority government.<ref name="remember"/> The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] opposition then tabled a motion of no confidence, in which the [[1979 vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry|government was defeated by one vote]].<ref name="remember"/> The Conservative Party, which was opposed to devolution, won [[1979 United Kingdom general election|the subsequent general election]]; the Scotland Act was repealed in June 1979.<ref name="remember">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/scotbrief1.shtml#1979 |title=1979 Remembered |first=Brian |last=Taylor |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref>

===Social Democratic Party===
In November 1981, Cunningham resigned from the Labour Party and sat as an independent Labour MP, before becoming one of the later ex-Labour defectors to the recently founded [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]] in June 1982. Cunningham lost his seat by just 363 votes (1%) at the [[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983 general election]] to Labour candidate [[Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury|Chris Smith]]. He contested the seat again at the [[1987 United Kingdom general election|1987 general election]] when he lost by a similarly narrow margin (the only defecting former Labour MP who came close to regaining their seat that year) and never re-entered the House of Commons.

==Personal life==
Cunningham married Mavis Walton in 1957 and they had two children, Andrew and Helen.<ref name=HeraldObit /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/aug/08/george-cunningham-obituary | title=George Cunningham obituary | work=The Guardian | date=8 August 2018 | accessdate=2022-09-07 | first=Julia | last=Langdon }}</ref> Mavis, who unsuccessfully contested [[Twickenham (UK Parliament constituency)|Twickenham]] for Labour in the [[October 1974 United Kingdom general election|October 1974 election]], pre-deceased her husband.<ref name=HeraldObit /> Cunningham died in 2018.

==See also==
*[[Scotland Act 1978]]
*[[1979 Welsh devolution referendum]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs|mr-george-cunningham|George Cunningham}}
*[http://archives.lse.ac.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=CUNNINGHAM Catalogue of the Cunningham papers held at LSE Archives]

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{{s-bef|before=[[Albert Evans (politician)|Albert Evans]]}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Islington South West (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington South West]]
| years = [[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970]]–[[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|1974]]
}}
{{s-non|reason=Constituency abolished}}

{{s-new|constituency}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Islington South and Finsbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Islington South and Finsbury]]
| years = [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|1974]]–[[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983]]
}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury|Chris Smith]]}}
{{s-end}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cunningham, George}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
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[[Category:Members of the Fabian Society]]
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[[Category:Politics of the London Borough of Islington]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) MEPs]]
[[Category:MEPs for the United Kingdom 1973–1979]]

Robin Squire

2024-01-20T16:56:32Z

92.30.136.77: /* After Parliament */

{{Short description|British Conservative politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder | name=Robin Squire
| parliament = United Kingdom
| image=
| width=144px
| term_start=3 May 1979
| term_end=8 April 1997
| predecessor=[[Alan Lee Williams]]
| successor=[[John Cryer]]
| birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1944|7|12}}
| birth_place=London
| death_date=
| death_place=
| office= [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Hornchurch (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornchurch]]
| majority=
| party=[[Conservative Party (UK)]]
| title=
| spouse=Susan Fey
| website=
|occupation = Accountant
|religion =
| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-suffix =
| alt =
| nationality = British
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Robin Clifford Squire''' (born 12 July 1944) is a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician. He was [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Hornchurch (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornchurch]] from 1979 until 1997 when he lost the seat to [[John Cryer]].

Squire was born and raised in South West London. After qualifying as an accountant he was employed by a finance company while being a Conservative Party activist. He became a member of [[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton Borough Council]] in 1968, and the Member of Parliament for [[Hornchurch]] in 1979. During [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s years (1979 to 1990) in government, Squire was considered to be a prominent "[[Wets & Dries|wet]]", opposed to the Conservative government's economic and employment policies. After Thatcher left office in 1990, Squire's political position strengthened, and he held [[junior minister]]ial positions until the Conservative government fell in 1997.

