wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Callisthenes

2025-09-18T00:01:21Z

82.3.239.99: /* Opposition to Alexander the Great */Grammar fix

{{Short description|Greek historian ({{circa}} 360–327 BCE)}}
{{Other uses}}

'''Callisthenes of Olynthus''' ([[Help:IPA/English|/kəˈlɪsθəˌniːz/]]; [[Greek language|Greek]]: Καλλισθένης; {{Circa}} 360 – {{Circa}} 327 BCE)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Callisthenes of Olynthus - Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/person/callisthenes-of-olynthus/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.livius.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Chrisholm |first=Hugh |url=https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaBritannicaDict.a.s.l.g.i.11thed.chisholm.1910-1911-1922.33vols/05.EncycBrit.11th.1910.v.5.CAL-CHA._djvu.txt |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1911 |volume=5 |pages=57}}</ref> was a [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] historian in [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]] with connections to both [[Aristotle]] and [[Alexander the Great]]. He accompanied Alexander the Great during his Asiatic expedition and served as his historian and publicist. He later opposed Alexander’s adoption of Persian culture and was arrested after being implicated in a plot on the king's life; he died in prison. During his life, he authored several works on Greek history and a biography of Alexander the Great.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt19893tw |title=Greece, Macedon and Persia |date=2015 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78297-923-4 |pages=114|doi=10.2307/j.ctt19893tw |jstor=j.ctt19893tw }}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Olympias presenting the young Alexander the Great to Aristotle by Gerard Hoet before 1733 MH.jpg|thumb|[[Olympias]] presenting the young Alexander the Great to Aristotle by Gerard Hoet, before 1733]]
Callisthenes was born in [[Olynthus]] sometime during 360 BCE. Little is known of his early childhood except that his mother Hero was the niece of Aristotle, and daughter of [[Proxenus of Atarneus]] and [[Arimneste]]; which made Callisthenes the great-nephew of Aristotle by his sister Arimneste, Callisthenes's grandmother. It is also known that Callisthenes was in the care of Aristotle by 347 BCE and studied under him as his student. Callisthenes spent much of his early life writing and traveling with Aristotle. His first literary work was an [[encomium]] to [[Hermias of Atarneus]], but by 334 BC, he had written a few works including a series on Greek history and antiquarian writings, such as a registry of competitors for the [[Pythian Games]] for which Aristotle and Callisthenes are thanked.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Truesdell S. |date=1949 |title=Callisthenes and Alexander |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/291475 |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=225–233 |doi=10.2307/291475 |jstor=291475 |issn=0002-9475|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Based on the fact that a reference by Diodorus Siculus mentions Callisthenes’ historical accounts of Greek history, it can be assumed that Callisthenes was a historian of some repute before he began working with Alexander the Great.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diodorus Siculus, Library, Book XIV, chapter 117 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0083:book=14:chapter=117 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Callisthenes first met Alexander the Great, when Alexander began being tutored by Aristotle around the age of thirteen. Aristotle had been tasked by [[Philip II of Macedon]] to tutor the young Alexander in Mytilene. While both studying under Aristotle, Callisthenes and Alexander would have come to know each other as fellow students and pupils of Aristotle.<ref name=":2" />

== Campaign with Alexander the Great ==
Around 334 BCE, Callisthenes was invited to accompany Alexander the Great in his Asiatic expedition. There were many factors as to why Callisthenes chose to accompany Alexander. First, being that he had already established a relationship with Alexander during their time as students of Aristotle and as a historian and antiquarian might have appreciated a chance at traveling. Another potential reason is that Callisthenes’ birthplace of Olynthus was destroyed by Phillip II of Macedon, and such might have been looking to better himself in the eyes of Alexander and thus Phillip II’s court, in order to aid in its reconstruction.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:MacedonEmpire.jpg|thumb|A map of Alexander the Great's empire at its largest extent c.323 BCE including details of key roads, location, and battles.]]
During this expedition, Callisthenes was tasked with being the official historian for the campaign. While he occupied this role, he compiled his narrative on the events that transpired during the campaign. Much of the work is dedicated to praising Alexander and upholding his authority as the king and his army penetrated further into Asia. While much of his time during the campaign was spent working on his account of the expedition. But, Callisthenes was also sent on scientific expeditions, to places such as Kush or [[Babylon]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bosworth |first=A. B. |date=1970 |title=Aristotle and Callisthenes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435151 |journal=Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=410 |jstor=4435151 |issn=0018-2311}}</ref> Callisthenes had an affinity for the natural sciences and is known to have written several scientific works, including astronomical diaries and his own theories for the source of the [[Nile|Nile River]]. Although these theories later received pushback from Alexander the Great.<ref name=":2" />

