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Dicranales

2025-06-25T21:19:55Z

84.172.167.197:

{{Short description|Order of haplolepideous mosses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Dicranum scoparium 2005.11.13 12.32.51-pb130023.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Dicranum scoparium]]''
| taxon = Dicranales
| authority = [[H. Philib.]] ''ex'' [[M. Fleisch.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=Goffinet-2020-web/>
| subdivision = 
*[[Fissidentaceae]]
*[[Hypodontiaceae]]
*[[Eustichiaceae]]
*[[Ditrichaceae]]
*[[Bruchiaceae]]
*[[Rhachitheciaceae]]
*[[Erpodiaceae]]
*[[Schistostegaceae]]
*[[Viridivelleraceae]]
*[[Hymenolomataceae]]
*[[Rhabdoweisiaceae]]
*[[Dicranaceae]]
*[[Rhizogemmaceae]]
*[[Ruficaulaceae]]
*[[Aongstroemiaceae]]
*[[Dicranellaceae]]
*[[Micromitriaceae]]
*[[Leucobryaceae]]
*[[Octoblepharaceae]]
*[[Calymperaceae]]

}}

'''Dicranales''' is an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[Peristome#In mosses|haplolepidous]] [[moss]]es in the subclass [[Dicranidae]].<ref name=Goffinet-2020-web>{{cite web |last1=Goffinet |first1=B. |first2=W.R. |last2=Buck |title=Classification of extant moss genera |website=Classification of the Bryophyta |date=4 March 2014 |url=http://bryology.uconn.edu/classification/#DICRANIDAE |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=Goffinet-2008>{{cite book |last1=Goffinet |first1=B. |first2=W. R. |last2=Buck |first3=A. J. |last3=Shaw |year=2008 |chapter=Morphology and Classification of the Bryophyta |pages=55–138 |editor-last1=Goffinet |editor-first1=B. |editor-first2=J. |editor-last2=Shaw |title=Bryophyte Biology |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87225-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te0fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT108}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Dicranales}}
* [https://www.accessscience.com/content/dicranales/192400 McGraw Hill, Dicranales]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q141514}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dicranales| ]]
[[Category:Dicranidae]]
[[Category:Moss orders]]

{{dicranidae-stub}}

Dicranidae

2025-06-25T21:17:40Z

84.172.167.197:

{{Short description|Subclass of mosses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Dicranum scoparium 2005.11.13 12.32.51-pb130023.jpg
| image_caption = ''Dicranum scoparium''
| taxon = Dicranidae
| authority = Doweld
| subdivision_ranks = Orders
| subdivision =
*[[Catoscopiales]]
*[[Distichiales]]
*[[Flexitrichales]]
*[[Scouleriales]]
*[[Bryoxiphiales]]
*[[Pseudoditrichales]]
*[[Grimmiales]]
*[[Archidiales]]
*[[Pleurophascum|Pleurophascales]]
*[[Mittenia|Mitteniales]]
*[[Eustichia|Eustichiales]]
*[[Amphidium (plant)|Amphidiales]]
*[[Dicranales]]
*[[Rhabdoweisiales]]
*[[Sorapillales]]
*[[Ditrichales]]
*[[Pottiales]]
*[[Bruchiales]]
*[[Erpodiales]]
*[[Orthotrichales]]

}}

The '''Dicranidae''' are a widespread and diverse subclass of [[moss]]es in class [[Bryopsida]], with many species of dry or disturbed areas. They are distinguished by their [[spore]]s; the [[peristome]] teeth are [[Peristome#In mosses|haplolepidous]] with a 4:2:3 formula, and an exostome is absent.<ref name=Goffinet2008>{{cite journal|title=Morphology, anatomy, and classification of the Bryophyta|journal=Bryophyte Biology|volume=Second Edition|pages=55–138|author=Goffinet, Bernard|author2=William R. Buck|author3=Jonathan Shaw|name-list-style=amp|editor=Goffinet, B.|editor2=A. J. Shaw|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York, New York, USA|year=2008|isbn=9780521693226}}</ref>

