wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Horncastle (UK Parliament constituency)

2025-04-16T11:41:44Z

80.46.110.142: /* Elections in the 1960s */

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1885–1983}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox UK constituency
|name = Horncastle
|type = County
|parliament = uk
|year = 1885
|abolished = 1983
|elects_howmany = one
|previous = [[Mid Lincolnshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Mid Lincolnshire]]
|next = [[East Lindsey (UK Parliament constituency)|East Lindsey]] & [[Gainsborough and Horncastle (UK Parliament constituency)|Gainsborough and Horncastle]]
|}}

'''Horncastle''' was a [[county constituency]] in [[Lincolnshire]] which returned one [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. MPs were elected by the [[first past the post]] system of voting.

The constituency was created by the [[Redistribution of Seats Act 1885]], and first used for the [[1885 United Kingdom general election|1885 general election]]. It was abolished for the [[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983 general election]].

==Boundaries==
'''1885–1918''': The Sessional Division of Spilsby, and parts of the Sessional Divisions of Alford and Horncastle.

'''1918–1950''': The Urban Districts of Alford, Horncastle, Skegness, and Woodhall Spa, and the Rural Districts of Horncastle, Sibsey, and Spilsby.

'''1950–1983''': The Urban Districts of Alford, Horncastle, Mablethorpe and Sutton, Skegness, and Woodhall Spa, and the Rural Districts of Horncastle and Spilsby.

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Member!!Party
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[1885 United Kingdom general election|1885]]
| [[Edward Stanhope]]
| [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[1894 Horncastle by-election|1894 by-election]]
| [[Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster|Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby]]
| [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[1911 Horncastle by-election|1911 by-election]]
| [[Archibald Weigall]]
| [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Coalition Conservative}}" |
| [[1920 Horncastle by-election|1920 by-election]]
| [[Stafford Hotchkin]]
| [[Coalition Conservative]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922]]
| [[Samuel Pattinson]]
| [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924]]
| [[Henry Haslam]]
| [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945]]
| Sir [[John Maitland (Conservative politician)|John Maitland]]
| [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[1966 United Kingdom general election|1966]]
| [[Peter Tapsell (British politician)|Peter Tapsell]]
| [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
|
| [[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983]]
|colspan="2" | ''constituency abolished''
|}

==Election results==

=== Elections in the 1880s ===
[[File:Edward Stanhope.jpg|thumb|120px|E. Stanhope]]
{{Election box begin | title=[[1885 United Kingdom general election|General election 1885]]: Horncastle<ref name="ReferenceA">British parliamentary election results, 1885-1918 (Craig)</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Edward Stanhope]]
|votes =4,824
|percentage = 54.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal-Labour (UK)
|candidate = Thomas Threlfall
|votes = 3,959
|percentage = 45.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 865
|percentage = 9.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,783
|percentage = 88.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 9,941
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin | title=[[1886 United Kingdom general election|General election 1886]]: Horncastle<ref name="ReferenceA">British parliamentary election results, 1885-1918 (Craig)</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Edward Stanhope]]
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}

Stanhope was appointed [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]], requiring a by-election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1886 Horncastle by-election|By-election, 12 Aug 1886]]: Horncastle<ref name="ReferenceA">British parliamentary election results, 1885-1918 (Craig)</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Edward Stanhope]]
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1890s ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1892 United Kingdom general election|General election 1892]]: Horncastle<ref name="craig1885">{{cite book|editor1-last=Craig|editor1-first=FWS|title=British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918|date=1974|publisher=Macmillan Press|location=London|isbn=9781349022984}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Edward Stanhope]]
|votes =4,438
|percentage = 54.5
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Francis Otter]]
|votes =3,700
|percentage = 45.5
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 738
|percentage = 9.0
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,138
|percentage = 85.2
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 9,555
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box end}}

Stanhope's death caused a by-election.

[[Image:Lord Willoughby de Eresby.jpg|thumb|120px|Lord Willoughby]]
{{Election box begin | title=[[1894 Horncastle by-election]]<ref name="craig1885"/><ref name="The Liberal Year Book, 1907">The Liberal Year Book, 1907</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster|Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby]]
|votes =4,582
|percentage = 55.0
|change = +0.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Herbert James Torr<ref>{{cite news|title=Mr Herbert James Torr|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001888/18931230/060/0005|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=Boston Guardian|date=30 Dec 1893|page=5}}</ref>
|votes = 3,744
|percentage = 45.0
|change = −0.5
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 838
|percentage = 10.0
|change = +1.0
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,326
|percentage = 87.4
|change = +2.2
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 9,528
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = +0.5
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin | title=[[1895 United Kingdom general election|General election 1895]]: Horncastle <ref name="ReferenceB">Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901</ref><ref name="The Liberal Year Book, 1907">The Liberal Year Book, 1907</ref><ref name="craig1885"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster|Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby]]
|votes =4,563
|percentage = 60.2
|change = +5.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal-Labour (UK)
|candidate = John Bruce Wallace
|votes = 3,022
|percentage = 39.8
|change = −5.7
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,541
|percentage = 20.4
|change = +11.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,585
|percentage = 65.2
|change = −20.0
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 11,642
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = +5.7
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1900s ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1900 United Kingdom general election|General election 1900]]: Horncastle<ref name="ReferenceB">Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901</ref><ref name="craig1885">{{cite book|editor1-last=Craig|editor1-first=FWS|title=British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918|date=1974|publisher=Macmillan Press|location=London|isbn=9781349022984}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster|Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby]]
|votes = 4,302
|percentage = 59.2
|change = −1.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = T Wallis
|votes = 2,962
|percentage = 40.8
|change = +1.0
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,340
|percentage = 18.4
|change = −2.0
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,264
|percentage = 76.6
|change = +11.4
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 9,488
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = −1.0
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin | title=[[1906 United Kingdom general election|General election 1906]]: Horncastle<ref name="craig1885"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster|Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby]]
|votes =4,250
|percentage = 50.9
|change = −8.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = A Adams
|votes = 4,100
|percentage = 49.1
|change = +8.3
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 150
|percentage = 1.8
|change = −16.6
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,350
|percentage = 86.6
|change = +10.0
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 9,637
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = −8.3
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1910s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|General election January 1910]]: Horncastle<ref name="ReferenceA">British parliamentary election results, 1885-1918 (Craig)</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster|Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby]]
|votes =5,162
|percentage = 54.6
|change = +3.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Charles Conybeare (Liberal politician)|Charles Conybeare]]
|votes = 4,292
|percentage = 45.4
|change = −3.7
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 870
|percentage = 9.2
|change = +7.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,454
|percentage = 90.0
|change = +3.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = +3.7
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin | title=[[December 1910 United Kingdom general election|General election December 1910]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate =[[Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster|Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby]]
|votes =4,705
|percentage =52.9
|change =−1.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Frederick Linfield]]
|votes = 4,181
|percentage =47.1
|change =+1.7
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =524
|percentage =5.8
|change = −3.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,886
|percentage =86.0
|change =−4.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing =−1.6
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin | title=[[1911 Horncastle by-election]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Archibald Weigall]]
|votes = 4,955
|percentage = 50.5
|change = −2.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Frederick Linfield]]
|votes = 4,848
|percentage = 49.5
|change = +2.4
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 107
|percentage = 1.0
|change =−4.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,803
|percentage =90.7
|change =+4.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing =−2.4
}}
{{election box end}}
[[File:William Weigall.jpg|thumb|120px|William Weigall]]
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1918 United Kingdom general election|General election 1918]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link coalition 1918|
|party = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Archibald Weigall]]
|votes = 8,826
|percentage = 54.3
|change = +1.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Samuel Pattinson]]
|votes = 7,433
|percentage = 45.7
|change = −1.4
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,393
|percentage = 8.6
|change = +2.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 16,259
|percentage = 68.2
|change = −17.8
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 23,854
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Unionist Party (UK)
|swing = +1.4
}}
{{Election box end 1918}}

=== Elections in the 1920s ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1920 Horncastle by-election]]<ref>The Times, 10 March 1920 & ''Cook and Ramsden, op cit, p271''</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link coalition 1918|
|party = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Stafford Hotchkin]]
|votes = 8,140
|percentage = 44.5
|change = −9.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Samuel Pattinson]]
|votes = 6,727
|percentage = 36.7
|change = −9.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = [[William Holmes (trade unionist)|William Holmes]]
|votes = 3,443
|percentage = 18.8
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,413
|percentage = 7.8
|change = −0.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 18,310
|percentage = 77.0
|change = +8.8
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 23,764
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Unionist Party (UK)
|swing = −0.4
}}
{{election box end 1918}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1922 United Kingdom general election|General election 1922]]: Horncastle <ref name="The Liberal Year Book, 1931">The Liberal Year Book, 1931</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Samuel Pattinson]]
|votes = 10,797
|percentage = 54.1
|change = +8.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy|Maurice Roche]]
|votes = 9,158
|percentage = 45.9
|change = −8.4
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,639
|percentage = 8.2
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 19,955
|percentage = 81.5
|change = +13.3
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 24,485
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Liberal Party (UK)
|loser = Unionist Party (UK)
|swing = +8.4
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1923 United Kingdom general election|General election 1923]]: Horncastle <ref name="The Liberal Year Book, 1931">The Liberal Year Book, 1931</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Samuel Pattinson]]
|votes = 10,954
|percentage = 54.5
|change = +0.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate = [[John Du Cane]]
|votes = 9,135
|percentage = 45.5
|change = −0.4
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,819
|percentage = 9.0
|change = +0.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 20,089
|percentage = 80.9
|change = −0.6
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 24,821
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Liberal Party (UK)
|swing = +0.4
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1924 United Kingdom general election|General election 1924]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Henry Haslam]]
|votes = 10,912
|percentage = 52.8
|change = +7.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Samuel Pattinson]]
|votes = 9,743
|percentage = 47.2
|change = −7.3
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,169
|percentage = 5.6
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 20,655
|percentage = 81.7
|change = +0.8
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 25,286
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Unionist Party (UK)
|loser = Liberal Party (UK)
|swing = +7.3
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1929 United Kingdom general election|General election 1929]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Henry Haslam]]
|votes = 12,837
|percentage = 48.1
|change = −4.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Frederick Linfield]]
|votes = 10,168
|percentage = 38.1
|change = −9.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = J. R. Sanderson
|votes = 3,683
|percentage = 13.8
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,669
|percentage = 10.0
|change = +4.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 26,688
|percentage = 80.8
|change = −0.9
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 33,042
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Unionist Party (UK)
|swing = +2.2
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1930s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1931 United Kingdom general election|General election 1931]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Henry Haslam]]
|votes = 18,100
|percentage = 67.3
|change = +19.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = George Henry John Dutton
|votes = 8,788
|percentage = 32.7
|change = −5.4
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,312
|percentage = 34.6
|change = +24.6
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 26,888
|percentage = 70.3
|change = −10.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = +12.3
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1935 United Kingdom general election|General election 1935]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Henry Haslam]]
|votes = 17,594
|percentage = 68.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Frank J Knowles
|votes = 7,982
|percentage = 31.21
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,612
|percentage = 37.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 25,576
|percentage = 69.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1940s ===
'''General Election 1939–40'''

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected;
*'''Conservative''': [[Henry Haslam]]
*'''Labour''': Frank J Knowles
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1945 United Kingdom general election|General election 1945]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[John Maitland (Conservative politician)|John Maitland]]
|votes = 14,019
|percentage = 53.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = [[George Holderness]]
|votes = 7,052
|percentage = 26.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Frank Emerson
|votes = 5,329
|percentage = 20.18
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,967
|percentage = 26.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 26,403
|percentage = 70.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1950s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1950 United Kingdom general election|General election 1950]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[John Maitland (Conservative politician)|John Maitland]]
|votes = 22,329
|percentage = 65.67
|change = +12.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Francis H Clark
|votes = 11,671
|percentage = 34.33
|change = +7.61
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,658
|percentage = 31.34
|change = +4.92
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 34,000
|percentage = 78.73
|change = +8.28
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = +2.48
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1951 United Kingdom general election|General election 1951]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[John Maitland (Conservative politician)|John Maitland]]
|votes = 22,043
|percentage = 66.42
|change = +0.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Francis H Clark
|votes = 11,143
|percentage = 33.58
|change = −0.75
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,900
|percentage = 32.84
|change = +1.50
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 33,186
|percentage = 76.67
|change = −2.06
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = +0.75
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1955 United Kingdom general election|General election 1955]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[John Maitland (Conservative politician)|John Maitland]]
|votes = 20,392
|percentage = 66.83
|change = +0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Wilfrid Pashby
|votes = 10,122
|percentage = 33.17
|change = −0.41
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,270
|percentage = 33.66
|change = +0.82
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 30,514
|percentage = 71.01
|change = −5.66
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = +0.41
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1959 United Kingdom general election|General election 1959]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[John Maitland (Conservative politician)|John Maitland]]
|votes = 19,799
|percentage = 66.60
|change = −0.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Hugh W Peck
|votes = 9,928
|percentage = 33.40
|change = +0.23
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,871
|percentage = 33.20
|change = −0.46
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 29,727
|percentage = 70.34
|change = −0.67
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = +0.23
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1960s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1964 United Kingdom general election|General election 1964]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[John Maitland (Conservative politician)|John Maitland]]
|votes = 15,854
|percentage = 49.59
|change = −17.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Robin Brumby
|votes = 8,069
|percentage = 25.24
|change = −8.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = T Frank Smith
|votes = 8,044
|percentage = 25.16
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,785
|percentage = 24.35
|change = −8.85
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 31,967
|percentage = 74.73
|change = +4.39
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = −4.43
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1966 United Kingdom general election|General election 1966]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Peter Tapsell (British politician)|Peter Tapsell]]
|votes = 15,090
|percentage = 46.64
|change = −2.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Stephen_Sackur#Family|Robert NH Sackur]]
|votes = 9,715
|percentage = 30.02
|change = +4.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = T Frank Smith
|votes = 7,552
|percentage = 23.34
|change = −1.82
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,375
|percentage = 16.62
|change = −7.73
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 32,357
|percentage = 81.10
|change = +6.37
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = −3.86
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1970s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1970 United Kingdom general election|General election 1970]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Peter Tapsell (British politician)|Peter Tapsell]]
|votes = 19,299
|percentage = 55.35
|change = +8.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Eric A Skinns
|votes = 8,860
|percentage = 25.41
|change = −4.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Roger S Miller
|votes = 6,707
|percentage = 19.24
|change = −4.10
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,439
|percentage = 29.94
|change = +13.32
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 34,866
|percentage = 74.20
|change = −6.90
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = +7.69
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|General election February 1974]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Peter Tapsell (British politician)|Peter Tapsell]]
|votes = 19,344
|percentage = 49.53
|change = −5.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Roger S Miller
|votes = 12,555
|percentage = 32.15
|change = +12.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = AJR Berry
|votes = 6,791
|percentage = 17.39
|change = −1.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent Democratic Alliance
|candidate = EP Iszatt
|votes = 367
|percentage = 0.94
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,789
|percentage = 17.38
|change = −12.56
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 39,057
|percentage = 79.33
|change = +5.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = −9.41
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[October 1974 United Kingdom general election|General election October 1974]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Peter Tapsell (British politician)|Peter Tapsell]]
|votes = 16,750
|percentage = 47.71
|change = −1.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = MJC Starky
|votes = 11,506
|percentage = 32.78
|change = +0.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = K Bratton
|votes = 6,849
|percentage = 19.51
|change = +2.12
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,244
|percentage = 14.93
|change = −2.45
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 35,105
|percentage = 70.74
|change = −8.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = −1.23
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1979 United Kingdom general election|General election 1979]]: Horncastle
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Peter Tapsell (British politician)|Peter Tapsell]]
|votes = 21,362
|percentage = 55.12
|change = +7.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = MJC Starky
|votes = 10,833
|percentage = 27.95
|change = −4.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = DP Collins
|votes = 6,240
|percentage = 16.10
|change = −3.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = National Front (UK)
|candidate = M Hook
|votes = 319
|percentage = 0.82
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,529
|percentage = 27.17
|change = +12.24
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 38,754
|percentage = 75.21
|change = +4.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = +6.17
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Craig, F. W. S. (1983). British parliamentary election results 1918-1949 (3 ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. {{ISBN|0-900178-06-X}}.
*{{Rayment-hc|h|4|date=March 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Horncastle (Uk Parliament Constituency)}}
[[Category:Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1885]]
[[Category:Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1983]]
[[Category:Parliamentary constituencies in Lincolnshire (historic)]]
[[Category:Horncastle]]

Holland with Boston (UK Parliament constituency)

2025-04-16T11:40:48Z

80.46.110.142: /* Elections in the 1970s */

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1918–1997}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox UK constituency main|
| name = Holland with Boston
|image =
|caption = '''Holland with Boston''' in [[Lincolnshire]], showing boundaries used from 1918 to 1950.
| type = County
| year = 1918
| abolished = 1997
| elects_howmany = One
| previous = [[Boston (UK Parliament constituency)|Boston]], [[Spalding (UK Parliament constituency)|Spalding]]
| next = [[Boston and Skegness (UK Parliament constituency)|Boston and Skegness]] and [[South Holland and the Deepings (UK Parliament constituency)|South Holland and the Deepings]]
| region = England
| county = [[Lincolnshire]]
}}
'''Holland with Boston''' was a [[county constituency]] represented in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] from 1918 to 1997. It elected one [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) by the [[first past the post]] system of election.

==History==
The constituency was created in 1918 and abolished in 1997. By the time of its abolition, it was a safe [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] seat. However, Holland with Boston had been held by both the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] and [[Labour Party(UK)|Labour]] parties before the [[World War II|Second World War]].

From 1885 to 1918 the [[parliamentary borough]] of [[Boston (UK Parliament constituency)|Boston]] returned one MP, while the [[Lincolnshire]] [[county division]] of [[Spalding (UK Parliament constituency)|Spalding]], in the south-east of the historic county, elected another MP. In 1918 these two seats were merged to form this constituency.

When created in 1918 the constituency had the same boundaries as the traditional sub-division of the historic county known as the [[Holland, Lincolnshire|Parts of Holland]], which had become an [[administrative county]] in 1889.

In 1997 the constituency was abolished and replaced by two new constituencies, [[Boston and Skegness (UK Parliament constituency)|Boston and Skegness]] and [[South Holland and The Deepings (UK Parliament constituency)|South Holland and The Deepings]].

== Boundaries ==
'''1918–1974''': The county of the [[Holland, Lincolnshire|Parts of Holland]].

'''1974–1983''': The [[Boston, Lincolnshire|Municipal Borough of Boston]], the [[Spalding, Lincolnshire|Urban District of Spalding]], and the [[Rural District]]s of [[Boston Rural District|Boston]], [[East Elloe Rural District|East Elloe]], and [[Spalding Rural District|Spalding]].

'''1983–1997''': The [[Boston (borough)|Borough of Boston]], and the [[South Holland, Lincolnshire|District of South Holland]] wards of Donington, Fleet, Gedney, Holbeach Hurn, Holbeach St John, Holbeach Town, Long Sutton, Moulton, Sutton Bridge, The Saints, and Whaplode.

== Members of Parliament ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Member<ref>{{Rayment-hc|h|3|date=March 2012}}</ref>!!Party
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}" |
| [[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918]]
| [[William Royce (politician)|William Royce]]
| [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[1924 Holland with Boston by-election|1924 by-election]]
| [[Arthur Dean (British politician)|Arthur Dean]]
| [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Liberal Party (UK)}}" |
| [[1929 Holland with Boston by-election|1929 by-election]]
|rowspan="2"| Sir [[James Blindell]]
| [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)}}" |
| [[1931 United Kingdom general election|1931]]
| [[National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)|National Liberal]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)}}" |
| [[1937 Holland with Boston by-election|1937 by-election]]
|rowspan="2"| Sir [[Herbert Butcher]]
| [[National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)|National Liberal]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)}}" |
| [[1950 United Kingdom general election|1950]]
| [[National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)|National Liberal & Conservative]]
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[1966 United Kingdom general election|1966]]
| Sir [[Richard Body]]
| [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
|
|[[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997]]
|colspan="2"| ''constituency abolished: see [[Boston and Skegness (UK Parliament constituency)|Boston and Skegness]] and [[South Holland and the Deepings (UK Parliament constituency)|South Holland and the Deepings]]''
|}

==Election results==
=== Elections in the 1910s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1918 United Kingdom general election|General election 1918]]: Holland with Boston<ref>British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig</ref><ref>Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = [[William Royce (politician)|William Royce]]
|votes = 8,788
|percentage = 39.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link coalition 1918|
|party = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate =[[Ernest Belcher]]
|votes = 7,718
|percentage = 35.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[George Peel]]
|votes = 5,557
|percentage = 25.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,070
|percentage = 4.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 22,063
|percentage = 55.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 40,004
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Labour Party (UK)
}}
{{Election box end 1918}}

=== Elections in the 1920s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1922 United Kingdom general election|General election 1922]]: Holland with Boston<ref>British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = [[William Royce (politician)|William Royce]]
|votes = 12,489
|percentage = 39.1
|change = −0.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate =[[Cameron-Ramsay-Fairfax-Lucy baronets#Fairfax, later Cameron-Ramsay-Fairfax-Lucy baronets, of The Holmes (1836)|Henry Cameron-Ramsay-Fairfax-Lucy]]
|votes = 11,898
|percentage = 37.3
|change = +2.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Ewan Siegfried Agnew
|votes = 7,535
|percentage = 23.6
|change = −1.6
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 591
|percentage = 1.8
|change = −3.0
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 31,922
|percentage = 76.9
|change = +21.7
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 41,516
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Labour Party (UK)
|swing = −1.5
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1923 United Kingdom general election|General election 1923]]: Holland with Boston <ref>British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = [[William Royce (politician)|William Royce]]
|votes = 15,697
|percentage = 54.1
|change = +15.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Arthur Dean (UK politician)|Arthur Dean]]
|votes = 13,331
|percentage = 45.9
|change = +8.6
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,366
|percentage = 8.2
|change = +6.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 29,028
|percentage = 68.8
|change = −8.1
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 42,220
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Labour Party (UK)
|swing = +3.2
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1924 Holland with Boston by-election]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Arthur Dean (UK politician)|Arthur Dean]]
|votes = 12,907
|percentage = 39.6
|change = −6.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Hugh Dalton]]
|votes = 12,101
|percentage = 37.1
|change = −17.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Richard Pattinson Winfrey
|votes = 7,596
|percentage = 23.3
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 806
|percentage = 2.5
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 32,604
|percentage = 77.2
|change = +8.4
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 42,220
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Unionist Party (UK)
|loser = Labour Party (UK)
|swing = −5.4
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1924 United Kingdom general election|General election 1924]]: Holland with Boston<ref>British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Arthur Dean (UK politician)|Arthur Dean]]
|votes = 15,459
|percentage = 47.5
|change = +1.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = [[G. R. Blanco White]]
|votes = 10,689
|percentage = 32.8
|change = −21.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Richard Pattinson Winfrey
|votes = 6,413
|percentage = 19.7
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,770
|percentage = 14.7
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 32,561
|percentage = 75.8
|change = +7.0
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 42,929
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Unionist Party (UK)
|loser = Labour Party (UK)
|swing = +11.5
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1929 Holland with Boston by-election]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[James Blindell]]
|votes = 13,000
|percentage = 38.1
|change = +18.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = [[G. R. Blanco White]]
|votes = 9,294
|percentage = 27.3
|change = −5.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate = Frederick Van den Berg
|votes = 8,257
|percentage = 24.2
|change = −23.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Agricultural Party
|candidate = F.W. Dennis
|votes = 3,541
|percentage = 10.4
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,706
|percentage = 10.8
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 34,092
|percentage = 75.6
|change = −0.2
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 45,079
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Liberal Party (UK)
|loser = Unionist Party (UK)
|swing = +15.9
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1929 United Kingdom general election|General election 1929]]: Holland with Boston<ref>British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = [[James Blindell]]
|votes = 19,792
|percentage = 43.8
|change = +24.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate = Frederick Van den Berg
|votes = 15,877
|percentage = 35.1
|change = −12.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Charles Edward Snook
|votes = 9,556
|percentage = 21.1
|change = −11.7
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,915
|percentage = 8.7
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 45,225
|percentage = 81.5
|change = +5.7
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 55,522
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Liberal Party (UK)
|loser = Unionist Party (UK)
|swing = +18.3
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1930s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1931 United Kingdom general election|General election 1931]]: Holland with Boston<ref>British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)
|candidate = [[James Blindell]]
|votes = 30,375
|percentage = 77.5
|change = +42.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = [[John Parker (Labour politician)|John Parker]]
|votes = 8,840
|percentage = 22.5
|change = +1.4
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,535
|percentage = 55.0
|change = +46.3
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 39,215
|percentage = 68.5
|change = −13.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1935 United Kingdom general election|General election 1935]]: Holland with Boston<ref>British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)
|candidate = [[James Blindell]]
|votes = 25,162
|percentage = 65.5
|change = −12.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Ernest E. Reynolds
|votes = 13,264
|percentage = 34.5
|change = +12.0
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,898
|percentage = 31.0
|change = −24.0
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 38,426
|percentage = 63.6
|change = −4.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |title=[[1937 Holland with Boston by-election]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)
|candidate = [[Herbert Butcher]]
|votes = 21,846
|percentage = 60.0
|change = −5.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate =Ernest E. Reynolds
|votes = 14,556
|percentage = 40.0
|change = +5.5
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,290
|percentage = 20.0
|change = −11.0
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 36,396
|percentage = 59.4
|change = −4.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)
|swing = −5.5
}}
{{Election box end}}
'''General Election 1939–40'''

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected;
*'''Liberal National''': [[Herbert Butcher]]
*'''Labour''': E Kennedy<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref>
*'''[[British Union]]''': Sylvia Morris

=== Elections in the 1940s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1945 United Kingdom general election|General election 1945]]: Holland with Boston<ref>British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)
|candidate = [[Herbert Butcher]]
|votes = 26,939
|percentage = 55.9
|change = −4.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Arthur E. Monks
|votes = 21,263
|percentage = 44.1
|change = +4.1
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,676
|percentage = 11.8
|change = −8.2
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 48,202
|percentage = 72.9
|change = +13.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1950s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1950 United Kingdom general election|General election 1950]]: Holland with Boston}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = National Liberal and Conservative
|candidate = [[Herbert Butcher]]
|votes = 30,336
|percentage = 53.9
|change = −2.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Horace W. Lee
|votes = 22,374
|percentage = 39.8
|change = −2.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Raymond D Blankley
|votes = 3,500
|percentage = 6.2
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,962
|percentage = 14.1
|change = +2.3
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 68,411
|percentage = 82.1
|change = +9.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = National Liberal and Conservative
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1951 United Kingdom general election|General election 1951]]: Holland with Boston}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = National Liberal and Conservative
|candidate = [[Herbert Butcher]]
|votes = 31,683
|percentage = 57.9
|change = +4.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Janet A Walters
|votes = 22,994
|percentage = 42.0
|change = +2.2
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,689
|percentage = 15.9
|change = +1.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 69,453
|percentage = 78.7
|change = −3.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = National Liberal and Conservative
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1955 United Kingdom general election|General election 1955]]: Holland with Boston}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = National Liberal and Conservative
|candidate = [[Herbert Butcher]]
|votes = 28,412
|percentage = 53.2
|change = −4.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = William A Rippon
|votes = 19,329
|percentage = 39.8
|change = −2.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Cyril Valentine
|votes = 5,581
|percentage = 7.0
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,083
|percentage = 13.4
|change = −2.5
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 70,040
|percentage = 76.1
|change = −2.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = National Liberal and Conservative
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1959 United Kingdom general election|General election 1959]]: Holland with Boston}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = National Liberal and Conservative
|candidate = [[Herbert Butcher]]
|votes = 29,013
|percentage = 53.5
|change = +0.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = John DT Williamson
|votes = 17,839
|percentage = 32.9
|change = −6.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Cyril Valentine
|votes = 7,334
|percentage = 13.5
|change = +6.5
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,174
|percentage = 20.6
|change = +6.2
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 70,588
|percentage = 76.7
|change = +0.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = National Liberal and Conservative
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1960s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1964 United Kingdom general election|General election 1964]]: Holland with Boston}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = National Liberal and Conservative
|candidate = [[Herbert Butcher]]
|votes = 29,082
|percentage = 55.3
|change = +1.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Walter Long
|votes = 23,451
|percentage = 44.6
|change = +11.7
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,631
|percentage = 10.7
|change = −9.9
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 71,064
|percentage = 73.9
|change = −2.8
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = National Liberal and Conservative
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1966 United Kingdom general election|General election 1966]]: Holland with Boston}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Richard Body]]
|votes = 26,683
|percentage = 50.3
|change = −5.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Robert H. Hickman
|votes = 26,367
|percentage = 49.7
|change = +5.1
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 316
|percentage = 0.6
|change = −10.1
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 53,050
|percentage = 74.9
|change = +1.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1970s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1970 United Kingdom general election|General election 1970]]: Holland with Boston}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Richard Body]]
|votes = 33,580
|percentage = 58.0
|change = +7.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Stephen Sackur#Family|Robert N.H. Sackur]]
|votes = 24,241
|percentage = 41.9
|change = −7.8
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,339
|percentage = 16.1
|change = +15.5
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 77,245
|percentage = 74.8
|change = −0.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|General election February 1974]]: Holland with Boston}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Richard Body]]
|votes = 30,561
|percentage = 47.6
|change = −10.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = M Cornish
|votes = 18,180
|percentage = 28.3
|change = −13.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Raymond Stephenson
|votes = 15,466
|percentage = 24.0
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,381
|percentage = 19.3
|change = +3.2
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 79,775
|percentage = 80.4
|change = +5.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[October 1974 United Kingdom general election|General election October 1974]]: Holland with Boston}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Richard Body]]
|votes = 28,145
|percentage = 47.6
|change = 0.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = M Cornish
|votes = 19,461
|percentage = 33.5
|change = +5.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Raymond Stephenson
|votes = 10,476
|percentage = 18.0
|change = −6.0
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,684
|percentage = 14.9
|change = −4.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 80,454
|percentage = 72.1
|change = −8.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1979 United Kingdom general election|General election 1979]]: Holland with Boston}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Richard Body]]
|votes = 35,440
|percentage = 55.5
|change = +7.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Malcolm Fox
|votes = 17,908
|percentage = 28.0
|change = −5.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = J Wright
|votes = 10,480
|percentage = 16.4
|change = −1.6
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,532
|percentage = 27.5
|change = +12.6
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 85,578
|percentage = 74.5
|change = +2.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1980s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1983 United Kingdom general election|General election 1983]]: Holland with Boston<ref name=electoralcalculus1983>{{cite web|title=Election Data 1983|url=http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1983.txt|publisher=[[Electoral Calculus]]|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054231/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1983.txt|archive-date=15 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Richard Body]]
|votes = 24,962
|percentage = 55.2
|change = −0.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Carole Le Brun
|votes = 13,226
|percentage = 29.2
|change = +12.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = John Moore
|votes = 6,970
|percentage = 15.4
|change = −12.6
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,736
|percentage = 26.0
|change = −1.5
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 63,562
|percentage = 71.0
|change = −3.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1987 United Kingdom general election|General election 1987]]: Holland with Boston<ref name=electoralcalculus1987>{{cite web|title=Election Data 1987|url=http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1987.txt|publisher=[[Electoral Calculus]]|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054243/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1987.txt|archive-date=15 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Richard Body]]
|votes = 27,412
|percentage = 57.8
|change = +2.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate = Carole Le Brun
|votes = 9,817
|percentage = 20.7
|change = −8.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = John Hough
|votes = 9,734
|percentage = 20.4
|change = +5.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = David James
|votes = 405
|percentage = 0.8
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,595
|percentage = 37.1
|change = +11.1
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 65,539
|percentage = 72.2
|change = +1.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Elections in the 1990s ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1992 United Kingdom general election|General election 1992]]: Holland with Boston<ref name=electoralcalculus1992>{{cite web|title=Election Data 1992|url=http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1992ob.txt|publisher=[[Electoral Calculus]]|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054418/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1992ob.txt|archive-date=15 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge92/ge92index.htm|title=Politics Resources|date=9 April 1992|work=Election 1992|publisher=Politics Resources|access-date=6 Dec 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724020412/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge92/ge92index.htm|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = [[Richard Body]]
|votes = 29,159
|percentage = 55.1
|change = −2.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = John Hough
|votes = 15,328
|percentage = 29.0
|change = +8.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Democrats (UK)
|candidate = Nigel Ley
|votes = 8,434
|percentage = 15.9
|change = −4.8
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,831
|percentage = 26.1
|change = −11.0
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 52,921
|percentage = 77.9
|change = +5.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing = −5.6
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
*[[List of parliamentary constituencies in Lincolnshire]]
* [[1924 Holland with Boston by-election]]
* [[1929 Holland with Boston by-election]]
* [[1937 Holland with Boston by-election]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811131032/http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk.htm |date=11 August 2007 }} ''Area Studies, UK: politics, elections and government in Britain''
* ''Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972'', compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Parliamentary Reference Publications 1972)
* ''British Parliamentary Constituencies: A Statistical Compendium'', by Ivor Crewe and Anthony Fox (Faber and Faber 1984)
* {{cite book |last=Craig |first=F. W. S. |author-link= F. W. S. Craig |title=British parliamentary election results 1918-1949 |orig-year=1969 |edition= 3rd |year=1983 |publisher= Parliamentary Research Services |location=Chichester |isbn= 0-900178-06-X}}

[[Category:Parliamentary constituencies in Lincolnshire (historic)]]
[[Category:Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918]]
[[Category:Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1997]]
[[Category:Parts of Holland]]

British Hard Court Championships

2025-04-15T23:12:44Z

80.46.110.142: /* Men's singles */

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox tennis tournament
| name = British Hard Court Championships
| type = defunct
| founded = 1924
| ended = 1999
| event name = British Hard Court Championships (1968–70, 1978, 1980–83) Rothmans British Hard Court Championships (1971–74) Coca-Cola British Hard Court Championships (1975–76) ''Men'': Bournemouth International/Samsung Open (1996–99) 
''Women'': Rover British Clay Court Championships (1995–96)
| tour = ILTF (1968–70) [[Grand Prix tennis circuit|Grand Prix circuit]] (1970–76, 1978, 1980–83) [[ATP International Series|ATP World Series]] (1996–99) [[WTA Tour]] (1968, 1971–76, 1995–96)
| location = [[Torquay]] (1924–26) [[Bournemouth]] (1927–83, 1995–99) [[Cardiff]] (1996, women)
| surface = [[Clay court|Clay]]
}}

The '''British Hard Court Championships''' was a [[Grand Prix tennis circuit|Grand Prix tennis]] and [[WTA Tour]] affiliated [[tennis]] tournament, played in the [[Open Era (tennis)|Open Era]] from 1968 to 1983 and again (albeit not named as such) from 1995 to 1999.

==History==
As an amateur tournament, the inaugural edition was held in 1924 in [[Torquay]], moving to the [[West Hants Tennis Club]] in [[Bournemouth]], England in 1927. The tournament remained there until 1983, although the 1977 and 1979 editions were cancelled due to lack of sponsorship.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tennis tabled|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_j1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ke4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2025%2C8585755|work=[[The Spokesman-Review]]|agency=AP|date=31 March 1979|page=24|via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

At that time, the tournament was played outdoors on [[Clay court#Red clay|red shale]],{{efn| In Britain, shale courts were usually referred to as 'hard' in order to distinguish them from grass, which was termed a 'soft' surface.}} which is similar to European clay but with a grittier, looser surface, thus leading to faster play.<ref name=robertson>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Tennis|year=1974|publisher=Allen & Unwin|location=London|isbn=0047960426|pages=210, 211|editor=Max Robertson}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Clarey |first1=Christopher |title=The Forgotten Home of Tennis’s Open Era |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/22/sports/tennis/british-hard-court-championships.html |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=New York Times |date=22 April 2018}}</ref> When the tournament became a fixture of the Open Era in 1968 (see below), many professional competitors from overseas, unused to the playing conditions, complained that the shale courts were wet and slippery.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Briggs |first1=Simon |title=When sleepy Bournemouth was the centre of a tennis revolution fifty years ago |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2018/04/21/sleepy-bournemouth-centre-tennis-revolution-fifty-years-ago/ |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=21 April 2018}}</ref> By the mid-1970s, however, the event had become a destination for several top European and South American clay courters: winners of the men's singles championship during those years include [[Ilie Năstase]], [[Adriano Panatta]], [[Manuel Orantes]], [[Victor Pecci]] and [[José Higueras]]. This did not prevent it from being cancelled once again in 1984, which the organisers explained was due to the lack of a sponsor and the withdrawal of television coverage.<ref>Bellamy, Rex (23 February 1984). "Tennis: Bournemouth again vanishes from view". ''The Times'', p. 24. Retrieved 20 January 2025.</ref>

In 1995, the event was revived at Bournemouth as a women's WTA tournament but was only played there that one time; the final edition the following year was held in [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]].<ref name=independent>{{cite web|title=Britain Starts Building on Clay|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/britain-starts-building-on-clay-1620228.html|work=The Independent|access-date=3 November 2012|date=19 May 1995}}</ref> A men's [[ATP World Series]] tournament was then staged at the West Hants Club on [[Clay court#Green clay|American green clay]] from 1996 to 1999, before being relocated to indoor hard courts in Brighton for the 2000 edition (see [[Brighton International]]).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=John |title=TENNIS; Bournemouth seeking prime-time slot |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis-bournemouth-seeking-primetime-slot-1119822.html |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=The Independent |date=16 September 1999}}</ref>

Bournemouth was once one of the world's major tournaments, second only to Wimbledon in England and on the same level as Monte Carlo, Rome and Hamburg.<ref name=robertson/> In the pre-war era, it was regarded as the most important event outside the four Grand Slams. [[Fred Perry]] is the record holder with five consecutive titles, from 1932 through to 1936.<ref name=independent/>

==Start of Open Era==
{{Main|1968 British Hard Court Championships}}
The Championships hold the distinction of being the first tennis tournament to be held in the Open Era, taking place in April 1968.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Steve Tignor|title=1968: Open Era Begins in Bournemouth|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2015/01/1968-open-era-begins-bournemouth/53733/|publisher=[[Tennis.com]]|date=22 January 2015}}</ref> It started on 22 April at 1:43 p.m. when John Clifton served and won the first point.<ref name=si/><ref name=collins/> [[Ken Rosewall]] won the men's singles title, taking home $2,400, while runner-up [[Rod Laver]] received $1,200. [[Virginia Wade]] won the women's singles title, defeating [[Winnie Shaw]] in the final, but did not take home the winner's prize of $720 as she was still an [[Amateur sports#Other sports|amateur]] at the time of the tournament. She thus became the first amateur to win a title in the Open Era.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amateurs Shy Of First Net Open|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=owIuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EaAFAAAAIBAJ&dq=bournemouth%20tennis&pg=4501%2C5273468|newspaper=[[The Montreal Gazette]]|date=22 April 1968|via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref><ref name=smh>{{cite news|title=Set Each in Tennis|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZmspAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9eYDAAAAIBAJ&dq=bournemouth%20tennis&pg=1249%2C7978142|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=28 April 1968|via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Christine Janes and her sister Nell Truman became the first winners of an open tennis event by winning the women's doubles title.<ref name=robertson/> The tournament was considered a success and attracted almost 30,000 visitors.<ref name=collins>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Bud|title=The Bud Collins History of Tennis: An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book|year=2010|publisher=New Chapter Press|location=New York|isbn=9780942257700|pages=144, 145|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=British Say Open Tennis is 'Bonanza'|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KNgvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qDEDAAAAIBAJ&dq=bournemouth%20tennis&pg=6089%2C7566577|newspaper=Rome News-Tribune|date=28 April 1968|via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> The young British player [[Mark Cox (tennis)|Mark Cox]] went down in tennis history, when at the second round of the championships he became the first amateur player to beat a professional, after defeating the American [[Pancho Gonzales]] in five sets in two and a quarter hours.<ref name=si>{{cite magazine|title=The First Open Makes Its Mark|url=https://www.si.com/vault/issue/43019/28/2|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=6 May 1968|author=C.M. Jones|pages=20–21|volume=28|issue=18}}</ref><ref name=smh/><ref>{{cite web|title=ATP player profile – Mark Cox|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Co/M/Mark-Cox.aspx|publisher=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]] (ATP)|website=www.atpworldtour.com}}</ref>

==Results==

===Men's singles===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:60px"|'''Year'''
!style="width:200px"|'''Champion'''
!style="width:200px"|'''Runner-up'''
!style="width:160px"|'''Score'''
|-
| 1924 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Randolph Lycett]] || {{flagicon|NED}} [[Christiaan van Lennep]] || 6–1, 3–6, 6–4, 6–3
|-
| 1925 || {{flagicon|RSA|1912}} [[Patrick Spence]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Charles Kingsley (tennis)|Charles Kingsley]] || 6–1, 6–4, 9–7
|-
| 1926 || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jacques Brugnon]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Bunny Austin]] || 7–5, 4–6, 3–6, 8–6, 6–3
|-
| 1927 || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[René Lacoste]] || {{flagicon|RSA|1912}} [[Patrick Spence]] || 6–1, 6–2, 6–2
|-
| 1928 || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[René Lacoste]] || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Patrick Spence]] || 6–2, 6–2, 6–2
|-
| 1929 <ref name=year1929>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4014073 |title=English tennis. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |issue=25,847 |location=Melbourne|date=15 June 1929 |page=10 |via=[[National Library of Australia]]}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Bunny Austin]] || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Louis Raymond (tennis)|Louis Raymond]] || 6–3, 6–2, 1–6, 6–4
|-
| 1930 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Harry Lee (tennis)|Harry Lee]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Eric Peters (tennis)|Eric Peters]] || 6–3, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4
|-
| 1931 || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christian Boussus]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Pat Hughes (tennis)|Pat Hughes]] || 8–6, 6–4, 4–6, 6–2
|-
| 1932 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Fred Perry]] || {{flagicon|IRL}} [[George Lyttleton Rogers]] || 4–6, 7–9, 6–3, 6–0, 6–2
|-
| 1933 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Fred Perry]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Bunny Austin]] || 2–6, 7–5, 7–5, 6–2
|-
| 1934 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Fred Perry]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jack Crawford (tennis)|Jack Crawford]] || 8–6, 7–5, 6–1
|-
| 1935 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Fred Perry]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Bunny Austin]] || 0–6, 6–4, 3–6, 6–2, 6–0
|-
| 1936 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Fred Perry]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Bunny Austin]] || 6–2, 8–6, 6–3
|-
| 1937 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Bunny Austin]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Harry Lee (tennis)|Harry Lee]] || 6–2, 6–2, 6–0
|-
| 1938 || {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Kho Sin-Kie]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Bunny Austin]] || 6–4, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3
|-
| 1939 || {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Kho Sin-Kie]] || {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Choy Wai-Chuen]] || 7–5, 6–1, 6–4
|-
|style=background:|1940–1945 || colspan=3 align=center style=background: | ''Not held (WW2)''
|-
| 1946 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jack Harper (tennis)|Jack E. Harper]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Derrick W. Barton]] || 7–5, 6–2, 6–1
|-
| 1947 || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Eric Sturgess]] || {{flagicon|POL|1928}} [[Ignacy Tłoczyński]] || 11–9, 6–1, 6–4
|-
| 1948 || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Eric Sturgess]] || {{flagicon|POL|1928}} [[Ignacy Tłoczyński]] || 6–2, 6–3, 6–1
|-
| 1949 || {{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Pedro Masip]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Henri Cochet]] || 6–3, 4–6, 6–2, 9–7
|-
| 1950 || {{flagicon|EGY|1922}} [[Jaroslav Drobný]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Geoff Brown (tennis)|Geoff Brown]] || 7–5, 6–0, 6–4
|-
| 1951 || {{flagicon|EGY|1922}} [[Jaroslav Drobný]] || {{flagicon|PHI|1944}} [[Felicisimo Ampon]] || 6–4, 6–2, 6–0
|-
| 1952 || {{flagicon|EGY|1922}} [[Jaroslav Drobný]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Frank Sedgman]] || 6–2, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4
|-
| 1953 || {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Enrique Morea]] || {{flagicon|PHI|1944}} [[Felicisimo Ampon]] || 6–3, 6–2, 6–1
|-
| 1954 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Tony Mottram]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Geoffrey Paish]] || 6–4, 6–3, 7–5
|-
| 1955 || {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Sven Davidson]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Roger Becker]] || 11–9, 6–3, 6–1
|-
| 1956 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Budge Patty]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ham Richardson]] || 1–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–3
|-
| 1957 || {{flagicon|EGY|1953}} [[Jaroslav Drobný]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Lew Hoad]] || 6–4, 6–4, 6–4
|-
| 1958 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Billy Knight (tennis)|William Knight]] || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Giuseppe Merlo]] || 5–7, 6–0, 6–2, 6–3
|-
| 1959 || {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Lew Gerrard]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Billy Knight (tennis)|William Knight]] || 3–6, 2–6, 6–2, 7–5, 9–7
|-
| 1960 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Mike Davies (tennis)|Mike Davies]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Billy Knight (tennis)|William Knight]] || 6–2, 4–6, 6–2, 6–1
|-
| 1961 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Roy Emerson]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rod Laver]] || 8–6, 6–4, 6–0
|-
| 1962 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rod Laver]] || {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Ian Crookenden]] || 6–3, 6–3, 6–3
|-
| 1963 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Billy Knight (tennis)|William Knight]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Martin Mulligan]] || 5–7, 6–3, 6–1, 6–3
|-
| 1964 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Billy Knight (tennis)|William Knight]] || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Cliff Drysdale]] || 6–3, 1–6, 6–1, 5–7, 7–5
|-
| 1965 || {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jan-Erik Lundqvist]] || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Cliff Drysdale]] || 3–6, 6–4, 8–6, 6–1
|-
| 1966 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ken Fletcher]] || {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tom Okker]] || 7–5, 6–4
|-
| 1967 || {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jan-Erik Lundqvist]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Bob Hewitt]] || 6–1, 6–8, 6–3, 6–2
|-
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | ↓  Open era  ↓
|-
| [[1968 British Hard Court Championships|1968]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ken Rosewall]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rod Laver]] || 3–6, 6–2, 6–0, 6–3
|-
| [[1969 British Hard Court Championships|1969]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Newcombe]] || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Bob Hewitt]] || 6–8, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4
|-
| [[1970 British Hard Court Championships|1970]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Mark Cox (tennis)|Mark Cox]] || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Bob Hewitt]] || 6–1, 6–2, 6–3
|-
| [[1971 British Hard Court Championships|1971]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Gerald Battrick]] || {{flagicon|YUG}} [[Željko Franulović]] || 6–3, 6–2, 5–7, 6–0
|-
| [[1972 British Hard Court Championships|1972]] || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Bob Hewitt]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre Barthès]] || 6–2, 6–4, 6–3
|-
| [[1973 British Hard Court Championships|1973]] || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Adriano Panatta]] || {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ilie Năstase]] || 6–8, 7–5, 6–3
|-
| [[1974 British Hard Court Championships|1974]] || {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ilie Năstase]] || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Paolo Bertolucci]] || 6–1, 6–3, 6–2
|-
| [[1975 British Hard Court Championships|1975]] || {{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Manuel Orantes]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Patrick Proisy]] || 6–3, 4–6, 6–2, 7–5
|-
| [[1976 British Hard Court Championships|1976]] || {{flagicon|POL}} [[Wojciech Fibak]] || {{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Manuel Orantes]] || 6–2, 7–9, 6–2, 6–2
|-
|style=background:|1977 || colspan=3 align=center style=background: | ''Not held''
|-
| [[1978 British Hard Court Championships|1978]] || {{flagicon|ESP|1977}} [[José Higueras]] || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Paolo Bertolucci]] || 6–2, 6–1, 6–3
|-
|style=background:|1979 || colspan=3 align=center style=background: | ''Not held''
|-
| [[1980 British Hard Court Championships|1980]] || {{flagicon|ESP|1977}} [[Ángel Giménez]] || {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Shlomo Glickstein]] || 3–6, 6–3, 6–3
|-
| [[1981 British Hard Court Championships|1981]] || {{flagicon|PAR}} [[Víctor Pecci]] || {{flagicon|HUN|1957}} [[Balázs Taróczy]] || 6–3, 6–4
|-
| [[1982 British Hard Court Championships|1982]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manuel Orantes]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ángel Giménez]] || 6–2, 6–0
|-
| [[1983 British Hard Court Championships|1983]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[José Higueras]] || {{flagicon|CSK}} [[Tomáš Šmíd]] || 2–6, 7–6, 7–5
|-
|style=background:|1984–1995 || colspan=3 align=center style=background: | ''Not held''
|-
| [[1996 Bournemouth International|1996]]<ref>{{cite web|title=BRITISH HARD COURT CH. Tournament Roll of honour|url=https://app.thetennisbase.com/?enlace=tournament&accion=honour&pais=GBR&nomTorneo=BRITISH+HARD+COURT+CH.&descPais=GREAT+BRITAIN&codpais=GBR&stats=BRITISH+HARD+COURT+CH.#datosDraw|website=thetennisbase.com|publisher=The Tennis Base, 2016|access-date=12 December 2016|url-access=registration }}</ref> || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Costa]] || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marc-Kevin Goellner]] || 6–7, 6–2, 6–2
|-
| 1997 || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Félix Mantilla (tennis)|Félix Mantilla]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Moyá]] || 6–2, 6–2
|-
| [[1998 Bournemouth International|1998]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Félix Mantilla (tennis)|Félix Mantilla]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Costa]] || 6–3, 7–5
|-
| [[1999 Bournemouth International|1999]] || {{flagicon|ROM}} [[Adrian Voinea]] || {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Stefan Koubek]] || 1–6, 7–5, 7–6
|-
|}