== Opposition to Alexander the Great ==
The dramatic conflict between Alexander the Great and Callisthenes was a result of years of tensions between many of Alexander’s court members, including Callisthenes that came to a head. Throughout Alexander’s campaign, he acquired an interest in taking on Persian customs and aristocrats. By 328 BCE, Alexander had allowed a handful of Persian aristocrats to join his entourage, a choice that deeply upset the Macedonians who were close to Alexander. That same year a confrontation occurred between Alexander and [[Cleitus the Black]] an officer in Alexander’s army. During a banquet Cleitus expressed his displeasure at the current state of Alexander’s contingent. An argument broke out between the two, ending in a physical confrontation and Cleitus’ demise at Alexander’s hand. After this conflict Alexander was distraught and brought on his trusted friends, one of which being Callisthenes to provide counsel to the king after he killed Cleitus.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvckq3sm |title=Alexander the Great and the East: History, Art, Tradition |date=2016 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-10710-5 |edition=1 |pages=247–254 |doi=10.2307/j.ctvckq3sm|jstor=j.ctvckq3sm }}</ref>

By the next year Alexander’s fascination with Persian culture had only grown and in 327 BCE, he attempted to introduce the Persian servile ceremony of [[proskynesis]]. Callisthenes was sharply critical of Alexander’s new Persian practices. During a banquet held shortly before Alexander’s expedition left for India, Callisthenes gave a speech arguing against the adoption of proskynesis. Callisthenes argued that Alexander was not entitled to receive divine honors, such as the proskynesis from his followers. Alexander witnessed this speech and knowing Callisthenes was correct chose not to continue with the practice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arrian on the introduction of proskynesis - Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/arrian/anabasis/the-introduction-of-proskynesis/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.livius.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bowden |first=Hugh |date=2013 |title=On Kissing and Making up: Court Protocol and Historiography in Alexander the Great's 'Experiment with "Proskynesis"' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44254132 |journal=Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=74 |doi=10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00058.x |jstor=44254132 |issn=0076-0730}}</ref>

Another account by [[Plutarch]] claims that during this banquet Alexander offers a cup to a colleague who performs the proskynesis ceremony, kisses Alexander, and then drinks from the cup. While all of the other members of the court performed the ceremony Callisthenes blatantly refused to act out the proskynesis. This direct opposition to Alexander won Callisthenes favor by the Macedonians but severely destroyed the relationship between Callisthenes and Alexander.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Milns |first=Robert D. |date=2006 |title=Callisthenes on Alexander |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24668207 |journal=Mediterranean Archaeology |volume=19/20 |pages=233–237 |jstor=24668207 |issn=1030-8482}}</ref> Callisthenes eventually left the king’s court as he had lost favor with Alexander. After Callisthenes' fall from grace, he became increasingly politically isolated from the remaining members of Alexander’s court. Alexander continued to introduce more Persian recruits, further displeasing the remaining Macedonians in his court.<ref name=":3" />

==Death==
During an incident during a royal boar hunt in which [[Hermolaus of Macedon]], one of Alexander’s royal pages and Callisthenes' former pupil, broke royal protocol and assisted Alexander in killing the boar. For this Hermolaus was publicly humiliated by flogging as well as the removing of his horse. This led Hermolaus and several other royal pages to create a conspiracy to assassinate Alexander. Yet, the conspiracy was discovered, and the young nobles faced arrest, torture and interrogation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carney |first=Elizabeth |date=1981 |title=The Conspiracy of Hermolaus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297324 |journal=The Classical Journal |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=228 |jstor=3297324 |issn=0009-8353}}</ref>

