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Benya Krik (film)

2025-06-10T10:06:07Z

80.95.44.97: /* External links */

{{Short description|1926 Soviet film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Benya Krik
| image = Benya Krik poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = {{ill|Vladimir Vilner|ru|Вильнер, Владимир Бертольдович}}<ref name="ChristieTaylor2005"/>
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Isaak Babel]]
| story =
| based_on = ''[[Odessa Stories]]''
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1927}}
| runtime = 81 minutes
| country = Soviet Union
| language = Russian
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Benya Krik''''' ({{langx|ru|Беня Крик|Benya Krik}}) is a 1927 Soviet [[black comedy]] [[silent film]], directed by {{ill|Vladimir Vilner|ru|Вильнер, Владимир Бертольдович}}<ref name="ChristieTaylor2005">{{cite book|last1=Christie|first1=Ian|last2=Taylor|first2=Professor Richard|last3=Taylor|first3=Richard|title=Inside the Film Factory: New Approaches to Russian and Soviet Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIXotSI6-SQC&pg=PT145|accessdate=13 March 2014|date=19 August 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134944330|pages=145–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/kinohistoryofrus00jayl#page/230/mode/2up/|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin|George Allen & Unwin]]|author=Jay Leyda|author-link=Jay Leyda|title= Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film|year=1960|page=230}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvkultura.ru/brand/show/brand_id/24583/|publisher=[[Russia-K]]|title=Беня Крик. Х/ф}}</ref> and starring {{ill|Yuri Shumsky|ru|Шумский, Юрий Васильевич}} as [[Benya Krik]].

The film depicts the career of a [[Jewish Russian]] [[gangster]], and was based on the ''[[Odessa Stories]]'' of [[Isaak Babel]]. The main setting is the city of [[Odessa]].

[[Image:Benya Krik.jpg|thumb|Benya Krik as portrayed by [[Yuri Shumsky]]]]

== Plot ==
The main character is the legendary Odessa bandit, robber, and adventurer Benya Krik, who, along with his gang of marauders, leads a wild and carefree life. In his gang, betrayal means death, and through fear and respect, Benya's gang grows to impressive proportions.

With the arrival of the October Revolution, Benya switches allegiance to the Bolsheviks, presenting his criminal gang as a division of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.

== Cast ==
* [[Matvey Lyarov]] as Mendel Krik
* [[Yuri Shumsky]] as Benya Krik - Mendel's son
* [[Nikolai Nademsky]] as Kolka Pakovski
* [[Ivan Zamychkovsky]] as Gleczik - the policeman
* [[Sergei Minin]] as Sobkov - the commissar
* [[A. Goricheva]]
* [[A. Vabnik]]
* [[Teodor Brainin]]
* [[Georgi Astafyev]]
* [[A. Sashin]] as Savka

== Source material ==
Benya Krik is a fictional character in [[Isaak Babel|Isaac Babel]]'s cycle of [[short stories]], ''[[Odessa Stories]]''. He is a [[Jewish Russian]] [[gangster]], and he and his gang of thugs are the main focus of the stories.

== Production ==
The film was based on a screenplay written by Babel in 1926, in which he adapted parts of his short stories "The King" and "How It Was Done in Odessa", in addition to creating new content.

== Restoration ==
The film was restored and supplied with English subtitles by the [[National Center for Jewish Film]].<ref>[https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/benyakrik.htm "Benya Krik"], [[National Center for Jewish Film]]</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0182781}}

[[Category:1927 films]]
[[Category:1927 drama films]]
[[Category:1920s crime drama films]]
[[Category:1927 black comedy films]]
[[Category:1920s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:1920s Soviet films]]
[[Category:Soviet drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet crime drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet black comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Russian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Soviet silent feature films]]
[[Category:Soviet black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films set in Odesa]]
[[Category:Russian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Russian silent feature films]]
[[Category:Silent Soviet drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:Russian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about Jews and Judaism]]
[[Category:Russian-language drama films]]
[[Category:Russian-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Russian-language black comedy films]]

{{1920s-USSR-film-stub}}

Dark Eyes (1987 film)

2025-06-09T14:06:27Z

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{{Infobox film
|name = Dark Eyes
|image = Dark Eyes.jpg
|caption = Film poster
|director = [[Nikita Mikhalkov]]
|producer = [[Carlo Cucchi]] [[Silvia D'Amico Bendico]]
|writer = [[Alexander Adabashyan]] Nikita Mikhalkov [[Suso Cecchi d'Amico]] [[Anton Chekhov]] (stories)
|starring = [[Marcello Mastroianni]] [[Marthe Keller]] [[Yelena Safonova]] [[Pina Cei]] [[Vsevolod Larionov]] [[Innokenti Smoktunovsky]]
|music = [[Francis Lai]]
|cinematography = [[Franco Di Giacomo]]
|editing = [[Enzo Meniconi]]
|distributor = [[RUSCICO]]
|released = {{Film date|1987|09|09|df=yes}}
|runtime = 118 minutes
|country = Italy Soviet Union
|language = Italian / [[Russian language|Russian]] / French
|budget =
}}
'''''Dark Eyes''''' ({{langx|it|Oci ciornie}} {{IPA|it|ˈɔːtʃi ˈtʃɔrnje|}}; a transcription of {{langx|ru|Очи чёрные}} {{IPA|ru|ˈotɕɪ ˈtɕɵrnɨjɪ|}}) is a 1987 Italian and Soviet romantic comedy-drama film directed by [[Nikita Mikhalkov]]. Set in Italy and Russia in the years before the First World War, it tells the story of a married Italian man who falls in love with a married Russian woman. Starring [[Marcello Mastroianni]] and [[Yelena Safonova]],<ref name="NY Times.com">{{cite web |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/12245/Dark-Eyes/details |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403204154/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/12245/Dark-Eyes/details |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-03 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2010 |title=NY Times: Dark Eyes |accessdate=2009-04-01}}</ref> it received positive reviews from critics. The title of the film refers to a [[Dark Eyes (Russian song)|popular Russian song]] of the same name written by Yevhen Hrebinka in 1843.

== Plot ==
Romano is sitting at a table in the empty restaurant aboard an Italian ship, having a drink. When Pavel, a middle-aged Russian on his honeymoon cruise, enters the room, the two men strike up a conversation. Romano mentions that he once travelled to Russia because of a woman, and an intrigued Pavel asks to hear his story.

Born from a poor family, Romano graduated as an architect but he never had a chance to practice his profession following his marriage to a very wealthy woman called Elisa, who is busy running a bank she has just inherited. With little to do, Romano takes a solitary holiday at an expensive spa. There he meets Anna, a Russian woman vacationing on her own, who tells him about her poor background and her marriage to a rich man for security. After one night together, Anna leaves Romano a farewell letter and travels back to Russia.

Having decided that he wants to spend his life with her, Romano, on pretence of exploring business opportunities, travells to Russia to Anna's remote town. While Anna's husband is busy hosting a reception for a distinguished foreign guest, Romano follows Anna around and manages to secretly meet with her in an henhouse. Romano promises that if she will wait for him, he will travel to Italy and separate from his wife.

Once back to Italy, he discovers that his Elisa's bank had collapsed and bailiffs have put her palatial house up for sale. Elisa welcomes Romano holding the letter he has received from Anna, and asks him if he has a lover in Russia. Romano denies it, and the two somehow reconcile. Later Elisa unexpectedly inherits a legacy and as such the couple is able to resume their opulent lifestyle.

After hearing Romano's story, Pavel mentions that his wife too has left a very unhappy marriage and how it took him a long time to persuade her to remarry. The conversation is abruptly interrupted by the ship's cook, who comes in and tells Romano to start laying the tables for lunch. Pavel, having realized that Romano is employed on the ship, excuses himself and goes to look for his wife, who turns out to be Anna.

== Production ==
The film was inspired by four of [[Anton Chekhov]]'s stories, most notably ''[[The Lady with the Dog]].'' It was adapted by a Soviet-Italian team that included [[Alexander Adabashyan]], [[Suso Cecchi d'Amico]] and [[Nikita Mikhalkov]], who also directed the film. Mastroianni's voice was dubbed by Mikhalkov himself for the Russian edition. This was the last film of Silvana Mangano.

==Cast==
* [[Marcello Mastroianni]] as Romano Patroni
* [[Silvana Mangano]] as Elisa, Romano's wife
* [[Marthe Keller]] as Tina, Romano's mistress
* [[Isabella Rossellini]] as Claudia, Romano's daughter
* [[Pina Cei]] as Elisa's mother
* [[Yelena Safonova]] as Anna Sergeyevna, the Governor's wife
* [[Innokenti Smoktunovsky]] as the Governor of Sysoyev
* [[Vsevolod Larionov]] as Pavel Alekseev

==Location==
Principal photography took place in [[Montecatini Terme]] in [[Tuscany]], and in the Volga town of [[Kostroma]]. Some scenes were shot in the [[Vladimir Palace]], [[Peter and Paul Fortress]] in [[Leningrad]].

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''Dark Eyes'' has an approval rating of 100% on [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on 9 reviews, and an average rating of 7.84/10.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dark_eyes_1987|title = Dark Eyes (1987)|website = [[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref>

===Awards===
Mastroianni received the award for [[Best Actor Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actor]] at the [[1987 Cannes Film Festival]]<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/425/year/1987.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Dark Eyes |accessdate=2009-07-19|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> and was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]]. Safonova was awarded the [[David di Donatello]] as Best Actress. Costume Designer Carlo Diappi was awarded the [[Ciak#Ciak d'oro|Ciak d'oro]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ciakmagazine.it/ciak-doro-2018-tutti-i-premi/ |title=Ciak d'Oro 2018: tutti i premi - Ciak Magazine |website=www.ciakmagazine.it |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610154945/http://www.ciakmagazine.it/ciak-doro-2018-tutti-i-premi/ |archive-date=2018-06-10}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[1987 in film]]
*''[[The Lady with the Dog (film)|The Lady with the Dog]]'' (1960)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0093664|title=Dark Eyes}}

{{Nikita Mikhalkov}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dark Eyes (Film)}}
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1980s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1980s Italian-language films]]
[[Category:1980s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Anton Chekhov]]
[[Category:Films set in Russia]]
[[Category:Films set in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Films shot in Russia]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nikita Mikhalkov]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Suso Cecchi d'Amico]]
[[Category:Films scored by Francis Lai]]
[[Category:Soviet multilingual films]]
[[Category:Italian multilingual films]]
[[Category:1987 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Soviet romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Italian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Nikita Mikhalkov]]
[[Category:1980s Italian films]]
[[Category:1980s Soviet films]]

Poor Relatives

2025-06-09T12:57:39Z

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{{Infobox film
| name = Poor Relatives
| native_name = '''''Bednye Rodstvenniki'''''
| image = Poor Relatives FilmPoster.jpeg
| caption = DVD cover with Russian title: ''Бедные родственники''
| director = [[Pavel Lungin]]
| producer = Catherine Dussart Pavel Lungin Olga Vasilyeva
| writer = Gennady Ostrovsky
| narrator =
| starring = [[Konstantin Khabensky]] [[Sergei Garmash]]<ref>[http://kino-nika.com/the-national-award/nominee/155--2005.html Номинанты Национальной кинематографической премии «НИКА» за 2005 год] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095541/http://kino-nika.com/the-national-award/nominee/155--2005.html |date=2015-12-22 }}</ref> [[Marina Golub]] [[Daniil Spivakovsky]] [[Grégoire Leprince-Ringuet]] [[Leonid Kanevsky]]
| music = Michelle Arbatts Roche Ave Yuval Misenmasher
| cinematography = [[Mikhail Krichman]]
| editing = Sophie Brunet
| distributor = Catherine Dussart Productions (CDP) Onix Arte France Cinema
| released = {{Film date|2005}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = [[Russia]] [[France]]
| language = [[Russian language|Russian]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Poor Relatives''''' ({{langx|ru|Бедные родственники|Bednye Rodstvenniki}}), also released as '''''Roots''''', is a 2005 Russian [[Black comedy|black comedy film]] directed by [[Pavel Lungin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://russia.tv/brand/show/brand_id/5670/|publisher=[[Russia-1]]|title=Бедные родственники. Х/ф}}</ref>

The film tells the story of a Russian grifter who defrauds foreigners by introducing them to ordinary people hired to pose as long lost relatives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/roots-2-1200524979/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=A Russian grifter fleeces foreigners by introducing them to ordinary folk hired to pose as long lost relatives in director Pavel Loungine's bawdy, bubbly black comedy "Roots."}}</ref>

==Plot==
Young con artist with a rather nice personality, Edik ([[Konstantin Khabensky]]) gets in trouble gathering long lost foreign relatives together. Wealthy and middle-class émigrés who have made it in the new lands (the Americas, Israel) return to the homeland, to the roots from which they were severed. The implicit motivation for their return is the search for spiritual nourishment, and so the émigrés sacrifice the material comforts of their villas and Western civilization to journey to their ancestral past, the timeless village of Golotvin. They believe that here they will be able to complete themselves by reconnecting with their heritage. All for the nominal fee of Edik, a free agent and a small-time crook who orchestrates an elaborate crime with the intention of earning a pile of money by tricking a group of pilgrims into thinking that a small village is their homeland and its inhabitants are their long lost relatives. The levels of deception multiply quickly...

== Cast ==
* [[Konstantin Khabensky]] as Edik
* [[Leonid Kanevsky]] as Baroukh
* [[Sergei Garmash]] as Yacha
* Natalya Kolyakanova as Regina
* Esther Gorintin as Esther
* [[Otto Tausig]] as Samuel
* Miglen Mirtchev as Andrew
* [[Grégoire Leprince-Ringuet]] as Marc-Yves

==Awards==
===[[Kinotavr]] (2005)===
Source:<ref name="Кинотавр">[http://www.kinotavr.ru/ru/history/winners/ Открытый Российский кинофестиваль «Кинотавр»: Призеры 1991-2005 гг.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806033607/http://www.kinotavr.ru/ru/history/winners/ |date=2012-08-06 }} Kinotavr.ru</ref>
*Main Prize
*Best Male Actor (Konstantin Khabensky)
*Best Script (Gennady Ostrovsky)
*Prize of the Governor of Kuban

===[[Russian Guild of Film Critics|White Elephant]] (2005)===
*Best Male Supporting Actor (Sergei Garmash)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kinopressa.ru/white-elephant/httpkinopressa-rupage_id363|publisher=[[Russian Guild of Film Critics]]|title=2005}}</ref>

===[[Russian Guild of Film Critics|Golden Aries]] (2006)===
*Best Male Actor in the Popular Vote (Konstantin Khabensky)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/129111.html|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|title=Констатину Хабенскому присуждена кинопремия "Золотой Овен"|author=Marina Timasheva}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0464632|title=Bednye rodstvenniki}}

{{Pavel Lungin}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2000s Russian films]]
[[Category:2000s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:2005 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2005 black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pavel Lungin]]
[[Category:French black comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Russian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about con artists]]
[[Category:2000s French films]][[Category:Russian-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Russian-language black comedy films]]

{{2000s-Russia-film-stub}}

Playing the Victim (film)

2025-06-09T12:55:13Z

80.95.44.97: /* External links */

{{Infobox film
| name = Playing the Victim
| image = Playing_the_victim.jpg

| caption =
| director = Kirill Serebrennikov
| producer = Natalia Mokritskaya Uliana Savelieva Leonid Zagalsky
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = Yuri Chursin Vitali Khayev
| music = Alexander Manotskov
| cinematography =
| editing = Olga Grinshpun
| studio =
| distributor = West (Russia)
| released = {{Film date|2006}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = Russia
| language = Russian
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Playing the Victim''''' ({{langx|ru|«Изображая жертву»}}) is a Russian 2006 [[black comedy]] film.<ref>{{Citation|title=Изображая жертву (2006) — о фильме, отзывы, смотреть видео онлайн на Film.ru|url=http://www.film.ru/afisha/movie.asp?Code=IZBRJRTV|accessdate=2016-08-28|archive-date=2012-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209214339/http://www.film.ru/afisha/movie.asp?Code=IZBRJRTV|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="imdb.com">{{Citation|last=Serebrennikov|first=Kirill|title=Playing the Victim|date=2006-06-08|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0820096/|accessdate=2016-08-28}}</ref>

==Plot==
Valya, a 30-year-old university drop-out, works for the police acting out murder victims during reconstructions of crimes. His co-workers are a charismatic straight-edge captain, camerawoman Lyuda, and a dim-witted sergeant Seva. At home, Valya's widowed mother has started a relationship with Valya's uncle, who considers Valya to be a "punk" and thinks he should get a normal job. At night Valya has recurring nightmares of his father, who also seems to disapprove of him.

Throughout the film we see the reconstructions taped by Lyuda (from the perspective of her camera), in which the captain has the accused recreate their actions step by step. These scenes are often riddled with absurdly comical situations that contrast the grim nature of the work being done. Valya does not seem to take anything seriously, which irritates the captain, amuses the sergeant, and infuriates his uncle/stepfather.

As the movie progresses, the strain of work causes the captain to lose his temper. This culminates in a 5-minute profane rant about the state of Russia's new generation and football team. Later on, Valya feeds poisoned Japanese food to his family and recently pregnant girlfriend. In the recreation, three other people play the victims while Valya is the accused. When asked what he did as they were dying, he says that he was taking everything in so that he could accurately reconstruct what happened. In the final scene, Valya has a flashback where his father throws him out of a rowboat to teach him to swim, an event mentioned earlier in the film by his mother.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://films-for-africa.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73&Itemid=31|title=Cape Town & Winelands International Film Festival - Home|website=films-for-africa.co.za|access-date=2016-08-28}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Yuri Chursin]] as Valya
*[[Vitali Khayev]] as Captain
*[[Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Ilyin|Aleksandr Ilyin, Jr.]] as Seva
*[[Svetlana Ivanova]] as Stasya
*[[Marat Basharov]] as Karas'
*[[Olga Demidova]] as Woman cafe worker
*[[Marina Golub]] as Valya's mother
*[[Anna Mikhalkova]] as Lyuda
*[[Fyodor Dobronravov]] as Valya's father / Uncle Petia
*[[Andrei Fomin]] as Sysoev
*[[Yelena Morozova]] as Olya
*[[Natalya Mokritskaya]] as Woman working in swimming pool
*[[Igor Gasparian]] as Zakirov
*[[Maksim Konovalov]] as Verkhushkin
*[[Aleksey Marchenko]] as Manager of Japanese restaurant
*[[Liya Akhedzhakova]] as Waitress in Japanese restaurant<ref name="imdb.com"/>
<ref>https://www.variety.com/profiles/Film/crew/181430/Izobrazhaya+Zhertvu.html?dataSet=1 {{Dead link|date=December 2024|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Winner of the Open Russian Film Festival "[[Kinotavr]]", Russia 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interfilm-akademie.de/04festivalreports/festivalreports-2006/04sochi06.html |title=04festivalreport- |website=www.interfilm-akademie.de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044224/http://www.interfilm-akademie.de/04festivalreports/festivalreports-2006/04sochi06.html |archive-date=2011-07-19}}</ref>
*Grand Prize Winner, 1st [[Rome Film Festival]], Italy (Cinema 2006) October 13–21, 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901061225-1570772,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216054628/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901061225-1570772,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 16, 2007|title=Two for the Road|last=ZARAKHOVICH|first=YURI|date=2006-12-17|newspaper=Time|issn=0040-781X|access-date=2016-08-28}}</ref>
*Shown at Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival, [[Estonia]], 3 December 2006.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/ReleasedInYear?year=2006&country=Estonia {{Dead link|date=February 2022 | fix-attempted=yes}} {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>
*Shown at [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]]. 25 January 2007.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/ReleasedInYear?year=2007&country=Netherlands {{Dead link|date=February 2022 | fix-attempted=yes}} {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>
*Shown at European Film Market, Germany. 9 February 2007.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/ReleasedInYear?year=2007&country=Germany {{Dead link|date=February 2022 | fix-attempted=yes}} {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>
*Shown at 6th Russian Film Week in New York, October 13–19, 2006, [[New York City]], United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globeprgroup.com/pr/russian-film-week-ny-2006/films.html|title=Globe PR Group - Russian Film Week in New York|website=globeprgroup.com|access-date=2016-08-28}}</ref>
*Shown at [[Tribeca Film Festival]] (World Narrative Feature Competition)[[New York City]], United States April 25-May 6, 2007.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://andthewinneris.blog.com/1605929/ | title=Tribeca unveils lineup | access-date=2008-03-15 | archive-date=2007-05-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520150121/http://andthewinneris.blog.com/1605929/ | url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Shown at [[Era New Horizons Film Festival]], [[Poland]]. 21 July 2007.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/ReleasedInYear?year=2007&country=Poland {{Dead link|date=February 2022 | fix-attempted=yes}} {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>
*Shown at Kinoart Film Festival, Toronto, Canada, 2007<ref>http://www.kinoartfestival.com/films/victim.html {{Dead link|date=December 2024|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
*Shown at 28th [[Durban International Film Festival]] 20 June-1 July 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukzn.ac.za/cca/images/diff/diff2007/pg/DIFF2007%20Feature%20Films.htm#PLAYINGTHEVICTIM |title=Durban International Film Festival |website=www.ukzn.ac.za |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204031540/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/cca/images/diff/diff2007/pg/DIFF2007%20Feature%20Films.htm |archive-date=2008-02-04}}</ref>
*Shown at 7th goEast Festival of Central and Eastern European Films in [[Wiesbaden]], Germany
*March 28 - April 3, 2007, the film won Honorable Mentions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gep.de/interfilm/englisch/interfilm3850_14809.htm|title=Interfilm - Das Netzwerk kirchlicher Filmarbeit!|last=Visarius|first=Karsten|website=www.gep.de|access-date=2016-08-28|archive-date=2016-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429203613/http://www.gep.de/interfilm/englisch/interfilm3850_14809.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Shown at [[Copenhagen International Film Festival]], Denmark, 22 September 2007.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/ReleasedInYear?year=2007&country=Denmark {{Dead link|date=February 2022 | fix-attempted=yes}} {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{citation
| last = Gaydin
| first = Boris N.
| title = The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Shakespeare
| year = 2023
| chapter = Playing the Victim (Hamlet, dir. Kirill Serebrennikov, Moscow, Russia, 2004)
| volume =
|chapter-url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-99378-2_174-1
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240918083845/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-99378-2_174-1
| archive-date = 18 September 2024
| url-status =
| access-date = 18 September 2024
| issue =
| place= Cham
| publisher= [[Palgrave Macmillan]]
| pages= 1–6
| doi= 10.1007/978-3-319-99378-2_174-1
| isbn = 978-3-319-99378-2
}}.

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0820096}}
*[http://russart.com/?movietrailer&mid=769 Trailer] and [http://russart.com/?moviepictures&mid=769 Screenshots]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070216054628/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901061225-1570772,00.html Two for the Road] at [[Time Magazine]] By YURI ZARAKHOVICH
*{{Cite web | url=http://www.nickhernbooks.co.uk/index.cfm?nid=authors&AuthorID=1009&alphabet= | title=Playing the Victim | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117211819/http://www.nickhernbooks.co.uk//index.cfm?nid=authors&AuthorID=1009&alphabet= | archive-date=2007-11-17 }}

{{Kirill Serebrennikov}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kirill Serebrennikov]]
[[Category:2000s Russian films]]
[[Category:2000s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Russian comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian-language black comedy films]]

The Best Movie

2025-06-09T10:29:41Z

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{{short description|2008 film by Kirill Kuzin}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Best Movie
| image = The_Best_Movie.jpg

| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Kirill Kuzin]]
| writer = [[Artak Gasparyan]] [[Garik Kharlamov]] Artur Tumasyan
| producer = Artak Gasparyan Garic Kharlamov [[Alexander Dulerayn]]
| starring = Garic Kharlamov [[Mikhail Galustyan]] [[Pavel Volya]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sergey Danduryan Ulugbeck Khamraev
| editing = Pavel Andryushenko
| music = Yuri Poteenko
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2008|1|24}}
| runtime = 115 min.
| country = Russia
| language = Russian
| budget = $10 million
| gross = $30.5 million
}}
'''''The Best Movie''''' ({{langx|ru|Самый лучший фильм}}, ''Samy luchshiy film'') is a 2008 Russian comedy film from [[TNT (Russia)|TNT]] and [[Comedy Club Russia]], spoofing such famous Russian films as ''[[Night Watch (2004 film)|Night Watch]]'' and ''[[Day Watch (film)|Day Watch]]'', ''[[The 9th Company]]'', ''[[Heat (2006 film)|Heat]]'' and TV series: ''[[List of foreign adaptations of The Nanny#Russia|My Fair Nanny]]'', ''Dalnoboyshchiki'' and ''[[Brigada]]''. The movie includes numerous cameos by Russian celebrities, some of them involving a humorous touch on their public image. For instance, socialite [[Kseniya Sobchak]] appears as a luxury prostitute, and gay icon [[Boris Moiseev]] plays a rough-and-tumble policeman, his only line being: "You gonna sign it all, you faggot!"

==Plot==
During his wedding to his fiancée Nastya, Vadik Volnov smokes a joint, offered by his friend "Half-Kilo." This leads him to experience clinical death, transporting him to the afterlife, where he meets God’s secretary (whom he initially mistakes for God) and they begin discussing Vadik's life. Vadik recalls memories from his childhood, such as drinking with his father, Grigory, during a Soviet hockey match and his youthful pursuits in sports.

As he grows older, Vadik serves in a military training unit where he and his friends Lyuty, Sparrow, and Joconda are sent to the 10th company for misconduct. Here, they encounter a peculiar officer, Sgt. Khokhol, dressed in a [[Dolce & Gabbana]] vest, who retaliates against Vadik for joking about his last name. Later, Vadik reflects on his experiences in the 1990s, including a botched robbery attempt at a jewelry market and a failed scheme to steal [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]’s body from the [[Lenin's Mausoleum|Mausoleum]]. Following a stint in jail, Vadik and his friends rise as small-time crime bosses, earning the nickname "The Three Scoundrels." The group’s antics continue, involving confrontations with competitors, run-ins with police while intoxicated, and a wild chase after a banker that ends with Vadik being knocked unconscious by his own friend.

Later, Vadik meets Nastya, the daughter of a man he once assaulted. Despite her father’s initial objections, Vadik and Nastya start a relationship, but this is interrupted when Nastya is duped by her idol, the singer Tim Milan, into a shady film project. Vadik comes to her rescue, reconciling with her after a confrontation. In his plea to God’s secretary, Vadik asks to be returned to Earth and recounts several good deeds, but the secretary tells him that God was preoccupied with His son’s birthday that day (Christmas). Ultimately, Vadik wakes up from what appears to have been a dream, only to repeat his actions, falling back in a stupor at the wedding after another smoke. The film concludes with Vadik and Nastya strolling through Moscow during the credits.

==Cast==
* [[Garik Kharlamov]] — ''Vadik''
* [[Mikhail Galustyan]] — ''Polkilo''
* [[Elena Velikanova]] — ''Nastya''
* [[Armen Dzhigarkhanyan]] — ''God's secretary''
* [[Pavel Volya]] — ''Tima Milan (parody of [[Dima Bilan]])''
* Valery Barinov — ''Nastya's father''
* Iosif Buyanovsky — ''Lyalya''
* [[Dmitry Nagiev]] — ''Drill Sergeant''
* [[Dmitry Sychyov]] — ''Himself''
* [[Boris Moiseev]] — ''Mаjor''

==Box office==
Supported by an omnipresent marketing campaign, the film grossed 403 Mil. roubles on its opening weekend in Russia. From Russia and the CIS combined, it earned [[USD|$]]16.5 million, breaking the opening-weekend record.<ref>{{cite news|title=Around the World Roundup: 'Sweeney Todd,' Russian Movie Lead|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2449&p=.htm|first=Conor|last=Bresnan|date=February 2, 2008|accessdate=July 4, 2012}}</ref> This record was first surpassed by ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'', although the film still holds the opening-weekend record for Russian films.<ref>[https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/cis/opening/ Russia - CIS All Time Opening Weekends]</ref>

==Sequels==
The film was followed by the sequels ''[[The Best Movie 2]]'' and ''[[The Best Movie 3]]''.