===Women's singles===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:60px"|'''Year'''
!style="width:200px"|'''Champion'''
!style="width:200px"|'''Runner-up'''
!style="width:160px"|'''Score'''
|-
| 1924 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Elizabeth Ryan]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Geraldine Beamish]] || 6–2, 6–2
|-
| 1925 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Elizabeth Ryan]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joan Fry]] || 6–2, 6–2
|-
| 1926 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joan Fry]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Phoebe Holcroft Watson]] || 6–1, 7–9, 6–1
|-
| 1927 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Betty Nuthall]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Edith Clarke (tennis)|Edith Clarke]] || 8–6, 6–2
|-
| 1928 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Elsie Goldsack Pittman|Elsie Goldsack]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joan Ridley]] || 8–6, 6–3
|-
| 1929 <ref name=year1929/> || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Bobbie Heine Miller|Bobby Heine]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joan Ridley]] || 6–4, 3–6, 8–6
|-
| 1930 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joan Fry]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Madge List]] || 6–1, 2–6, 6–2
|-
| 1931 || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Simonne Mathieu]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Mary Heeley]] || 6–4, 6–4
|-
| 1932 || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Simonne Mathieu]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Dorothy Round]] || 6–1, 6–2
|-
| 1933 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Dorothy Round]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Helen Jacobs]] || 3–6, 6–2, 6–3
|-
| 1934 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Dorothy Round]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Peggy Scriven]] || 6–2, 2–6, 8–6
|-
| 1935 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Kay Stammers]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Peggy Scriven]] || 6–2, 6–2
|-
| 1936 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Kay Stammers]] || {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Anita Lizana]] || 7–5, 7–5
|-
| 1937 || {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Anita Lizana]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Peggy Scriven]] || 7–5, 6–3
|-
| 1938 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Peggy Scriven]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nancye Wynne Bolton|Nancye Wynne]] || 7–5, 6–2
|-
| 1939 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Kay Stammers]] || {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Anita Lizana|Anita Ellis]] || 6–3, 6–3
|-
| 1940–1945 || colspan=3| ''Not held''
|-
| 1946 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jean Bostock]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Kay Stammers|Kay Menzies]] || 6–3, 6–4
|-
| 1947 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nancye Wynne Bolton|Nancye Bolton]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joan Curry]] || 7–5, 6–3
|-
| 1948 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Betty Hilton]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Pamela Bocquet]] || 6–1, 6–4
|-
| 1949 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joan Curry]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jean Quertier]] || 3–6, 7–5, 7–5
|-
| 1950 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joan Curry]] || {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Mary Terán de Weiss]] || 8–6, 8–6
|-
| 1951 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Doris Hart]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jean Walker-Smith]] || 6–4, 8–6
|-
| 1952 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Doris Hart]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Shirley Fry Irvin|Shirley Fry]] || 6–4, 6–3
|-
| 1953 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Doris Hart]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Shirley Fry Irvin|Shirley Fry]] || 6–3, 4–6, 6–4
|-
| 1954 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Doris Hart]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joy Mottram]] || 6–1, 6–3
|-
| 1955 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Angela Mortimer]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Angela Buxton]] || 6–1, 6–1
|-
| 1956 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Angela Mortimer]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Shirley Brasher|Shirley Bloomer]] || 7–5, 5–7, 6–1
|-
| 1957 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Shirley Brasher|Shirley Bloomer]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Patricia Ward Hales|Patricia Ward]] || 3–6, 6–3, 6–2
|-
| 1958 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Shirley Brasher|Shirley Bloomer]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Ann Haydon-Jones|Ann Haydon]] || 6–4, 6–4
|-
| 1959 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Angela Mortimer]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Christine Truman]] || 6–4, 2–6, 6–4
|-
| 1960 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Christine Truman]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Ann Haydon-Jones|Ann Haydon]] || 6–2, 6–2
|-
| 1961 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Angela Mortimer]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Deidre Catt]] || 6–2, 6–3
|-
| 1962 || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Renée Schuurman]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Angela Mortimer]] || 5–7, 6–2, 6–4
|-
| 1963 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Ann Haydon-Jones]] || {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Norma Baylon]] || 6–0, 1–6, 9–7
|-
| 1964 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Ann Haydon-Jones]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jan Lehane]] || 6–2, 12–10
|-
| 1965 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Ann Haydon-Jones]] || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Annette Van Zyl]] || 7–5, 6–1
|-
| 1966 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Ann Haydon-Jones]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Virginia Wade]] || 6–3, 6–1
|-
| 1967 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Virginia Wade]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Ann Haydon-Jones]] || 6–1, 10–8
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | ↓  Open era  ↓
|-
| 1968 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Virginia Wade]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Winnie Shaw]] || 6–4, 6–1
|-
| 1969 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Margaret Court]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Winnie Shaw]] || 5–7, 6–4, 6–4
|-
| 1970 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Margaret Court]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Virginia Wade]] || 6–2, 6–3
|-
| 1971 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Margaret Court]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Evonne Goolagong]] || 7–5, 6–1
|-
| 1972 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Evonne Goolagong]] || {{flagicon|FRG}} [[Helga Niessen Masthoff]] || 6–0, 6–4
|-
| 1973 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Virginia Wade]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Evonne Goolagong]] || 6–4, 6–4
|-
| 1974 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Virginia Wade]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Julie Heldman]] || 6–1, 3–6, 6–1
|-
| 1975 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Janet Newberry]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Terry Holladay]] || 7–9, 7–5, 6–3
|-
| 1976 || {{flagicon|FRG}} [[Helga Masthoff]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Sue Barker]] || 5–7, 6–3, 6–3
|-
|1977–1994 || colspan=3 align=center | ''Not held''
|-
| [[1995 Rover British Clay Court Championships|1995]] || {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Ludmila Richterová]] || {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Patricia Hy-Boulais]] || 6–7, 6–4, 6–3
|-
| [[1996 Rover British Clay Court Championships|1996]] || {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Dominique Monami|Dominique Van Roost]] || {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Laurence Courtois]] || 6–4, 6–2
|}

===Men's doubles===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:60px"|'''Year'''
!style="width:200px"|'''Champion'''
!style="width:200px"|'''Runner-up'''
!style="width:160px"|'''Score'''
|-
| 1968 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Roy Emerson]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rod Laver]] || {{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Andrés Gimeno]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Pancho Gonzales]] || 8–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–2
|-
| 1969 || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Bob Hewitt]] {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Frew McMillan]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Claude Barclay]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Bobby Wilson (tennis)|Bobby Wilson]] || 6–4, 6–2, 2–6, 9–7
|-
| 1970 || {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tom Okker]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tony Roche]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[William Bowrey]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Owen Davidson]] || 2–6, 6–4, 6–4, 6–4
|-
| 1971 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[William Bowrey]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Owen Davidson]] || {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Patricio Cornejo]] {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Jaime Fillol]] || 8–6, 6–2, 3–6, 4–6, 6–3
|-
| 1972 || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Bob Hewitt]] {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Frew McMillan]] || {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ilie Năstase]] {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ion Țiriac]] || 7–5, 6–2
|-
| 1973 || {{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Juan Gisbert Sr.]] {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ilie Năstase]] || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Adriano Panatta]] {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ion Țiriac]] || 6–4, 8–6
|-
| 1974 || {{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Juan Gisbert Sr.]] {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ilie Năstase]] || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Corrado Barazzutti]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Paolo Bertolucci]] || 6–4, 6–2, 6–0
|-
| 1975 || {{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Juan Gisbert Sr.]] {{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Manuel Orantes]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Syd Ball]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Dick Crealy]] || 8–6, 6–3
|-
| 1976 || {{flagicon|POL}} [[Wojciech Fibak]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Fred McNair]] || {{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Juan Gisbert Sr.]] {{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Manuel Orantes]] || 4–6, 7–5, 7–5
|-
|1977 || colspan=3 align=center | ''Not held''
|-
| 1978 || {{flagicon|NED}} [[Louk Sanders]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Rolf Thung]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[David Carter (tennis)|David Carter]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rod Frawley]] || 6–3, 6–4
|-
|1979 || colspan=3 align=center | ''Not held''
|-
| 1980 || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Eddie Edwards (tennis)|Eddie Edwards]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Craig Edwards (tennis)|Craig Edwards]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Andrew Jarrett]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jonathan Smith (tennis)|Jonathan Smith]] || 6–3, 6–7, 8–6
|-
| 1981 || {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Ricardo Cano]] {{flagicon|PAR}} [[Víctor Pecci]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Buster Mottram]] {{flagicon|CSK}} [[Tomáš Šmíd]] || 6–4, 3–6, 6–3
|-
| 1982 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Paul McNamee]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Buster Mottram]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Henri Leconte]] {{flagicon|ROU|1965}} [[Ilie Năstase]] || 3–6, 7–6, 6–3
|-
| 1983 || {{flagicon|CSK}} [[Tomáš Šmíd]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sherwood Stewart]] || {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Heinz Günthardt]] {{flagicon|HUN|1957}} [[Balázs Taróczy]] || 7–6, 7–5
|}

===Women's doubles===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:60px"|'''Year'''
!style="width:200px"|'''Champion'''
!style="width:200px"|'''Runner-up'''
!style="width:160px"|'''Score'''
|-
| 1968 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Christine Truman Janes]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Nell Truman]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Fay Toyne-Moore]] {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Annette Van Zyl|Annette du Plooy]] || 6–4, 6–3
|-
| 1969 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Margaret Court]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Judy Tegart]] || {{flagicon|NED}} [[Ada Bakker]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Marijke Schaar]] || 6–1, 6–4
|-
| 1970 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Margaret Court]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Judy Tegart]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rosie Casals]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Billie Jean King]] || 6–2, 6–8, 7–5
|-
| 1971 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mary-Ann Eisel]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Françoise Dürr]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Margaret Court]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Evonne Goolagong]] || 6–3, 5–7, 6–4
|-
| 1972 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Evonne Goolagong]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Helen Gourlay]] || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Brenda Kirk]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Betty Stöve]] || 7–5, 6–1
|-
| 1973 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Patricia Coleman]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Wendy Turnbull]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Evonne Goolagong]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Janet Young (tennis)|Janet Young]] || 7–5, 7–5
|-
| 1974 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Julie Heldman]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Virginia Wade]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Patti Hogan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sharon Walsh]] || 6–2, 6–2
|-
| 1975 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Lesley Charles]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Sue Mappin]] || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Linky Boshoff|Delina Ann Boshoff]] {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Greer Stevens]] || 6–3, 6–3
|-
| 1976 || {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Linky Boshoff|Delina Ann Boshoff]] {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Ilana Kloss]] || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Lesley Charles]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Sue Mappin]] || 6–3, 6–2
|-
|1977–1994 || colspan=3 align=center | ''Not held''
|-
| 1995 || {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Mariaan de Swardt]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Ruxandra Dragomir]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kerry-Anne Guse]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Patricia Hy-Boulais]] || 6–3, 7–5
|-
| 1996 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Katrina Adams]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Mariaan de Swardt]] || {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Els Callens]] {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Laurence Courtois]] || 6–0, 6–4
|}

==Records==

===Men's singles===
*Most titles: {{flagicon|GBR|5px}} [[Fred Perry]], 5
*Most consecutive titles: {{flagicon|GBR|5px}} Fred Perry, 5
*Most finals: {{flagicon|GBR|5px}} [[Bunny Austin]], 7
*Most consecutive finals: {{flagicon|GBR|5px}} Fred Perry, 5
*Most matches played: {{flagicon|GBR|5px}} [[Billy Knight (tennis)|William Knight]], 55
*Most matches won: {{flagicon|GBR|5px}} William Knight, 44
*Most consecutive match wins: {{flagicon|GBR|5px}} Fred Perry, 25
*Most editions played: {{flagicon|GBR|5px}} [[Tony Pickard]], 16
*Best match winning %:{{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} [[Kho Sin-Kie]] 100.00%
*Longest final: {{flagicon|AUS|5px}} [[John Newcombe]] v {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Bob Hewitt]], result: 6–8, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4, 55 games, 1969
*Shortest final: {{flagicon|ESP|5px}} [[Manuel Orantes]] v {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ángel Giménez]], result: 6–2, 6–0, 14 games, 1982
*Title with the fewest games lost: {{flagicon|AUS|5px}} [[Ken Fletcher]], 21, 1966
*Oldest champion: {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Randolph Lycett]], 37y 7m and 26d, 1924
*Youngest champion: {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Lew Gerrard]], 21y 0m and 15d, 1959

Source:The Tennis Base.<ref>{{cite web|title=British Hard Court Championship, Tournament Records|url=https://app.thetennisbase.com/?enlace=tournament&accion=tourneyRecords&cnt=&fase=&tipoTorneoTeam=&nomTorneo=BRITISH%20HARD%20COURT%20CH.#datosHonor|website=thetennisbase.com|publisher=The Tennis Base, 2016|access-date=12 December 2016|url-access=registration }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[British Covered Court Championships]]
* [[:Category:National and multi-national tennis tournaments]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100105163355/http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/page/TournamentArchive/0%2C%2C12781~0~2008%2C00.html WTA results archive]
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/video/british-hard-court-championship British Pathé film reel – British Hard Court Championship 1934]

{{British Hard Court Championships}}
{{WTA Tier IV tournaments}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bournemouth}}
[[Category:British Hard Court Championships| ]]
[[Category:Clay court tennis tournaments]]
[[Category:Defunct tennis tournaments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Tennis tournaments in Wales]]
[[Category:WTA Tour]]
[[Category:1924 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1999 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1924]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1999]]
[[Category:Sport in Bournemouth]]
[[Category:National and multi-national tennis tournaments]]

Judy Campbell

2025-04-13T22:24:40Z

80.46.110.142: /* Career */

{{short description|English actress (1916–2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Judy Campbell
| image = Judy Campbell.jpg
| caption = Campbell in 1940
| birth_name = Judith Mary Gamble
| birth_date = {{birth date|1916|5|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Grantham]], [[Lincolnshire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|6|6|1916|5|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| years_active = 1935–2003
| spouse = {{marriage|David Birkin|1943|1991|end=d.}}
| children = 3, including [[Andrew Birkin]] and [[Jane Birkin]]
| relatives = {{Nowrap|[[David Birkin]] (grandson) [[Anno Birkin]] (grandson) [[Kate Barry (photographer)|Kate Barry]] (granddaughter) [[John Barry (composer)]]
(son-in-law) [[Charlotte Gainsbourg]] (granddaughter) [[Lou Doillon]] (granddaughter)}}
}}

'''Judy Campbell''' (born '''Judith Mary Gamble'''; 31 May 1916 – 6 June 2004)<ref name=independent>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/judy-campbell-6167919.html|title=Obituary: Judy Campbell|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=10 June 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208172858/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/judy-campbell-6167919.html|archive-date=8 February 2015 |url-status=dead|access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> was an English film, television and stage actress, widely known to be [[Noël Coward]]'s muse.{{cn|date=August 2021}} Her daughter was the actress and singer [[Jane Birkin]], her son the screenwriter and director [[Andrew Birkin]], and among her grandchildren are the actresses [[Charlotte Gainsbourg]] and [[Lou Doillon]], the late poet [[Anno Birkin]], the artist [[David Birkin]] and the late photographer [[Kate Barry (photographer)|Kate Barry]].

==Early life==
Campbell was born in [[Grantham]], [[Lincolnshire]], on 31 May 1916, daughter of John Arthur Gamble and his wife Mary (née Fulton). She was educated briefly at [[Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School]], then at St Michael's Convent, [[East Grinstead]], [[Sussex]].<ref>''Grantham Journal'' Friday 26 April 1940, page 7</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jun/09/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries |title=Judy Campbell |first=Eric |last=Shorter |date=9 June 2004 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> Both her parents were on the stage; her father was also the author of several plays under his professional name of J.A. Campbell.

In Grantham, her family was acquainted with the family of Margaret Roberts, later to become [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thatcher |first=Margaret |date=1995 |title=The Path to Power |url=https://archive.org/details/pathtopower00that |url-access=registration |publisher=HarperCollins |page=[https://archive.org/details/pathtopower00that/page/14 14] |isbn=0-06-017270-3}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Judy Campbell in 1942.jpg|thumb|Judy Campbell (age 26), photographed by her husband Lt Cdr David Birkin at Dartmouth]]
Campbell made her stage debut in 1935 as a "Guest" in ''[[The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (play)|The Last of Mrs. Cheyney]]'' at the Theatre Royal, Grantham, and entered films in 1940 in the London-based thriller ''[[Saloon Bar]]''.<ref name=independent/><ref name=bfi/>

In 1941, Campbell had a role in the stage musical ''[[Lady Behave (musical)|Lady Behave]]''. While touring with Coward from September 1942 to March 1943, she created the roles of Joanna in ''[[Present Laughter]]'' and Ethel in the stage production of ''[[This Happy Breed]]'', and played Elvira in ''[[Blithe Spirit (play)|Blithe Spirit]]''.{{fact|date=October 2021}}

Campbell also appeared with him in twice-weekly troop concerts. In 1943 at the [[Theatre Royal, Haymarket]], she performed in ''Present Laughter'' and ''This Happy Breed'' on alternate nights under the umbrella title of ''Play Parade'', before playing Elvira in the West End presentation of ''Blithe Spirit'' at the [[Duchess Theatre]] in 1943. During one performance on tour, she was surprised to feel Coward stroking her shoulder in an affectionate way that was not called-for in the script, and she began to wonder "Have I succeeded where so many women have failed?" In fact, he was just trying to keep his hands warm in an unheated theatre during fuel rationing.<ref name=independent/>

In 1981, Campbell appeared in [[Andrew Birkin]]'s [[BAFTA]]-winning and [[Academy Award]]-nominated short film ''[[Sredni Vashtar (film)|Sredni Vashtar]]'' (1981), playing the fearsome Aunt Augusta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1981/film/short-film|title=1981 Film Short Film | BAFTA Awards|website=awards.bafta.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7718d786|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811050332/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7718d786|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2020|title=Sredni Vashtar (1981)|website=BFI}}</ref> It was her last major film role, although she appeared regularly on British television throughout the remainder of her career.<ref name=bfi>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f3baf19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426084157/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f3baf19|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2017|title=Judy Campbell|website=BFI}}</ref>

In 1995, she appeared as Laura’s mother Caroline’s grandmother in ITV’s ''The Upper Hand''.

In 2002, Campbell lent her [[wikt:patrician|patrician]] presence to a television remake of ''[[The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)|The Forsyte Saga]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b87c89fc1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023120056/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b87c89fc1|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2020|title=The Forsyte Saga[07/04/2002] (2002)|website=BFI}}</ref>

In December 2002, at the end of a 67-year career as a boulevard actress and chanteuse, Campbell gave her farewell London performances at the [[King's Head Theatre]] with ''Where Are the Songs We Sung?'', a nostalgic garland of songs, memories, and scenes from plays, accompanied by Stefan Bednarczyk at the piano, a programme they finally reprised at the [[Jermyn Street Theatre]]. The evening recalled her Grantham childhood, the 1950s with [[Sandy Wilson]], by way of the Liverpool rep with [[Robert Helpmann]], wintry tours and troop concerts with [[Noël Coward]] and cheering up West End audiences during [[the Blitz]] on London, including her unique renderings of "[[A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square (song)|A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square]]", the [[Eric Maschwitz]] standard that made her a star in the ''[[New Faces]]'' revue at the [[Comedy Theatre]] in 1940.{{fact|date=October 2021}}

In September 2003, Campbell finally recorded "Nightingale" (and Coward's "[[If Love Were All]]"), as part of a cabaret performance with [[Sheridan Morley]] and Michael Law at Pizza on the Park. She had previously appeared as guest star with Morley and Law for several Jermyn Street cabaret performances as well as with Law's Piccadilly Dance Orchestra, most memorably for a Coward centenary concert at the [[Queen Elizabeth Hall]] in 1999, where she had regaled the audience with anecdotes about her work with Coward during the 1940s (and sang "her" Nightingale song).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdo.org.uk/Store|title=Store|website=Piccadilly Dance Orchestra|access-date=2016-09-19}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
She was married to [[Lieutenant-Commander]] David Birkin, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DSC|RNVR}}, until his death in 1991. The couple had three children.

They bought the oldest house in [[Old Church Street]], Chelsea, which was once a pub, "a few steps from the [[Chelsea Arts Club]]", in 1974, and Campbell lived there until her death in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/3361775/Judy-Campbell-The-4m-house-where-a-nightingale-sang.html|title=Judy Campbell: The £4m house where a nightingale sang|first=Anna|last=Tyzack|date=11 July 2008|access-date=29 September 2018|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

Campbell died in London on 6 June 2004, aged 88. After her death, her name was commemorated on the actresses' dressing-room door at the [[Jermyn Street Theatre]].{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

In March 2023, she was one of a number of notable women with a connection to [[Grantham]] honoured by [[South Kesteven District Council]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Council officially launches film celebrating 'Inspirational Women' from Grantham and South Kesteven on International Women's Day |url=https://www.granthamjournal.co.uk/news/council-officially-launches-film-celebrating-inspirational-9302644/ |website=Grantham Journal |date=8 March 2023 |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref>

==Theatre==
*'Guest' in ''[[The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (play)|The Last of Mrs. Cheyney]]'', Theatre Royal, [[Grantham]] (Easter 1935) followed by a season of repertory
*Season of repertory, Opera House, [[Coventry]] (May 1935), followed by a further season at [[Theatre Royal, Brighton]] (1936)
*London debut as Anna in ''[[Anthony and Anna]]'', People's Palace (April 1937)
*Natasha Malakoff in ''[[Bulldog Drummond Hits Out]]'', People's Palace (July 1937) and [[Savoy Theatre]] (December 1937)
*Shakespeare and Shaw season, Festival Theatre, [[Cambridge]] (1938)
*Irene in ''[[Idiot's Delight (play)|Idiot's Delight]]'', touring with [[Vic Oliver]] (July–December 1938)
*Leading roles with [[Liverpool Playhouse]] Company (1939–40)
*''New Faces Revue'', [[Comedy Theatre]] (April 1940, and again March 1941), "making a hit with the song ''A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square''."
*Lola Malo in ''[[Lady Behave]]'', [[Her Majesty's Theatre|His Majesty's Theatre]] (July 1941)
* Phyllis Tree in ''[[Ducks and Drakes (play)|Ducks and Drakes]]'', [[Apollo Theatre]] (November 1941)
*Marthe de Brancovis in ''[[The Watch on the Rhine]]'' [[Aldwych Theatre]] (April 1942)
*Touring with Noêl Coward (September 1942 – March 1943), creating the roles of Joanna in ''[[Present Laughter]]'' and Ethel in ''[[This Happy Breed]]'', also playing Elvira in ''[[Blithe Spirit (play)|Blithe Spirit]]'', "as well as appearing with Noël in twice-weekly troop concerts".
*Play Parade: alternate nights in ''Present Laughter'' and ''This Happy Breed'', Theatre Royal Haymarket (April 1943)
*Elvira in ''Blithe Spirit'', [[Duchess Theatre]] (July 1943)
*Mirandolina in ''[[The Mistress of the Inn]]'', Arts Theatre (August 1944)
*Diana Flynn in ''[[Another Love Story]]'', [[Phoenix Theatre (London)|Phoenix Theatre]], (December 1944)
*Lydia in ''[[Call Home the Heart]]'', touring (1946)
*Joanna in ''[[Portrait of Hickory]]'', [[Embassy Theatre (London)|Embassy Theatre]] (April 1948)
*Martha Shale in ''[[This Is Where We Came In]]'', touring (1948)
*Princess Louise in ''[[Royal Highness]]'', Lyric, Hammersmith (April 1949)
*Miranda Frayle in ''[[Relative Values (play)|Relative Values]]'', Savoy Theatre (November 1951)
*Joanna in ''[[Book of the Month]]'', [[Cambridge Theatre]], (April 1956)
*Sheila Broadbent in ''[[The Reluctant Debutante (play)|The Reluctant Debutante]]'', Cambridge Theatre (April 1956)
*Helen in ''[[A Sparrow Falls]]'' in the double-bill ''Double Yoke'', [[St Martin's Theatre]] (February 1960)
*Hermione Hushabye in ''[[Heartbreak House]]'', [[Oxford Playhouse]] (October 1961) and [[Wyndham's Theatre]] (November 1961)
*Lorette Heller in ''[[Domino (play)|Domino]]'', touring (February 1963)
*Lady Slingsby-Craddock in [[Alan Ayckbourn]]'s ''[[Mr Whatnot]]'', New Arts (August 1964)
*Mrs Clandon in ''[[You Never Can Tell (play)|You Never Can Tell]]'', Theatre Royal Haymarket (January 1966)
*Christine Mannon in ''[[Mourning Becomes Electra]]'', Arts (June 1967), Balbek and Edinburgh Festival (1968)
*Sheila in ''[[Relatively Speaking (1965 play)|Relatively Speaking]]'', Duke of York's Theatre (September 1967)
*Judith Bliss in ''[[Hay Fever (play)|Hay Fever]]'', [[Cambridge Theatre Company]], touring (May 1971)
*''Death on Demand'', touring (Autumn 1972)
*Lady Touchwood in ''[[The Double Dealer]]'', [[Bristol Old Vic]], Hong Kong Arts Festival (February 1973)
*Jennifer in ''[[My Son's Father]]'', touring (May 1974)
*Linda Loman in ''[[Death of a Salesman]]'', Oxford Playhouse (October 1975)
*Beth in ''[[Le Weekend]]'', Bristol Old Vic (May 1976)
*Bron in ''[[The Old Country]]'', [[Theatre Royal Windsor]] (March 1978)
*Mrs Higgins in ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'', [[Young Vic]], (January 1981)
*Duchess of York in ''[[Richard II (play)|Richard II]]'', Young Vic (February 1981)
*Grand Duchess Charles in ''[[The Sleeping Prince (play)|The Sleeping Prince]]'', [[Chichester]] (August 1983) and Theatre Royal Haymarket (November 1983)
*Lady Bracknell in ''[[The Importance]]'' (Wilde musical adaptation), [[Ambassadors Theatre (London)|Ambassadors Theatre]] (May 1984)
* Madame Vaneska in Noël Coward's ''[[Star Quality (play)|Star Quality]]'', [[Richmond Theatre (London)|Richmond Theatre]] Gala (March 1989)
*Lucy Willow in ''[[Bless the Bride]]'', King's Head Theatre (June 1999)
*''The Jermyn Street Revue'', Jermyn Street Theatre (May 2000)
*Marcel's Grandmother in ''[[Remembrance of Things Past]]'', [[Cottesloe Theatre|National, Cottesloe]] (November 2000)
*''[[Where Are The Songs We Sung?]]'', King's Head Theatre (December 2002) and Jermyn Street Theatre (2003)

'''Plays by Judy Campbell:'''
*''Sing Cuckoo'', Whitehall Theatre (10 December 1950)
*''The Bright One'', Winter Garden Theatre (10 December 1958)

[[File:Judy Campbell in 1945.jpg|thumb|Campbell in 1945]]

==Selected filmography==
===Films===
*''[[Convoy (1940 film)|Convoy]]'' (1940) – Lucy Armitage
*''[[Saloon Bar]]'' (1940) – Doris
*''[[East of Piccadilly]]'' (1941) – Penny Sutton
*''[[Breach of Promise (1942 film)|Breach of Promise]]'' (1942) – Pamela Lawrence
*''[[The World Owes Me a Living]]'' (1945) – Moira Barrett
*''[[Green for Danger (film)|Green for Danger]]'' (1947) – Sister Bates
*''[[Bonnie Prince Charlie (1948 film)|Bonnie Prince Charlie]]'' (1948) – Clementina Walkinshaw
*''[[There's a Girl in My Soup]]'' (1970) – Lady Heather
*''[[Mr. Forbush and the Penguins]]'' (1971) – Mrs. Forbush
*''[[Sredni Vashtar]]'' (1981) – Aunt Augusta
*''[[Kung-Fu Master (film)|Kung-Fu Master]]'' (1988) – La mère
*''[[Future Force (film)|Future Force]]'' (1989) – COPS officer

===Television and TV films===
*''[[The Tamer Tamed]]'' (1956) – Katharina
*''[[Amphitryon 38]]''
*''[[Don't Listen Ladies]]'' (1963)
*''[[Anna Karenina (1985 film)|Anna Karenina]]'' (1985) – Countess Vronsky
*''[[Inspector Morse (TV series)|Inspector Morse]]'' (1987) – Mrs. Rawlinson
*''[[The Cater Street Hangman]]'' (1998) – Grandmama
*''[[The Forsyte Saga (2002 TV series)|The Forsyte Saga]]'' (Granada, 2002) – Aunt Ann

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1463961/Judy-Campbell.html|date=9 June 2004|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |title=Obituary: Judy Campbell}}
* Judy Campbell's CV in ''Who's Who in the Theatre'', 17th Edition (Vol 1), editor Ian Herbert, Gale Research (1981); {{ISBN|0-8103-0235-7}}
* [[Noël Coward]]'s second volume of autobiography, ''[[Future Indefinite]]'', William Heinemann (1954)
* [[John Thaxter]]'s review of ''Where Are The Songs We Sung?'', What's on in London, published 18 December 2002 (this and other reviews archived in [[Theatre Record]] 2002)

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0132607}}
*[http://www.bris.ac.uk/theatrecollection/search/people_sub_plays_all?forename=Judy&surname=CAMPBELL&job=Actor&pid=7500&image_view=Yesamp;x=19amp;y=17 Performances listed in Theatre Archive University of Bristol]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Campbell, Judy}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Birkin family|Judy]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:English stage actresses]]
[[Category:People educated at Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School]]
[[Category:Actresses from London]]
[[Category:People from Chelsea, London]]
[[Category:People from Grantham]]
[[Category:Actresses from Lincolnshire]]
[[Category:Actors from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea]]
[[Category:Actors from South Kesteven District]]

Armando Cossutta

2025-04-12T15:14:02Z

80.46.110.142: /* Post-Cold War allegations and controversies */

{{short description|Italian communist politician (1926–2015)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{use Oxford spelling|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Armando Cossutta
| image = Armando Cossutta (2006).jpg

| order = Member of the [[European Parliament]]
| term_start = 20 July 1999
| term_end = 19 July 2004
| constituency = [[North-West Italy (European Parliament constituency)|North-West Italy]]
| order1 = President of the [[Party of Italian Communists]]
| term_start1 = 11 October 1998
| term_end1 = 21 June 2006
| predecessor1 = ''Office established''
| successor1 = [[Antonino Cuffaro]]
| order2 = Secretary of the [[Party of Italian Communists]]
| term_start2 = 11 October 1998
| term_end2 = 29 April 2000
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = [[Oliviero Diliberto]]
| order4 = President of the [[Communist Refoundation Party]]
| term_start4 = 12 December 1991
| term_end4 = 11 October 1998
| predecessor4 = ''Office established''
| successor4 = ''Office disestablished''
| order6 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| term_start6 = 15 April 1994
| term_end6 = 27 April 2006
| constituency6 = [[Tuscany (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Tuscany]] (1994–1996) [[Campania 1 (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Campania 1]] (1996–2001) [[Marche (Chamber of Deputies constituency)|Marche]] (2001–2006)
| order7 = Member of the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]]
| term_start8 = 25 May 1972
| term_end8 = 14 April 1994
| constituency8 = [[Lombardy]]
| term_start7 = 28 April 2006
| term_end7 = 28 April 2008
| constituency7 = [[Emilia-Romagna]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1926|9|2}}
| birth_place = [[Milan]], Italy
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2015|12|14|1926|9|2}}
| death_place = [[Rome]], Italy
| party = [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]] (1943–1991) [[Communist Refoundation Party|PRC]] (1991–1998) [[Party of Italian Communists|PdCI]] (1998–2007)
| otherparty = [[The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL|GUE/NGL]] (1999–2004)
| nationality = Italian
| occupation = Journalist, politician
}}
'''Armando Cossutta''' (2 September 1926 – 14 December 2015) was an Italian [[communist]] politician. After [[World War II]], Cossutta became one of the leading members of the [[Italian Communist Party]] (PCI), representing the most pro-[[Soviet Union]] tendency;<ref name="Di Nicola 2015">{{cite news|last=Di Nicola|first=Primo|date=15 December 2015|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/12/15/la-morte-di-armando-cossutta-ero-sono-e-restero-sempre-un-comunista/2305366/|title=La morte di Armando Cossutta: 'Ero, sono e resterò sempre un comunista'|work=Il Fatto Quotidiano|language=it|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> his belief in that country as the leading [[Communist state]] led him to criticize [[Enrico Berlinguer]]. Later in life, although he did not regret the choice he made, Cossutta considered that he was mistaken in opposing Berlinguer.<ref name="L'Unità 2006">{{cite news|title=Armando Cossutta: 'Io comunista non mi pento di niente'|work=L'Unità|language=it|date=20 September 2006}}</ref>

Opposed to [[Achille Occhetto]]'s 1991 proposal to dissolve the PCI,<ref name="Il Post 2015"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Aversa|first=Aurelio|date=15 December 2015|url=https://www.radioradicale.it/scheda/461656/armando-cossutta-il-ruolo-dei-comunisti-nel-nostro-paese-il-pci-e-la-svolta-del|title=Armando Cossutta, il ruolo dei comunisti nel nostro paese, il Pci e la svolta del segretario Occhetto della primavera 90, i radicali|website=Radio Radicale|language=it|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> Cossutta founded, together with [[Sergio Garavini]], [[Nichi Vendola]], and others, the [[Communist Refoundation Party]] (PRC),<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> of which he became the president.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucek|first=Françoise|date=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uvIRAPCVDcC|title=Factional Politics: How Dominant Parties Implode or Stabilize|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Springer|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3uvIRAPCVDcC&q=%22Armando+Cossutta%22&pg=PA1992 1992]|isbn=978-1-137-28392-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://espresso.repubblica.it/foto/2015/12/15/galleria/addio-ad-armando-cossutta-1.243445|title=Addio ad Armando Cossutta|magazine=L'Espresso|language=it|date=15 December 2015|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Charalambous|first=Giorgos|date=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSy3DAAAQBAJ|title=European Integration and the Communist Dilemma: Communist Party Responses to Europe in Greece, Cyprus and Italy|location=London|publisher=Routledge|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RSy3DAAAQBAJ&q=%22Armando+Cossutta%22&pg=PT200 200]|isbn=978-1-3171-3950-8}}</ref> When [[Fausto Bertinotti]], the PRC leader, voted against a motion of confidence to the 1996 government of [[Romano Prodi]], Cossutta opposed his stance, and left the PRC along with [[Oliviero Diliberto]] and others to found the [[Party of Italian Communists]] (PdCI).<ref name="Il Post 2015"/> Afterwards, Cossutta was president of the PdCI and a member of the [[Italian Parliament]]. He also served as a [[member of the European Parliament]] during the [[Fifth European Parliament]] term (1999–2004).<ref name="Il Post 2015">{{cite news|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2015/12/15/armando-cossutta/|title=È morto Armando Cossutta|work=Il Post|language=it|date=15 December 2015|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref>

Cossutta was targeted for decades by political opponents, including allegations that he personally received Soviet money and of being a [[KGB]] spy, both of which had been viewed with scepticism or were dismissed in two parliamentary commissions (one by the [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right coalition]] in 2002, the other by the [[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|centre-left coalition]] in 2006) about the [[Mitrokhin Archive]], one of the main sources of the allegations, which was also viewed with scepticism; a [[Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)|Supreme Court of Cassation]] ruling held that it was defamatory to refer to him as a Soviet spy, and awarded him damages.<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/><ref name="Il Post 2015"/> Cossutta never renounced communism. He never hid or regretted his role, and claimed its legitimacy in a bipolar world, in which all involved parties, from the United States to the Soviet Union, had their international lenders.<ref name="Dell'Arti & Furfaro 2015">{{cite web|last1=Dell'Arti|first1=Giorgio|last2=Furfaro|first2=Simone|date=17 December 2015|url=https://www.cinquantamila.it/storyTellerThread.php?threadId=COSSUTTA%20Armando|title=Biografia di Armando Cossutta|website=Cinquantamila.it|language=it|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref>

== Early life and World War II ==
Cossutta was born in [[Milan]] into a working-class family that was active in the political reality of the time. His father, originally from [[Trieste]], took part in [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]]'s takeover of [[Fiume]].<ref name="Dell'Arti & Furfaro 2015"/> Cossutta joined the [[Italian Communist Party]] (PCI) in 1943, and took part in the [[Italian resistance movement]] as a [[Partisan (military)|partisan]] in the ranks of the [[Garibaldi Brigades]].<ref name="Il Post 2015"/> He was also arrested by the Nazi–fascists and detained for a certain period in the [[San Vittore Prison]] in Milan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rampino|first=Antonella|date=5 December 1997|url=http://archivio.lastampa.it/articolo?id=72cd3a4f47829b8bfe8bac9f95027f850e09c1fc|url-status=dead|title='La Baraldini sta cedendo'. Cossutta l'ha visitata in carcere|work=La Stampa|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707062728/http://archivio.lastampa.it/articolo?id=72cd3a4f47829b8bfe8bac9f95027f850e09c1fc|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref>

== Political career ==
=== Italian Communist Party ===
After World War II, Cossutta became part of the leadership group within the PCI, of which he embodied the more pro-Soviet current,<ref name="Il Post 2015"/> which made him a privileged interlocutor of the Moscow ''[[nomenklatura]]'', to which he was a highly esteemed ambassador for the PCI.<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> His tendency to consider the Soviet Union as the leading state of the international Communist movement led him often and willingly to argue with [[Enrico Berlinguer]], especially when the latter came to hold the position of general secretary.<ref name="Il Post 2015"/> In the 1990s, he engaged with some [[Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)|self-criticism]] with those from the ''[[il manifesto]]'' group that he expelled from the party in 1969, and accepted some of their objections to his pro-Soviet views; in this sense, Cossutta's pro-Sovietism came from the fear that condemnation would have put an end to any possible alternatives to [[capitalism]], and that rather than representing full support or praise of [[real socialism]], it was a way to keep the party, while respecting [[liberal democracy]], revolutionary and thus maintain the objective and possibility of a [[post-capitalist]], socialist society.<ref>{{cite news|last=Castellini|first=Luciana|date=16 December 2015|url=https://ilmanifesto.it/armando-cossutta-carissimo-avversario|title=Armando Cossutta, carissimo avversario|work=Il manifesto|language=it|access-date=19 July 2023|quote=... despite the harshness of our expulsion, to which the group of comrades who were inspired by Cossutta gave a substantial contribution, mutual esteem has remained. Which allowed us to find ourselves together, committed on the same front, starting from the start of the process of dissolution of the PCI, in 1989. ... Even today I wonder the why of his pro-Sovietism, which he himself rethought when in the early 1990s he came one day to the editorial staff of [''il''] ''manifesto'' to discuss it calmly, recognizing the validity of our objections which had instead only been hastily condemned. It is a question that concerns the entire PCI, even if the 'Cossuttian' current protracted its loyalty for a long time, in controversy with the break that Berlinguer had instead made in 1981. I believe that more than a judgment on the merits of that socialism already since the 1960s so marked by 'Brezhnevism', it was a question of the fear that, in condemning that experience, the horizon of otherness would disappear in the large body of Italian communists, the awareness that despite acceptance by part of the PCI of the rules of the representative democratic system, its full inclusion in its institutions, the strategic objective had not been lost: the construction of an alternative society to capitalism. A need that perhaps he felt the most for having been in charge of the policy of the party's local bodies for years, which he oriented towards the most reckless moderate alliances. In short, the link with Moscow was for him a sort of security policy, a certification of the persistence of a revolutionary identity.}}</ref> About the expulsion of ''il manifesto'' members, he said: "But with the rules of the party, expulsion was inevitable."<ref name="Il Post 2015"/>

A collaborator of ''[[L'Unità]]'' and uninterruptedly a parliamentarian from 1972 to 2008 (first as a senator, then from 1994 to 2006 as a deputy, and then again as a senator), Cossutta held many political positions.<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> He was city councilor in Milan since 1951; he was a municipal and then regional secretary of the PCI (in the first case in Milan, in the second in [[Lombardy]]), and was also a member from 1959 of the National Directorate and from 1964 of the National Secretariat. Cossutta's first assignment in the party had been that of city secretary of the PCI in [[Sesto San Giovanni]] when he was 19.<ref name="Dell'Arti & Furfaro 2015"/> The left wing of the party represented by Cossutta, named after him (''cossuttiana''),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/cossuttiano_%28Neologismi%29/|title=Cossuttiano|work=Neologismi|language=it|date=2008|access-date=21 July 2023|via=Treccani}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/cossuttista_%28Neologismi%29/|title=Cossuttista|work=Neologismi|language=it|date=2008|access-date=21 July 2023|via=Treccani}}</ref> also consisted of various ex-[[workerist]] militants and he himself was close to the demands of their movement, even though he never detached himself from the PCI.<ref name="Castellini 2015">{{cite news|last=Castellini|first=Luciana|date=16 December 2015|url=https://ilmanifesto.it/armando-cossutta-carissimo-avversario|title=Armando Cossutta, carissimo avversario|work=Il manifesto|language=it|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> He denied or diminished his own faction, and said: "Cossuttismo does not exist, and if it does exist it is only Togliattismo. It means one step after another, realizing the most advanced ideal aspirations in each step. And without unnecessary propaganda. In a word, the PCI. A great and unrepeatable reality. To be rethought, of course, in other forms.<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/>

About the [[1956 invasion of Hungary]], Cossutta recalled: "Of course, it was a tragedy and it was suffering for many, but [[Palmiro Togliatti|Togliatti]] could not have taken a different position. There was the [[Iron Curtain]] and it was not we Communists who coined this expression, but [[Churchill]]. There was a balance of terror, a minor thing was enough to trigger a disaster."<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> He added: "I was young then and as a Milanese member I shared the [[Party line (politics)|party line]]. The [[Hungarian Communist Party|Hungarian Communists]] were the first to make mistakes."<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> About [[Cuba]] and [[Castroism]], Cossutta expressed his hope for a full-democratic system. At the same time, he praised [[Fidel Castro]] for the work he did under difficult conditions. He said: "But I don't forget that Castro himself did great things under dramatic conditions, like [[United States embargo against Cuba|the 40-year embargo]]. In 1973 I spent a whole night with him, I brought him the flag of the Oltrepò Garibaldi Brigade as a gift, the one that captured Mussolini. Fidel stayed for hours asking me questions."<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/>

During the [[strategy of tensions]] and [[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead]] between the 1960s and 1980s, which saw attempted [[anti-communist]], [[right-wing]], or military coups like [[Piano Solo]] and [[Golpe Borghese]], Cossutta wrote an editorial in ''[[Rinascita]]'' directed by [[Gerardo Chiaromonte]], entitled "The Comrades Know", with which he meant to explain what should have happened in the event of a coup or subversion.<ref name="Custodero 2010">{{cite news|last=Custodero|first=Alberto|date=19 October 2010|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2010/10/19/news/intervista_cossutta-8178033/|title='Il Sid sapeva tutto su di noi ma io scoprii e cacciai le loro spie'|work=La Repubblica|language=it|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> In 2010, he recalled: "We had in mind the gravity and delicacy of the moment. Thus it was that we revived what had existed since the Liberation, i.e. the mythical 'order service' which had concrete tasks: to defend the headquarters, as the note from the secret services says, the houses of comrades, during demonstrations to avoid infiltrations. Our order service did not allow it."<ref name="Custodero 2010"/>

In 1981, Cossutta opposed the [[Eurocommunist]] perspective promoted by Berlinguer, who had stated that the progressive driving force of the [[October Revolution]] had run out and that the PCI should have severed its historical relations with the [[Communist regime]]s of the [[Eastern Bloc]].<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> Apart from the merits, Cossutta criticized the method by which this political line was arrived at, which he defined as ''lo strappo'' (the tear),<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/><ref name="Il Post 2015"/> due to its gestation extraneous to internal discussions and the history of the party itself. Later, without regrets, Cossutta declared that he was wrong in going against Berlinguer.<ref name="L'Unità 2006"/> In discussing his never-repent attitude and [[Pietro Ingrao]], he said: "I don't like this sprinkling one's head with ashes, crucify oneself, flogging those who, with hindsight, Pietro believes are their own mistakes and who also end up appearing to be mistakes of the PCI. Repentance has never been my vocation, I don't understand those who feel the need to repent of everything in order to question everything again."<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> He added: "I've made mistakes too. I have many to reproach myself for, I too am ready to take the scourge, the ashes, the hair shirt, but if I think back to the great choices in my eyes they still appear right today."<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/>

=== Communist Refoundation Party ===
With the crisis that hit the PCI in the years of the ''riflusso'' (reflux), and the process of self-criticism that it undertook as a result, Cossutta distinguished himself within the internal debate as a firm supporter of the historical identity of the PCI,<ref name="Il Post 2015"/> and thus opposed the more innovative tendencies who then moved under the secretariat of [[Achille Occhetto]] and that led to the dissolution of the PCI.<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> The second motion, which was signed by [[Alessandro Natta]] and Ingrao,<ref name="Il Post 2015"/> and also included supporters of Berlinguer, supported modernization but was opposed to renouncing [[Marxism]], while the third motion, which was more orthodox and opposed the PCI's dissolution, was led by Cossutta and his supporters; those two motions later unified but were not enough to overcome the Occhetto-led first motion that garnered the majority.<ref name="Castellini 2015"/>

In February 1991, with the establishment of the [[Democratic Party of the Left]] (PDS) and the effective dissolution of the PCI, to which Cossutta and a few other members like [[Sergio Garavini]] and {{ill|Lucio Libertini|it|Lucio Libertini}} were opposed, he founded, together with Garavini, Libertini, and other remnants of the old left-wing factions of the PCI, the Movement for the Communist Refoundation (MRC).<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> In December 1991, the MRC was joined by [[Proletarian Democracy]] (PDUP) and other minor left-wing parties,<ref>{{cite news|last=Castellini|first=Luciana|date=16 December 2015|url=https://ilmanifesto.it/armando-cossutta-carissimo-avversario|title=Armando Cossutta, carissimo avversario|work=Il manifesto|language=it|access-date=19 July 2023|quote=Many years later, moreover, in the first phase of the life of Communist Refoundation, when a strong agreement was reached between Armando Cossutta (not with all his followers) and the former PDUP comrades who had entered that party, on the connotations that the new formation should have, there was no dissent on the political document prepared for the founding Congress, in which the distance from the Soviet experience was clear. (Not the cancellation of the importance of the October Revolution, as the PDS then hastened to do, which it was good – he reaffirmed – that it had existed, even though 'it had exhausted its [progressive] driving force', to quote Berlinguer's phrase).}}</ref> and led to the establishment of the [[Communist Refoundation Party]] (PRC), of which Cossutta held the position of president from 1992 to 1998 and with which he was elected deputy in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/armando-cossutta|title=Cossutta, Armando nell'Enciclopedia Treccani|website=Treccani|language=it|date=|access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/armando-cossutta_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/|title=Cossutta, Armando|work=Dizionario di Storia|language=it|date=|access-date=21 July 2023|via=Treccani}}</ref> Following the [[1996 Italian general election]], in which he was re-elected a member of Italy's [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]], the PRC was part of the majority that supported the [[first Prodi government]].<ref name="Il Post 2015"/> As a deputy, he was a member of the Constitutional Affairs Commission (1994–2001),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legislature.camera.it/chiosco.asp?content=deputati/legislatureprecedenti/leg12/framedeputato.asp?Deputato=d36110&position=XII%20Legislatura%20/%20I%20gruppi%20parlamentari|title=Dati personali e incarichi nella XII Legislatura – Cossutta Armando|language=it|publisher=Chamber of Deputies|date=|access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref> a member of the bicameral Commission for Institutional Reforms (1996–2001), the group leader of the Fourth Defense Commission (2001–2006), and a member of the Committee for Parliamentary Diplomacy (2001–2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senato.it/leg/10/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00000699.htm|title=La scheda di attività di Armando Cossutta – XIV legislatura|language=it|publisher=Chamber of Deputies|date=10 September 2002|access-date=21 July 2023|postscript=. Updated 27 April 2006.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://leg14.camera.it/organiparlamentari/assemblea/contenitore_dati.asp?tipopagina=&deputato=0d36110&source=%2Fdeputatism%2F240%2Fdocumentoxml%2Easp&Pagina=Deputati/Composizione/01.camera/nuovacomposizione/datpersonali2.asp%3Fdeputato=d36110&position=Organi%20Parlamentari%5Cgruppi%20parlamentari|title=La scheda di attività di Armando Cossutta – XIV legislatura|language=it|publisher=Chamber of Deputies|date=10 September 2002|access-date=21 July 2023|postscript=. Updated 27 April 2006.}}</ref>