While under torture, Hermolaus implicated Callisthenes as a part of the plot against Alexander. Because of Callisthenes’ previous opposition to Alexander, as well as his previous role as Hermolaus’s instructor, Alexander found Callisthenes guilty of treason and ordered his subsequent arrest. Callisthenes was subsequently thrown into prison where he died seven months later. There are several different accounts of how he died or was executed. [[Crucifixion]] is the method suggested by [[Ptolemy]], but [[Chares of Mytilene]] and [[Aristobulus of Cassandreia]] both claim that Callisthenes died of natural causes while in prison.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=William |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0585.html |title=Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & Mythology |year=1870 |volume=1 |pages=576 |access-date=2017-12-07 |archive-date=2012-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019132956/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0585.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Callisthenes' death was commemorated in a special treatise (''Callisthenes or a Treatise on Grief'') by his friend [[Theophrastus]], whose acquaintance he made during a visit to [[Athens]]. In this eulogy Theophrastus condemns Alexander for the torture and execution of Callisthenes. He also references the acts of mourning and grief enacted by those who were close to Callisthenes and advises the bereaved on how to cope with the loss. Theophrastus also upholds Callisthenes as a figure of traditional piety and civic freedom.<ref>{{Citation |last=White |first=Stephen A. |title=Chapter Twelve. Theophrastus And Callisthenes |date=2007-01-01 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047419525/Bej.9789004156685.i-286_015.xml |work=Influences on Peripatetic Rhetoric |pages=211–230 |access-date=2023-06-05 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004156685.i-286.49 |isbn=978-90-474-1952-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Writings==
Callisthenes' most well-known work was an account of Alexander's expedition up to the time of Callisthenes’ own execution. ''Deeds of Alexander'' or ''Praxeis Alexandrou'' (330 BCE) was biographical-style series of works detailing the campaign of Alexander the Great. Although copies of the work do not survive today, some knowledge of it can be inferred from references by other authors. The book was intended as propaganda and glorified Alexander the Great’s military achievements and claims to divinity as the son of [[Zeus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hornblower |first=Simon |url=https://ia902909.us.archive.org/2/items/hornblower-simon-spawforth-antony-the-oxford-classical-dictionary-1999/HORNBLOWER%2C%20Simon%3B%20SPAWFORTH%2C%20Antony%20-%20The%20Oxford%20Classical%20Dictionary%20%5B1999%5D.pdf |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |edition=3rd |location=New York |pages=278}}</ref> According to Polybius, much of Callisthenes' military accounts were over-glorified to the point of impossibility. [[Polybius]] claims that Callisthenes’ descriptions of Alexander’s military are impossible and would not fit in the locations, such as the country outside of [[Cilicia]], that Callisthenes describes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polybius. Histories. Book 12 |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/polybius/12*.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> It contained many references to [[Iliad|Homer’s ''Iliad'']] and also described locations in the ''Iliad'' that Alexander had visited. It applauded Alexander as a standard for Greek masculinity; and condemned the Persians as weak and effeminate.<ref name=":0" /> It is said to have been used as justification for the Panhellenic crusade and as a means of recruiting potential supporters for Alexander’s crusade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prentice |first=William Kelly |date=1923 |title=Callisthenes, the Original Historian of Alexander |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/282843 |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association |volume=54 |pages=75 |doi=10.2307/282843 |jstor=282843 |issn=0065-9711|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In addition to his work on Alexander the Great, he also authored another major work, a 10 book long historical anthology of Greece. ''Hellenica'' covered the periods from the [[Peace of Antalcidas]] (387 BCE) to the start of the [[Third Sacred War|Phocian war]] (357 BCE). His other works include; the list of winners from the Pythian games that he co-authored with Aristotle, writings on astronomy including a description of the [[Great Comet of 371 BC]], a work covering the [[First Sacred War|first Sacred war]] of 600 BCE titled ''On the Sacred War'', a tribute ''Hermias'' to Atarneaus and Assos who were killed by Persians, a book on witty sayings, a ''Diakosmos Battle Order'' which covers ships in Homers ''Iliad,'' and a [[Periplus]] covering the [[Black Sea]].<ref name=":4" />