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1179067}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{The Best Movie}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Best Movie, The}}
[[Category:2000s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:2000s Russian films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 comedy films]]
[[Category:2008 black comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian parody films]]
[[Category:Russian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian gangster films]]
[[Category:Slapstick films]]
[[Category:2000s parody films]]
[[Category:Russian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 2000s]][[Category:Russian-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian-language black comedy films]]

{{2000s-Russia-film-stub}}
{{2000s-comedy-film-stub}}

The Wild East

2025-06-09T10:08:26Z

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{{short description|1993 film}}
{{unreferenced|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dikiy vostok
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Rashid Nugmanov]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Murat Nugmanov
* Rashid Nugmanov}}
| writer = Rashid Nugmanov
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Aleksandr Aksyonov
* Farkhad Amankulov
* Konstantin Fyodorov
* Zhanna Isina
* Viacheslav Knizel
* Konstantin Shamshurin
* Gennadi Shatunov
* Pavel Shpakovsky
* Aleksandr Sporykhin}}
| music = Aleksandr Aksyonov
| cinematography = Murat Nugmanov
| editing = Khadisha Urmurzina
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1993|||Kazakhstan}}
| runtime = 98 min
| country = Kazakhstan
| language = Russian
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Wild East''''' ({{langx|ru|Дикий восток}}, Dikiy vostok, Dikij vostok) is a Russian-language film created in [[Kazakhstan]] shortly after [[Fall of the Soviet Union|the dissolution of the Soviet Union]] released in [[1993 in film|1993]]. It was written and directed by [[Rashid Nugmanov]] and was inspired by ''[[The Magnificent Seven]]'', an American remake of [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s film ''[[Seven Samurai]]''.

==Plot==
In this version of the famous plot a group of [[midget]] circus runaways decide to form their own community to flee the chaos out come under attack from motorcycling ruffians. In response, of course, midgets hire seven tough people to defend them.
One of them is a woman driving a car, another a stunt man, another a Mongolian [[eagle hunter]], and a [[beatnik]].
The bandits have an easy victory and allow the hired fighters to leave with their weapons.
However, they come back, teach the midgets to fight and entrap the bandits.
In a final fight, the chief of the fighters confronts the main bandit at their lair and wins.
The bandits return the stolen car to the fighter.
The midgets exchange the car for a tractor following the final wish of the driver.

The film was shown in many international film festivals as both a fun movie and an oddity. It was billed as "The Last Soviet Film."

==Cast==
* [[Aleksandr Aksyonov (actor)|Aleksandr Aksyonov]], Beatnik, a drunkard.
* [[Farkhad Amankulov]], Mongol, a hunter.
* [[Konstantin Fyodorov]], Strannik.
* [[Zhanna Isina]], Marilyn, a car driver.
* [[Viacheslav Knizel]], Skull, bandit chief.
* [[Konstantin Shamshurin]], Godfather
* [[Gennadi Shatunov]], Iona, a midget unhappy with his sort.
* [[Pavel Shpakovsky]], Old Man, midget chief.
* [[Aleksandr Sporykhin]], Ivan Taiga, a former soldier.

==Quotes==
A notable quote is when the midget patriarch says "remember there is no sex in our country." The phrase is a hint to the catch phrase "[[There is no sex in the USSR]]" from a famous episode from the ''[[perestroika]]''-era [[TV show]] ''[[US-Soviet Space Bridge]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0106723}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121102104620/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/147909/The-Wild-East/overview ''The Wild East''] in the ''New York Times''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wild East, The}}
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:Ostern films]]
[[Category:Films based on Seven Samurai]]
[[Category:Outlaw biker films]]
[[Category:1993 action comedy films]]
[[Category:1990s Russian films]]
[[Category:1990s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Russian-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian post-apocalyptic films]]
[[Category:1990s Japanese films]]
[[Category:1993 action films]]

File:The Witches Cave DVD.jpg

2025-06-08T16:17:49Z

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== Description ==
{{Non-free use rationale video cover
| Article = The Witches Cave
| Use = Infobox

| Name =
| Distributor =
| Publisher =
| Type =
| Website =
| Owner =
| Commentary =

| Description =
| Source =
| Portion =
| Low_resolution =
| Purpose = 
| Replaceability =
| other_information =
}}

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free video cover|image has rationale=yes|Soviet film video covers}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:Ruslan i Lyudmila 1972 film poster.jpg

2025-06-08T16:14:10Z

80.95.44.97:

== Summary ==
* DVD cover for ''[[Ruslan and Lyudmila (film)|Ruslan and Lyudmila]]''
* Source: [http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/news/films/ruslan/ruslan-dvd.jpg image], [http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/news/films/ruslan/ page]

== Fair use for ''[[Ruslan and Lyudmila (film)]]'' ==
This image is being linked here; though the picture is subject to copyright, I ([[User:Grenavitar|gren]] [[User talk:Grenavitar|グレン]]) feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
* It is a low resolution image of a video cover
* It does not limit the copyright owners rights to sell the film in any way
* It allows for identification of the film ''[[Ruslan and Lyudmila (film)]]''
* No free alternatives are possible
* It illustrates the film in question

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free video cover|image has rationale=yes|Soviet film video covers}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:Konyok2.jpg

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== Summary ==
{{Non-free use rationale video cover
| Article = The Humpbacked Horse (film)
| Use = Infobox

| Name = The Humpbacked Horse
| Distributor = | released = [[1947]] ([[USSR]])
| Publisher =
| Type =
| Website =
| Owner =
| Commentary =

| Description =
| Source =
| Portion =
| Low_resolution =
| Purpose = 
| Replaceability =
| other_information =
}}
DVD cover for [[The Humpbacked Horse (1947 film)]]. Released by Крупный план (Krupnyy Plan).

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free video cover|image has rationale=yes|Soviet film video covers}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:Ilya Muromets vhs.jpg

2025-06-08T16:11:27Z

80.95.44.97:

== Summary ==
{{Non-free use rationale video cover
| Article = Ilya Muromets (film)
| Use = Header

| Name = Ilya Muromets
| Distributor = [[Mosfilm]]
| Publisher =
| Type = VHS
| Website =
| Owner =
| Commentary =

| Description =
| Source =
| Portion =
| Low_resolution =
| Purpose = 
| Replaceability =
| other_information = Designed by ''Krupny Plan'' Film&Video Company (official distributor of [[Mosfilm]]).
}}

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free video cover|image has rationale=yes|Soviet film video covers}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:Mimino poster.jpg

2025-06-08T16:01:26Z

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== Description ==
{{Non-free use rationale poster|Media=film
| Article = Mimino
| Use = Infobox

| Name = [[Mimino]]
| Distributor =
| Publisher =
| Type =
| Website =
| Owner = [[Mosfilm]] and [[Gruziya-film]]
| Commentary =

| Description = Designed by V. Sachkov
| Source = Russian Public Library
| Portion =
| Low resolution =
| Purpose = 
| Replaceability =
| Other information =
}}

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free film poster|image has rationale=yes|Soviet film posters}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:Ja vasha tyotya.jpg

2025-06-08T15:42:50Z

80.95.44.97:

== Summary ==
Cover of DVD [[Hello, I'm Your Aunt!]] with [[Alexander Kalyagin]] on the foreground

== Fair use image data ==
{{Non-free image data
|Description = Cover of Alexander Kalyagin.
|Source = GosTeleRadio
|Portion = Branded cover only.
|Low_resolution = Sufficient resolution for illustration, but considerably lower resolution than original.
|other_information = Intellectual property owned by {{#if:|{{{3}}}| GosTeleRadio }}.
}}

== Fair use rationale ==
{{Non-free image rationale
|Article = Alexander Kalyagin
|Purpose = Used for purposes of illustration in an educational article about the entity represented by the image. The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of this article topic.
|Replaceability = Protected by copyright, therefore a free use alternative won't exist.
}}

== Fair use image data ==
{{Non-free image data
|Description = Cover of Hello, I'm Your Aunt!.
|Source = GosTeleRadio
|Portion = Branded cover only.
|Low_resolution = Sufficient resolution for illustration, but considerably lower resolution than original.
|other_information = Intellectual property owned by {{#if:|{{{3}}}| GosTeleRadio }}.
}}

== Fair use rationale ==
{{Non-free image rationale
|Article = Hello, I'm Your Aunt!
|Purpose = Used for purposes of illustration in an educational article about the entity represented by the image. The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of this article topic.
|Replaceability = Protected by copyright, therefore a free use alternative won't exist.
}}

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free video cover|image has rationale=yes|Russian film video covers}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:Circus poster.jpg

2025-06-08T15:40:46Z

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== Summary ==
== Description ==
[[Circus (1936 film)|Circus]] film poster.

Designed by B. Zelensky (1936).

Source by Russian Public Library.

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free film poster|image has rationale=yes|Russian film posters}}

== Fair use in [[Circus (1936 film)]] ==
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
# It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
# It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
# Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
# The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
# The image is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.
==Source==
#Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:Pokrovskie Vorota back.png

2025-06-08T15:36:18Z

80.95.44.97:

== Summary ==
Description: Back cover of DVD "Покровские Ворота" (Pokrovsky Gates)

Source: scanned from DVD cover

Article: Pokrovsky Gates

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free video cover|image has rationale=yes|Russian film video covers}}
{{Non-free use rationale|Article=The Pokrovsky Gate
|Description=Low resolution image of the cover of DVD "Покровские Ворота" (©1983 MosFilm)
|Source= Personal scan
|Portion=Entire image
|Purpose=To visually represent the film ''Pokrovsky Gates''
|Resolution=Yes
|Replaceability=No
}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

The Sun (film)

2025-06-07T16:03:50Z

80.95.44.97: /* External links */

{{for| the 2020 Iranian film also known as The Sun|Sun Children}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Sun
| image = The Sun (film poster).jpg
| caption = Russian release poster
| director = [[Alexander Sokurov]]
| producer = {{ill|Igor Kallenof|fr|Igor Kalionov}} [[Marco Mueller]] [[Andrei Sigle]] [[Alexander Rodnyansky]]
| writer = [[Yuri Arabov]] [[Jeremy Noble (writer)|Jeremy Noble]]
| starring = [[Issey Ogata]] [[Robert Dawson (actor)|Robert Dawson]]
| music = [[Andrei Sigle]]
| cinematography = [[Alexander Sokurov]]
| editing = Sergei Ivanov
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005|02|17|[[Berlin International Film Festival]] |df =yes}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = Russia Italy Switzerland France
| language = Japanese English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Sun''''' ({{langx|ru|Сóлнце}}, ''Solntse'') is a 2005 Russian [[biographical film]] directed by [[Alexander Sokurov]], depicting [[Emperor of Japan|Japanese Emperor]] Shōwa ([[Hirohito]]) during the [[End of World War II in Asia|final days]] of [[World War II]]. It is the third film in a trilogy by the Russian director, that includes [[Taurus (2001 film)|''Taurus'']], about [[Vladimir Lenin]], and [[Moloch (1999 film)|''Moloch'']], about [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/08/19/the_sun_2005_review.shtml The Sun (Solntse)] (2005) Reviewed by Jamie Woolley, BBC </ref> The film was entered in the [[55th Berlin International Film Festival]]. It received generally positive reviews from critics.

==Plot==
Towards the conclusion of the [[World War II|Second World War]], [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] nears defeat as [[Hirohito|Emperor Hirohito]] reminisces about the final war years. He is depicted as still surrounded by his attentive staff who look after his every bodily need. When Hirohito receives a report from his collected military and civilian staff of imminent defeat, he appears detached and starts reciting oddly disconnected verse about Japan's geography written by his historical predecessors. He has an interest in marine biology, and his staff keep him entertained with new specimens being delivered to his library even in the last days and hours prior to American troops arriving on his doorstep. Finally, with the Americans imminently approaching, he is then set up in a bunker underneath his [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]] in [[Tokyo]]. Hirohito reflects on the foundation of the conflict while attempting to dictate peace terms.

Later, U.S. military commander [[Douglas MacArthur|General Douglas MacArthur]] is sent to bring him through the ruins of Tokyo for a meeting regarding the [[Occupation of Japan|occupation]] of the victorious [[Allied leaders of World War II|Allied leaders]]. The two very different men strangely bond after sharing dinner and cigars, after which Hirohito retreats to his personal quarters. Following his admission of personal failures, Hirohito attempts to rebuild his war-ravaged country as a fully developed constitutional nation while his own future remains in doubt, as either the [[Emperor of Japan]] or a war criminal.

==Cast==
*[[Issey Ogata]] as [[Hirohito|Emperor Hirohito]]
*[[Robert Dawson (actor)|Robert Dawson]] as [[Douglas MacArthur|General Douglas MacArthur]]
*[[Kaori Momoi]] as [[Empress Kōjun]]
*[[Shiro Sano]] as the Chamberlain
*[[Shinmei Tsuji]] as the Old Servant
*[[Taijiro Tamura]] as the Scientist
*[[Georgi Pitskhelauri]] as McArthur's Warrant Officer
*[[Hiroya Morita]] as [[Kantarō Suzuki]]
*[[Toshiaki Nishizawa]] as [[Mitsumasa Yonai]]
*[[Naomasa Musaka]] as [[Korechika Anami]]
*[[Yusuke Tozawa]] as [[Kōichi Kido]]
*[[Kōjirō Kusanagi]] as [[Shigenori Tōgō]]
*[[Tetsuro Tsuno]] as [[Yoshijirō Umezu]]
*[[Rokuro Abe]] as [[Soemu Toyoda]]
*[[Jun Haichi]] as [[Nobuyuki Abe]]

==Production==

===Filming===
Having confessed himself in "not being interested in the history or politics which took place, and not really being interested in historical events of the period",<ref>[http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/mar2005/ber4-m11.shtml Aesthetic choices: Aleksandr Sokurov's The Sun] World Socialist Web Site</ref> Sokurov gives a personal impression of Hirohito while omitting all references to questions surrounding the [[Tokyo tribunal]] regarding the personal responsibility of the emperor as head of the [[Imperial General Headquarters]] in relation to [[Japanese war crimes]]. That omission results in the imperial conference between the emperor and his council and his meeting with MacArthur, in fact, contain none of the words actually related to imperial interpreter [[Katsuzō Okumura]]'s transcript. For example, as noted by Okumura, MacArthur praised the emperor's "august virtue" (''miitsu'').<ref>John Dower, ''Embracing Defeat'', 1999, p.296</ref>

According to ''[[The Times]]'', the film has not been widely screened in Japan because of fears of violence from [[right-wing politics|right wing]] extremists over its portrayal of Hirohito.{{Cn|date=November 2023}}

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''The Sun'' has an approval rating of 93% on [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on 42 reviews, and an average rating of 8.10/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Certainly not for the impatient, Aleksandr Sokurov's deliberately paced look at Hirohito in the waning days of World War II is both enlightening and admirable in its restraint".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10005788-the_sun|title = The Sun|website = [[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> It also has a score of 85 out of 100 on [[Metacritic]], based on 12 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-sun|title = The Sun|website = [[Metacritic]]}}</ref>

===Awards and nominations===
''The Sun'' was entered in the [[55th Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-02-04 |title=The Sun is shining on Berlin |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/50544/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Cineuropa - the best of european cinema |language=en}}</ref>

At the [[Russian Guild of Film Critics|2005 Russian Guild of Film Critics Awards]] the film was awarded the prizes for Best Film, Best Director ([[Alexander Sokurov]]) and Best Music (Andrei Sigle).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kinopressa.ru/?page_id=363|work=[[Russian Guild of Film Critics]]|title=2005}}</ref>

''The Sun'' won the Golden Apricot at the 2005 [[Yerevan International Film Festival]], [[Armenia]], for Best Feature Film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaiff.am/en/winners/year/2005#s|title=Winners|work=[[Yerevan International Film Festival]]}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0439817|The Sun}}
* [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10005788-the_sun/ ''The Sun''] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
* [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/23600 The Dream Director] film review by [[Daniel Mendelsohn]] from ''[[The New York Review of Books]]''

{{Alexander Sokurov}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sun, The}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2000s historical drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Alexander Sokurov]]
[[Category:Films set in Japan]]
[[Category:Pacific War films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Hirohito]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Douglas MacArthur]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:French World War II films]]
[[Category:Italian World War II films]]
[[Category:Russian World War II films]]
[[Category:Russian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Swiss World War II films]]
[[Category:2000s French films]]
[[Category:Films set in bunkers]]

Russian Ark

2025-06-07T15:57:01Z

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{{Short description|2002 Russian experimental drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Russian Ark
| image = Russian-Ark-poster-2002.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Alexander Sokurov]]
| producer = Andrey Deryabin Jens Meurer Karsten Stöter
| writer = Anatoli Nikiforov Alexander Sokurov
| narrator = Alexander Sokurov
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Alexander Sokurov]]
* [[Sergey Dreyden]]
* Mariya Kuznetsova
* Maksim Sergeyev
* Anna Aleksakhina
* Vladimir Baranov
}}
| music = Sergei Yevtushenko
| cinematography = Tilman Büttner
| editing = Stefan Ciupek Sergei Ivanov Betina Kuntzsch Patrick Wilfert
| studio = Seville Pictures
| distributor = Wellspring Media
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|05|22|[[2002 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]]|2003|04|19|Russia|2003|05|01|Germany}}
| runtime = 96 minutes
| country = {{ubl
| Russia
| Germany
| Canada
| Finland
| Denmark
}}
| language = {{ubl
| Russian
| Persian
}}
| budget = ~$2.5 million<ref>{{cite journal |title=Что такое "Русский ковчег" |journal=Коммерсантъ |date=25 December 2001 |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/304093 |publisher=[[Kommersant]] |access-date=2019-09-16 |language=ru}}</ref>
| gross = $8.7 million<ref name="mojo"/>
}}
'''''Russian Ark''''' ({{langx|ru|Русский ковчег|Russkij kovcheg}}) is a 2002 [[Experimental film|experimental]] [[historical drama]] film directed by [[Alexander Sokurov]]. The plot follows an unnamed narrator, who wanders through the [[Winter Palace]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], and implies that he died in some horrible accident and is a ghost drifting through. In each room, he encounters various real and fictional people from various periods in the city's 300-year history. He is accompanied by "the European", who represents the [[Marquis de Custine]], a 19th-century French traveler.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema|author=Peter Rollberg|publisher=Rowman / Littlefield|year=2009|place=US|isbn=978-0-8108-6072-8|pages=593–594}}</ref>

An [[co-production (media)|international co-production]] between Russia and Germany, ''Russian Ark'' was shot entirely in the [[Winter Palace]] of the Russian State [[Hermitage Museum]] on 23 December 2001, using a one-take single 87-minute [[Steadicam]] [[sequence shot]]. It extensively uses the [[fourth wall]] device, but repeatedly broken and re-erected. At times, the narrator and the companion interact with the other performers, while at other times they pass unnoticed.

The film was entered into the [[2002 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3157774/year/2002.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Russian Ark |access-date=25 October 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
On a winter's day, a small party of men and women arrive by horse-drawn carriage to a minor side entrance of the Winter Palace, dressed in the style of the early 19th century to attend a ball hosted by the [[Alexander I of Russia|Emperor Alexander I]]. The narrator (whose [[Perspective (graphical)|point of view]] is always in first-person) meets another spectral but visible outsider, "the European", and follows him through numerous rooms of the palace. "The European", a 19th-century French diplomat who appears to be the [[Marquis de Custine]], has nothing but contempt for Russians; he tells the narrator that they are unable to create or appreciate beauty as "Europeans" do, as demonstrated by the European treasures around him. Each room manifests a different period of Russian history, although the periods are not in chronological order.

Featured are [[Peter the Great]] harassing and striking one of his generals; a spectacular presentation of operas and plays in the era of [[Catherine the Great]]; an imperial audience in which [[Nicholas I of Russia|Tsar Nicholas I]] is offered a formal apology by [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar|the Shah of Persia]], represented by his grandson [[Khosrow Mirza]], for the death of ambassador [[Alexander Griboyedov]] in 1829; the idyllic family life of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]]'s [[Nicholas II of Russia#Children|children]]; the ceremonial changing of the various regiments of [[Russian Imperial Guard|the Imperial Guard]]; contemporary tourists visiting the palace; the museum's [[Joseph Orbeli|director]] whispering the need to make repairs during the rule of [[Joseph Stalin]]; and a desperate [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]er making his own coffin during the [[Siege of Leningrad|900-day siege]] of the city during [[World War II]].

A grand ball follows, held in the [[Neva Enfilade of the Winter Palace#The Nicholas Hall|Nicholas Hall]], with many of the participants in spectacular period costume and a full orchestra conducted by [[Valery Gergiev]] featuring music by [[Mikhail Glinka]], then a long final exit with a crowd down [[Jordan Staircase of the Winter Palace|the grand staircase]]. The European tells the narrator that he belongs here, in the world of [[Romanov Tercentenary|1913]] where everything is still beautiful and elegant, and does not want to go any further. The narrator then walks backwards out the hallway and sees many people from different time periods exiting the building together. As he watches them, the narrator quietly departs the procession, leaves the building through a side door and looks out upon the [[Neva|River Neva]].

== Cast ==

* [[Alexander Sokurov]] as Narrator
* Sergei Dontsov ([[Sergey Dreyden]]) as the European ([[Marquis de Custine]])
* Mariya Kuznetsova as [[Catherine the Great]]
* Maksim Sergeyev as [[Peter the Great]]
* Anna Aleksakhina as [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)]]
* Vladimir Baranov as [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]]
* [[Svetlana Svirko]] as [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)]]

== Production ==

The film displays 33 rooms of the museum, which are filled with a cast of over 2,000 actors and three orchestras. ''Russian Ark'' was recorded in uncompressed [[high-definition video]] using a [[Sony HDW-F900]] camera. The information was not recorded compressed to tape as usual, but uncompressed onto a hard disk which could hold 100 minutes which was carried behind the cameraman as he traveled from room to room, scene to scene. According to ''In One Breath: Alexander Sokurov's Russian Ark'', the documentary on the making of the film, four attempts were made. The first failed at the five-minute mark. After two more failed attempts, they were left with only enough battery power for one final take. The four hours of daylight available were also nearly gone. Fortunately, the final take was a success and the film was completed at 90 minutes. Tilman Büttner, the director of photography and [[Steadicam]] operator, executed the shot on 23 December 2001.

In a 2002 interview, Büttner said that film sound was recorded separately. "Every time I did the take, or someone else made a mistake, I would curse, and that would have gotten in, so we did the sound later."<ref name="indieWIRE">{{cite web | work=indieWIRE | title=Interview: Achieving the Cinematic Impossible | date=26 November 2002 | url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/interview_achieving_the_cinematic_impossible_russian_ark_dp_tilman_buttner_/ | access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref> Lighting directors of photography on the film were [[Bernd Fischer (cameraman)|Bernd Fischer]] and Anatoli Radionov.<ref name="IMDb">{{cite web | work=Russiky kovcheg | title=Full Cast and Crew for Russiky kovcheg | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0318034/fullcredits#cast | access-date=1 August 2008}}</ref> The director later rejected Büttner's nomination for a European Film Academy award, believing that only the whole film should gain an award.<ref name="Sokurov">{{cite web|work=The Island of Sokurov |title=To the European Film Awards |url=http://www.sokurov.spb.ru/island_en/ans_1.html |access-date=1 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816133343/http://www.sokurov.spb.ru/island_en/ans_1.html |archive-date=16 August 2007 }}</ref>

== Post-production ==

In post-production the uncompressed HD 87-minute [[one shot (film)|one-shot]] could be reworked in detail: besides many object removals (mainly cables and other film equipment), compositings (e.g. additional snow or fog), stabilisations, selective colour-corrections and digitally added focus changes, the whole film was continuously and dynamically reframed (resized) and for certain moments even time-warped (slowed down and sped up). This work took several weeks and was mainly executed by editor Patrick Wilfert under supervision of lead editor Sergei Ivanov on [[Autodesk Media and Entertainment|Discreet Logic]]'s Inferno system. Avoiding any playouts and using framestore to framestore transfers only, the picture was left uncompressed, before being reprinted onto filmstock for theatrical distribution.

== Background ==
The narrator's guide, "the European", is based on the book by the French aristocrat [[Marquis de Custine]], who visited Russia in 1839 and wrote ''La Russie en 1839'', in which he depicted Russia in extremely unflattering terms. A few biographical elements from Custine's life are shown in the film. Like the European, the Marquis' mother was friends with the Italian sculptor [[Antonio Canova|Canova]] and he himself was very religious. Custine's book mocks Russian civilization as a thin veneer of Europe on an Asiatic soul. For Custine, Europe was "civilization" while Asia was "barbarism", and his placing of Russia as a part of Asia rather than Europe was meant to deny that Russians had any sort of civilization worthy of the name. Echoing this sentiment, the film's European comments that Russia is a theater and that the people he meets are actors. The Marquis's family fortune came from a porcelain works, hence the European's interest in the [[Sèvres]] porcelain waiting for the diplomatic reception. At the end of the film, which depicts the last imperial ball in 1913, the European appears to accept Russia as a European nation.

''In One Breath'', a documentary about the making of ''Russian Ark'', written and directed by Knut Elstermann, gives more insight into the single long shot tracking techniques and formidable organization behind the making of the film.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===

''Russian Ark'' is a German-Russian co-production. The film grossed $3,048,997 in the United States and Canada, with $5,641,171 internationally, for a worldwide total of $8,690,168.<ref name="mojo">{{mojo title|russianark|Russian Ark}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Russian Ark'' received high critical acclaim. [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported that 89% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The consensus review summary reads, "As successful as it is ambitious, ''Russian Ark'' condenses three centuries of Russian history into a single, uninterrupted, 87-minute take."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/russian_ark |title=Russian Ark (2002) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]] |access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], which uses an average of critics' reviews, the film has an 86/100 rating based on 32 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/russian-ark |title=Russian Ark Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] wrote, "Apart from anything else, this is one of the best-sustained ideas I have ever seen on the screen.... [T]he effect of the unbroken flow of images (experimented with in the past by directors like Hitchcock and [[Max Ophüls]]) is uncanny. If cinema is sometimes dreamlike, then every edit is an awakening. ''Russian Ark'' spins a daydream made of centuries."<ref name="Roger Ebert">{{cite web | work=Chicago Sun-Times | title=Russian Ark | url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20030131/REVIEWS/301310304/1023 | access-date=1 August 2008}}</ref>

''[[Slant Magazine]]'' ranked the film 84th in its list of the best films of the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/feature/best-of-the-aughts-film/216/page_2|work=[[Slant Magazine]]|access-date=10 February 2010|title=Best of the Aughts: Film|date=7 February 2010}}</ref> In a critics' and readers' poll by ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine, it was voted the 358th greatest film of all time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empireonline.com/500/27.asp |title=Empire Features |website=www.empireonline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012103416/http://www.empireonline.com/500/27.asp |archive-date=2011-10-12}}</ref>

===Awards and nominations===
''Russian Ark'' received the Visions Award at the [[2002 Toronto International Film Festival]], a Special Citation at the [[2003 San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards]] and the 2004 [[Silver Condor Award for Best Foreign Film]] from the [[Argentine Film Critics Association]]; it was also nominated for the [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[2002 Cannes Film Festival]], the Golden Hugo at the 2002 [[Chicago International Film Festival]] and the 2004 [[Nika Award]] for Best Film. In addition, Alexander Sokurov was named Best Director at [[Fancine]] in 2003 and was nominated for the 2002 [[European Film Award for Best Director]]. Cinematographer Tilman Büttner was also nominated for various awards for his work on the film, including a [[European Film Award for Best Cinematographer]] and a German Camera Award.