=== Party of the Italian Communists ===
In 1998, [[Fausto Bertinotti]], the then secretary of the PRC, withdrew confidence in [[Romano Prodi]]'s government, and caused its subsequent crisis and fall. Cossutta, who disagreed with this choice and more generally with the political profile assumed by Bertinotti,<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> decided to detach himself from the party and to found, together with other exiles close to his own area, such as [[Oliviero Diliberto]] and [[Marco Rizzo]], the [[Party of Italian Communists]] (PdCI);<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/berti/lette/lette.html|title='Caro Fausto pensa al popolo di sinistra'|work=La Repubblica|language=it|date=2 October 1998|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/rifondazione/cinque/cinque.html|title=Cossutta da' il via alla scissione del Prc|work=La Repubblica|language=it|date=7 October 1998|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> it is recounted that Cossutta did so through a fax sent by Pro Loco di Bonassola, near [[La Spezia]].<ref name="Il Post 2015"/> The PdCI participated to the subsequent birth of the [[first D'Alema government]].<ref name="Il Post 2015"/> Cossutta then held the office of president of the PdCI and senator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioradicale.it/scheda/105709/litalia-e-i-comunisti-org-dalla-corrente-cossuttiana-co-cinema-metropolitan|title='L'Italia e i comunisti' org. dalla corrente cossuttiana (c/o Cinema Metropolitan)|website=Radio Radicale|language=it|date=11 October 1998|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://it.euronews.com/2019/09/17/da-cossutta-a-renzi-storia-del-centrosinistra-storia-di-scissioni|title=Da Cossutta a Renzi: storia del centrosinistra, storia di scissioni|language=it|agency=ANSA|date=17 September 2019|access-date=19 July 2023|via=Euronews}}</ref> About this, he said that he did it "in the interest of the country".<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> In 2000, he participated, along with other politicians like [[Walter Veltroni]], at the [[Gay Pride]] in [[Rome]], where he took the opportunity to demonstrate his position in favour of [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/online/politica/gaypride2/sfilano/sfilano.html|title=Roma, capitale dell'orgoglio gay|work=La Repubblica|language=it|date=8 July 2000|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> Going back to the World War II years, as well as the fall of Prodi's government and the establishment of a new one led by [[Massimo D'Alema]], he said: "I fought fascism, I determined the survival of a communist force after the end of the PCI, I served a split to save the first left-wing government in the history of Italy. And if after Prodi's fall we had gone to the polls, my party would have taken off and Bertinotti's would have almost disappeared. However, the right would have won and Berlusconi would have gone up to the Quirinale. Hence my sacrifice."<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/>

From 1999 to 2004, Cossutta was a member of the [[European Parliament]]. During his role as a [[member of the European Parliament]], he was member of the Commission for Constitutional Affairs (21 July 1999 – 14 January 2002), member of the Delegation to the European Union–Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee (29 September 1999 – 14 January 2002), member of the Commission for Constitutional Affairs (17 January 2002 – 19 July 2004), and member of the Delegation for the Relations with Australia and New Zealand (7 July 2002 – 19 July 2004). He was also a substitute member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Human Rights, Common Security and Defense Policy (21 July 1999 – 14 January 2002) and of the Committee on Legal Affairs and the Internal Market (17 January 2002 – 19 July 2004).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/it/4401/ARMANDO_COSSUTTA/history/5|title=Armando Cossutta – 5ª legislatura|language=it|publisher=European Parliament|date=10 September 2002|access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref>

In 2004, Cossutta published his autobiography entitled ''Una storia comunista'' (A Communist History).<ref name="Il Post 2015"/> In the [[2006 Italian general election]], he was elected senator for the list [[Together with the Union]], which the PdCI created for the election to the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]] in the [[Emilia-Romagna]] region. During the [[second Prodi government]], he was a member of the Third Commission for Foreign Affairs, Emigration, from 6 June 2006 to 28 April 2008;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senato.it/leg/15/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00000699.htm|title=Scheda di attività di Armando Cossutta – XV Legislatura|language=it|publisher=Senate of the Republic|date=28 April 2006|access-date=21 July 2023|postscript=. Updated 28 April 2008.}}</ref> in his earlier senatorial terms, he held many parliamentary positions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senato.it/leg/06/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00000699.htm|title=Scheda di attività di Armando Cossutta|language=it|publisher=Senate of the Republic|date=|access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref> In June 2006, opposed to the political line taken by Diliberto, Cossutta resigned from the position of president of the PdCI.<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> On 21 April 2007, Cossutta presented his resignation from the membership of the party, as he no longer renewed his card, and effectively left active politics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pucciarelli|first=Matteo|date=11 December 2014|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2014/12/11/news/ritorna_il_partito_comunista_d_italia_il_pdci_si_riprende_la_denominazione_del_1921-102645066/|title=Ritorna il Partito comunista d'Italia: il Pdci si riprende la denominazione del 1921|work=La Repubblica|language=it|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2015/12/15/e-morto-armando-cossutta-addio-il-piu-filosovietico-dei-comunisti_56928eff-f4ff-49a7-a9cf-d647e8d54d6d.html|title=E' morto Armando Cossutta, il più filosovietico dei comunisti|language=it|agency=ANSA|date=15 December 2015|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> Despite this, from time to time, he was seen in the Senate's restaurant.<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> In 2008, he took side against what he described as the cultural revisionism that, in his view, was tended to obscure the [[anti-fascist]] resistance, the [[Italian Civil War]], and the [[Liberation of Italy]].<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> He was also opposed to the naming of a street in Rome after the founder of the neo-fascist [[Italian Social Movement]], [[Giorgio Almirante]], whom he described as "a politician who was not simply a member of the First Republic but a partisan shooter and supporter of racism."<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/>

=== Later years ===
For the [[2008 Italian general election]], Cossutta said that he voted for the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] (PD).<ref>{{cite news|last=D'Esposito|first=Fabrizio|date=21 April 2009|url=https://www.cinquantamila.it/storyTellerArticolo.php?storyId=0000000175241|title=I miei rubli erano dollari|work=Il Riformista|language=it|access-date=19 July 2023|via=Cinquantamila.it}}</ref> In 2009, asked by Fabrizio D'Esposito whether he was no longer a communist, Cossutta replied: "I was, am and will remain a communist."<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> He expressed one regret to D'Esposito, namely the lack of communist representation, and that his vote for the PD did not change his views. He said: "And what should I regret? I was among the builders of a large party. Of course, we are small compared to the founders, to the generation of Palmiro Togliatti. I'm celebrating my 80th birthday, but at 19 I found myself secretary in Sesto San Giovanni where the PCI had 18,000 members in a huge concentration of workers."<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> Among the leaders who guided the growth of the party, Cossutta named [[Giorgio Napolitano]] in Naples, [[Emanuele Macaluso]] in Palermo, [[Alfredo Reichlin]] in Rome, {{ill|Ugo Pecchioli|it|Ugo Pecchioli}} in Turin, and [[Guido Fanti]] in Bologna.<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/>

In 2009, Cossutta became vice-president of the [[National Association of Partisans of Italy]] (ANPI).<ref name="Il Post 2015"/> Until his death in 2015, Cossutta remained a committed communist and faithful to the [[October Revolution]]. He said: "In Italy there are millions of communists who no longer feel represented. We have to shoot ourselves with this poor left."<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> Despite political differences, Cossutta was one of the few parliamentarians and [[First Italian Republic]] figures, including [[Giulio Andreotti]], who was respected by political opponents, who shaked his hands or saluted respectfully.<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/>

== Post-Cold War allegations and controversies ==
In 1991, the Russian journalist Alexander Evlakhov, citing documents from the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], stated that Cossutta had received [[United States dollar|$]]824,000 million from Russia for propaganda reasons during the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|last=D'Arcais|first=Alberto Flores|date=12 October 1991|url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/10/12/il-pcus-verso-cossutta-piu-di.html|url-status=live|title=Il Pcus verso' a Cossutta piu' di un miliardo nell' 86|work=La Repubblica|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221200137/http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/10/12/il-pcus-verso-cossutta-piu-di.html|archive-date=21 February 2014|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> Cossutta dismissed these claims, saying that he had never received money from the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marroni|first=Stefano|date=13 October 1991|url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/10/13/la-guerra-dei-rubli.html|url-status=live|title=La guerra dei rubli|work=La Repubblica|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221200140/http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/10/13/la-guerra-dei-rubli.html|archive-date=21 February 2014|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/14/Mitrokhin/documenti/mitrokhindoc.377.pdf|title=Documento conclusivo; sull'attività svolta e sui risultati dell'inchiesta|language=it|publisher=Italian Parliament|date=23 March 2006|page=114|access-date=19 July 2023|quote=On 13 October 1991, 'La Repubblica' published a sharp letter of denial from Cossutta himself, who stated that he had 'never received anything – I mean nothing – either in cash or in checks or in any other way from and on behalf of Soviet exponents or persons.' Evidently, however, the denial in '[La] Republica' did not interest either Professor Hellman or the Commission, because it has not been talked about since then. Just as the extensive interview that at the time Cossutta gave to ''Correre della sera'' (25 October 1991) in which he explained that in particular a Soviet loan to 'Paese sera' had taken place at the request of Enrico Belinguer's secretary, Antonio Tato. After that, for both Hellman and Andrew-Mitrokhin and the Commission, only what Evlakhov said counted.}}</ref> In 1999, Cossutta appeared on a list of alleged Italian [[KGB]] spies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/472424.stm|title=Italy 'KGB spies' named|work=BBC News|date=12 October 1999|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> In 2000, he sued [[Silvio Berlusconi]], the then [[prime minister of Italy]], for slander and defamation, asking for [[Italian lira|₤]]100 billion in compensation. In a ''[[Porta a Porta]]'' broadcast, he had stated that "Cossutta managed armed gangs in the post-war years and had continued until a few years ago to keep an armed organization in Italy."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/04/14/cossutta-chiede-al-cavaliere-100-miliardi-di.html|title=Cossutta chiede al Cavaliere 100 miliardi di risarcimento|work=La Repubblica|language=it|date=14 April 2000|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> He later retired the lawsuit after Berlusconi issued a statement of retraction and apology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.segnalo.it/TRACCE/svoltalingua/berlus-cossutta.htm|title=Forza Italia, Berlusconi – Diffamazione querela rettifica|website=Segnalo.it|language=it|date=20 March 2002|access-date=19 July 2023|quote=What follows is the text written by the Prime Minister to retract the accusations made against Armando Cossutta when, during an episode of Porta a Porta, he defined the current president of the Italian Communists as an organizer of armed gangs. Cossutta agreed to withdraw the lawsuit on condition that Berlusconi, in addition to writing the text of the retraction, published it for a fee in some important newspapers. The Hon. Silvio Berlusconi in the television broadcast 'Porta a Porta' of April 2000 declared that the Hon. Armando Cossutta 'managed armed gangs in the distant post-war years and had continued until a few years ago to keep an armed organization in Italy.' Following the legal action brought, the Hon. Berlusconi made it clear that these statements were a consequence of the exasperated electoral climate existing at the time and that it must be irrefutably excluded, also on the basis of the subsequent verification of historical, judicial, and parliamentary sources, that the Hon. Cossetta of such activities. The Hon. Berlusconi was keen to confirm the sentiments of esteem he always had towards the Hon. Cossutta whose life was entirely dedicated to the creation of a democratic regime in Italy and to the defense of democracy. The Hon. Cossutta, following this clarification, remitted the lawsuit.}}</ref>

A parliamentary commission to investigate the allegations, among others, was instituted in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parlamento.it/service/PDF/PDFServer/DF/132812.pdf|title=Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta concernente il 'dossier Mitrokhin' e l'attività d'intelligence italiana|language=it|publisher=Italian Parliament|date=29 September 2004|page=36|access-date=19 July 2023|quote=In the final part of the proposed report, a certain parallelism is mentioned between certain political events that took place between 1995 and 1999 and the publication, or rather the non-publication, the inertia, in the face of the arrival of what was reported in the documentation. In particular, attention is paid to the attitude of the honourable Armando Cossutta, who, together with an important part of the party to which he belonged, made significant changes in his political position, being decisive, first of all for the continuation of the Dini government and, subsequently, for the birth of the D'Alema government.}}</ref> Although it was led by the [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right coalition]] majority, which instrumentalized it and used the contents of the [[Mitrokhin Archive]], a collection of handwritten notes, primary sources, and official documents that were secretly made, smuggled, and hidden by the KGB archivist [[Vasili Mitrokhin]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Getty|first=J. Arch|date=2001|title=Review of The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB|journal=The American Historical Review|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=American Historical Association|volume=106|issue=2|pages=684–685|doi=10.2307/2651786|issn=0002-8762|jstor=2651786|quote=Mitrokhin was a self-described loner with increasingly anti-Soviet views ... Maybe such a potentially dubious type (in KGB terms) really was able freely to transcribe thousands of documents, smuggle them out of KGB premises, hide them under his bed, transfer them to his country house, bury them in milk cans, make multiple visits to British embassies abroad, escape to Britain, and then return to Russia, and carry the voluminous work to the west, all without detection by the KGB ... It may all be true. But how do we know?}}</ref> to attack its political opponents and delayed the final report, it was sceptical or dismissive of the claims; criticized as politically motivated, as it was focused mainly on allegations against opposition figures,<ref>{{cite web|last=Stille|first=Alexander|date=11 December 2006|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2006/12/the-secret-life-of-mario-scaramella.html|url-status=live|title=The Secret Life of Mario Scaramella|website=Slate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920123906/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2006/12/the_secret_life_of_mario_scaramella.html|archive-date=20 September 2018|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> it was shut down in 2006 without having developed any new concrete evidence beyond the original information in the Mitrokhin Archive.<ref>{{cite news|last=McMahon|first=Barbara|date=2 December 2006|url=https://www.theguardian.com/italy/story/0,,1962357,00.html|title=Spy expert at centre of storm|work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826024548/https://www.theguardian.com/italy/story/0,,1962357,00.html|archive-date=26 August 2020|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> A subsequent parliamentary commission, this time led by the [[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|centre-left coalition]], was established in 2006 to determinate whether the allegations were politically motivated. The 2006 parliamentary commission concluded: "Considering the British precautions that have been analyzed above, and which led to the elimination of many surnames and to making many events indecipherable and many characters unrecognizable, one can only speak, in the case of Cossutta – so clearly identified and accused, and moreover without the use of documents from the Mitrokhin Archive but on the basis of documentation, however distorted, of journalistic origin – of authentic persistence."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/14/Mitrokhin/documenti/mitrokhindoc.377.pdf|title=Documento conclusivo; sull'attività svolta e sui risultati dell'inchiesta|language=it|publisher=Italian Parliament|date=23 March 2006|page=116|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref>

The main sources of the allegations were Evlakhov, Mitrokhin and [[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]], and Stephen Hellman,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/14/Mitrokhin/documenti/mitrokhindoc.377.pdf|title=Documento conclusivo; sull'attività svolta e sui risultati dell'inchiesta|language=it|publisher=Italian Parliament|date=23 March 2006|page=115|access-date=19 July 2023|quote=And as for Hellman, he thought well of transforming the 'personally' affirmed by Evlakhov into 'into the pockets', which had a very different meaning because it could suggest that Cossutta had pocketed that money out of private interest. In other words, it was a substantial (and politically oriented) forgery by this Canadian political scientist, then taken up verbatim by Andrew–Mitrokhin.}}</ref> who based his claims on Evlakhov (who said that he never had the documents he was referring to but that he had seen them) and supported Occhetto's turn in 1989 and opposed Cossutta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/14/Mitrokhin/documenti/mitrokhindoc.377.pdf|title=Documento conclusivo; sull'attività svolta e sui risultati dell'inchiesta|language=it|publisher=Italian Parliament|date=23 March 2006|page=116|access-date=19 July 2023|quote=Both in the draft and in the Italian and English text, after those quotation marks there is a note stating that the sentence comes from an essay by Stephen Hellman published in an English book of 1992 (''The Difficult Birth of the Democratic Party of the Left'', in ''Italian Politics. A Review'', Pinter, London 1992, pp. 80 and 86). And it's true, the phrase comes exactly from there. Stephen Hellman was then and still is a professor at York University, Toronto. The essay was dedicated to Occhetto's 'turn', which had led to the transformation of the Italian Communist Party into the PDS, a turn towards which Cossutta had been hostile. Hellman, for his part, instead sided completely with Occhetto. As can be seen from the footnote to the aforementioned passage, Hellman relied on the statements of the journalist Alexandr Evlakhov released on 11 October 1991, according to which the honourable Cossutta 'personally' (i.e. 'in person ', not out of self-interest) had received some money from a KGB agent. Moreover, Evlakhov himself also declared that he did not physically have the documents he referred to, but that he had seen them 'with his eyes'.}}</ref> According to the 2006 commission, the case of Cossutta was different from others because it was alleged that [[SISMI]], Italy's secret service, engaged in a cover up;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/14/Mitrokhin/documenti/mitrokhindoc.377.pdf|title=Documento conclusivo; sull'attività svolta e sui risultati dell'inchiesta|language=it|publisher=Italian Parliament|date=23 March 2006|pages=113–114|access-date=19 July 2023|quote=Among them we mention in particular that of the president of the [2002] Commission, Paolo Guzzanti, who sent a letter to 'Corriere della sera', published on 29 July 2004, in which he maintained that for the honourable Cossutta the SISMI, following the directives of Government, decided to carry out a sensational 'white washing' on Mitrokhin's book which accused him of pocketing the money intended for the party.' In the meantime, what has simply been 'forgotten' so far is that that sentence – which in the book, according to the Italian exegetes, would have been removed on the recommendation of SISMI – was not Andrew–Mitrokhin's. The sentence, on the other hand, was from a specific 'commentator' ('observer' in the Italian ed.), of whom Andrew and Mitrokhin in fact spoke and who they quoted in highly visible quotation marks.}}</ref> in fact, SISMI delivered news articles making the allegations to the British secret services, who were in the process of writing a book about it. All these newspapers, from ''[[Avanti!]]'', ''[[La Padania]]'', and ''[[Il Giornale]]'', to ''[[Il Giorno (newspaper)|Il Giorno]]'' and ''[[Il Tempo]]'', were opposed to Cossutta and the centre-left government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/14/Mitrokhin/documenti/mitrokhindoc.377.pdf|title=Documento conclusivo; sull'attività svolta e sui risultati dell'inchiesta|language=it|publisher=Italian Parliament|date=23 March 2006|pages=115–116|access-date=19 July 2023|quote=Immediately after the passage regarding Cossutta's 'pockets' that we have just considered, and therefore in the text, in the book with respect to the 'draft' 5 lines ''against'' Cossutta were added ''ex novo'' (and complete with a new note) with data on dollars of the alleged loans received in 1985–87 (p. 390 English ed. and p. 374 Italian ed.). As stated in the footnote, these were data taken from two newspaper articles (''Il Giorno'' and ''Il Tempo'' of 30 April 1998) and which reported on the funding of the CPSU to the PCI, and in particular to Cossutta, passed by the prosecutor of Moscow to that of Rome. Now, precisely those articles, together with three others (from the newspapers 'L'Avanti!', 'La Padania', 'Il Giornale', all, like 'Il Giorno' and '[Il] Tempo', hostile to Cossutta and the Government of centre-left) were requested by the British Service and delivered by SISMI on 12 June 1998. At that point, as we know, SISMI knew perfectly well that the British were preparing a book and therefore could at least suspect that those articles would be used there, that is, in a published text.}}</ref> In addition, there were many changes between the draft and Hellman's book, and in the footnotes, regarding Cossutta, who was variously referred to as "the Soviet loyalist on the Directorate" and "a KGB informant on the Directorate".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/bicam/14/Mitrokhin/documenti/mitrokhindoc.377.pdf|title=Documento conclusivo; sull'attività svolta e sui risultati dell'inchiesta|language=it|publisher=Italian Parliament|date=23 March 2006|pages=113|access-date=19 July 2023|quote=The case of Armando Cossutta ... is radically different from those just considered – indeed opposite – because in this case it was not at all, as has been stated in an undocumented or irresponsible way, a 'bleaching' in the transition from the 'draft' to the book – which had no reason for being accomplished – but rather, on the contrary, for a worsening of the judgment on him. ... 1) In one passage of the book, with respect to the draft, the surname of Cossutta, defined as 'the Soviet loyalist on the Directorate' was removed and replaced with the anonymous indication, taken from report no. 132, which listed him as 'a KGB informant on the Directorate'. It is difficult to say whether it was a better qualification (because it cannot be referred to him with certainty) or worse (because it attributes to him the title of 'informant', even if it was not difficult then, from the context, to trace his name). In any case it should be remembered that Andrew himself, presenting his book in Italy, has excluded that Cossutta could be considered a 'real and proper agent', or rather 'a fifth column of the Soviet regime in Italy'. 2) Another explicit reference to Cossutta is further on in the 'draft', where we read: 'It soon became clear that if Soviet funds has been channeled into Italy, they went through the hands, and sometimes directly into the pockets of, Cossutta.' In the book, on the corresponding page, 390 (374 of the Italian ed.), the phrase 'and sometimes directly into the pockets of' does not appear and is replaced by ellipsis. It is a detail referred to several times and in a scandalous way both during the work of the Commission and above all in interventions in the press.}}</ref>

Especially during the years of the First Italian Republic, Cossutta had been accused of being a "confidential contact of the KGB" in Italy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/ottobre/12/Cossutta_contatto_confidenziale_Kgb__co_0_9910124300.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707055557/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/ottobre/12/Cossutta_contatto_confidenziale_Kgb__co_0_9910124300.shtml|archive-date=7 July 2012|url-status=dead|title=Cossutta, contatto confidenziale Kgb|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|date=12 October 1999|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Caporale|first=Antonello|date=12 October 1999|url=https://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/kgb/caporale/caporale.html|title=In questo modo Mosca finanziava il Pci|work=La Repubblica|language=it|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> Despite the conclusions of the 2002 and 2006 parliamentary commissions ([[Mitrokhin Commission]]), these allegations continued to be reiterated by some media even after his death. ''Il Tempo'' called him a "man of the KGB", and wrote that he traveled "frequently to the USSR to develop strategies against the deviationist drift" of Berlinguer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iltempo.it/cronache/2015/12/16/gallery/addio-a-cossutta-uomo-del-kgb-a-roma-996340/|title=Addio a Cossutta Uomo del Kgb a Roma|work=Il Tempo|language=it|date=16 December 2015|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> In November 2009, Cossutta was awarded €30,000 for moral damages as a result of the defamatory content of an article by {{ill|Roberto D'Agostino|it|Roberto D'Agostino}}, the founder of {{ill|Dagospia|it|Dagospia}},<ref>{{cite news|last=Vecchio|first=Concetto|date=23 May 2020|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2020/05/23/news/i_20_anni_di_dagospia_la_portineria_digitale_che_racconta_il_potere_italiano-301031039/|title=I 20 anni di Dagospia, la 'portineria digitale' che racconta il potere italiano|work=La Repubblica|language=it|access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref> in which it was alleged that he was involved in the 1973 attempt on Berlinguer's life.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chiocci|first=Gian Marco|date=9 November 2009|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/cossutta-30mila-euro-dago-grazie-sentenza-bulgara.html|title=Cossutta, 30mila euro da 'Dago' grazie a una sentenza bulgara|work=Il Giornale|language=it|access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref> In January 2015, the publisher of ''[[Libero (newspaper)|Libero]]'' in the legal entity Editoriale Libero s.r.l., the director [[Maurizio Belpietro]], and the author of the 2003 article were definitively sentenced by Italy's [[Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)|Supreme Court of Cassation]] to compensate Cossutta to €50,000 for moral damages as a result of the defamatory content of an article in which the newspaper,<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/> "in relation to the so-called Mitrokhin case, identified him as a spy for the Soviet Union".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.unionesarda.it/news/news_24/2015/01/27/cassazione_cossutta_mai_stato_spia_russa_condannato_libero-21-405357.html|url-status=dead|title=Cassazione: Cossutta mai stato spia russa, condannato Libero|work=L'Unione Sarda|language=it|date=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123356/https://www.unionesarda.it/news/news_24/2015/01/27/cassazione_cossutta_mai_stato_spia_russa_condannato_libero-21-405357.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Cossutta was married to Emilia Clemente, with whom he had been linked for about seventy years and who died on 8 August 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lasinistraquotidiana.it/wordpress/ciao-emi-compagna-di-lotta-e-di-amore/|title=Ciao Emi, compagna di lotta e di amore|website=La Sinistra Quotidiana|language=it|date=11 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222084544/http://www.lasinistraquotidiana.it/wordpress/ciao-emi-compagna-di-lotta-e-di-amore/|archive-date=22 December 2015|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> Together, they had three children: Anna, Dario, and Maura, who was also active in politics as a parliamentarian.<ref name="Il Post 2015"/> He died on 14 December 2015 at the San Camillo Hospital in Rome, where he had been hospitalized for some time, at the age of 89.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/15_dicembre_14/morto-armando-cossutta-7ecc95b8-a2b4-11e5-bc29-364a59bfeed9.shtml/|url-status=dead|title=Armando Cossutta è morto. Fu anima di Pci, Rifondacione e Pdci|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|date=14 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214232839/http://www.corriere.it/politica/15_dicembre_14/morto-armando-cossutta-7ecc95b8-a2b4-11e5-bc29-364a59bfeed9.shtml|archive-date=14 December 2015|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Custodero|first=Alberto|date=15 December 2015|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2015/12/15/news/cossutta_morto_pci_parlamento-129495230/|title=Morto Cossutta, il più filosovietico dei comunisti italiani|work=La Repubblica|language=it|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> He was buried in the PCI's resting place of the [[Campo Verano]] cemetery. In 2016, Milan's ''[[comune]]'' decided to inscribe his name, among fourteen other personalities, in the city pantheon inside Milan's [[Cimitero Monumentale]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comune.milano.it/wps/portal/ist/it/news/primopiano/Tutte_notizie/turismo_sport_tempolibero/15_personalita_iscrivere_pantheon|url-status=dead|title=Decise all'unanimità le 15 personalità illustri da iscrivere nel Pantheon di Milano|website=Comune di Milano|language=it|date=20 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928195022/https://www.comune.milano.it/wps/portal/ist/it/news/primopiano/Tutte_notizie/turismo_sport_tempolibero/15_personalita_iscrivere_pantheon|archive-date=28 September 2017|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> His nephew, Simon Cossutta, is a member of the PD, and in 2015 was part of [[Gianni Cuperlo]]'s and left-wing opposition within the party to the then PD secretary [[Matteo Renzi]].<ref name="Di Nicola 2015"/>

Cossutta was an [[atheist]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cossutta|first1=Armando|last2=Montesano|first2=Gianni|date=2004|title=Una storia comunista|language=it|location=Milan|publisher=Rizzoli|page=40}}</ref> He was also a supporter of [[Inter Milan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/11/30/partiti-del-tifo-cossutta-con.html|title=I partiti del tifo Cossutta e' con Servello...|work=La Repubblica|language=it|date=30 November 1991|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Timossi|first=Giampiero|date=15 December 2015|url=https://www.calciomercato.com/news/timossi-addio-a-cossutta-il-piu-interista-dei-comunisti-436667|title=Addio a Cossutta, comunista e interista|website=Calciomercato.com|language=it|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> and was one of the founders, alongside [[Ignazio La Russa]] and {{ill|Roberto Zaccaria|it|Roberto Zaccaria}}, of the Inter Club Montecitorio in the Italian Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tuttoggi.info/inter-lo-spoletino-buratti-club-rai-con-i-figli-dei-pooh-al-bernabeu-foto-megastriscione/71416/|title=Inter, lo spolentino Buratti (Club Rai) con i figli dei Pooh al Bernabeu (Foto, megastriscione)|website=TuttOggi.info|language=it|date=26 May 2010|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Radaelli|first=Gabriele|date=17 December 2015|url=http://www.inter-news.it/mondo-inter/linter-ricorda-cossutta-grande-tifoso-interista/|url-status=dead|title=L'Inter ricorda Cossutta, grande tifoso interista|website=Inter-News.it|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713140048/http://www.inter-news.it/mondo-inter/linter-ricorda-cossutta-grande-tifoso-interista/|archive-date=13 July 2018|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> In 1998, he was imitated by [[Teo Teocoli]] during a broadcast of ''[[Quelli che il calcio]]''. Cossutta appreciated the comedian's sketches and called him to congratulate him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.adnkronos.com/Archivio/AdnAgenzia/1998/11/16/Cronaca/SATIRA-COSSUTTA-SI-CONGRATULA-CON-TEOCOLI_194500.php|title=Satira: Cossutta si congratula con Teocoli|language=it|agency=Adnkronos|date=16 November 1998|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref>

== Works ==
* ''I problemi del finanziamento del partito e la campagna per la stampa comunista''. Rome: Iter. 1974.
* ''Il finanziamento pubblico dei partiti''. Roma: Editori Riuniti. 1974.
* ''Decentramento e partecipazione. Iniziativa dei comunisti per l'attuazione della legge sui consigli di circoscrizione''. With [[Marcello Stefanini]] and [[Renato Zangheri]]. Rome: Editori Riuniti. 1977.
* ''I comunisti nel governo locale''. With [[Enrico Berlinguer]]. Rome: Editori Riuniti. 1978.
* ''Il modo nuovo di governare''. Rome: Edizioni delle autonomie. 1980.
* ''Lo strappo. Usa, Urss, movimento operaio di fronte alla crisi internazionale''. Milan: A. Mondadori. 1982.
* ''Dissenso e unità. Dibattito politico nel PCI dal XVI al XVII congresso''. Milan: Teti. 1986.
* ''Vecchio e nuovo corso''. Milan: Vangelista. 1988.
* ''Una storia comunista''. With Gianni Montesano. Milan: Rizzoli. 2004. {{ISBN|88-17-00430-8}}.

==Electoral history==
{|class=wikitable style="width:65%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
|-
! width=12%|Election
! width=30%|House
! width=30%|Constituency
! width=5% colspan="2"|Party
! width=12%|Votes
! width=20%|Result
|-
! [[1972 Italian general election|1972]]
| [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]]
| [[Lombardy]] – [[Vigevano]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 52,525
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1976 Italian general election|1976]]
| [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]]
| [[Lombardy]] – [[Vigevano]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 56,327
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1979 Italian general election|1979]]
| [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]]
| [[Lombardy]] – [[Vigevano]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 52,039
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1983 Italian general election|1983]]
| [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]]
| [[Lombardy]] – [[Vigevano]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 47,443
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1987 Italian general election|1987]]
| [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]]
| [[Lombardy]] – [[Vigevano]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 43,325
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1992 Italian general election|1992]]
| [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]]
| [[Lombardy]] – [[Vigevano]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Refoundation Party}}" |
| [[Communist Refoundation Party|PRC]]
| 10,364
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1994 Italian general election|1994]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[Tuscany]] – [[Scandicci]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Refoundation Party}}" |
| [[Communist Refoundation Party|PRC]]
| 46,997
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1996 Italian general election|1996]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[Campania|Campania 1]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Refoundation Party}}" |
| [[Communist Refoundation Party|PRC]]
| –{{efn|name=fn1|Elected in a [[closed list]] proportional representation system.}}
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1999 European Parliament election|1999]]
| [[European Parliament]]
| [[North-West Italy (European Parliament constituency)|North-West Italy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Party of Italian Communists}}" |
| [[Party of Italian Communists|PdCI]]
| 13,432
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[2001 Italian general election|2001]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[Marche]] – [[Urbino]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Party of Italian Communists}}" |
| [[Party of Italian Communists|PdCI]]
| 41,061
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[2006 Italian general election|2006]]
| [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]]
| [[Emilia-Romagna]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Party of Italian Communists}}" |
| [[Party of Italian Communists|PdCI]]
| –{{efn|name=fn1|Elected in a [[closed list]] proportional representation system.}}
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Communist Refoundation Party}}
{{Italian Communist Party}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cossutta, Armando}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Refoundation Party MEPs]]
[[Category:Communist Refoundation Party politicians]]
[[Category:Italian atheists]]
[[Category:Italian Communist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Italian resistance movement members]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of the Republic (Italy)]]
[[Category:MEPs for Italy 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Party of Italian Communists politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Milan]]

Giuliano Ferrara

2025-04-12T03:42:23Z

80.46.110.142: /* L'Espresso, Corriere della Sera, and Italian Socialist Party (1982–1987) */

{{short description|Italian journalist and former politician (born 1952)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{use Oxford spelling|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Giuliano Ferrara
| image =
| caption =
| office1 = [[Minister for Parliamentary Relations]]
| primeminister1 = [[Silvio Berlusconi]]
| term_start1 = 10 May 1994
| term_end1 = 17 January 1995
| predecessor1 = Paolo Barile
| successor1 = Guglielmo Negri
| office2 = [[Member of the European Parliament]]
| term_start2 = 25 July 1989
| term_end2 = 11 May 1994
| constituency2 = [[Central Italy (European Parliament constituency)|Central Italy]]
| birthname = Giuliano Ferrara
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|01|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rome]], Italy
| party = [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]] (1973–1982) [[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]] (1985–1994) [[Forza Italia|FI]] (1994–2008) [[Association for the Defense of Life. Abortion? No Thanks|Abortion? No Thanks]] (2008)
| height = {{convert|1.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| spouse = Anselma Dell'Olio (since 1987)
| occupation = Journalist, politician, television presenter
}}

'''Giuliano Ferrara''' (born 7 January 1952) is an Italian journalist, television presenter, and former politician. He is the founding editor of ''[[Il Foglio]]''. Born into a [[communist]] and [[anti-fascist]] family, Ferrara took part to the student movement of the 1960s and 1970s. In 1973, he joined the [[Italian Communist Party]] (PCI) and carried out political activity within the PCI, and at the same time dedicated himself to journalism, collaborating with ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' since 1982 with the column "Bretelle Rosse". Later in the 1980s, he joined the [[Italian Socialist Party]] (PSI), with which he became a [[member of the European Parliament]] (1989–1994).

After the dissolution of the PSI in 1994, Ferrara joined [[Silvio Berlusconi]]'s political party [[Forza Italia]] (FI); he was [[Minister for Parliamentary Relations]] in the [[first Berlusconi government]] (1994–1995) and then focused on his journalistic career, founding ''Il Foglio'' in 1996, the same year he also became for a year the [[editor-in-chief]] of the Berlusconi-owned news magazine ''[[Panorama (magazine)|Panorama]]''. Ferrara returned to active politics in 2007, re-opening the debate on the topic of [[abortion]] and proposing an international [[Moratorium (law)|moratorium]]. In the [[2008 Italian general election]], he was a candidate at the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] with the [[electoral alliance]] he founded in the same year, the Association for the Defense of Life. Abortion? No Thanks; he was not elected due to his list not having reached the [[election threshold]].

During his career, Ferrara gained widespread popularity as a commentator and television presenter, also earning satire. He brought sensational and provocative investigative journalism to television, including ''Linea rovente'' (1987), ''Il testimone'' (1988), ''Il gatto'' (1989), ''L'istruttoria'' (1991), ''Diario di guerra (e pace)'' (2001), ''[[Otto e mezzo]]'' (2002–2008), and ''Qui Radio Londra'' (2011). In 2015, he stepped down as editor-in-chief of ''Il Foglio''. He also published various essays.

== Early life, family, and education ==
Born in Rome on 7 January 1952,<ref name="Il Foglio 2003">{{cite news |date=13 May 2003 |title=Giuliano Ferrara. Curriculum dell'Elefantino. La storia personale di un hijo de puta, come se la ricorda lui |url=http://www.ilfoglio.it/ritratti/923 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930214104/http://www.ilfoglio.it/ritratti/923 |archive-date=30 September 2009 |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164|postscript=. It was republished on 1 April 2009.}}</ref><ref name="Il Post 2011">{{cite news |date=6 March 2011 |title='Ferrara, Giuliano' |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2011/03/04/ferrara-cia/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Post |language=it |issn=2610-9980}}</ref> the son of Maurizio Ferrara (1921–2000) and Marcella De Francesco (1920–2002),<ref>{{cite news |date=19 November 2002 |title=Morta Marcella Ferrara, ex segretaria di Togliatti Diventò sottotenente nella guerra partigiana |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2002/novembre/19/Morta_Marcella_Ferrara_segretaria_Togliatti_co_0_0211197939.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100536/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2002/novembre/19/Morta_Marcella_Ferrara_segretaria_Togliatti_co_0_0211197939.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |page=14 |language=it}}</ref> Ferrara comes from a Jewish family on the father's side;<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregori |first=Enrico |date=2 June 2015 |title=5 giugno 1952 I giornalisti Ferrara e Coen condannati per diffamazione della Sacra Rota |url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/rubriche/accadde_oggi/giornalisti_ferrara_coen_condannati_diffamazione_sacra_rota-1069485.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=Il Messaggero |language=it}}</ref> both his parents were anti-fascist and communists.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/> His father was a member of the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]] with the PCI, director of ''[[l'Unità]]'', and [[president of Lazio]], while his mother was a communist anti-fascist [[Partisan (military)|partisan]] within the [[Gruppi di Azione Patriottica]] and long-time personal secretary of PCI leader [[Palmiro Togliatti]] before becoming editor-in-chief of the communist magazine ''[[Rinascita]]''.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/> Also active in politics was his grandfather Mario Ferrara, a [[Liberalism|liberal]]-inspired lawyer who had defended anti-fascist activists before the [[Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello Stato (1926–1943)|Special Tribunal for the Defence of the State]] during the [[Fascist Italy]] years and later worked as columnist for ''[[Il Mondo (magazine)|Il Mondo]]'' of [[Mario Pannunzio]] and ''Corriere della Sera''.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/>

From 1958 to 1961, Ferrara lived in Moscow, where his father was a correspondent for ''l'Unità''.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/> He did not return in Moscow until 1990. He also never went to a [[Communist state]] after 1961 and preferred holidays in Capri and Paris.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/> Having returned to Italy towards the end of the 1960s, he obtained his ''[[liceo classico]]'' diploma at the high school in Rome named after [[Lucretius]]. Ferrara joined politics during the [[protests of 1968]], participating at the [[Battle of Valle Giulia]] on 1 March 1968. In this period, he also had experience in the world of entertainment as a chorister in the first rock opera created in Italy, ''Then an Alley'' by [[Tito Schipa Jr.]] with music by [[Bob Dylan]].{{refn|See {{cite web |date=May 1967 |title=Fabrizio Bogianckino presenta Then an Alley |url=http://www.titoschipa.it/pdf/thenlibretto4.pdf |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=TitoSchipa.it |language=it}}|group=nb}} In his trip to New York with his brother, Giacomo Ferrara (1947–2023),<ref>{{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=13 January 2017 |title=Saga di Nano, che voleva sparare agli uccelli e rotolarsi nella neve |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/il-figlio/2017/01/13/news/infanzia-giuliano-ferrara-genitori-distratti-che-ti-amano-felicita-114839/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 May 2018 |title=Giuliano Ferrara story: le immagini |url=http://torino.corriere.it/foto-gallery/cultura/18_febbraio_05/giuliano-ferrara-story-immagini-ebb01282-0a71-11e8-aeb9-f008c9e7034a.shtml |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |language=it |issn=2499-0485}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 May 2023 |title=Morto il regista Giorgio Ferrara fratello di Giuliano: aveva 76 anni, era ricoverato per problemi di salute |url=https://notizie.virgilio.it/morto-il-regista-giorgio-ferrara-fratello-di-giuliano-aveva-76-anni-era-ricoverato-per-problemi-di-salute-1568713 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Notizie Virgilio |language=it}}</ref> in November 1970, in his own words "{{ '}}when Charles de Gaulle died' is the memory of the teenager who knows everything about Dylan by heart and loves the strong politicians", he assisted [[Luca Ronconi]] in directing ''[[Orlando Furioso]]''.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/>

Ferrara joined the Faculty of Philosophy at the [[University of Turin]], where he had engaged in polemics with [[Lucio Colletti]], in the words of Ferrara "still a bit of a Trotskyist and supporter of Soviet democracy".<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/> Ferrara supported Togliatti's "Italian Road to Socialism". Despite this, the two became friends, and Ferrara described Colletti as "soon courageously convert[ing] to the theory of the crisis of Marxism and become a former communist [turned] liberal anti-communist, a little crazy, like his student, but tough."<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/> He remained in Turin until September 1982, with his philosophy exams stuck at eleven out of twenty.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/>

== Career ==
=== Journalism and Italian Communist Party (1973–1982) ===
During the 1970s, Ferrara joined the PCI and first started working as an [[activist]] militant with [[Giancarlo Pajetta]], who then sent him to Turin, where he arrived on 5 November 1973, to "go to the working class school and escape the dangers of the Roman Curia".<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/> Also in Turin, he became a journalist without training and without being a member of the Italian Order of Journalists; he worked at the fortnightly magazine ''Nuova Società'', created by [[Diego Novelli]], who in 1975 became [[mayor of Turin]], and then directed by Saverio Vertone. During this period, he was friend with Novelli, Vertone (Ferrara described it as a "true friendship, which continues despite his honest and delusional political follies"), and Adalberto Minucci.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/> Ferrara was the head of the political organization of the PCI at [[Fiat Mirafiori]], which he led to two thousand members, and then was the responsible for the state problems section (fight against terrorism), the cultural section, and the city committee, which represented the organization of the local PCI in Turin.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/> Ferrara was a well known critic of Turin's [[workerist]] tradition and the policy of the Chamber of Labor that led to the November 1980 agreement between [[Fiat]] and the [[CGIL]]. Having learned the Turinese language, he coordinated political meetings in the small room of the federal committee of Turin under a large reproduction of ''[[Guernica (Picasso)|Guernica]]'', with [[Luciano Violante]] and Gian Carlo Caselli; one of the major themes discussed was the fight against terrorism. In an article for ''[[la Repubblica]]'' entitled the "Right to Inform", after the launch of the anti-terrorism questionnaire, he denounced the [[Red Brigades]].<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/>

Within the PCI, Ferrara was responsible for the Fiat provincial coordination for the PCI of Turin in 1973,<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 1976 |title=PCI e Lotta Continua |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0004/articleid,1100_01_1976_0046_0004_20894200/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Stampa |page=4 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref> when he also started writing for ''Nuova Società''.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/> He was responsible for the school and culture sector in 1977 and then became city secretary in 1979.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 June 1977 |title=La riforma si deve fare e va repressa l'anarchia |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0005/articleid,1094_01_1977_0131_0005_15994872/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Stampa |page=5 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 April 1980 |title='Abbiamo le carte in regola per tornare nella Sala rossa' |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0014/articleid,1061_01_1980_0090_0014_15102038/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Stampa |page=14 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref> On 8 June 1980, Ferrara was elected municipal councilor in Turin, becoming the CPI group leader in December 1980.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 December 1980 |title=La città ha una brutta faccia. Che cosa fare per ripulirla? |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0021/articleid,1068_01_1980_0267_0017_15437865/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Stampa |page=21 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref> With the start of the [[1982 Lebanon War]], Ferrara was appointed by Novelli as the mayor's delegate for relief to the population of Beirut.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 September 1982 |title=Oggi da Beirut l'ultimo componente della delegazione comunale |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0006/articleid,1419_02_1982_0229_0038_20306504/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Stampa Sera |page=6 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref> On 18 September 1982 in Piazza San Carlo in Turin, the municipality organized the musical event ''Mille musicisti per la pace'' (A Thousand Musicians for Peace) with [[Luciano Berio]] performing "Accordo".{{refn|For a series of photographs about the event, see {{cite web |date=2002 |title=Archivio fotografico dell'edizione 1982 |url=http://www.comune.torino.it/settembremusica/multimedia/album/1982.htm |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Comune di Torino |language=it}}|group=nb}} For the occasion, Ferrara, ten minutes before the start, asked both Berio and the then culture councilor Giorgio Balmas that the concert be dedicated to the victims of the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]] but was refused. At the end of the concert, he made the episode public and a public controversy arose; Balmas and Berio defended themselves, stating that it was not appropriate to open with a mini-rally, while Ferrara first relaunched his request on the evening of 19 September 1982, this time at the opening of the reply and supported by the Teatro Stabile director [[Mario Missiroli]]. When faced with the new refusal, he left the PCI on 20 September 1982 while remaining a councilor.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 September 1982 |title=Guerra nel PCI per il concerto della pace |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0014/articleid,1042_01_1982_0202_0014_14918586/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Stampa |page=14 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 September 1982 |title=Ferrara: 'Un gesto di ipocrisia cinica e meschina' |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0012/articleid,1042_01_1982_0203_0012_14919927/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Stampa |page=12 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref> After the meeting of the Turinese PCI board of directors on 22 September 1982, Ferrara also resigned as a councilor.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 September 1982 |title=Ferrara si dimette da ogni carica. Nel pci torinese è di nuovo bufera |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0014/articleid,1042_01_1982_0205_0014_14921162/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Stampa |page=14 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref> For the PCI, Ferrara's request was legitimate but his behavior in the matter was not, which is why his resignation was accepted.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 1982 |title=Il Pci accoglie le dimissioni di Ferrara e deplora i suoi giudizi: 'Inaccettabili' |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0004/articleid,1042_02_1982_0241_0004_24102423/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Stampa Sera |page=4 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref> Ferrara formally remained a Turin city councilor until 25 October 1982,<ref>{{cite news |date=26 October 1982 |title=Ferrara lascia il Consiglio |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0007/articleid,1422_02_1982_0271_0071_20347999/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Stampa |page=7 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref> despite the fact that the city council had unanimously rejected his resignation on 4 October 1982.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 October 1982 |title=Respinte le dimissioni ma Ferrara non tornerà |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0005/articleid,1421_02_1982_0250_0039_20330636/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Stampa Sera |page=5 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref>

=== ''L'Espresso'', ''Corriere della Sera'', and Italian Socialist Party (1982–1987) ===
After his exit from the PCI, Ferrara began to collaborate with the weekly ''[[L'Espresso]]'', where he criticized the PCI from the point of view of ''[[migliorismo]]'', being known for his closeness to [[Giorgio Napolitano]] and his political positions. In 1985, he was approached by the PSI through [[Claudio Martelli]], intending to absorb all the Turinese Amenodolians who had left the PCI.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tropea |first=Salvatore |date=20 February 1985 |title=Il PSI apre a Torino ai 'dissidenti' PCI |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1985/02/20/il-psi-apre-torino-ai-dissidenti-pci.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=0390-1076}}</ref> Ferrara denied the rumors that he was joining the PSI but at the same time was keen to reiterate that he considered "the basic choices of Craxi and the socialists as the most right for the country and for the left".<ref>{{cite news |date=22 February 1985 |title=Lettere |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1985/02/22/lettere.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=0390-1076}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pansa |first=Giampaolo |date=23 February 1985 |title=Giuliano il convertito sulla via di Bettino |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1985/02/23/giuliano-il-convertito-sulla-via-di-bettino.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=0390-1076}}</ref> A press conference had already been scheduled for 28 February 1985; it would have announced Ferrara's entry into the PSI and his candidacy in the 1985 Turin municipal election. At the last moment, he preferred to avoid the electoral commitment.<ref name="La Repubblica 1985">{{cite news |date=1 March 1985 |title=Ferrara: 'Non mi candido ma appoggio il PSI' |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1985/03/01/ferrara-non-mi-candido-ma-appoggio-il.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=0390-1076}}</ref> Ferrara later stated several times that he had abandoned the communist ideology "in unsuspecting times", that is, before the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]]. Journalist [[Marco Travaglio]] argued that this and his other political positions were instead dictated by convenience, as [[Bettino Craxi]] was the [[prime minister of Italy]] at that time; he said that they were determined from time to time by following where the "power and money" are and that Ferrara had sided "with the thieves ... in fact the thieves earned much more than the judges".<ref>{{cite news |last=Travaglio |first=Marco |date=3 December 2004 |title=La Cozza ha sempre ragione |url=https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/2004/12/03/page_004.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427082949/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/2004/12/03/page_004.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2024 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=L'Unità |page=4 |language=it |issn=2975-0059 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Travaglio |first=Marco |date=27 January 2006 |title=Un uomo da palinsesto |url=https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/2006/01/27/page_011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427083059/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/2006/01/27/page_011.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2024 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=L'Unità |page=11 |language=it |issn=2975-0059 }}</ref>