=== Pseudo-Callisthenes ===
Additionally, many works have been ascribed to Callisthenes mistakenly, resulting in their authorship commonly known as Pseudo-Callisthenes. One of the more well-known examples is the [[Alexander Romance]], the basis of all the Alexander legends of the [[Middle Ages]]. It originated during the time of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemies]], but in its present form belongs to the 3rd century CE. The Latin translation for the text is usually attributed to [[Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius]] (early 4th century). The work has also been said to be authored by several other people beyond Callisthenes, including; [[Aesopus (historian)|Aesopus]], [[Aristotle]], [[Antisthenes of Rhodes|Antisthenes]], [[Onesicritus]], and [[Arrian]]. There are also Syrian, Armenian, and Slavonic versions, in addition to four [[Greek language|Greek]] versions (two in prose and two in verse) in the Middle Ages (see [[Karl Krumbacher|Krumbacher]], ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur'', 1897, p. 849).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Von Christ |first=Whilhelm |title=Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur |year=1898 |pages=849}}</ref> [[Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius|Valerius]]'s translation was completely superseded by that of [[Leo of Naples|Leo, archpriest of Naples]] in the 10th century, the so-called ''Historia de Preliis''.<ref name=":1" />

In addition to the ''Alexander Romance'', Pseudo-Callisthenes is also credited with several other works. Including; a work titled ''Metamorphoses'', a work on Macedonian history, a ''History of Thrace'', and treatise on the subject of hunting.<ref name=":4" /> There has also been a collection of letters, written in Greek originally attributed to Callisthenes, yet later disputed as the dates of the letters range far beyond the time period that Callisthenes was alive. Many of these were originally attributed to Callisthenes due to their assumed time period aligning with Callisthenes’s active years as an author, as well as their subject matter being on topics Callisthenes was known to have written about. As of now, there are no intact copies of Callisthenes’s works known to have survived.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Encyclopaedia Iranica. Callisthenes |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/callisthenes-the-name-of-a-greek-historian-of-the-period-of-alexander-the-great-q |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214408/http://www.pothos.org/content/index.php?page=callisthenes Pothos.org: Callisthenes]
*[https://www.livius.org/caa-can/callisthenes/callisthenes.html Livius.org: Callisthenes of Olynthus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104083614/http://www.livius.org/caa-can/callisthenes/callisthenes.html |date=2014-11-04 }}
*[https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_z1b.html Livius.org: Alexander the Great: the 'good' sources – Official propaganda: Callisthenes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204170928/https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_z1b.html |date=2016-12-04 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:360s BC births]]
[[Category:320s BC deaths]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Greek historians]]
[[Category:Conspirators against Alexander the Great]]
[[Category:People executed by Alexander the Great]]
[[Category:Ancient Olynthians]]
[[Category:Historians who accompanied Alexander the Great]]

Moorgate

2025-06-02T18:18:45Z

82.3.239.99: Unnecessary, ugly and clumsy use of the Americanism 'London, England'

{{about|the street and area in central London|the rail and tube station|Moorgate station|the village in Norfolk|Moorgate, Norfolk}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2017}}
{{infobox UK place
| official_name = Moorgate
| map_type = Greater London
| country = England
| region = London
| london_borough = City of London
| coordinates = {{coord|51.5174|-0.0887|region:GB|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| os_grid_reference = TQ327811
| population =
| population_ref =
| post_town = LONDON
| postcode_area = EC
| postcode_district = EC2
| dial_code = 020
| constituency_westminster = [[Cities of London and Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)|Cities of London and Westminster]]
}}
'''Moorgate''' was one of the [[City of London]]'s northern gates in its [[London Wall|defensive wall]], the last to be built. The gate took its name from the [[Moorfields]], an area of marshy land that lay immediately north of the wall.