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{cite book |last1=Beumers |first1=Birgit |title=Aleksandr Sokurov: Russian Ark |date=2016 |publisher=Intellect |location=Bristol, UK |isbn=978-1-78320-703-9}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0318034|Russian Ark}}
* {{mojo title|russianark|Russian Ark}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|russian_ark|Russian Ark}}
* {{Metacritic film|title=Russian Ark}}

{{Alexander Sokurov}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Russian Ark}}
[[Category:2000s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:2002 fantasy films]]
[[Category:2000s historical films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 drama films]]
[[Category:2000s ghost films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1829]]
[[Category:Films set in 1913]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Catherine the Great]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Nicholas II of Russia]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Peter the Great]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Nicholas I of Russia]]
[[Category:Films directed by Alexander Sokurov]]
[[Category:Films set in art museums and galleries]]
[[Category:Films set in Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Films set in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Films shot from the first-person perspective]]
[[Category:German historical drama films]]
[[Category:Historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:One-shot films]]
[[Category:2000s Persian-language films]]
[[Category:Russian detective films]]
[[Category:Russian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Russian historical drama films]]
[[Category:2000s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Canadian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Finnish historical drama films]]
[[Category:German mystery drama films]]
[[Category:Canadian mystery drama films]]
[[Category:2002 multilingual films]]
[[Category:German multilingual films]]
[[Category:Russian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Canadian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Finnish multilingual films]]
[[Category:2000s Canadian films]]
[[Category:2000s German films]]
[[Category:Russian-language Canadian films]]
[[Category:Russian-language historical drama films]]

Mongol (film)

2025-06-07T15:37:11Z

80.95.44.97: /* External links */

{{Short description|2007 historical epic film}}
{{Other uses|Genghis Khan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mongol
| image = Mongol poster.jpg
| caption = American theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sergei Bodrov]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* {{ill|Arif Aliyev|ru|Алиев, Ариф Тагиевич}}
* Sergei Bodrov
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* {{ill|Sergey Selyanov|ru|Сельянов, Сергей Михайлович}}
* Sergei Bodrov
* [[Anton Melnik]]
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tadanobu Asano]]
* [[Sun Honglei]]
* [[Chuluuny Khulan]]
}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sergei Trofimov (cinematographer)|Sergei Trofimov]]
* [[Rogier Stoffers]]
}}
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* [[Zach Staenberg]]
* [[Valdís Óskarsdóttir]]
}}
| music = [[Tuomas Kantelinen]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Kinokompaniya CTB
* Andreevski Flag
* X Filme Creative Pool
* Kinofabrika
* Eurasia Film
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* Nashe Kino (Russia)
* {{ill|X Verleih|de}} (Germany)
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|08|10|Vyborg|2007|09|20|Russia|2008|08|07|Germany}}
| runtime = 125 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/mongol-2008-0 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150422034407/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/mongol-2008-0 | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 April 2015 | title=''MONGOL'' (15) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=31 March 2009 | access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>
| country = {{Plainlist|
* Kazakhstan
* Russia
* Mongolia
* Germany<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lumiere.obs.coe.int/movie/30131# | title=Mongol | work=[[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]] | access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
}}
| language = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
* [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]
}}
| budget = $18 million<ref name=BoxOfficeMojo>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mongol.htm |title=Mongol |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=2011-02-21}}</ref>
| gross = $26.5 million<ref name=BoxOfficeMojo />
}}
'''''Mongol''''' ({{lang|ru|Монгол}}), also known as '''''Mongol: The Rise of Genghis Khan''''' in the United States and '''''Mongol: The Rise to Power of Genghis Khan''''' in the United Kingdom, is a 2007 [[Historical film|period]] [[epic film]] directed by [[Sergei Bodrov]], about the early life of [[Temüjin]], who later came to be known as [[Genghis Khan]]. The storyline was conceived from a [[screenplay]] written by Bodrov and Arif Aliev. It was produced by Bodrov, Sergei Selyanov, and Anton Melnik and stars [[Tadanobu Asano]], [[Sun Honglei]], and [[Chuluuny Khulan]] in the main roles. ''Mongol'' explores abduction, [[kinship]], and the repercussions of war.<ref name="film"/>

The film was a co-production of companies in Russia, Germany and Kazakhstan. Filming took place mainly in the [[China|People's Republic of China]], principally in [[Inner Mongolia]] (the [[Mongols|Mongol]] [[Autonomous regions of China|autonomous region]]), and in [[Kazakhstan]]. Shooting began in September 2005, and was completed in November 2006. After an initial screening at the Russian Film Festival in [[Vyborg]] on 10 August 2007, ''Mongol'' was released in Russia on 20 September 2007. It saw a limited release in the United States on 6 June 2008 grossing $5.7 million in domestic ticket sales. It additionally earned nearly $21 million in sales through international release for a combined $26.5 million in gross revenue. The film was a minor financial success after its theatrical run, and was generally met with positive critical reviews. The film was nominated for the 2007 [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] as a submission from Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite press release | title = 80th Academy Awards Nominations Announced | publisher = [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] | date = 2008-01-22 | url = http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2008/08.01.22.html | access-date = 2008-01-22}}</ref>

The film was intended to be the first part of a [[trilogy]] about Genghis Khan, and initial work on the second part began in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bodrov kicks off production unit |first=Tom |last=Birchenough |url=http://www.varietyasiaonline.com/content/view/6083/53/ |newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety Asia]] |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] |date=14 May 2008 |access-date=25 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515195418/http://www.varietyasiaonline.com/content/view/6083/53/ |archive-date=15 May 2008 }}</ref> The trilogy project was apparently shelved, but in July 2013, during a visit to the annual [[Naadam|Naadam Festival]] in [[Ulan Bator]], Bodrov told the press that the production of the sequel had started, and that it may be shot in [[Mongolia]],<ref name=InfoMongolia>[http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/6420 InfoMongolia, 6 August 2013: "Russian Producer Announces the Sequel to 'Mongol'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709061616/http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/6420 |date=9 July 2015 }} Linked 2013-08-29</ref> as had been the intention for ''Mongol'', before local protests, fearing that the film would not correctly portray the Mongolian people and their national hero, Genghis Khan, caused the shooting to move to Inner Mongolia and Kazakhstan.<ref name=Protests>[https://variety.com/2005/film/news/mongols-protest-khan-project-1117920791/ ''Variety'', 10 April 2005: "Mongols protest Khan project"]. Retrieved 2011-02-15.</ref>

==Plot==
In 1192, [[Genghis Khan|Temüjin]], a prisoner in the [[Western Xia|Tangut kingdom]], recounts his story through a series of [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]]s.

Embarking on an expedition 20 years earlier (1172), nine-year-old Temüjin is accompanied by his father [[Yesugei|Yesügei]] to select a girl as his future wife. He meets and chooses [[Börte]], against his father's wishes. On their way home, Yesügei is poisoned by an enemy tribe; in his final moments, he tells his son that he is now [[Khan (title)|Khan]]. However, Targutai, Yesügei's lieutenant, proclaims himself as Khan and is about to kill his young rival. Prevented from doing so by [[Hoelun|the boy's mother]], Targutai lets him go and vows to kill him as soon as he becomes an adult.

After falling through a frozen lake, Temüjin is rescued by [[Jamukha]]. The two quickly become friends and take an oath as [[blood brother]]s. Targutai later captures him, but he escapes under the cover of night and roams the countryside.

Years later (1186), Temüjin is once again apprehended by Targutai. He escapes a second time, finding Börte and presenting her to his family. Later that night, they are attacked by the [[Merkit]] tribe. While being chased on horseback, Temüjin is shot with an arrow but survives. Börte, however, is kidnapped and taken to the Merkit camp.<ref name="film">[[Sergei Bodrov]]. (2007). ''Mongol'' [Motion picture]. Russia: [[Picturehouse (company)|Picturehouse Entertainment]].</ref>

Temüjin goes to Jamukha—who is now his tribe's Khan—and seeks his help in rescuing his wife. Jamukha agrees, and after a year, they launch an attack on the Merkits and are successful. One night, while celebrating their victory, Temüjin demonstrates his generosity by allowing his troops to take an equal share of the [[Looting|plunder]]. Two of Jamukha's men see this as a stark contrast to their Khan's behavior and desert him the next morning by following their new master. Jamukha chases him down and demands that he give his men back, to which he refused. This act, aggravated by the inadvertent killing of his biological brother by one of Temüjin's men, leaves Jamukha (with Targutai as an ally) no choice but to declare war on him. Outnumbered, Temüjin's warriors are quickly massacred though they take many of Jamukha's men with them. Sparing his blood brother, Jamukha decides to sell him into slavery.<ref name="film"/>

Temüjin is sold to a Tangut nobleman despite the dire warning given to him by a [[Buddhist]] monk acting as his adviser, who senses the great potential the warrior carries and his future role in subjugating the Tangut State. While he is imprisoned, the monk pleads with him to spare his monastery when he will destroy the kingdom sometime in the future. In exchange for delivering a bone fragment to Börte indicating that he is still alive, Temüjin agrees. The monk succeeds in delivering the bone and the message at the cost of his life. Börte infiltrates the Tangut border town disguised as a merchant's [[concubinage|concubine]] and the two escape.

Temüjin pledges to unify all of the Mongol tribes and imposes three basic laws for them to abide to: never kill women and children, always honor your promises and repay your debts, and ''never'' betray your Khan. Subsequently, (1196), he gathers an army and engages Jamukha, who has an even larger force. During the battle, a thunderstorm arises on the steppe, terrifying Jamhukha's and Temujin's armies, who cower in fear. However Temujin does not cower, and when his army sees him riding unafraid they are inspired to also be fearless and charge Jamukha's helpless and cowering army, which surrenders immediately. Temüjin allows Jamukha to live and brings the latter's army under his banner. Targutai is killed by his own soldiers and his body is presented to the Khan as a way of appeasing him, but they are executed for disobeying the law.

A postscript indicates that by 1206, Temüjin was designated the Khan of all the [[Mongols]]—''[[Genghis Khan]] of the Great Steppe''. He would later go on to invade and conquer the Tangut kingdom by 1227, fulfilling the monk's prophecy, but spared the monastery, honoring his debt to the monk.<ref name="film"/>

==Cast==
[[File:Tadanobu.jpg|thumb|190px|right|Actor Tadanobu Asano, who portrayed the elder Temüjin in the film.]]
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Tadanobu Asano]] as [[Genghis Khan|Genghis Khan/Temüjin]]
** Odnyam Odsuren as young Temüjin
* [[Sun Honglei]] as [[Jamukha]]
** Amarbold Tuvshinbayar as young Jamukha
* [[Chuluuny Khulan]] as [[Börte]]
** Bayertsetseg Erdenebat as young Börte
* Amadu Mamadakov as Targutai
* [[Batdorj-in Baasanjab|Ba Sen]] as [[Yesugei|Yesügei]]
* Sai Xing Ga as Chiledu
* Bu Ren as Taichar
* Aliya as [[Hö'elün|Oelun]]
* He Qi as Dai-Sechen
* Deng Ba Te Er as Daritai
* Zhang Jiong as Garrison Chief
* Ben Hon Sun as Monk
{{div col end}}

==Production==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2021}}

===Development===
[[File:Sergei Vladimirovich Bodrov.jpg|170px|left|thumb|Director Sergei Bodrov at the [[66th Venice International Film Festival|66th Venice Film Festival]]]]
The premise of ''Mongol'' is the story of Genghis Khan, the Mongol leader who founded the [[Mongol Empire]], which ruled expansive areas of [[Eurasia]]. The film depicts the early life of Temüjin, not as an evil war-mongering brute, but rather an inspiring visionary leader. Director Bodrov noted that "Russians lived under Mongolian rule for around 200 years" and that "Genghis Khan was portrayed as a monster". During the 1990s, Bodrov read a book by Russian historian [[Lev Gumilev]] entitled ''The Legend of the Black Arrow'', which offered a more disciplined view of the Mongol leader and influenced Bodrov to create a film project about the warrior.

Bodrov spent several years researching the aspects of his story, discovering that Temüjin was an orphan, a slave and a combatant whom everyone tried to kill. He found difficulty in preparing the screenplay for the film due to the fact that no contemporary Mongol biography existed. The only Mongol history from the era is ''[[The Secret History of Mongols]]'', written for the Mongol royal family some time after Genghis Khan's death in AD 1227. Author Gumilev had used the work as a historical reference and a work of significant literature. Casting for the film took place worldwide, including Mongolia, China, Russia, and in Los Angeles. Speaking on the choice of Tadanobu Asano to portray Temüjin, Bodrov commented that although it might have seemed odd to cast a Japanese actor in the role, he explained that the Mongol ruler was seen by many Japanese as one of their own. Bodrov said, "The Japanese had a very famous ancient warrior who disappeared {{bracket|[[Minamoto no Yoshitsune]]}}, and they think he went to Mongolia and became Genghis Khan. He's a national hero, Genghis Khan. Mongolians can claim he's Mongolian, but the Japanese, they think they know who he is." Bodrov felt casting actor Sun Honglei as Jamukha was a perfect mix of "gravity and humor" for the role. Describing the character interaction between Asano and Honglei, he noted "They're completely different people, Temüjin and Jamukha, but they have a strong relationship, strong feelings between them." Aside from the Chinese and Japanese actors for those roles, the rest of the cast were Mongolian. It marked the first time a tale of Genghis Khan would be acted by Asians, this in contrast to such Hollywood and European attempts like the 1956 movie flop ''[[The Conqueror (1956 film)|The Conqueror]]'' and the 1965 film ''[[Genghis Khan]]'' with [[Omar Sharif]].

The film was initially intended to be shot in [[Mongolia]], but the plans caused much protest in the country, as many Mongolians feared that it would not correctly portray their people and their national hero.<ref name=Protests/> As a consequence, shooting was moved to the Chinese autonomous region [[Inner Mongolia]] and to [[Kazakhstan]].

===Filming===
[[File:MongolAsano.jpg|thumb|right|The character Temüjin, dressed in Mongolian warrior garb]]
[[Principal photography|Filming]] began in 2005, lasting 25 weeks and taking place in China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan. Production designer Dashi Namdakov helped to recreate the pastoral lifestyle of the nomadic tribesmen. Namdakov is originally from a Russian region which borders Mongolia and is home to many ethnic Mongols. Bodrov remarked, "Dashi has the Mongol culture in his bones and knows how to approach this material." To help create some of the horse-mounted stunt sequences, Bodrov called upon seasoned stuntmen from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, whom he was familiar with from the production of ''[[Nomad (2005 film)|Nomad]]''. Describing some of the stunt work, Bodrov claimed: "Not a single horse was hurt on this film. There's a line in the movie, when young Jamukha tells Temüjin, 'For Mongol, horse is more important than woman.' And that's how it is with the Kazakh and Kyrgyz stunt people. They took very good care of the horses and were very conscientious." Bodrov collaborated on the film with editors [[Zach Staenberg]] and [[Valdís Óskarsdóttir]].

==Release==
''Mongol'' was first released in Russia and Ukraine on 20 September 2007.<ref name=BoxOfficeRelease>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=mongol.htm |title=International Box Office Results |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=2011-02-21}}</ref> The film then premiered in cinemas in Turkey on 14 March 2008. Between April and December 2008, ''Mongol'' was released in various countries throughout the Middle East, Europe and Africa.<ref name=BoxOfficeRelease/> France, Algeria, Monaco, Morocco and Tunisia shared a release date of 9 April 2008. In the United States and the United Kingdom, the film was released on 6 June 2008. In 2009, certain Asian Pacific countries such as Singapore and Malaysia saw release dates for the film.<ref name=BoxOfficeRelease/> Within Latin America, Argentina saw a release for the film on 11 March, while Colombia began screenings on 9 April. The film grossed $20,821,749 in non-US box office totals.<ref name=BoxOfficeRelease/>

===US box office===
In the United States, the film premiered in cinemas on 6 June 2008. During its opening weekend, the film opened in 22nd place grossing $135,326 in business showing at five locations.<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo"/> The film's revenue dropped by 17% in its second week of release, earning $112,212. For that particular weekend, the film fell to 25th place screening in five theaters. During the film's final release week in theaters, ''Mongol'' opened in a distant 80th place with $11,503 in revenue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2008&wknd=36&p=.htm |title=September 5–7, 2008 Weekend |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=2011-02-21}}</ref> The film went on to top out domestically at $5,705,761 in total ticket sales through a 14-week theatrical run. Internationally, the film took in an additional $20,821,749 in box office business for a combined worldwide total of $26,527,510.<ref name=BoxOfficeMojo/> For 2008 as a whole, the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 167.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2008&p=.htm |title=2008 Domestic Grosses |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=2011-02-21}}</ref>

===Home media===
Following its cinematic release in theaters, the [[DVD region code|Region 1 Code]] [[widescreen]] edition of the film was released on [[DVD]] in the United States on 14 October 2008. Special features for the DVD include scene selections, subtitles in English and Spanish, and subtitles in English for the hearing-impaired.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://video.barnesandnoble.com/DVD/Mongol/Tadanobu-Asano/e/883929028788/?itm=2&USRI=mongol |title=Mongol DVD Widescreen |publisher=BarnesandNoble.com |access-date=2011-02-15 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707212818/http://video.barnesandnoble.com/DVD/Mongol/Tadanobu-Asano/e/883929028788/?itm=2&USRI=mongol |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The widescreen high-definition [[Blu-ray|Blu-ray Disc]] version of the film was also released on 14 October 2008. Special features include; scene selections and subtitles in English and Spanish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://video.barnesandnoble.com/DVD/Mongol/Tadanobu-Asano/e/883929028771/?itm=1&USRI=mongol |title=Mongol Blu-ray Widescreen |publisher=BarnesandNoble.com |access-date=2011-02-15 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707212813/http://video.barnesandnoble.com/DVD/Mongol/Tadanobu-Asano/e/883929028771/?itm=1&USRI=mongol |url-status=dead }}</ref> A supplemental viewing option for the film in the media format of [[video on demand]] is currently available too.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Mongol/dp/B001I9M7GM/ref=ed_oe_vdl |title=Mongol VOD Format |website=Amazon |access-date=2011-02-15}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Critical response===
Among mainstream critics in the U.S., the film received mostly positive reviews. [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported that 86% of 102 sampled critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 7.10 out of 10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "The sweeping ''Mongol'' mixes romance, family drama, and enough flesh-ripping battle scenes to make sense of Ghenghis Khan's legendary stature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mongol|title=Mongol (2008)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media]]|access-date=April 8, 2025}}</ref> At [[Metacritic]], which assigns a [[weighted mean|weighted average]] out of 100 to critics' reviews, the film received a score of 74 based on 27 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/mongol-the-rise-of-genghis-khan|title=Mongol: The Rise of Genghis Khan|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|access-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref> However, the film was criticized in Mongolia for factual errors and historical inaccuracies.<ref>[http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=76632 Г. Жигжидсvрэн: Сергей Бодровын "Монгол" кинонд бvтээсэн дvр байхгvй] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722220001/http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=76632 |date=22 July 2011 }}. ''olloo.mn''. Retrieved 2011-02-17.</ref>

Claudia Puig of ''[[USA Today]]'' said the film "has a visceral energy with powerful battle sequences and also scenes of striking and serene physical beauty." Noting a flaw, she did comment that ''Mongol'' might have included "one battle too many." Although overall, she concluded the film was "an exotic saga that compels, moves and envelops us with its grand and captivating story."<ref name="Puig">Puig, Claudia (12 June 2008). [https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2008-06-12-mongol_N.htm Tepid 'Mongol' A sweeping historic tale]. ''[[USA Today]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>
{|class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#FFFFE0; color:black; width:40em; max-width: 35%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"|"Centered on the rise of Genghis Khan, the film is an enthralling tale, in the style of a David Lean saga, with similarly gorgeous cinematography. It combines a sprawling adventure saga with romance, family drama and riveting action sequences."
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|—Claudia Puig, writing in ''USA Today''<ref name="Puig"/>
|}
Jonathan Kiefer, writing in the ''[[Sacramento News & Review]]'', said "At once sweeping and intimately confidential, with durably magnetic performances by Japan's Asano Tadanobu as the adored warlord and China's Honglei Sun as Jamukha, his blood brother and eventual enemy, ''Mongol'', a 2007 Best Foreign Language Film Oscar nominee, has to be by far the best action epic of 12th- and 13th-century Asian nomads you'll see". He emphatically believed Bodrov's film was "both ancient and authentic." He added that it was "commendably unhurried, and the scope swells up in a way that feels organic to a character-driven story".<ref name="kiefer">Kiefer, Jonathan (26 June 2008). [http://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/content?oid=684906 I think I Khan ''Mongol'']. ''[[Sacramento News & Review]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

Walter Addiego, writing for the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]],'' said that the film offers "everything you would want from an imposing historical drama: furious battles between mass armies, unquenchable love between husband and wife, blood brothers who become deadly enemies, and many episodes of betrayal and treachery". Concerning cinematography, he believed the film included "plenty of haunting landscapes, gorgeously photographed by Sergei Trofimov on location in China, Kazakhstan and Mongolia, along with the sort of warfare scenes that define epics".<ref>Addiego, Walter (20 June 2008). [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2008/06/20/DDH7115QHE.DTL Review: 'Mongol' revisits Genghis Khan]. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

Writing for ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', [[Wesley Morris]] said that ''Mongol'' "actually works as an old-fashioned production - one with breathtaking mohawks, a scary yoking, one daring escape, hottish sex, ice, snow, braying sheep, blood oaths, dehydrating dunes, throat singing, a nighttime urination, kidnapping, charged reunions, and relatively authentic entertainment values."<ref>Morris, Wesley (20 June 2008). [https://www.boston.com/movies/display?display=movie&id=8626 When blood runs hot and cold]. ''[[The Boston Globe]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

Writing for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', film critic [[Roger Ebert]] called the film a "visual spectacle, it is all but overwhelming, putting to shame some of the recent historical epics from Hollywood." Summing up, Ebert wrote "The nuances of an ancient and ingeniously developed culture are passed over, and it cannot be denied that ''Mongol'' is relentlessly entertaining as an action picture."<ref name="Ebert">Ebert, Roger (20 June 2008). [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080619/REVIEWS/944262138/1023 Mongol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164958/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080619%2FREVIEWS%2F944262138%2F1023 |date=16 July 2011 }}. ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#FFFFE0; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" |"''Mongol'' is a ferocious film, blood-soaked, pausing occasionally for passionate romance and more frequently for torture."
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |—Roger Ebert, writing for the ''Chicago Sun-Times''<ref name="Ebert" />
|}

[[A. O. Scott]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated that ''Mongol'' was a "big, ponderous epic, its beautifully composed landscape shots punctuated by thundering hooves and bloody, slow-motion battle sequences."<ref name="Scott" /> Scott approved of how the film encompassed "rich ethnographic detail and enough dramatic intrigue to sustain a viewer's interest through the slower stretches."<ref name="Scott">Scott A.O., (6 June 2008). [https://movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/06/movies/06mong.html?ref=movies Forge a Unity of Purpose, Then Conquer the World]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

Similarly, [[Joe Morgenstern]] wrote in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' that the film consisted of battle scenes which were as "notable for their clarity as their intensity; we can follow the strategies, get a sense of who's losing and who's winning. The physical production is sumptuous." Morgenstern affirmed that ''Mongol'' was "an austere epic that turns the stuff of pulp adventure into a persuasive take on ancient history."<ref>Morgenstern, Joe (6 June 2008). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121271272126950681 'Mongol' Brings Style And Sumptuous Scale To Genghis Khan Saga]. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

[[Lisa Schwarzbaum]], writing for ''[[Entertainment Weekly]],'' lauded the visual qualities of the film, remarking how ''Mongol'' "contrasts images of sweeping landscape and propulsive battle with potent scenes of emotional intimacy", while also referring to its "quite grand, quite exotic, David Lean-style epic" resemblance.<ref>Schwarzbaum, Lisa (6 June 2008). [https://ew.com/article/2008/06/06/mongol/ Mongol (2008)] . ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

Author Tom Hoskyns of ''[[The Independent]]'' described the film as being "very thin plot-wise." Hoskyns commended the "desolate landscapes and seasonal variations", but he was not excited about the repetitious nature of the story showing the "hero getting repeatedly captured and escaping."<ref>Hoskyns, Tom (26 September 2008). [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/dvd-mongol-15-943388.html DVD: Mongol]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

Joshua Rothkopf of ''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]'' said that ''Mongol'' was a "Russian-produced dud." He said that it included "ridiculous dialogue and Neanderthal motivations" as well as bearing "little relation to the raw, immediate work of his countrymates—like Andrei Tarkovsky, whose epic ''[[Andrei Rublev (film)|Andrei Rublev]]'' really gives you a sense of the dirt and desperation."<ref>Rothkopf, Joshua (11 June 2008). [https://archive.today/20130204125544/http://www.timeout.com/film/newyork/reviews/85544/mongol-the_rise_to_power_of_genghis_khan.html Mongol: The Rise to Power of Genghis Khan]. ''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

===Accolades===
The film was nominated and won several awards in 2007–09. Various critics included the film on their lists of the top 10 best films of 2008. Mike Russell of ''[[The Oregonian]]'' named it the fifth-best film of 2008,<ref name=mctop08/> Lawrence Toppman of ''[[The Charlotte Observer]]'' named it the eighth-best film of 2008,<ref name=mctop08/> and V.A. Musetto of the ''[[New York Post]]'' also named it the eighth-best film of 2008.<ref name=mctop08>{{cite web |url=http://apps.metacritic.com/film/awards/2008/toptens.shtml |title=Metacritic: 2008 Film Critic Top Ten Lists |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=11 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720094350/http://apps.metacritic.com/film/awards/2008/toptens.shtml |archive-date=20 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|[[80th Academy Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/2000-present/2008/winners.html |title=Nominees & Winners for the 80th Academy Awards |access-date=2011-02-21 |publisher=Oscars.org |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012045551/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/2000-present/2008/winners.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|Best Foreign Language Film
|
|{{nom}}
|-
|2007 [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/the_awards/past_winners_and_nominees/nominees/achievement_in_cinematography |title=The Awards |access-date=2011-02-21 |publisher=Asia Pacific Screen Awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218215728/http://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/the_awards/past_winners_and_nominees/nominees/achievement_in_cinematography |archive-date=18 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|Best Achievement in Cinematography
|Sergey Trofimov
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[2nd Asian Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/2008/eng/nominations.html#b5 |title=Nominations & Winners |access-date=2011-02-21 |publisher=Asian Film Awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618163020/http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/2008/eng/nominations.html#b5 |archive-date=18 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Sun Honglei
|{{won}}
|-
||[[14th Critics' Choice Awards|Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2008]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2008.php |title=The 14th Critics' Choice Movie Awards Nominees |access-date=2011-02-21 |publisher=BFCA.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124011333/http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2008.php |archive-date=24 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|Best Foreign Language Film
|
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[European Film Awards 2008]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europeanfilmacademy.org/2008/11/08/nominations-pour-les-european-film-awards-2008/ |title=Nominations for the European Film Awards 2008 |access-date=2011-02-21 |publisher=EuropeanFilmAcademy.org |archive-date=11 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311025245/https://www.europeanfilmacademy.org/2008/11/08/nominations-pour-les-european-film-awards-2008/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanfilmacademy.org/2009/04/28/2008-4/ |title=The People's Choice Award 2008 |access-date=2011-02-21 |publisher=EuropeanFilmAcademy.org}}</ref>
|Best Cinematographer
|Sergey Trofimov, Rogier Stoffers
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best European Film
|Sergey Bodrov
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|6th [[Golden Eagle Award (Russia)|Golden Eagle Award]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinoacademy.ru/main.php |title=Nominees & Winners |access-date=2011-02-21 |publisher=KinoAcademy.ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717063252/http://www.kinoacademy.ru/main.php |archive-date=17 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|Best Costume Design
|Karin Lohr
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Sound Design
|Stephan Konken
|{{won}}
|-
|2009 40th [[NAACP Image Award]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naacpimageawards.net/42/awards-show/40th/ |title=40th NAACP Image Awards |access-date=2010-06-04 |publisher=NAACP Image Awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215211104/http://www.naacpimageawards.net/42/awards-show/40th/ |archive-date=15 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|Outstanding Foreign Motion Picture
|
|{{nom}}
|-
|Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lvfcs.org/lvfcs/2008.html |title=2008 Sierra Award winners |access-date=2011-02-21 |publisher=lvfcs.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423011609/http://www.lvfcs.org/lvfcs/2008.html |archive-date=23 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|Best Foreign Language Film
|
|{{won}}
|-
|2008 [[National Board of Review of Motion Pictures]] Awards<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbrmp.org/awards/past.cfm?year=2008 |title=Awards for 2008 |access-date=2011-02-21 |publisher=National Board of Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516165456/http://www.nbrmp.org/awards/past.cfm?year=2008 |archive-date=16 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|Best Foreign Language Film
|
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=6|2008 [[Nika Award]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kino-nika.com/ |title=Award Winners & Nominees |access-date=2011-02-21 |publisher=Nika Awards}}</ref>
|Best Cinematography
|Sergey Trofimov, Rogier Stoffers
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Costume Design
|Karin Lohr
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Director
|Sergey Bodrov
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Film
|
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Production Design
|Dashi Namdakov, Yelena Zhukova
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Sound
|Stephan Konken
|{{won}}
|}