During the 1980s, Ferrara began working for ''Corriere della Sera'', signing articles with the pseudonym Piero Dall'Ora and creating the column "Bretelle Rosse". At the same time, he joined the editorial staff of ''Reporter'', a [[socialist]] investigative newspaper directed by [[Adriano Sofri]] and [[Enrico Deaglio]], two former leaders of [[Lotta Continua]]. In 2003, the same year he also wrote his autobiography on ''Il Foglio'',<ref name="Il Post 2011"/> Ferrara declared that he had been a paid confidant of the [[CIA]] in the mid-1980s.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 May 2003 |title=Ferrara: Io informatore della Cia |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2003/05/15/ferrara-io-informatore-della-cia.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=0390-1076}}</ref> The disciplinary action brought against him by the Italian Order of Journalists to determine the compatibility between the profession and collaboration with a secret service was not followed up, both due to the expiry of the five-year period "beyond which, according to the law professional no. 69/1963, the statute of limitations applies for an act susceptible to disciplinary sanction", and because at the time of the events he was not a professional journalist.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 June 2006 |title=Giuliano Ferrara 'spia' della Cia: l'azione disciplinare è ormai prescritta |url=http://odg.mi.it/node/30222 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127211807/http://odg.mi.it/node/30222 |archive-date=27 November 2010 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Ordine dei Giornalisti |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 March 2011 |title=Giuliano Ferrara e la CIA |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2011/03/06/ferrara-e-la-cia2/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Post |language=it |issn=2610-9980}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Travaglio |first=Marco |date=22 February 2024 |title=La spia che venne dal Pincio |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/in-edicola/articoli/2024/02/22/la-spia-che-venne-dal-pincio/7454811/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it |issn=2037-089X}}</ref>

=== Television debut and member of the European Parliament (1987–1994) ===
On 10 November 1987, Ferrara made his television debut on [[Rai 3]] with ''Linea rovente''.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 1087 |title=Ferrara accusatore Verdiglione imputato |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1987/11/10/ferrara-accusatore-verdiglione-imputato.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=0390-1076}}</ref> He followed on 13 April 1988 on [[Rai 2]] with ''Il testimone'',<ref>{{cite news |date=13 April 1988 |title=Ferrara e il caso Moro: 'Non volevano salvarlo' |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0019/articleid,0958_01_1988_0078_0023_12976273/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Stampa |page=19 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref> which saw the implementation of [[infotainment]] in Italy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Enciclopedia della Televisione |publisher=Garzanti |year=2003 |isbn=978-00-3815-631-3 |editor-last=Grasso |editor-first=Aldo |location=Milan |page=247 |language=it |orig-year=1996}}</ref> Starting on 13 February 1989, with a contract that guaranteed him a high salary, Ferrara moved to [[Fininvest]], Berlusconi's holding company, to present ''Radio Londra'' on [[Canale 5]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Laurenzi |first=Laura |date=1 February 1989 |title=Ferrara: 'Sono felice perche' Berlusconi mi dara' il telegiornale' |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/02/01/ferrara-sono-felice-perche-berlusconi-mi-dara.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Delli Colli |first=Laura |date=14 February 1989 |title=Debutta Ferrara in Radio Londra |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/02/14/debutta-ferrara-in-radio-londra.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> On 12 April 1989, he also hosted on Canale 5 the programme ''Il gatto''.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 April 1989 |title=Ecco il gatto con le bretelle |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0023/articleid,1314_02_1989_0099_0023_19347629/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Stampa Sera |page=23 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref> Two months later in the [[1989 European Parliament election in Italy]], he was elected a member of the European Parliament for the PSI.<ref name="Treccani 2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giuliano-ferrara/|title=Ferrara, Giuliano|website=Treccani|language=it|location=Rome|publisher=Italian Encyclopedia Institute|date=2012|access-date=25 February 2023|postscript=. Updated through the years.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 August 2013 |title=Mediaset, Ferrara: 'Sentenza vile e cazzona' |url=http://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/1289353/Mediaset-Ferrara-Sentenza-vile-e-cazzona.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083048/https://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/1289353/Mediaset-Ferrara-Sentenza-vile-e-cazzona.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Libero |language=it |issn=2531-615X}}</ref>

On 7 January 1991, Ferrara returned to Canale 5 with ''Radio Londra''.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 1991 |title=Radio Londra ritorna con Ferrara |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0026/articleid,0854_01_1991_0004_0026_11907567/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Stampa |page=26 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref> On 21 January 1991, he made his debut on [[Italia 1]] with ''L'instruttoria'',<ref>{{cite news |date=20 January 1991 |title=Ferrara: faccio il bis |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,0031/articleid,0855_01_1991_0016_0031_11921160/ |work=La Stampa |page=31 |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref> in which Ferrara expressed his critical positions towards the judiciary's investigations into the ''[[Tangentopoli]]'' case.<ref name="Bellu 1993">{{cite news |last=Bellu |first=Giovanni Maria |date=1 May 1993 |title=Craxi, dagli schermi TV l'ultima sfida al Paese |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1993/05/01/craxi-dagli-schermi-tv-ultima-sfida.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=0390-1076}}</ref> Since 10 February 1992, after a preview on 20 January, he hosted ''Lezioni d'amore'' on Italia 1 with his wife Anselma Dell'Olio; it focused on sex and was inspired by the film ''[[Love Meetings]]'' by [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]. The programme became a political case and after ten days was canceled by Berlusconi under pressure from [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] (DC) politicians.<ref>{{cite news |last=Delli Colli |first=Laura |date=13 February 1992 |title=Sordina DC al 'sesso in TV' |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1992/02/13/sordina-dc-al-sesso-in-tv.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=0390-1076}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Delli Colli |first=Laura |date=21 February 1992 |title=Ferrara bocciato dalla Fininvest |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1992/02/21/ferrara-bocciato-dalla-fininvest.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=0390-1076}}</ref>

=== Minister in the first Berlusconi government and ''Il Foglio'' (1994–1997) ===
[[File:FERRARA9101101a.jpg|thumb|Ferrara signing copies of ''Il Foglio'' at the pro-American demonstration in Piazza del Popolo in Rome on 10 November 2001]]
With the rise of Berlusconi and Forza Italia, Ferrara decided to leave, together with several others party members, a PSI that was in disintegration. He became Minister for Relations with Parliament in the first Berlusconi government. On 30 January 1996, Ferrara founded his own newspaper, which he named ''Il Foglio'', and was its editor-in-chief. It was published by the editorial cooperative of the same name, of which [[Veronica Lario]], Berlusconi's second wife, was a member.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=5 December 2013 |title=Perché Ferrara ha lasciato la tivù per fondare 'Il Foglio', un giornale piccolo che conta |url=https://www.primaonline.it/2013/12/05/175882/perche-ferrara-ha-lasciato-la-tivu-per-fondare-il-foglio-un-giornale-piccolo-che-conta/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |magazine=Primaonline |language=it |issn=0390-3311}}</ref> Joking on the fact that the ownership of the newspaper was always attributed to Berlusconi's then wife, Ferrara once sarcastically defined himself as a [[Berlusconist]] of the "Veronica tendency" to go against "this foolish evil used to degrade ''Il Foglio''",<ref>{{cite web |date=1 July 2012 |title=Il Foglio: 'Un trucchetto' per prendere i contributi politici |url=https://www.editoria.tv/il-foglio-un-trucchetto-per-prendere-i-contributi-pubblici/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Editoria.tv |language=it}}</ref> where he took [[neoconservative]] positions.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/>

''Il Foglio'' is an elite daily newspaper aimed at a high-end audience. Originally composed of a single sheet, which gave its name, ''Il Foglio'' is the least voluminous of Italian dailies and is mainly dedicated to in-depth analysis and commentary, leaving out current affairs. Although generally considered close to the Italian political right, it did not spare criticism of Berlusconi and supported seemingly contradictory opinion campaigns, such as the election of former communist [[Massimo D'Alema]] as [[president of Italy]] and the call for a moratorium on abortion. According to an internal survey, its editors covered the entire political spectrum of [[Italian political parties]], from Forza Italia to the [[Communist Refoundation Party]]. The website of ''Il Foglio'' was the first among those of Italian dailies to allow consultation of all the contents. In 2008, it underwent a profound transformation, and it become something similar to a collective blog of its authors.<ref name="Vox Europe 2021">{{cite web |date=2021 |title=Il Foglio |url=https://voxeurop.eu/it/source/il-foglio-2/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Voxeurop |language=it}}</ref>

Ferrara was a supporter of the [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right coalition]], and then of the second and third Berlusconi governments, although sometimes in a critical manner.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=5 November 2012 |title=Il primo problema? È proprio lui: Berlusconi |url=https://www.panorama.it/news/giuliano-ferrara-mi-spaventano-tribuni-di-oggi-non-nazionalizzare-o-privatizzare |access-date=27 April 2024 |magazine=Panorama |language=it |issn=0553-1098}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=24 August 2018 |title=Giuliano Ferrara: 'Mi spaventano i tribuni di oggi, non nazionalizzare o privatizzare' |url=https://www.panorama.it/news/giuliano-ferrara-mi-spaventano-tribuni-di-oggi-non-nazionalizzare-o-privatizzare |access-date=27 April 2024 |magazine=Panorama |language=it |issn=0553-1098}}</ref> In ''Il Foglio'', he fought on several occasions for the granting of a pardon to Sofri, who was convicted among others for the murder of the police officer [[Luigi Calabresi]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=18 May 2022 |title=Quattro verità intere sull'omicidio di Luigi Calabresi |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/cultura/2022/05/18/news/quattro-verita-intere-sull-omicidio-di-luigi-calabresi-4012898/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}</ref> and of whom he considers a friend due to his convintion that he is innocent;<ref>{{cite news |last=Sorgi |first=Marcello |date=14 March 2008 |title=Alla fine Sofri aiuterà (non volendo) Ferrara |url=https://www.lastampa.it/opinioni/2008/03/14/news/alla-fine-sofri-aiutera-non-volendo-ferrara-1.37110205/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Stampa |language=it |issn=2499-0817}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Capocelli |first=Robnerto |date=16 January 2012 |title=Ferrara su Sofri, esempio di simpatia verso il gioco della giustizia |url=https://www.avantionline.it/giuliano-ferrara/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Avanti! |language=it |issn=2390-3058}}</ref> in addition to writing for ''La Repubblica'' after having served his sentence, Sofri also wrote for ''Il Foglio''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Scafuri |first=Roberto |date=26 November 2015 |title=Al posto di Mauro arriva Calabresi. E anche Sofri lascia 'Repubblica' |url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/posto-mauro-arriva-calabresi-e-anche-sofri-lascia-repubblica-1198632.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Giornale |language=it |issn=2532-4071}}</ref> From 28 November 1996 to 25 September 1997, without leaving the editorship of ''Il Foglio'', Ferrara was the editor-in-chief of ''Panorama''.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/> His direction of ''Panorama'', which had been bought by Berlusconi several years earlier,<ref>{{cite news |last=Martini |first=Daniele |date=13 January 2023 |title=C'era una volta il grande Panorama. Favola senza lieto fine del giornalismo |url=https://www.editorialedomani.it/idee/cultura/panorama-giornalismo-settimanale-berlusconi-belpietro-ac0ksg0s |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Domani |language=it-it |issn=0046-0524}}</ref> was marked by strong tensions with the editorial staff, including the likes of [[Enzo Biagi]] and [[Indro Montanelli]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Mazzetti |first=Loris |date=2011 |title=A furia di insulti, Giuliano Ferrara si è preso il posto di Enzo Biagi |url=https://archivio.articolo21.org/2670/notizia/a-furia-di-insulti-giuliano-ferrara-si-e-preso-il.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Articolo 21 |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Borghi |first=Roberto |date=31 March 2011 |title='La diffamazione' secondo Ferrara. La risposta di Stille |url=https://www.primaonline.it/2011/03/31/90808/la-diffamazione-secondo-ferrara/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |magazine=Primaonline |language=it |issn=0390-3311}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mazzetti |first=Loris |date=1 May 2013 |title=Ferrara, il vizio resta aggredire gli altri |url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2013/05/01/ferrara-il-vizio-resta-aggredire-gli-altri/580155/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it-IT |issn=2037-089X}}</ref> who distrusted him immediately after taking office, and ended with the resignation of Ferrara, who decided to dedicate himself only to the direction of ''Il Foglio''.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=30 October 1997 |title=Panorama, Ferrara inviato |url=https://www.italiaoggi.it/archivio/panorama-ferrara-inviato-339434 |access-date=27 April 2024 |magazine=Italia Oggi |page=15 |language=it |issue=256 |issn=1120-6063}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Brusadelli |first=Stefano |date=11 February 2023 |title=Caro direttore, quella di Panorama dal 1994 è diventata un'altra storia |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/politica/2023/02/11/news/caro_direttore_quella_di_panorama_dal_1994_e_diventata_unaltra_storia-11319417/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=HuffPost Italia |language=it}}</ref> He was the Forza Italia and [[House of Freedoms]] (as was then known the centre-right coalition) candidate in the by-election for the vacant senatorial seat of the Mugello constituency in Tuscany;<ref>{{cite news |last=Sacchi |first=Paola |date=16 September 1997 |title=Ferrara nel Mugello sfida Di Pietro. 'Deve dire la verità agli italiani' |url=https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1997/09/16/page_016.pdf |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=L'Unità |page=16 |issn=2975-0059}}</ref> on 9 November 1997, he was defeated by the former ''Mani pulite'' judge and ''Tangentopoli'' symbol [[Antonio Di Pietro]],{{refn|See {{cite news |last=Petti |first=Edoardo |date=15 August 2012 |title=Di Pietro, ovvero vent'anni della nostra storia |url=https://www.linkiesta.it/2012/08/di-pietro-ovvero-ventanni-della-nostra-storia/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Linkiesta |language=it}}|group=nb}} who was the [[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|centre-left coalition]] candidate through [[The Olive Tree (Italy)|The Olive Tree]].<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2022 |title=Chi è Giuliano Ferrara, l'ex ministro colpito da infarto: dal Partito Comunista alla carriera da giornalista |url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/persone/giuliano_ferrara_infarto_chi_e_come_sta_ultime_notizie-6468042.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Messaggero |language=it |issn=2499-3980}}</ref>

=== Return to television and ''Otto e mezzo'' (1997–2006) ===
Ferrara returned to television on 11 December 1997 at 8.50 pm on Rai 2, where he presented ''Piazza Fontana – Storia di una cospirazione'' on the occasion of the 28th anniversary of the [[Piazza Fontana bombing]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Oppa |first=Maria Novella |date=11 December 1997 |title=La spalla di Marcella |url=http://archiviostorico.unita.it/cgi-bin/highlightPdf.cgi?t=ebook&file=/golpdf/uni_1997_12.pdf/11SPE01A.pdf&query= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124251/http://archiviostorico.unita.it/cgi-bin/highlightPdf.cgi?t=ebook&file=/golpdf/uni_1997_12.pdf/11SPE04A.pdf&query= |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=L'Unità |page=8 |issn=2975-0059}}</ref> In addition to Ferrara as host, it was interspersed with images of an investigative documentary on the well-known facts by [[Fabrizio Calvi]] and Fredric Laurent, with interviews with some of the protagonists of the story.<ref>{{cite news |last=Paolucci |first=Ibio |date=10 December 1997 |title=Piazza Fontana lezione di storia in diretta tv (Rai2) |url=http://archiviostorico.unita.it/cgi-bin/highlightPdf.cgi?t=ebook&file=/golpdf/uni_1997_12.pdf/11SPE01A.pdf&query= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115732/http://archiviostorico.unita.it/cgi-bin/highlightPdf.cgi?t=ebook&file=/golpdf/uni_1997_12.pdf/11SPE01A.pdf&query= |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=L'Unità |page=7 |issn=2975-0059}}</ref> With the [[September 11 attacks]], his political and ideal positions took an anti-secularist and [[socially conservative]] turn; despite being avowedly non-Catholic, he began to support the need to strengthen Judeo-Christian values as the West's bulwark in the face of danger growing [[Islamic extremism]]. He was defined by [[Eugenio Scalfari]] as a "devoted atheist".<ref> {{cite news |date=1 February 2011 |title=Fischi per privacy |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2011/02/01/scalfari-ferrara/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Post |language=it |issn=2610-9980}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Di Santo |first=Gianni |date=30 September 2013 |title=Una rivoluzione chiamata Francesco |url=https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/it/2013/09/30/news/una-rivoluzione-chiamata-francesco-1.35984918/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Stampa |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Smargiassi |first=Michele |date=4 June 2015 |title='Io, ateo devoto, a Bologna dico: vietare quella veglia è scandaloso'. L'invettiva di Giuliano Ferrara |url=https://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2015/06/04/news/_io_ateo_devoto_a_bologna_dico_vietare_quella_veglia_e_scandaloso_l_invettiva_di_giuliano_ferrara-116042290/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=2499-0817}}</ref> In addition to directing ''Il Foglio'', Ferrara hosted ''[[Otto e mezzo]]'' on [[La7]] and subsequently ''Zerovero'' on Telecampione, of which he was also the author, with a brief interlude in 2008, when his candidacy in the Italian general election made him incompatible with the role of host. He was supported in hosting the programme first by Gad Larner, then by Luca Sofri, followed by ''Corriere della Sera'' journalist Barbara Palombelli, and by ''[[Liberazione (newspaper)|Liberazione]]'' journalist Ritanna Armeni. In 2005, he was again joined by Lerner, who left after a few episodes to dedicate himself to his programme ''L'infedele'', who was replaced again by Armeni.<ref>{{cite web |last=Maggio |first=Davide |date=14 February 2008 |title=Giuliano Ferrara da' il suo addio a La7 DA' (causa elezioni) |url=http://www.davidemaggio.it/archives/1708/giuliano-ferrara-da-il-suo-addio-a-la7 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=DavideMaggio.it |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2022 |title=Otto e mezzo: origini, puntate, presentatori, attualità, dove veder |url=https://www.libero.it/magazine/programmi/otto-e-mezzo-7498 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Libero.it |language=it}}</ref> That same year, he also published a collection of essays entitled ''Non dubitare. Contro la religione laicista''.<ref name="Treccani 2012"/>{{refn|For a review, see {{cite web |last=Vitiello |first=Guido |date=6 February 2006 |title=Ferrara contro Ferrara |url=https://guidovitiello.com/2006/02/06/ferrara-contro-ferrara/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=GuidoVitiello.com |language=it}}|group=nb}}

During the early 2000s, ''Il Foglio'' and Ferrara launched a campaign in favour of ''[[Barney's Version (novel)|Barney's Version]]'', which was first published in Italy by [[Adelphi Edizioni|Adelphi]] in 2000 and achieved success in 2001. When the novel began to circulate in the editorial staff of ''Il Foglio'', Ferrara read it, and the editorial staff decided to carry out a months-long campaign including columns, quotes, and interviews about it. The book went on to sell 300,000 copies.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 September 2010 |title=La versione di Barney, dieci anni dopo |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2010/09/08/la-versione-di-barney-intervista-rocca/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Post |language=it |issn=2610-9980}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 July 2016 |title=La storia dell'improbabile successo di 'La versione di Barney' |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2016/07/04/versione-di-barney-mordecai-richler-christian-rocca/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Post |language=it |issn=2610-9980}}</ref> In 2003, [[Antonio Tabucchi]] wrote a critical article about Ferrara for the French newspaper ''[[Le Monde]]''. Before being published, the article was sent to Ferrara himself by an editor of ''Le Monde'' who was a friend of his. Ferrara published it in ''Il Foglio'', of which he was editor, on the same day (9 October 2003) in which it would have appeared in the French newspaper, which came on newsstands in the evening; Ferrara said that he was happy to have reached the goal of getting that article before ''Le Monde'' newspaper, and introduced it with the words "Applaud me, I managed to steal an article from ''Le Monde''".<ref name="Boffi 2003">{{cite magazine |last=Boffi |first=Emanuele |date=15 October 2003 |title=Nessun tocchi l'Elefantino |url=https://www.tempi.it/nessun-tocchi-lelefantino/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |magazine=Tempi |language=it |issn=2499-4308}}</ref> This brought a legal case in France after Tabucchi sued Ferrara for unauthorized publication and violation of copyright.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tomanelli |first=Antonello |date=12 January 2008 |title=Show di Giuliano Ferrara al Tribunale di Parigi: problemi deontologici |url=http://www.difesadellinformazione.com/ultime_notizie/40/show-di-giuliano-ferrara-al-tribunale-di-parigi-problemi-deontologici/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Difesa dell'informazione}}</ref> Ferrara was convicted at first instance and on appeal for unauthorized publishing and copyright infringement.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2006 |title=Giuliano Ferrara condannato a risarcire Antonio Tabucchi |url=https://www.fnsi.it/giuliano-ferrara-condannato-a-risarcire-antonio-tabucchi |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Federazione Nazionale Stampa Italiana |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Travaglio |first=Marco |date=8 January 2007 |title=Diritto d'autore: Ferrara è molto intelligente solo in Italia. In Francia viene condannato per violazione del diritto d'autore |url=https://dicorinto.it/segnalazioni/ferrara-e-molto-intelligente-solo-in-italia-in-francia-viene-condannato-per-violazione-del-diritto-dautore/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=L'Unità |language=it |via=DiCorinto.it |issn=2975-0059}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Borghi |first=Roberto |date=13 November 2009 |title=Editoria: Francia, condanna confermata per Giuliano Ferrara |url=https://www.primaonline.it/2009/11/13/76163/editoria-francia-condanna-confermata-per-giuliano-ferrara/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |magazine=Primaonline |language=it |issn=0390-3311}}</ref> In September 2008, France's [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]] annulled the two sentences due to lack of jurisdiction over events that took place in Italy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Travaglio |first=Marco |date=25 March 2012 |title=Tabucchi, uomo libero |url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2012/03/25/tabucchi-uomo-libero/200072/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it |issn=2037-089X}}</ref>{{refn|For the sentence, see {{cite web|url=http://www.irpi.ccip.fr/upload/pdf/decisions/080909_Cass_Giuliano.pdf|url-status=dead|title=080909 Cass Giuliano|language=fr|publisher=Court of Cassation|date=9 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219135305/http://www.irpi.ccip.fr/upload/pdf/decisions/080909_Cass_Giuliano.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2009|access-date=29 January 2023|via=Intellectuelle Research Institute Owned Intellectuelle}} For his article about Tabucchi five years after his death, see {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=16 September 2017 |title=Motivi, non solo personali, per ricordare Tabucchi per quel che era |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/cultura/2017/09/16/news/motivi-non-solo-personali-per-ricordare-tabucchi-per-quel-che-era-152481/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}|group=nb}}

[[Alessandro Giuli]] recalled that in 2004, the year he was employed at Ferrara's newspaper, he was called by Ferrara for a three-sentence interview. Ferrara had asked him whether he was a supporter of Berlusconi. When Giuli said that he was not, Ferrara was quoted as saying: "Who cares, we are the Berlusconi newspaper with fewer Berlusconians in it."<ref>{{cite news |last=Giuli |first=Alessandro |date=26 September 2016 |title=Giuliano Ferrara: 'Vi racconto il mio Cav.' |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/gli-inserti-del-foglio/2016/09/26/news/il-mio-cav-104503/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164 |postscript=. It was republished after Berlusconi's death on 12 June 2023.}}</ref><ref name="Il Post 2016">{{cite news |date=27 September 2016 |title=Berlusconi, un raggio di sole |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2016/09/27/silvio-berlusconi-giuliano-ferrara/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Post |language=it |issn=2610-9980}}</ref> In the [[2006 Italian presidential election]] held in May, Ferrara was the flagship candidate of [[Christian Democracy for Autonomies]] and the [[New Italian Socialist Party]]; he obtained 8 votes in the first ballot, 9 votes in the second, 10 votes in the third, and 7 votes in the fourth and final ballot that elected Napolitano. On the election of the new [[president of Italy]], alongside [[Vittorio Feltri]] with ''[[Libero (newspaper)|Libero]]'', Ferrara and ''Il Foglio'' had sided with the election D'Alema, the former PCI member, who personally thanked him.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 May 2006 |title=Ferrara al Botteghino. Va per Fassino e incontra il candidato |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2006/maggio/06/Ferrara_Botteghino_per_Fassino_incontra_co_9_060506018.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125348/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2006/maggio/06/Ferrara_Botteghino_per_Fassino_incontra_co_9_060506018.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |page=13 |issn=1120-4982}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roncone |first=Fabrizio |date=10 May 2006 |title=D'Alema: al Cavaliere è mancato il coraggio |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2006/maggio/10/Alema_Cavaliere_mancato_coraggio_co_9_060510107.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092959/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2006/maggio/10/Alema_Cavaliere_mancato_coraggio_co_9_060510107.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |page=8 |language=it |issn=1120-4982}}</ref> On 7 July 2006, Ferrara was sentenced at the first instance trial for defamation against the journalists of ''l'Unità'' and to compensation of €135,000.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gonnelli |first=Rachele |date=8 July 2006 |title=Giuliano Ferrara ci deve 135mila euro |url=https://www.onemoreblog.org/archives/012060.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=L'Unità |language=it |via=One More Blog |issn=2975-0059}}</ref> During a programme of ''[[Porta a Porta]]'' in 2003, in a discussion on justice, he had said: "No, no, [''l'Unità''] is not a free newspaper. I believe that the only way to define it is a paper that tends to be murderous!"<ref>{{cite news |date=7 July 2006 |title=L'Unità versus Ferrara. Condannato per diffamazione |url=http://www.unita.it/view.asp?IDcontent=57882 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091036/http://www.unita.it/view.asp?IDcontent=57882 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=L'Unità |language=it |issn=2975-0059}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gonnelli |first=Rachele |date=17 July 2006 |title=Diffamò l'Unità, Giuliano Ferrara condannato |url=http://www.unita.it/view.asp?IDcontent=57899 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717175520/http://www.unita.it/view.asp?IDcontent=57899 |archive-date=17 July 2006 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=L'Unità |language=it |issn=2975-0059}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Romanato |first=Simone |date=29 August 2018 |title=Chi c'è dietro 'Il Foglio'? |url=https://www.lavocechestecca.com/chi-die/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=La Voce che Stecca |language=it}}</ref>

=== Abortion moratorium campaign (2007–2008) ===
[[File:Giuliano_Ferrara.jpg|thumb|Ferrara in Florence at a rally in front of the [[Ospedale degli Innocenti]] for the [[2008 Italian general election]]]]
Following the [[United Nations General Assembly]]'s approval of a non-binding resolution for a moratorium on the death penalty in December 2007, Ferrara proposed a universal moratorium on abortion, which he called "the supreme scandal of our age".<ref>{{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=14 March 2008 |title=Caro Adriano, Abort macht frei |url=http://www.ilfoglio.it/soloqui/43 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417080251/https://www.ilfoglio.it/soloqui/43 |archive-date=17 April 2008 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}</ref> Among the causes of abortion, Ferrara cited the loneliness of women, the lack of economic support for pregnant women, and the responsibility of men who in his view are guilty of not supporting women who become pregnant. He also revealed that three of his partners had an abortion.<ref name="Donadio 2008">{{cite news|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|date=6 April 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/weekinreview/06donadio.html|title=The Atheist Urging Italy to Get Religion|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Regarding these abortions, he declared: "I have been a scoundrel and a sinner three times. Three children were not born because their mothers refused motherhood and I looked the other way. This is unworthy."<ref name="Calabrò 2008">{{cite news |last=Calabrò |first=Maria Antonietta |date=18 February 2008 |title='So di essere al 7%: ora Silvio mi vorrà' |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2008/febbraio/18/essere_Ora_Silvio_vorra__co_9_080218103.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801210428/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2008/febbraio/18/essere_Ora_Silvio_vorra__co_9_080218103.shtml |archive-date=1 August 2012 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |issn=2499-0485}}</ref> ''Il Foglio'' hosted numerous interventions by private citizens, public figures, and civil society associations for and against abortion. On 2 February 2008, Ferrara announced to the public at the Teatro Manzoni in Monza that he had sent a letter to the [[United Nations]], which was then published in ''Il Foglio'' on 18 February 2008. It called for a moratorium on abortion.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 February 2008 |title=Moratoria sull'aborto |url=http://www.ilfoglio.it/moratoria |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009220228/http://www.ilfoglio.it/moratoria |archive-date=9 October 2011 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |issn=1128-6164}}</ref>

=== Anti-abortion electoral list and resignation as editor of ''Il Foglio'' (2008–2015) ===
On 12 February 2008, Ferrara announced the foundation of a political party named Association for the Defense of Life. Abortion? No Thanks, which he defined as "purposeful" to bring the debate on life in [[Italian Parliament]] and left his role as host of ''Otto e mezzo''. After the failed attempt to join forces with [[The People of Freedom]] (PdL), Berlusconi's new political party list, Ferrara's [[anti-abortion]] list announced its run for the April 2008 Italian general election. During the electoral campaign, Ferrara was contested in his rallies in Bologna,<ref>{{cite news |date=2 April 2008 |title=Pomodori e botte per Ferrara a Bologna |url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/08_aprile_02/giuliano_ferrara_contestato_bologna_24027098-00e2-11dd-aec1-00144f486ba6.shtml |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |language=it |issn=2499-0485}}</ref> Pesaro,<ref>{{cite news |last=Calabrò |first=Maria Antonietta |date=4 April 2008 |title='Assalto' a Ferrara, nuovi scontri a Pesaro |url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/08_aprile_04/assalto_ferrara_scontri_pesaro_dc04800e-020a-11dd-b2eb-00144f486ba6.shtml |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |language=it |issn=2499-0485}}</ref> Milan,<ref>{{cite news |last=Cremonesi |first=Marco |date=5 April 2008 |title=Ferrara, tensione anche a Milano. E salta il comizio in parrocchia |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2008/aprile/05/Ferrara_tensione_anche_Milano_salta_co_9_080405101.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114534/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2008/aprile/05/Ferrara_tensione_anche_Milano_salta_co_9_080405101.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2014 |work=Corriere della Sera |page=15 |language=it |issn=1120-4982}}</ref> and Palermo.<ref>{{cite news |last=Felice |first=Cavallaro |date=9 April 2008 |title=Palermo, uova per Ferrara. Poi 'riceve' 500 Ave Maria |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2008/aprile/09/Palermo_uova_per_Ferrara_Poi_co_9_080409062.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217152453/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2008/aprile/09/Palermo_uova_per_Ferrara_Poi_co_9_080409062.shtml |archive-date=17 February 2009 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |page=9 |language=it |issn=1120-4982}}</ref> Ferrara's [[electoral list]] was presented only to the Chamber of Deputies; despite earlier stating that his party could attract 7% of the votes,<ref name="Calabrò 2008"/> it garnered 135,578 votes, equal to 0.371% of the total, not exceeding the 3% threshold and not winning any seats.{{refn|See {{cite web |date=23 April 2008 |title=Elezione della Camera dei Deputati del 13-14 aprile 2008 |url=http://politiche.interno.it/politiche/camera080413/C000000000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104000934/http://politiche.interno.it/politiche/camera080413/C000000000.htm |archive-date=4 November 2008 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Eligendo |language=it}}|group=nb}} Ferrara commented: "More than a defeat, [it was] a catastrophe: I let out a cry of pain over a tragedy and the voters responded with a raspberry."<ref>{{cite news |last=Calabrò |first=Maria Antonietta |date=15 April 2008 |title=La sconfitta di Giuliano Ferrara: 'Il mio grido di dolore accolto da un pernacchio' |url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/08_aprile_15/ferrara_grido_dolore_56cec30e-0a9d-11dd-98e1-00144f486ba6.shtml |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |language=it |issn=2499-0485}}</ref>

From 2011 to 2012, Ferrara hosted ''Qui Radio Londra'' on [[Rai 1]], a 5–7 minute programme that aired after the [[TG1]] at 8 pm.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tecce |first=Carlo |date=9 October 2011 |title=Qui Radio Londra, Ferrara spostato dopo il Tg1 delle 13.30 |url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2011/10/09/qui-radio-londra-ferrara-spostato-dopo-il-tg1-delle-13-30/163136/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it |issn=2037-089X}}</ref> On 27 January 2015, Ferrara left the management of ''Il Foglio'',<ref name="Treccani 2012"/> which was taken over by Claudio Cerasa; however, he remained a columnist for the newspaper.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2015 |title=Cambio della guardia – Avviso ai lettori |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/articoli/2015/01/28/news/cambio-della-guardia-avviso-ai-lettori-80379/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2015 |title=Giuliano Ferrara lascerà la direzione del Foglio |url=https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2015/01/21/news/giuliano-ferrara-lascera-la-direzione-del-foglio-1.35306181/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Stampa |language=it |issn=1122-1763}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dall'Aglio |first=Elia |date=29 January 2015 |title=L'addio di Giuliano Ferrara |url=https://www.immoderati.it/laddio-di-giuliano/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Immoderati |language=it}}</ref> Despite its ''[[liberista]]'' positions, ''Il Foglio'' continues to receive public funds because it is a [[co-operative]],<ref>{{cite web |date=8 February 2023 |title=La classifica dei contributi pubblici ai giornali |url=https://pagellapolitica.it/articoli/classifica-contributi-pubblici-giornali-2021 |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Pagella Politica |language=it}}</ref> which is still chaired by Ferrara.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=27 September 2024 |title=Valter Mainetti: 'Il Foglio' non è in vendita |url=https://www.primaonline.it/2024/09/27/420343/valter-mainetti-il-foglio-quotidiano-non-e-in-vendita/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |magazine=Prima Comunicazione |language=it |issn=0390-3311}}</ref> It benefits from a loophole also used by ''[[Italia Oggi]]'' and ''[[Libero (newspaper)|Libero]]'' since those newspapers have private publishers (for example [[Valter Mainetti]], who is the owner of ''Il Foglio'') just like the dailies that do not have access to the public funds.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 October 2024 |title=I giornali che ricevono i contributi pubblici (prima rata del 2023) |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2024/10/12/contributi-pubblici-giornali-prima-rata-2023/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=Il Post |language=it |issn=2610-9980}}</ref>

== Political positions ==
=== Evolution of politics and religious views ===
Ferrara came from a family of communists; his father was a senator for the PCI, and the two would remain close, even though his father did not share his rightward shift in the 1980s and 1990s. As the son of a PCI senator, Ferrara accompanied his father to Moscow in 1954, when he was 2, for the reportage on the death of [[Joseph Stalin]] that his father to wrote for ''l'Unità''.<ref name="Bachelet 2022">{{cite web |last=Bachelet |first=Clara |date=28 January 2022 |title=Giuliano Ferrara operato d'urgenza nella notte |url=https://www.tuomagazine.it/2022/01/28/giuliano-ferrara-operato-durgenza-nella-notte-e-gravissimo/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Tuo Magazine |language=it}}</ref> At 17, he took part in the protest demonstration against the police who had guarded the Faculty of Architecture of the [[Sapienza University of Rome]], which sparked the Battle of Valle Giulia, one of the first demonstrations of the Italian 1968 movement.<ref>{{cite web |date=2001 |title=Pasolini e il '68 trent'anni dopo: un commento di Giuliano Ferrara... e la risposta di Enzo Siciliano |url=http://www.pasolini.net/ideologia_ferrara-siciliano.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011112035616/http://www.pasolini.net/ideologia_ferrara-siciliano.htm |archive-date=12 November 2001 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Pasolini.net |language=it}}</ref> Ferrara was active in the PCI during his twenties. In the early 1970s, at the age of 21, he was sent by the PCI to Turin, where he was entrusted with the role of party factory manager in Turin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arse |first=Nico |date=14 February 2011 |title=Giuliano il camaleonte |url=http://www.lettera43.it/politica/8603/giuliano-il-camaleonte.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217174800/http://www.lettera43.it/politica/8603/giuliano-il-camaleonte.htm |archive-date=17 February 2011 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Lettera43 |language=it}}</ref> In 1982, he broke with the party, rejected communism in controversy with the leadership of the PCI, and became vocal as an ex-PCI member within the PSI and dedicated himself to journalism; in this capacity, he supported the PSI and in particular Craxi as its secretary.<ref name="La Repubblica 1985"/> In 1992, when the ''Tangentopoli'' scandal broke out and Craxi was forced to leave the party secretariat, he sided with the ''[[wiktionary:garantista|garantista]]'' positions, strongly criticizing the actions of the magistrates.<ref name="Bellu 1993"/> Starting in 1994, he supported Berlusconi, first as a minister and then as a journalist; he defended him from the many [[controversies surrounding Berlusconi]], accusing the centre-left coalition of trying to defeat Berlusconi through a politicized magistrature after failing to defeat him politically trough elections and the former libertine ''[[sessantottini]]'' of becoming moralistic voyeurs. He said: "A republic of virtue, puritanical in its ideology and its functioning is the opposite of a liberal and tolerant republic."<ref>{{cite web |date=9 February 2011 |title=Etica & professione: Ferrara 'invade' il Tg1 delle 20 con spot pro-Silvio, nuova bufera alla Rai |url=https://stamparomana.it/2011/02/10/etica-invade-il-tg1-delle-20-con-spot-pro-silvio-nuova-bufera-alla-rai/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Stampa Romana |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Fatigati |first=Vincenzo |date=14 February 2011 |title=Giuliano Ferrara: sinistra puritana e guardone utilizza la magistratura |url=https://www.agoravox.it/Giuliano-Ferrara-sinistra-puritana.html |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=AgoraVox Italia |language=it}}</ref> Influenced by the political philosopher [[Leo Strauss]], Ferrara initially gravitated toward socialism but later moved toward [[social conservatism]]. As a member of the PSI, he endorsed [[Franco Carraro]] as [[mayor of Rome]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Di Pietrantonio|first=Luciano|date=18 December 2019|url=https://abitarearoma.it/30-anni-fa-franco-carraro-sindaco-di-roma/|url-status=live|title=30 anni fa: Franco Carraro sindaco di Roma|trans-title=30 years ago: Franco Carraro mayor of Rome|website=Abitare a Roma|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129201023/https://abitarearoma.it/30-anni-fa-franco-carraro-sindaco-di-roma/|archive-date=29 January 2023|access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> As a member of Forza Italia, he joined the first Berlusconi government in 1994,<ref name="Treccani 2012"/>{{refn|See {{cite web |date=2000 |title=I governi italiani dal 1943 a oggi – I Governo Berlusconi |url=http://www.governo.it/Governo/Governi/berlusconi1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616152729/http://www.governo.it/Governo/Governi/berlusconi1.html |archive-date=16 June 2008 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Governo Italiano |language=it}}|group=nb}} and founded the newspaper ''Il Foglio'' in 1996.<ref name="Treccani 2012"/> An [[economic liberal]] and supporter of the [[free market]], Ferrara is often criticized because ''Il Foglio'' receives public funds.<ref name="Policy Maker 2024">{{cite web |date=11 April 2024 |title=Se l'elefantino del Foglio fustiga il cdr di Repubblica (che si censura da solo) |url=https://www.policymakermag.it/italia/se-lelefantino-del-foglio-fustiga-il-cdr-di-repubblica-che-si-censura-da-solo/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Policy Maker |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2024 |title=No, Il Foglio non ha rinunciato ai finanziamenti pubblici all'editoria |url=https://www.facta.news/antibufale/il-foglio-finanziamenti-pubblici |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Facta |language=it}}</ref>

Ferrara took a position on the subject of abortion as early as 1989, when he wrote on ''Corriere della Sera'' to criticize what he perceived as a decline in male responsibility following the introduction of the first [[abortion pill]]s,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mantovano |first=Alfredo |date=25 August 1990 |title=Aborto anche in 'pillole' |url=https://alleanzacattolica.org/aborto-anche-in-pillole/ |magazine=Cristianità |language=it |via=Alleanza Cattolica |issue=184–185}}</ref>{{refn|For his article, see {{cite news|last=Ferrara|first=Giuliano|date=5 November 1989|title=Maschio sempre più irresponsabile con la nuova 'pillola' per abortire|trans-title=Increasingly irresponsible male with the new 'pill' for abortion|work=Corriere della Sera|language=it|issn=1120-4982}}|group=nb}} and in 2008 created an anti-abortion electoral list.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Terragni |first=Marina |date=8 March 2008 |title=Se gli uomini parlano troppo di aborto |url=https://www.libreriadelledonne.it/_oldsite/news/articoli/Iodonna080308.htm |access-date=27 April 2024 |magazine=Io Donna |via=Libreria delle Donne di Milano |issn=2499-3093}}</ref> Since the 1990s, while remaining a non-believer, he took a position closer to that of the [[Catholic Church]] on issues like the support of the [[traditional family]] and the defense of the rights of the conceived child; he also sided with the Catholic Church regarding the defence of the [[Judeo-Christian]] roots of Europe to contrast [[Islamic fundamentalism]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Battista |first=Pierluigi |date=11 January 2015 |title=Giuliano Ferrara: 'Militanti, non terroristi: seguono il Corano' |url=https://www.corriere.it/esteri/15_gennaio_11/giuliano-ferrara-militanti-non-terroristi-seguono-corano-1669cdc8-9974-11e4-a615-cfddfb410c4c.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324051246/https://www.corriere.it/esteri/15_gennaio_11/giuliano-ferrara-militanti-non-terroristi-seguono-corano-1669cdc8-9974-11e4-a615-cfddfb410c4c.shtml |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |issn=2499-0485}}</ref> and favoured abstention in the 2005 referendum on medically-assisted procreation.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Cantoni |first=Giovanni |date=6 April 2005 |title='Referendum' sulla Procreazione Medicalmente Assistita e ubbidienza all'autorità ecclesiastica |url=https://alleanzacattolica.org/referendum-sulla-procreazione-medicalmente-assistita-e-ubbidienza-allautorita-ecclesistica/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |magazine=Cristianità |language=it |via=Alleanza Cattolica |issue=328}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2005 |title=Referendum: Giuliano Ferrara, Carlo Ripa di Meana, Oriana Fallaci, Francesco Ruttelli per il non voto spiazzano tutti |url=https://www.donboscoland.it/it/page/referendum-giuliano-ferrara-carlo-ripa-di-meana-oriana-fallaci-francesco-rutelli-per-il-non-voto-spiazzano-tutti |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Quaderni Cannibali |language=it |via=Donboscoland.it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 June 2005 |title=Faccia a faccia tra Giuliano Ferrara e Piero Fassino sul referendum sulla procreazione medicalmente assistita |url=https://www.radioradicale.it/scheda/203957/faccia-a-faccia-tra-giuliano-ferrara-e-piero-fassino-sul-referendum-sulla-procreazione |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Radio Radicale |language=it}}</ref> In the 2008 Italian general election, Ferrara ran on a platform favouring a moratorium on abortion as part of the Italian [[theoconservative]] or neo-theoconservative political current, of which he was one of the most prominent leaders, being the author in 2014 of ''Teoconservatorismo e ateoconservatorismo a confronto''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bracalini |first=Paolo |date=1 August 2008 |title=Ma in Italia che fine hanno fatto i neo-con? |url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/italia-che-fine-hanno-fatto-i-neo.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Giornale |issn=2532-4071}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Giuliano Ferrara |url=https://www.libero.it/magazine/personaggi/giuliano-ferrara-77484 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171010/https://www.libero.it/magazine/personaggi/giuliano-ferrara-77484 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Libero.it}}</ref> In 2008, Ferrara acknowledged that three of his partners in his early 20s had abortions.<ref name="Donadio 2008"/> In 2013, Ferrara stated on [[Radio 24 (Italy)|Radio 24]] that "homosexuality is against nature" and "gay adoption is scary". He added that "the gay family makes me laugh".<ref>{{cite web |date=21 February 2013 |title='L'omosessualità è contro natura' |url=http://www.giornalettismo.com/archives/788711/lomosessualita-e-contro-natura/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630024931/http://www.giornalettismo.com/archives/788711/lomosessualita-e-contro-natura/ |archive-date=30 June 2013 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Giornalettismo |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2013 |title=L'omosessualità è contronatura e l'adozione ai gay è spaventosa. Parola di Giuliano Ferrara |url=http://www.ilquintuplo.it/lomossesualita-e-contronatura-e-ladozione-ai-gay-e-spaventosa-parola-di-giuliano-ferrara/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091427/http://www.ilquintuplo.it/lomossesualita-e-contronatura-e-ladozione-ai-gay-e-spaventosa-parola-di-giuliano-ferrara/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Il Quintuplo |language=it}}</ref> In his July 2017 review on ''Il Foglio'' of the latest volume by the Chieti-Vasto bishop [[Bruno Forte]], Ferrara praised a possible agreement between Catholics and Protestants.<ref>{{cite web |last=Incollingo |first=Alfredo |date=29 July 2017 |title=Il caso. Caro Giuliano Ferrara, ecco perché l'incontro cattolici-protestanti resta impossibile |url=https://www.barbadillo.it/67861-il-caso-caro-giuliano-ferrara-ecco-perche-lincontro-tra-cattolici-e-protestanti-resta-impossibile/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Barbadillo |language=it}}</ref>{{refn|For his review, see {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=25 July 2017 |title=Leggere il libro di Bruno Forte e capire perché non possiamo non dirci luterani |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/chiesa/2017/07/25/news/leggere-il-libro-di-bruno-forte-e-capire-perche-non-possiamo-non-dirci-luteriani-146012/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}|group=nb}} The position taken by Ferrara in defence of the [[traditional values]] of Christianity is one of necessary element of social cohesion for the liberal and democratic Western civilization. Ferrara is counted among the "devout atheists", a term coined by [[Beniamino Andreatta]] to indicate atheists who are close to the positions of the Catholic Church. He declared that he is not Catholic but that he is philosophically [[theistic]] and therefore believes in a [[personal god]].<ref name="Sorbi 2007">{{cite magazine|last=Sorbi|first=Paolo|date=26 April 2007|url=http://www.tempi.it/archivio_dett.aspx?idarchivio=12235|url-status=dead|title=Nè ateo nè devoto|trans-title=Neither atheist nor devout|magazine=Tempi|language=it|issue=17|issn=2499-4308|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006092004/http://www.tempi.it/archivio_dett.aspx?idarchivio=12235 |archive-date=6 October 2007|access-date=29 January 2023|quote=In realtà io ateo non sono, la mia è una posizione teista. Io non ho una fede personale, non ho questo dono, questa grazia soprannaturale e non ho una confessione praticata e osservante. ... Io ho una posizione che praticamente è quella richiamata da Ratzinger parafrasando Ugo Grozio: quella di vivere come se Dio esistesse. [Actually I'm not an atheist, I have a theist view. I do not have a personal faith, I don't have this gift, this supernatural grace and I do not follow nor observe any confession ... My position is the one Joseph Ratzinger cited paraphrasing Hugo Grotius: I live as if God existed.]}}</ref> Within the Catholic world, Ferrara is criticized as an [[atheist]] and for his support of Berlusconi.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=2 October 2014 |title=I cattolici che non vogliono Ferrara a Brescia dovrebbero ricordare Camadini: 'Atei devoti? Fanno battaglie bellissime' |url=https://www.tempi.it/i-cattolici-che-non-vogliono-ferrara-a-brescia-dovrebbero-ricordare-camadini-atei-devoti-fanno-battaglie-bellissime/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |magazine=Tempi |language=it|issn=2499-4308}}</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===
In Italy, Ferrara is often associated with neoconservatism, in particular its American movement.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rocca |first=Christian |date=1 November 2004 |title=Bush e le delusioni dei neocon |url=https://www.linkiesta.it/blog/2004/11/bush-e-le-delusioni-dei-neocon/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Linkiesta.it |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bracalini |first=Paolo |date=1 August 2008 |title=Ma in Italia che fine hanno fatto i neo-con? |url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/italia-che-fine-hanno-fatto-i-neo.html |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=Il Giornale |issn=1124-8831}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Domenichelli |first=Mario |date=21 April 2011 |title=Gli intellettuali e la cultura neoconservatrice negli Stati Uniti |url=https://www.allegoriaonline.it/PDF/134.pdf |access-date=17 March 2025 |magazine=Allegoria online |pages=165, 173 |language=it |issn=1122-1887}}</ref> In October 2022, Ferrara wrote "The American Neoconservatives Were Right", referring to the neoconservatives who had founded in 1997 the [[Project for the New American Century]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Piccoli |first=Rob |date=9 October 2022 |title=Neocon per forza, speriamo senza bomba |url=https://www.nicolaporro.it/atlanticoquotidiano/rubriche/oamerica/neocon-per-forza-speriamo-senza-bomba/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Nicolaporro.it |language=it}}</ref> Ferrara supported all [[Foreign interventions by the United States|military interventions]] and [[United States involvement in regime change|regime changes]] by the United States since the 1990s,<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/> starting from the [[Gulf War]] to the [[Iraq War]].<ref name="Ferrara 2020">{{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=7 January 2020 |title=Chi paventa la terza guerra mondiale ricordi che gli effetti negativi del passato sono arrivati dalla fine della deterrenza |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/il-foglio/2020/01/07/news/chi-paventa-la-terza-guerra-mondiale-ricordi-che-gli-effetti-negativi-del-passato-sono-arrivati-dalla-fine-della-deterrenza-295170/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}</ref> Since 2001, he stated that the [[Western world]] is missing its [[Winston Churchill]].<ref name="Falci 2015">{{cite news |last=Falci |first=Giuseppe Alberto |date=20 August 2015 |title=Giuliano Ferrara: 'Lo dico dal 2001, all'Occidente manca Churchill' |url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2015/08/20/news/giuliano_ferrara_lo_dico_dal_2001_all_occidente_manca_churchill_-121288141/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=2499-0817}}</ref> He saw the [[11 September attacks]] as "the predicted and feared [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]]".<ref name="Ferrara 2022">{{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=5 October 2022 |title=Avevano ragione i neoconservatori americani |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2022/10/05/news/avevano-ragione-i-neoconservatori-americani-4511673/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}</ref> At the beginning of 2003, in an editorial in ''Il Foglio'', he supported the military initiatives of the United States against Iraq undertaken by the then United States president [[George W. Bush]], which culminated in the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] despite the contrary opinion of the then United Nations secretary [[Kofi Annan]] and the opposition of other members of the [[United Nations Security Council]], and criticized former British prime minister [[Tony Blair]] when in 2015 he apologized for it.<ref>{{cite news |last=Borghesi |first=Massimo |date=29 October 2015 |title=Il caoo/ Ferrara, Blair, la guerra in Iraq: la fine di un'epoca |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/cultura/2015/10/29/il-caso-ferrara-blair-la-guerra-in-iraq-la-fine-di-un-epoca/650884/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Sussidiario |language=it}}</ref> The cultural debate on ''Il Foglio'' that followed often aimed at making Italian public opinion aware of the positions of the American neoconservatives, and continued into the 2020s.<ref name="Ferrara 2020"/><ref name="Ferrara 2022"/> Ferrara is often cited as the main Italian exponent of this movement.<ref name="Falci 2015"/> This identification between the cultural orientation of ''Il Foglio'' as its editor-in-chief and the ideology of the American neoconservatives is underscored by Ferrara being one of the first Italian scholars of Strauss, who is known as the inspirer of the neoconservative movement in the United States.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/>