Squire was described in ''[[The Guardian]]'' as "a user-friendly Tory wet"<ref name=Guardian9Jun1993>''[[The Guardian]]'', 9 June 1993</ref> and in ''[[The Times]]'' as "a minister who wears pebble glasses and always looks as though he lives in a bedsit."<ref>Times, 18 June 1992</ref>

After losing his seat in the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997 general election]], Squire struggled initially to find a new career. His difficulties in this regard were widely reported on in the media. Since 2002, he has been the Trust Secretary/Chief Executive for the Veolia ES Cleanaway Trusts, based in [[Rainham, London|Rainham]], a group of several [[Environmental charity|environmental charities]] operating in [[Havering]], [[Basildon]] and [[Castle Point]], Essex.

==Early career==

Squire was educated at [[Tiffin Grammar School]], [[Kingston upon Thames]] and then qualified as a [[Chartered Accountant]] while working in a small [[City of London|City]] practice. He joined the accounting department of Lombard Banking in 1968 (a finance company that became a member of the [[National Westminster Bank]] group in 1970) and was promoted to the position of Deputy Chief Accountant at [[Lombard Direct|Lombard North Central]] in 1972. He held this post until he was elected to Parliament in 1979.

During this period he was a Conservative activist. Notably, he held various positions in the [[Greater London]] Young Conservatives including that of chairman in 1973. He was elected a member of [[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton Borough Council]] in 1968. Squire was the Conservative candidate for Hornchurch in the [[October 1974 United Kingdom general election|October 1974 general election]] although he lost the election by a 7,000 vote margin.<ref>October 1974 General Election results :[http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/ge74b/i11.htm see Hornchurch]</ref> In 1976, he became the Leader of [[Sutton Council]].

At an early stage, he demonstrated a political position on the left of the Conservative Party. At the Conservative Party Conference in 1973 he was booed when he opposed a motion calling on the Government to recognise the [[White minority rule|white minority regime]] in [[Rhodesia]].<ref>The Times, 12 October 1973</ref> At the Conservative Local Government Conference in 1977, Squire was one of five council leaders who spoke against plans advanced by [[Keith Speed]] (then Conservative [[Local government in England|local government]] spokesman) to abolish the [[Domestic rates|domestic rating]] system. Squire warned that abolition of the rating system without a widely accepted alternative to put in its place might be highly damaging.<ref>The Times, 28 February 1977</ref>

During the period 1970 to 1979, both Conservative and [[Labour party (UK)|Labour]] administrations promoted the move to [[Comprehensive schools|comprehensive education]]. As Leader of Sutton Council, Squire advocated a move to comprehensive education in the Borough that would be phased in by 1984. However, in 1978 Labour [[Secretary of State for Education and Skills|Education Secretary]] [[Shirley Williams]] pressed for an end to selective education in the Borough by 1980. This resulted in a stand-off and Squire threatened legal action against the government to prevent an earlier move to [[Comprehensive school|comprehensives]].<ref>The Times, 2 May 1978</ref> The advent of a new Conservative government in May 1979 allowed Sutton to remain as an isolated pocket of [[selective education]] and [[grammar school]]s. After the Liberal Democrats took control of the Council in 1986 selective education was retained.

Squire was elected to Parliament as the member for Hornchurch on 3 May 1979. Labour-held Hornchurch had not been a marginal seat and Squire had not expected to win it. However, he was elected with a 769-vote majority on a "freak" 8.5% swing.<ref name="The Guardian, 3 May 1999">The Guardian, 3 May 1999</ref> At this point, he stood down as leader of Sutton Borough Council and gave up his Council seat in 1982.

Squire married Susan Fey, a Labour Party activist, in 1981. Questioned about the marriage, Fey stated that she was on the right wing of the Labour Party and her husband was on the left of the Conservative Party. As such, she considered that there was no great political difference between them.<ref>The Wallington and Carshalton Advertiser, 4 June 1982</ref> The couple had two children (one son and one daughter) by Fey's previous marriage, and divorced in 2007.