==Sequel==
''The Great Khan'' ({{lang|ru|Великий Хан}}) is the provisional title<ref>{{cite web | title = Bodrov launches production company, Director's first project to be a 'Mongol' | work = Variety | date = 16 May 2008 | url = https://variety.com/2008/film/news/bodrov-launches-production-company-1117985966/ | access-date = 2010-11-01}}</ref> for the second installment of Bodrov's planned trilogy on the life of Temüjin, [[Genghis Khan]]. The Mongolian pop singer, [[Amarkhuu Borkhuu]], was offered a role, but declined.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.postnews.mn/index.php?cp=news&task=view&news_id=6522&PHPSESSID=d97d127e45acbded6332c901ba3ee32d&page=52&PHPSESSID=d97d127e45acbded6332c901ba3ee32d|title=Б.АМАРХҮҮ С.БОДРОВТ ГОЛОГДЖЭЭ|access-date=2011-01-03|language=mn}}</ref> The trilogy project was eventually put on the shelf, but in July 2013, during a visit to the annual [[Naadam|Naadam Festival]] in [[Ulan Bator]], Bodrov told the press that the production of the sequel had started again.<ref name=InfoMongolia/> The sequel is now called "Mongol II: The Legend" and started its shooting in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Getaway Pictures|url=http://getawaypictures.com/?p=103|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack for ''Mongol'', was released in the United States by the [[Varèse Sarabande]] music label on 29 July 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://music.barnesandnoble.com/Mongol/Altan-Urag/e/30206690224/?itm=1&USRI=mongol |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717175557/http://music.barnesandnoble.com/Mongol/Altan-Urag/e/30206690224/?itm=1&USRI=mongol |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2012 |title=Mongol Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |publisher=BarnesandNoble.com |access-date=2011-02-15 }}</ref> The score for the film was composed by [[Tuomas Kantelinen]], with additional music orchestrated by the Mongolian folk rock band [[Altan Urag]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1808754771/cast |title=Mongol (2008) |access-date=2011-02-15 |publisher=Yahoo! Movies}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Mongol: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| type = [[Film score]]
| artist = [[Tuomas Kantelinen]]
| cover =
| caption =
| alt =
| released = 07/29/2008
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 43:39
| label = Varèse Sarabande
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Mongol: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack''
| total_length = 43:39
| title1 = Beginning
| length1 = 4:35
| title2 = At the Fireplace: Composed and Performed by Altan Urag
| length2 = 0:48
| title3 = Blood Brothers
| length3 = 1:08
| title4 = Chase 1: Composed and Performed by Altan Urag
| length4 = 0:51
| title5 = Fighting Boys
| length5 = 0:53
| title6 = Temüjin's Escape
| length6 = 2:03
| title7 = Funeral and Robbery: Composed and Performed by Altan Urag
| length7 = 2:30
| title8 = Together Now
| length8 = 1:52
| title9 = Love Theme
| length9 = 1:25
| title10 = Chase 2: Composed and Performed by Altan Urag
| length10 = 1:36
| title11 = Cold Winter
| length11 = 2:30
| title12 = Merkit Territory
| length12 = 1:53
| title13 = Attack
| length13 = 0:44
| title14 = Martial Rage
| length14 = 1:12
| title15 = Jamukha is Following
| length15 = 1:30
| title16 = Slavery
| length16 = 1:48
| title17 = Long Journey
| length17 = 0:49
| title18 = Destiny
| length18 = 1:49
| title19 = Joy in Mongolia: Composed and Performed by Altan Urag
| length19 = 3:07
| title20 = Final Battle, Showing Strength
| length20 = 2:15
| title21 = Final Battle, Tactical Order
| length21 = 0:36
| title22 = Final Battle, The First Attachment
| length22 = 1:21
| title23 = Final Battle, Death by Arrows
| length23 = 1:55
| title24 = Tengri's Help
| length24 = 0:57
| title25 = Victory to Khan
| length25 = 1:36
| title26 = No Mercy
| length26 = 1:56
}}

==See also==
* [[List of Asian historical drama films]]
* [[List of submissions to the 80th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Kazakhstani submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Mongol (film)|Mongol}}
* {{IMDb title|0416044|Mongol}}
* {{mojo title|mongol|Mongol}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|mongol|Mongol}}
* {{Metacritic film|title=Mongol}}

{{Sergei Bodrov}}
{{Nika Award Best Picture}}
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2000s historical adventure films]]
[[Category:2000s war films]]
[[Category:Adventure films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Biographical action films]]
[[Category:Depictions of Genghis Khan on film]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sergei Bodrov]]
[[Category:Films scored by Tuomas Kantelinen]]
[[Category:Films set in Mongolia]]
[[Category:Films set in 12th-century Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Films set in 13th-century Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Films shot in China]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:German biographical drama films]]
[[Category:German historical drama films]]
[[Category:German war drama films]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani war drama films]]
[[Category:2000s Mandarin-language films]]
[[Category:Mongolian drama films]]
[[Category:Mongolian-language films]]
[[Category:Picturehouse films]]
[[Category:Russian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Russian war drama films]]
[[Category:Russian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:New Line Cinema films]]
[[Category:War epic films]]
[[Category:War films based on actual events]]
[[Category:2007 drama films]]
[[Category:2000s German films]]
[[Category:2007 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Russian multilingual films]]
[[Category:German multilingual films]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani multilingual films]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani historical drama films]]
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[[Category:English-language biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Börte]]

Burnt by the Sun

2025-06-07T13:06:01Z

80.95.44.97: /* External links */

{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Burnt by the Sun
|image = Burnt by the Sun Poster.jpg
|caption = Film poster
|director = [[Nikita Mikhalkov]]
|producer = Leonid Vereshchagin Armand Barbault Nikita Mikhalkov [[Michel Seydoux]]
|writer = [[Rustam Ibragimbekov]] Nikita Mikhalkov
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Oleg Menshikov]]
* Nikita Mikhalkov
* [[Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė]]
* [[Nadezhda Mikhalkova]]}}
|music = [[Eduard Artemyev]]
|cinematography = [[Vilen Kalyuta]]
|editing = Enzo Meniconi
|distributor = [[Sony Pictures Classics]]
|released = {{film date|1994|5|21|[[1994 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]]|1994|11|2|Russia|df=yes}}
|runtime = 135 minutes
|country = Russia France
|language = [[Russian language|Russian]]
|budget = $3.6 million{{sfn|Beumers|2000|p=xii}}
|gross = $2.3 million (US)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=burntbythesun.htm |title=Burnt by the Sun |access-date=9 September 2016 |work=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''Burnt by the Sun''''' ({{langx|ru|Утомлённые солнцем}}, [[Transliteration|translit.]] ''Utomlyonnye solntsem'', literally "wearied by the sun") is a 1994 Russian drama film starring, directed, written, and produced by [[Nikita Mikhalkov]] and co-written by Azerbaijani screenwriter [[Rustam Ibragimbekov]]. The film depicts the story of a senior [[Red Army]] officer, played by Mikhalkov, and his family during the [[Great Purge]] of the late 1930s in the [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] [[Soviet Union]]. While on vacation with his wife, young daughter, and assorted friends and family, things change dramatically for KomDiv Kotov when his wife's old lover, Dmitri, shows up after being away for many years. The film also stars [[Oleg Menshikov]], [[Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė]] and Mikhalkov's daughter [[Nadezhda Mikhalkova]].

''Burnt by the Sun'' was popular in Russia and received positive reviews in the United States. It won the [[Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival)|Grand Prix]] at the [[1994 Cannes Film Festival]], the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] and other honours.

==Plot==
The entirety of the film takes place within the course of one day in the summer of 1936 in the [[Soviet Union]]. Mitya (Dmitri), an ex-[[Russian nobility|nobleman]] and veteran of the [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] [[White Army]], contemplates suicide. The film cuts to [[Komdiv]] Sergei Petrovich Kotov, his wife Maroussia, and their young six-year-old daughter Nadia relaxing in a [[Banya (sauna)|banya]] when a peasant from the local [[Collective farming|collective farm]] frantically tells them the [[Red Army]]'s tanks are about to crush the [[wheat]] harvest as part of general [[Military exercise|maneuvers]]. After hearing this news, Kotov rides out to order the tank officer to halt. Kotov carries authority as a senior [[Old Bolshevik]] and legendary hero of the 1917 [[Russian Civil War]], and he is also very popular with the common people and local villagers. The opening scene makes it clear that Kotov is a devoted family man, and he claims to be a personal friend of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]].

Following this incident, the happy family returns to their country [[dacha]] (country estate), where they join Maroussia's relatives, a large and eccentric family of [[Anton Chekhov|Chekhovian]] aristocrats. Mitya (Dmitri), who had been Maroussia's fiancé before disappearing in 1927, arrives in a costume to disguise himself, but when he takes it off he is joyfully embraced by the family and introduced to Nadia as "Uncle Mitya". Maroussia is left feeling deeply conflicted, as she had suffered deeply when Mitya left without explanation and even contemplated suicide, as shown by the self-inflicted marks on her wrists.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Despite his personable nature, it is clear that Mitya has returned with a secret agenda. It is slowly revealed throughout the duration of the afternoon that he works for the Soviet political police, the [[NKVD]], and has arrived to arrest Kotov for a non-existent conspiracy that Mitya had framed him for. Mitya is abusing his power for the purpose of revenge, since ten years ago Kotov had conscripted Mitya into the [[Joint State Political Directorate|OGPU]], the predecessor of the NKVD, and was therefore the reason for Mitya being taken away. Mitya detests Kotov, whom he blames for causing him to lose Maroussia, his love for Russia, faith, and his profession as a [[pianist]]. Kotov confronts Mitya about his activities in [[Paris]], where he gave up eight White Army generals to the NKVD. All were kidnapped, smuggled to the Soviet Union, and shot dead without trial.

Although eventually realizing that Mitya intends to take him away, Kotov believes that his close relationship with Soviet dictator [[Joseph Stalin]] will save him. However, a black car carrying NKVD agents arrives to remove Kotov, just as a group of [[Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization|Young Pioneer]] children arrives at the dacha to pay tribute to him. Kotov willingly goes with Mitya, pretending to be Mitya's friend and even lets Nadia briefly ride in the car with them. While riding away in the car with his captors, Kotov reminds them who he is and his status, but he quickly realizes that they don't care and that it was Stalin himself who ordered his arrest. Only after looking into Mitya's eyes does Kotov realize the severity of the situation, causing him to breakdown in tears. Kotov is forced to make a false confession to all the charges Mitya framed him for and is shot dead in August 1936. Meanwhile, following Mitya's success in his revenge against Kotov, he ultimately commits suicide, as his revenge did not satisfy him in the way he thought it would. In addition, Maroussia is arrested and dies in the [[Gulag]] in 1940. Although arrested with her mother and taken to a concentration camp, Nadia lives to see all three sentences overturned during the [[Khrushchev thaw]], in 1956, and works as a music teacher in [[Soviet Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]].

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Oleg Menshikov]] – Dimitri Arsentyev (Mitya), NKVD man
* [[Nikita Mikhalkov]] – Komdiv Sergei Petrovich Kotov
* [[Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė]] – Maroussia, Kotov's wife
* [[Nadezhda Mikhalkova]] – Nadia, Kotov's daughter
* [[André Oumansky]] – Philippe, Mitya's valet
* [[Vyacheslav Tikhonov]] – Vsevolod, Maroussia's uncle
* [[Svetlana Nikolaevna Kryuchkova|Svetlana Kryuchkova]] – Mokhova, Kotov's housekeeper
* [[Vladimir Ilyin (actor)|Vladimir Ilyin]] – Kirik, Yelena Mikhailovna's son
* [[Alla Kazanskaya]] – Lidiya Stepanovna, Maroussia's grandmother
* [[Nina Arkhipova]] – Yelena Mikhailovna, Lidiya Stepanovna's friend
* [[Avangard Leontiev]] – driver
* [[Inna Ulyanova]] – Olga Nikolayevna, Maroussia's mother
* [[Lyubov Rudneva]] – Lyuba, Vsevolod's student
* [[Vladimir Ryabov]] – NKVD officer
* [[Vladimir Belousov (actor)|Vladimir Belousov]] – NKVD man
* [[Aleksey Pokatilov]] – NKVD man
* [[Yevgeny Mironov (actor)|Yevgeny Mironov]] – Lieutenant
* [[Marat Basharov]] – tank crewman
}}

==Production==
===Background===
The [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917 was a multi-party civil war in the [[Russian Empire]] that followed the two Russian revolutions of 1917. It lasted until 1922 and transformed the lives of many Russians. The [[Red Army]] was led by [[Vladimir Lenin]], but after he died in 1924, Stalin was able to establish his position as the ruler of the Soviet regime. Throughout the 1930s, Stalin launched a campaign of political terror that is now known as the [[Great Purge]]. During this time people were regularly rounded up and killed as traitors without a trial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Background |url=https://www.sonyclassics.com/burntbysun/misc/history.html |website=Sony Pictures Classics |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> The purges, arrests, and deportations to labor camps affected many people. Loyal party, industry, and military leaders would randomly disappear. People were unable to trust one another as anyone could have been working for the [[NKVD]], a Soviet secret police agency that was a forerunner of the [[KGB]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NKVD |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NKVD |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>

===Conception===
[[File:Rüstəm İbrahimbəyov (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Screenwriter [[Rustam Ibragimbekov]] said the film represented a statement on totalitarianism, and the sun in the film represents [[Joseph Stalin]].]]
[[Nikita Mikhalkov]] stated in making the film, his belief was that "[[Bolshevism]] did not bring happiness to our country". However, he doubted whether "entire generations" could be judged for actions caused by wider social problems.{{sfn|Norris|2012|p=29}} Mikhalkov also took inspiration from his young daughter [[Nadezhda Mikhalkova]],<ref name="Stone">{{Cite web |url=http://new.bostonreview.net/BR20.4/Stone.html |title=No Soul |last=Stone |first=Alan A. |date=October–November 1995 |access-date=10 September 2016 |work=[[Boston Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919044030/http://new.bostonreview.net/BR20.4/Stone.html |archive-date=19 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and memories of his home.{{sfn|Lovell|2003|p=233}} Azerbaijani screenwriter [[Rustam Ibragimbekov]] created the storyline with Mikhalkov and collaborated with him on the dialogue.<ref name="Blair">{{cite journal |last=Blair |first=Betty |date=Summer 1995 |title=The Scorching Sun and the Nature of Totalitarian Systems |url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/32_folder/32_articles/32_rustam.html |journal=[[Azerbaijan International]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=8–11 }}</ref>

The title derives from a popular 1930s song composed by [[Jerzy Petersburski]]. Originally the Polish [[tango music|tango]], "''[[To ostatnia niedziela]]''" ("This is the last Sunday"), it became popular in the Soviet Union with new Russian lyrics and the title, "''Утомлённое солнце''" ([[Utomlyonnoye solntse]], "Wearied Sun"). The song is heard [[Leitmotif|repeatedly]] in the film; the director Mikhalkov said in 2007 that he learned of the song from his elder brother [[Andrei Konchalovsky]]'s [[1979 in film|1979]] film ''[[Siberiade]].'' He compared his use of the music to his having stolen money as a boy from his brother.<ref>Q&A with Nikita Mikhalkov held at the [[National Theatre of Bucharest]], April 15, 2007. The event was subsequently aired by the [[Romanian Television]].</ref> According to Ibragimbekov, the "sun" depicted in the film is intended to symbolize Stalin, and emphasized a point of the film is that totalitarian regimes "take on a life of their own, destroying not only those whom they were originally intended to destroy but their creators as well".<ref name="Blair"/>

===Filming===
The film was shot in [[Moscow]] while [[Nikolina Gora]] was used for the village, and the scenes set inside the dacha were filmed in [[Nizhny Novgorod]].{{sfn|Beumers|2000|p=xii}} It had a budget of $3.6 million, with major sponsorship from [[Goskino]].{{sfn|Lawton|2004|p=77}} The cinematography on the project was done by [[Vilen Kalyuta]], a Ukrainian cinematographer. For the part of Kotov's daughter Nadia, Mikhalkov cast his daughter Nadezhda, who hoped her compensation would be a bicycle.<ref name="Blair"/> Mikhalkov opted to play Kotov himself because he believed it would make his daughter comfortable,{{sfn|Menashe|2014|p=58}} explaining "certain scenes [were] especially delicate on an emotional level".<ref name="Stone"/>

The scenes were filmed between July and November 1993.{{sfn|Beumers|2000|p=xii}} Mikhalkov decided on a fast shooting schedule out of consideration for Nadezhda, who was six at the time. He remarked that "Children grow quickly and lose the tenderness, the simplicity, and the charm their youth carries".<ref name="Stone"/>

==Themes==
Throughout the film, a fireball appears and sets off fires wherever it goes. This fireball is a burning sun that represents Stalin's purges that come out of nowhere and destroy the most undeserving.<ref name="No Soul">{{cite web |last1=Stone |first1=Alan |title=No Soul |url=https://bostonreview.net/archives/BR20.4/Stone.html |website=Boston Review: A Political and Literary Forum |publisher=Boston Review |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> Kotov is under the impression that he can see clearly and can avoid the excesses of the Soviet's harmful rays. He enjoys the warmth of his family and his status as a war hero but he eventually realizes that he too has been blinded by to his peril and cannot avoid death; Mitya is the burning sun that strikes Kotov.<ref name="No Soul"/> Kotov draws the viewer's sympathy and is portrayed in a positive light.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Dan |title='Burnt' Is Touching Tragedy Of Russia In The '30s |url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/jul/21/burnt-is-touching-tragedy-of-russia-in-the-30s/ |website=The Spokesman-Review |date=21 July 1995 |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>

==Release==
The film premiered at the [[1994 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]] in May 1994. Although it won the [[Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival)|Cannes Grand Prix]], Mikhalkov was said to be bitterly disappointed with not securing the [[Palme d'Or]], with Russian press declaring "defeat".{{sfn|Beumers|2005|p=113}} For marketing within Russia, Mikhalkov personally toured local places and encouraged politicians and businesses to screen his film.{{sfn|Faraday|2010|p=191}} It opened in Moscow on 2 November 1994.{{sfn|Beumers|2000|p=x}}

It later had a video release in Russia, where it topped sales for 48 consecutive weeks, demonstrating great popularity.{{sfn|Norris|2012|p=29}} The film was aired on Russian television on the evening before the [[1996 Russian presidential election]], in a possible attempt to discredit [[Gennady Zyuganov]]'s [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Communist Party]].{{sfn|Faraday|2010|p=190}}

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
[[File:Nikita Michalkov 01.jpg|thumb|upright|Critics praised [[Nikita Mikhalkov]]'s performance and his chemistry with daughter [[Nadezhda Mikhalkova]].]]
In its native Russia, initial reviews were "largely neutral".{{sfn|Beumers|2005|p=113}} Common criticisms in Russia were that the film was "too commercial", and lacked seriousness.{{sfn|Lawton|2004|p=77}} Marc Savlov of [[Austin Chronicle]] wrote "A brilliant, Chekhovian meditation on trust, love, and the intrusive horrors that period of time brought to otherwise normal families".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Savlov |first1=Marc |title=Movie Review: Burnt by the Sun |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/film/1995-06-23/burnt-by-the-sun/ |website=austinchronicle.com}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] gave the film two stars, judging it to be derivative of "many pre-1991 Eastern bloc epics".<ref name="Ebert">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/burnt-by-the-sun-1995 |title=Burnt by the Sun |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=19 May 1995 |access-date=9 September 2016 |work=Rogerebert.com}}</ref> Caryn James described the film in ''[[The New York Times]]'' as "exquisite, lyrical and tough-minded".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=990ce0dc1339f932a15757c0a963958260 |title=Film Review; Charm on the Surface, And Stalinist Realities |last=James |first=Caryn |date=21 April 1995 |access-date=9 September 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> [[Kenneth Turan]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote "What ''Burnt by the Sun'' does best is elegantly intertwine the personal and political themes of love, trust and betrayal".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-04-21-ca-57008-story.html |title=Movie Review : 'Burnt': Russia's Soulful Oscar Winner |last=Turan |first=Kenneth |date=21 April 1995 |access-date=9 September 2016 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> [[David Denby]], writing for ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine, said that while he initially found the film had "too much sunshine", concluded "''Burnt by the Sun'' is an extremely powerful work".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Denby |first=David |date=1 May 1995 |title=Blinded by the Light |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |page=64}}</ref> [[Desson Howe]] of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the film "old-fashioned, auteurist filmmaking" with "mostly pluses", adding "The Mikhalkovs work together like [[Fred Astaire|Astaire]] and [[Ginger Rogers|Rogers]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/burntbythesunrhowe_c016b5.htm |title=Burnt by the Sun |last=Howe |first=Desson |date=19 May 1995 |access-date=9 September 2016 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''{{'s}} Owen Glieberman gave the film a B+, writing "''Burnt by the Sun'' builds slowly, reaching a climax of quiet devastation", and said the rowboat scene is "so tender I don't think I'll ever forget it".<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.ew.com/article/1995/05/05/movie-review-burnt-sun |title=Burnt by the Sun |last=Glieberman |first=Owen |date=5 May 1995 |access-date=9 September 2016 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

The ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' review states Mikhalkov's "performance is impeccable, and the scenes with his daughter Nadia achieve a rare poignancy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com/london/film/burnt-by-the-sun |title=Burnt by The Sun |last=TCH |access-date=9 September 2016 |work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]|date=10 September 2012 }}</ref> In his ''2015 Movie Guide'', [[Leonard Maltin]] gave the film three stars and called it a "Provocative, moving meditation" on Stalinism.{{sfn|Maltin|2014}} The film has an 81% approval rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on 16 reviews, and average rating 7.1/10.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/burnt_by_the_sun/ |title=Burnt by the Sun (1994) |access-date=9 September 2016 |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref>

===Accolades===
The film received the [[Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival)|Grand Prix]] at the [[1994 Cannes Film Festival]],<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/films/outomlionnye-solntsem |title=Outomlionnye Solntsem |access-date=9 July 2017 |work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> and the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref name="Oscars1995">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1995|title=The 67th Academy Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners|access-date=26 September 2015|work=oscars.org|date=5 October 2014 }}</ref> The Academy Award was voted on by attendees of the academy preview screening, since ''Burnt by the Sun'' was not in theatres in the U.S. at the time, and only attendees had seen all five nominated films. [[Roger Ebert]] criticized the award as the result of "the Academy's flawed rules", alleging "A publicist merely has to be sure to invite everyone friendly to the film, while leaving it up to others to find their own way".<ref name="Ebert"/> Both Nikita and Nadezhda Mikhalkov went on stage to accept the Academy Award.{{sfn|Menashe|2014|p=58}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Academy Awards]]
| [[67th Academy Awards|27 March 1995]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]
| [[Nikita Mikhalkov]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="1" | <ref name="Oscars1995"/>
|-
! scope="row"| [[AACTA Awards|Australian Film Institute Awards]]
| 1996
| [[Australian Film Institute Award for Best Foreign Film|Best Foreign Film]]
| rowspan="2" | Nikita Mikhalkov and [[Michel Seydoux]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aacta.org/winners-nominees/1990-1999/1996.aspx |title=Past Winners 1990-1999 |access-date=10 September 2016 |work=AACTA.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309043804/http://www.aacta.org/winners-nominees/1990-1999/1996.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Awards]]
| [[49th British Academy Film Awards|23 April 1996]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language|Film Not in the English Language]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1996/film/film-not-in-the-english-language |title=Film Not in the English Language in 1996 |access-date=10 September 2016 |work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2| [[1994 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]]
| rowspan="2" | [[1994 Cannes Film Festival|12 – 23 May 1994]]
| [[Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival)|Grand Prix]]
| rowspan="3" | Nikita Mikhalkov
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" | <ref name="festival-cannes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cannes.juryoecumenique.org/palmares/article/soleil-trompeur |title=Soleil trompeur |date=28 March 2004 |access-date=10 September 2016 |work=Ecumenical Jury}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prize of the Ecumenical Jury]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[State Prize of the Russian Federation]]
| 1994
| State Prize of the Russian Federation
| {{won}}
| rowspan="1" | {{sfn|Beumers|2000|p=xi}}
|-
|}

==Legacy==

{{See also | Burnt by the Sun 2: Exodus |Burnt by the Sun 3: The Citadel}}

[[File:Mikhalkova_n.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nadezhda Mikhalkova]], as an adult, reprised her role as Nadia in ''[[Burnt by the Sun 2|Burnt by the Sun 2: Exodus]]'' and ''[[Burnt by the Sun 3: The Citadel]]''.]]
[[Nikita Mikhalkov]] directed and reprised his role as Sergei Petrovich Kotov in his 2010 and 2011 sequels, ''[[Burnt by the Sun 2|Burnt by the Sun 2: Exodus]]'' and ''[[Burnt by the Sun 3: The Citadel]]''. It competed for the [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[2010 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/world/news/e3i3d82e5b089623802884efcd38a037f67?pn=2 |title=Hollywood Reporter: Cannes Lineup |access-date=2010-04-16 |work=hollywoodreporter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422212018/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/world/news/e3i3d82e5b089623802884efcd38a037f67?pn=2 |archive-date=April 22, 2010 }}</ref> [[Oleg Menshikov]] and [[Nadezhda Mikhalkova]] also reprised their roles from the original film.

Playwright [[Peter Flannery]] adapted the film as a stage drama by the same name.{{sfn|Flannery|2009}} It opened at the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]], London, in March 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/burnt|title=Burnt by the Sun|author= |work=Productions|publisher=National Theatre|access-date=2009-07-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624094447/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/burnt|archive-date=2009-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/burnt-by-the-sun-national-theatre-london-1637610.html|title=Burnt By The Sun, National Theatre, London|last=Coveney|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Coveney|date=5 March 2009|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=2009-05-21}}</ref> The cast included the Irish actor [[Ciarán Hinds]] as General Kotov, [[Rory Kinnear]] as Mitya, and [[Michelle Dockery]] as Maroussia.

==See also==
* [[List of submissions to the 67th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Russian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last=Beumers |first=Birgit |title=Burnt By the Sun: The Film Companion |location=London and New York |publisher=I.B.Tauris |date=2000 |isbn=1860643965 }}
* {{cite book |last=Beumers |first=Birgit |title=Nikita Mikhalkov: The Filmmaker's Companion 1 |location=London and New York |publisher=I.B.Tauris |date=2005 }}
* [[Katerina Clark|Clark, Katerina]], "[Review of] films ''Burnt by the Sun''", by [[Nikita Mikhalkov]], Michael Seidou, and [[Rustam Ibragimbekov]]; and of ''The Interpretation of Dreams'', by Semen Vinokur and Andrei Zagdansky; in ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 100, No. 4 (October 1995), pp. 1223–1224
* {{cite book |last=Faraday |first=George |title=Revolt of the Filmmakers: The Struggle for Artistic Autonomy and the Fall of the Soviet Film Industry |location=University Park, Pennsylvania |publisher=Penn State Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-0271042466 }}
* {{cite book|last=Flannery |first=Peter |title=Burnt by the Sun |publisher=[[Nick Hern Books]] |location=London |date=26 February 2009 |isbn=978-1-84842-044-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lawton |first=Anna M. |chapter=History in the Making and on Screen |title=Imaging Russia 2000: Film and Facts |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=New Academia Publishing |date=2004 |isbn=0974493430 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lovell |first=Stephen |title=Summerfolk: A History of the Dacha, 1710-2000 |location=Ithaca and London |publisher=Cornell University Press |date=2003 }}
* {{cite book |last=Maltin |first=Leonard |author-link=Leonard Maltin |title=Leonard Maltin's 2015 Movie Guide: The Modern Era |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Group |date=2014 |isbn=978-0698183612 }}
* {{cite book |last=Menashe |first=Louis |chapter=On Stalin and Stalinism |title=Moscow Believes in Tears: Russians and Their Movies |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=New Academia Publishing |date=2014 |isbn=978-0984583225 }}
* {{cite book |last=Norris |first=Stephen M. |title=Blockbuster History in the New Russia: Movies, Memory, and Patriotism |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2012 |isbn=978-0253006790 }}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0111579}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|2=Burnt by the Sun}}
* [http://www.trite.ru Mikhalkov Productions]

{{Nikita Mikhalkov}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for ''Burnt by the Sun''
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{{AcademyAwardBestForeignLanguageFilm 1981–2000}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Burnt By The Sun}}
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Sofia Kovalevskaya (film)

2025-06-06T13:43:49Z

80.95.44.97: /* External links */

{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| director = Ayan Shakhmaliyeva
| producer =
| writer = Boris Dobrodeyev
| starring = [[Elena Safonova]] [[Aristarkh Livanov]] [[Algimantas Masyulis]] [[Lembit Ulfsak]] [[Elena Solovey]] [[Aleksandr Filippenko]]
| music = [[Isaac Schwartz|Isaak Shvarts]]
| cinematography = Sergei Yurizditsky
| editor =
| network =
| released = {{Start date|1985|04}}
| runtime = 220 minutes
| country = Soviet Union
| language = Russian
}}

'''''Sofya Kovalevskaya''''' ({{langx|ru|Софья Ковалевская}}) is a 1985 [[biographical film|biographical]] television miniseries, directed by Ayan Shakhmaliyeva and starring [[Elena Safonova]].