A supporter of [[NATO]] and Ukraine, Ferrara dismissed that the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] was the beginning of a [[Third World War]] (having it also dismissed it in 2020), that the [[Cold War]] era [[mutual assured destruction]] theory still held, and that "not even a paranoid like [[Putin]] can start a third nuclear world war".<ref>{{cite web |date=29 April 2022 |title=Giuliano Ferrara (Il Foglio): 'Nemmeno un paranoico come Putin può scatenare la terza guerra mondiale nucleare' |url=https://www.ripartelitalia.it/giuliano-ferrara-il-foglio-nemmeno-un-paranoico-come-putin-puo-scatenare-la-terza-guerra-mondiale-nucleare/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Riparte l'Italia |language=it}}</ref>{{refn|For the referenced articles, see
* {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=28 April 2022 |title=La storia della Terza guerra mondiale è una gran boiata. Putin arriverà a un accordo, appena prima dell'Apocalisse |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2022/04/28/news/la-storia-della-terza-guerra-mondiale-e-una-gran-boiata-putin-arrivera-a-un-accordo-appena-prima-dell-apocalisse-3948954/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}
* {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=7 January 2020 |title=Chi paventa la terza guerra mondiale ricordi che gli effetti negativi del passato sono arrivati dalla fine della deterrenza |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/il-foglio/2020/01/07/news/chi-paventa-la-terza-guerra-mondiale-ricordi-che-gli-effetti-negativi-del-passato-sono-arrivati-dalla-fine-della-deterrenza-295170/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}|group=nb}} He is a supporter of Israel against [[Hamas]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Serra |first=Michele |date=29 October 2024 |title=Un pensiero per Giuliano Ferrara |url=https://www.ilpost.it/ok-boomer/un-pensiero-per-giuliano-ferrara/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=Il Post |language=it |issn=2610-9980}}</ref>{{refn|For an example, see {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=27 October 2024 |title=Il vol-au-vent di Casa Serra e l'onore salvato di Israele |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2024/10/27/news/il-vol-au-vent-di-casa-serra-e-l-onore-salvato-di-israele-7089797/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}|group=nb}} arguing that self-defense has become unpopular because it involves the eradication of the enemy not virtual but carnal, suggesting that Israel has no choice to defend its right to exist, and that it must free [[Gaza City|Gaza]] from Hamas, even with bombs if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Myr |first=Ilaria |date=8 October 2024 |title=7 ottobre 2023-7 ottobre 2024. Giuliano Ferrara: 'Israele non ha scelta: difendersi per esistere' |url=https://www.mosaico-cem.it/attualita-e-news/italia/7-ottobre-2023-7-ottobre-2024-giuliano-ferrara-israele-non-ha-scelta-difendersi-per-esistere/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Mosaico |language=it}}</ref>{{refn|For his article, see {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=11 October 2023 |title=Giuliano Ferrara alla fiaccolata per Israele: 'Bisogna liberare Gaza da Hamas, anche con le bombe' |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2023/10/11/video/giuliano-ferrara-alla-fiaccolata-per-israele-bisogna-liberare-gaza-da-hamas-anche-con-le-bombe--5772683/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}|group=nb}} He also criticized comparisons between Israel and Hamas,<ref>{{cite web |last=Paganoni |first=Marco |date=22 November 2024 |title=È ora di uscire dalle grinfie di questa Corte internazionale di svitati |url=https://www.israele.net/e-ora-di-uscire-dalle-grinfie-di-questa-corte-internazionale-di-svitati |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Israele.net |language=it}}</ref>{{refn|For the referenced article, see {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=22 November 2024 |title=È ora di uscire dalle grinfie di questa Corte internazionale di svitati |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2024/11/22/news/e-ora-di-uscire-dalle-grinfie-di-questa-corte-internazionale-di-svitati-7171506/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}|group=nb}} while condemning some of the actions in the [[Israeli settlements]] ("If [even] [[Isaac Herzog|President Herzog]] calls the violent hunting of Palestinian families a pogrom..."), and criticized "the growth symmetrical to the [[antisemitic]] nihilism of a [[Jewish terrorism]], nourished by nationalist fanaticism and the biblical spirit of [[Greater Israel]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Prado |first=Iuri Maria |date=27 August 2024 |title=Retorica equiparativa {{!}} Ancora sul falso 'pogrom' israeliano di cui Herzog non ha parlato |url=https://www.linkiesta.it/2024/08/pogrom-israele-hamas/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Linkiesta.it |language=it}}</ref>{{refn|For the referenced article, see {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=25 August 2024 |title=Netanyahu e il dramma del terrorismo ebraico |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2024/08/25/news/netanyahu-e-il-dramma-del-terrorismo-ebraico-6875051/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}|group=nb}} As with his general politics, evolving from communism to socialism to social conservatism, economic liberalism, and neoconservatism, Ferrara's views in regards to the [[Israeli–Palestine conflict]] also evolved. Among others, within the context of a polemic involving Ferrara criticizing a vignette of ''[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]]'' as antisemitic, Travaglio pointed to Ferrara's earlier Palestinian support, which included his wish to dedicate a 1982 concert to the victims of the Sabra and Shatila massacre.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sansonetti |first=Piero |date=1 November 2023 |title=Quando Ferrara tirava pugni contro chi ignorava la strage di Shatila |url=https://www.unita.it/2023/11/01/quando-ferrara-tirava-pugni-contro-chi-ignorava-la-strage-di-shatila/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=L'Unità |language=it |issn=2975-0059}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Romano |first=Alba |date=27 September 2024 |title=Marco Travaglio: quando Giuliano Ferrara girava con la bandiera della Palestina |url=https://www.open.online/2024/09/27/marco-travaglio-giuliano-ferrara-sabra-e-chatila/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Open |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Canaletti |first=Riccardo |date=27 September 2024 |title=Travaglio (Il Fatto): caro Ferrara, chi è il vero antisemita? 'Nel Pci di Torino era tutto kefiah e odio per Israele'. E racconta del concerto del 1982: 'Tirò un cazzotto a...' |url=https://mowmag.com/attualita/travaglio-il-fatto-caro-ferrara-chi-e-il-vero-antisemita-nel-pci-di-torino-era-tutto-kefiah-e-odio-per-israele-e-racconta-del-concerto-del-1982-tiro-un-cazzotto-a |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241006103559/https://mowmag.com/attualita/travaglio-il-fatto-caro-ferrara-chi-e-il-vero-antisemita-nel-pci-di-torino-era-tutto-kefiah-e-odio-per-israele-e-racconta-del-concerto-del-1982-tiro-un-cazzotto-a |archive-date=6 October 2024 |access-date=17 March 2025 |magazine=Men On Wheels |language=it}}</ref>

=== Constitutional reforms, Trumpism, and other views ===
Ferrara was a supporter of the {{ill|Nazareno Pact|it|Patto del Nazareno}} (2014–2015), an alliance for constitutional reforms between the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] then led by [[Matteo Renzi]] and the [[new Forza Italia]] of Berlusconi. He said that Renzi and Berlusconi resembled Craxi "because they are unscrupulous and have vision".<ref>{{cite news |last=Longo |first=Alessandra |date=29 January 2015 |title=Ferrara, addio al Foglio dopo 19 anni: 'Tifo Nazareno, è politica stile Craxi' |url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2015/01/29/news/ferrara_addio_al_foglio_dopo_19_anni_tifo_nazareno_politica_stile_craxi-106036131/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=2499-0817}}</ref> In September 2016, ''Il Foglio'' published an interview by Alessandro Giuli, with whom Ferrara had a conversation about Berlusconi to celebrate the latter's 80th birthday. Ferrara stated: "''Il Foglio'', which was a rare and atypical herald of Berlusconi right from the corporate level, initially called him Cav. [an abbreviation of ''Cavaliere'', meaning the Knight in Italian, Berlusconi's nickname] and ultimately would stop loving him. In its own way."<ref name="Il Post 2016"/> Ferrara also recalled his first meetings with Berlusconi, when he called him while he was working at [[RAI]] to offer him a job at [[Mediaset]], the job interviews he had together with [[Fedele Confalonieri]], and Berlusconi's entry into politics. He recalled that "when they told me the name of the movement, Forza Italia, I wanted to die", and of the foundation of ''Il Foglio'' (''The Paper''), which Berlusconi suggested calling ''Il Quadrifoglio'' (''The Four-Leaf Clover'') as a [[good luck charm]].<ref name="Il Post 2016"/>

In November 2016, Ferrara published a letter to ''Il Foglio'', titled "I Am Sorry, But I Do Not Understand Certain [[Trumpism]]", about [[Donald Trump]], of whom he had taken a critical and scandalized position, despite the two sharing aversion to [[political correctness]], with ''Il Foglio'' running several anti-political correctness campaigns, and Ferrara's inclinations to appreciate [[Political strongman|strongmen]]. Under the new editor-in-chief Claudio Cerasa, ''Il Foglio'' had taken lenient attitudes towards Trump, attitudes that then became complacency after his victory in the [[2016 United States presidential election]], when ''Il Foglio'' hosted several articles on this victory with a view of satisfaction against the defeated, a position that also generated some divisions within the newspaper. According to Ferrara, Trump and his supporters are a pejorative, terrorist, and degrading derivative of the battles against liberal hypocrisies to which ''Il Foglio'' always adhered.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2016 |title=La lettera di Giuliano Ferrara al Foglio, su Trump |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2016/11/14/giuliano-ferrara-al-foglio-su-trump/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Post |language=it |issn=2610-9980}}</ref>{{refn|For his article, see {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=12 November 2016 |title=Mi spiace, ma non capisco certo trumpismo. Rozza circolare elefantesca (che spero non avrà effetto) |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2016/11/12/trump-non-capisco-certo-trumpismo-rozza-circolare-elefantesca___1-v-151055-rubriche_c678.htm |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113015325/https://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2016/11/12/trump-non-capisco-certo-trumpismo-rozza-circolare-elefantesca___1-v-151055-rubriche_c678.htm |archive-date=13 November 2016 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |issn=1128-6164}}|group=nb}} About the possible birth of an Italian [[right-wing]] based on Anglo-Catholic [[Toryism]], Ferrara cited a 2000 essay by [[Roger Scruton]] about [[T. S. Eliot]] that he summarized as saying that "traditionalism, nostalgia, the traditionalist cultivation of religion as an ideological fetish, are the opposite of true conservatism. They are more similar, if anything, to the vein of romantic sentimentalism, of generic humanism, which Eliot fought in the name of realism, of restitution in poetry, and in the criticism of the world as it is, without emotional fear of the encounter with ordinary experience, without banal fantasies and dreams."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=29 April 2023 |title=Conservatori sentimentali. Alla destra serve meno romanticismo e più realtà |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2023/04/29/news/conservatori-sentimentali-alla-destra-serve-meno-romanticismo-e-piu-realta--5215197/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it|issn=1128-6164}}</ref> He described as new conservatism (''neo conservatorismo'') the global mainstream right and [[far-right]] movements and parties that form alliances based on support for [[Atlanticism]] and economic liberalism.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=21 June 2023 |title=Il neo conservatorismo necessario (anche a Meloni) |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/esteri/2023/06/21/news/il-neo-conservatorismo-necessario-anche-a-meloni--5412580/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it|issn=1128-6164}}</ref>

In the 2020s, Ferrara expressed scepticism about [[climate change]] and dismissed [[eco-anxiety]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Caserini |first=Stefano |date=31 May 2023 |title=Giuliano Ferrara e il disastro culturale della destra sul clima |url=https://altreconomia.it/giuliano-ferrara-e-il-disastro-culturale-della-destra-sul-clima/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Altreconomia |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Cuppini |first=Alberto |date=6 August 2023 |title=Giuliano Ferrara: 'Che vergogna i piagnoni dell'ecoansia' |url=https://www.reteresistenzacrinali.it/index.php/giuliano-ferrara-che-vergogna-i-piagnoni-dell-ecoansia |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Rete della Resistenza sui Crinali |language=it}}</ref>{{refn|For the referenced articles, see:
* {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=18 July 2023 |title=Il caldo d'estate e i soliti strilli ideologici |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/cronaca/2023/07/18/news/il-caldo-d-estate-e-i-soliti-strilli-ideologici-5508968/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}
* {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=30 July 2023 |title=Contro i piagnoni dell'ecoansia (ministro compreso) |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2023/07/30/news/contro-i-piagnoni-dell-ecoansia-ministro-compreso--5551134/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}|group=nb}} Despite seeing it as being born through an anti-''casta'' [[demagogy]], having been approved under the [[Government of Change]] of prime minister [[Giuseppe Conte]], the [[Five Star Movement]] leader [[Luigi Di Maio]], and the [[Lega (political party)|League]] leader [[Matteo Salvini]], Ferrara expressed his support in favour of the [[2020 Italian constitutional referendum]] that reduced the size of the Italian Parliament.<ref name="Damato 2020">{{cite magazine |last=Damato |first=Francesco |date=19 September 2020 |title=Vi racconto l'innamoramento del Foglio di Ferrara per Conte |url=https://www.startmag.it/mondo/vi-racconto-linnamoramento-del-foglio-di-ferrara-per-conte/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |magazine=Startmag |language=it}}</ref>{{refn|For the referenced articles, see:
* {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=11 August 2020 |title=Un referendum non umorale |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2020/08/11/news/un-referendum-non-umorale-330757/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200811165246/https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2020/08/11/news/un-referendum-non-umorale-330757/ |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}
* {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=31 August 2020 |title=Referendum sull'antipolitica? Ma dove? |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2020/08/31/news/referendum-sullantipolitica-ma-dove-332442/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200901092758/https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2020/08/31/news/referendum-sullantipolitica-ma-dove-332442/ |archive-date=1 September 2020 |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}|group=nb}} About football and politics, Ferrara argued that "ethical football is a lie". In April 2021, about the [[European Super League]], which he said "crystallizes with an oligopoly of the show part of the eternal competition between rich and poor, and this can be displeasing", and the ensuing criticism and protest, Ferrara wrote: "We can invoke the demo-romantic feeling of football as a common good, although even this common goodism of the ball, which is [[Maradona]]-thought, clashes with reality, and with the glittering and super-billionaire star system. But ethics cannot be bothered, as UEFA and FIFA and governments of all kinds and practically all consensual gold diggers do. In fact, ethics is the most invoked and least revered young lady there is. In many fields, including football fields."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=20 April 2021 |title=Il calcio etico è una menzogna |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/sport/2021/04/20/news/il-calcio-etico-e-una-menzogna--2273244/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}</ref>

In April 2024, Ferrara sided with [[John Elkann]] and the publisher against the journalists at ''la Repubblica''. He commented: "We [at ''Il Foglio''] limited ourselves to saying with humour and a hint of malice that the editorial board of ''Repubblica'' should think twice when it goes on strike for signatures, you would incongruously say about anonymity, because an editor, immediately disheartened, decides not publish services in open conflict with the interests of the publisher, who makes a lot of money with industry and finance, and loses a lot of it with Italian publishing, i.e. with ''Repubblica''."<ref name="Policy Maker 2024"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Agrizzi |first=Domenico |date=11 April 2024 |title=Giuliano Ferrara sta con Elkann e gli editori impuri e contro i giornalisti di Repubblica, ma... |url=https://mowmag.com/attualita/giuliano-ferrara-sta-con-elkann-e-gli-editori-impuri-e-contro-i-giornalisti-di-repubblica |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Men on Wheels |language=it}}</ref> Ferrara further told critics of "the pompous [[Eugenio Scalfari|Scalfarian]] libido of the pure publisher, against all the other impure ones" that "notoriously ended with the sale of ''Repubblica'' to the financier [[Carlo De Benedetti]] in order to ensure a dowry for the Founder's daughters", and that as Elkann (heir of the [[Agnelli family]]) bought the newspaper, ''la Repubblica'' changed significantly, so much so that it is "nevertheless always the same as the years go by. Pure or impure, it has a publisher."<ref name="Policy Maker 2024"/><ref name="Damato 2024">{{cite magazine |last=Damato |first=Francesco |date=11 April 2024 |title=La proboscide dell'Elefante Ferrara aspira i giornalisti di Repubblica |url=https://www.startmag.it/mondo/giuliano-ferrara-la-repubblica/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |magazine=Startmag |language=it}}</ref>{{refn|For the referenced article, see:
* {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=11 April 2024 |title=Viva gli editori in conflitto! Botta e risposta con il cdr di Rep. |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2024/04/11/news/viva-gli-editori-in-conflitto-botta-e-risposta-con-il-cdr-di-rep--6425912/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}|group=nb}}

== Satire ==
During his career, Ferrara was often targeted by Italian satire for his positions on foreign policy and judicial matters, starting from the weekly magazine ''[[Cuore (zine)|Cuore]]'', up to the shows of [[Roberto Benigni]], [[Daniele Luttazzi]], and [[Sabina Guzzanti]]. In all satirical representations, he is mocked for having changed political affiliation, suggesting a logic of interests as the main motivation for his change of sides. The 1984 song "La strana famiglia" by Gian Piero Alloisio, recorded as a duo by [[Enzo Jannacci]] and [[Giorgio Gaber]], explicitily referred to his frequent political affiliations changes ("And then who is there, ah yes Tamara, a slut from Viale Zara, who gave lessons to Giuliano Ferrara").<ref>{{cite web |last=Giannini |first=Ricky |date=30 January 2024 |title=La strana famiglia: Gaber e Jannacci mettono alla berlina la TV delle disgrazie |url=https://caffediriky.blogspot.com/2024/01/la-strana-famiglia-gaber-e-jannacci.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Il caffè di Riky |language=it}}</ref> In his 1996 tour, Benigni took aim at his large size.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2002 |title=Benigni: 'Vorrei tacere, ma come faccio?' |url=https://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Spettacoli/2002/03_Marzo/07/benigni.shtml |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |language=it |issn=2499-0485}}</ref>{{refn|For a playlist of Benigni's sketch comedy about Ferrara, see {{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL92933941C82229AB |title=Tuttobenigni 95/96 |date=1996 |last=Benigni |first=Roberto |language=it |access-date=27 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}|group=nb}} During the [[2002 Sanremo Music Festival]], on the final evening of which a sketch by Benigni was scheduled, Ferrara once again argued against Benigni, asserting that if he had gone on stage, he would have been in the front row "throwing rotten eggs" at him.<ref>{{cite news |last=Guerzoni |first=Monica |date=6 March 2002 |title='Uova e ortaggi contro Benigni a Sanremo' |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2002/marzo/06/Uova_ortaggi_contro_Benigni_Sanremo_co_0_0203065807.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217091401/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2002/marzo/06/Uova_ortaggi_contro_Benigni_Sanremo_co_0_0203065807.shtml |archive-date=17 December 2015 |access-date=17 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |page=11 |language=it |issn=1824-5692}}</ref> In the end, Ferrara simply threw eggs at the television screen in his living room, in front of a camera that filmed him while he attended the Benigni's performance. When Benigni realized that Ferrara was not in the room, he ironically hypothesized that he had left for Sanremo but that he had returned after eating eggs on the street.<ref>{{cite news |last=Polese |first=Ranieri |date=10 March 2002 |title=Sanremo, un Benigni d'amore anche per Berlusconi |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2002/marzo/10/Sanremo_Benigni_amore_anche_per_co_0_0203109978.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024131236/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2002/marzo/10/Sanremo_Benigni_amore_anche_per_co_0_0203109978.shtml |archive-date=24 October 2015 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |page=5 |issn=1120-4982}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 March 2002 |title=Tutto Benigni battuta per battuta. Ecco lo show che non ha diviso l'Italia |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2002/marzo/11/Tutto_Benigni_battuta_per_battuta_co_0_0203119902.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217095346/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2002/marzo/11/Tutto_Benigni_battuta_per_battuta_co_0_0203119902.shtml |archive-date=17 December 2015 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |page=8 |language=it |issn=1120-4982}}</ref>

On 8 December 2007, Ferrara was mentioned in a monologue by Luttazzi during the programme ''Decameron'' that was broadcast on La7; the episode caused the suspension of the programme. Luttazzi had said that to bear the vision of the atrocities of the [[Iraq War]], a conflict that was supported by Ferrara as a response to [[Islamic terrorism]],<ref name="Ferrara 2020"/>{{refn|In January 2020, Ferrara wrote: "When you hear that a Third World War is inevitable given that the killing of Suleimani makes a relentless spiral of retaliation necessary, think of those who launch this warning: they are the same ones who blamed the war against Saddam Hussein (2003) for the risk of a new Vietnam for America in search of oil profits, the prospect of a biblical exodus from Iraq, the imminence of a frightening carnage, the drive towards recruitment and the affirmation of jihadism given by the war, the inevitability of a widespread conflagration depending on the unilateralism preached by the neoconservatives and their programme. There was no Vietnam, the Sunni insurrection was quelled, today the free circulation of oil concerns in principle the whole of the West except the United States, which is energetically independent from oil production, the frightening carnage is that in Syria due to Suleimani's action and the inaction of Obama and Susan Rice, faithful multilateralists, after the total withdrawal from Iraq, the same for the biblical exodus, which overwhelmed part of Europe, and the effective recruitment action of ISIS throughout the world and even in European democracies all happened after, underlined after, and as a consequence, underlined as a consequence, of the relinquishment of the military and nation building responsibilities of the United States in Iraq and elsewhere in the Middle East, while today despite all of Iraq is a battlefield infiltrated like Lebanon, Yemen, and Syria itself by Suleimani's terrorist militias, and Syria is an open-air cemetery."<ref name="Ferrara 2020"/>|group=nb}} one had to think of Ferrara in "a bathtub with Berlusconi and [[Dell'Utri]] pissing on him, [[Previti]] who shits in the mouth, and [[Santanchè]] in complete sadomasochism who whips them".<ref>{{cite news |date=8 December 2007 |title=Offese a Giuliano Ferrara La7 sospende 'Decameron' |url=https://www.repubblica.it/2007/12/sezioni/spettacoli_e_cultura/luttazzi/luttazzi/luttazzi.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=2499-0485}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=Decameron di Luttazzi sospeso da La 7 dopo una battuta su Ferrara |url=https://www.tvblog.it/post/decameron-di-luttazzi-sospeso-da-la-7-dopo-una-battuta-su-ferrara |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=TvBlog |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tomanelli |first=Antonello |date=9 December 2007 |title=Luttazzi epurato da La7 per aver inventato il paradosso di Berlusconi |url=http://www.difesadellinformazione.com/ultime_notizie/35/luttazzi-epurato-da-la7-per-aver-inventato-il-paradosso-di-berlusconi/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Difesa dell'informazione |language=it}}</ref> While reiterating his support for the right to satire, Ferrara defended the suspension of the programme.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=10 December 2007 |title=Luttazzi, lettera di Giuliano Ferrara. 'Era satira, ma un limite ci vuole' |url=https://www.repubblica.it/2007/12/sezioni/spettacoli_e_cultura/luttazzi/lettera-ferrara/lettera-ferrara.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |issn=2499-0485}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 1987, Ferarra married the American writer Anselma Dell'Olio, who also fought for [[women's rights]] in the [[feminist movement]]s during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2022 |title=Chi è Giuliano Ferrara, malattia, figli, moglie, dove vive: perchè è dimagrito |url=https://www.ilgiornaleditalia.it/news/cronaca/332309/chi-e-giuliano-ferrara-malattia-figli-moglie-dove-vive-dimagrito.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Giornale d'Italia |language=it |issn=1129-5635}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2022 |title=Chi è Anselma Dell'Olio moglie di Giuliano Ferrara: età, padre, figli, carriera |url=https://www.ilgiornaleditalia.it/news/politica/332310/chi-e-anselma-dell-olio-moglie-di-giuliano-ferrara-eta-padre-figli-carriera.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Giornale d'Italia |language=it |issn=1129-5635}}</ref> He was one of the strongest supporters of [[Pope Benedict XVI]]. Although described by his critics as an atheist, he considers himself a theist.<ref name="Sorbi 2007"/> Ferrara is a supporter of [[AS Roma]].<ref>{{cite news |date=4 March 2015 |title=Il campionato degli Opinion Leader. Il tifo non è un tabù |url=https://www.lanotiziagiornale.it/il-campionato-degli-opinion-leader-il-tifo-non-e-un-tabu/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Notizia Giornale |language=it}}</ref> Ferrara, who is {{convert|1.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}} tall, is well known for his size, earning him "The Elephant" and "The Little Elephant" nicknames (''l'Elefante'' and ''l'Elefantino'');<ref name="Boffi 2003"/> he claimed the nicknames for himself and signs his most humorous articles in ''Il Foglio'' with a red elephant (''l'elefante rosso''),<ref name="Damato 2020"/><ref name="Damato 2024"/> and named some of his programmes, such as a radio transmission and his ''Il Foglio'' video columns, ''Parliamo con l'elefante'' and ''Radio Elefante''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novara |first=Gaspare |date=25 August 2009 |title=Parliamo con l'elefante |url=https://www.cittanuova.it/parliamo-con-lelefante/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Città Nuova |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 May 2014 |title=Ferrara vaffa a Grillo: 'Ma io festeggio con la cocaina' {{!}} Corriere TV |url=https://video.corriere.it/ferrara-che-soddisfazione-vedere-sconfitto-gran-bullo-grillo/c745dfd4-e50f-11e3-8e3e-8f5de4ddd12f |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=Corriere della Sera |language=it |issn=2499-0485}}</ref>{{refn|For an example, see {{cite news |last=Ferrara |first=Giuliano |date=29 October 2014 |title=Renzi sta pensando a un suo sindacato – 'Radio Elefante' di Giuliano Ferrara |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/video/2014/10/29/video/renzi-sta-pensando-a-un-suo-sindacato-radio-elefante-di-giuliano-ferrara-102169/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |work=Il Foglio |language=it |issn=1128-6164}}|group=nb}} By the 1980s, he weighed {{convert|130|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Il Foglio 2003"/><ref name="Il Post 2011"/> As of 2018, he weighed {{convert|136|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. This caused him some health issues, including a heart attack at the age of 70 in 2022,<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2022 |title=Il giornalista e fondatore del 'Foglio' Giuliano Ferrara ha avuto un malore ed è ricoverato in terapia intensiva |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2022/01/28/giuliano-ferrara-malore-ricoverato-terapia-intensiva/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Post |language=it |issn=2610-9980}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Carnevale |first=Lucrezia |date=28 January 2022 |title=Giuliano Ferrara: età, moglie, figli, malattia, malato, peso, partito politico, giornalista, Instagram |url=https://www.donnapop.it/2022/01/28/giuliano-ferrara-eta-moglie-figli-malattia-malato-peso-partito-politico-giornalista-instagram/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |magazine=DonnaPOP |language=it}}</ref> which required his hospitalization under critical but stable conditions.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2022 |title=Giuliano Ferrara ricoverato per un infarto, condizioni stabili |url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cronaca/2022/01/28/giuliano-ferrara-ricoverato-per-un-infarto-e-grave_88441956-a6d8-477a-a5c3-2e6b47dbe971.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |language=it |agency=ANSA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Di Maria |first=Alessandro |date=28 January 2022 |title=Giuliano Ferrara ricoverato e operato per un infarto. La moglie: 'Sta migliorando' |url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/01/28/news/giornalismo_giuliano_ferrara_ricoverato_e_operato_per_un_infarto_e_grave_-335549834/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=La Repubblica |language=it |issn=2499-0817}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gasperetti |first=Marco |date=28 January 2022 |title=Giuliano Ferrara ha avuto un infarto: ricoverato in ospedale. 'Condizioni gravi, ma stabili' |url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/22_gennaio_28/giuliano-ferrara-malore-ricoverato-27dcd33e-802b-11ec-9fac-a85f17701932.shtml |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Corriere della Sera |language=it |issn=2499-0485}}</ref> Politicians across the political spectrum wished him well and to make a recovery.<ref name="Bachelet 2022"/><ref name="Il Fatto Quotidiano 2022">{{cite news |date=28 January 2022 |title=Giuliano Ferrara ricoverato in ospedale: 'Ha avuto un infarto, è in gravissime condizioni' |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/01/28/giuliano-ferrara-ricoverato-in-ospedale-ha-avuto-un-infarto-e-in-gravissime-condizioni/6471859/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it |issn=2037-089X}}</ref> As reported by ''Corriere della Sera'', he felt ill on the evening of 27 January 2022 while he was at his home in [[Scansano]] where he retired to live for some time and manages a farm.<ref name="Il Fatto Quotidiano 2022"/> After a successful surgery,<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2022 |title=Giuliano Ferrara in prognosi riservata, riuscito l'intervento dopo l'infarto |url=https://www.rainews.it/articoli/2022/01/giuliano-ferrara-colpito-da-un-infarto--ricoverato-a-grosseto-in-gravissime-condizioni--370042d7-cd18-4938-86a8-475078bbd2ff.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=RaiNews |language=it}}</ref> Ferrara was discharged from hospital on 1 February 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 February 2022 |title=Giuliano Ferrara dimesso. 'Sta sempre meglio e ora ha bisogno solo di riposare' |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2022/02/01/giuliano-ferrara-dimesso-dopo-lintervento-per-un-infarto-la-moglie-sta-sempre-meglio-e-ora-ha-bisogno-solo-di-riposare/6477159/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Il Fatto Quotidiano |language=it |issn=2037-089X}}</ref>

== Works ==
* {{cite book|last=Ferrara|first=Giuliano|date=1989|title=Radio Londra|language=it|location=Milan|publisher=Leonardo|isbn=88-355-0040-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Ferrara|first=Giuliano|date=1991|title=Ai comunisti. Lettere da un traditore|language=it|location=Rome-Bari|publisher=Laterza|isbn=88-420-3749-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Ferrara|first=Giuliano|date=2005|title=Non dubitare. Contro la religione laicista|language=it|location=Chieti|publisher=Solfanelli|isbn=88-89756-06-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Ferrara|first=Giuliano|date=2014|title=Teoconservatorismo e ateoconservatorismo a confronto|language=it|location=Milan|publisher=Sonzogno|isbn=}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ferrara|first1=Giuliano|last2=Gnocchi|first2=Alessandro|last3=Palmaro|first3=Mario|date=2014|title=Questo papa piace troppo. Un'appassionata lettura critica|language=it|location=Milan|publisher=Piemme|isbn=978-88-566-3876-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Ferrara|first=Giuliano|date=2015|title=Il Royal baby. Matteo Renzi e l'Italia che vorrà|language=it|location=Milan|publisher=Rizzoli|isbn=978-88-586-7658-5}}

== Filmography ==
* ''Non ho tempo'', a film directed by Ansano Giannarelli (1972)
* ''Azzurri'', a film directed by Eugenio Masciari (1985)
* ''Bella ciao'', a documentary directed by Roberto Torelli (2002)
* ''S.B. – Io lo conoscevo bene'', a documentary by Giacomo Durzi e Giovanni Fasanella (2012)

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last=Barbieri|first=Marco|date=1997|title=Il grande fratello orco. La prima biografia non autorizzata di Giuliano Ferrara|language=it|location=Milano|publisher=Gruppo pubblicità Italia|isbn=88-87136-00-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Castaldi|first=Luigi|date=2005|title=Giuliano Ferrara non è una muffa|language=it|location=Rome|publisher=Stampa Alternativa}}
* {{cite book|last=CrobellI|first=Franco|date=1991|title=L'anti-Sgarbi. Diario di una rivolta ideale contro lo sgarbismo e la tv spazzatura di Giuliano Ferrara|language=it|location=Cosenza|publisher=Progetto 2000|isbn=88-85937-41-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Nicotri|first=Pino|date=2004|title=L'arcitaliano Ferrara Giuliano|language=it|location=Milano|publisher=Kaos|isbn=88-7953-133-6}}

== External links ==
* [https://biografieonline.it/biografia-giuliano-ferrara Giuliano Ferrara] at Biografie Online {{in lang|it}}
* [https://www.discogs.com/it/artist/4816732 Giuliano Ferrara] at [[Discogs]] {{in lang|it}}
* [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/it/989 Giuliano Ferrara] at [[European Parliament]] {{in lang|it}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090930214104/http://www.ilfoglio.it/ritratti/923 Giuliano Ferrara] at ''[[Il Foglio]]'' {{in lang|it}}
* [https://www.imdb.com/Name?nm2367150 Giuliano Ferrara] at [[IMDb]] {{in lang|it}}
* [http://www.mymovies.it/persone/wd/219475 Giuliano Ferrara] at [[MYmovies.it]] {{in lang|it}}
* [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL790557A Giuliano Ferrara] at [[OpenLibrary]] {{in lang|it}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071103140516/http://blog.panorama.it/opinioni/author/giulianoferrara/ Giuliano Ferrara] at ''[[Panorama (magazine)|Panorama]]'' {{in lang|it}}
* [https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/Ferrara,+Giuliano.html Giuliano Ferrara] at Sapere.it {{in lang|it}}
* [https://www.radioradicale.it/soggetti/7127 Interventi di Giuliano Ferrara] at [[Radio Radicale]] {{in lang|it}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par}}
{{s-bef|before=—}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of the European Parliament]] for Italy|years=1989–1994}}
{{s-aft|after=—}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=Paolo Barile}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for Parliamentary Relations]]|years=1994–1995}}
{{s-aft|after=Guglielmo Negri}}
{{s-media}}
{{s-bef|before=Andrea Monti}}
{{s-ttl|title=Editor in chief of ''[[Panorama (magazine)|Panorama]]''|years=1996–1997}}
{{s-aft|after=Roberto Briglia}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-bef|before=–}}
{{s-ttl|title=Editor in chief of ''[[Il Foglio]]''|years=1996–2015}}
{{s-aft|after=Claudio Cerasa}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=Host of ''[[Otto e mezzo]]''|years=2001–2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lilli Gruber]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferrara, Giuliano}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Former Marxists]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Italy]]
[[Category:Italian anti-abortion activists]]
[[Category:Italian male journalists]]
[[Category:Italian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Italian newspaper founders]]
[[Category:Italian television personalities]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Rome]]

George Pascoe-Watson

2025-04-12T00:18:59Z

80.46.110.142: /* Career */

{{Short description|British journalist and PR consultant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2009}}{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = George Pascoe-Watson
| honorific_suffix =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|8|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = Edinburgh, Scotland
| nationality = British
| education = [[George Heriot's School]] [[Royal High School, Edinburgh]]
| alma_mater = [[Napier College]]
| occupation = Entrepreneur

C-suite adviser

Communication consultant

Former journalist
| spouse = {{marriage|Natalie Kirby|2011}}
}}

'''George Pascoe-Watson''' (born 21 August 1966) is a British journalist and public relations consultant. He was formerly the political editor of ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' newspaper, succeeding [[Trevor Kavanagh]] in January 2006.

He left ''The Sun'' in 2009 to pursue a career in consultancy, spending 14 years working for the [[Portland Communications]] agency founded by [[Tony Blair]]'s former advisor [[Tim Allan]] in 2001.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|last=Tryhorn|first=Chris|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/oct/15/sun-george-pascoe-watson|title=Sun political editor George Pascoe-Watson to join Tim Allan's PR agency|work=The Guardian|date=15 October 2009|accessdate=3 October 2015}}</ref> He is currently a founding partner at Schillings Communications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2024 |title=George Pascoe-Watson – Schillings |url=https://www.schillingspartners.com/team-member/george-pascoe-watson/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=Schillings}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pascoe-Watson was born in Edinburgh in 1966 to an [[RAF]] pilot and a nursing sister.<ref name=":0" />

He was educated at [[George Heriot's School]] and the [[Royal High School (Edinburgh)|Royal High School]]. He completed a two-year journalism diploma at [[Edinburgh Napier University|Napier College]] in Edinburgh.

==Career==
Pascoe-Watson started his career working for local newspapers. Between 1986 and 1987, he was a reporter for the ''[[Warminster Journal]]'' in [[Wiltshire]], and then for the [[Free newspaper|free-sheet]] the ''Bristol Journal'', before moving to [[news agency]] Bristol Press and Pictures.<ref name=":0" />

When the news agency went bankrupt, he moved to London and joined ''The Sun'' as a junior reporter in 1988, at the age of 21.<ref name=":1" /> He was transferred off ''The Sun'' for a spell after he exposed a continued lack of security at [[Heathrow Airport]] shortly after the [[Lockerbie bombing]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 1989 |title=Government demands Pan Am explain reported security lapse – United Press International |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/04/10/Government-demands-Pan-Am-explain-reported-security-lapse/5346608184000/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=United Press International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 1989 |title=The World - News from April 11, 1989 - Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-04-11-mn-1629-story.html |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

In his early days at the paper, he was bylined 'Pascoe Watson' as his superiors thought the forename George and his double-barrelled surname to be too effete for the red-top's primarily working-class readership. However, they relented after he went into [[the Lobby]].<ref name=":0">[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1676332,00.html George Pascoe-Watson: I was groomed by Trevor Kavanagh | Media | The Guardian]</ref>

Pascoe-Watson joined ''The Sun''<nowiki/>'s political team in 1994. A decade later, in January 2006, he took over from [[Trevor Kavanagh]] as [[political editor]], a post that he held until his move into consultancy.<ref name=":1" />

In 2009, Pascoe-Watson joined Portland Communications, the public affairs consultancy founded by Tony Blair's former advisor Tim Allan.<ref name=":1" /> He spent 14 years at Portland, and was chair of the firm by the time he left in 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=British Libel Law Firm Schillings Sets Up PR Agency |url=https://www.provokemedia.com/latest/article/british-libel-law-firm-schillings-sets-up-pr-agency |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=PRovoke Media}}</ref>

In 2020, during [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|the COVID pandemic]] Pascoe-Watson was appointed to an unpaid advisory role by the [[Department of Health and Social Care]] (DHSC); he participated in daily strategic discussions chaired by [[James Bethell, 5th Baron Bethell|Lord Bethell]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pogrund |first1=Gabriel |title=George Pascoe-Watson among lobbyists given secret access to Covid meetings |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/george-pascoe-watson-among-lobbyists-given-secret-access-to-covid-meetings-tzxkc0jkp |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |date=15 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He also sent information about government policy to his paying clients before this was made public.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Jon |title=Government gave lobbyists access to confidential coronavirus briefings |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/government-lobbyists-coronavirus-george-pascoe-watson-b1723246.html |accessdate=15 November 2020 |work=The Independent |date=15 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Diver |first1=Tony |title=National lockdown was revealed by lobbyists before press leaks |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/11/15/national-lockdown-revealed-lobbyists-press-leaks/ |accessdate=15 November 2020 |work=[[The Sunday Telegraph]] |date=15 November 2020}}</ref>

Pascoe-Watson co-founded Schillings Communications in January 2024, with Victoria O'Byrne.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=Portland chair to lead law firm Schillings' PR agency {{!}} PR Week |url=https://www.prweek.com/article/1836286/portland-chair-lead-law-firm-schillings-pr-agency |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=PR Week}}</ref> The firm is a [[reputation management]] agency affiliated with [[Schillings]], the British [[Defamation|libel]] [[law firm]]. O’Byrne was previously responsible for communications for the [[Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Princess of Wales]], [[Richard Branson]] at [[Virgin Group]], and the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Olympic]] and [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympic Games]], and started her career as a communications advisor for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]. Pascoe-Watson and O'Byrne are both equity partners in the venture.

Pascoe-Watson has been a regular panellist on multiple [[Broadcasting|broadcast shows]] in the UK, including [[Question Time (TV programme)|BBC Question Time]], [[Sky News]], [[BBC News]], [[Week in Westminster|The Week in Westminster]] and [[BBC Radio 5 Live]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2024 |title=George Pascoe-Watson – Mace Magazine |url=https://macemagazine.com/politicalconsultants/george-pascoe-watson/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=Mace Magazine}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pascoe-Watson married Natalie Kirby in January 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/markets/article-23911031-whats-in-a-name-for-tweet-jemima-goldsmith.do |title=What's in a name for tweet Jemima Goldsmith? | Markets & Analysis |access-date=2 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204000009/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/markets/article-23911031-whats-in-a-name-for-tweet-jemima-goldsmith.do |archive-date=4 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The two met in the Lobby, when he was political editor at ''The Sun'' and she was working for [[William Hague]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-media}}
{{S-bef
| before = [[Trevor Kavanagh]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = Political Editor of ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]''
| years = 2006–2009
}}
{{S-aft
| after = [[Tom Newton Dunn]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pascoe-Watson, George}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British male journalists]]
[[Category:People educated at George Heriot's School]]
[[Category:People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh]]
[[Category:The Sun (United Kingdom) people]]

Leonard Knight Elmhirst

2025-04-11T23:07:21Z

80.46.110.142:

{{Short description|British philanthropist and agronomist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Leonard Knight Elmhirst
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRSA}}
| image = Leonard K. Elmhirst NO-NB BLDSA GM2a167n (cropped).jpg
| caption=Elmhirst in 1924
| alt = 
| office1 = Chairman of the [[Dartington Hall|Dartington Trust]]
| term_start1 = 1931
| term_end1 = 1972
| successor1 = [[Maurice Ash]]
| office2 = [[Devon County Council|Devon County Councillor]] for [[Harberton]]
| term_start2 = 1937
| term_end2 = 1952
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1893|6|6}}
| birth_place = [[Worsbrough]], [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|4|16|1893|6|6}}
| death_place =
| nationality = [[United Kingdom|British subject]]
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist}}
* [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
* [[Cornell University]]
{{Endplainlist}}
| occupation = [[Philanthropy|Philanthropist]] and [[agronomy|agronomist]]
| known_for = {{Plainlist}}
* [[Dartington Hall]] project in progressive education and rural reconstruction
* Founded Institute of Rural Reconstruction, [[Sriniketan]]
* Introduced [[artificial insemination of cattle]] to the UK
* President, [[Royal Forestry Society]]
* Member, [[Education in India#Rural education|Indian Rural Education Committee]]
{{Endplainlist}}
| spouse = {{Plainlist}}
* {{marriage|[[Dorothy Payne Whitney]] |1925|1968|reason=died}}
* {{marriage|Susanna Isaacs |1973}}
{{Endplainlist}}
| children = 2
| module =
| allegiance = {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}} [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = {{army|United Kingdom|name=British Army}}
| serviceyears = 1918–1919
| rank =
| unit =
}}
'''Leonard Knight Elmhirst''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSA}} (6 June 1893 – 16 April 1974) was a British philanthropist and agronomist who worked extensively in [[India]]. He co-founded with his wife, [[Dorothy Payne Whitney|Dorothy]], the [[Dartington Hall]] project in progressive education and rural reconstruction.

==Biography==
Leonard Elmhirst was born into a [[landed gentry]] family in [[Worsbrough]] (now part of [[Barnsley]], [[Yorkshire]]), where the family seat is [[Houndhill]]. He was the second of nine siblings (eight boys and one girl). His elder brother, Captain William Elmhirst, was killed on 13 November 1916, aged 24, while serving with the 8th Battalion [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] during the [[Battle of the Somme]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/593481/elmhirst,-/|title=ELMHIRST, W.|website=cwgc.org}}</ref> and the third son, Second Lieutenant Ernest Christopher Elmhirst, was killed on 7 August 1915, aged 20, while serving with the 8th Bn. [[Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)]] during the [[Gallipoli Campaign]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/695747/elmhirst,-ernest-christopher/|title=ELMHIRST, ERNEST CHRISTOPHER|website=cwgc.org}}</ref> both during [[World War I]]. The fourth son, Thomas became Air Marshal Sir [[Thomas Elmhirst]] (KBE, CB, AFC, DL, RAF).

In 1912 Leonard Elmhirst went up to [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], to study history and theology, intending to follow his father into the Church. In 1914, he was deemed unfit for military service and volunteered for overseas service in the [[YMCA]]. His experience of the problems of rural India was to fundamentally change the direction of his career. After one year's service in the army he was demobilised in 1919 and entered [[Cornell University]] in [[Ithaca, New York]] to study agriculture. Arriving almost penniless, he completed a four-year degree course in two years.<ref name="elmhirst">Leonard Knight Elmhirst, ''The Straight and Its Origin'', 1975, OCLC 2046429 originally serialized in ''Cornell Alumni News'', 1974–75</ref>
In 1920 he was elected president of Cornell's Cosmopolitan Club, which was mostly for foreign students, and found that it had large debts and depended on the philanthropy of its alumni and others. Money-raising activities brought him in contact with [[Dorothy Payne Whitney|Dorothy Straight]], who was to become his wife.

In America he also met the 1913 Nobel Laureate for Literature, [[Rabindranath Tagore]], and in November 1921 returned to India as Tagore's secretary. In 1922, in the village of [[Surul]] (of which [[Sriniketan]] is a part) adjacent to Santiniketan, [[West Bengal]], he set up for Tagore an Institute of Rural Reconstruction. Between 1923 and 1925, Leonard travelled twice around the globe, lecturing and supporting Rabindranath Tagore's missions to Europe, Asia and South America.<ref name="elmhirst"/>

The influence of Tagore, and the interests and money of his wife to be, led Elmhirst to undertake an experiment in rural reconstruction at [[Dartington Hall]] in [[Devon]]. It is said that Tagore had become familiar with Dartington during his travels in England and influenced Elmhirst in his selection of the estate, which was purchased in a series of transactions in 1925. Elmhirst also assisted in the re-acquisition of his ancient family seat, [[Houndhill]], a couple of miles from his birthplace.

==Works==
In 1931, when the [[Dartington Hall]] experiment was established they set up a trust to manage its affairs so they could undertake other work worldwide. Leonard's work included:

* Work for [[Exeter University]], Devon County Council and local organisations
* 1929: launched the [[International Conference of Agricultural Economists]]
* 1931: helped to found the policy think tank [[Political and Economic Planning]]<ref name="oxford dnb">{{Cite ODNB|title = Elmhirst, Leonard Knight |author = Anthea Williams|url = https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31072| year=2004 | doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31072 | isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |accessdate = 18 February 2022}}</ref>
* 1932: brought [[artificial insemination of cattle]] from Russia to Devon
* President of the [[Royal Forestry Society]]
* War-time public service during [[World War II]] including agricultural missions to the Middle East and India
* Irrigation and hydroelectricity in the [[Damodar Valley]], India
* 1954: Member, Indian Rural Education Committee

==Personal life==
Leonard married [[Dorothy Payne Whitney]] in September 1925. They had two children. He was the stepfather of racing driver and aviator [[Whitney Straight]] (1912–1979), actress [[Beatrice Straight]] (1914–2001) and writer and KGB spy [[Michael Whitney Straight]] (1916–2004). Their daughter Ruth married the environmentalist [[Maurice Ash]]. On the occasion of the 25th wedding anniversary of Leonard and Dorothy Elmhirst in 1950, Benjamin Britten composed ''[[Five Flower Songs]]'', a cycle of part songs premiered in the open air at Dartington, conducted by [[Imogen Holst]]. After Dorothy died, Leonard married Susanna Isaacs-Elmhirst<ref>{{cite journal|title=Obituary: Susanna Isaacs-Elmhirst|journal=British Medical Journal|date=2010|volume=340|page=2809|doi=10.1136/bmj.c2809|s2cid=72856153}}</ref> in 1973 in Worsborough, Yorkshire.