==Parliamentary career==

Upon entering Parliament, Squire was soon established as one of the "wet" group of Conservative MPs who opposed many aspects of the economic, employment and social policies of the Thatcher government. For example, in 1981 Squire was one of 18 Conservative rebels who opposed referendum provisions for local council rate increases. In 1987 he opposed the introduction of the [[community charge]] (or '[[Tax per head|poll tax]]') and in 1988 he was one of 20 Conservative rebels to vote against the freezing of child benefits. During the 1980s, he sponsored a successful '[[freedom of information]]' [[private members bill]] and participated in cross-party pressure groups involved with [[homeless people]].<ref>[[The Guardian]], 15 April 1992</ref> In 1988 Squire was the only Conservative MP to vote against [[Section 28]], legislation which sought to prevent local authorities from promoting awareness of gay issues.<ref>Daily Telegraph, 2 July 2009 [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/andrewpierce/5724476/Cheers-ring-out-as-David-Cameron-lays-Tory-history-of-homophobia-to-rest.html Cheers ring out as David Cameron lays Tory history of homophobia to rest]</ref> He became particularly well known for his regular contributions to [[Capital Radio]]'s "Party Pieces" programme and he was described in ''[[The Times]]'' diary as being "pleasingly unsycophantic".<ref>The Times, 1 July 1983</ref>

He appeared to be comfortable as a member of the 'Parliamentary club'. He was reported to be a prominent and popular member of the Guy Fawkes club – a [[dining club]] composed of Conservative MPs first elected in 1979. Other members of the Guy Fawkes club included [[John Major]] and [[Brian Mawhinney]].<ref name=Times_15Apr92>[[The Sunday Times]], 15 April 1992</ref> He was rated as a highly capable member of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] bridge team and acquitted himself well in tournaments.

Squire consistently expressed misgivings over the personal leadership style of Margaret Thatcher, describing her as "a good wartime leader, but ...."<ref name="The Guardian, 3 May 1999"/> This, combined with his status as a "dripping" or "oceanic" wet meant that promotion was slow in coming. The only significant office he held during the Thatcher governments was that of [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to [[Secretary of State for Transport|Transport Secretary]] [[Lynda Chalker]] between 1983 and 1985. In 1980 he was ousted from the Secretaryship of the Conservative [[backbench]] European Committee by a Eurosceptic.<ref>The Times, 9 December 1990</ref>

However, his prospects suddenly improved when Major became Prime Minister in 1990 and early in 1991, he became PPS to [[Chris Patten]] MP, the Chairman of the Conservative Party.

==Ministerial career==

On 14 April 1992, in the immediate aftermath of the [[1992 United Kingdom general election]], Squire was appointed Under Secretary of State for the Environment. In this capacity he was variously described as the "inner cities minister" or the "local government minister".<ref name=Times_15Apr92/> His background as a council leader made him an obvious choice for this role and he appeared to work harmoniously with [[Michael Howard]], the then [[Secretary of State for the Environment]].

However, on 28 May 1993 he was moved to the post of Under Secretary of State for Education, serving under Secretary of State [[John Patten, Baron Patten|John Patten]] and later [[Gillian Shephard]]. In this capacity he was generally known as the "schools minister" and occasionally as the "school discipline minister". He held this post until the Conservative government fell in May 1997. The official reason given for the move was that one of the other education ministers ([[Emily Blatch, Baroness Blatch|Baroness Blatch]]) sat in the [[House of Lords]] and it was felt that an experienced [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] operator like Squire was needed to front government policy on schools.<ref name=Guardian9Jun1993/>

During his four years as Schools Minister, Squire was involved in many high-profile issues. These included the introduction of the [[OFSTED]] schools inspection regime, published league tables for school performance, the ability of state sector schools to opt out of local authority control as "grant-maintained" schools, nursery education vouchers and the introduction of the first state funded Muslim schools. Many of these reforms survived the change of government in 1997 and became features of Labour education policy.