==Synopsis==
Epic film in three episodes, based on a true story of mathematician scientist [[Sofia Kovalevskaya]]. She was a Russian pioneer for women in Tzarist Russia. She was the first woman in the country to become a Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It seemed that the whole world was against her accomplishing this feat. In spite of all the obstacles she later got a Ph.D. in mathematics. However, as no Russian University would accept a woman, she had to emigrate to Western Europe for continuation of her career and studies. She had a daughter and family life. Sofya Kovalevskaya was eventually recognized in Russia. Leading scientists, like Academician Ivan Sechenov, took part in her education and career.

==Production==
Film was produced by [[Gosteleradio]] state production company of the Soviet Union with the production crew of Ekran Studios, Moscow. Filming dates were in 1984 and 1985. Post-production was completed by Ekran studios, and at postproduction facilities of [[Lenfilm]] studios in St. Petersburg in the spring of 1985.

==Filming locations==
Most scenes were filmed in St. Peterburg, Russia, where Sofia Kovalevskaya started her career in science. Some scenes of Western European cities were filmed in Baltic states. Scenes of Sofia Kovalevskaya as a student were filmed at St. Petersburg University.

==Main cast==
*[[Elena Safonova]] as [[Sofia Kovalevskaya|Sofya Kovalevskaya]]
*Aristarkh Livanov
*Natalya Sayko
*[[Algimantas Masyulis]]
*[[Lembit Ulfsak]]
*[[Aleksandr Filippenko]] as [[Dostoyevsky]]
*Yelena Arzhanik
*[[Yelena Solovey]]
*[[Yury Solomin]]
*[[Petr Shelokhonov]] as Academician [[Ivan Sechenov]]
*Vladimir Letenkov
*Stanislav Landgraf
*[[Vaiva Mainelyte]]
*Yelena Arzhanik
*[[Nikolai Kryukov (actor)|Nikolai Kryukov]]

==Comments and connections==
* This was the first leading role for actress [[Elena Safonova]] before she became an international film star.
* Premiered on the National TV of the Soviet Union in April 1985.

==See also==
* ''[[A Hill on the Dark Side of the Moon]]'' — a 1983 Swedish drama film about the life of Sofia Kovalevskaya
* [[List of films about mathematicians]]

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|title=Sofya Kovalevskaya|id=0264950}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qEZGKuVMkag Sofia Kovalevskaya film 1985 part 1 ]

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about mathematicians]]
[[Category:1980s Soviet films]]
[[Category:1980s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Russian-language biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Russian-language historical drama films]]
[[Category:1980s biographical drama films]]
[[Category:1980s historical drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet historical drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Soviet television miniseries]]
[[Category:1980s Soviet television series]]
[[Category:1980s television miniseries]]
[[Category:1985 drama films]]

Alexander Nevsky (film)

2025-06-06T12:41:26Z

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{{short description|1938 film by Sergei Eisenstein}}
{{other uses|Alexander Nevsky (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Alexander Nevsky
| image = Alexander Nevsky Poster.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Sergei Eisenstein]] [[Dmitri Vasilyev (director)|Dmitri Vasilyev]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Pyotr Pavlenko]] Sergei Eisenstein
| starring = [[Nikolay Cherkasov]] [[Nikolay Okhlopkov]] [[Andrei Abrikosov]]
| music = [[Sergei Prokofiev]]
| cinematography = [[Eduard Tisse]]
| editing = Sergei Eisenstein Esfir Tobak
| distributor = [[Amkino Corporation]] U.S.
| studio = [[Mosfilm]]
| released = {{film date|1938|12|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 111 minutes
| country = Soviet Union
| language = Russian
| budget =
}}

'''''Alexander Nevsky''''' ({{langx|ru|Алекса́ндр Не́вский}}) is a 1938 Soviet [[historical drama film]] directed by [[Sergei Eisenstein]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema|author=Peter Rollberg|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|place=US|isbn=978-1442268425|page=40}}</ref> It depicts [[Livonian campaign against Rus'|the attempted invasion]] of [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]] in the 13th century by the [[Teutonic Knights]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and their defeat by Prince Alexander, known popularly as [[Alexander Nevsky]] (1220–1263).

Eisenstein made the film in association with [[Dmitri Vasilyev (director)|Dmitri Vasilyev]] and with a script co-written with [[Pyotr Pavlenko]]; they were assigned to ensure that Eisenstein did not stray into "[[Russian formalism#Political offense|formalism]]" and to facilitate shooting on a reasonable timetable. It was produced by [[Goskino]] via the [[Mosfilm]] production unit, with [[Nikolay Konstantinovich Cherkasov|Nikolai Cherkasov]] in the title role and a musical score by [[Sergei Prokofiev]]. ''Alexander Nevsky'' was the first and most popular of Eisenstein's three sound films. Eisenstein, Pavlenko, Cherkasov and [[Andrei Abrikosov|Abrikosov]] were awarded the [[USSR State Prize|Stalin Prize]] in 1941 for the film.

In 1978, the film was included in the world's 100 best motion pictures according to an opinion poll conducted by the [[Italy|Italian]] [[publishing house]] [[Arnoldo Mondadori Editore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruscico.com/catalog/cataloguedvd/catalogue_106.html |title=mindupper.com |publisher=Ruscico.com |access-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419073546/http://www.ruscico.com/catalog/cataloguedvd/catalogue_106.html |archive-date=2017-04-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Russia Beyond]] considers the film one of the 10 best Russian war films.<ref>{{cite news |last=Egorov |first=Boris |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/329058-10-best-russian-war-movies |title=10 best Russian war movies |work=Russia Beyond |date=31 August 2018 |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[File:1938. Александр Невский.webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=5|''Alexander Nevsky'' (1938)]]
An army of the [[Teutonic Order]] [[Livonian campaign against Rus'|invades and conquers]] the city of [[Pskov Republic|Pskov]] with the help of the traitor Tverdilo, and massacres its population. Novgorod is their next intended target.

Despite resistance from the [[boyar]]s and merchants of Novgorod (urged on by the monk Ananias, Tverdilo's henchman), an appeal is made to Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky, to again become their prince and defend Novgorod. To do so he rallies the common people of the Novgorod area. In the decisive [[Battle of the Ice]], on the surface of frozen [[Lake Peipsi-Pihkva|Lake Chudskoe]], the Teutonic forces are defeated. Pskov is retaken, and there Nevsky passes judgment: the surviving Teutonic foot-soldiers are set free, while the surviving Teutonic knights will be held for ransom. Tverdilo the traitor, together with a Catholic priest who blessed the burning alive of Pskov children, disappear as they are mobbed by the onlookers.

A subplot throughout is the rivalry and friendship of [[Vassily Buslayev|Vasili Buslai]] and Gavrilo Oleksich, two famous (and historic) warriors of Novgorod. Both become commanders of the Novgorod forces, and are engaged in a contest of courage and fighting skill in order to decide which will win the hand of Olga Danilovna, a Novgorod maiden whom both are courting.

At the same time Vasilisa, daughter of a boyar of Pskov killed by the Teutons, joins the Novgorod forces as a soldier. She and Vasili wind up fighting side by side; she throws him a weapon when he is surrounded and weaponless, and it is she who finds and slays Ananias.

Gavrilo and Vasili are seriously wounded and are found by Olga, who retrieves them from the battlefield. Though they defer to each other, in the end Vasili publicly states that neither was the bravest in battle: that honor goes to Vasilisa, followed by Gavrilo. Thus Gavrilo and Olga are united while Vasili chooses Vasilisa as his bride-to-be (with her unspoken consent).

==Cast==
* [[Nikolay Cherkasov]] as Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]
* [[Nikolay Okhlopkov]] as [[Vasily Buslayev|Vasili Buslaev]]
* [[Andrei Abrikosov]] as Gavrilo Oleksich
* [[Dmitry Orlov (actor)|Dmitry Orlov]] as Ignat, the master armorer
* [[Vasili Novikov]] as Pavsha, a [[voivode]] of Pskov
* [[Nikolai Arsky]] as Domash Tverdislavich, a Novgorod boyar
* [[Varvara Massalitinova]] as Amelfa Timoferevna, Buslay's Mother
* [[Valentina Ivashova]] as Olga Danilovna, a maid of Novgorod
* [[Aleksandra Danilova (disambiguation)|Aleksandra Danilova]] as Vasilisa, a maid of Pskov
* [[Vladimir Yershov]] as [[Hermann Balk|Hermann von Balk]], the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
* [[Sergei Blinnikov]] as Tverdilo, the traitor of Pskov
* [[Ivan Lagutin]] as Anani, a Monk
* [[Lev Fenin]] as the Archbishop
* [[Naum Rogozhin]] as the Black-Hooded Monk

==1930s political context==
[[File:Nevski7.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Alexander ([[Nikolay Cherkasov]]) declines a Mongol ambassador's offer to join the [[Golden Horde]]]]

Eisenstein made ''Alexander Nevsky'', his first completed film in 10 years, during the [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)|Stalin era]], at a time of [[Germany–Soviet Union relations before 1941|strained relations]] between the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Nazi Germany]]. The film contains elements of obvious [[allegory]] that reflect the political situation between the two countries at the time of production. Some types of helmets worn by the Teutonic infantry resemble mock-ups of [[Stahlhelm]]s from [[World War I]]. In the first draft of the ''Alexander Nevsky'' script, swastikas even appeared on the invaders' helmets.<ref>Unspecified (1998) and two elaborated swastikas do appear on the [[mitre|miter]] of the bishop of the Holy Roman Empire, who supervises his fighting German lackeys from just behind the lines. Eisenstein's Symphonic Vision. In ''Alexander Nevsky'' [DVD liner notes]. Chatsworth: Image Entertainment.</ref> The film portrays Alexander as a [[folk hero]] and shows him bypassing a fight with the [[Mongol]]s, his old foes, in order to face the more dangerous enemy.

The film also conveys highly [[anti-clerical]] and [[anti-Catholic]] messages.<ref>Tatara, Paul. [https://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/141990 "Review – ''Alexander Nevsky''"] TCM.com</ref> The knights' bishop's miter is adorned with [[swastika]]s, while religion plays a minor role on the Russian side, being present mostly as a backdrop in the form of Novgorod's St. Nicholas Cathedral and the clerics with their [[icon]]s during the victorious entry of Nevsky into the city after the battle.

The film stemmed from a literary scenario entitled ''Rus'', written by [[Pyotr Pavlenko]], a Soviet novelist who conformed to [[Socialist realism|socialist realist]] orthodoxy. The authorities could rely on Pavlenko, in his role of "consultant", to report any wayward tendencies on Eisenstein's part.<ref name=goodwin>{{cite book |last=Goodwin |first=James |title=Eisenstein, Cinema, and History |year=1993 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |location=Urbana, IL |isbn=978-0-252-01964-7 |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pOSbnMSmHUC}}</ref>

''Alexander Nevsky'' stresses as a central theme the importance of the common people in saving Russia, while portraying the nobles and merchants as "bourgeoisie" and [[Enemy of the people|enemies of the people]] who do nothing, a motif that was heavily employed.<ref>[[Richard Overy]], ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia'', p. 558 {{ISBN|0-393-02030-4}}</ref>
[[File:Nevsky2.jpg|thumb|250px|Teutonic knights take over [[Pskov]]]]
While shooting the film, Eisenstein published an article in the official [[newspaper of record]] ''[[Izvestia]]'' entitled "Alexander Nevsky and the Rout of the Germans". He drew a specific parallel between Nevsky and [[Stalin]].<ref name=bergan>{{cite book |last=Bergan |first=Ronald |title=Eisenstein: a life in conflict |year=1999 |publisher=Overlook Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87951-924-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/eisensteinlifein00berg/page/305 305] |url=https://archive.org/details/eisensteinlifein00berg|url-access=registration }}</ref> As a result, the Kremlin requested an advance screening and, without Eisenstein being consulted, his assistants showed the footage to the General Secretary. During the process of this screening, one of the reels, which featured a scene depicting a brawl among the populace of Novgorod, disappeared.<ref name=hoberman /> Whether it was left behind in the editing room inadvertently or whether Stalin saw the footage and objected to it, the filmmakers decided to destroy the reel permanently, since it had not received Stalin's explicit approval.<ref name=hoberman /> Stalin was reported to be very happy with the cut of the film he was shown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latham |first=Bethany |date=2018-02-01 |title=History & Film: Alexander Nevsky and the Uses of Historical Fiction |url=https://historicalnovelsociety.org/history-film-alexander-nevsky-and-the-uses-of-historical-fiction/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Historical Novel Society}}</ref>

The picture was released in December 1938, and became a great success with audiences: on 15 April 1939, Semen Dukelsky – the chairman of the State Committee for Cinematography – reported that it had already been viewed by 23,000,000 people and was the most popular of the films made in recent times.<ref>Kyril Anderson. ''Kremlevskij Kinoteatr. 1928–1953: Dokumenty.'' Rospen Press (2005). {{ISBN|978-5-8243-0532-6}}. p. 539.</ref>

After 23 August 1939, when the USSR signed the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], which provided for non-aggression and collusion between Germany and the Soviet Union, ''Alexander Nevsky'' was removed from circulation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Hartsuyker|first=Linnea|title=History & Film: Alexander Nevsky and the Uses of Historical Fiction|url=https://historicalnovelsociety.org/history-film-alexander-nevsky-and-the-uses-of-historical-fiction/|access-date=21 January 2021|website=historicalnovelsociety|date=February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Von Tunzelmann|first=Alex|date=2009-10-08|title=Alexander Nevsky: Stalinist propaganda in the 13th century|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/oct/08/alexander-nevsky-reel-history|access-date=2021-01-21|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sommerlad|first=Joe|date=2018-01-22|title=Who was the legendary Soviet film director Sergei Eisenstein?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/sergei-eisenstein-anniversary-battleship-potemkin-alexander-nevsky-soviet-cinema-joseph-stalin-russia-ussr-a8171911.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903210127/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/sergei-eisenstein-anniversary-battleship-potemkin-alexander-nevsky-soviet-cinema-joseph-stalin-russia-ussr-a8171911.html |archive-date=2020-09-03 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-21|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> However, the situation reversed dramatically on 22 June 1941 after the Axis [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the Soviet Union]], and the film rapidly returned to Soviet and western screens.<ref name=":0" />

==Style==
''Alexander Nevsky'' is less experimental in its narrative structure than Eisenstein's previous films; it tells one story with a single narrative arc and focuses on one main character. The special effects and cinematography were some of the most advanced at the time.<ref>A. Tommassini, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/21/arts/movies/music-in-review-alexander-nevsky.html Music in Review; Alexander Nevsky]" ''[[The New York Times]]'' October 21, 2006. "To fortify popular sentiment against the Germans, Soviet officials asked Eisenstein to make a film commemorating the victory of the Russian prince Alexander Nevsky over the marauding Knights of the Teutonic Order from Germany in 1242."</ref>

The film climaxes in the half-hour [[Battle of the Ice]], propelled by Prokofiev's ominous, rousing, triumphant musical narrative, a sequence that has served as a model for epic movie battles ever since (e.g., ''[[Henry V (1944 film)|Henry V]]'', ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]'', ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]''). This climactic set piece was the first to be filmed and, since it was shot during a blazing hot summer on a location outside Moscow, cinematographer Eduard Tisse had to take extraordinary steps to render a wintry landscape, including: use of a filter to suggest winter light, painting all the trees light blue and dusting them with chalk, creating an artificial horizon out of sand, and constructing simulated ice sheets out of asphalt and melted glass, supported by floating pontoons that were deflated on cue so that the ersatz ice sheets would shatter under the weight of the Teutonic knights according to pre-cut patterns.<ref name=hoberman>{{cite book |last=Hoberman |first=J. |title=Alexander Nevsky – Commentary to Criterion Collection DVD |year=2001 |publisher=Criterion Collection |location=New York}}</ref>

==Musical score==
[[File:Sergei Prokofiev 03.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sergei Prokofiev]]
[[File:02SongAboutAlexanderNevsky.ogv|thumb|250px|Video of performance of "Song about Alexander Nevsky", Section 2 of ''Alexander Nevsky'' cantata. Length: 2 min, 56 sec]]
{{main|Alexander Nevsky (Prokofiev)}}
The film was the first of Eisenstein's dramatic films to use sound. (The earlier ''[[Bezhin Meadow]]'' had also used sound, but production was shut down and most of the finished scenes were destroyed.) The film's score was [[musical composition|composed]] by [[Sergei Prokofiev]], who later reworked the score into a [[cantata|concert cantata]]. The creation of ''Alexander Nevsky'' was a collaboration in the fullest sense of the word: some of the film was shot to Prokofiev's music and some of Prokofiev's music was composed to Eisenstein's footage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Prokofiev|url=http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/Music-INTERNATIONAL-FILM-OTHER-TRADITIONS-OTHER-PRACTICES.html|work=International Film: Other Traditions, Other Practices|publisher=Film Reference – Advameg, Inc.|access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> Prokofiev viewed the film's rough cut as the first step in composing its inimitable score. The strong and technically innovative collaboration between Eisenstein and Prokofiev in the editing process resulted in a match of music and imagery that remains a standard for filmmakers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.culturalresuena.es/2016/05/warhol-prokofiev-eisenstein-la-musica|title=Warhol, Prokofiev, Eisenstein y la música |last=González Cueto|first=Irene|date=2016-05-23|newspaper=Cultural Resuena|language=es-ES|access-date=2016-10-12}}</ref> [[Valery Gergiev]], the principal conductor of the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], has stated his opinion that Prokofiev's music for this film is "the best ever composed for the cinema".<ref>{{cite web|title=Concert Programme for the 2011–2012 season|url=http://www.cam-phil.org.uk/prog-season.html?showdetails=&year=2011|publisher=The Cambridge Philharmonic Society|access-date=10 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103033126/http://www.cam-phil.org.uk/prog-season.html?showdetails=&year=2011|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Film and concerts==
In the 1990s a new, cleaner print became available. A number of symphony orchestras gave performances of Prokofiev's [[cantata]], synchronized with a showing of the new print. The [[New York Philharmonic]],<ref>A. Tommassini, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/21/arts/movies/music-in-review-alexander-nevsky.html Music in Review; Alexander Nevsky]" ''[[The New York Times]]'' October 21, 2006. "the home of the New York Philharmonic has been temporarily turned into a movie house to present screenings of Sergei Eisenstein's 1938 epic, ''Alexander Nevsky.''"</ref> the [[Detroit Symphony Orchestra]], the [[San Francisco Symphony]], the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]], and the [[Baltimore Symphony Orchestra]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://classical.broadwayworld.com/article/Marin-Alsop-Leads-BSO-in-Music-from-Film-ALEXANDER-NEVSKY-111-13-20121218 |title=Marin Alsop Leads BSO in Music from Film Alexander Nevsky |author=Classical Music News Desk |publisher=Classical.broadwayworld.com |access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref> are five such ensembles. The concerts were quite popular, because Prokofiev's music is badly degraded by the original soundtrack recording, which suffers from extreme [[distortion]] and limited [[frequency response]], as well as cuts to the original score to fit scenes that had already been shot. The cantata not only restored cuts but considerably expanded parts of the score.

==New editions of the film==
In 1986, the film was restored. The film was cleared, the film studio logo was added, the captions were replaced (only the font, but not the content), the music was re-recorded by [[Emin Khachaturian]] conducting the [[State Symphony Cinema Orchestra]].

In 1995, a new edition of the film was issued on [[VHS]] and [[laserdisc]], for which Prokofiev's score was entirely re-recorded in [[hi-fi]] [[Digital data|digital]] stereo by [[Yuri Temirkanov]] conducting the [[St. Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra]] and Chorus, although the dialogue portions of the soundtrack were left unchanged. This enabled a new generation to experience Eisenstein's film and Prokofiev's score in high fidelity, rather than having to settle for the badly recorded musical portion that had existed since the film's original release. There is no version of the re-recorded score available on DVD.

==In popular culture==
Multiple works have been influenced by or refer to ''Alexander Nevsky''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dmpokrov.livejournal.com/40913.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603202816/http://dmpokrov.livejournal.com/40913.html|url-status=dead|title=Эйзенштейн, Доватор и Александр Невский.|date=May 18, 2007|archivedate=June 3, 2008}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2024|certain=yes}}

===Films===
* Scenes from the film were later incorporated into the American propaganda film ''[[The Battle of Russia]]'' (1943).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-07 |title=Эта удивительная Ламанова |url=http://www.moda-image.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95:lamanova&catid=39:moda&Itemid=29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907074848/http://www.moda-image.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95:lamanova&catid=39:moda&Itemid=29 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-07 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=archive.ph}}</ref>
* ''[[Love and Death]]'' (1975), written and directed by [[Woody Allen]], parodies Russian film and literature. The film used the ''Alexander Nevsky'' score.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanke |first=Ken |date=2012-07-31 |title=Love and Death |url=https://mountainx.com/movies/reviews/love_and_death/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Mountain Xpress |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''[[Wizards (film)|Wizards]]'' (1977) uses stock footage from the film in its battle sequences, which were animated using [[rotoscoping]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gibson, McDonnell |first=Jon M., Chris |title=Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi |publisher=Universe |year=2008 |isbn=0789316846}}</ref>
* Certain scenes in [[John Milius]]'s fantasy epic ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)|Conan the Barbarian]]'' (1982) were influenced by ''Alexander Nevsky''. The introduction of [[Thulsa Doom]] and his henchmen after the destruction of Conan's village is reminiscent of the depiction of the [[Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights]] and his fellow knights after the conquest of [[Pskov]]. With its score and choreography, the final ride and attack of the Riders of Doom against Conan resembles the Teutonic Order's cavalry approaching Nevsky in the Battle of Lake Peipus; also, the Enigma of Steel, a major theme of the Conan film, is already mentioned by Nevsky during the final [[Battle of the Ice]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 January 2013 |title=Alexandre Nevski (Aleksandr Nevskii) – 1938 – Sergeï Eisenstein – VOSTFR |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr3S6ItLMTo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216204623/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mr3S6ItLMTo |archive-date=16 February 2015 |access-date=15 February 2015 |work=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* In ''[[Red Dawn]]'' (1984), the marquee at the movie theater in occupied America is showing the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/11/20/homeland-insecurity-in-red-dawn/|title=Homeland insecurity in 'Red Dawn' ★ ★ – Chicago Tribune|website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=20 November 2012 }}</ref>
* Several additional films have scenes strongly influenced by the depiction of the Battle on the Ice, including:
** ''[[Doctor Zhivago (1965 film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'' (1965)
** ''[[Chimes at Midnight]]'' (1965)
** ''[[Billion Dollar Brain]]'' (1967)
** ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' (1980)
** ''[[Mulan (1998 film)|Mulan]]'' (1998)
** ''[[King Arthur (2004 film)|King Arthur]]'' (2004)<ref>{{Cite web |title='King Arthur': The Truth Behind the Myth |url=https://www.awn.com/vfxworld/king-arthur-truth-behind-myth |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Animation World Network |language=en}}</ref>

===Literature===
* [[Tom Clancy]]'s novel ''[[Red Storm Rising]]'' (1986) depicts two American intelligence officers watching ''Alexander Nevsky'' (on an unauthorized Soviet state television satellite feed) on the eve of [[World War III]]. The officers take note of an improved sound track, as well as the [[anti-German sentiment]] and strong sense of Russian (as opposed to Soviet) [[nationalism]]. The next day, as part of a plot to split the [[NATO]] alliance politically, [[KGB]] agents detonate a bomb in the [[Kremlin]], killing a group of children from [[Pskov]], and later arrest a [[West Germany|West German]] [[sleeper agent]] on charges of [[terrorism]].
* ''Nevsky: Hero of the People'' (2012), a graphic novel adaptation of the film, was written by [[Ben McCool]], with art by [[Mario Guevara]] and published by [[IDW Publishing]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://idwpublishing.com/news/article/2195/ |title=IDW's April Solicitations! |access-date=2012-04-05 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127065356/http://idwpublishing.com/news/article/2195/ |archive-date=2012-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Nevsky: Hero of the People |isbn=9781613771815 |author1=McCool, Ben |others=Guevara, Mario (Illustrator) |date=2012 |publisher=IDW Publishing}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ilya Muromets (film)|''Ilya Muromets'' (film)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKskdbazW7w Alexander Nevsky(Full HD)] YouTube Киноконцерн "Мосфильм" channel
* {{IMDb title|0029850}}
* {{TCMDb title|66976}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|alexander_nevsky}}
* [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/8-alexander-nevsky ''Alexander Nevsky''] an essay by [[J. Hoberman]] at the [[Criterion Collection]]
* [http://cinema.mosfilm.ru/films/film/1930-1939/aleksandr-nevskiy/ Alexander Nevsky] at official [[Mosfilm]] site with English subtitles

{{Sergei Eisenstein}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1938 films]]
[[Category:1930s historical action films]]
[[Category:1930s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1930s action war films]]
[[Category:1930s action drama films]]
[[Category:1930s war drama films]]
[[Category:1930s biographical drama films]]
[[Category:1930s Soviet films]]
[[Category:1930s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Soviet historical action films]]
[[Category:Soviet historical drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet action war films]]
[[Category:Soviet action drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet war drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet epic films]]
[[Category:Soviet black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Russian historical action films]]
[[Category:Russian action war films]]
[[Category:Russian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Russian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Northern Crusades films]]
[[Category:War epic films]]
[[Category:War films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in Russia]]
[[Category:Films set in the 13th century]]
[[Category:Mosfilm films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sergei Eisenstein]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dmitri Vasilyev]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sergei Prokofiev]]
[[Category:Alexander Nevsky]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:1938 drama films]]
[[Category:Russian-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Russian-language war drama films]]
[[Category:Russian-language biographical drama films]][[Category:Russian-language historical drama films]]
[[Category:Films critical of the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Soviet propaganda films]]

Heroes of Shipka

2025-06-06T12:31:01Z

80.95.44.97: /* External links */

{{Infobox film
| name = Geroi Shipki
| image = Geroite na Shipka.jpg
| caption = ''Geroite na Shipka'' – Original Bulgarian poster
| director = [[Sergei Vasilyev (director)|Sergei Vasilyev]]
| writer = Arkadi Perventsev
| producer =
| starring = [[Ivan Pereverzev]] [[Apostol Karamitev]] [[Viktor Avdyushko]] [[Georgi Yumatov]]
| music = Petar Stupel, Nikolay Kryukov
| cinematography = Mihail Kirilov
| editing = Yelena Bazhenova
| distributor = [[Lenfilm]]| released = {{Film date|1955|02|25|[[USSR]]|df=yes}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = [[Soviet Union]] [[Bulgaria]]
| language = Russian Bulgarian
}}
'''''Geroite na Shipka''''' ({{langx|bg|Героите на Шипка|links=no}}; {{langx|ru|Герои Шипки|links=no}}, '''''Geroi Shipki'''''; in English: ''Shipka heroes''; US title: ''Heroes of Shipka'') is a 1955 Soviet Union/Bulgarian co-production historical drama film. It tells the story of the famous [[Battle of Shipka Pass]] during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)|Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78]]. The production companies behind the film are [[Boyana Film]], [[Bulgar Film]] and [[Lenfilm]].