==Honours==

In 1946 he refused the offer of a [[baron|barony]] from [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Clement Attlee]]. In a letter to Attlee he replied that "My own work, however, as you know, has lain in the main among country people...in India, the USA and in Devonshire...acceptance would neither be easy for me to explain nor easy for my friends to comprehend".<ref>The Elmhirsts of Dartington, ''The Creation of a Utopian Community'', 344. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982</ref> In 1972, he declined another honour from [[Ted Heath]].<ref name="Devon Archives">{{Cite web|title = Papers of Leonard Knight Elmhirst, 1890–1973 |author = |url = https://devon-cat.swheritage.org.uk/records/LKE|newspaper = [[South West Heritage Trust]]|date = |accessdate = 18 February 2022}}</ref>

He received honorary doctorates from Freiburg (D.Pol.Sci.), Visva-Bharati (D.Litt.), the University of Durham (D.C.L.), the University of Oxford (D.C.L.), and the University of Exeter (D.C.L.). He was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in 1926 and a fellow of the American Farm Economic Association in 1960.<ref name="Devon Archives"/>

He was elected Honorary President of the [[Devonshire Association]] in 1959.<ref name="Devon Assc">{{Cite web|title = Presidents |author = |url = https://devonassoc.org.uk/organisation/presidents/|newspaper = [[Devonshire Association]]|date = |accessdate = 18 February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category}}
*[[Michael Young, Baron Young of Dartington|Michael Young]], ''The Elmhirsts of Dartington, The Creation of a Utopian Community'', Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elmhirst, Leonard Knight}}
[[Category:English philanthropists]]
[[Category:English educational theorists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Military personnel from South Yorkshire]]
[[Category:British Army officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Whitney family]]
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:People from Barnsley]]
[[Category:20th-century British philanthropists]]

Art Themen

2025-04-11T23:00:45Z

80.46.110.142: /* Discography */

{{Short description|British jazz saxophonist and surgeon (born 1939)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Art Themen
| image = Art Themen.jpg
| caption = Themen performing in 2009
| birth_name = Arthur Edward George Themen
| alias =
| origin =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1939|11|26}}
| birth_place = [[Manchester]], England
| death_date =
| instrument = Saxophone
| genre = [[Jazz]]
| occupation = Musician, [[orthopaedic medicine|orthopaedic surgeon]]
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts = [[John Critchinson]], [[Jack Bruce]], [[Alexis Korner]], [[Stan Tracey]]
| website =
}}

'''Arthur Edward George Themen''' (born 26 November 1939) is a British [[jazz]] saxophonist<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jazzwisemagazine.com/write-stuff-mainmenu-145/10984?task=view|title=Art Themen – Lund Theatre|last=Lifschutz|first=Jonathan|date=2 October 2009|work=Jazzwise|accessdate=20 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=Chilton>{{cite book |last1=Chilton |first1=John |title=Who's Who of British Jazz |date=1997 |publisher=Cassell |location=London }}</ref> and formerly [[orthopaedic medicine|orthopaedic surgeon]]. Critic [[John Fordham (jazz critic)|John Fordham]] has described him as "an appealing presence on the British jazz circuit for over 40 years.... Originally a [[Dexter Gordon]] and [[Sonny Rollins]] disciple ... Themen has proved himself remarkably attentive to the saxophone styles of subsequent generations."<ref name=Fordham>{{cite news|first=John |last=Fordham|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2001/oct/25/jazz.johnfordham |title=Art Themen — Pillar Rooms, Cheltenham" (review)|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=25 October 2001}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Themen was born in [[Manchester]], England, where he was involved with the traditional jazz scene in the late 1950s<ref>[http://www.triorecords.co.uk/art_themen.html "Art Themen"], Trio Records, 2010.</ref> as a self-taught musician,<ref name=AllMusic>[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/art-themen-mn0000819969/biography Art Themen biography], AllMusic.</ref> having started playing clarinet as a schoolboy at [[Manchester Grammar School]].<ref name=Adams>[http://www.robadamsjournalist.com/index.asp?pageid=590179 "Art Themen - the jazz doctor calls"], Rob Adams Journaliet.</ref><ref name=JIR>Bannister, Trevor, [https://www.jazzinreading.com/art-themen-may-2019/ "Jazz in Reading pays tribute to Art Themen"], ''Jazz In Reading'', May 2019.</ref>

In 1958, he began his medical studies at the [[University of Cambridge]]. There Themen started playing jazz with the Cambridge University Jazz Band – with bandmates including [[Lionel Grigson]], [[Dave Gelly]], <ref>[http://www.robadamsjournalist.com/index.asp?pageid=590179 "Art Themen – the jazz doctor calls"], Rob Adams Journalist.</ref> [[Jonathan Lynn]], and John Hart – the group under pianist Grigson's leadership achieving "near professional standard with a swinging hard-bop style that swept the board in the fiercely contested Inter-University Jazz Band Competitions".<ref name=JIR />

In 1961, Themen went to complete his studies at [[St Mary's Hospital Medical School]], [[Paddington]], where he qualified in 1964; specialising in orthopaedic medicine, he eventually became a consultant.<ref name=Adams /> In London, he played with [[blues]] musicians [[Jack Bruce]] and [[Alexis Korner]],<ref name=Adams /> and was a member of [[Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated]].<ref name=JIR /> Themen has said: "I had pretty much decided that I could continue to practise medicine and play saxophone, and Alexis, being heavily into blues as well as taking in jazz influences like [[Charles Mingus]], furthered my knowledge of music quite a lot."<ref name=JIR /> In 1965, Themen played with the Peter Stuyvesant Jazz Orchestra in [[Zürich]], going on to play with such English luminaries as [[Michael Garrick]], [[Ian Carr]], and [[Graham Collier]]'s Music.<ref name=JIR />

In 1974, Themen entered on what was to be one of his central musical relationships when he started playing with [[Stan Tracey]], and he has played with all of Tracey's groups, touring with him all over the world as well as around the UK. Themen has also played and toured with visiting US musicians, including [[Charlie Rouse]], [[Nat Adderley]], [[Red Rodney]], [[George Coleman]], and [[Al Haig]].<ref name=AllMusic /><ref name=JIR />

He was featured in a profile on composer [[Graham Collier]] in the 1985 [[Channel 4]] documentary ''Hoarded Dreams'' <ref>[https://www.bright-thoughts.co.uk/hoarded-dreams.html "Hoarded Dreams"], Bright Thoughts.</ref>

In 1995, Themen formed a quartet with pianist [[John Critchinson]].<ref>[http://www.woodvillerecords.com/John%20Critchinson.htm "John Critchinson"], Woodville Records. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</ref><ref>[http://henrybebop.co.uk/critchsn.htm "John Critchinson..."], henrybebop.co.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</ref>

Themen's style originally owed much to the influence of [[Dexter Gordon]] and [[Sonny Rollins]], but later influences included such disparate saxophonists as [[Coleman Hawkins]], [[Evan Parker]], and the "sheets of sound" [[John Coltrane]].<ref name=Fordham />

In November 2014 [[Julian Joseph]] interviewed Themen on [[BBC Radio 3]]'s ''Jazz Line-Up'', to celebrate his 75th birthday. Themen recalled that his musical career had begun with the clarinet which, due to a missing page in the instruction manual, he had originally played with the mouthpiece upside-down. He turned to the saxophone aged 16, after attending a concert by the [[John Dankworth|Dankworth Seven]], with a female cousin. The well-groomed saxophonist [[Danny Moss]] had winked at her, and the impact this had convinced Themen that his future was with the saxophone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04prk8m|title=Jazz Line-Up, Art Themen|work=BBC Radio 3|accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref>

Following his retirement as a consultant orthopaedic surgeon, Themen has been focusing on his jazz career.<ref name=JIR />

==Discography==
*1975: ''Captain Adventure'' - [[Stan Tracey]] Quartet
*1976: ''Under Milk Wood'' - Stan Tracey Quartet
*1976: ''The Bracknell Connection'' - Stan Tracey Octet
*1979: ''Expressly Ellington'' - [[Al Haig]], [[Jamil Nasser]] and Art Themen
*1980: ''South East Assignment'' - Stan Tracey Quartet
*1981: ''The Crompton Suite'' - Stan Tracey Sextet
*1982: ''Bebop "Live"'' – Al Haig, [[Peter King (saxophonist)|Peter King]] and Art Themen
*1984: ''The Poets' Suite'' - Stan Tracey Quartet
*1985: ''Now'' - Stan Tracey
*1985: ''Live At Ronnie Scott's'' - Stan Tracey Hexad
*1987: ''Genesis'' - Stan Tracey Orchestra
*2008: ''The 3 Tenors at the Appleby Jazz Festival'' – Art Themen, [[Mornington Lockett]] and [[Don Weller (musician)|Don Weller]] (featuring Mark Edwards, Andrew Cleyndert and [[Spike Wells]])<ref>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r1454776|pure_url=yes}}|title=The 3 Tenors at the Appleby Jazz Festival|author= |publisher=[[Allmusic]] |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>[http://www.triorecords.co.uk/The_Three_Tenors_At_The_Appleby_Jazz_Festival.html "The 3 Tenors At The Appleby Jazz Festival-TR578"], Trio Records</ref>
*2019: ''Thane & The Villeins'' - Pete Whittaker, Art Themen, George Double
*2022: ''Hanky Panky'' - Art Themen/Dave Barry Quartet (Trio Records)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jul/30/art-themen-dave-barry-quartet-hanky-panky-review-gareth-williams-dave-green|title=Review {{!}} Art Themen/Dave Barry Quartet: Hanky Panky review – what a difference a day makes…|first=Dave|last=Gelly|newspaper=[[The Observer]]|date=30 July 2022}}</ref>
*2023: ''Off Piste'' - Greg Foat and Art Themen
*2023: ''Art's Party'' - Art Themen and Friends

'''With [[Graham Collier]]'''
*''[[New Conditions]]'' (Mosaic, 1976)
*''[[Symphony of Scorpions]]'' (Mosaic, 1977)
*''[[The Day of the Dead (album)|The Day of the Dead]]'' (Mosaic, 1978)
*''[[Hoarded Dreams]]'' (Cuneiform, 1983 [2007])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{discogs artist}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/02fa6226-713c-4c6b-848e-666cf2dd9e85 Art Themen] at BBC Music
* Jack Kenny, [https://jazzviews.net/art-themen-at-80/ "Art Themen at 80"], ''Jazz Views'', February 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2024.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Themen, Art}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century British male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century British saxophonists]]
[[Category:21st-century British male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century British saxophonists]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Mary's Hospital Medical School]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:British male jazz musicians]]
[[Category:British male saxophonists]]
[[Category:British surgeons]]
[[Category:English jazz alto saxophonists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Manchester]]
[[Category:People educated at Manchester Grammar School]]

William Colgate

2025-04-11T15:03:43Z

80.46.110.142: /* Family */

{{Short description|Business magnate}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = William Colgate
| image = William Colgate.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = A depiction of Colgate in his later years, drawn in 1881
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1783|1|25}}
| birth_place = [[Hollingbourne]], [[Kent]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1857|3|25|1783|1|25}}
| death_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Green-Wood Cemetery]], [[Brooklyn]], New York
| nationality = [[Naturalization|Naturalized]] [[Citizenship in the United States|American]]
| occupation = [[Business magnate]]
[[Philanthropist]]
| known_for = Founded [[Colgate-Palmolive]] company
| spouse = Mary Gilbert (married 1811)
| children = 9, including [[James Boorman Colgate|James]] and [[Samuel Colgate|Samuel]]
| signature = William Colgate signature.png
}}

'''William Colgate''' (January 25, 1783 – March 25, 1857) was an English-American [[industrialist]] who in 1806 founded what became the [[Colgate-Palmolive]] company.

==Early life==
William Colgate was born in [[Hollingbourne]], [[Kent]], [[England]], on January 25, 1783,<ref name="George Thomas Kurian 2016, p. 613">George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, ''Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 613</ref><ref name="BaptistEnc">{{cite book|editor1-last=Cathcart|editor1-first=William|title=The Baptist Encyclopaedia, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=The Baptist Standard Bearer, Inc.|isbn=9781579789091|pages=249–250|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-zWuEM-qHMC}}</ref> He was the son of Robert Colgate (1758–1826), a farmer and politician, and his wife Sarah (née Bowles). The family moved to a farm near [[Shoreham, Kent|Shoreham]] when William was six years old.<ref name=Everts/>

His father was a sympathizer with both the [[American Revolutionary War|American]] and [[French Revolution]]s, whose republican ideals impelled him to leave their farm in March 1798 and emigrate to [[Baltimore, Maryland]], in the [[United States|United States of America]], after which the family settled on a farm in [[Harford County, Maryland|Harford County]]. Robert formed a partnership with Ralph Maher to manufacture soap and candles, and teenage William helped out, but the partnership dissolved after two years. The family later settled in [[Delaware County, New York]].<ref name=Everts>[https://archive.org/stream/williamcolgatech00ever#page/36/mode/2up Everts, W.W., ''William Colgate: The Christian Gentleman'', Philadelphia. American Baptist Publication Society, 1881]{{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Career ==
William Colgate went to New York City in 1804 and began work as an apprentice in a soap-boiler. Observing what he regarded as mismanagement, he learned valuable lessons to apply to a business of his own. At the close of his apprenticeship he wrote to dealers in other cities seeking to establish himself with them. In 1806 William set up a starch, soap and candle business on Dutch Street in Manhattan.<ref>Kenneth T. Jackson, Lisa Keller, Nancy Flood, ''The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition'', Yale University Press, USA, 2010, p. 277</ref> In 1820, he opened a starch factory across the Hudson in Jersey City.<ref>[https://www.colgatepalmolive.com/en-us/about/history "History", Colgate-Palmolive]</ref> He went on to become one of the most prosperous men in New York City, sought for his wise counsel and ready to offer aid to others in practical enterprises. Through this he gained wide influence, especially among those of his faith.

==Personal life==
[[File:R. R. Colgate mansion, cousin of Gen. Edwin R. Yale wife.jpg|thumb|240px|R. R. Colgate mansion, [[Sharon, Connecticut]]]]
The Rev. William Parkinson, pastor of the [[First Baptist Church in the City of New York]], baptized the twenty-three year-old Colgate in February 1808, who then became a deacon.<ref name="George Thomas Kurian 2016, p. 613"/> In 1811 he moved to [[Oliver Street Baptist Church]]. In 1838 he became a member of the [[Tabernacle Baptist Church (Manhattan)|Tabernacle Baptist Church]], to the erection of which he had himself largely contributed.

Colgate was a tither to his faith throughout his long and successful business career.

===Family===
Colgate married Mary Gilbert (1788–1855) on April 23, 1810, and they had nine children: Robert (1812–1885), Gilbert (1814–1838), Sarah (1816–1859), [[James Boorman Colgate|James]] (1818–1904), William III (1820–1838), [[Samuel Colgate|Samuel]] (1822–1897), Mary IV (1826–1873), Joseph (1828–1865), and Martha (1831–1837).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbe |first=Truman |url=http://archive.org/details/robertcolgateimm00abbe |title=Robert Colgate, the immigrant; a genealogy of the New York Colgates and some associated lines, compiled by Truman Abbe and Hubert Abbe Howson. |date=1941 |publisher=New Haven, Conn., The Tuttle, Moorehouse & Taylor company, 1941. |others=Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center}}</ref> His son Robert purchased [[Robert Colgate House|Stonehurst]] at Riverdale-on-Hudson in the [[Bronx]] about 1859 shortly after it was built; it was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1983.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a|dateform=mdy}}</ref> Robert's son, Romulus Riggs Colgate, built the Colgate Mansion in [[Sharon, Connecticut]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Pricetag for Colgate Mansion in Sharon |url=https://www.ctinsider.com/news/article/Pricetag-for-Colgate-Mansion-in-Sharon-8-9-16893083.php |website=ctinsider.com}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Colgate annually subscribed money to assist in defraying the expenses of [[Hamilton Literary and Theological Institution]] (later Madison University and Theological Seminary); and he was among the most strenuous opponents of their removal to the city of Rochester.{{why|date=March 2022}} His sons James and Samuel were both benefactors of Madison University and Theological Seminary. After seven decades of the Colgates' involvement, the school was renamed [[Colgate University]] in 1890.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the University {{!}} Origins, People, Campus {{!}} Colgate University |url=https://www.colgate.edu/about/who-we-are/university-history |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.colgate.edu |language=en}}</ref>

Colgate was a regular contributor to the funds of the Baptist Missionary Union, and took upon himself the entire support of a foreign [[missionary]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{PD-old-text|title=The Baptist Encyclopaedia, Volume 1|year=1881|author=William Cathcart, ed.}}

==Archives and records==
* [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HBS.Baker.EAD:bak00468 William Colgate and Company records] at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School.

==External links==
* [http://www.reformedreader.org/colgate.htm The Reformed Reader biography]
* {{Find a Grave|3121}}

{{Colgate-Palmolive}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colgate, William}}
[[Category:1783 births]]
[[Category:1857 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Hollingbourne]]
[[Category:People from Harford County, Maryland]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery]]
[[Category:19th-century English businesspeople]]
[[Category:Colgate-Palmolive]]
[[Category:American company founders]]
[[Category:People from Shoreham, Kent]]
[[Category:19th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Baptists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Colgate family]]

Derby County F.C. in European football

2025-04-11T14:10:58Z

80.46.110.142: /* 1975–76 European Cup */

{{Short description|English club in European football}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{infobox continental football
| continent = Europe
| title = Derby County F.C. in European football
| image = Brian Clough and Peter Taylor Statue Derby.jpg
| caption = Statue of [[Brian Clough]] and [[Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1928)|Peter Taylor]], the management team during Derby's first [[European Cup]] campaign
| club = [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]]
| european cup =
| uefa cup =
| cup winners' cup =
| intertoto cup =
| uefa super cup =
| intercontinental cup =
| club world cup =
| seasons played = 4
| first entry = [[1972–73 European Cup]]
| last entry = [[1976–77 UEFA Cup]]
}}

[[Derby County F.C.|Derby County Football Club]] is an [[England|English]] [[association football|football]] club based in [[Derby]]. The club was founded in 1884 competed in the [[English football league system]] from its conception in 1888. Their first season in Europe came when they entered the [[1972–73 European Cup]] after winning the [[1971–72 in English football#First Division|1971–72 First Division Title]], reaching the semi-final stages, where they lost 3–1 on aggregate to [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] in controversial circumstances. They had qualified for the [[1970–71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup|1970–71 Fairs Cup]] after finishing the [[1969–70 in English football#First Division|1969–70 First Division]] in 4th, but were banned from entering the competition due to financial irregularities. The 1970s saw Derby County's peak in English football and they qualified for Europe in three of the next four seasons, competing in the [[UEFA Cup]] or the [[European Cup]] in each of the three seasons between [[1974–75 in English football|1974–75]] and [[1976–77 in English football|1976–77]].

The club then declined rapidly and has not appeared in the top European competitions since.

Outside of major competition, the club won the [[Texaco Cup]] in [[1971–72 in English football|1971–72]], and also competed in the [[Anglo-Italian Cup]] between [[1992–93 in English football|1992–93]] and [[1994–95 in English football|1994–95]], reaching the final in 1993, losing 3–1 to [[U.S. Cremonese|Cremonese]] at [[Wembley Stadium|Wembley]].

==History==

===1971–72 Texaco Cup===
[[File:Broomfieldparkairdrie.jpg|thumb|right|[[Broomfield Park]], then home to [[Airdrieonians F.C. (1878)|Airdrieonians]] and venue of the away Texaco Cup final leg.]]
Derby entered the [[Texaco Cup]] for one season only: the [[1971–72 in English football|1971–72]] season. ''The Rams''' first opposition were [[Dundee United F.C.|Dundee United]].<ref>{{cite news|title=TEXACO CUP OPENERS|date=14 September 1971|newspaper=The Herald|location=Glasgow|accessdate=27 August 2014|page=4|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kuY9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=iEgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2899%2C2397607}}</ref> Derby kicked off by winning 6–2, with goals from [[Alan Durban]], [[Kevin Hector]], [[Alan Hinton]], [[John O'Hare]], [[John Robson (footballer, born 1950)|John Robson]] and [[Jim Walker (English footballer)|Jim Walker]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lOY9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=iEgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3089%2C2869991|title=UNITED OUTCLASSED BY DERBY|page=6|date=16 September 1971|accessdate=27 August 2014|newspaper=The Herald|location=Glasgow}}</ref> United won the away leg 3–2 however Derby progressed, winning 8–5 on aggregate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oOY9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=iEgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1400%2C5535273|title=CONSOLATION WIN FOR UNITED|page=6|date=30 September 1971|accessdate=27 August 2014|newspaper=The Herald|location=Glasgow}}</ref> Victories against [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]] and [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] followed as Derby reached the final.

Their final opposition were [[Airdrieonians F.C. (1878)|Airdrieonians]], who reached the final by beating English clubs [[Huddersfield Town F.C.|Huddersfield Town]] and [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] then [[Ballymena United F.C.|Ballymena United]] of [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Derby will prove whether Airdrie are out of their league|date=26 January 1972|page=5|accessdate=27 August 2014|newspaper=The Herald|location=Glasgow|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pNE9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IEgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2276%2C4505155|first=Raymond|last=Jacobs}}</ref> The final was a two-legged tie. A Derby defence praised as "efficient" was left unbeaten in the leg at [[Broomfield Park]] as it finished goalless.<ref>{{cite news|title=Airdrieonians fail to penetrate Derby's efficient defence|newspaper=The Herald|location=Glasgow|date=27 January 1972|accessdate=27 August 2014|page=4|first=Raymond|last=Jacobs|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pdE9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IEgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2190%2C4805597}}</ref> The [[East Midlands]] leg, rearranged after the original game was postponed,<ref>{{cite news|title=TEXACO FINAL POSTPONED|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QeU9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=d0gMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1449%2C1574807|date=9 March 1972|newspaper=The Herald|location=Glasgow|accessdate=27 August 2014|page=4}}</ref> was won 2–1 by the home team, with Derby's goals from [[Roger Davies (footballer)|Roger Davies]] and a hotly disputed [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty kick]] scored by Hinton; [[Derek Whiteford]] was the Airdrie goalscorer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Disputed penalty decision robs Airdrie of cup|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VOs9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=bUgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1773%2C5096659|newspaper=The Herald|location=Glasgow|page=9|date=27 April 1972|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Opposition
! Score
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1971–72
|rowspan="4"| [[Texaco Cup]]
| First Round
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Dundee United F.C.|Dundee United]]
| 6–2 (H), 3–2 (A)
|-
| Second Round
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]]
| 3–2 (H), 1–1 (A)
|-
| Semifinals
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]]
| 1–0 (H), 2–3 (A)<ref group="nb">After [[overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]]</ref>
|-
| Final
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Airdrieonians F.C. (1878)|Airdrieonians]]
| 0–0 (A), 2–1 (H)
|}

===1972–73 European Cup===
After claiming the club's first ever League title the previous year, Brian Clough led Derby into their first major European campaign, four years after taking over the club then in the [[Football League Second Division|Second Division]] of English football. Clough led Derby to the semi-finals at the first attempt, recording a famous 3–0 aggregate victory over [[Eusébio]]'s [[S.L. Benfica]], the leading light of European football in the 1960s, and becoming only the second club in European football history (after [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]]) to keep a clean sheet against the club over two legs. Derby eventually lost out 3–1 to [[Juventus F.C|Juventus]], although it was in controversial circumstances, with claims from Clough against the Italian people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,1563,1309176,00.html|title=Brian Clough obituary|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 September 2004}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Opposition
! Score
|-
|rowspan="4"| [[European Cup 1972–73|1972–73]]
|rowspan="4"| [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]]
| First Round
| {{flagicon|YUG}} [[FK Željezničar Sarajevo|Željezničar]]
| 2–0 (H), 2–1 (A)
|-
| Second Round
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]
| 3–0 (H), 0–0 (A)
|-
| Quarter-final
| {{flagicon|TCH}} [[FC Spartak Trnava|Spartak Trnava]]
| 0–1 (A), 2–0 (H)
|-
| Semi-final
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus FC|Juventus]]
| 1–3 (A), 0–0 (H)
|}

===1974–75 UEFA Cup===
[[File:DaveMackay01.JPG|thumb|right|[[Dave Mackay]] ''(2006 image)'', manager during Derby's début [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] season.]]
[[Dave Mackay]] first led Derby into Europe when he took the club to a third-place finish in the [[1973–74 in English football|1973–74]] after taking over from [[Brian Clough]] in October 1973. This was Derby's first entry into the UEFA Cup and the second round draw against [[Athletic Madrid|Atlético Madrid]] marked Derby's first ever involvement in a [[Penalty shootout (association football)|penalty shootout]]; Derby won the shoot-out 7–6.<ref>{{cite web|title=1974/75 UEFA Cup – Matches – Second Round|date=27 August 2012|access-date=13 February 2013|work=[[UEFA]]|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=1974/matches/round=1068/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110101936/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=1974/matches/round=1068/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2011}}</ref> That success put them into the third round, in which County drew [[FK Velež Mostar|Velež]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Soccer draw for UEFA cup|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-ZcuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=o6EFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6030%2C2338401|date=9 November 1974|accessdate=10 May 2015|newspaper=Montreal Gazette|page=19|agency=Reuters}}</ref> After a 3–1 first leg victory at the Baseball Ground, Derby were beaten 4–1 away and eliminated as a result.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3Y9AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7KQMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3098%2C2320576|title=Derby lose in Europe: Leeds lone survivors|page=4|newspaper=The Herald|location=Glasgow|date=12 December 1974|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Opposition
! Score
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[UEFA Cup 1974–75|1974–75]]
|rowspan="3"| [[UEFA Cup]]
| First Round
| {{flagicon| SUI}} [[Servette FC|Servette]]
| 4–1 (H), 2–1 (A)
|-
| Second Round
| {{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Atlético Madrid]]
| 2–2 (H), 2–2 (A)<ref group="nb">Won 7–6 on [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalties]]</ref>
|-
| Third Round
| {{flagicon|YUG}} [[FK Velež Mostar|Velež]]
| 3–1 (H), 1–4 (A)
|}

===1975–76 European Cup===
Derby's second foray into the European Cup came in the [[1975–76 European Cup|1975–76 competition]] under the management of Dave Mackay. Though the run contained arguably the greatest night in the club's history, a 4–1 home victory in the first leg of the second round over [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]], in which [[Charlie George]] grabbed a hat-trick. However, a 5–1 defeat in the return leg at the [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Bernabéu]] saw Derby exit the competition. The gate of 120,000 is the largest to ever watch a Derby County match.

{| class="wikitable"
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Opposition
! Score
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[1975–76 European Cup|1975–76]]
|rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]]
| First Round
| {{flagicon|TCH}} [[ŠK Slovan Bratislava]]
| 0–1 (A), 3–0 (H)
|-
| Second Round
| {{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Real Madrid C.F.]]
| 4–1 (H), 1–5 (A)
|}

===1976–77 UEFA Cup===
Dave Mackay's third foray into Europe as Derby manager proved to be the club's last in major competition. The 12–0 first round victory over [[Finn Harps F.C.|Finn Harps]] stands as the club's record victory in all competitions, whilst the second round defeat at home to [[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]] was the club's first ever European home defeat. It was also one of MacKay's last games in charge of the club as he was sacked later that month, less than 18 months after winning the title.

{| class="wikitable"
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Opposition
! Score
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Cup 1976–77|1976–77]]
|rowspan="2"| [[UEFA Cup]]
| First Round
| {{flagicon| IRE}} [[Finn Harps F.C.|Finn Harps]]
| 12–0 (H), 4–1 (A)
|-
| Second Round
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]]
| 0–2 (A), 2–3 (H)
|}

===1992–93 Anglo-Italian Cup===
The revival of the Anglo-Italian Cup for the 1992–93 campaign saw Derby, under the management of [[Arthur Cox (footballer)|Arthur Cox]], return to European Competition for the first time since 1976 and, thanks to reaching the final, return to Wembley for the first time since the 1975 Charity Shield. It also contributed to Derby's busiest ever season – the 9 matches leading up to the final were alongside a 46 match league campaign and reaching the FA Cup 6th Round (5 matches) and League Cup 3rd Round (4 matches), which resulted in a total of 64 matches, beating the previous club record of 60 from the 1985–86 season. The competition itself was largely unpopular though, with most home matches attracting gates of less than 8,000.

{| class="wikitable"
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Opposition
! Score
|-
|rowspan="8"| 1992–93
|rowspan="8"| [[Anglo-Italian Cup]]
| Preliminary Round
| {{flagicon| ENG}} [[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]]
| 4–2 (H)
|-
| Preliminary Round
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]]
| 2–1(A)
|-
| Group B
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Pisa Calcio]]
| 3–0 (H)
|-
| Group B
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Cosenza Calcio 1914]]
| 3–0 (A)
|-
| Group B
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[U.S. Cremonese]]
| 1–3 (H)
|-
| Group B
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Reggina Calcio]]
| 3–0 (A)
|-
| Semi-final
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]]
| 4–3 (A), 1–2 (H)
|-
| Final
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[U.S. Cremonese]]
| 1–3 ([[Wembley Stadium|N]])
|}

===1993–94 Anglo-Italian Cup===
Derby, now under the management of [[Roy McFarland]] failed to navigate the Preliminary Round of the 1993–94 Anglo Italian Cup, though the competition did feature the only time in history that the [[Derby County F.C.–Nottingham Forest F.C. rivalry|East Midlands derby]] has been held in European competition, with Derby winning 3–2.

{| class="wikitable"
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Opposition
! Score
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1993–94
|rowspan="2"| [[Anglo-Italian Cup]]
| Preliminary Round
| {{flagicon| ENG}} [[Notts County F.C.|Notts County]]
| 2–3 (A)
|-
| Preliminary Round
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]]
| 3–2 (H)
|}

===1994–95 Anglo-Italian Cup===
Derby's most recent European campaign came in the 1994–95 season, the last year of McFarland's management tenure. The club was not part of the 1995–96 competition, which proved to be its last. By this point gates had descended to around 2,000 and the competition was considered more of a distraction than a viable opportunity of European competition for second tier clubs.

{| class="wikitable"
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Opposition
! Score
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1994–95
|rowspan="4"| [[Anglo-Italian Cup]]
| Group B
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Associazione Calcio Ancona|Ancona]]
| 1–2 (A)
|-
| Group B
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Cesena|Cesena]]
| 6–1 (H)
|-
| Group B
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Piacenza Calcio|Piacenza]]
| 1–1 (A)
|-
| Group B
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]]
| 3–1 (H)
|}

=== 2019-20 UEFA Youth League ===
Derby qualified as they were the champions of the 2018-19 U18 Premier League. After winning their first two ties, the club progressed to the knockout stages. They defeated German giants Borussia Dortmund 3-1 in the playoffs but were eliminated from the competition at the Round of 16 stage after losing 4-1 away to Austrian side Salzburg.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Season
!Competition
!Round
!Opposition
!Score
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019-20
| rowspan="4" |[[UEFA Youth League]]
|First Round
|{{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[FC Minsk]]
|2-0 [[FC Minsk Stadium|(A)]], 7-2 (H)
|-
|Second Round
|{{Flagicon|Iceland}} [[Íþróttabandalag Akraness|ÍA]]
|2-1 [[Víkingsvöllur|(A)]], 4-1 [[Pride Park Stadium|(H)]]
|-
|Playoffs
|{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Borussia Dortmund]]
|3-1 [[Pride Park Stadium|(H)]]
|-
|Round of 16
|{{Flagicon|Austria}} [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Salzburg]]
|1-4 [[Untersberg-Arena|(A)]]
|}
 

==Overall record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Competition !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA !! GD
|-
| [[Texaco Cup]]|| 8 || 5 || 2 || 1 || 18 || 9 || +9
|-
| [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]] || 12 || 6 || 2 || 4 || 18 || 12 || +6
|-
| [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]|| 10 || 5 || 2 || 3 || 32 || 18 || +14
|-
| [[Anglo-Italian Cup]]|| 15 || 9 || 1 || 5 || 38 || 24 || +14
|-
| [[UEFA Youth League]]|| 6 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 19 || 9 || +10
|-
! Total || 51 || 30 || 7 || 14 || 125 || 72 ||+53
|}

==Notes==
<references group="nb"/>

==References==

===General===
* {{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/texacohist.html|title=Anglo-Scottish Cup & Texaco Cup|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|first=Tom|last=Lewis|accessdate=27 August 2014|date=20 December 2007}}
*{{cite book |last=Mortimer |first=Gerald |title=Derby County: The Complete Record |publisher=Breedon Books |year=2006 |isbn=1-85983-517-1 }}
*{{cite news |date=22 August 2007 |url=http://www.dcfc.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/History/0,,10270~1026298,00.html |title=FACTS AND FIGURES |publisher=Derby County F.C. |work=dcfc.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com |accessdate=9 September 2007 |archive-date=6 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406110456/http://www.dcfc.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/History/0,,10270~1026298,00.html |url-status=dead }}

===Specific===
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/history/clubs/52917--derby/ European record] at [[UEFA|uefa.com]]

{{Derby County F.C.}}
{{English clubs in European football}}

[[Category:Derby County F.C.|Europe]]
[[Category:English football clubs in international competitions|Derby County]]

Neil Carmichael (English politician)

2025-04-11T13:27:17Z

80.46.110.142:

{{Short description|British politician (born 1951)}}
{{For|the Glasgow Labour MP (1962–1983)|Neil Carmichael, Baron Carmichael of Kelvingrove}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Neil Carmichael
| honorific-suffix =
| image = PostBudget15.jpg
| caption = Carmichael in 2013
| office = Chair of the [[Education Select Committee]]
| predecessor = [[Graham Stuart (politician)|Graham Stuart]]
| successor = [[Robert Halfon]]
| term_start = 18 June 2015
| term_end = 3 May 2017
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Stroud (UK Parliament constituency)|Stroud]]
| parliament1 =
| majority1 =
| term_start1 = 6 May 2010
| term_end1 = 3 May 2017
| predecessor1 = [[David Drew (politician)|David Drew]]
| successor1 = [[David Drew (politician)|David Drew]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1961|4|15}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U251479/|title=Who's Who|website=www.ukwhoswho.com}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Hexham]], [[Northumberland]], England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| birthname =
| nationality = English
| party = [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| otherparty = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] {{small|(until April 2019)}} [[Change UK]] {{small|(April 2019 – September 2019)}} [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] {{small|(joined September 2019)}}
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[University of Nottingham]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| religion =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|www.neilcarmichael.info}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''William Neil Carmichael'''<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=59418 |date=13 May 2010 |page=8742}}</ref> (born 15 April 1961)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ukpolitics.telegraph.co.uk/Stroud/Neil+Carmichael |title=UK Political Database – Neil Carmichael |publisher=[[Telegraph.co.uk]] |accessdate=26 July 2010 |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730061348/http://ukpolitics.telegraph.co.uk/Stroud/Neil+Carmichael |archive-date=30 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> is a British politician who served as the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Stroud (UK Parliament constituency)|Stroud]] from [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]] until [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]]. In April 2019, he announced he had left the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]; he subsequently joined [[Change UK]] for which he was an unsuccessful candidate in the [[East of England (European Parliament constituency)|East of England]] constituency at the [[2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|2019 European Parliament election]]. In September 2019, Carmichael joined the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] but left after one year.{{refnec|date=November 2023}}

==Earlier activities in politics==
Carmichael began his political career after being elected to [[Northumberland County Council]] in 1989, on which he served for four years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/neil-carmichael/35481 |title=Neil Carmichael |access-date=8 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203203456/http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/neil-carmichael/35481 |archive-date=3 December 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[1992 United Kingdom general election|1992 general election]], he was the unsuccessful [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] candidate for the parliamentary seat of [[Leeds East (UK Parliament constituency)|Leeds East]].<ref>[[Leeds East (UK Parliament constituency)|Leeds East]]</ref>

In 1999, Carmichael moved to [[Gloucestershire]] where he was selected to stand for [[Stroud (UK Parliament constituency)|Stroud]] in the [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001 general election]], losing to the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party's]] [[David Drew (politician)|David Drew]]. He contested the seat again in the [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005 general election]], losing again to Drew.<ref name="auto">[[Stroud (UK Parliament constituency)|Stroud]]</ref>

==Parliamentary career==
Carmichael gained Stroud from David Drew in the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]], with a 2% swing to the Conservatives from Labour and a majority of 1,299.<ref name="auto"/> He made his maiden speech on 2 June 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm100602/debtext/100602-0016.htm|title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 02 Jun 2010 (pt 0016)|first=Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons|last=Westminster|website=www.publications.parliament.uk|access-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816064450/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm100602/debtext/100602-0016.htm|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and became a member of the [[Environmental Audit Select Committee|Environmental Audit Committee]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/environmental-audit-committee/membership/|title=Environmental Audit Committee membership at the end of Parliament 2015–17 – News from Parliament|website=UK Parliament|access-date=8 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202221524/http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/environmental-audit-committee/membership/|archive-date=2 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> whose task is to monitor the worthiness of all government department activity from the perspective of cutting carbon emissions.

Carmichael's consistent policy interest is in education; he was a member of the [[Education Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/education-committee/membership/|title=Education Committee membership at the end of Parliament 2015–17 – News from Parliament|website=UK Parliament|access-date=8 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702075629/http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/education-committee/membership/|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> with the duty to scrutinise the [[Department for Education]] and provide oversight on behalf of Parliament, before being elected as its chair in June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2015/june/winning-candidates-for-select-committee-chairs-announced/|date=18 June 2015|accessdate=19 June 2015|title=Winning candidates for select committee Chairs announced|publisher=UK Parliament|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162923/https://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2015/june/winning-candidates-for-select-committee-chairs-announced/|archive-date=2 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier, in 2011, he founded the All Party Group on Education, Governance and Leadership<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmallparty/register/education-governance-and-leadership.htm|title=House of Commons – Register Of All-Party Groups as at 30 March 2015: Education Governance and Leadership|first=The Committee Office, House of|last=Commons|website=www.publications.parliament.uk|access-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421233121/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmallparty/register/education-governance-and-leadership.htm|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> after coauthoring a report seeking to influence the reform of school governing boards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conservativehome.blogs.com/platform/2011/06/neil-carmichael-mp-and-edward-wild-how-to-improve-school-governance.html|title=Neil Carmichael MP and Edward Wild: How to improve school governance|access-date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331054445/http://conservativehome.blogs.com/platform/2011/06/neil-carmichael-mp-and-edward-wild-how-to-improve-school-governance.html|archive-date=31 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> He proposed a bill on the issue under the [[Ten Minute Rule]] in late 2014, but it made no further progress.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Governors (Appointment) Bill 2014-15School Governors (Appointment) Bill 2014–15|url=http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2014-15/schoolgovernorsappointment.html|website=Parliament UK|accessdate=11 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613012532/http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2014-15/schoolgovernorsappointment.html|archive-date=13 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, Carmichael founded the All Party Parliamentary Group on [[Vascular disease]] to raise awareness and encourages further research into vascular disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://appgvascular.org.uk/|title=All Party Parliamentary Group for Vascular Disease :: Home|website=appgvascular.org.uk|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613034927/http://appgvascular.org.uk/|archive-date=13 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> As Chair of the group. he co-authored reports which highlighted the regional differences in amputation rates throughout England and which found there could be over 5,000 unnecessary leg amputations a year
.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diabetic people 'having unnecessary amputations'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/mar/19/diabetes-unnecessary-amputations|accessdate=11 June 2015|publisher=Guardian|date=19 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613015559/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/mar/19/diabetes-unnecessary-amputations|archive-date=13 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://appgvascular.org.uk/media/reports/2014-03-tackling_peripheral_arterial_disease_more_effectively__saving_limbs__saving_lives.pdf|title=Tackling peripheral arterial disease more effectively: Saving limbs, Saving Lives|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613043756/http://appgvascular.org.uk/media/reports/2014-03-tackling_peripheral_arterial_disease_more_effectively__saving_limbs__saving_lives.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://appgvascular.org.uk/media/reports/2012-10-putting_vascular_disease_at_the_centre_of_government_thinking.pdf|title=Putting Vascular Disease at the Centre of Government Thinking|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613054823/http://appgvascular.org.uk/media/reports/2012-10-putting_vascular_disease_at_the_centre_of_government_thinking.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He also served as the Secretary of the Associate Parliamentary Health Group.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.healthinparliament.org.uk/people/neil-carmichael-mp |title=Neil Carmichael MP | APHG | Associate Parliamentary Health Group |access-date=23 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928033336/http://www.healthinparliament.org.uk/people/neil-carmichael-mp |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2013, Carmichael successfully piloted his Bill through Parliament for the UK to fulfil its international environmental obligations in the Antarctic.

Later that year, he voted in favour of [[Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013|Same Sex Marriage]] at every opportunity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/24840/neil_carmichael/stroud/divisions?policy=6686|title=Neil Carmichael, former MP, Stroud|website=TheyWorkForYou}}</ref>

Carmichael was one of the most active participants in parliamentary debates during his time in the House of Commons; the BBC reported in July 2011 that he ranked fourth amongst more than 200 MPs who were first elected in 2010 in the number of debates attended.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14060488 | work=BBC News | title=MPs' Class of 2010: End of term report | date=11 July 2011 | access-date=20 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128032442/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14060488 | archive-date=28 November 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> As of 14 September 2011, he has voted in over 88% of divisions since becoming an MP, far above the average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/mp.php?mpn=Neil_Carmichael&mpc=Stroud&house=commons|title=Voting Record — Neil Carmichael MP, Stroud (24840) — The Public Whip|website=www.publicwhip.org.uk|access-date=23 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104014708/http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/mp.php?mpn=Neil_Carmichael&mpc=Stroud&house=commons|archive-date=4 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Though being an active debater, he has always voted exactly in line with the Conservative whip,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/mp.php?id=uk.org.publicwhip/member/40590&showall=yes#divisions|title=Voting Record — Neil Carmichael MP, Stroud (24840) — The Public Whip|website=www.publicwhip.org.uk|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224515/http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/mp.php?id=uk.org.publicwhip%2Fmember%2F40590&showall=yes#divisions|archive-date=18 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and on just one occasion he has voted in the opposite direction to the majority of voting Conservatives in a motion to bring a bill for a ban on smoking in private vehicles where there are children present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/division.php?date=2011-06-22&number=303&mpn=Neil_Carmichael&mpc=Stroud&house=commons|title=Ban on Smoking in Private Vehicles — 22 Jun 2011 at 12:46 — The Public Whip|website=www.publicwhip.org.uk|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224632/http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/division.php?date=2011-06-22&number=303&mpn=Neil_Carmichael&mpc=Stroud&house=commons|archive-date=18 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Carmichael was re-elected in the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]], with his majority increased to 4,886. However, he lost the seat in the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]] by 687 votes to David Drew, the MP for the seat before 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/E14000980|title=Stroud parliamentary constituency – Election 2017|via=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019011525/https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/E14000980|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Carmichael was opposed to [[Brexit]] prior to the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 European membership referendum]].<ref name="thespectatorwhichtorympsbackbrexit">{{cite news|last1=Goodenough|first1=Tom|title=Which Tory MPs back Brexit, who doesn't and who is still on the fence?|url=http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2016/02/which-tory-mps-back-brexit-who-doesnt-and-who-is-still-on-the-fence/|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=The Spectator|date=16 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203120144/http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2016/02/which-tory-mps-back-brexit-who-doesnt-and-who-is-still-on-the-fence/|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Controversies===
In May 2016, it emerged that Carmichael was one of a number of Conservative MPs being investigated by police in the [[2015 United Kingdom general election party spending investigation]], for allegedly spending more than the legal limit for his constituency in his election campaign.<ref>Jamie Wiseman, '[http://www.stroudnewsandjournal.co.uk/news/14484774.Tory_election_expenses__Neil_Carmichael_could_be_among_MPs_investigated_by_police_for_alleged_election_fraud/ Tory election expenses: Neil Carmichael could be among MPs investigated by police for alleged election fraud] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174710/http://www.stroudnewsandjournal.co.uk/news/14484774.Tory_election_expenses__Neil_Carmichael_could_be_among_MPs_investigated_by_police_for_alleged_election_fraud/ |date=24 April 2017 }}', ''Stroud News & Journal'', 11 May 2016.</ref><ref name="auto1">Rowena Mason and Holly Watt, '[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/mar/16/tory-mps-election-spending-karl-mccartney-william-wragg Two Tory MPs reveal CPS is reviewing their election spending] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316183632/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/mar/16/tory-mps-election-spending-karl-mccartney-william-wragg |date=16 March 2017 }}', ''The Guardian'' (16 March 2017).</ref><ref>Rajeev Syal, '[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/apr/19/theresa-may-backs-mps-investigated-over-2015-election-spending Theresa May backs MPs investigated over 2015 election spending] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103037/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/apr/19/theresa-may-backs-mps-investigated-over-2015-election-spending |date=27 April 2017 }}' (19 April 2017).</ref> As of 16 March 2017, it was clear that the Gloucester police force had passed files to the Crown Prosecution Service for a possible prosecution, but not whether those pertained to Carmichael, to Cheltenham MP [[Alex Chalk]], or to both.<ref name="auto1"/> The CPS have confirmed that no further action will be taken.

In 2010, Carmichael was accused of [[hypocrisy]] over [[wind farm]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/2010/05/04/tory-accused-of-hypocrisy-over-wind-farm-plans-61634-26369751/|title=Tory accused of hypocrisy over wind farm plans|first=David|last=Black|date=4 May 2010|access-date=2 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001031418/http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/2010/05/04/tory-accused-of-hypocrisy-over-wind-farm-plans-61634-26369751/|archive-date=1 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stroudnewsandjournal.co.uk/news/8134867.Carmichael_hits_back_at_wind_turbine__hypocrite__accusations/|title=Carmichael hits back at wind turbine 'hypocrite' accusations|website=Stroud News and Journal|access-date=2 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324151921/http://www.stroudnewsandjournal.co.uk/news/8134867.Carmichael_hits_back_at_wind_turbine__hypocrite__accusations/|archive-date=24 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> by locals in Northumberland unhappy over his support for a wind farm development on land that he owns at Bavington Hill Head Farm in Northumberland, while as a Conservative candidate describing a single turbine proposed at Nympsfield as a “monstrosity”, and pledging to work to protect Gloucestershire's rural landscapes from “excessive” developments. Carmichael's argument is that many proposed schemes in Gloucestershire border on, or are in, the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty whereas the proposed scheme in Northumberland has no such concerns.

Carmichael was criticised by [[CAMRA]] for voting with the Government against an amendment to allow licensees to choose a non-tied pub lease after reportedly promising them that he would support the amendment in a photoshoot the day before.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stroudlife.co.uk/MP-branded-treacherous-scumbag-pub-vote-U-turn/story-24668993-detail/story.html |title=MP branded 'treacherous scumbag' over pub vote U-turn - but he said he voted to protect pubs | Stroud Life |access-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218190410/http://www.stroudlife.co.uk/MP-branded-treacherous-scumbag-pub-vote-U-turn/story-24668993-detail/story.html |archive-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Carmichael has publicly opposed [[grammar school]]s and selective education, yet was accused of hypocrisy after it was revealed that he sent his children to selective grammar schools.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/14/tory-mp-opposed-selective-education-admits-sending-children/|title=Tory MP opposed to selective education admits sending his children to grammar schools|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=14 February 2017|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902123421/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/14/tory-mp-opposed-selective-education-admits-sending-children/|archive-date=2 September 2017|url-status=live|last1=Swinford|first1=Steven}}</ref>

Carmichael has expressed scepticism regarding the importance of religion. On ''[[Newsnight]]'' on 30 August 2017, he said that the UK is now 'a secular liberal nation' and that religion, along with race, should not be a significant factor in determining the choice of foster parents.

== 2017 to present ==
Following the 2017 general election, Carmichael has pursued a number of initiatives in education policy. Carmichael runs a consultancy Dunshiel Education, bringing together senior education policy experts to provide strategic advice on emerging public policy. He was appointed honorary professor of Politics and Education at Nottingham University in December 2017 and regularly lectures on Brexit and education issues. Carmichael also chairs the Commission on Sustainable Learning for Work, Life and a Changing Economy supported by Pearson Education.

In early 2018, Carmichael became President of the Conservatives for a People's Vote, #C4PV campaign.

During 2019, Carmichael became chair of the Association of Dental Groups (www.theadg.co.uk) and Chief Executive Officer of UCEC (www.ucec-education.com).