He is reported to have "barked down" some of the more extreme proposals to deal with the threat of school shootings after the [[Dunblane massacre]] in 1996, in which a crazed individual with a gun entered a primary school, shooting a number of pupils and teachers.

During the final months of the Major government, Squire was identified with the "Conservative Mainstream" group of MPs. This group was composed of centrist, one-nation members who sided with Major in his confrontations with [[Eurosceptics]] and right-wingers.<ref>[[The Independent]], 12 December 1996</ref>

In the [[1997 United Kingdom general election]], Squire was defending a 9,165 majority in his constituency at Hornchurch. His personal popularity plus his prominence as a Minister led him to believe that he would hold the seat, saying "This was the one time when I thought my seat was safe...". However, he lost the seat to Labour's [[John Cryer]] with a 16% swing and a 5,680 majority for his opponent.<ref>The Guardian, 3 May 1997</ref>

==After Parliament==

Around 150 Conservative MPs lost their seats in the 1997 general election. Many of them struggled to find gainful employment and a new role in life for themselves. This was particularly difficult for former ministers who had become accustomed to the status, emoluments and perks that went with their old jobs.

Squire initially considered a return to accountancy but he had difficulty in this regard because he had not updated his skills since leaving the profession in 1979. For example, he was initially unable to use a computer [[spreadsheet]] or a [[scientific calculator]] – essential tools for an accountant by 1997. He applied for the post of general manager of the [[Dolphin Square]] residential complex in [[Pimlico, London]] at a salary of £30,000 but was turned down, albeit as the runner-up for the post.<ref name="The Times, 28 April 1998">The Times, 28 April 1998</ref> He applied for the position of [[bursar]] at several independent schools but was rejected by all of them.<ref name="The Times, 28 April 1998"/> ''"His only independent income in the first four months of his enforced leisure came when he won 20 pounds on a Sunday Times brain-teaser competition"''<ref>Guardian, 3 May 1999</ref>

He eventually "signed on" for [[Job Seeker's Allowance]]. He was given counselling and directed to courses on interview technique, assertiveness and [[Information technology|IT]] skills. Squire gradually developed a portfolio of part-time appointments. In 1999, he served for a short period as a [[National Lottery Commission]]er (salary £6,200) and he was later appointed as a schools adjudicator by the Department of Education. It is believed that he took up a number of other such posts in the voluntary and NGO sectors. He also acted, until March 2000, as a Parliamentary lobbyist.<ref name="The Times, 28 April 1998"/><ref>PR Week, 12/1999 [http://www.prweek.com/uk/news/102079/Squire-quits-Lottery-body-stand-Tory-MP/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH Squire quits from Lottery body to stand as MP]</ref>

Squire stood against [[John Cryer]] at Hornchurch in the [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001 general election]], but lost again by a significant majority. He has not been politically active since that time.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-robin-squire | Robin Squire }}
*[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/0,9290,-4938,00.html Guardian Unlimited Politics]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193212/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199596/cmhansrd/vo960419/text/60419w01.htm Parliamentary questions]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041111135436/http://www.bbc.co.uk/election97/candidates/813.htm BBC guide to candidates in the 1997 General Election]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/person/4938/robin-squire Robin Squire: Electoral history and profile – Politics – guardian.co.uk]

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{{succession box| before=[[Alan Lee Williams]] | title=Member of Parliament for [[Hornchurch (UK Parliament constituency)|Hornchurch]] | years=1979–1997 | after=[[John Cryer]]}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Squire, Robin}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
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[[Category:People from Kingston upon Thames]]
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[[Category:UK MPs 1987–1992]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1992–1997]]

John Marrack

2024-01-13T07:54:41Z

92.30.136.77: /* Early life */

{{Short description|British pathologist}}
{{no footnotes|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
'''Professor John Richardson Marrack''', [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]], [[Military Cross|MC]] (26 November 1886 – 1976) was the Emeritus Professor of Chemical Pathology in the [[University of London]], visiting professor to the [[University of Texas]] and known for his book ''Antigens and Antibodies'' (1934).