The film won the [[Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Director Award]] at the [[1955 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3709/year/1955.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Heroes of Shipka |accessdate=2009-02-01 |work=festival-cannes.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822150840/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3709/year/1955.html |archivedate=2011-08-22 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Set in the 1870s on the [[Balkans|Balkan Peninsula]] under the control of the [[Ottoman Empire]], the film portrays the aftermath of the bloody suppression of the [[April Uprising of 1876|April Uprising (1876)]] in [[Bulgaria]]. The brutal crackdown sparks outrage among progressive members of the Russian intelligentsia. In [[Saint Petersburg]], protests are held, with passionate speeches from figures such as the future writer [[Vsevolod Garshin]] and the renowned surgeon [[Nikolay Pirogov]]. The suffering of Christians in the Ottoman Empire, particularly after the [[Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)|uprisings in Herzegovina]] (1875) and Bulgaria, elicits widespread sympathy in Europe and Russia. In 1877, the Russian Empire declares war on the Ottoman Empire to liberate Orthodox Slavs and establish the independence of Bulgaria and expand Serbia, without seeking additional territorial gains apart from those lost during the [[Crimean War]]. The war, however, intertwines the interests of major powers: [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|Britain]] eyes control of the straits, while [[Germany]] and [[Austria-Hungary]] anticipate the weakening of Russia.

The film vividly depicts key events of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]], including the crossing of the [[Danube River]] at Zimnitsa, the [[Defense of Shipka Pass]], the [[Siege of Plevna]], and the [[Battle of Sheynovo]]. It features numerous historical figures, including military leaders, diplomats, and public figures. The portrayal of the war aligns with the prevailing Soviet historical narrative, contrasting the competence of progressive Russian commanders (such as War Minister [[Dmitry Milyutin]] and Generals [[Mikhail Skobelev]], [[Iosif Gurko]], [[Nikolay Stoletov]], [[Fyodor Radetsky]], [[Eduard Totleben]], and [[Mikhail Dragomirov]]) against the ineffectiveness of the higher command, including [[Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)|Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich]], Generals Nepokoychitsky and Lechitsky, and Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] himself. The film emphasizes the unity between Russian and Bulgarian soldiers in their shared struggle.

The movie combines elements of a historical epic with large-scale battle sequences. It was filmed on location in Bulgaria at the actual historical sites during the same seasons as the events depicted, adding a layer of authenticity to the massive battle scenes. Thousands of soldiers and officers from Soviet and Bulgarian forces participated in the production, contributing to the film's grandiose and historically accurate portrayal of this pivotal war.

==Cast==
* [[Ivan Pereverzev]] as Katorgin
* [[Viktor Avdyushko]] as Osnobishin
* [[Georgi Yumatov]] as Cossack Sashko Kozir
* [[Konstantin Sorokin]] as Makar Lizyuta
* [[Petko Karlukovsky]] as Borimechkata
* [[Apostol Karamitev]] as Petka
* [[Anatoli Alekseyev]] as Timofei
* [[Yevgeny Samoylov]] as Gen. [[Mikhail Skobelev|Skobelev]]
* [[Aleksandr Smirnov (actor)|Aleksandr Smirnov]] as Strukov
* [[Nikolai Massalitinov]] as [[Alexander Gorchakov|Gorchakov]]
* [[Nikolai Simonov]] as [[Otto von Bismarck]]
* [[Bruno Freindlich]] as [[Gyula Andrássy]]
* [[Stefan Pejchev]] as Panayot
* [[Zheni Bozhinova]] as Boyka
* [[Katya Chukova]] as Ionka
* [[Vladimir Taskin]] as [[Benjamin Disraeli]]
* [[Dako Dakovski]] as [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]]
* [[Konstantin Kisimov]] as [[Suleiman Pasha (Ottoman general)|Suleiman Pasha]]
* [[Encho Tagarov]] as [[Ghazi Osman Pasha|Osman Pasha]]
* [[Vladimir Chobur]] as Stoletov
* [[Sergei Papov]] as [[Iosif Gurko]]
* [[Gancho Ganchev]] as Dukmasov

==Crew==
*Original Music:
:Nikolai Kryukov
:[[Filip Kutev]]
*Cinematography:
:Mikhail Kirillov
*Film Editing
:Yelena Bazhenova
*Production Design
:[[Mikhail Bogdanov (artist)|Mikhail Bogdanov]]
:[[Gennady Myasnikov]]
:Georgi-Dzhon Popov
*Costume Design
:Nevena Baltova
:Pepa Misirkova
:Yevgenia Slovtsova
*Makeup
:Vasili Goryunov
*Sound Department
:Boris Antonov
:Aleksandr Babij
:Kuzman Shopov

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0047021}}

[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:1950s Soviet films]]
[[Category:1950s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:1950s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1950s war drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1877]]
[[Category:Soviet historical drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet war drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sergei Vasilyev]]
[[Category:Bulgarian drama films]]
[[Category:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]]
[[Category:1955 war films]]
[[Category:Battle of Shipka Pass]]
[[Category:Soviet epic films]][[Category:Russian-language historical drama films]]
[[Category:Russian-language war drama films]]

{{Bulgaria-film-stub}}
{{1950s-USSR-film-stub}}
{{war-drama-film-stub}}

Chapaev (film)

2025-06-06T10:34:36Z

80.95.44.97: /* External links */

{{Short description|1934 Soviet war film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chapaev
| image = Chapaev_film_poster.jpg
| caption = Official film poster
| director = [[Georgi Vasilyev]] [[Sergei Vasilyev (director)|Sergei Vasilyev]]
| producer =
| writer =
| based_on = ''Чапаев'' by [[Dmitri Furmanov]]
| starring = [[Boris Babochkin]] [[Boris Blinov]] [[Varvara Myasnikova]] [[Leonid Kmit]]
| music = [[Gavriil Popov (composer)|Gavriil Popov]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Lenfilm]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1934}}
| runtime = 91 minutes
| country = Soviet Union
| language = Russian
}}

'''''Chapaev''''' ({{langx|ru|link=no|Чапаев}}, {{IPA|ru|tɕɪˈpaɪf|IPA}}) is a 1934 Soviet biographical [[war film]], directed by the [[Vasilyev brothers]] for [[Lenfilm]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Beumers|first=Birgit |title=Directory of World Cinema: RUSSIA 2|year=2015|publisher=Intellect Ltd|isbn=978-1-7832-0010-8|pages=38–40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fL1DCgAAQBAJ&q=russian+drama+Chapaev&pg=PA39}}</ref> A heavily-fictionalised biography of [[Vasily Chapayev|Vasily Ivanovich Chapayev]] (1887–1919), a [[Red Army]] notable commander of the [[Russian Civil War]], it is based on the novel of the same name by [[Dmitri Furmanov]], a Russian writer and [[Bolshevik]] commissar who fought together with Chapayev.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rollberg|first=Peter|title=Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema|year=2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6268-5|page=132|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cuw1vHuxITYC&q=russian+drama+Chapaev&pg=PA132}}</ref>

Soviet dictator [[Joseph Stalin]] considered Chapaev to be the best film in Soviet cinematography and watched it more than 30 times between 1934 and 1936.<ref>Stephen Kotkin, Stalin: Waiting for Hitler (2017) p.285</ref> President [[Vladimir Putin]] also claimed ''Chapaev'' to be his favorite film.<ref>[https://aif.ru/politics/russia/1152158 Президент РФ назвал «Чапаева» своим любимым фильмом]</ref>

==Plot==
[[File:1934 Чапаев.webm|thumb|''Chapaev'' (1934)]]
The film centers around a Red Army division commanded by Vasily Chapayev in their fight against White Army troops commanded by Colonel Borozdin. A Commissar named Furmanov is delegated to the division from Moscow, and although he initially does not get along with Chapayev, he proves his worth by resolving a conflict that arises when Chapayev's men steal from local peasants and the two become good friends.

With the help of Chapayev's adjutant Petka and the machine gunner Anka (who develop a love interest over the course of the film), and with intelligence provided by Borozdin's defecting aide Petrovich, the division manages to repel an attack from the White Army troops.{{sfn|Stites|1992|p=86}}

Higher-ups in Moscow reassign Furmanov to another Red Army division, and the situation soon deteriorates. Under the cover of darkness, Borozdin and his men attack Chapayev's headquarters. Despite their heroic efforts, Petka and Chapayev are killed. Their sacrifices are avenged, however, as Anka alerts the rest of the division and a counterattack is shown to be successful in the final shots of the film.

==Cast==
[[File:Чапаев кадр Бабочкин.jpg|thumb|[[Boris Babochkin]] as [[Vasily Chapayev]]]]
*[[Boris Babochkin]] – [[Vasily Chapayev]]
*[[Boris Blinov]] – [[Dmitry Furmanov]]
*[[Varvara Myasnikova]] – Anka
*[[Leonid Kmit]] – [[Pyotr Isaev|Petka]]
*Illarion Pevtsov – Colonel Sergei Nikolayveitch Borozdin
*Stepan Shkurat – Potapov (Petrovich), Borozdin's [[Batman (military)|batman]]
*Vyacheslav Volkov – Elan Brigade Commander
*[[Nikolay Simonov]] – platoon commander Zhiharev
*Elena Volintseva – farmer
*[[Boris Chirkov]] – farmer
*[[Sergei Vasilyev (director)|Sergei Vasilyev]] – Lieutenant
*[[Georgiy Zhzhonov]] – Teryosha's, Furmanov's orderly
*[[Mikhail Rostovtsev (actor)|Mikhail Rostovtsev]] – Veterinarian
*Andrei Apsolon – Red Army soldier
*Stepan Krylov – Red Army soldier
*[[Georgi Vasilyev]] – officer with a cigarette
*Victor Yablonsky – Cossack Plastun (uncredited)
*Emil Gal – veterinary assistant (uncredited)
*Konstantin Nazarenko – trouble-making partisan (uncredited)
*Pavel Leshkov – Borozdin's interlocutor (uncredited)

==Style==

Chapayev follows the [[Socialist realism|socialist realist]] style, the dominant form of art in the Soviet Union during the time period. To maintain a "realistic" depiction of the world, the camera work is predictable and repetitive, almost mechanical.

The relationship between Chapayev and Furmanov, which is central to the plot of the film, is typical for a Soviet socialist realist film. Both men are supremely competent in their respective roles as commander and commissar. Chapayev is a heroic figure who represents the common Russian man; he is uneducated, he swears, and he acts disorderly. In contrast, Furmanov, who represents the Party and Communist ideology, is more orderly and domineering; in scenes where the two interact, Furmanov is positioned higher in the frame to indicate his superior status.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bulgakova|first1=Oksana|title=The Elements and Consciousness: The Commander and the Commissar|date=2013|publisher=Academic Studies Press|location=Boston|pages=242–245}}</ref>

==Reception==

''Chapaev'' premiered on 6 November 1934, in the [[Leningrad]] cinema "Titan"; it quickly became one of the most popular films in the Soviet Union. Within the first year it was watched by 30 million people in the USSR alone. Such was the popularity of the film that an editorial in ''[[Pravda]]'' on 21 November proclaimed, "The whole country will watch Chapaev".<ref>[https://electro.nekrasovka.ru/books/6182080/pages/1 «"Чапаева" посмотрит вся страна».] Editorial in ''[[Pravda]]'', 21.11.1934</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Haynes|first1=John|title=Brothers in Arms: The Changing Face of the Soviet Soldier in Stalinist Cinema|journal=The Modern Language Review|date=2000|volume=95|issue=1|pages=154–167|doi=10.2307/3736378|jstor=3736378}}</ref>

It was awarded "Best Foreign Film" by the [[National Board of Review of Motion Pictures|US National Board of Review]] in 1935 and the Grand-Prix of the [[Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne|Paris World Fair]] in 1937.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russiancinema.ru/template.php?dept_id=3&e_dept_id=2&e_movie_id=7130 |title="Чапаев" на сайте russiancinema |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128072922/http://russiancinema.ru/template.php?dept_id=3&e_dept_id=2&e_movie_id=7130 |archive-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In a 1978 poll of cinema critics, the film was considered one of the best 100 films in history.

==Influence==
[[File:The Soviet Union 1964 CPA 3130 stamp (Soviet cinema art. 30th anniversaries of 'Chapaev', 1934 Soviet war film, directed by the Vasilyev brothers for Lenfilm).jpg|thumb|Russian stamp commemorating the 30th anniversary of ''Chapaev'']]
After the release of the film, Chapayev and his assistants Petka and Anka became Russian folklore characters.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/experimentinfilm00unse#page/167/mode/2up|pages=167|publisher=The Grey Walls Press Ltd.|title=Experiment in the Film|editor=Roger Manvell|year=1949}}</ref> These three, together with their political commissar Furmanov, are present in a large number of [[Russian jokes#Vasily Ivanovich|Russian jokes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kp.ru/daily/26053.3/2964431/|publisher=[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]|title=Анекдоты про Чапаева сочинял специальный отдел КГБ|date=2013-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aif.ru/society/history/nastoyaschiy_chapaev_legendarnyy_komdiv_generalom_ne_stal_no_im_stal_ego_syn|publisher=[[Argumenty i Fakty]]|title=Настоящий Чапаев. Легендарный комдив генералом не стал, но им стал его сын|date=2013-02-20}}</ref>

The real Chapayev was already a war hero, but the film increased his heroic status further. When boys would play Reds vs. Whites, they would often imagine themselves to be Chapayev or his heroic adjutant Petka.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bogdanov|first1=Nikolai|title=Literary Characters Influence Life of Soviet Children|journal=The Journal of Educational Sociology|date=1961|volume=35|issue=4|pages=162–164|doi=10.2307/2264826|jstor=2264826}}</ref>{{sfn|Stites|1992|p=86}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |title=Children of Chapaev: the Russian Civil War cult and the creation of Soviet identity, 1918–1941|url=http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2611&context=etd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114130/http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2611&context=etd|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|work=Justus Grant Hartzok |series=Dissertation PhD (Doctor of Philosophy)|publisher=[[University of Iowa]] |year=2009 }} <ref>{{cite book|last1=Salys|first1=Rimgaila|author-link1=Rimgaila Salys|title=The Russian Cinema Reader|date=2013|publisher=Academic Studies Press|location=Boston}}</ref>
*{{cite book
|last= Stites
|first=Richard
|year=1992
|title=Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society Since 1900
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGY_dmShGCAC&q=nikulin
|location=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|page= 86
|isbn=0-521-36986-X
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0024966|title=Chapaev}}
*{{Internet Archive film|id=Chapaev|name=Chapaev}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|chapayev}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1934 films]]
[[Category:1934 war films]]
[[Category:1930s biographical drama films]]
[[Category:1930s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1930s war drama films]]
[[Category:1930s Soviet films]]
[[Category:1930s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Lenfilm films]]
[[Category:Soviet biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet historical drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet war drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Soviet propaganda films]]
[[Category:Russian Civil War films]]
[[Category:Russian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Russia]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sergei Vasilyev]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gavriil Popov]]
[[Category:Biographical films about military personnel]]
[[Category:Films based on novels]][[Category:Russian-language biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Russian-language historical drama films]]
[[Category:Russian-language war drama films]]

Battleship Potemkin

2025-06-06T10:30:51Z

80.95.44.97: /* External links */

{{short description|1925 film by Sergei Eisenstein}}
{{About||the battleship|Russian battleship Potemkin{{!}}Russian battleship ''Potemkin''|the album|Battleship Potemkin (album){{!}}''Battleship Potemkin'' (album)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Battleship Potemkin
| image = Vintage_Potemkin.jpg
| caption = Original Soviet release poster in [[Russian language|Russian]]
| native_name = Бронено́сец «Потёмкин»
| director = [[Sergei Eisenstein]]
| producer = {{ill|Yakov Bliokh|ru|Яков Блиох}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Nina Agadzhanova]]
* Sergei Eisenstein {{small|(uncredited)}}
* [[Grigori Aleksandrov]] {{small|(uncredited)}}
* [[Nikolai Aseyev]] {{small|(intertitles)}}
* [[Sergei Tretyakov (writer)|Sergei Tretyakov]]}} {{small|(intertitles)}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Aleksandr Antonov (actor)|Aleksandr Antonov]]
* [[Vladimir Barsky]]
* Grigori Aleksandrov
* {{ill|Ivan Bobrov|ru|Иван Бобров}}
}}
| music = [[Edmund Meisel]]
| cinematography = [[Eduard Tisse]]
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* Sergei Eisenstein {{small|(uncredited)}}
* Grigori Aleksandrov {{small|(uncredited)}}
}}
| studio = [[Mosfilm]]
| distributor = [[Goskino]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1925|12|21}}
| runtime = 74 minutes
| country = [[Soviet Union]]
| language = {{Plainlist|
* [[Silent film]]
* [[Russian language|Russian]] intertitles}}
}}
''''' Battleship Potemkin''''' ({{langx|ru|Броненосец «Потёмкин»|Bronenosets «Potyomkin»}}, {{IPA|ru|brənʲɪˈnosʲɪts pɐˈtʲɵmkʲɪn|}}), sometimes rendered as '''''Battleship Potyomkin''''', is a 1925 Soviet [[silent film|silent]] [[epic film]] produced by [[Mosfilm]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema|author=Peter Rollberg|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|place=US|isbn=978-1442268425|pages=93–94}}</ref> Directed and co-written by [[Sergei Eisenstein]], it presents a dramatization of [[Russian battleship Potemkin#Mutiny|the mutiny]] that occurred in 1905 when the crew of the [[Russian battleship Potemkin|Russian battleship ''Potemkin'']] rebelled against their officers.

In 1958, the film was voted on [[Expo 58#International film poll|Brussels 12]] list at the 1958 World Expo. ''Battleship Potemkin'' is widely considered one of the [[List of films considered the best|greatest films ever made]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2764734/whats-the-big-deal-battleship-potemkin-1925/ |title=What's the Big Deal?: Battleship Potemkin (1925) |last=Snider |first=Eric |date=23 November 2010 |website=MTV News |publisher=[[MTV]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523022036/http://www.mtv.com/news/2764734/whats-the-big-deal-battleship-potemkin-1925/|archive-date=23 May 2019 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="EbertFest">{{cite web |url=http://www.ebertfest.com/one/battleship_rev.htm |title=Battleship Potemkin |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122192943/http://ebertfest.com/one/battleship_rev.htm |archive-date=22 November 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 November 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmsite.org/greatfilmssummary.html |title=Top Films of All-Time |website=Filmsite |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> In the most recent ''[[Sight and Sound]]'' critics' poll in 2022, it was voted the fifty-fourth-greatest film of all time, and it had been placed in the top 10 in many previous editions.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2022 |title=The Greatest Films of All Time |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/greatest-films-all-time |access-date=8 December 2022 |work=[[British Film Institute]] |publisher=[[Sight & Sound]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[File:Battleship Potemkin (1925).webm|right|thumb|thumbtime=0|''Battleship Potemkin'' (1925)]]
The film is set in June 1905; the protagonists of the film are the members of the crew of the [[Russian battleship Potemkin|''Potemkin'']], a battleship of the [[Imperial Russian Navy]]'s [[Black Sea Fleet]]. Eisenstein divided the plot into five acts, each with its own title:

===Act I: Men and Maggots===
The scene begins with two sailors, [[Afanasi Matushenko|Matyushenko]] and [[Grigory Vakulenchuk|Vakulinchuk]], discussing the need for the crew of the ''Potemkin'', which is anchored off the island of [[Tendra Spit|Tendra]], to support the [[1905 Russian Revolution|revolution]] then taking place within Russia. After their watch, they and other off-duty sailors are sleeping. As an officer inspects the quarters, he stumbles and takes out his aggression on a sleeping sailor. The ruckus causes Vakulinchuk to awake, and he gives a speech to the men as they come to. Vakulinchuk says, "Comrades! The time has come when we too must speak out. Why wait? All of Russia has risen! Are we to be the last?" The scene cuts to morning, where sailors are remarking on the poor quality of the meat. The meat appears to be rotten and covered in maggots, and the sailors say that "even a dog wouldn't eat this!" The ship's doctor, Smirnov, is called over to inspect the meat by the captain. Rather than maggots, the doctor says that they are insects, and they can be washed off before cooking. The sailors further complain about the poor quality of the rations, but the doctor declares the meat edible and ends the discussion. Senior officer [[Ippolit Giliarovsky|Giliarovsky]] forces the sailors still looking over the rotten meat to leave the area, and the cook begins to prepare [[borscht]], although he too questions the quality of the meat. The crew refuses to eat the borscht, instead choosing bread, water, and canned goods. While cleaning dishes, one of the sailors sees an inscription on a plate which reads "[[Lord's Prayer|give us this day our daily bread]]". After considering the meaning of this phrase, the sailor smashes the plate and the scene ends.

===Act II: Drama on the Deck===
All those who refuse the meat are judged guilty of insubordination and are brought to the fore-deck where they receive religious last rites. The sailors are obliged to kneel and a canvas cover is thrown over them as a firing squad marches onto the deck. The First Officer gives the order to fire, but in response to Vakulinchuk's pleas the sailors in the firing squad lower their rifles and the uprising begins. The sailors overwhelm the outnumbered officers and take control of the ship. The officers are thrown overboard, the ship's priest is dragged out of hiding, and finally the doctor is thrown into the ocean as 'food for the worms'. The mutiny is successful but Vakulinchuk, the charismatic leader of the rebels, is killed.

===Act III: The Dead Man Calls Out===
The ''Potemkin'' arrives at the port of [[Odessa]]. Vakulinchuk's body is taken ashore and displayed publicly by his companions in a tent with a sign on his chest that says "For a spoonful of borscht" (Изъ-за ложки борща). The citizens of Odessa, saddened yet empowered by Vakulinchuk's sacrifice, are soon whipped into a frenzy against the Tsar and his government by sympathizers. A man allied with the government tries to turn the citizens' fury against the Jews, but he is quickly shouted down and beaten by the people. The sailors gather to make a final farewell and praise Vakulinchuk as a hero. The people of Odessa welcome the sailors, but they attract the police as they mobilize against the government.

===Act IV: The Odessa Steps===
The citizenry of Odessa take to their boats, sailing out to the ''Potemkin'' to support the sailors, while a crowd of others gather at the [[Potemkin Stairs|Odessa steps]] to witness the happenings and cheer on the rebels. Suddenly a detachment of dismounted [[Cossack host|Cossacks]] form battle lines at the top of the steps and march toward a crowd of unarmed civilians including women and children, and begin firing and advancing with fixed bayonets. Every now and again, the soldiers halt to fire a volley into the crowd before continuing their impersonal, machine-like assault down the stairs, ignoring the people's pleas. Meanwhile, government cavalry attack the fleeing crowd at the bottom of the steps as well, cutting down many of those who survived the dismounted assault. Brief sequences show individuals among the people fleeing or falling, a baby carriage rolling down the steps, a woman shot in the face, broken glasses, and the high boots of the soldiers moving in unison.<ref>Motion Pictures, Art of; pages 499 & 525, Vol 12, Encyclopaedia Britannica Macropaedia</ref>

In retaliation, the sailors of the ''Potemkin'' use the guns of the battleship to fire on the city opera house, where Tsarist military leaders are convening a meeting. Meanwhile, there is news that a squadron of loyal warships is coming to quell the revolt of the ''Potemkin''.

===Act V: One Against All===
The sailors of the ''Potemkin'' decide to take the battleship out from the port of Odessa to face the fleet of the Tsar, flying the [[Red flag (politics)|red flag]] along with the signal "Join us". Just when battle seems inevitable, the sailors of the Tsarist squadron refuse to open fire, cheering and shouting to show solidarity with the mutineers and allowing the ''Potemkin'' to pass between their ships.

==Cast==
* [[Aleksandr Antonov (actor)|Aleksandr Antonov]] as [[Grigory Vakulenchuk|Grigory Vakulinchuk]] (Bolshevik sailor)
* [[Vladimir Barsky]] as Commander Evgeny Golikov
* [[Grigori Aleksandrov]] as Chief Officer [[Ippolit Giliarovsky|Giliarovsky]]
* [[Mikhail Gomorov]] as [[Afanasi Matushenko]]
* [[Maksim Shtraukh]] as Fyodor Smirnov
* Aleksandr Levshin as Petty Officer
* Ivan Bobrov as Young sailor flogged while sleeping
* Nina Poltavseva as Woman with [[pince-nez]]
* Lyrkean Makeon as the Masked Man
* Konstantin Feldman as Student agitator
* [[Beatrice Vitoldi]] as Woman with the baby carriage

==Production==
On the 20th anniversary of the [[1905 Russian Revolution|first Russian revolution]], the commemorative commission of the [[All-Russian Central Executive Committee]] decided to stage a number of performances dedicated to the revolutionary events of 1905. As part of the celebrations, it was suggested that a "... grand film [be] shown in a special program, with an oratory introduction, musical (solo and orchestral) and a dramatic accompaniment based on a specially written text".<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ru:Броненосец "Потемкин." |series=Шедевры советского кино |editor=Наум И. Клейман |editor2=К. Б. Левина |page=24}}</ref> [[Nina Agadzhanova]] was asked to write the script and direction of the picture was assigned to 27-year-old [[Sergei Eisenstein]].<ref name="seton-74">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/sergeimeisenstei00seto#page/74/mode/2up |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |author=Marie Seton |title=Sergei M. Eisenstein: a biography |year=1960 |page=74 |author-link=Marie Seton}}</ref>

In the original script, the film was to highlight a number of episodes from the 1905 revolution: the [[Russo-Japanese War]], [[Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1906]], [[Bloody Sunday (1905)|revolutionary events in St. Petersburg]] and the [[Moscow uprising of 1905|Moscow uprising]]. Filming was to be conducted in a number of cities within the USSR.<ref name="leyda">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/kinohistoryofrus00jayl#page/193/mode/2up/ |publisher=[[George Allen & Unwin]] |author=Jay Leyda |title=Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film |year=1960 |pages=193–199 |author-link=Jay Leyda}}</ref>

Eisenstein hired many non-professional actors for the film; he sought people of specific types instead of famous stars.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/sergeimeisenstei00seto#page/79/mode/2up|publisher=[[Grove Press]] |author=Marie Seton |title=Sergei M. Eisenstein: a biography |year=1960 |pages=79–82 |author-link=Marie Seton}}</ref><ref name="leyda" />

Shooting began on 31 March 1925. Eisenstein began filming in Leningrad and had time to shoot the railway strike episode, [[horsecar]], city at night and the strike crackdown on Sadovaya Street. Further shooting was prevented by deteriorating weather, with fog setting in. At the same time, the director faced tight time constraints: the film needed to be finished by the end of the year, although the script was approved only on 4 June. Eisenstein decided to give up the original script consisting of eight episodes, to focus on just one, the uprising on the [[Russian battleship Potemkin|battleship ''Potemkin'']], which involved just a few pages (41 frames) from Agadzhanova's script. Eisenstein and [[Grigori Aleksandrov]] essentially recycled and extended the script.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gornovosti.ru/tema/other/3529-shedevr-za-dva-mesyaca.htm |publisher=Gorodskie Novosti |title=Шедевр за два месяца |access-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104224/http://gornovosti.ru/tema/other/3529-shedevr-za-dva-mesyaca.htm |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, during the progress of making the film, some episodes were added that had existed neither in Agadzhanova's script nor in Eisenstein's scenic sketches, such as the storm scene with which the film begins. As a result, the content of the film was far removed from Agadzhanova's original script.

The film was shot in [[Odessa]], at that time a center of film production where it was possible to find a suitable warship for shooting.

The first screening of the film took place on 21 December 1925 at a ceremonial meeting dedicated to the anniversary of the 1905 revolution at the [[Bolshoi Theatre]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/notesoffilmdirec00eise#page/140/mode/2up |publisher=[[Foreign Languages Publishing House (Soviet Union)|Foreign Languages Publishing House]] |author=Sergei Eisenstein |title=Notes of a film director |year=1959 |page=140 |author-link=Sergei Eisenstein}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |publisher=Iskusstvo |author=Esfir Shub |title=My Life — Cinema |year=1972 |pages=98 |author-link=Esfir Shub}}</ref> The premiere was held in Moscow on 18 January 1926, in the 1st Goskinoteatre (now called the [[:ru:Художественный (кинотеатр, Москва)|Khudozhestvenny]]).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kv5VfOoSDdQC&pg=PA137 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |editor=Richard Taylor, Ian Christie |title=The Film Factory: Russian and Soviet Cinema in Documents |year=1994 |pages=137 |isbn=9781135082512}}</ref><ref name="rg_watch">{{cite web |url=https://rg.ru/2013/12/05/bronenosets-site.html |publisher=rg.ru |title=Почему стоит снова посмотреть фильм "Броненосец "Потемкин"|date=5 December 2013 }}</ref>

The silent film received a voice dubbing in 1930, was restored in 1950 (composer Nikolai Kryukov) and reissued in 1976 (composer [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]) at [[Mosfilm]] with the participation of the [[:ru:Государственный фонд кинофильмов Российской Федерации|USSR State Film Fund]] and the Museum of S.M. Eisenstein under the artistic direction of [[Sergei Yutkevich]].