In April 2019, Carmichael announced that he had left the Conservative Party to register with The Independent Group, later also known as [[Change UK]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carmichael |first1=Neil |title=I'm a former Tory MP and I'm registering with the Independent Group. Here's why |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/conservative-mp-independent-group-brexit-windrush-scandal-education-a8868336.html |website=The Independent |date=13 April 2019 |accessdate=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413153138/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/conservative-mp-independent-group-brexit-windrush-scandal-education-a8868336.html |archive-date=13 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|2019 European Parliament election]], he was second on the party's list of candidates in the [[East of England (European Parliament constituency)|East of England]] constituency. They received 3.65% of the vote in the constituency and none of their candidates were elected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/voting-and-elections/view-election-results/european-election-results/european-election-results-2019/|title=European election results 2019|website=Chelmsford City Council|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619171027/https://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/voting-and-elections/view-election-results/european-election-results/european-election-results-2019/|archive-date=19 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2019, Carmichael joined the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/the-end-of-the-liberal-tory-conservative-party-boris-johnson-rory-stewart|title=The end of the liberal Tory|last=Hinsliff|first=Gaby|date=4 October 2019|work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007111812/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/the-end-of-the-liberal-tory-conservative-party-boris-johnson-rory-stewart|archive-date=7 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{UK MP links | parliament = neil-carmichael/4104 | publicwhip = Neil_Carmichael | theywork = neil_carmichael/stroud }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef | before = [[David Drew (politician)|David Drew]] }}
{{ s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Stroud (UK Parliament constituency)|Stroud]]
| years = [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]] – [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]]
}}
{{s-aft | after = [[David Drew (politician)|David Drew]] }}
{{s-end}}
{{Chairs of the Education Select Committee}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carmichael, Neil}}
[[Category: People educated at St Peter's School, York]]

[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2015–2017]]
[[Category:Change UK politicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Nottingham]]
[[Category:Members of Northumberland County Council]]

ILP Contingent

2025-04-11T11:27:01Z

80.46.110.142: /* Suppression of POUM */

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{anti-fascism sidebar|}}
The British [[Independent Labour Party]] sent a small contingent to fight in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. The contingent fought alongside the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification ([[POUM]]) and included [[George Orwell]], who subsequently wrote about his experiences in his personal account ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]''.

==Contingent membership==
The main body of the ILP contingent consisting of about 25 men departed from England on 1 January 1937, under the leadership of [[Robert Edwards (politician)|Bob Edwards]], later a [[Member of Parliament]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].

The ILP had begun organising volunteers in November 1936 following the return to Britain of Bob Edwards from delivering an ambulance sent by the ILP for the POUM militia. Though there had been five times the number of volunteers, the ILP would only accept unmarried men for its contingent and 25 men left Britain on 8 January as the vanguard of a larger force to be sent later. However, the day after the contingent left, the British government announced that it would prosecute anyone going to fight in Spain and the ILP did not try to recruit any more volunteers.<ref name="fundanin">[http://www.fundanin.org/durgan1.htm Durgan, Andy “International Volunteers in the POUM Militias”] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108182707/http://www.fundanin.org/durgan1.htm |date=2009-01-08 }}</ref>

On arriving in [[Barcelona]], they had two weeks of very basic training, and were joined by Bob Smillie, grandson of the well-known Scottish socialist and [[Robert Smillie|miners' leader of the same name]]. Smillie had been in Barcelona working with [[John McNair (UK politician)|John McNair]] as the representative [[International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations|Youth section]] of the [[International Bureau for Revolutionary Socialist Unity]]. However, he became convinced that he would be of most service at the front and persuaded McNair to let him sign up when the ILP contingent came over.<ref name="fundanin"/> He later died in Valencia.

The ILP contingent was attached to the POUM’s English-speaking contingent, as part of the centuria commanded by [[Georges Kopp]]. Once at the front, the initial group of twenty-five was sent to the front at Monte Oscuro, within sight of [[Zaragoza]], some 12 miles to the south west, where they joined by a number of others who had arrived at the front a few weeks earlier, including Eric Blair, not yet using his pen name [[George Orwell]]; an Australian, Harvey Buttonshaw; US [[Revolutionary Workers League (Oehlerite)|Revolutionary Workers League]] member [[Wolf Kupinski]]; and Bob Williams, a [[Wales|Welshman]] married to a [[Spain|Spanish]] woman who joined up with his brother-in-law, Ramon. With these, and other, additions the ILP contingent numbered somewhere between thirty and thirty-five. They left the front, with the POUM militia, in mid-February 1937 to take part in the [[siege]] of [[Huesca]], some 50 miles away.

Eric Blair's background, prep school and [[Eton College|Eton]] and his experience in [[Burma]] as police officer, are well known. The backgrounds of the other members of the contingent were diverse. Members were recorded as coming from [[South Africa]] (Buck Parker<ref name="cejl">''The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 - An Age Like This 1945-1950'' p.298 (Penguin)</ref>), the [[United States]] (Harry Milton,<ref name="cejl"/> [[Wales]], [[Belfast]] (Paddy O'Hara), [[Chorley]], [[Larkhall]], [[Glasgow]] (Charles Doran), [[Anglesey]], [[Manchester]], [[Bristol]] (Tom Coles), [[Dartford]], [[Bingley]], [[Twickenham]] and [[Golders Green]]. Four had fought in the [[World War I|First World War]]: Martin, who had gone to Spain driving the ambulance with Edwards and who, because of his experience in artillery, had stayed on; Doran; Harry Thomas of London and Arthur Chambers, who died in 1938 after transferring to a [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] unit. Few others, apart from Harry Webb, the stretcher-bearer and O'Hara, who had some training in first aid, had either military or medical experience.

==War experiences==
Arriving at the Lenin Barracks in [[Barcelona]], where they were initially stationed, on 10 January, a discussion circle was formed. Whilst the discussion group centred on political issues the group was not solely concerned with such topics. A social secretary was also appointed to 'arrange concerts and entertainments' and a sports secretary was elected with a hasty football match organised between the ILPers and a team of Spanish militia-men.

The training received at the Barracks was notoriously short and at the end of January the ILP contingent, as the British section of the POUM militia, began their journey, stopping off at [[Lleida|Lerida]], where they were visited by the ILP's representative in Spain, John McNair, before leaving for the area surrounding [[Huesca]] on the Aragon Front on 2 February. At the front, the contingent took over three advanced posts, about 100 yards distant from the others, joined by [[trench warfare|communication trenches]]. The outposts, on the slope of the hills looking west, were about two hundred yards from the nearest Nationalist lines on the opposite slopes looking east.

Bob Edwards, reporting in the ''[[Labour Leader|New Leader]]'', the ILP's weekly paper, was keen to stress the most 'exciting' aspects of the unit's work. He wrote about scouting within hearing distance along the Nationalist lines with Blair, of holding their position and dealing with the desertion of Nationalists. The main descriptions of fighting against the Nationalists which appears both in ''Homage to Catalonia'' and in the ''New Leader'', concerned a night attack in which some of the contingent took part resulting in injuries to Reg Hiddlestone, Paddy Thomas and Douglas Thompson. Injuries were also sustained at other times, Blair himself was famously shot through the throat by a sniper.<ref name="jnewsinger"/> However, the reality of the contingent's activity was more mundane. It largely consisted of building roads from their dug-out to the nearest Spanish position and creating a dug-out for community purposes where they could meet to talk and receive instructions. In terms of military combat the contingent saw relatively little action.

As Orwell later put it:<ref>{{cite book|author=George Orwell|chapter=Homage to Catalonia|title=Orwell in Spain|page=64|isbn=978-0-14-118516-3|year=2001|publisher=Penguin UK |origyear=Originally published 1938}}</ref>
:''Meanwhile nothing happened, nothing ever happened. The English had got into the habit of saying that this wasn't a war it was a bloody pantomime.''

==Suppression of POUM==
Although the ILP contingent did not play a major part in the military side of the Spanish Civil War it was famously and controversially involved in the events surrounding the battles between rival [[Second Spanish Republic|Republican]] groups in Barcelona, known as the [[Barcelona May Days]].

The ILP contingent, although on leave in Barcelona, were split into groups during this fighting and none of the ILP contingent were drawn into the fighting in any extended way. However, the significance of Barcelona for the ILP lay not so much in the events themselves as in the reaction to the situation. Immediately after the events the Communist press began to attack POUM, claiming they were solely responsible for the fighting and were in league with the fascists in doing so. These accusations were quickly published in the ''[[Daily Worker (UK)|Daily Worker]]'', appearing in the 11 May issue. The ''New Leader'' of 21 May carried extensive comment on the 'Counter-Revolution in Spain'. ILP General Secretary [[Fenner Brockway]] argued that the Communists were on the wrong side of the barricades and were now 'committed to the defence of property', suggesting that the Communist Parties not only in Spain, but everywhere, had ceased to be revolutionary parties. The Communist Party responded by accusing the ILP of 'taking part in the fascist rising'.

On 16 June, the POUM was made illegal, accused of collaborating with the enemy. Its leaders were arrested and [[Andreu Nin]] murdered. ILP leader John McNair arrived in Barcelona on 18 June with money and documents to organise the evacuation of the ILP contingent and was promptly arrested as a "POUM agent" but was released when he had proven his identity. He then went into hiding with Orwell and Cottman and managed to leave the country. Most of the rest of the contingent returned to Britain over the next six months.<ref name="fundanin"/>

Meanwhile, in Britain, the Communist Party press had been accusing both the ILP and POUM of being agents of fascism. The press published two interviews with former contingent member Frank Frankford claiming he had witnessed fraternisation at the front with the enemy, that Kopp was receiving his orders from Huesca and that the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist faction]] even supplied the POUM with arms.<ref name="fundanin"/>

The situation for the members of the ILP contingent in Spain was made extremely uncomfortable by the attacks on POUM and it became more so as the Communists banned the ILP's Spanish 'brother party'. The ILP made considerable efforts to get its members home safely and several of the ILP contingent made furtive returns home escaping police arrest. For example, Cottmann, McNair, Blair and his wife Eileen O'Shaughnessy, who had been working for McNair at the ILP office, made an escape across the border by train posing as wealthy English businessmen.<ref name="jnewsinger">[http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj62/newsinger.htm Newsinger, John "Orwell and the Spanish Revolution" ''International Socialism Journal'' Issue 62 Spring 1994] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017022834/http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj62/newsinger.htm |date=17 October 2018 }} The author states that evidence discovered at the National Historical Archives in Madrid in 1989 of a security police report to the Tribunal for Espionage and High Treason described 'Eric Blair and his wife Eileen Blair, as "known Trotskyists" and as "linking agents of the ILP and the POUM". Newsinger goes on to state that given Orwell's precarious health, "there can be little doubt that if he had been arrested he would have died in prison."</ref>

Of those closely associated with the ILP contingent, the arrest of Kopp, the unit commander, and Milton, one of the [[United States|American]] members of the contingent,<ref>[http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3475881.html "Harry Milton - The Man Who Saved Orwell"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224001114/http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3475881.html |date=2009-02-24 }} The Hoover Institution. Retrieved on 2008-12-23</ref> were of particular concern. However, both were eventually released. Milton did not spend long in jail, as McNair ensured his release. Kopp on the other hand, despite attempted intervention on his behalf by the ILP, remained in prison for a further eighteen months. However, most attention both at the time and since, has focused on the case of Bob Smillie who died in jail in [[Valencia (city in Spain)|Valencia]], officially of appendicitis, on 13 June.<ref name="fundanin"/> Smillie's death has been surrounded in mystery, and has been the subject of much speculation, focussing on accusations that he was "done to death" by the Communists. Although the issue remains controversial, recent scholarship tends to concur with the contemporary findings of the official ILP report into the investigation, conducted by David Murray of Motherwell ILP, found that the authorities were guilty of carelessness rather than violence or direct malice. Orwell had this to say on the matter, in Chapter 14 of ''Homage to Catalonia'':

{{blockquote|text=Of course I assumed at once that Smillie had been shot. It was what everyone believed at the time, but I have since thought that I may have been wrong. [. . .] I must say this, however. Bob Smillie was only twenty-two years old and physically he was one of the toughest people I have met. He was, I think, the only person I knew, English or Spanish, who went three months in the trenches without a day's illness. People so tough as that do not usually die of appendicitis if they are properly looked after. But when you saw what the Spanish jails were like--the makeshift jails used for political prisoners--you realized how much chance there was of a sick man getting proper attention. The jails were places that could only be described as dungeons. In England you would have to go back to the eighteenth century to find anything comparable. [. . .] Smillie's death is not a thing I can easily forgive. Here was this brave and gifted boy, who had thrown up his career at Glasgow University in order to come and fight against Fascism, and who, as I saw for myself, had done his job at the front with faultless courage and willingness; and all they could find to do with him was to fling him into jail and let him die like a neglected animal. I know that in the middle of a huge and bloody war it is no use making too much fuss over an individual death. One aeroplane bomb in a crowded street causes more suffering than quite a lot of political persecution. But what angers one about a death like this is its utter pointlessness. To be killed in battle--yes, that is what one expects; but to be flung into jail, not even for any
imaginary offence, but simply owing to dull blind spite, and then left to die in solitude--that is a different matter. I fail to see how this kind of thing--and it is not as though Smillie's case were exceptional--brought victory any nearer.}}

Smillie, the first foreigner associated with the POUM to become a mortal victim of the [[Stalinism|Stalinist repression]], had been detained at the French border accused of "carrying arms" - a dud hand-bomb was found among the various souvenirs he had with him.<ref name="fundanin"/>

By November 1937, there were claimed to be 15,000 anti-fascist prisoners in the Republic’s jails, about 1,000 of them from the POUM. The [[Right Opposition]] and other marxist groupings organised an international campaign in solidarity with the POUM prisoners which probably saved their leaders from a similar fate to Nin’s. The IBRSU also sent several delegations to Spain to visit the party’s prisoners and try to secure their release, the first headed by its General Secretary, [[Fenner Brockway]]. In August, another delegation arrived including the ILP MP [[James Maxton]]. A third delegation went in November headed by another ILP MP, [[John McGovern (politician)|John McGovern]].<ref name="fundanin"/>

Despite the suppression of POUM, not all of the ILP contingent returned home immediately. Arthur Chambers, Bob Williams and Reg Hiddlestone all stayed on to fight in Spain. Williams returned home in December 1938 after being injured three times, Hiddlestone was the final member of the contingent left in Spain, returning home in February 1939, leaving Barcelona only hours before Barcelona fell. Chambers was the only member of the ILP contingent to be killed in combat in Spain when he was shot by a sniper in August 1938 after transferring to a [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] (CNT) unit.<ref name="fundanin"/>

== ILP Contingent ==

*Agnew, John
*Avory, Lewis Ernest<ref name=njo>Hall, Christopher, 'Not Just Orwell': The Independent Labour Party Volunteers and the Spanish Civil War, Warren and Pell, 2009</ref>
*Bennett, William<ref name=njo />
*Blair, Eric (George Orwell), corporal; wounded by sniper 20.5.37
*Braithwaite (Branthwaite), John
*Buttonshaw, Harvey
*Castle, Les<ref name=njo />
*Chambers, Bill, corporal, killed after transferring to another unit 8/37
*Clarke, William<ref name=njo />
*Clinton, Arthur, wounded in shoulder during shelling 3/37
*Coles, Tom
*Connor, Jock<ref name=njo />
*Cottman, Stafford
*Donovan, (Paddy) John, sergeant
*Doran, Charles
*Edwards, Bob, driver of ILP ambulance 9/36; Poum captain - returned to Britain in March 1937 for ILP conference, but because of British anti-volunteer policy he couldn’t return to Spain,
*Evans<ref name=njo />
*Farrell, James<ref name=njo />
*Frankford, Frank
*Gross, George
*Hiddlestone, Reg, wounded in night attack 4/37
*Hunter, Philip, leg injury 4/37
*Jones, Uriah, served until early 1938; after the disbanding of the Poum militia joined Psuc unit
*Julius<ref name=njo />
*Justessen, Charles<ref name=njo />
*Kupinsky/i, Wolf, ("Harry Milton"), In Barcelona's Modelo prison 13.8.37. - released after pressure from US consulate
*Levin, Louis<ref name=njo />
*McDonald, Robert<ref name=njo />
*Mcneil, Hugh
*Martin, W. B. - drove ambulance from Britain to Aragon in September 1936. Had been an artillery man in the first world war and was put in charge of artillery section of 60 men
*Moyle, Douglas
*O’Hara, Patrick, first aid
*Parker, Thomas "Buck", corporal, wounded during advance 4/37
*Ramon<ref name=njo />
*Ritchie, John
*Smillie, Bob died in prison
*Smith James J<ref name=njo />
*Stearns, Douglas Clark<ref name=njo />
*"Tanky" (James Arthur Cope)<ref name=njo />
*Thomas, Harry, Welshman wounded in night attack 4/37
*Thomas, Parry<ref name=njo />
*Thompson, Douglas, wounded in night attack 4/37
*Webb, Harry
*Williams, Bob
*Wilton, Mike
*Wingate, Sybil, joined ILP contingent (she was already in Barcelona) as nurse.

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

*[[Fenner Brockway]], ''Inside the Left'', 1942
*Buchanan, Tom "The Death of Bob Smillie, the Spanish Civil War and the Eclipse of the Independent Labour Party", ''The Historical Journal'', 1997
*Buchanan, Tom 'The Death of Bob Smillie: a reply', ''The Historical Journal'', 2000
*Cohen, Gidon ''The Failure of a Dream; The Independent Labour Party from disaffiliation to World War II'', 2007
*[[Bernard Crick]], ''George Orwell: A Life'', 1980
*Hall, Christopher 'Not Just Orwell':The Independent Labour party Volunteers and the Spanish Civil War, Warren and Pell, Barcelona, 2009
*Newsinger, John "The Death of Bob Smillie", ''The Historical Journal'', 1998
*[[George Orwell]], ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]''
*Thwaits, Peter "The Independent Labour Party Contingent in the Spanish Civil War", ''Imperial War Museum Review'', 1987

==External links==
*[http://contentdm.warwick.ac.uk/cdm/search/collection/scw/searchterm/spanish%20revolution!ILP!independent%20labour/field/all!all!all/mode/exact!all!exact/conn/and!or!and/order/ref Documents on the contingent from "Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War through the eyes of organised labour"], a digitised collection of more than 13,000 pages of documents from the archives of the British [[Trades Union Congress]] held in the [[Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick]]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Foreign volunteers in the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)]]
[[Category:Independent Labour Party]]
[[Category:Anti-fascism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Anti-fascist organisations in Spain]]
[[Category:Anti-fascist organisations in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Anti-fascist organizations]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)]]
[[Category:POUM]]

Pietro Ingrao

2025-04-09T23:32:52Z

80.46.110.142: /* Biography */

{{short description|Italian politician and journalist (1915–2015)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pietro Ingrao
| image = PietroIngrao.jpg
| order = [[List of Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]
| term_start = 5 July 1976
| term_end = 19 June 1979
| predecessor = [[Sandro Pertini]]
| successor = [[Nilde Iotti]]
| order2 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| term_start2 = 27 September 1950
| term_end2 = 22 April 1992
| constituency2 = [[Rome]] (1950–1963; 1976–1983) [[Perugia]] (1963–1972; 1983–1992) [[Bologna]] (1972–1976)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1915|3|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lenola, Lazio|Lenola]], Italy
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|9|27|1915|3|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rome]], Italy
| nationality = Italian
| alma_mater = [[Sapienza University of Rome]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| children = 5 ([[Chiara Ingrao|Chiara]], Renata, Bruna, Celeste, Guido)
| spouse = Laura Lombardo Radice
| party = [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]] (until 1991) [[Democratic Party of the Left|PDS]] (1991–1993) [[Communist Refoundation Party|PRC]] (2005–2009) [[Left Ecology Freedom|SEL]] (2009–2015)
}}

'''Pietro Ingrao''' (30 March 1915 – 27 September 2015) was an Italian politician and journalist who participated in the [[Italian resistance movement]].
For many years, he was a senior figure in the [[Italian Communist Party]] (PCI).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2004/i/sezioni/spettacoli_e_cultura/libri42/ingrao/ingrao.html|title=Pietro Ingrao "I miei errori"|last=Ajello|first=At|date=September 14, 2004|work=[[La Repubblica]]|language=Italian|accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/09/pietro-ingrao|title=Pietro Ingrao obituary|author=Donald Sassoon|work=the Guardian|date=9 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Ingrao was born at [[Lenola, Lazio]], in the [[province of Latina]]. As a student, he was a member of GUF (Gruppo Universitario Fascista) and won a "Littoriale" for culture and art. Ingrao joined the PCI in 1940 and took part in the [[anti-fascist]] resistance during [[World War II]]. After the war, he was an important representative of the left-wing, more explicitly [[Marxist–Leninist]] tendency in the party. This led him to frequently express his political differences with [[Giorgio Amendola]], leader of the tendency that was more orientated towards [[social democracy]].

Ingrao was a member of the [[Italian Parliament]] continuously from 1950 to 1992. From 1947 to 1957, he was editor-in-chief of the party newspaper ''[[L'Unità]]''. The tensions between Ingrao's and Amendola's vision became sharper throughout the first half of the 1960s. According to [[Lucio Magri]], Ingrao was portrayed by his detractors as a utopian dreamer who refused any temporary compromise with the center-left, but incorrectly so. In fact, Ingrao acknowledged the value of reforms on the "road to socialism", but he found the vision of Amendola and [[Luigi Longo|Longo]] to be devoid of a long-term strategic plan. Magri adds that Ingrao's dissent was important "because it meant that a 'non-dogmatic, non-[[Stalinism|Stalinist]]' Left was present for the first time within a Communist party".<ref>{{cite book |last=Magri |first=Lucio |date=2018 |title=The Tailor of Ulm: A History of Communism |location=London |publisher=Verso |pages=176–178 |isbn=9781786635549}}</ref>

During the Eleventh Party Congress (1966), Ingrao openly criticized Longo's refusal to allow public debate, which made him popular with a part of the participants. However, it also led to the party leadership demonizing him as a [[Political faction|factionalist]]; Ingrao later recalled that the leading cadres retained a cold posture in their seats and declined to shake his hand afterwards.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ingrao |first=Pietro |date=1990 |title=Interventi sul campo |location=Naples |publisher=CUEN |page=143}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Magri |first=Lucio |date=2018 |title=The Tailor of Ulm: A History of Communism |location=London |publisher=Verso |pages=181–182 |isbn=9781786635549}}</ref> [[Mario Alicata]] denounced Ingrao's statements as harmful to party unity.<ref>{{cite book |author= |date=1966 |title=XI Congresso del PCI. Atti e risoluzioni |location=Rome |publisher=Editori Riuniti |page=466}}</ref> Magri clarifies that Ingrao's aim was not to challenge [[democratic centralism]] (Ingrao himself later voted for the expulsion of the faction around ''[[il manifesto]]''<ref>Pietro Ingrao, [https://ilmanifesto.it/la-questione-del-manifesto-comitato-centrale-del-pci-1969 ''La questione del Manifesto''], discorso pronunciato presso il Comitato Centrale del PCI il 15 ottobre 1969, ''[[Il Manifesto]]'', 31 marzo 2015.</ref>), but to return to democratic centralism as it was originally conceived by [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]. This vision entailed a more transparent process of argument and a party democracy that was not limited only to occasional congresses.<ref>{{cite book |last=Magri |first=Lucio |date=2018 |title=The Tailor of Ulm: A History of Communism |location=London |publisher=Verso |page=186 |isbn=9781786635549}}</ref>

Ingrao was the first Communist to become president of the [[Italian Chamber of Deputies]], a position he held from 1976 to 1979. After PCI's then-secretary [[Achille Occhetto]], in what was called the ''Svolta della Bolognina'', decided to change the party's name, Ingrao became his main internal opponent.<ref>{{cite book|first=Luca|last=Telese|title=Qualcuno era comunista|year=2009|publisher=Sperling & Kupfer}}</ref> In the PCI's 20th Congress of 1991, he joined the [[reformist]] majority in its successor, the [[Democratic Party of the Left]] (PDS), but soon left the group. After the [[2004 European Parliament election in Italy]], he abandoned the PDS and adhered as an independent to the more hardline successor to the old PCI, the [[Communist Refoundation Party]].

Ingrao wrote a number of poems and political essays. His most important work is ''Appuntamenti di fine secolo'' ("Rendez-Vous at the End of the Century"), which was published in 1995 in collaboration with [[Rossana Rossanda]]. He was an atheist.<ref>{{cite web|last=Quinzio|first=Sergio|title=Ingrao convertito. anzi no|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1992/agosto/23/Ingrao_convertito_anzi_no_co_0_92082313851.shtml|publisher=Il Corriere della Sera|accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref> He married {{ill|Laura Lombardo Radice|it}}, who died in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muore Laura Lombardo Radice, partigiana e moglie di Ingrao |url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/rubriche/accadde_oggi/accadde_oggi_23_marzo_2003-1623197.html |accessdate=13 May 2020 |work=Il Messaggero |date=23 March 2003 |language=it}}</ref> Ingrao died on 27 September 2015, at the age of 100.<ref>[http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2015/09/27/news/morto_pietro_ingrao-123799642/?ref=HREA-1 ''Addio a Pietro Ingrao, morto a Roma lo storico dirigente del Pci''], ''[[La Repubblica]]'', 27 September 2015.</ref>

== Electoral history ==
{|class=wikitable style="width:65%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
|-
! width=10%|Election
! width=20%|House
! width=40%|Constituency
! width=5% colspan="2"|Party
! width=9%|Votes
! width=22%|Result
|-
! [[1948 Italian general election|1948]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone|Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 26,801
| {{cross|15}} '''Not elected'''
|-
! [[1953 Italian general election|1953]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone|Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 20,457
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1958 Italian general election|1958]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone|Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 33,820
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1963 Italian general election|1963]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Perugia–Terni–Rieti|Perugia–Terni–Rieti]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 48,423
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1968 Italian general election|1968]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Perugia–Terni–Rieti|Perugia–Terni–Rieti]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 42,441
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1972 Italian general election|1972]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Bologna–Ferrara–Ravenna–Forlì|Bologna–Ferrara–Ravenna–Forlì]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 48,718
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1976 Italian general election|1976]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone|Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 62,623
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1979 Italian general election|1979]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone|Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 53,369
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1983 Italian general election|1983]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Perugia–Terni–Rieti|Perugia–Terni–Rieti]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 57,148
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1987 Italian general election|1987]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Perugia–Terni–Rieti|Perugia–Terni–Rieti]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Communist Party}}" |
| [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]]
| 57,220
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|first=Antonio |last=Galdo|title=Pietro Ingrao. Il compagno disarmato|location=Milan|publisher=Sperling & Kupfer |year=2004|isbn=88-200-3732-7}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|title=[[Italian Chamber of Deputies|President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies]]|before=[[Alessandro Pertini]]|after=[[Nilde Iotti]]|years=1976–1979}}
{{s-end}}

{{President of Italian Chamber of Deputies}}
{{Communist Refoundation Party Elected Representatives}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ingrao, Pietro}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Latina]]
[[Category:Italian atheists]]
[[Category:Italian Communist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Democratic Party of the Left politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Refoundation Party politicians]]
[[Category:Left Ecology Freedom politicians]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature I of Italy]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature II of Italy]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature III of Italy]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature IV of Italy]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature V of Italy]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature VI of Italy]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature VII of Italy]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature VIII of Italy]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature IX of Italy]]
[[Category:Deputies of Legislature X of Italy]]
[[Category:Politicians of Lazio]]
[[Category:Italian journalists]]
[[Category:Italian male journalists]]
[[Category:Italian resistance movement members]]
[[Category:Italian men centenarians]]
[[Category:L'Unità editors]]

A. S. Neill

2025-04-08T22:55:39Z

80.46.110.142: /* Reception and legacy */

{{Short description|Scottish progressive school founder (1883–1973)}}
{{redirect|Alexander Neill|other uses|Alex Neil (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox person
|name = A. S. Neill
|image = Neill birthday.jpg
|caption =
|birth_name = Alexander Sutherland Neill
|birth_date = 17 October 1883
|birth_place = [[Forfar]], Scotland
|death_date = {{death date and age|1973|9|23|1883|10|17|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Aldeburgh]], [[Suffolk]], England
|education =
|occupation = Educator, author
|spouse = Ada Lillian Lindesay Neustätter [[Ena May Neill]]
|known_for = Founding [[Summerhill School]], advocacy of personal freedom for children, progressive education
|parents =
|children =
}}
'''Alexander Sutherland Neill''' (17 October 1883 – 23 September 1973) was a Scottish educator and author known for his school, [[Summerhill School|Summerhill]], and its philosophy of freedom from adult coercion and community self-governance. Raised in Scotland, Neill taught at several schools before attending the [[University of Edinburgh]] in 1908–1912. He took two jobs in journalism before [[World War I]], and taught at [[Gretna Green]] Village School in the second year of the war, writing his first book, ''[[A Dominie's Log]]'' (1915), as a diary of his life there as head teacher. He joined a [[Dresden]] school in 1921 and founded Summerhill on returning to England in 1924. Summerhill gained renown in the 1930s and then in the 1960s–1970s, due to progressive and counter-culture interest. Neill wrote 20 books. His top seller was the 1960 ''[[Summerhill (book)|Summerhill]]'', read widely in the [[free school movement]] from the 1960s.

==Early life and career==
Alexander Sutherland Neill was born in [[Forfar]],{{sfn|Bailey|2013|p=10}} Scotland, on 17 October 1883{{sfn |Croall |1983b |p=8}} to George Neill and Mary (''née'' Sutherland Sinclair).{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=5}} He was their fourth son; one of the eight surviving children out of 13. He was raised in an austere, [[Calvinist]] house with values of fear, guilt, and adult and divine authority, which he later repudiated.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=115}} As a child, he was obedient, quiet, and uninterested in school.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=5}} His father was the village [[dominie]] (Scottish schoolmaster) of [[Kingsmuir]], near Forfar in eastern Scotland, and his mother had been a teacher before her marriage. The village dominie held a position of prestige, hierarchically beneath that of upper classes, doctors, and clergymen.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=5}} As typical of Scottish methods at the time, the dominie controlled overcrowded classrooms with his [[tawse]], as corporal punishment. Neill feared his father, though he later claimed his father's imagination as a role model for good teaching. Scholars have interpreted Neill's harsh childhood as the impetus for his later philosophy, though his father was not shown to be harsher to Allie (as Neill was known{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=5}}) than to anyone else.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=6–7}} Neill's mother insisted on high standards for her family, and demanded comportment to set the family apart from the townspeople.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=8}}

Children usually left the local school for Forfar Academy at the age of 14, and with his father a teacher, Neill was especially expected to do so. Instead of wasting time and money,{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=9}} Neill went to work as a junior clerk in an [[Edinburgh]] gas meter factory. His parents took pity on his hatred of the job, homesickness, and its low pay, and so Neill became an apprentice draper in Forfar. He found the work stultifying and came home after a foot inflammation. Neill tried to take an examination that would raise his pay grade, but could not bring himself to study. Now 15, his parents decided to make him his father's assistant "pupil teacher".{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=10}} The children liked Neill, though he received poor marks from a school inspector. He taught a wider range of topics as his self-confidence grew, and he developed an interest in mathematics from the Forfar Academy maths master. After four years, he tried for teacher training college, but came nearly last in his class. He continued as a pupil teacher in [[Bonnyrigg]] and [[Kingskettle]], where he found the teachers' instruction militant and loathsome.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=11}} He stayed in Kingskettle for three years, during which he learned Greek from a local priest, an experience that increased his interest in academicism and sublimated his interest in priesthood into a desire to attend university. After studying with the priest and the Forfar math master, Neill passed his university entrance exam and preliminary teacher's certification.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=12}}

Neill became an assistant teacher at the Newport Public School in the wealthy [[Newport-on-Tay]], where he learned to dance and appreciate music and theatre. He also fell in love, and Margaret{{Specify |reason=No information about who Margaret was |date=April 2024}} became an obsession of his. He adopted progressive techniques at this school, and abandoned the tawse for other forms of establishing discipline. Neill was friendly and relaxed with his pupils, and described his two years there as "the happiest of [his] life thus far".{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=13}} He finished his university entrance exams and received his full teaching certification.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=13}}

In 1908, at the age of 25, Neill enrolled in the [[University of Edinburgh]]. He began as an agriculture student, at his father's behest for a well-salaried career,{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=13}} but switched to English literature by the end of his first year.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=14}} Neill was excluded from cultural events due to his lack of funds, but participated in sports, showed interest in the military, and wrote for ''The Student'' (the university magazine) and the ''Glasgow Herald''.{{sfn |Bailey
|2013 |pp=13–14}} He became the student paper's editor during his last year, which opened Neill to a world of culture. He also felt more confident to pursue women.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=14}} In his editorials, Neill criticized the tedium of lectures and the emphasis on tests instead of critical thinking.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=14}} He began to develop his thoughts about the futility of forced education, and the axiom that all learning came from intrinsic interest.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=15–16}} Neill graduated in 1912 and began to edit encyclopedias and similar reference books. He took a new job as art editor of the ''Piccadilly Magazine'', but its operations were halted by the 1914 onset of [[World War I]],{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=16}} in which he served as an officer in the army. He returned to Scotland, working as a head teacher at Gretna Green School during the first year of the war. The diary he wrote for this year was published as a book, ''[[A Dominie's Log]]'', in November 1915 by [[Herbert George Jenkins|Herbert Jenkins]], and received good reviews for its humour and narrative style.

Neill was invited to join a progressive school in [[Dresden]] in 1921. The school moved to a monastery near Vienna in 1923, where the townspeople did not receive it well. He moved to England in 1924 and started Summerhill in [[Lyme Regis]], where the name came from the estate.{{sfn |Hobson |2001 |p=1}}

==Summerhill School==
{{main|Summerhill School}}
[[File:SummerhillSchool.jpg|thumb|Summerhill, 1993]]The school picked up some notoriety and the average enrolment was 40 pupils. In 1927, it moved to [[Leiston]], where it remained.{{sfn |Hobson |2001 |p=1}}

Neill credited Summerhill's environment instead of himself for the school's reformatory successes.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=115}} Neill used to offer psychoanalytic therapy ("private lessons", since he was not a licensed therapist{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=137}}) for children who arrived as delinquents from other institutions, but later found love, affirmation and freedom to be better cures.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=115}}

The Summerhill classroom was popularly assumed to reflect Neill's anti-authoritarian beliefs, though their classes were traditional in practice.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=147}} Neill did not show outward interest in classroom pedagogy, and was mainly interested in student happiness.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=144}} He did not consider lesson quality important,{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=144}} and thus there were no distinctive Summerhillian classroom methods.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=145}} Leonard Waks wrote that, like [[Homer Lane]], Neill thought all teaching should follow student interest, and that teaching method did not matter much once student interest was apparent.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=145}}{{sfn |Waks |1975 |p=144}} In a review of an algebra lesson taught by Neill as recounted through [[Herb Snitzer]]'s ''Living at Summerhill'', Richard Bailey described Neill's teaching technique as "simply awful" for his lack of student engagement, inarticulate explanations, and insults directed at students.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=146}} Bailey criticized Neill's absolution of responsibility for his pupils' academic performance, and his view that charismatic instruction was a form of persuasion that weakened child autonomy.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=146–148}} Ronald Swartz referred to Neill's method as Socratic, about which Bailey disagreed.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=147}}

Neill was not religious. Despite this, he would flippantly remark that Summerhill was the only Christian school in England when its philosophy was compared with that of Christ. Neill saw the doctrine of "original sin" as a means of control and sought a world ruled by love and self-examination.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=120–121}} Like Freud, he felt that children who were denied understanding of their sexuality in their youth became adults who were similarly fearful of their own sexuality.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=123}}

==Philosophy==
{{see also|Summerhill School#Philosophy_and_educational_structure|label 1=Philosophy of Summerhill School}}
Neill felt that children (and human nature) were innately good, and that children naturally became just and virtuous when allowed to grow without adult imposition of morality.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=111}} Children did not need to be coaxed or goaded into desirable behaviour, as their natural state was satisfactory and their natural inclinations "in no way immoral".{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=111–112}} If left alone, children would become self-regulating, reasonable and ethical adults.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=113}} Together with Homer Lane, Neill supported personal freedoms for children to live as they please without adult interference, and called this position "on the side of the child".{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=111}} Neill's practice can be summarised as providing children with space, time, and empowerment for personal exploration and with freedom from adult fear and coercion.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=116}}

The aim of life, to Neill, was "to find happiness, which means to find interest."{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=124}} Likewise, the purpose of Neill's education was to be happy and interested in life,{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=122}} and children needed complete freedom to find their interests.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=124}} Neill considered happiness an innate characteristic that deteriorated if children were denied personal freedom. Such unhappiness led to repressed and psychologically disordered adults.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=122}} He blamed a "sick and unhappy" society for widespread unhappiness.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=122–123}} Neill claimed that society harboured fears of life, children and emotions that were continually bequeathed to the next generation. He felt that children turned to self-hate and internal hostility when denied an outlet for expression in adult systems of emotional regulation and manipulation. Likewise, children taught to withhold their sexuality would see such feelings negatively, which would fuel disdain for self. Neill thought that calls for obedience quenched the natural needs of children. Moreover, their needs could not be fulfilled by adults or a society that simultaneously prolonged their unhappiness, although perhaps a school like Summerhill could help.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=123}}

{{Quote box|quote=Neill... believed that the best thing teachers could do was to leave children alone to develop naturally. |source=Denis Lawton, ''Education and Social Justice'', p. 78{{sfn |Lawton |1977 |p=78}} |width=30em |quoted=1}}As for "interest", Neill felt it came organically and spontaneously as a prerequisite for learning. Neill considered forced instruction (without pupil interest) a destructive waste of time.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=125}} Earlier in his career, he wrote that human interest releases emotions that otherwise congests a person.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=124}} He added that education's role is to facilitate that release, with Summerhill actualizing this concept.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=124–125}} Neill never defines "true interest" and does not account for the social influences on child interest.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=125–126}} Bailey felt that this omission discredits Neill's position against external influence. Bailey also cited "adaptive preferences" literature, where human interests change based on their surroundings and circumstances, as evidence of how intrinsic interest can be externally influenced.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=127}} Bailey also dubbed Neill's views on intelligence as "innatist" and fatalist – that children had naturally set capabilities and limitations.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=141}} Neill saw contemporary interventionist practice as doing harm by emphasising conformity and stifling children's natural drive to do as they please.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=137}}

Neill did not identify with the progressive educators of his time.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=107}} They advocated far gentler authority in child-rearing, which Neill considered more insidious than overt authority and altogether unnecessary.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=107–108}} All imposed authority, even if meant well, was unjustified.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=128}} He felt that adults asserted authority for its feelings of power, and that this motive was a type of repression.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=128}} In Neill's philosophy, the goal was maintenance of happiness through avoidance of repressive habits from society.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=128}} Despite Neill's common citation as a leader within progressive education, his ideas were considerably more radical, and he was called an extremist by other radicals.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=107}} Unlike [[Friedrich Fröbel]], Neill did not view children with romantic innocence. He saw their animalistic traits as qualities to be "outgrown with time and freedom".{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=114}} Neill also considered his role in providing emotional support.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=137}}

Emotional education trumped intellectual needs, in Neill's eyes, and he was associated with anti-intellectualism.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=138–139}} In actuality, he had a personal interest in scholarship and used his autobiography near the end of his life to profess the necessity of both emotion and intellect in education,{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=139}} though he often took jabs at what he saw to be education's overemphasis on book-learning.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=140}} Neill felt that an emotional education freed the intellect to follow what it pleased, and that children required an emotional education to keep up with their own gradual developmental needs. This education usually entailed copious amounts of [[Play (activity)|play]] and distance from the adult anxieties of work and ambition.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=138}} Neill was influenced by [[Sigmund Freud]]'s theories of psychoanalysis, Homer Lane's interpretation of Freud, and later, by the unorthodox sexual theories of [[Wilhelm Reich]]. The reverence for Reich appears in the abundant correspondence between them.<ref>Documented in ''Record of a friendship: The correspondence between Wilhelm Reich and A. S. Neill, 1936–1957'' (Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1981).</ref> Neill accepted Reich's claims about [[orgone energy|cosmic energy]] and his utopian ideas on human sexuality. In Reich's view, "discharge" of sexual energy leads to happiness, whereas lack of such discharge leads to unhappiness and "rigidity". Although not a trained therapist, Neill gave psychoanalytic private lessons to individual children, designed to unblock impasses in their inner energies. Neill also offered [[massage|body massage]], as suggested by Reich. Neill later found that freedom cured better than this therapy.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=137}}

Richard Bailey placed Neill alongside [[William Godwin]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Voltaire]], and [[Robert Owen]] in Thomas Sowell's "unconstrained vision" tradition, where human potential is naturally unlimited and human development is dependent on environment and not incentives.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=108–110, 112}} Bailey also compared Neill's thoughts on coercion to those of Godwin, who felt that regulation through reward and punishment stunted growth. Neill saw moral instruction as a wedge between natural instinct and conformity and thought children were best off without it.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=111}} Neill trusted the natural inclinations of children and saw no need to externally and purposefully influence their behaviour.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=111–112}} Denis Lawton likened Neill's ideas to Rousseauan "negative education", where children discover for themselves instead of receiving instruction.{{sfn |Lawton |1977 |p=78}} Neill is commonly associated with Rousseau for their similar thoughts on human nature, although Neill claimed to not have read Rousseau's ''[[Emile, or On Education]]'' until near the end of his life.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=114–115}} John Cleverley and D. C. Phillips declared Neill "the most notable figure in the Rousseauean tradition", and Frank Flanagan credited Neill with actualising what Rousseau envisaged.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=115}} Marc-Alexandre Prud-homme and Giuliano Reis found the comparison "inappropriate" on the basis of Rousseau's views on gender.{{sfn |Prud'homme |Reis |2011 |p=16}}

Peter Hobson found Neill's philosophy of education incomplete, oversimplified, without a "coherent theory of knowledge", and too dependent on his experience instead of philosophical position.{{sfn|Hobson|2001|p=3}}{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=149}} When presented with Hobson's position, four experts on Neill and Summerhill considered his assertions "irrelevant".{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=149}} [[Joel Spring]] likened Neill's views on the family to that of [[Mary Wollstonecraft]], in that the parents would share power equally.{{sfn |Spring |2012 |p=190}}

===Freedom, not licence===
{{see also|Freedom versus license}}
When Neill said children should be free, he did not mean complete freedom, but freedom without licence—that everyone can do as they like unless such action encroaches upon another's freedom.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=128–130, 132}} As such, adults could and should protect children from danger, but not trample their self-regulation.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=128–130}} Neill emphasised that adult removal from child affairs was distinct from disregard for their security.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=129}} He felt that children met their own limits naturally.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=137}} Neill believed in equal rights between parents and children, and that undesirable "disciplined" or "spoiled" homes were created when those rights were imbalanced.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=130}} He felt it unnecessary to fulfil all of childhood's requests and had great disdain for spoiled children.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=129–130}} Summerhill children were naturally restricted by the school's limited teaching expertise and low funds.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=136}}

Bailey wrote that Neill did not have full faith in self-regulation due to his emphasis on the necessity of making specific environments for children.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=129}} Robin Barrow argued that Neill's idea of self-regulation was contradictory, when its intent was, more simply, the extent to which children need to abide by external restraints.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=129}} Bailey added that children cannot know the extent to which dull and unknown subjects can be exciting without guidance.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=144, 142}} He felt that Neill's belief in children's innate and realistic wisdom did not accommodate human characteristics "such as error, prejudice, and ignorance", ascribed genius-level intelligence to children, and did not consider social aspects in child decision-making.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=143}}

===Self-governance===
Self-governance was a central idea to Summerhill, and is perhaps its "most fundamental feature".{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=130}} Summerhill held a weekly general meeting that decided the school's rules and settled school disputes, where every member of the community—staff and student alike—had a single vote.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=132}} Almost everyone in the school attended the meeting, and children always held the majority.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=132}} Meetings were managed by an elected Chairperson.{{sfn|Bailey|2013|p=132}} At times, the school had over 200 rules.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=133}} His daughter says that although he was seen as benign he allowed [[Ena May Neill]] to berate the weekly meetings and she increasingly ran the school becoming the head, officially, when he died.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-11-28 |title=Obituary: Ena Neill |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-ena-neill-1296692.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

Summerhill sought to produce individualists conscious of their surrounding social order, and Neill chose the self-governance of Homer Lane's [[Little Commonwealth]] for the basis of that lesson.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=130–131}} The general meeting replaced teacher authority with communal control, which freed teachers from their roles as disciplinarians and instructed children in the role of democratic participation and the role of rules.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=131}} Additionally, reports of teacher–student disputes were rare.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=135}} Neill felt that the community's authority never created resentment in those subject to sanctions.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=132}} Sven Muller contended that the meeting was more useful than discipline for creating civic-minded citizens.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=131}} An ex-pupil recalled some of the wild ideas Neill would propose at the meeting, and while the students would vote him down, she later recounted how the exercise was also intended as a lesson for the staff on the power of the meeting and communal authority.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=134}} Neill considered self-governance "the most valuable asset in education and life" and the general meeting "more important than all the textbooks in the world".{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=131}}

On occasion, Neill exercised unilateral decision-making as the owner of the school, despite his emphasis on the authority figure-less nature of the school.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=135}} Instances include when he once made a decision after the group's discussion protracted, and when he once asserted himself dictator.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=135}} Ultimately, the school's freedom was Neill's to structure.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=135}}

==Writings==
Neill wrote 20 books in his lifetime.{{sfn |Croall |1983b |p=424}} His style was simple and friendly, unlike didactic literature from the era.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=154}} His topics included the balance of authority and the thoughts–feelings relationship.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=154–155}}

* Neill, A.S. (1917) ''A [[Dominie]] Abroad''.
* Neill, A.S. (1917) ''A Dominie Dismissed''. New York: R. McBride & Co.
* Neill, A.S. (1918) ''A Dominie’s Log''. London: H. Jenkins Ltd.
* Neill, A.S. (1922) ''A Dominie in Doubt''. New York: Robert M. McBride & Co.
* Neill, A.S. (1921) ''Carroty Broon''. London: Herbert Jenkins.
* Neill, A.S. (1924) ''A Dominie’s Five''. London: Herbert Jenkins.
* Neill, A.S. (1925) ''The Booming of Bunkie''. London: Herbert Jenkins.
* Neill, A.S. (1927) ''The Problem Child''. New York: Robert M. McBride & Co.
* Neill, A.S. (1932) ''The Problem Parent''. London: Herbert Jenkins.
* Neill, A.S. (1936) ''Is Scotland educated?'' London: G. Routledge and Sons.
* Neill, A.S. (1939) ''The Problem Teacher.'' London: Herbert Jenkins.
* Neill, A.S. (1944) ''The Problem Teacher''. New York: International University Press.
* Neill, A.S. (1948) ''That Dreadful School''. London: Herbert Jenkins, Ltd.
* Neill, A.S. (1949) ''The problem family; an investigation of human relations''.
* Neill, A.S. (1953) ''The Free Child''. London: Herbert Jenkins.
* Neill, A.S. (1960) ''Summerhill: a radical approach to child rearing (Foreword by Erich Fromm)''. (Also published, 1962, London: Victor Gollancz.)
* Neill, A.S. (1968) ''Summerhill''. Pelican Books.
* Neill, A.S. (1966) ''Freedom--not license!'' New York: Hart Publishing Co.
* Neill, A.S. (1967) ''Talking of Summerhill''. London: Victor Gollancz.
* Neill, A.S. (1970) ''Summerhill. For & Against''. New York: Hart Publishing Co.
* Neill, A.S. (1972) ''Neill! Neill! Orange Peel! A Personal View of Ninety Years''. New York: Hart Publishing Co. (Also published in Great Britain, in a revised form, 1973, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.)

===''Summerhill''===
{{main|Summerhill (book)}}
The 1960 release of ''Summerhill'' catapulted Neill into the public view. Richard Bailey described its result as "an American cult" of Summerhillian schools and their support organizations. The book sold well and made Neill into a figurehead of new interest in education. Bailey added that the unpretentious book's message was easier to impart than Deweyan thought, and that its release inspired Neill's education critic contemporaries as to the viability of their ideas.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=155}}

==Reception and legacy==
Critics regard Neill's influence and importance with mixed opinion.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=151}} Supporters counted Neill amongst the world's most influential educationists.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=151}} [[UNESCO]] listed Neill within its 100 most important educationists worldwide. The ''[[Times Educational Supplement]]'' listed him in its 12 most important British educationists of the millennium. [[Herbert Kohl (educator)|Herb Kohl]] declared Neill "one of the greatest democratic educators of the last century" in 2005. Academics and teachers cited Summerhill as the common ancestor for free schools, and Neill was poised to become a public figure during Summerhill's heyday in the 1970s.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=151}} Its detractors do not classify Summerhill as a school. [[Max Rafferty]] called Summerhill "a caricature of education" and felt threatened by the implications of "the spread of Neill's hedonism to the majority of the next generation".{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=152}} Others criticized Neill for his progressive ideals despite agreement on his critique of traditional schools, and bemoaned his "outdated radicalism" and "dangerously enthusiastic following in teaching training institutions".{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=152–153}}

Richard Bailey wrote that Summerhill received most of its public attention in the 1920s to 1930s and in the 1960s to 1970s, which were eras of social change (progressivism and the counterculture, respectively). Neill was known in British education circles by the 1920s and was "probably Britain's first educational celebrity" in the 1930s, though he was not driven by his reception. Journal reviews called Neill "the most popular writer on education today" and said of his works, "Nearly all the more alive and up-to-date teachers in Britain have read and argued about his notions". He was known via his books as a figure in the new psychoanalysis.{{sfn|Bailey|2013|p=154}} The accessible 1960 ''Summerhill'' crowned Neill the leader of a new avant-garde education and he became symbolic of the rebel decade.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=154–155}}

Neill is generally associated with [[democratic schools]] as a leader in its tradition.{{sfn|Bailey|2013|p=153}} H. A. T. Child associated Summerhill with the [[Bedales School]], [[Alfred the Great]], and Child's [[Dartington Hall School]], and David Gribble wrote in 1998 about schools around the world that followed Neill's teachings.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} Timothy Gray linked the release of ''Summerhill'' with the rise of writers Herb Kohl, [[Jonathan Kozol]], [[Neil Postman]], and [[Ivan Illich]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gray |first=Timothy |year=2009 |title=Fun City: Kenneth Koch among schoolchildren |journal=Texas Studies in Literature and Language |publisher=University of Texas Press |volume=51 |issue=2 |page=233 |jstor=40755540}}</ref> Scholars debate whether Neill fits best in a progressive or more radical tradition.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=153}} Other schools inspired by Neill's philosophy in the UK include [[Sands School]] in Devon, Sherwood School in Epsom and [[Kirkdale School]] in London.