==Early life==
Marrack was born in [[Clevedon]] in [[Somerset]] and educated at [[Blundell's School]] in [[Tiverton, Devon|Tiverton]], [[St John's College, Cambridge]], and at the [[Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry|London Hospital Medical College]].

Marrack served in the [[RAMC]] from 1914 to 1919 and was appointed Medical Officer on Poison Gas to the British Army.

Marrack was a John Lucas Walker Student and a Beir Memorial Fellow at [[Cambridge University]] and later a [[Fellow]] of St John's College. He received the Distinguished Service Award of the First International Congress of Immunology in 1971. His citation for this award reads: ''"For revolutionary ideas that have become commonplace in his lifetime, and for pioneering in the physico-chemical interpretation of [[antigen-antibody interaction]]s".''

He was adviser to the [[Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom)#World War II|Ministry of Food]] during the [[Second World War]] and was instrumental in developing Great Britain's nutrition policy and accurately forecasting the country's post-war nutritional needs.

== Sources ==
*Obituary of Professor J. R. Marrack, The Times, 27 July 1976 (pg. 14; Issue 59766; col F)

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John Coulson

2024-01-13T06:33:48Z

92.30.136.77:

{{About||the British diplomat|John Coulson (diplomat)|the English writer|John Bonett}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
'''John Metcalfe Coulson''' (13 December 1910 – 6 January 1990)<ref name=JFR>J. F. Richardson, in a preface (page xii) to J. M. Coulson & J. F. Richardson (1996) ''Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering,'' volume 1, 5th edition {{ISBN|0-7506-2557-0}}</ref>
was a [[British people|British]] [[chemical engineering]] academic particularly known for co-writing a textbook on chemical engineering with [[Jack Richardson (chemical engineer)|Jack Richardson]] (published in 1954), which became an established series of texts now known as Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering.

John Coulson was born in [[Dudley, Worcestershire]], the twin brother of [[Charles Alfred Coulson]], the noted chemist. Their father was Alfred Coulson (who became Principal of [[Dudley College|Dudley Technical College]]) and their mother was Annie Sincere Hancock, a school headmistress.<ref name=CAC>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Coulson.html University of St Andrews biographies:] Charles Alfred Coulson</ref><ref name=BioFRS>{{cite journal | author = Altmann, S.L., & Bowen, E. J. | title = Charles Alfred Coulson 1910 - 1974 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society| volume = 20 |date=Dec 1974 | pages = 75–134|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1974.0004 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

He went to [[Clifton College]].<ref>"Clifton College Register" Muirhead, J.A.O. ref no 9274: Bristol; J.W Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society; April, 1948</ref> He did his first degree at [[Christ's College, Cambridge]], then a postgraduate course in Chemical Engineering at [[Imperial College]] followed by research, achieving a PhD in 1935. He joined the academic staff, achieving the status of Reader. In 1954 he became the first head of the Department of Chemical Engineering at [[Newcastle University]], where he remained until his retirement in 1975, apart from a secondment to [[Heriot-Watt University]] during its formation of a separate department of chemical engineering.<ref name=JFR/>

Coulson married twice, first to Dora (died 1961) with whom he had two sons, Anthony and Simon, and then in 1965 to Christine, who survived him.<ref name=JFR/>

He was awarded the [[George E. Davis]] Medal of the [[Institution of Chemical Engineers]] in 1973,<ref name=JFR/> and he received an [[Honorary degree|Honorary Doctorate]] from [[Heriot-Watt University]] in the same year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.hw.ac.uk/graduation/honorary-graduates.htm|title=Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates|last=|website=www1.hw.ac.uk|access-date=2016-04-07|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418163907/http://www1.hw.ac.uk/graduation/honorary-graduates.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
*[http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U163179 COULSON, Prof. John Metcalfe], Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2012
{{reflist}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Coulson, John Metcalfe}}
[[Category:British chemical engineers]]
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[[Category:Alumni of Imperial College London]]
[[Category:Academics of Newcastle University]]
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[[Category:1990 deaths]]

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