==Systematics==

Traditionally, the Dricanidae comprised about six to eight orders.<ref name=Goffinet2008/><ref name=Stech2008>{{cite journal |title=A morpho-molecular classification of the mosses (Bryophyta) |last1=Stech |first1=Michael |last2=Frey |first2=Wolfgang |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=86 |issue=1-2 |year=2008 |pages=1-21 |doi=10.1127/0029-5035/2008/0086-0001 }}</ref> However, phylogenetic analysis using molecular markers suggested that [[Dicranales]] was paraphyletic with respect to [[Pottiales]].<ref name=Stech2008/><ref name=Bechteler-2023>{{Cite journal
| display-authors = 5
| first1 = Julia | last1 = Bechteler
| first2 = Gabriel | last2 = Peñaloza-Bojacá
| first3 = David | last3 = Bell
| first4 = J. Gordon | last4 = Burleigh
| first5 = Stuart F. | last5 = McDaniel
| first6 = E. Christine | last6 = Davis
| first7 = Emily B. | last7 = Sessa
| first8 = Alexander | last8 = Bippus
| first9 = D. Christine | last9 = Cargill
| first10 = Sahut | last10 = Chantanoarrapint
| first11 = Isabel | last11 = Draper
| first12 = Lorena | last12 = Endara
| first13 = Laura L. | last13 = Forrest
| first14 = Ricardo | last14 = Garilleti
| first15 = Sean W. | last15 = Graham
| first16 = Sanna | last16 = Huttunen
| first17 = Javier | last17 = Jauregui Lazo
| first18 = Francisco | last18 = Lara
| first19 = Juan | last19 = Larraín
| first20 = Lily R. | last20 = Lewis
| first21 = David G. | last21 = Long
| first22 = Dietmar | last22 = Quandt
| first23 = Karen | last23 = Renzaglia
| first24 = Alfons | last24 = Schäfer-Verwimp
| first25 = Gaik Ee | last25 = Lee
| first26 = Adriel M. | last26 = Sierra
| first27 = Matt | last27 = von Konrat
| first28 = Charles E. | last28 = Zartman
| first29 = Marta Regina | last29 = Pereira
| first30 = Bernard | last30 = Goffinet
| first31 = Juan Carlos | last31 = Villarreal Aguilar
| date = 4 October 2023
| title = Comprehensive phylogenomic time tree of bryophytes reveals deep relationships and uncovers gene incongruences in the last 500 million years of diversification
| journal = American Journal of Botany
| publisher = Wiley Periodicals LLC
| volume = 110
| issue = 11
| issn = 0002-9122
| eissn = 1537-2197
| doi = 10.1002/ajb2.16249
| doi-access = free
| hdl = 10486/713895
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref>

A recently phylogenomic analysis led to a break-up of Dicranales and creation of a number of new small orders.<ref name=Bechteler-2023/> The phylogenetic relationships recovered within Dicranidae are shown in the cladogram below. The orders [[Bryoxiphiales]], [[Pseudoditrichales]] and [[Mittenia|Mitteniales]] were not sampled in this study.

{{clade
|grouplabelstyle1=width:11em;
|grouplabel1={{clade labels |label1==[[Dicranales]] ''sensu lato'' |top1=65%}}
|label1='''Dicranidae'''
|1={{clade
|1=[[Catoscopiales]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Distichiales]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Flexitrichales]]
|2=[[Scouleriales]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Grimmiales]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Archidiales]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Pleurophascum|Pleurophascales]] |bar1=red
|2={{clade
|1=[[Eustichia|Eustichiales]] |bar1=red
|2={{clade
|1=[[Amphidium (plant)|Amphidiales]] |bar1=red
|2={{clade
|1=[[Dicranales]] ''sensu stricto''  |bar1=red
|2={{clade
|1=[[Rhabdoweisiales]]  |bar1=red
|2={{clade
|1=[[Sorapillales]] |bar1=red
|2={{clade |bar1=red
|1={{clade
|1=[[Bruchiales]]
|2=[[Erpodiales]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ditrichales]] |bar1=red
|2=[[Pottiales]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q140317}}

[[Category:Plant subclasses]]
[[Category:Dicranidae| ]]
[[Category:Bryopsida]]

{{Dicranidae-stub}}

Protonema

2025-06-25T21:09:13Z

84.172.167.197:

{{short description|Multicellular filaments forming the early gametophyte of bryophytes}}
[[Image:Physcomitrella Protonema.jpg|thumb|Protonematal cells of the [[moss]] ''[[Physcomitrella patens]]'']]
A '''protonema''' (plural: '''protonemata''') is a thread-like chain of [[Cell (biology)|cells]] that forms the earliest stage of development of the gametophyte (the [[haploid]] phase) in the life cycle of [[moss]]es. When a moss first grows from a [[spore]], it starts as a ''germ tube'', which lengthens and branches into a filamentous complex known as a ''protonema'', from which a leafy [[gametophore]], the adult form of a [[gametophyte]] in [[bryophyte]]s, grows.<ref>[https://www.anbg.gov.au/bryophyte/life-cycle-in-nutshell.html Life Cycle - in a nutshell - bryophyte]</ref> Protonemata are characteristic of all mosses, are present in some liverworts under certain conditions <ref>Kohchi, T., Yamato, K. T., Ishizaki, K., Yamaoka, S., & Nishihama, R. (2021). Development and Molecular Genetics of Marchantia polymorpha. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 72(1), 677–702. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-082520-094256 </ref> but are absent from hornworts.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

The protonemata are composed of two cell types: '''chloronemata''', which form upon germination of the spore, and '''caulonemata''', which later differentiate from chloronemata under the influence of plant hormone [[auxin]].<ref name= "Reski1998"> Reski, R. (1998). Development, Genetics and Molecular Biology of Mosses. Botanica Acta, 111(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1998.tb00670.x </ref><ref name="Jang & Dolan 2011"> Jang, G., & Dolan, L. (2011). Auxin promotes the transition from chloronema to caulonema in moss protonema by positively regulating PpRSL1and PpRSL2 in Physcomitrella patens. _New Phytologist_, _192_(2), 319–327.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03805.x </ref> The chloronema cells are visually characterised by the presence of a high number of chloroplasts, relatively short cells, and cross walls (cell walls separating the cells along the filament) that are angled perpendicular to the growth axis. In comparison, caulonema cells are longer, have fewer chloroplasts and have cross walls that are situated at an oblique angle to the growth axis. The transition from chloronema to caulonema cells along a filament is gradual.<ref name="Jang & Dolan 2011"/> Later in the development of the plant, caulonema cells can form new branches of chloronema cell type, called ''secondary chloronema''.<ref name= "Reski1998"/>

The protonema cells grow ''apically'', meaning that the growth of the filament happens by the division of the cells at the tip of branches. This is distinct from the ''three-faced apical growth'' of the mature gametophyte, which similarly divides at the tip, but forms three daughter cells. The transition from protonema to mature gametophyte happens with the formation of a '''bud''', a single cell that branches out from the protonema filaments, giving rise to mature gametophytic structures like the stem and leaves.<ref name= "Reski1998"/> A bud typically forms on caulonema cells triggered by the plant hormone [[cytokinin]] (particularly 6-(Δ<sup>2</sup>isopentenyl)adenine, the native cytokinin of mosses), but they can also form on chloronema if the hormone is present at lower concentrations.<ref name = "Reski1998" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bryophytes]]
[[Category:Plant morphology]]

{{Plant-morphology-stub}}
{{bryophyte-stub}}

Schistostega

2025-06-25T20:58:48Z

84.172.167.197:

{{Short description|Monotypic genus of haplolepideous mosses}}
{{For|the 1992 Japanese film|Luminous Moss (film)}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Hikarigoke_Schistostega.JPG
| image_caption = Luminous moss photographed in Japan
| display_parents = 4
| grandparent_authority = [[Schimp.]]
| genus = Schistostega
| parent_authority = D. Mohr
| species = pennata
| authority = ([[Hedw.]]) F.Weber & D.Mohr
}}

'''''Schistostega pennata''''', also called '''goblin gold''',<ref name=BBS>{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Sean R.|date=2012|title=English Names for British Bryophytes|location=Wootton, Northampton|publisher=British Bryological Society|isbn=978-0-9561310-2-7|issn=0268-8034|series=British Bryological Society Special Volume|volume=5|edition=4th}}
</ref> '''Dragon's gold,'''<ref name="Glime">{{cite book|last1=Glime|first1=Janice M.|title=Bryophyte Ecology|date=2017|publisher=Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists|edition=Vol. 1|url=http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=bryo-ecol-subchapters|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref> '''luminous moss'''<ref name=BBS /> or '''luminescent moss''',<ref>USDA Forest Service, [http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/04projects/pinchotprojects/documents/feis_ch3.pdf Gotchen Risk Reduction and Restoration Project]</ref> is a [[Peristome#In mosses|haplolepidous]] [[moss]] ([[Dicranidae]]) known for its glowing appearance in dark places. It is the only member of the family '''Schistostegaceae'''.