The gate was demolished in 1762, but gave its name to a major street, ''Moorgate'', laid out in 1834. The area around the street and around [[Moorgate station]] is informally also referred to as ''Moorgate''. The Moorgate district is home to many financial institutions and has many notable historic and contemporary buildings.

Moorgate station was the site of the [[Moorgate tube crash]] of 1975, when a [[Northern City Line]] train failed to stop and hit a brick wall killing 43. This resulted in systems, known as [[Moorgate control]], being installed on the Underground in order to stop trains at dead-ends.

==The gate==
[[File:Moorgate Hollar.PNG|thumb|The Moorgate, 1650]]
[[File:Moorgate gate.jpg|left|thumb|An engraving showing Moorgate before it was demolished in 1762]]
The earliest descriptions of Moorgate date from the early 15th century, where it was described as only a [[postern]] in the [[London Wall|London city wall]]. Located between [[Bishopsgate]] and [[Cripplegate]] and leading to a marshy open space known as [[Moorfields]], it was not one of the larger or more important of the city gates.

In 1415 an [[local ordinance|ordinance]] enacted that the old postern be demolished. It was replaced with a newer and larger structure located farther to the west, which included a wooden [[gate]] to be shut at night. This gate was enlarged again in 1472 and 1511, and then damaged in the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1666. Although the City gates had ceased to have any modern function apart from decoration, it was replaced along with [[Ludgate]], [[Newgate]], and [[Temple Bar, London|Temple Bar]] with a stone gate in 1672.
[[File:City of London Ward Map, 1870.svg|thumb|The Moorgate linked the parts of Coleman Street Ward on either side of London's Wall]]

Moorgate and the Wall originally formed the northern boundary of [[Coleman Street Ward]]. It appears that the area outside, the once very marshy [[Moorfields|Lower and Little Moorfields]] (now mostly occupied by [[Finsbury Circus]] and the surrounding buildings), previously part of the [[Finsbury|Manor of Finsbury]] were added in the 17th century,{{efn|The Ward did not extend beyond the wall at the time of John Stows survey of 1603 – but it did by the time of Ogilby and Morgans map of 1676}} though it was not developed until 1817.

Moorgate was demolished with most of the other London city wall gates in 1761/2, and the resulting stone was sold for £166 to the [[City of London Corporation]] to support the [[Starling (architecture)|starlings]] of the newly widened centre arch of the [[London Bridge]].

Little Moorgate was a postern opposite [[Little Winchester Street]] leading into [[Moorfields]]. It had been demolished by 1755, but gave its name to a street <ref>Boyle, P. ''Boyle's View of London, and its Environs''; 1799. London, accessed at [http://www.londonancestor.com/boyle/str-l.htm] 2008-04-12</ref> that was later removed for the building of a railway.

==Moorgate Street and locality==
[[File:MoorHouse.jpg|thumb|[[Moor House]]]]
[[File:City Point building.jpg|thumb|[[CityPoint]]]]
The area around the former gate, Moorgate Street and Moorgate station is referred to informally as the ''Moorgate'' area. This locale roughly approximates to the [[Coleman Street Ward]] of the [[City of London]].

The contemporary street of Moorgate runs north from Princes Street and [[Lothbury]] at the back of the [[Bank of England]], across the road named London Wall and the location of the old gate, and then continues north. After leaving the [[City of London]] in the direction of the [[London Borough of Islington]], the street is known as [[Finsbury Pavement]] (which at one time was known as Moor Fields Pavement) and then City Road. The street was constructed around 1846 as one of the new approaches to [[London Bridge]]. While the street was formally known as "Moorgate Street", the street part of the name eventually fell out of use.

The [[Chartered Accountants' Hall]], on Moorgate Place, is the home of the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales]].