In 1925, after sale of the film's negatives to Germany and reediting by director [[Phil Jutzi]], ''Battleship Potemkin'' was released internationally in a different version from that originally intended. The attempted execution of sailors was moved from the beginning to the end of the film. Later it was subjected to censorship, and in the USSR some frames and intermediate titles were removed. The words of [[Leon Trotsky]] in the prologue were replaced with a quote from [[Lenin]].<ref name="rg_watch" /> In 2005, under the overall guidance of the Foundation [[Deutsche Kinemathek]], with the participation of the State Film Fund and the [[Russian State Archive of Literature and Art]], the author's version of the film was restored, including the music by [[Edmund Meisel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pravda.ru/culture/cinema/russiancinema/19-12-2008/296505-potemkin-0/ |publisher=[[Pravda]] |title="Потемкин" после реставрации |date=19 December 2008}}</ref>

The battleship ''Kniaz Potemkin Tarritcheski'', later renamed ''Panteleimon'' and then ''Boretz Za Svobodu'', was derelict and in the process of being scrapped at the time of the film shoot. It is usually stated that the battleship {{ship|Russian battleship|Dvenadsat Apostolov||2}} was used instead, but she was a very different design of vessel from that of the ''Potemkin'', and the film footage matches the battleship {{ship|Russian battleship|Rostislav||2}} more closely. The ''Rostislav'' had been scuttled in 1920, but her [[superstructure]] remained completely above water until 1930. Interior scenes were filmed on the cruiser {{ship|Soviet cruiser|Komintern||2}}. Stock footage of ''Potemkin'' was used to show her at sea, and stock footage of the French fleet depicted the waiting Russian Black Sea fleet. Anachronistic footage of triple-gun-turret Russian [[dreadnought]]s was also included.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/notesoffilmdirec00eise#page/18/mode/2up |publisher=[[Foreign Languages Publishing House (Soviet Union)|Foreign Languages Publishing House]] |author=Sergei Eisenstein |title=Notes of a film director |year=1959 |pages=18–23 |author-link=Sergei Eisenstein}}</ref><ref name="leyda" />

In the film, the rebels raise a red flag on the battleship, but the [[orthochromatic]] black-and-white film stock of the period made the color red look black, so a white flag was used instead. Eisenstein hand-tinted the flag in red in 108 frames for the premiere at the Grand Theatre, which was greeted with thunderous applause by the Bolshevik audience.<ref name="rg_watch" />

==Film style and content==
The film is composed of five episodes:
* "Men and Maggots" ({{lang|ru|Люди и черви}}), in which the sailors protest having to eat rotten meat.
* "Drama on the Deck" ({{lang|ru|Драма на тендре}}), in which the sailors mutiny and their leader Vakulinchuk is killed.
* "A Dead Man Calls for Justice" ({{lang|ru|Мёртвый взывает}}), in which [[Grigory Vakulenchuk|Vakulinchuk's]] body is mourned by the people of [[Odessa]].
* "The [[Potemkin Stairs|Odessa Steps]]" ({{lang|ru|Одесская лестница}}), in which imperial soldiers massacre the Odesans.
* "One against all" ({{lang|ru|Встреча с эскадрой}}), in which the squadron tasked with intercepting the Potemkin instead declines to engage; lowering their guns, its sailors cheer on the rebellious battleship and join the mutiny.

Eisenstein wrote the film as revolutionary propaganda,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marxist.com/ArtAndLiterature-old/potemkin_trafalgar_square0904.htm |last=Martorell |first=Jordi |title=Pet Shop Boys meet Battleship Potemkin – Revolution in Trafalgar Square|website=[[Revolutionary Communist International|In Defence of Marxism]]|date=14 September 2004|access-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010125831/http://www.marxist.com/ArtAndLiterature-old/potemkin_trafalgar_square0904.htm |archive-date=10 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hoskisson |first=Mark |url=http://www.permanentrevolution.net/?view=entry&entry=1933 |title=Battleship Potemkin, Strike, October by Sergei Eisenstein: Appreciation |date=22 February 2008 |work=Permanent Revolution|access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071303/http://www.permanentrevolution.net/?view=entry&entry=1933 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but also used it to test his theories of [[Soviet montage theory|montage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silentsaregolden.com/HAV%20Bulleid/Battleship%20Potemkin.html |title=Battleship Potemkin |first=H. A. V. |last=Bulleid|work=Famous Library Films|access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref> The revolutionary Soviet filmmakers of the [[Lev Kuleshov|Kuleshov]] school of filmmaking were experimenting with the effect of [[film editing]] on audiences, and Eisenstein attempted to edit the film in such a way as to produce the greatest emotional response, so that the viewer would feel sympathy for the rebellious sailors of the Battleship ''Potemkin'' and hatred for their overlords. In the manner of most [[propaganda]], the characterization is simple, so that the audience could clearly see with whom they should sympathize.

[[Image:Крым. Алупка. Воронцовский дворец. Львиная терраса 1910-1913гг 464650 e1sm.jpg|thumb|The [[Vorontsov Palace (Alupka)|Vorontsov Palace]] lion sculptures featured by Eisenstein, ca 1910-1913]]
A notable example of Eisenstein's montage technique is the sequence featuring the lion statues at the [[Vorontsov Palace, Alupka|Vorontsov Palace]] in [[Crimea]]. The statues—a sleeping lion, a waking lion, and one rising to its feet—are edited in succession to create the illusion of movement, symbolizing the revolutionary awakening. These statues were modeled after the [[Medici Lions]] of Renaissance Italy, linking classical art to the film's modern revolutionary themes.<ref name="Winkler2021">{{cite journal |last=Winkler |first=Martin M. |title=The Medici Lions: Culture and Cinema from Rome to Alupka and Beyond |journal=ClassicoContemporaneo |volume=7 |year=2021 |url=https://www.classicocontemporaneo.eu/index.php/209-numero-7/presenze-classiche-7/arti-visive-7/545-the-medici-lions-culture-and-cinema-from-rome-to-alupka-and-beyond |access-date=2025-01-01 |issn=2421-4744 }}</ref>

Eisenstein's experiment was a mixed success; he "was disappointed when ''Potemkin'' failed to attract masses of viewers",<ref>{{cite book |last=Neuberger |first=Joan |year=2003 |title=Ivan the Terrible |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=New York}}</ref> but the film was also released in a number of international venues, where audiences responded positively. In both the Soviet Union and overseas, the film shocked audiences, but not so much for its political statements as for its use of violence, which was considered graphic by the standards of the time.<ref name="Potem">{{cite web|last=Snider |first=Eric |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2764734/whats-the-big-deal-battleship-potemkin-1925/|title=What's the Big Deal?: Battleship Potemkin (1925)|work=MTV News|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312052851/http://www.mtv.com/news/2764734/whats-the-big-deal-battleship-potemkin-1925/|archive-date=12 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Corney|first=Frederick C.|title=Battleship Potemkin |url=http://worldcinemadirectory.co.uk/index.php/component/film/?id=432 |website=Directory of World Cinema|access-date=28 November 2010|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125135003/http://worldcinemadirectory.co.uk/index.php/component/film/?id=432|archive-date=25 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="Potem1">{{cite web|url=http://www.germaniainternational.com/himmler4.html |title=Heinrich Himmler: Order from Top SS Commander (Himmler) about Russian Propaganda Film|work=Germania International|access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref> The film's potential to influence political thought through emotional response was noted by Nazi propaganda minister [[Joseph Goebbels]], who called ''Potemkin'' "a marvelous film without equal in the cinema ... anyone who had no firm political conviction could become a [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] after seeing the film."<ref name="Potem1" /><ref name = "ht">{{cite magazine |last=Winston |first=Brian |title=Triumph of the Will |magazine=History Today |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/triumph-will |volume=47 |issue=1 |date=1 January 1997|access-date=30 July 2006}}</ref> He was even interested in getting Germans to make a similar film. Eisenstein did not like the idea and wrote an indignant letter to Goebbels in which he stated that [[Nazism|National Socialistic]] realism did not have either truth or realism.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/sergeimeisenstei00seto#page/326/mode/2up |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |first=Marie |last=Seton |title=Sergei M. Eisenstein: a biography |year=1960 |pages=326–327 |author-link=Marie Seton}}</ref> The film was not banned in [[Nazi Germany]], although [[Heinrich Himmler]] issued a directive prohibiting [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] members from attending screenings, as he deemed the movie inappropriate for the troops.<ref name="Potem1" /> The film was eventually banned in some countries, including the United States and France for a time, as well as in its native Soviet Union. The film was banned in the United Kingdom longer than was any other film in British history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/education/case-studies/battleship-potemkin |title=Battleship Potemkin |work=British Board of Film Classification|date=14 August 2020 |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412145311/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/education/case-studies/battleship-potemkin |archive-date=12 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==The Odessa Steps sequence==
One of the most celebrated scenes in the film is the massacre of civilians on the [[Odessa]] Steps (also known as the Primorsky or [[Potemkin Stairs]]). This sequence has been assessed as a "classic"<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battleship-Potemkin "Battleship Potemkin"]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref> and one of the most influential in the history of cinema.<ref>"What Eisenstein created was the action sequence, which is absolutely vital to any modern film. ... Eisenstein's editing techniques have been used in any film made since that features any type of action sequence at all." Dylan Rambow (25 April 2015), [http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/20-influential-silent-films-every-movie-buff-should-see/3/#ixzz4N2Zafzst "20 Influential Silent Films Every Movie Buff Should See"], ''Taste of Cinema''.</ref><ref>Andrew O'Hehir (12 January 2011), [http://www.salon.com/2011/01/12/potemkin/ "How 'Battleship Potemkin' reshaped Hollywood"], ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]''</ref> In the scene, the [[Tsar]]'s soldiers in their white summer tunics march down a seemingly endless flight of steps in a rhythmic, machine-like fashion, firing volleys into a crowd. A separate detachment of mounted [[Cossack]]s charges the crowd at the bottom of the stairs. The victims include an older woman wearing [[pince-nez]], a young boy with his mother, a student in uniform and a teenage schoolgirl. A mother pushing an infant in a baby carriage falls to the ground dying and the carriage rolls down the steps amid the fleeing crowd.

The massacre on the steps, although it did not take place in daylight<ref>{{cite book |first=Neal |last=Bascomb |page=352 |title=Red Mutiny |isbn=978-0-547-05352-3 |year=2008|publisher=Houghton Mifflin }}</ref> or as portrayed,<ref>{{cite book |last=Fabe |first=Marilyn |title=Closely Watched Films: An Introduction to the Art of Narrative Film Technique |url=https://archive.org/details/closelywatchedfi00fabe_0 |url-access=registration |publisher=University of California Press |date=1 August 2004 |isbn=0-520-23862-1 |page=24}}</ref> was based on the fact that there were widespread riots in other parts of the city, sparked off by the arrival of the ''Potemkin'' in Odessa Harbour. Both ''[[The Times]]'' and the resident British [[Consul general|consul]] reported that troops fired on the rioters; deaths were reportedly in the hundreds.<ref name="Times report">"During the night there were ... fierce conflicts between the troops and the rioters. The dead are reckoned in hundreds." "Havoc in the Town and Harbour", ''The Times'', 30 June 1905, p. 5.</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] writes, "That there was, in fact, no tsarist massacre on the Odessa Steps scarcely diminishes the power of the scene ... It is ironic that [Eisenstein] did it so well that today, the bloodshed on the Odessa steps is often referred to as if it really happened."<ref>[[Roger Ebert|Ebert, Roger]] (19 July 1998). "[https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-battleship-potemkin-1925 The Battleship Potemkin]", ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''.</ref>

{{Gallery
|title="Odessa Steps" sequence
|align=center
|File:odessastepsboots.jpg
|The boots of the soldiers shown marching down the Odessa Steps
|File:odessastepsbaby.jpg
|A baby in a carriage falling down the Odessa Steps
|File:Potemkinmarch.jpg
|A wide shot of the massacre on the Odessa Steps
}}

===Treatment in other works of art===
[[File:Eisenstein Potemkin 2.jpg|thumb|upright|British painter [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]] called this ''Battleship Potemkin'' image a "catalyst" for his work.]]
[[File:Untitled (Crowd 1), 1992.jpg|thumb|Soviet Union-born American photographer [[Alexey Titarenko]] paid tribute to the Odessa Steps shot in his series ''City Of Shadows'' (St. Petersburg, 1991).]]

The scene is perhaps the best example of Eisenstein's theory on montage, and many films pay homage to the scene, including:

* [[Terry Gilliam]]'s ''[[Brazil (1985 film)|Brazil]]''
* [[Brian De Palma]]'s ''[[The Untouchables (1987 film)|The Untouchables]]''<ref name="denofgeek">{{cite web |title=Iconic movie scene: The Untouchables' Union Station shoot-out |url=http://www.denofgeek.us/movies/18343/iconic-movie-scene-the-untouchables%E2%80%99-union-station-shoot-out |publisher=Den of Geek |date=16 November 2011 |access-date=2020-10-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419031700/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/18343/iconic-movie-scene-the-untouchables%E2%80%99-union-station-shoot-out |archive-date=2019-04-19 }}</ref>
* [[George Lucas]]'s ''[[Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/feb/01/features.features |title=Films influenced by Battleship Potemkin |author=Xan Brooks |date=1 February 2008 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref>
* [[Tibor Takacs (director)|Tibor Takacs]]'s ''[[Deathline]]''
* [[Laurel and Hardy]]'s ''[[The Music Box]]''
* [[N. Chandra|Chandrashekhar Narvekar's]] Hindi film ''[[Tezaab]]''
* [[Shukō Murase]]'s anime ''[[Ergo Proxy]]''
* [[Peter Sellers]]' ''[[The Magic Christian (film)|The Magic Christian]]''
* ''[[The Children Thief]]''
* [[Johnnie To]]'s ''[[Three (2016 film)|Three]]''
* [[Ettore Scola]]'s ''[[We All Loved Each Other So Much]]''
* [[Denis Villeneuve]]'s ''[[Dune (2021 film)|Dune]]''

Several films spoof it, including
* [[Woody Allen]]'s ''[[Bananas (film)|Bananas]]'' and ''[[Love and Death]]''
* [[Zucker, Abrahams, and Zucker]]'s ''[[Naked Gun 33 1/3: The Final Insult|Naked Gun {{frac|33|1|3}}: The Final Insult]]'' (though also a parody of ''The Untouchables'')
* the Soviet-Polish comedy ''[[Deja Vu (1988 film)|Deja Vu]]''
* [[Jacob Tierney]]'s ''[[The Trotsky]]''
* The short film ''[[Mr. Bill#Film|Mr. Bill Goes to Washington]]''
* The German–Turkish film ''[[Kebab Connection]]''
* The 1999 direct-to-video film ''[[An American Tail: The Mystery of the Night Monster]]''
* The Italian [[Ugo Fantozzi|Fantozzi]] comedy film {{lang|it|[[Il secondo tragico Fantozzi]]}}

Non-film shows that parody the scene include:
* a 1996 episode of the American adult animated sitcom, ''[[Duckman]]'', entitled "The Longest Weekend"
* a 2014 episode of ''[[Rake (Australian TV series)|Rake]]'' (Season 3, Episode 5)

Artists and others influenced by the work include:
* The Irish-born painter [[Francis Bacon (painter)|Francis Bacon]] (1909–1992). Eisenstein's images profoundly influenced Bacon, particularly the Odessa Steps shot of the nurse's broken glasses and open-mouthed scream. The open mouth image appeared first in Bacon's ''Abstraction from the Human Form'', in ''[[Fragment of a Crucifixion]]'', and other works including his famous ''Head'' series.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peppiatt |first=Michael |year=1996 |title=Francis Bacon: Anatomy of an Enigma |publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |isbn=0-297-81616-0 |location=London}}</ref>
* The Soviet Union-born photographer and artist [[Alexey Titarenko]] was inspired by and paid tribute to the Odessa Steps sequence in his series ''City of Shadows'' (1991–1993), shot near the subway station in [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref>Protzman, Ferdinand (2003). "Landscape. Photographs of Time and Place". ''[[National Geographic Magazine|National Geographic]]'', {{ISBN|0-7922-6166-6}}</ref>
* The popular culture periodical (and website) ''Odessa Steps Magazine'', started in 2000, is named after the sequence.
* The 2011 October Revolution parade in Moscow featured a homage to the film.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sqar.nl/119-projects/movies-in-concert/931-battleship-potemkin|title=News|website=Squire Artists|date=18 May 2012 }}</ref>
* Episode 2 of Japanese animation ''[[Ergo Proxy]]'' titled "Confessions of a Fellow Citizen".

==Distribution, censorship and restoration==
After its first screening, the film was not distributed in the Soviet Union and there was a danger that it would be lost among other productions. Poet [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]] intervened because his good friend, poet [[Nikolai Aseev]], had participated in the making of the film's intertitles. Mayakovsky's opposing party was Sovkino's president [[Konstantin Shvedchikov]]. He was a politician and friend of Vladimir Lenin who once hid Lenin in his home before the Revolution. Mayakovsky presented Shvedchikov with a hard demand that the film would be distributed abroad, and intimidated Shvedchikov with the fate of becoming a villain in history books. Mayakovsky's closing sentence was "Shvedchikovs come and go, but art remains. Remember that!" Besides Mayakovsky many others also persuaded Shvedchikov to spread the film around the world and after constant pressure from Sovkino he eventually sent the film to Berlin. There ''Battleship Potemkin'' became a huge success, and the film was again screened in Moscow.<ref name="leyda" />

When [[Douglas Fairbanks]] and [[Mary Pickford]] visited Moscow in July 1926, they were full of praise for ''Battleship Potemkin''; Fairbanks helped distribute the film in the U.S., and even asked Eisenstein to go to Hollywood. In the U.S. the film premiered in New York on 5 December 1926, at the [[Samuel J. Friedman Theatre|Biltmore Theatre]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/sergeimeisenstei00seto#page/87/mode/2up |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |author=Marie Seton|title=Sergei M. Eisenstein: a biography |year=1960 |page=87 |author-link=Marie Seton}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/kinohistoryofrus00jayl#page/205/mode/2up/ |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |author=Jay Leyda |title=Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film |year=1960 |pages=205 |author-link=Jay Leyda}}</ref>

The film was shown in an edited form in Germany, with some scenes of extreme violence edited out by German distributors. A written introduction by Trotsky was cut from Soviet prints after he ran afoul of [[Stalin]]. The film was banned in the United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/battleship-potemkin-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0yndy0mdy |title=Battleship Potemkin |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=30 September 1926 |access-date=24 December 2024 |quote=The BBFC determined this content to be unsuitable for classification at the time it was submitted.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |publisher=Riant Chateau TERRITET Switzerland |author=Bryher |title=Film Problems Of Soviet Russia |year=1922 |pages=31 |author-link=Bryher (novelist)}}</ref> (until 1954; it was then X-rated<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/battleship-potemkin-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0yndy0mdy |title=Battleship Potemkin |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=11 January 1954 |access-date=24 December 2024 |quote=Mild violence occurs during a massacre on the Odessa Steps which shows several people being shot and trampled on, with brief sight of bloody detail on the faces of the dead and injured.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/education/case-studies/battleship-potemkin |title=Case Study: Battleship Potemkin, Students' British Board of Film Classification website |publisher=Sbbfc.co.uk |access-date=5 October 2014}}</ref> until 1987<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/battleship-potemkin-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0yndy0mdy |title=Battleship Potemkin |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=16 November 1987 |access-date=24 December 2024 |quote=Mild violence occurs during a massacre on the Odessa Steps which shows several people being shot and trampled on, with brief sight of bloody detail on the faces of the dead and injured.}}</ref>), France, Japan, and other countries for its revolutionary zeal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Soviet Films Hit by Foreign Censor, U.S. Is Liberal |newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |location=New York City |pages=6 |date=13 July 1928 |url=https://archive.org/details/variety91-1928-07/page/n77/mode/1up |access-date=2024-03-17}}</ref>

Today the film is widely available in various DVD editions. In 2004, a three-year restoration of the film was completed. Many excised scenes of violence were restored, as well as the original written introduction by Trotsky. The previous English [[intertitle]]s, which had toned down the mutinous sailors' revolutionary rhetoric, were corrected so that they would now be an accurate translation of the original Russian titles.

===Posters===
[[File:kino0.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Another poster of ''Battleship Potemkin'']]
The [[poster]]s for the movie ''Battleship Potemkin'' created by [[Alexander Rodchenko|Aleksandr Rodchenko]] in 1925 became prominent examples of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Constructivism (art)|constructivist art]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Ian Haydn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffR0DwAAQBAJ&dq=Potemkin&pg=PA47|title=Selling the Movie: The Art of the Film Poster|date=2018-09-20|publisher=White Lion Publishing|isbn=978-0-7112-4025-4|language=en}}</ref> One version shows a sniper sight on two scenes of [[Sergei Eisenstein|Eisenstein]]'s movie, representing two guns of the Battleship.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gourianova|first=Nina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zc8kDQAAQBAJ&dq=Battleship_Potemkin_poster&pg=PA273|title=The Aesthetics of Anarchy: Art and Ideology in the Early Russian Avant-Garde|date=2012-03-06|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-26876-0|language=en}}</ref>

Another version was created in 1926.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ivam.es/catalogospdfs/0664/pubData/source/Rodchenko.pdf|title=Ródchenko. Caso de estudio|publisher=[[IVAM]]}}</ref> Being part of collections of museums such as [[Valencia]]'s [[Institut Valencià d'Art Modern|IVAM]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Institut Valencià d'Art Modern|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LSL6Y9I7Si0b2pRIqgoQ2zKGmLoGyH02/view?usp=sharing|title=50 obras maesstras de la Colección del IVAM: 1900-1950|date=2019|publisher=Institut Valencià d'Art Modern|others=Rocío Robles Tardóo|isbn=978-84-482-6416-1|location=València|oclc=1241664690}}</ref> shows a much clearer image.<ref name=":0" /> Using a central romboid figure with the [[Battleship]] on it, combines [[graphic design]] and [[photomontage]] to create an image where the Battleship is the main protagonist.<ref name=":0" /> The clear image contrasts with the aggressive use of [[painting]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=El acorazado Potempkin - Alexander Rodchenko|url=https://historia-arte.com/obras/el-acorazado-potempkin|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-19|website=HA!|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922114529/https://historia-arte.com/obras/el-acorazado-potempkin |archive-date=2020-09-22 }}</ref> whereas the diagonal lines are also a recognizable trait of the work.<ref name=":1" />

There is also a poster where the central figure is a [[sailor]], with the Battleship on the central background.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Underwood|first=Alice E. M.|title="We invented and changed the world": A Rodchenko Art Gallery|url=https://russianlife.com/stories/online/we-invented-and-changed-the-world-a-rodchenko-art-gallery/|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Russian Life|language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtracks==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2020}}
To retain its relevance as a propaganda film for each new generation, Eisenstein hoped the score would be rewritten every 20 years. The original score was composed by [[Edmund Meisel]]. A salon orchestra performed the Berlin premiere in 1926. The instruments were flute/piccolo, trumpet, trombone, harmonium, percussion and strings without viola. Meisel wrote the score in twelve days because of the late approval of film censors. As time was so short Meisel repeated sections of the score. Composer/conductor Mark-Andreas Schlingensiepen has reorchestrated the original piano score to fit the version of the film available today.

[[Nikolai Kryukov (composer)|Nikolai Kryukov]] composed a new score in 1950 for the 25th anniversary. In 1985, Chris Jarrett composed a solo piano accompaniment for the movie. In 1986 [[Eric Allaman]] wrote an electronic score for a showing that took place at the 1986 [[Berlin International Film Festival]]. The music was commissioned by the organizers, who wanted to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the film's German premiere. The score was played only at this premiere and has not been released on CD or DVD. Contemporary reviews were largely positive apart from negative comment because the music was electronic. Allaman also wrote an opera about Battleship Potemkin, which is musically separate from the film score.

In commercial format, on DVD for example, the film is usually accompanied by classical music added for the "50th anniversary edition" released in 1975. Three symphonies from [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] have been used, with [[Symphony No. 5 (Shostakovich)|No. 5]], beginning and ending the film, being the most prominent. A version of the film offered by the [[Internet Archive]] has a soundtrack that also makes heavy use of the symphonies of Shostakovich, including his [[Symphony No. 4 (Shostakovich)|Fourth]], [[Symphony No. 5 (Shostakovich)|Fifth]], [[Symphony No. 8 (Shostakovich)|Eighth]], [[Symphony No. 10 (Shostakovich)|Tenth]], and [[Symphony No. 11 (Shostakovich)|Eleventh]].

In 2007, Del Rey & The Sun Kings also recorded this soundtrack. In an attempt to make the film relevant to the 21st century, [[Neil Tennant]] and [[Chris Lowe]] (of the [[Pet Shop Boys]]) composed a soundtrack in 2004 with the Dresden Symphonic Orchestra. Their soundtrack, released in 2005 as ''[[Battleship Potemkin (album)|Battleship Potemkin]]'', premiered in September 2004 at an open-air concert in [[Trafalgar Square]], London. There were four further live performances of the work with the Dresdner Sinfoniker in Germany in September 2005, and one at the [[Swan Hunter]] shipyard in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] in 2006.

The avant-garde jazz ensemble [[Club Foot Orchestra]] has also re-scored the film, and performed live accompanying the film with a score by Richard Marriott, conducted by Deirdre McClure. For the 2005 restoration of the film, under the direction of [[Enno Patalas]] in collaboration with Anna Bohn, released on DVD and Blu-ray, the [[Deutsche Kinemathek]] - Museum fur Film und Fernsehen, commissioned a re-recording of the original Edmund Meisel score, performed by the Babelsberg Orchestra, conducted by Helmut Imig. In 2011 the most recent restoration was completed with an entirely new soundtrack by members of the Apskaft group. Contributing members were AER20-200, awaycaboose, Ditzky, Drn Drn, Foucault V, fydhws, Hox Vox, Lurholm, mexicanvader, Quendus, Res Band, -Soundso- and speculativism. The entire film was digitally restored to a sharper image by Gianluca Missero (who records under the name Hox Vox). The new version is available at the [[Internet Archive]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/ApskaftPresentsTheBattleshipPotemkin |title=Apskaft Presents: The Battleship Potemkin |work=Internet Archive |access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref>

A new score for ''Battleship Potemkin'' was composed in 2011 by [[Michael Nyman]], and is regularly performed by the Michael Nyman Band. The Berklee Silent Film Orchestra also composed a new score for the film in 2011, and performed it live to picture at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, in Washington, D.C. A new electroacoustic score by the composers collective [[Edison Studio]] was first performed live in Naples at Cinema Astra for Scarlatti Contemporanea Festival on 25 October 2017 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.associazionescarlatti.it/esecuzione-assoluta-della-sonorizzazione-dal-vivo-de-la-corazzata-potemkin/ |title=Prima esecuzione assoluta della sonorizzazione dal vivo de " La corazzata Potëmkin" - Associazione Scarlatti |date=17 October 2017 |work=Associazione Scarlatti |access-date=7 November 2017 |language=it-IT |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107073549/http://www.associazionescarlatti.it/esecuzione-assoluta-della-sonorizzazione-dal-vivo-de-la-corazzata-potemkin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and published on DVD <ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinestore.cinetecadibologna.it/bookshop/dettaglio/120 |title=Libri, DVD & Gadgets - Cinestore |last=D-sign.it |website=cinestore.cinetecadibologna.it |language=en |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> in 5.1 surround sound by [[Cineteca di Bologna]] in the "[[L'Immagine Ritrovata]]" series, along with a second audio track with a recording of the Meisel's score conducted by Helmut Imig.