==Description==
The moss has adapted to grow in low light conditions by utilizing spherical cells in the [[protonema]] that act as lenses, collecting and concentrating even the faintest light. The chloroplasts absorb the useful wavelengths of the light and reflect back the remainder towards the light source, giving the moss a greenish-gold glow.<ref name = "Washington">[http://www.stage.dnr.wa.gov/nhp/refdesk/fguide/pdf/schpen.pdf ''"Schistostega pennata"'']. Reference Desk of the Washington Natural Heritage Program.<br />[http://www.botanic.jp/plants-ha/higoke.htm Japanese Botanic Garden]</ref> The little lenses have the capability of turning towards the light source to maximise the collection of available light.<ref name="Dartmoor">{{cite web|last1=Sandles|first1=Tim|title=Shining moss|url=https://www.legendarydartmoor.co.uk/shining_moss.htm|website=Legendary Dartmoor|access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref>

The fronds of shoots that develop from the persistent protonema are small (1.5 cm long) with opposing pairs of leaves. A long stalk holds the egg-shaped capsule aloft.<ref name="FieldGuide2010">{{cite book |last1=Atherton |first1=Ian |last2=Bosanquet |first2=Sam |last3=Lawley |first3=Mark |title=Mosses and Liverworts of Britain and Ireland. A Field Guide |date=2010 |publisher=British Bryological Society |location=Plymouth |isbn=9780956131010 |page=419 |url=https://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/bbs/Activities/mosses/Schistostega%20pennata.pdf |accessdate=31 December 2019}}</ref>

==Distribution==
''Schistostega pennata'' is found in China, Japan, Siberia, Europe, and North America.<ref name = "china">[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=4&taxon_id=240002105 ''"Schistostega pennata"'']. ''Moss Flora of China''.</ref>

It is easily outcompeted by other mosses and plant species in open, brighter areas, but its ability to concentrate the available light allows it to grow in shady places where other plants cannot survive. It prefers damp, but not too wet, mineral soils with a source of dim light, such as reflection from a pool of water, and so grows in habitats such as overturned tree roots, entrances to animal burrows and caves.

==Folklore==
[[File:Luminous moss in Makkausu Cave, Rausu, Hokkaido.JPG|thumb|Makkausu Cave, Rausu, [[Hokkaido]]]]
Concerning the moss's common names, such as "goblin gold", Austrian botanist [[Anton Kerner von Marilaun]] wrote in '' Das Pflanzenleben der Donauländer'' in 1863:<ref name="Glime" />

{{blockquote|On looking into the interior of the cave, the background appears quite dark, and an ill-defined twilight only appears to fall from the center on to the side walls; but on the level floor of the cave innumerable golden-green points of light sparkle and gleam, so that it might be imagined that small emeralds had been scattered over the ground. If we reach curiously into the depth of the grotto to snatch a specimen of the shining objects, and examine the prize in our hand under a bright light, we can scarcely believe our eyes, for there is nothing else but dull lusterless earth and damp, mouldering bits of stone of yellowish-grey color! Only on looking closer will it be noticed that the soil and stones are studded and spun over with dull green dots and delicate threads, and that, moreover, there appears a delicate filigree of tiny moss-plants, resembling a small arched feather stuck in the ground. This phenomenon, that an object should only shine in dark rocky clefts, and immediately lose its brilliance when it is brought into the bright daylight, is so surprising that one can easily understand how the legends have arisen of fantastic gnomes and cave-inhabiting goblins who allow the covetous sons of earth to gaze on the gold and precious stones, but prepare a bitter disappointment for the seeker of the enchanted treasure; that, when he empties out the treasure which he hastily raked together in the cave, he sees roll out of the sacks, not glittering jewels, but only common earth.}}

There is a monument to ''Schistostega'' in [[Hokkaido]], Japan, where it grows in profusion in a tiny cave.<ref name="Glime" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.nps.gov/archive/olym/crypto/M_SCPE_lum.htm Photo from Olympic National Park]{{dead link|date=June 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} (click to enlarge) [http://www.nps.gov/archive/olym/crypto/photo/M_SCPE.jpg Close-up]{{dead link|date=June 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* [http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=2839&flora_id=4 Scientific illustration]
*[http://www.nawwal.org/~mrgoff/photojournal/2004/sum/07-09p8goblingold.html Photos] by Matt Goff

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q12334739|from2=Q179213|from3=Q17277054}}

[[Category:Dicranales]]
[[Category:Monotypic moss genera]]