The [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]] is connected to [[Moorgate station]] via Bassishaw Highwalk. The Guildhall is the home of the [[City of London Corporation]] and the centre of City government since the [[Middle Ages]]. Adjacent and internally connected to the Guildhall is the [[Guildhall Art Gallery]], which houses the art collection of the City of London. It occupies a stone building in a semi-[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style which was completed in 1999 to replace an earlier building destroyed in 1941.

The [[Moorfields]] were an extensive area of open land, partly in the City of London, partly in the [[Finsbury|Manor of Finsbury]]. The Lower Moorfields was home to the [[Bethlem Royal Hospital]] (also known as Bedlam, Europe's oldest [[psychiatric hospital]]) from 1676 to 1815.

[[File:Rocque e1 MoorgateCrop.jpg|thumb|Rocque e1 MoorgateCrop]]
The Lower Moorfields was developed in 1817, with the building of [[Finsbury Circus]]. Finsbury Circus includes a number of classical buildings surrounding an oval-shaped [[circus]]. The gardens in the centre of the circus occupy a {{convert|5,000|sqm|acre|adj=on}} plot enclosed by railings, and include the lawn of the City of London Bowls Club.

Moorgate is also the birthplace of [[John Keats]], one of the principal [[poetry|poets]] in the [[England|English]] [[Romanticism|Romantic]] movement. Keats was born in 1795 in the Swan and Hoop Inn at 199 Moorgate, where his father was an [[Hostler|ostler]]. The pub is now called "The John Keats at The Globe", having previously been known as "The Moorgate Coffee House", "The Moorgate" and "The John Keats at Moorgate", only a few yards from Moorgate station.

A new commercial development on Moorgate, known as [[Moor House]], opened in 2005. The building is located at the corner of Moorgate and London Wall, and was designed by [[Foster and Partners]]. The building has {{cvt|28,000|m2}} of office space in 19 storeys, and is built in the location of a smaller office building built in the 1960s known as Moor House. A 36 m shaft under the building incorporates part of [[Crossrail]]'s new station and ticket hall serving Liverpool Street.

During the 1940s-60s, HM Customs and Excise investigation staff were based at Moorgate Hall, 153 Moorgate.

There is a campus of the [[London Metropolitan University]], formerly a polytechnic, and part of the [[London Guildhall University]], on Moorgate. The campus houses its business school, a [[library]], and other administrative facilities.

A number of large buildings are being planned or already built in the neighbouring streets. These include a 43-storey, 140 m residential skyscraper at Milton Court ([[The Heron]]), that is taller than [[CityPoint]], and a 90 m office tower at Ropemaker Place is also being developed by [[British Land]], with construction already underway.

==Nearest places==
* [[Barbican Estate]]

==Nearby rail and Tube==
;[[National Rail]]
*[[Liverpool Street station]]
*[[Moorgate station]]

;[[London Underground]]
*Moorgate station: [[Northern line]] (city branch), [[Circle line (London Underground)|Circle]], [[Hammersmith & City line|Hammersmith & City]] and [[Metropolitan line|Metropolitan]] lines

== Bus routes ==
Moorgate is served by the following bus routes: 21, [[London Buses route 43|43]] (24 hour), 76 (24 hour), [[London Buses route 100|100]], [[London Buses route 141|141]], 153, 214 (24 hour), 271 (24 hour) and Night Bus route N551 (Towards [[Gallions Reach]] on a temporary diversion)