==Critical response==
''Battleship Potemkin'' has received acclaim from modern critics. On review aggregate website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an overall [[List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes|100% approval rating]] based on 50 reviews, with a rating average of 9.20/10. The site's consensus reads, "A technical masterpiece, ''Battleship Potemkin'' is Soviet cinema at its finest, and its montage editing techniques remain influential to this day."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/battleship_potemkin/|title=Battleship Potemkin (1925)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media]]|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> {{Metacritic film prose|97|22|access-date=January 29, 2025}}<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |title=Battleship Potemkin |id=battleship-potemkin |type=movie |access-date=January 29, 2025}}</ref>

Since its release ''Battleship Potemkin'' has often been cited as one of the finest propaganda films ever made, and is considered one of the greatest films of all time.<ref name="Potem" /><ref name=review1>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmcritic.com/reviews/1925/battleship-potemkin/ |title=Battleship Potemkin |website=filmcritic.com |access-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326214258/http://www.filmcritic.com/reviews/1925/battleship-potemkin/ |archive-date=26 March 2011}}</ref> The film was named the [[List of films considered the best|greatest film of all time]] at the [[Expo 58|Brussels World's Fair]] in 1958.<ref name=EbertFest /> Similarly, in 1952, ''[[Sight & Sound]]'' magazine cited ''Battleship Potemkin'' as the fourth-greatest film of all time; it was voted within the top ten in the magazine's five subsequent decennial polls, dropping to number 11 in the 2012 poll and number 54 in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/history/ |title=Sight and Sound Historic Polls |publisher=BFI |access-date=26 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122144842/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/history/ |archive-date=22 January 2011 }}</ref>

In 2007, a two-disc, restored version of the film was released on DVD. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's [[Richard Corliss]] named it one of the Top 10 DVDs of the year, ranking it at #5.<ref>{{cite web |last=Corliss |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Corliss |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/top10/article/0,30583,1686204_1686244_1692079,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212162208/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/top10/article/0,30583,1686204_1686244_1692079,00.html |archive-date=2007-12-12 |title=Top 10 DVDs |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> It ranked #3 in ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]''{{'}}s "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema – 3. The Battleship Potemkin |url=http://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=3 |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref> In April 2011, ''Battleship Potemkin'' was re-released in UK cinemas, distributed by the [[British Film Institute]]. On its re-release, ''[[Total Film]]'' magazine gave the film a five-star review, stating: "nearly 90 years on, Eisenstein's masterpiece is still guaranteed to get the pulse racing".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.totalfilm.com/reviews/cinema/battleship-potemkin |title=Battleship Potemkin |work=[[Total Film]] |access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>

Directors [[Orson Welles]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmdoctor.co.uk/2012/11/23/fun-fridays-directors-favourite-films-orson-welles/ |title=Fun Fridays – Director's Favourite Films – Orson Welles |work=Film Doctor |access-date=19 November 2015 |date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=20 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120060332/http://filmdoctor.co.uk/2012/11/23/fun-fridays-directors-favourite-films-orson-welles/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Michael Mann (director)|Michael Mann]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmdoctor.co.uk/2012/04/20/fun-fridays-directors-favourite-films-michael-mann/ |title=Fun Fridays – Director's Favourite Films – Michael Mann |work=Film Doctor |access-date=19 November 2015 |date=20 April 2012 |archive-date=19 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219213005/https://filmdoctor.co.uk/2012/04/20/fun-fridays-directors-favourite-films-michael-mann/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Paul Greengrass]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmdoctor.co.uk/2013/10/18/fun-fridays-directors-favourite-films-paul-greengrass/ |title=Fun Fridays – Director's Favourite Films – Paul Greengrass |work=Film Doctor |access-date=19 November 2015 |date=18 October 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016044522/http://filmdoctor.co.uk/2013/10/18/fun-fridays-directors-favourite-films-paul-greengrass/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> placed ''Battleship Potemkin'' on their list of favorite films, and director [[Billy Wilder]] named it as his all-time favourite film.<ref name="auto"/>

==See also==
* [[List of cult films]]
* [[List of films considered the best]]
* [[List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes]], a film review aggregator website

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Sergei Eisenstein (1959). ''Notes of a Film Director''. Foreign Languages Publishing House.
* Marie Seton (1960). ''Sergei M. Eisenstein: a biography''. Grove Press.
* Jay Leyda (1960). ''Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film''. [[George Allen & Unwin]].
* Richard Taylor, Ian Christie, ed. (1994). ''The Film Factory: Russian and Soviet Cinema in Documents''. Routledge.
* Bryher (1922). ''Film Problems Of Soviet Russia''. Riant Chateau TERRITET Switzerland.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikisource}}
{{Library resources box |label=Battleship Potemkin
|lcheading=Bronenoset︠s︡ "Potemkin" (Motion picture)}}
* {{IMDb title|0015648|Battleship Potemkin}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|2=Battleship Potemkin}}
* [https://russianfilmhub.com/movies/battleship-potemkin-1925/ Battleship Potemkin] on Russian Film Hub
* {{Internet Archive film|id=BattleshipPotemkin}} (version reworked in the USSR as described in {{section link||Production}} above)
* [https://www.mosfilm.ru/cinema/films/bronenosets-potemkin-1905-god-/ ''Battleship Potemkin''] at official [[Mosfilm]] site with English subtitles
* {{cite web |title=Potemkin sailor monument |website=2odessa.com |url=http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Potemkin_sailor_monument |access-date=22 August 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000518/http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Potemkin_sailor_monument |url-status=dead}} Monument in Odessa, explanation of the mutiny.
* [https://www.warhistoryonline.com/history/mutiny-black-sea-revolutionaries-seize-potemkin.html Russo-Japanese War Connections] Rebellion or Mutiny on the ''Potemkin'' had connection to Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05-Russian Navy morale was severely damaged.

{{Sergei Eisenstein}}
{{Potemkin}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battleship Potemkin}}
[[Category:1925 films]]
[[Category:Films originally rejected by the British Board of Film Classification]]
[[Category:1920s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1920s war drama films]]
[[Category:1920s thriller films]]
[[Category:Soviet revolutionary propaganda films]]
[[Category:Soviet avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Soviet silent feature films]]
[[Category:Soviet epic films]]
[[Category:Soviet historical drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet war drama films]]
[[Category:Soviet thriller films]]
[[Category:Soviet black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Seafaring films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about mutinies]]
[[Category:Films about the Russian Revolution of 1905]]
[[Category:Films set in 1905]]
[[Category:Films set in Odesa]]
[[Category:Films set in 20th-century Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Films set on ships]]
[[Category:Films shot in Odesa]]
[[Category:Mosfilm films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sergei Eisenstein]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Black Sea in fiction]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Potemkin mutiny]]
[[Category:Silent Soviet adventure films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Edmund Meisel]]
[[Category:1920s historical films]][[Category:1920s Soviet films]]
[[Category:1920s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Russian-language historical drama films]]
[[Category:Russian-language war drama films]]
[[Category:Films about anarchism]]

Fall of Berlin – 1945

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{{Italic title}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Fall of Berlin – 1945
| image = Берлин (1945) документальный фильм.webm
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = Битва за Берлин 1945 г
| director = [[Yuli Raizman]] [[Yelizaveta Svilova]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring =
| narrator =
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| released = {{Film date|1945}}
| runtime =
| country = USSR
| language =
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| gross = 
}}
'''''Fall of Berlin – 1945''''', '''''The Fall of Berlin''''', or just '''''Berlin''''' ({{langx|ru|Берлин}}) is a Soviet documentary film about the [[Battle of Berlin]], titled in Russian
{{lang|ru|Битва за Берлин 1945 г.}}, literally '''''The Battle for Berlin – 1945'''''. The film was directed by [[Yuli Raizman]] and [[Yelizaveta Svilova]].

The film begins with an animated map of Eastern Europe with Soviet soldier [[multiple exposure|double exposed]] on the bottom. The narrator lists the names of the rivers that the [[Red Army]] crosses as they march west: [[Volga River|Volga]], [[Don River (Russia)|Don]], [[Desna River|Desna]], [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]], [[Bug River|Bug]], [[Daugava River|Dvina]], [[Neman River|Neman]], [[Vistula River|Vistula]], and finally, [[Oder River|Oder]]. The Soviet arrival at the Oder river is shown, along with the broken bridges across it. The undeterred men of the Red Army are shown as they cross the river while under German fire. The use of [[Katyusha rocket launcher|missile artillery]] by the Soviet forces is showcased.

After the Oder is crossed, the assault on Berlin itself begins. Footage of the actual battle is shown, as the Red Army fights German troops, street by street and building by building. This is interspersed with shots of [[Nazi propaganda]] films showing parades in the same areas, providing a sense of irony. A dramatic sequence follows a detachment of the Red Army in the assault on the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]], which ends with the famous photograph, [[Meliton Kantaria|raising the Red Flag over the Reichstag]].

When the Soviet troops entered Berlin, they began to push forward to the Reichstag. There were soldiers from every available battalion, with flame throwers, rifles, sniper rifles, automatic weapons, like the PPSh-41, and others. There were over 40 Soviet T-34 tanks that were pushing the German soldiers back. The battle for Berlin was one of the longest battles for a city in the years 1900–2000.

Shortly before the Russian troops entered Berlin, Hitler was ready to make a half-peace with England and the US, giving away Berlin to them. He said: "I'd rather give Berlin to the Americans or the English, only to prevent Russian forces from taking it over!", but he thought of this too late. Shortly after that the Russians approached and attacked Berlin. On 8 May 1945, the flag of the USSR replaced the [[Nazi German]] flag in Berlin. This was the end of World War II in Europe.

==See also==
*[[List of Allied propaganda films of World War II]]

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0037537}}
{{Yuli Raizman}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fall of Berlin - 1945}}
[[Category:1945 films]]
[[Category:1945 documentary films]]
[[Category:1940s historical films]]
[[Category:1945 war films]]
[[Category:1945 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1940s Soviet films]]
[[Category:1940s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Russian-language documentary films]]
[[Category:Soviet documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about Berlin]]
[[Category:Soviet historical films]]
[[Category:Soviet war films]]
[[Category:Soviet black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Soviet World War II propaganda films]]
[[Category:Works about the Battle of Berlin]]
[[Category:Black-and-white documentary films]]
[[Category:Russian-language historical films]]
[[Category:Russian-language war films]]

{{1940s-USSR-film-stub}}
{{WWII-documentary-film-stub}}

File:Podvig razvedchika (plakat).jpg

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==Summary==
{{Non-free use rationale poster
| Article = Secret Agent (1947 film)
| Use = Infobox
| Name = [[Secret Agent (1947 film)|Secret Agent]]
| Owner = Kievskaya Kinostudiya (Kiev Film Studio)
| Source = http://www.kinomania.ru/film/39506/posters/74349/
}}

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free film poster|image has rationale=yes|Soviet film posters}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:Siberiade.jpg

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== Licensing ==
{{Non-free video cover|image has rationale=yes|Soviet film video covers}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

== Fair use in [[Siberiade]] ==
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
# It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
# It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
# Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
# The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
# The image is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.
==Source==
#Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

File:Younguard.jpg

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== Summary ==
{{Non-free use rationale poster
| Article = The Young Guard (film)
| Use = Infobox

| Name = The Young Guard
| Distributor =
| Publisher =
| Type =
| Website =
| Owner =
| Commentary =

| Description = A 1947 film poster for the ''[[The Young Guard (film)|Young Guard]]''.
| Source = Source: http://www.plakaty.ru/i/plakats/medium/403.jpg
| Portion =
| Low_resolution =
| Purpose = 
| Replaceability =
| other_information = Pre-1954 image of issued by Goskino, a Soviet legal etnity
}}

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free film poster|image has rationale=yes|Soviet film posters}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:Letyat Zhuravli.jpg

2025-06-04T14:46:49Z

80.95.44.97:

== Summary ==
{{Non-free use rationale poster|Media=film
| Article = The Cranes Are Flying
| Use = Infobox

| Name = The Cranes Are Flying
| Distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
| Publisher =
| Type =
| Website =
| Owner =
| Commentary =

| Description = [[The Cranes Are Flying]] film poster.
| Source = Source by Russian Public Library.
| Portion =
| Low_resolution =
| Purpose = 
| Replaceability =
| other_information = Designed by B. Zelensky (1957).
}}
== Licensing ==
{{Non-free film poster|image has rationale=yes|Soviet film posters}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:Illaposter.jpg

2025-06-04T14:40:55Z

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== Summary ==
{{Non-free use rationale poster|Media=film
| Article = At Home Among Strangers
| Use = Infobox

| Name = At Home Among Strangers
| Distributor = RUSCICO (DVD)
| Publisher =
| Type =
| Website =
| Owner =
| Commentary =

| Description = [[At Home among Strangers]] movie poster (1974).
| Source =
| Portion =
| Low_resolution =
| Purpose = 
| Replaceability =
| other_information = Designed by G. Illarionov.
}}

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free film poster|image has rationale=yes|Soviet film posters}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:A zori zdes tikhie poster.jpg

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80.95.44.97:

== Summary ==
{{Non-free use rationale 2

| Description = This is a poster for the film [[The Dawns Here Are Quiet (1972 film)|The Dawns Here Are Quiet]]
| Author = Гребенщиков, Евгений Семенович
| Source = Плакаты.Ру
| Article = The Dawns Here Are Quiet (1972 film)
| Purpose = Main infobox. The image is used for identification in the context of critical commentary of the work, product or service for which it serves as poster art. It makes a significant contribution to the user's understanding of the article, which could not practically be conveyed by words alone. The image is placed in the infobox at the top of the article discussing the work, to show the primary visual image associated with the work, and to help the user quickly identify the work, product or service and know they have found what they are looking for. Use for this purpose does not compete with the purposes of the original artwork, namely the creator providing graphic design services, and in turn the marketing of the promoted item.
| Replaceability = As film poster art, the image is not replaceable by free content; any other image that shows the same artwork or poster would also be copyrighted, and any version that is not true to the original would be inadequate for identification or commentary.
| Minimality = Yes
| Commercial = The copy is of sufficient resolution for commentary and identification but lower resolution than the original poster. Copies made from it will be of inferior quality, unsuitable as counterfeit artwork, pirate versions or for uses that would compete with the commercial purpose of the original artwork.

| Date = 1980
| Publication =
| Replaceability_text =
| Other information =
}}

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free film poster|image has rationale=yes|Soviet film posters}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:Shagayu.jpg

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80.95.44.97:

== Summary ==
{{Non-free use rationale poster|Media=film
| Article = I Step Through Moscow
| Use = Infobox

| Name = I Step Through Moscow (Я шагаю по Москве)
| Distributor = [[Mosfilm]]
| Publisher =
| Type =
| Website = http://www.plakaty.ru/i/plakats/medium/466.jpg
| Owner =
| Commentary =

| Description = [[Nikita Mikhalkov]] on the 1964 poster for the film ''[[I Step Through Moscow]]''.
| Source = Source: http://www.plakaty.ru/i/plakats/medium/466.jpg
| Portion =
| Low_resolution =
| Purpose = 
| Replaceability =
| other_information =
}}

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free film poster|image has rationale=yes|Soviet film posters}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

The Girls (1961 film)

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{{Infobox film
| name = The Girls
| image = Devchata.jpg
| caption = A 1962 film poster by Vladimir Kononov
| director = [[Yuri Chulyukin]]
| producer =
| writer = Boris Bednyj
| narrator =
| starring = [[Nadezhda Rumyantseva]] [[Nikolai Rybnikov]] [[Lyusyena Ovchinnikova]]
| music = [[Aleksandra Pakhmutova]]
| cinematography = [[Timofey Lebeshev]]
| editing = Mariya Kuzmina
| studio = [[Mosfilm]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1962|03|07}}
| runtime = 98 minutes
| country = Soviet Union
| language = Russian
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''The Girls''''' (a.k.a. '''''Gals''''',<ref>Birgit Beumers. ''A Companion to Russian Cinema'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2016, p. 171</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0750184/bio Nadezhda Rumyantseva. Biography. By Prof Steven P Hill, Russian & Cinema, University of Illinois (USA)] // Imdb.com</ref> {{langx|ru|Девчата|Devchata}}) is a 1961 [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy-drama]] directed by [[Yuri Chulyukin]] based on a screenplay by [[Boris Bednyj]].<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv">{{cite web|url=http://www.vokrug.tv/product/show/Devchata/|title= Энциклопедия ТВ. Фильм "Девчата" (1961)|publisher=«Вокруг ТВ»}}</ref><ref name="«Девчата» на 7days.ru">{{cite web|url=http://7days.ru/entertainment/cinema/devchata-kak-sibir-v-yalte-snimali.htm|title="Девчата": Как Сибирь в Ялте снимали. Журнал "7 дней" (№ 28, 2010 год)|publisher=7days.ru|author=Екатерина Голдовская}}</ref>

==Plot==
Devchata is a romantic comedy set in an isolated Russian logging camp, in the late 1950s. A pig-tailed young girl, Tosya, arrives from school with a cooking degree, and joins a group of other women who work in jobs supporting the loggers. Tosya is assigned as a cook for the camp.

Once in her dorm-like room, she cheerfully prepares herself a meal of tea and a giant loaf of bread slathered with jam; all of it from her roommates' food stockpile. When the four other girls return after a day at work, they are generally taken by Tosya's youth and good nature. However, one woman is upset that she is eating her food without permission, and a fight ensues. When the dorm-mate makes some rude comments, Tosya throws a boot at her head without hesitation. Tosya and her roommates go to the dancehall together. At first, no one will dance with her, but eventually she begins to dance with another very tall girl who is also passed up by several young men.

Meanwhile, two groups of loggers engage in a friendly dispute; one has just lost their position as the most productive in the camp, and their portraits are being taken down from a "wall of honor" by an official, who replaces them with pictures of the rival group. The leaders of the two groups play checkers, and in order to concentrate, Ilya, the leader of their group, calls out for the music to be turned off. A very tall and imposing companion carries out his order. However, Tosya, who is now enjoying her dance, marches over to the phonograph and puts the music back on. Ilya calls for the music to be turned back off, and Tosya, to the amusement of the onlookers, seems prepared to fight him in order to keep the music playing.<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv"/><ref name="«Девчата» на 7days.ru"/>

Impressed by Tosya's tenacity, Ilya approaches her and asks her to dance. After telling him to first throw away his cigarette and take off his hat, she proclaims that she does not want to dance with "your type."

Following this episode, Ilya bets with Filya, the leader of the rival group, that within a week he can win Tosya's heart. The winner gets the other's hat. Ilya and his gang quickly make a plan, they will first insult Tosya's cooking to break her down. They dramatically throw Tosya's stew into the snow, proclaiming it to be inedible, and bringing her to tears. Despite the ill-treatment, Tosya carries some mushroom soup to the men a few days later to their work-site in the forest. The starving men can no longer resist, and Ilya and Tosya begin to show some real affection for one another. It is also revealed that Tosya is an orphan and that Ilya is interested in exploring ways to increase the productivity of the logging operation through new techniques and technologies.

One night, Tosya's dorm-mate Anfisa reveals to the other girls the bet that Ilya has made, and there is a debate over whether to break the news to Tosya. The other girls want to keep Tosya's faith in men and love alive. When Ilya asks Tosya to a big dance, however, the girls decide that they must tell her the truth. Tosya asks quietly, "And the bet was just for a hat?" Within minutes her despair turns to indignation, and she marches off to the dance. When they reach the dance, after she calls over Filya, she asks him point blank whether there was any bet, and when he sheepishly admits that there was, she grabs Filya's hat and shoves it into Ilya's hands. She then runs out into the night (without a coat) and sobs behind a wood pile as Ilya searches for her and calls out her name.

In the weeks that follow, Ilya attempts to convince her that the bet was just a stupid prank, that he is sorry, and that he really does love her. But Tosya will not be easily swayed.<ref name="«Девчата» на 7days.ru"/>

Eventually, though, during a scene in which the entire camp is pitching in to build a newly married couple their own house, Tosya and Ilya find themselves in an attic, each with a box of nails. This simple moment leads to their reconciliation, and they snuggle outside on a log, flirtatiously exploring a first kiss and talking about their future.

==Cast==
* [[Nadezhda Rumyantseva]] as Tosya
* [[Nikolai Rybnikov]] as Ilya
* [[Lyusyena Ovchinnikova]] as Katya
* [[Stanislav Khitrov]] as Filya
* [[Inna Makarova]] as Nadya
* [[Svetlana Druzhinina]] as Anfisa
* [[Nina Menshikova]] as Vera
* [[Nikolai Pogodin]] as Sasha
* [[Mikhail Pugovkin]] as Commandant
* [[Anatoly Adoskin]] as Dementyev
* [[Viktor Bajkov]] as Ksan Ksanych
* [[Roman Filippov]] as Vasya
* [[Aleksei Krychenkov]] as Alyosha
* [[Pyotr Kiryutkin]]

==Production==

===Casting===
When preparing for the film, [[Yuri Chulyukin]] promised the role of Tosya to his wife, [[Natalya Kustinskaya]]. Kustinskaya started to seriously prepare for the audition and waited for the decision from the artistic council. After a while she learned from a cinematographer with whom she was acquainted that the picture has already started shooting and that [[Nadezhda Rumyantseva]] is starring in the lead role. Chulyukin justified himself by saying that the artistic council considered Kustinskaya too beautiful for the character of Tosya, and as reconciliation offered her the role of Anfisa, but Kustinskaya refused.<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv"/><ref name="«Девчата» на 7days.ru"/><ref>Журнал «Интервью», No. 10, 2008 год. Издательство «Креатив Медиа»</ref> Tosya in the script is eighteen years old and at the time of filming Rumyantseva already turned thirty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1tv.ru/shows/segodnya-vecherom/vypuski/kak-snimali-film-devchata-segodnya-vecherom-vypusk-ot-22-03-2014|title=Как снимали фильм "Девчата". Сегодня вечером. Выпуск от 22.03.2014|publisher=Channel One Russia}}</ref> As planned by the director, on the screen Ilya looks much older than Tosya, but in real the actors Rybnikov and Rumyantseva are the same age. The whole wardrobe of Tosya Kislitsyna was discovered by Vera Rumyantseva: the actress claims in her memoirs that she saw the clothes worn by her acquaintance, a foster-child at a children's home.<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv"/>

Originally [[Vyacheslav Shalevich]] and [[Yuri Belov (actor)|Yuri Belov]] auditioned for the role of Ilya and Vladimir Treshchalov was approved, but an order came to shoot [[Nikolai Rybnikov]], who before the film portrayed the protagonist well in the movie [[The Height]]. Rybnikov really liked the role, and in order to look younger he specifically lost 20 kg.<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv"/><ref name="«Девчата» на 7days.ru"/> He wanted his wife, Alla Larionova to play Anfisa. But [[Svetlana Druzhinina]] was already approved for the role, and Chulyukin did not change the actress. Because of this during the filming Rybnikov's socialization with Druzhinina was frosty.<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv"/><ref name="«Девчата» на 7days.ru"/>

For the role of the district inspector, the director invited his longtime friend and former classmate, Vladimir Gusev without doing screen tests, but he refused.

The film was the cinematic debut of Mikhail Kokshenov: he played the woodcutter who in one gulp drank an entire carafe of water.<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv"/>

===Filming locations===
The village of lumberjacks was shot in the pavilions of [[Mosfilm]] and [[Mosfilmovskaya Street]] where about three hundred trees were planted and built village scenery with the sign "Lespromkhoz". Actual shooting began in the Middle Urals in the Chusovoy area in the village of Bobrovka (In the episode in which the characters examine a newspaper with Ilya's photo, its name "Chusovskoy worker" is plainly visible) [[Perm Oblast]]. However, since shooting at thirty-degree frost turned out to be difficult, after a few short scenes the crew continued work in the timber industry in the [[Olenino, Tver Oblast|Oleninsky locality of the Tver region]], and the final shot in [[Yalta]]. Filming wintertime scenes in the hot weather of August was bothersome for the actors who had to wear sheepskin coats along with winter hats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kp.ru/daily/24099/326623/|title=Сибирские морозы в фильме "Девчата" снимали в разгар лета|publisher=[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]}}</ref>

The scene with the train was shot in the [[Ryazan Oblast]] on the stretch between the stations [[Spas-Klepiki]] and Pilevo.<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv"/><ref name="«Девчата» на 7days.ru"/>

===Music===
The song "Old Maple" was written by the poet [[Mikhail Matusovsky]] and composer [[Aleksandra Pakhmutova]], it was performed by actors [[Lyusyena Ovchinnikova]] and Nikolai Pogodin. In the film the song "Good Girls" by the same authors is also played.

Songs from the film were released on records by Aprelevka and other companies and starting from the mid-1960s by the firm "Melody".

===Sequel===
In the late 1990s, Svetlana Druzhinina (who played Anfisa) in an interview expressed desire to make a sequel to ''The Girls'', but the project did not come to pass.<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv"/>

==Release==
The film premiered on 7 March 1962 in the Central House of Cinema (DRC) in Moscow. At the premiere, everyone who participated in making the film came except for the actress [[Inna Makarova]], who played the role of Nadya. She was offended by the fact that in the process of editing, the director removed the scene in which her character, although "she is soon to be twenty-eight, and at this age you will settle for anyone," parts with her bridegroom Ksan Ksanych whom she does not love.<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv"/><ref name="«Девчата» на 7days.ru"/>

Soviet authorities described the comedy as "too mundane and slight for the Soviet screen", so a third rental category was assigned to the film. But audiences and critics liked the picture immediately and it became one of the leaders of the Soviet film distribution. In 1962, the year of the USSR premiere it was seen by almost thirty-five million people.<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv"/><ref name="«Девчата» на 7days.ru"/>

==Awards==
* 1962 — Awarded at the [[Mar del Plata International Film Festival]] (Argentina) for "Best Actress" to Nadezhda Rumyantseva. Foreign newspapers described the actress as "[[Charlie Chaplin]] in a skirt", and the Italians dubbed her as the "Russian [[Giulietta Masina]]".<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv"/><ref name="«Девчата» на 7days.ru"/>
* 1962 — Honorary diploma of the [[Edinburgh International Film Festival]] (Scotland).<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv"/><ref name="«Девчата» на 7days.ru"/>
* 1962 — Honorary Diploma of the Jury of Parents and Students of the International Film Festival for Youth in Cannes.<ref name="«Девчата» на vokrug.tv"/><ref name="«Девчата» на 7days.ru"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0134614|The Girls}}
* [https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-girls-am37728 ''The Girls'' at AllMovie]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girls (1961 film), The}}
[[Category:Soviet black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1960s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Ural]]
[[Category:Films set in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Films shot in Perm Krai]]
[[Category:1960s Soviet films]]
[[Category:1960s Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Soviet romantic comedy-drama films]]

File:1947 zolushka.jpg

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== Summary ==
{{Non-free use rationale video cover
| Article = Cinderella (1947 film)
| Use = Infobox

| Name = Cinderella
| Distributor =
| Publisher =
| Type = DVD
| Website =
| Owner =
| Commentary =

| Description =
| Source =
| Portion =
| Low_resolution =
| Purpose = 
| Replaceability =
| other_information =
}}
Poster of the [[Cinderella (1947 film)]] from

Source :ru wiki

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free video cover|image has rationale=yes|Soviet film video covers}}
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:Operatsiya.jpg

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A 1965 poster for [[Leonid Gaidai]]'s slapstick ''Operation Y''

'''Source''': http://www.plakaty.ru/i/plakats/medium/476.jpg
{{Non-free film poster|image has rationale=yes|Russian film posters}}

== [[Fair use]] rationale ==

For an article about a film, the original theatrical advertisement poster is arguably one of the most important images that could be included. Various posters and artwork have been produced over the years to publicise this film, however this is the original artwork, intended by [[Mosfilm]] for wide distribution.

It is believed the use of this image in the article '''[[Operation Y and Other Shurik's Adventures]]''' is covered by the "fair use" doctrine because:

# This image is being used to illustrate the film which is the topic of this article.
# Its use in Wikipedia is for nonprofit educational purposes only and does not detract from the original work.
# It is of much lower resolution than the original (copies made from it will be of very inferior quality).
# It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to market or sell the work in any way.
# No free or public domain images have been located for this film poster.

[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]

File:Meri Poppins, do svidaniya (DVD cover).jpg

2025-06-04T12:55:00Z

80.95.44.97:

==Summary==
{{Non-free use rationale video cover
| Article = Mary Poppins, Goodbye
| Use = Infobox
| Name = {{bulleted list|{{langx|en|[[Mary Poppins, Goodbye]]}}|{{langx|ru|Мэри Поппинс, до свидания!|Meri Poppins, do svidaniya}}}}
| Owner = [[Mosfilm]]
| Source = http://kp.ua/photo/culture/407145-holosuem-za-luibymyi-detskyi-fylm
}}

==Licensing==
{{Non-free video cover|image has rationale=yes|Russian film video covers}}

[[Category:Wikipedia files concerning Mary Poppins]]
[[Category:Film posters for Russian-language films]]