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
;Books and articles
* Lange, D. ''The Queen's London: A Pictorial and Descriptive Record of the Streets, Buildings, Parks and Scenery of the Great Metropolis''. Cassell and Company, London, 1896.
* Harris, C. M. ''What's in a name? The origins of the names of all stations in current use on the London Underground and Docklands Light rail with their opening dates.'' Midas Books and [[Transport for London|London Transport]], fourth edition, 2001. {{ISBN|1-85414-241-0}}.
* Mills, A. D. ''Dictionary of London Place Names''. [[Oxford University Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0-19-860957-4}}.
* Rocque, J. ''Rocque's Map of London''. 1746 and 1763.
* Harben, H. A. ''A Dictionary of London''. 1918.
* Stow, J. ''Survey of London''. 1720 and 1755. 2 volumes.
* [[Sidney Colvin|Colvin, Sidney]]. ''John Keats - Biography''. 1887.
* Motion, A. ''Keats''. [[University of Chicago]] Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-374-18100-4}}.
* Holloway, S. ''Moorgate: Anatomy of a Railway Disaster''. Trafalgar Square Publishing, 1989. {{ISBN|0-7153-8913-0}}.
* Bacon, J. M. ''The Dominion of the Air'', Chapter 3. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050415080713/http://www.ballooning.net/doach03.htm Online extract].

;Other web sites
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151018214144/http://www.metronetrail.com/default.asp?sID=1079692807470 Metronet history of the Circle Line]. Retrieved 31 March 2005.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071025052021/http://www.metronetrail.com/default.asp?sID=1079017504638 Metronet history of the Hammersmith and City Line]. Retrieved 31 March 2005.

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/28/newsid_2515000/2515033.stm BBC News account of the 1975 crash]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151018214144/http://www.metronetrail.com/default.asp?sID=1077885590015 Moorgate station]. Official homepage of the station from [[Metronet (British infrastructure company)|Metronet]]
* [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~genmaps/genfiles/COU_files/ENG/LON/Rocque/rocque_index.htm John Rocque's Map of London - 1746].
*[http://www.streetmap.co.uk/newmap.srf?x=532747&y=181599&z=0&sv=EC2M+6SQ&st=2&pc=EC2M+6SQ&mapp=newmap.srf&searchp=newsearch.srf Streetmap.co.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190202/http://www.streetmap.co.uk/newmap.srf?x=532747&y=181599&z=0&sv=EC2M+6SQ&st=2&pc=EC2M+6SQ&mapp=newmap.srf&searchp=newsearch.srf |date=3 March 2016 }}. The map is centred on the Moorgate campus of [[London Metropolitan University]]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/walks/ BBC nature walks - Roman London and a geological walk of the world].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070107150958/http://www.moorsgate.com/ Moors Gate].

;Major buildings
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040815231230/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=101375 Emporis information on the new Moor House]}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040620034058/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=110744 Emporis information on the old Moor House]}}
*[http://www.capitalandcommercial.com/internation/state/index.asp?id=10 CapitaLand homepage on 25 Moorgate]
*[http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/leisure_heritage/architectural_heritage/Buildingswithinthecity/guildhall.htm City of London Corporation homepage on Guildhall]

;Vincenzo Lunardi
*[http://www.fiddlersgreen.net/AC/aircraft/Balloon-Lunardi/lunardi.htm Hydrogen balloon model]. Site with information about the balloon attempt and a model of the hydrogen balloon.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050406053949/http://www.printsgeorge.com/ArtEccles_Aeronauts4.htm Flights of fancy]. Site with information about the balloon attempt.
*[http://www.welhamgreen.com/balloonCorner.html Balloon Corner, Welham Green]. Site with picture of the stone marking the landing spot of Lunardi's balloon at Welham Green.
*[http://www.streetmap.co.uk/newmap.srf?x=523200&y=205560&z=5&sv=523200,205560&st=OSGrid&lu=N&tl=~&ar=y&bi=~&mapp=newmap.srf&searchp=newsearch.srf Streetmap.co.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106080534/http://www.streetmap.co.uk/newmap.srf?x=523200&y=205560&z=5&sv=523200,205560&st=OSGrid&lu=N&tl=~&ar=y&bi=~&mapp=newmap.srf&searchp=newsearch.srf |date=6 January 2007 }} showing Welham Green and Ware in Hertfordshire

{{Moorgate}}
{{City of London gates}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1762]]
[[Category:London Wall and its gates]]
[[Category:Streets in the City of London]]
[[Category:Districts of the City of London]]
[[Category:Central business districts in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Former gates]]