Few of Neill's acolytes continued his work after his death.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=153}} His family maintained Summerhill, with Neill's daughter as its headmaster {{as of|2013|lc=y}}. Others influenced by Neill included [[John Aitkenhead]], [[Michael Duane]], and [[R. F. Mackenzie]]. Richard Bailey wrote that [[Maria Montessori]] and [[Rudolf Steiner]]'s followers were more evangelical in character, and that Neill deterred would-be devotees. He specifically discouraged American association with his school in both name and likeness.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=153}} By 1972, Ray Hemmings wrote that Neill's ideas were misinterpreted in the hands of other schools.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=154}} Hemmings found Neill to have moderate influence on state schools in areas such as teacher–student interactions. Neill's views on sexuality and non-compulsory lessons did not have widespread acceptance.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=154}} Herb Snitzer said that Neill "influenced thousand of teachers". Both [[George Dennison]] and Bailey felt Neill's influence to not be easily measurable, with Dennison adding that non-Summerhill schools continue to adopt Neillian thought.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |pp=156–157}}

Neill was awarded three honorary degrees: a master's and two [[honorary doctorates]].{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=139}} One doctorate was from [[Newcastle University]] in 1966.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=139}} He was reportedly very proud of the awards.{{sfn |Bailey |2013 |p=139}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
; Sources

{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ayers |first=William |author-link=Bill Ayers |title=On the Side of the Child: Summerhill Revisited |url=https://archive.org/details/onsideofchild00will |url-access=registration|year=2003 |publisher=Teachers College Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8077-4399-7}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bailey |first=Richard |title=A. S. Neill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRfExf67TmsC |year=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London|isbn=978-1-4411-0042-9 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Barrow |first=Robin |title=Radical Education: A Critique of Freeschooling and Deschooling |url=https://archive.org/details/radicaleducation0000barr_x0m8 |url-access=registration|year=1978 |publisher=Martin Robertson |location=London |isbn=978-0-85520-170-8 }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Cremin |first1=Lawrence |author-link1=Lawrence Cremin |editor1-last=Deal |editor1-first=Terrence E. |editor2-last=Nolan |editor2-first=Robert R. |title=Alternative Schools: Ideologies, Realities, Guidelines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWjuAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Nelson-Hall|location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-88229-383-7 |chapter=The Free School Movement: A Perspective}}
*{{Cite book |editor-last=Croall |editor-first=Jonathan |editor-link=Jonathan Croall |title=All the Best, Neill: Letters from Summerhill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4efAAAAMAAJ|year=1983a |publisher=André Deutsch |location=London |isbn=978-0-233-97594-8}}
*{{Cite book |last=Croall |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Croall |title=Neill of Summerhill: The Permanent Rebel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaDcAAAAQBAJ|year=1983b |publisher=[[Pantheon Books]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-394-51403-1}}
*{{Cite book |editor=Hart, Harold H. |title=Summerhill: For and Against |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgyYnFsvWUwC|year=1970|publisher=Hart Publishing Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0805500592}}
*{{Cite book |last=Hemmings |first=Ray |title=Children's Freedom: A. S. Neill and the Evolution of the Summerhill Idea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUExUY95dFsC|year=1973|publisher=[[Schocken Books]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0805234848}}
*{{Cite book |last=Hobson |first=Peter |editor1-last=Bresler |editor1-first=Liora |editor2-last=Cooper |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Palmer |editor3-first=Joy |title=Fifty Modern Thinkers on Education: From Piaget to the Present Day |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MXcii-IYm2kC&pg=PA3 |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59259-3 |pages=1–5 |chapter=A. S. Neill, 1883–1973 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Lawton |first=Denis |title=Education and Social Justice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74clAQAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-8039-9946-6}}
*{{Cite book |last=Neill |first=A. S. |author-link=A. S. Neill |title=Neill! Neill! Orange Peel! |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fyzNygAACAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Hart Publishing Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0-671-81300-0}}
*{{Cite book |last=Neill |first=A. S. |author-link=A. S. Neill |title=Summerhill: A Radical Approach to Child Rearing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmKXPwAACAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Hart Publishing Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0-14-013559-6}}
*{{Cite book |editor=Placzek, Beverley R. |title=A Record of Friendship: The Correspondence Between Wilhelm Reich and A S. Neill 1936–1957 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQdcVMG9XWMC|year=1981|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |isbn=978-0-374-51770-0}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Prud'homme |first1=Marc-Alexandre |last2=Reis |first2=Giuliano |title=Comparing A.S. Neill To Rousseau, Appropriate? |url=http://jual.nipissingu.ca/Archives/V5210/V52101.pdf |date=Summer 2011 |volume=5 |issue=10 |issn=1916-8128 |journal=Journal of Unschooling and Alternative Learning |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216091835/http://jual.nipissingu.ca/Archives/V5210/V52101.pdf|archive-date=16 December 2013}}
*{{Cite book |last=Purdy |first=Bryn |title=A. S. Neill: Bringing Happiness to Some Few Children |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dh-ZAAAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Educational Heretics Press |location=Bramcote Hills |isbn=978-1-900219-03-7}}
*{{Cite book |last=Spring |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Spring |title=Wheels in the Head: Educational Philosophies of Authority, Freedom, and Culture from Confucianism to Human Rights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avn4Q7q6kUwC |edition=3rd |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-15537-7 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Mark |title=Summerhill and A. S. Neill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWb4AAAAQBAJ|year=2006|publisher=[[Open University Press]] |location=Maidenhead |isbn=978-0-335-21913-1}}
*{{Cite book |last=Walmsley |first=John |title=Neill & Summerhill: A Man and His Work, a Pictorial Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaAlAQAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-0140801347}}
*{{Cite book |last=Waks |first=Leonard J. |editor=David A. Nyberg |title=The Philosophy of Open Education |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cm6ldaOfPC0C&pg=PA144 |year=1975 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-203-86109-7 |pages=144–154 |chapter=Freedom and desire in the Summerhill philosophy of education }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Official website|http://www.summerhillschool.co.uk/pages/index.html|Summerhill School official website}}
*{{Gutenberg author|id=31232}}
*{{Internet Archive author|sname=Alexander Sutherland Neill}}
*[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Neill,%20Alexander%20Sutherland,%201883-1973.%22&type=author&inst= Works by A. S. Neill] at [[HathiTrust]]

{{Democratic free schools}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Education|England|Schools|Scotland}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Neill, A S}}
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scottish educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century educational theorists]]
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Youth empowerment people]]
[[Category:People from Forfar]]
[[Category:People from Leiston]]
[[Category:Heads of schools in England]]
[[Category:Wilhelm Reich]]
[[Category:British Army soldiers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Angus, Scotland]]

Martin Bernal

2025-04-08T16:28:20Z

80.46.110.142: /* Early life and education */

{{Short description|British political historian (1937- 2013)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
'''Martin Gardiner Bernal''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ər|ˈ|n|ɑː|l}}; 10 March 1937<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry for Margaret Gardiner]</ref> – 9 June 2013<ref name = "Cornell Chron">{{Citation
| url = http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/06/professor-martin-bernal-black-athena-author-dies-76
| title = Professor Martin Bernal, 'Black Athena' author, dies at 76
| work = Cornell Chronicle
| publisher = [[Cornell University]]
| accessdate = 15 June 2012
}}</ref>)
was a British scholar of modern Chinese political history. He was a Professor of Government and Near Eastern Studies at [[Cornell University]]. He is best known for his work ''[[Black Athena]]'', a well-known controversial<ref>Mary R. Lefkowitz, ''Black Athena Revisited'', The University of North Carolina Press, 1996, [https://books.google.com/books?id=97jwg1Xwpj0C&q=Black+Athena+revisited on Google books]</ref><ref>Jacques Berlinerblau, ''Heresy in the University: The Black Athena Controversy and the Responsibilities of American Intellectuals'', Rutgers University Press, 1999.</ref> work which argues that the culture, language, and political structure of [[Ancient Greek civilisation|Ancient Greece]] contained substantial influences from [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Syria (region)|Syria-Palestine]].

==Early life and education==
Bernal was born and grew up in [[Hampstead]], London, the son of the physicist [[J. D. Bernal|John Desmond Bernal]] and artists' patron [[Margaret Gardiner (art collector)|Margaret Gardiner]].<ref name ="Guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/jun/21/martin-bernal Martin Bernal obituary, the Guardian, 21 June 2013, accessed 4 June 2015]</ref> He was educated at [[dartington Hall#Dartington Hall School|Dartington Hall School]] and then at [[King's College, Cambridge]], where he was awarded a degree in 1961 with first-class Honours in the Oriental Studies [[Tripos]].<ref name="Cornell">{{cite web|url=http://www.arts.cornell.edu/nes/people/bernal.html |title=CV |publisher =Cornell University | accessdate = 12 February 2009 }}</ref> At that time he specialised in the language and history of China, and spent some time at the [[Peking University]]. He carried on as a graduate student at Cambridge, and with the assistance of the [[Harkness Fellowship|Harkness Commonwealth Fellowship]] also at [[University of California, Berkeley]] and [[Harvard University]], finishing his PhD in Cambridge in 1965 with thesis titled ''Chinese Socialism to 1913'' when he was elected a [[fellow]] at King's.<ref name="Cornell"/>

==Career==
In 1972 Bernal moved to [[Cornell University]] in [[New York (state)|New York]], United States. There he resided in the [[Telluride House]] as a faculty fellow,<ref name="Interview-Bernal">{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Walter |last2=Bernal |first2=Martin |title=An Interview with Martin Bernal |journal=Social Text |date=1993 |volume=35 |issue=35 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.2307/466441 |jstor=466441 }}</ref> and became a full professor in 1988. He taught there for the rest of his career, retiring in 2001.

Initially he taught Government Studies at Cornell, and continued his research on modern Chinese history. Under the impact of the [[Vietnam War]]<ref name=BAIP>''Black Athena'', Vol I, Preface</ref> he had also developed an interest in Vietnamese history and culture, and learned the Vietnamese language.

From about 1975, however, Bernal underwent a radical shift in his interests. In his own words:
<blockquote>The scattered Jewish components of my ancestry would have given nightmares to assessors trying to apply the [[Nuremberg Laws]], and although pleased to have these fractions, I had not previously given much thought to them or to Jewish culture. It was at this stage that I became intrigued—in a Romantic way—in this part of my 'roots'. I started looking into ancient Jewish history and— being on the periphery myself—into the relationship between the Israelites and the surrounding peoples, particularly the Canaanites and the Phoenicians. I had always known that the latter spoke [[Semitic languages]], but it came as quite a shock to learn that Hebrew and Phoenician were mutually intelligible and that serious linguists treated both as a ''dialect'' of a single Canaanite language.</blockquote><blockquote>During this time, I was beginning to study Hebrew and I found what seemed to me a number of striking similarities between it and Greek ...<ref name=BAIP/></blockquote>

Bernal came to the conclusion that ancient Greek accounts of Egyptian influence on their civilisation should be taken seriously. He had been interested in ancient Egypt since childhood, in part inspired by his grandfather Sir [[Alan Gardiner]].<ref name=BAIP/> Bernal's new direction was strengthened by his discovery of the work of [[Cyrus Gordon]] and [[Michael Astour]].<ref name=BAIP/> In due course he wrote ''[[Black Athena]]''.

Bernal also wrote the book ''Cadmean Letters'', devoted to the origins of the [[Greek alphabet]]. He devoted his next twenty years to writing the next two volumes of ''Black Athena'', with the second volume devoted to archaeological and documentary evidence, and the third to linguistic evidence. He also spent considerable time defending his work.

He became [[Professor Emeritus]] upon his retirement in 2001.

==Personal life==
In 1961, Bernal married Judy Pace (later known as [[Judith Dunn]]).<ref name="WW DUNN">{{cite web|title=DUNN, Prof. Judith Frances|url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U14348|website=Who's Who 2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=19 April 2017|date=November 2016}}</ref> Together, they had one daughter and twin sons.<ref name="Guardian" /> They later divorced.<ref name="WW DUNN" /> His second wife, Leslie Miller-Bernal, and his five children survived him.<ref name = "Cornell Chron"/><ref name=BA3P>''Black Athena'', Vol III, Preface</ref>

==Books==
* {{cite book|author= Bernal, Martin|title=Vietnam Signposts|year=1966|publisher=Views Quarterly Review|location=London}} (pamphlet)
* {{cite book|author= Bernal, Martin|title=Chinese Socialism to 1907|url= https://archive.org/details/chinesesocialism0000bern|url-access= registration|isbn=978-0-8014-0915-8|year=1976|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|location=Ithaca}}
* {{cite book| title= Black Athena: Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, Volume I: The Fabrication of Ancient Greece, 1785-1985| url= https://archive.org/details/blackathenaafroa00bern| url-access= registration|author= Bernal, Martin| publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]| year= 1987|isbn = 978-0-8135-1277-8 }}<ref name=FAB>Volume I of Black Athena was first published by [[Free Association Books]] in the UK. Rutgers then published it in the USA. Subsequent volumes were issued by both companies in parallel.</ref>
* {{cite book|author= Bernal, Martin|title=Cadmean Letters: The Transmission of the Alphabet to the Aegean and Further West Before 1400 B.C.|publisher= [[Eisenbrauns]]|year= 1990| isbn=978-0-931464-47-8}}
* {{cite book|title=Black Athena: Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, Volume II: The Archaeological and Documentary Evidence|author= Bernal, Martin|publisher=Rutgers University Press| year=1991}}<ref name=FAB/>
* {{cite book|title=Black Athena Writes Back: Martin Bernal Responds to His Critics|editor=Moore, David Chioni |year=2001|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn= 978-0-8223-2706-6 }}
* {{cite book| title=Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, Volume III: The Linguistic Evidence|author= Bernal, Martin |publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-85343-799-1 }}
* {{cite book|author= Bernal, Martin|title=Geography of a Life|isbn=978-1-4653-6375-6|year=2012|publisher=[[Xlibris]]|location=Bloomington}}

===Responses===
* {{cite book|title=Black Athena Revisited|url=https://archive.org/details/blackathenarevis00lefk_0|url-access=registration|author=Lefkowitz, Mary|author-link=Mary Lefkowitz|editor=Guy M. Rogers |year=1996|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]}} (critical response)
* {{cite book|title=Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History|url=https://archive.org/details/notoutofafricaho00lefk_0|url-access=registration|author=Lefkowitz, Mary|author-link=Mary Lefkowitz|year=1997|publisher=[[Basic Books]]|isbn=978-0-465-09838-5 }}
* {{cite book|title=History Lesson: A Race Odyssey|author=Lefkowitz, Mary|author-link=Mary Lefkowitz|year=2008|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Heresy in the University: The Black Athena Controversy and the Responsibilities of American Intellectuals|author=Berlinerblau, Jacques|year=1999|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|author-link=Jacques Berlinerblau}}
* {{cite book|title=We Can't Go Home Again: An Argument About Afrocentrism|year= 2001|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|author=Clarence E. Walker|author-link=Clarence E. Walker|isbn=978-0195095715}}
* {{cite book|title=Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-religions|year=2011|publisher=[[Reaktion Books]]|author=Ronald H. Fritze|author-link=Ronald H. Fritze|isbn=978-1861898173}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Nishikawa, Kinohi. "Martin Bernal", ''The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature''. Ed. Hans Ostrom and J. David Macey, Jr. 5 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-313-32973-9}}. pp 114–15.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110324080337/http://vivo.cornell.edu/humanities/individual/vivo/individual25949 Martin Bernal page at Cornell University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100622140640/http://government.arts.cornell.edu/assets/faculty/cv/bernal_cv.pdf Martin Bernal short CV at Cornell University]

{{American Book Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bernal, Martin}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:American classical scholars]]
[[Category:Classical scholars of Cornell University]]
[[Category:Fellows of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English classical scholars]]
[[Category:British expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Scholars of ancient Greek history]]
[[Category:People educated at Dartington Hall School]]
[[Category:Afrocentrists]]
[[Category:British people of Portuguese-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:British people of Spanish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:British people of Italian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American Book Award winners]]

Gordon Reece

2025-04-08T03:45:35Z

80.46.110.142:

{{Short description|British political strategist (1929–2001)}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sir Gordon Reece
| image = Gordon Reece.jpg
| caption = Reece in 1975
| birth_name = James Gordon Reece
| birth_date = 28 September 1929
| birth_place = [[Romford]], Essex, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2001|9|22|1929|9|29}}
| death_place = London, England
| education = [[Ratcliffe College]] [[Downing College, Cambridge]]
| occupation = Journalist, television producer, political/public relations strategist
| spouse = {{marriage|Elizabeth Johnson|1957|1977|reason=divorced}}
| children = 6}}

'''Sir James Gordon Reece''' (28 September 1929 – 22 September 2001) was a British journalist and television producer who worked as a political strategist for [[Margaret Thatcher]] during the [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979 general election]], which led to her victory over then prime minister [[James Callaghan]]. Reece was credited with softening the tone of Thatcher's voice and improving her stuffy dress sense, to broaden her public appeal, and he also encouraged her to adopt and embrace the title of "The Iron Lady" (first coined by the USSR) to convey the strength of her unwavering political resolve and unbending character.<ref name=":0" /> These were services for which Reece was subsequently knighted. He was to correctly predict that Thatcher would not stand in another general election following her third (1987) landslide victory.<ref name=":1" />

==Early life==
Reece was born in 1929 in [[Essex]], and raised in [[Liverpool]], the son of James Graham Reece, a motor engineer and businessman, and Beatrice Mary Reece (née Langton), a nurse.<ref name=dnb>Cockerell, Michael, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-76229?rskey=OCrcK9&result=3 "Reece, Sir (James) Gordon (1929–2001)"], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2009; online edition, 1 September 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2018 {{subscription required}}</ref>

Reece's father was able to send the young Gordon to [[Ratcliffe College]], a Roman Catholic boarding school in [[Leicestershire]]; a contemporary was Norman St John-Stevas, later [[Lord St John of Fawsley]], who reported Reece to the school authorities for [[atheism]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Kavanagh, Dennis|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lord-stjohn-of-fawsley-flamboyant-politician-who-fell-foul-of-margaret-thatcher-7537625.html|title=Lord St-John of Fawsley: Flamboyant politician who fell foul of Margaret Thatcher|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=6 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411204004/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lord-stjohn-of-fawsley-flamboyant-politician-who-fell-foul-of-margaret-thatcher-7537625.html|archive-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> He read history at [[Downing College, Cambridge]], and decided on a career in journalism.<ref name=dnb/>

==Career==
Reece worked for a time with the ''[[Liverpool Daily Post]]'' and then the ''[[Sunday Express]]''. In 1960, Reece switched to train as a television producer and went on to work for [[ITN]]'s ''[[ITV News at Ten|News at Ten]]'' and produce religious programmes and chat shows.<ref name=Independent />

In the general elections of [[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970]], [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|February 1974]] and [[October 1974 United Kingdom general election|October 1974]], Reece came into contact with Margaret Thatcher and helped when she launched her [[1975 Conservative Party leadership election|successful bid for the party leadership]] in February 1975. It was his idea that she should be filmed washing dishes, presenting herself as a housewife. By now he had established a cassette-video company, which was taken over by [[EMI]]. He took leave from the company to help Thatcher with her television appearances; it was her decision to make him Director of Publicity in February 1978. One of Reece's first moves was to appoint [[Saatchi & Saatchi|Saatchi & Saatchi Garland Compton]] as the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]'s advertising agency in 1978. He worked to soften Thatcher's public image, hiring a voice coach used by [[Laurence Olivier]], Kate Fleming.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sdp6DAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Gordon+Reece%22+%22kate+fleming%22&pg=PA74 |title=The Political Rhetoric and Oratory of Margaret Thatcher|first1=Andrew S.|last1=Crines|first2=Timothy|last2=Heppell|first3=Peter|last3=Dorey|date=15 June 2016 |page=74 |publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137453846|via=Google Books}}</ref> According to the Fleming archive, Thatcher then went on to have lessons from her for the best part of four years, from 1972 to 1976; Fleming died in 1978.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Richard |last=Brooks |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/silver-tongue-behind-the-iron-lady-plmgffvvvf6 |title=Silver tongue behind the Iron Lady |date=5 February 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times]] }}</ref>

Reece then taught Thatcher to lower and deepen her voice, advised on clothing, accompanied her to her television and radio interviews, and made sure that she avoided combative interviewers who would make her appear strident.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m0005br9/thatcher-a-very-british-revolution-series-1-1-making-margaret|title=Thatcher: A Very British Revolution - Series 1: 1. Making Margaret|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

Reece opposed a proposed television debate between Thatcher and [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[James Callaghan]] in 1979. Callaghan dismissed politicians' interests in television programmes, saying "You have to appeal to ordinary voters, who are not very interested in politics." Thatcher won the [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979 general election]].

In 1980 Reece left for [[Los Angeles]], to join [[Armand Hammer]]'s [[Occidental Petroleum|Occidental Petroleum Corporation]] as a vice-president. For five years, he did his best to improve Hammer's public image.<ref name=Independent />

During the [[1987 United Kingdom general election|1987 election]] he was appointed Thatcher's adviser for television, but Reece's ability to assist was limited because of his involvement as a PR consultant for [[Guinness]] in their take-over battle with [[The Distillers Company|Distillers]].<ref name=Independent />

Reece continued to act as a troubleshooter for her with the media and colleagues. He was part of her team of advisers when she failed to retain the party leadership in [[1990 Conservative Party leadership election|November 1990]]. Unlike many of her entourage, he reportedly maintained good relations with Thatcher's successor as Prime Minister, [[John Major]].<ref name=Independent />

==Personal life and death==
In 1957 he married Elizabeth M. Johnson in [[Manchester]]. Their marriage was dissolved in 1977.<ref>{{Who's Who | title=REECE, Sir (James) Gordon | id = U32091 | type = was | volume = 2018 | edition = online}}</ref> The couple had six children.<ref name = dnb/>

In his final years, Reece was diagnosed with [[tongue cancer]]; he travelled to the United States for treatment and remained there for a considerable period of time, until returning to the United Kingdom at the end of his life.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1357530/Sir-Gordon-Reece.html |date=25 September 2001 |title=Sir Gordon Reece (obituary) |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] }}</ref> He died at [[The London Clinic]] on 22 September 2001, at the age of 71, six days shy of his birthday.<ref name = dnb/>

==Legacy==
Reece was awarded a [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]] in 1986, having refused appointment as [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] in 1981 on the grounds it was insufficient to his services.<ref name=Independent>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/sir-gordon-reece-9201156.html|title=Sir Gordon Reece |date=19 March 2014 |newspaper=The Independent}}</ref>

A depiction of Reece in his role in Thatcher's campaign for Conservative Party leadership and her subsequent election as PM is made in the 2012 motion picture ''[[The Iron Lady (film)|The Iron Lady]]'', in which he is portrayed by [[Roger Allam]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Tara|last=Brady |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/roger-allam-i-can-do-posh-1.2548312|title=Roger Allam: 'I can do posh'|date=February 26, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reece, Gordon}}
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[[Category:20th-century English businesspeople]]
[[Category:Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British political consultants]]
[[Category:British public relations people]]
[[Category:British television producers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from the London Borough of Havering]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in England]]
[[Category:Deaths from tongue cancer]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Journalists from Liverpool]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:People educated at Ratcliffe College]]
[[Category:People from Romford]]

Harold Andrew Mason

2025-04-07T02:57:09Z

80.46.110.142:

{{short description|English academic (1911-1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Harold Andrew Mason
| image =
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| birth_date = 30 July 1911
| birth_place = [[Hull, England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1993|11|25|1911|7|30}}
| death_place = [[Cambridge, England]], [[United Kingdom]]
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| workplaces =  [[Downing College, Cambridge]] [[University of Exeter]] [[Clare Hall, Cambridge]]
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| notable_works = Contributions to'' [[Scrutiny]]'' ''[[The Cambridge Quarterly]]''
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'''Harold Andrew Mason''' (30 July 1911 – 25 November 1993) was a lecturer of English at [[University of Exeter|Exeter University]].
==Life==
He was born in [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[England]] in 1911. He was educated at [[Hull Grammar School]], [[Christ's Hospital]], [[Hull University College]] and [[Oriel College, Oxford]]. He graduated from Oxford in 1934. He became a teacher of Classics at [[Stamford School]].<ref name="qa1995">{{cite journal | journal = [[The Cambridge Quarterly]] | volume= 24 | issue = 1 | year = 1995 | title = front matter | url=http://camqtly.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/issue_pdf/frontmatter_pdf/XXIV/1.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003190901/http://camqtly.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/issue_pdf/frontmatter_pdf/XXIV/1.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=2006-10-03 }}</ref>

In 1937, Mason began teaching Classics at a school in [[Switzerland]] and also started contributing to ''[[Scrutiny (journal)|Scrutiny]]''. He got married in 1945. In 1949, he was Assistant Director of Studies in English at [[Downing College, Cambridge]]. He was an editor of ''Scrutiny'' from 1949 until it ceased publication in 1953. From 1955 to 1965 he was a lecturer at Exeter University.<ref name="qa1995"/>

Mason was elected to F. R. Leavis Lectureship and a Fellow of Clare Hall in 1965. In 1966 he founded ''[[The Cambridge Quarterly]]'', of which he was the editor.<ref name="qa1995"/>

Mason died in [[Cambridge]] in 1993.<ref name="qa1995"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{one source|date=June 2014}}

{{University of Exeter|state=collapsed}}
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[[Category:1911 births]]
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{{UK-academic-bio-stub}}

Mary Luckhurst

2025-04-06T23:11:11Z

80.46.110.142: /* Academic career */

{{Short description|British playwright and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{multiple issues|
{{like resume|date=October 2013}}
{{notability|bio|date=October 2013}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2013}}
}}
'''Mary Luckhurst''' is a writer, academic, and theatre director. She is Professor of Theatre and Performance and is the first female Head of the School of Arts at the [[University of Bristol]]. She is known for her academic and educational work in the arts in universities and the public realm and for her championing of women’s equality and human rights. She is currently working on projects about female performers who challenge the stigmas of ageing, disability and mental health.

== Academic career ==

Luckhurst has degrees in both arts and sciences and was educated at [[New Hall, Cambridge]] (BA (Modern Languages) and PhD (English)), [[Middlesex University]] (MA), and the [[London School of Economics]] (Msc). She spent a number of years in her twenties running a theatre company and working as a dramaturg, writer and director before deciding that she wanted to teach in the fields of theatre and arts education. She has worked in both universities and conservatoires.

A dual citizen of Britain and Australia, Luckhurst was appointed Professor and Director of Artistic Research and Creative Practice at the [[University of Melbourne]] from 2014 to 2018 on a scheme that hired in 40 world-leading academics and educators at the top of their fields. From 1998 to 2014, she was based at the [[University of York]] as their first Lecturer in Modern Drama and became the co-initiator and co-founder of the innovative Department of Theatre, Film, TV and Interactive Media. She was named as one of the 50 best teachers in the UK by the Higher Education Academy and has held distinguished visiting professorships at [[City University of New York]], [[La Trobe University|La Trobe]], Melbourne, [[University of Sydney|Sydney]] and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] universities.

== Selected works ==

* ''On Directing'', co-edited with Gabriella Giannachi (Faber & Faber, 1999; St Martin’s Press New York, 1999)
*
* ''On Acting'', co-edited with Chloe Veltman (Faber & Faber, 2001).
*
* ''The Drama Handbook'': A Guide to Reading Plays, co-authored with [[John Lennard]] (Oxford University Press, 2002). Arabic edition, 2009.
*
* ''Theatre and Celebrity in Britain 1660-2000'', co-edited with Jane Moody (Palgrave, 2005).
*
* ''Dramaturgy: A Revolution in Theatre'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006). Spanish edition La Palabra que Empieza por D (Edicion Fundamentos, 2008).
*
* ''Blackwells Companion to Modern British and Irish Drama, 1880-2005'', ed. Mary Luckhurst (Blackwells, 2006).
*
* ''Contemporary British and Irish Drama'', co-edited with Nadine Holdsworth (Blackwells, 2008).
*
* ''Playing for Real: Actors on Playing Real People'', co-edited with Tom Cantrell (Palgrave, 2010).
*
* Series Editor since 2004 with Professor Maggie Gale: ''Routledge New Perspectives on Modern and Contemporary Playwrights''
*
* ''Theatre and Ghosts: Materiality, Performance and Modernity'', co-edited with Emilie Morin (Palgrave, 2014).
*
* ''Caryl Churchill'', (Routledge, 2015).
*
* ''Theatre and Human Rights After 1945: Things Unspeakable'', co-edited with Emilie Morin (Palgrave, 2015).

=== Recent Edited Journals ===

* Guest editor of special issue on ‘Actresses in 21st Century Australasia’, The Australasian Drama Studies Association Journal, no.75, 2019.
*
* Guest editor with Sandra Mayer on special issue, ‘Theatre and Persona: Performing Celebrity and Transgression’, Persona Studies Journal, vol.5., no.2, 2020.
*
* Guest editor with Matt Hargrave on special issue ‘Comedy and Combating Mental Health Stigma’, Comedy Studies, Autumn 2020.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luckhurst, Mary}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Alumni of New Hall, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British theatre directors]]
[[Category:British women theatre directors]]
[[Category:British dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:British women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of York]]

Charles Wood (playwright)

2025-04-06T23:09:21Z

80.46.110.142: /* Writings */

{{short description|British playwright and scriptwriter (1932–2020)}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Charles Gerald Wood
|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1932|8|6}}
|birth_place=[[Guernsey]]
|death_date={{death date and age|2020|2|1|1932|8|6|df=y}}
|occupation=[[Playwright]], [[screenwriter]]
}}

'''Charles Gerald Wood''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSL}}<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/feb/07/charles-wood-obituary | title = Charles Wood obituary|last = Michael | first = Coveney|date = February 7, 2020|accessdate = February 10, 2020|work = [[The Guardian]] |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200210063055/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/feb/07/charles-wood-obituary| archive-date= 2020-02-10|url-status=live}}</ref> (6 August 1932 – 1 February 2020) was an English [[playwright]] and [[screenwriter|scriptwriter]] for radio, television, and film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Reviews |website=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203125753/https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0CE7DC1638E134BC4151DFB3668383679EDE |archive-date=3 February 2018 |url-status=live |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0CE7DC1638E134BC4151DFB3668383679EDE}}</ref>

His work has been staged at the [[Royal National Theatre]] as well as at the [[Royal Court Theatre]] and in the theatres of the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]]. He was elected a fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 1984. Wood served in the [[17th/21st Lancers]] and military themes are found in many of his works.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

==Biography==
Though he was born in the British Crown dependency of [[Guernsey]]—his parents were actors in a repertory company playing in Guernsey at the time—he left the island with his parents when he was still only an infant. His parents worked as actors in repertory and fit-ups (travelling theatrical groups) mainly in the north of England and [[Wales]] and had no fixed place of abode.{{cn|date=June 2024}} His education was, until the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], sporadic. The family settled in [[Chesterfield, Derbyshire|Chesterfield]], [[Derbyshire]], in 1939. The first house they rented was 1 Cromwell Road and the second was 20 Abercrombie Street. He attended [[St Mary's Catholic High School, Chesterfield|St Mary's Catholic Primary School]] from which he was awarded a Special Place at [[Brookfield Community School, Chesterfield|Chesterfield Grammar School]].{{cn|date=June 2024}}

At the war's end, the family relocated to [[Kidderminster]] in Worcestershire where Charles Wood obtained a place at [[King Charles I School|King Charles I Grammar School]].{{cn|date=June 2024}} He was by now old enough to work in the theatre managed by his father Jack Wood. This was The Playhouse, later demolished. He worked as a stagehand and electrician and assistant to scenic artists in his spare time at weekends and every night. He also played small parts in the repertory company produced by his father. His mother Mae Harris was a leading actress in the company. In 1948, Wood gained entrance to [[Birmingham School of Art]] to study theatrical design and lithography.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

Wood joined the [[British Army|Army]] in 1950, and served five years with the [[17th/21st Lancers]] and seven years on reserve. He was discharged with the rank of corporal, reduced to trooper on entering the Regular Army Reserve.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

He married Valerie Newman, an actress, in 1954. She was working in repertory in a theatre at [[Worcester, England|Worcester]], the Theatre Royal, once the second oldest working theatre in the country.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

On leaving the Army, Wood worked as an electronic wireman at [[British Aircraft Corporation|BAC]], [[Filton]] near Bristol. Later he worked as a scenic artist, layout artist, stage manager in England and [[Canada]]. He returned to Bristol with a job in the advertising department at the ''[[Bristol Post|Bristol Evening Post]]'' (at the same time [[Tom Stoppard]] was a journalist at the newspaper) until 1963 when he became a full-time writer.<ref>Dawn Fowler & [[John Lennard]] "On War: Charles Wood’s Military Conscience", in [[Mary Luckhurst]] (ed) ''Blackwell’s Companion to Modern British and Irish Drama'', 2006, Oxford & New York: Blackwell, pp. 341–57</ref>

==Writings==
Wood wrote his first play, ''Prisoner and Escort'', in 1959. It was a play for television which was first performed on radio, then on the stage and later on television. ''Cockade'' won the [[Evening Standard Theatre Awards#Most Promising Playwright|''Evening Standard'' Theatre Award]] for Most Promising New Writer in 1963.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

Wood's work is known for its concern with British military life. In his preface to Wood's ''Plays One'', director [[Richard Eyre]] commented: "There is no contemporary writer who has chronicled the experience of modern war with so much authority, knowledge, compassion, wit and despair, and there is no contemporary writer who has received so little of his deserved public acclaim."{{cn|date=June 2024}} Critics applauded his earliest plays such as ''Cockade'' (1963) for the details of military life, and his use of military argot and vernacular. He explored many aspects of contemporary military life. ''Drill Pig'' (1964) was a black comedy about a young man who joins the army to escape his civilian life and his wife and her parents. ''Don't Make Me Laugh'' exposed military and civilian attitudes through the home life of a sergeant, his wife and their lodger. ''Death Or Glory Boy'' (1974) was a semi-autobiographical TV series about a grammar school boy joining the army.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

His work also covered warfare during many different periods of British military history. Wood's plays have been described as "pro-soldier and anti-war".<ref>British TV Drama in the 1980s, ed George W. Brandt; Geoffrey Reeves, "Tumbledown and The Falklands Play p156</ref> He was concerned with the experiences of fighting soldiers rather than patriotism or heroism. ''Dingo'' (1967) was a black comedy attacking British myths and cliches about WWII. Wood wrote the script for the film of ''[[The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968 film)|The Charge Of The Light Brigade]]'' (1968) after [[John Osborne]] had been sued for plagiarising Cecil Woodham-Smith's ''The Reason Why''.<ref>John Heilpern, John Osborne: A Patriot for Us, p. 347</ref> ''H, Being Monologues at Front of Burning Cities'' (1969) was a historical pageant about Sir [[Henry Havelock]]'s military campaign during the Indian Mutiny of 1857. ''Jingo'' (1975) was about the fall of Singapore and the symbolic end of British dominance in East Asia. The television film ''[[Tumbledown]]'' (1988), directed by Richard Eyre, was the story of [[Robert Lawrence (British Army officer)|Robert Lawrence]] [[Military Cross|MC]], written after many interviews with Robert Lawrence. (Lawrence later wrote his own version of his story called ''When the Fighting is Over''.) Wood wrote an episode of ''[[Kavanagh QC]]'' ("Mute of Malice", 1997) about an army chaplain traumatised by his experiences in Bosnia. He adapted numerous novels about war into film and television scripts including ''[[How I Won the War]]'' (1967) from a novel by [[Patrick Ryan (author and journalist)|Patrick Ryan]]; ''[[The Long Day's Dying]]'' (1968) from a novel by [[Alan White (novelist)|Alan White]]; ''[[A Breed of Heroes]]'' (1994) from a novel by [[Alan Judd]] about a young British officer in Belfast; and three episodes of ''[[Sharpe (TV series)|Sharpe]]''.

Many of his works have a semi-autobiographical element, employing his personal and professional life as a writer, working in theatre and movies. '' Last Summer By The Seaside'' (1964) was a documentary / ''cinema verite'' commentary about the English at play on the beach written and narrated by Charles Wood about his family on their annual holiday visit to his parents on the Isle of Wight. ''Fill the Stage With Happy Hours'' (1966) was a comedy about a run-down repertory theatre. ''A Bit of a Holiday'' (1969) which starred George Cole as the writer Gordon Maple rewriting a historical screenplay in Rome was inspired by the filming of ''[[The Adventures of Gerard]]''.<ref>"Charles Wood: In and Out of Mufti." John Russell Taylor, ''Plays and Players'', 18 (1970)</ref> ''Veterans; or, Hair in the Gates of the Hellespont'' drew on the filming of ''The Charge of the Light Brigade'' with [[John Gielgud]] playing a character based on John Gielgud. ''Has "Washington" Legs?'' (1978) was written for America's bicentennial celebrations and was another comedy about film-making. ''A Bit Of An Adventure'' (1974) was about the life of writer Gordon Maple as played by [[George Cole (actor)|George Cole]]. Cole played George Maple again in two series of Wood's sitcom ''[[Don't Forget to Write!]]'' (1977 and 1979) about the frustrations of a writer's life. ''Across from the Garden of Allah'' (1985) was a comedy about an unsuccessful English screenwriter in Hollywood.

While Wood remained active in the theatre, a string of television dramas followed in the 1970s. The first of these was also perhaps the strangest: ''The Emergence of Anthony Purdy Esq, Farmer’s Labourer'' was an experimental piece starring Freddie Jones and Judy Matheson, about which little else is known, bar that it was made by Harlech, the ITV company for the South Wales and Western England region, and was ITV’s drama entry at the Monte Carlo TV festival. It was not widely networked, which is perhaps unsurprising in light of the comment by ''The Guardian''’s critic Nancy Banks-Smith that it was “completely incomprehensible to anyone east of Somerset”. Because Wood lived in Bristol as his writing career was starting, many of his early works were written about Bristol and also staged there. At that time other rising playwrights such as [[Peter Nichols (playwright)|Peter Nichols]] and [[Tom Stoppard]] lived there. ''Meals On Wheels'' (1965) was an experimental satire about provincial conservatism and repression which was to have been performed at the [[Bristol Old Vic]] but interference from Bristol Council meant it was rejected.<ref>Gambit interview, 1970</ref> ''Drums Along the Avon'' (1967) was a TV play about racial integration in Bristol which had to be broadcast with a disclaimer that "it is a fantasy and we devoutly hope that no one in Bristol will see it otherwise".<ref>Giving Offence, Stuart Wood, ''The Spectator'' 2 June 1967</ref> Wood had submitted ''Dingo'' to the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre Company]], but the Chamberlain's rejection of licence meant it could not be performed there, so Bristol Arts Centre staged the play under club membership conditions to circumvent censorship.

Wood had productive relationships with leading individuals in the British film and theatre industry. He worked numerous times with [[Richard Lester]]. Their first collaboration was on the film ''[[The Knack ...and How to Get It]]'' (1965) when the producer [[Oscar Lewenstein]] recommended Wood write the adaptation.<ref>Getting Away With It, Steven Soderbergh</ref> He worked again with Lester on the screenplay for ''[[Help! (film)|Help!]]'' (1965) and ''[[How I Won the War]]'' (1967), adapted from the [[Patrick Ryan (author and journalist)|Patrick Ryan]] novel and featuring some of the material from Wood’s play ''Dingo''. His other screenplays for Richard Lester were ''[[The Bed-Sitting Room (film)|The Bed Sitting Room]]'' (1969), from the [[Spike Milligan]] play, and ''[[Cuba (film)|Cuba]]'' (1969). Inspired by stories by [[Yuri Krotkov]], Wood wrote for Lester a script about the catastrophes suffered by a Russian actor who bears an uncanny resemblance to Stalin, but when financing fell through it was performed as ''Red Star'' by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1984.<ref>Charles Wood, ''Plays 3'', p. 160</ref> Wood first worked with the director [[Richard Eyre]] when he directed the stage play ''Jingo'' (1975). Richard Eyre directed Wood’s television film ''[[Tumbledown]]'' (1988). Wood cowrote with Eyre the scripts for Eyre’s films '' [[Iris (2001 film)|Iris]]'' (2001) and ''[[The Other Man (2008 film)|The Other Man]]'' (2008). Wood wrote the screenplays for three [[Channel 4]] films about composers, each directed by [[Tony Palmer (director)|Tony Palmer]]: ''[[Wagner (film)|Wagner]]'' (1983); ''Puccini'' (1984); and ''[[England, My England]]'' (1995), completing John Osborne's screenplay about Purcell after it had been abandoned owing to Osborne's terminal illness.

Though Wood's plays are rarely revived, his play ''Jingo'' was produced by [[Primavera Productions|Primavera]] at the [[Finborough Theatre]] in March 2008, directed by [[Tom Littler]]. ''Jingo'', subtitled ''A Farce of War'', is set during the last days of British control of Singapore before the humiliating surrender to the Japanese. [[Susannah Harker]] played Gwendoline and [[Anthony Howell (actor)|Anthony Howell]] her ex-husband Ian.

===Theatre plays===

* ''Cockade'' New Arts Theatre, London 1963 (three one-act plays: Prisoner and Escort, John Thomas, and Spare)
* ''Tie Up the Ballcock'', Bristol Arts Centre 1964 (one act play)
* ''Meals On Wheels'', [[Royal Court Theatre]] 1965 (directed by John Osborne)
* ''Don't Make Me Laugh'', [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] 1965 (one act play, part of "Home And Colonial")
* ''Fill the Stage With Happy Hours '', Nottingham 1966
*''[[US (play)|US]]'', Royal Shakespeare Company, 1966, contributed speeches to [[Peter Brook]]'s an anti-Vietnam protest play <ref>Peter Brook, by Albert Hunt, 1995 p97-98</ref>
* ''Dingo'', Bristol Arts Centre 1967
* ''H, Being Monologues at Front of Burning Cities'', [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]] 1969
* ''Welfare Liverpool Everyman'', 1970-1 (three one-act plays: includes Tie Up the Ballcock, Meals on Wheels, Labour)
* ''Veterans; or, Hair in the Gates of the Hellespont'', Royal Court Theatre 1972
* ''Jingo'', [[Aldwych Theatre]], 1975
* ''Has "Washington" Legs? '', National Theatre 1978
* ''The Garden'', Sherborne, Dorset 1982 (directed by Ann Jellicoe)
* ''Red Star'', Royal Shakespeare Company 1984
* ''Across from the Garden of Allah'', Bath / Guildford / Comedy Theatre 1985-1986

===Television scripts===

* ''Traitor In A Steel Helmet'' BBC 18 September 1961
* ''Not At All'' BBC 12 October 1962 (Two male layout artists from a London advertising agency head off on holiday to the Isle of Wight in the hope of finding romance)
* ''Prisoner and Escort'' ITV 5 April 1964
* ''Drill Pig'' ITV 14 December 1964
* ''Last Summer By The Seaside'' BBC1 29 December 1964
* ''Drums along the Avon'' BBC1 24 May 1967
* ''A Bit of a Holiday'' ITV 1 December 1969
* ''The Emergence of Anthony Purdy Esq, Farmer’s Labourer'' Bristol HTV 1970
* ''A Bit of Family Feeling'' ITV 1 June 1971
* ''A Bit Of Vision'' ITV 6 August 1972
* ''Death Or Glory Boy'' ITV 10–24 March 1974
* ''Mützen Ab!'' BBC2 6 May 1974 (Nazi-hunters' celebrations over the discovery of a South American war criminal receive a jolt when a rival candidate crops up in Munich)
* ''A Bit Of An Adventure'' ITV 21 July 1974
* ''Do As I Say'' BBC1 25 January 1977 (black comedy about the rape of a suburban housewife)
* ''[[Don't Forget to Write!]]'' (series 1 - 6 episodes) BBC2 18/4–23 May 1977
* ''Love-lies-bleeding'' ITV 12 July 1977 (black comedy as a dinner party comes under sniper attacks )
* ''Don't Forget to Write!'' (series 2 - 6 episodes) BBC2 18/1–22 February 1979
* ''[[Red Monarch]]'' Channel 4 16 June 1983 (adapted from ''The Red Monarch: Scenes From the Life of Stalin'' by [[Yuri Krotkov]])
* ''[[Wagner (film)|Wagner]]'' Channel 4 6 January 1983
* ''Puccini'' Channel 4 5 December 1984
* ''Dust to Dust'' ITV 7 December 1985 (thriller in which a murderess kills suitors for their money)
* ''[[My Family and Other Animals (TV series)|My Family and Other Animals]]'' BBC 17 October – 19 December 1987 (10 episodes) (based on the memoir by [[Gerald Durrell]])
* ''[[Inspector Morse (TV series)|Inspector Morse]]'' (The Settling of the Sun) ITV 15 March 1988
* ''[[Tumbledown]]'' BBC1 31 May 1988 (won Prix Italia RAI Prize, Best Single Play BAFTA, Best Single Play RTS, Best Single Play BPG)
* ''[[Sharpe's Company (TV programme)|Sharpe: Sharpe's Company]]'' ITV 25 May 1994 (adapted from novel by [[Bernard Cornwell]])
* ''[[A Breed of Heroes]]'' BBC1 4 September 1994
* ''[[England, My England]]'' Channel 4 1995
* ''[[Sharpe's Regiment (TV programme)|Sharpe: Sharpe's Regiment]]'' ITV 1 May 1996 (adapted from novel by Bernard Cornwell)
* ''Kavanagh Q.C.'' (Mute of Malice) ITV 3 March 1997
* ''[[Sharpe's Waterloo (TV programme)|Sharpe: Sharpe's Waterloo]]'' ITV 21 May 1997 (adapted from novel by Bernard Cornwell)
* ''[[Kavanagh QC]]'' (Briefs Trooping Gaily) ITV 31 March 1998 (Kavanagh defends a woman charged with killing her abusive husband)
* ''[[Monsignor Renard]]'' ITV 10 April 2000

===Film screenplays===

* ''[[The Knack ...and How to Get It]]'' 1965 (adapted from the play by [[Ann Jellicoe]]) (Grand Prix Cannes, Screenwriters Guild Award)
* ''[[Help! (film)|Help!]]'' 1965
* ''[[How I Won the War]]'' 1967 (adapted from novel by [[Patrick Ryan (author and journalist)|Patrick Ryan]])
* ''[[The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968 film)|The Charge Of The Light Brigade]]'' 1968
* ''[[The Long Day's Dying]]'' 1968 (adapted from novel by [[Alan White (novelist)|Alan White]])
* ''[[The Bed-Sitting Room (film)|The Bed Sitting Room]]'' 1969 (adapted from play by [[Spike Milligan]])
* ''[[The Adventures of Gerard]]'' 1970 (adapted from [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]’s stories dir. [[Jerzy Skolimowski]])
* ''[[Cuba (film)|Cuba]]'' 1979
* ''[[An Awfully Big Adventure]] '' 1995 (adapted from novel by [[Beryl Bainbridge]])
* ''[[Iris (2001 film)|Iris]]'' 2001
* ''[[The Other Man (2008 film)|The Other Man]]'' 2008

===Radio plays===

* ''Prisoner and Escort''
* ''Cowheel Jelly'' 2 November 1962
* ''Next to Being a Knight'' 8 December 1972 (play about a child's imagination)
* ''[[The Fire Raisers (play)|The Fire Raisers]]'' 16 January 2005 (adapted from the play by [[Max Frisch]])
* ''The Conspiracy of Sèvres'' 3 November 2006 (play about the [[Suez Crisis]]) (nominated by the WGGB in the best radio play category for 2007.)

===Translations===

* Wood wrote the English dialogue for the dubbed version of Fellini's ''[[Fellini Satyricon|Satyricon]]'' (1969)<ref>''The Second Wave: British Drama for the Seventies'' by John Russell Taylor, 1971, (Routledge Revivals), p. 71</ref>
* ''The Can Opener'' ('Le Tourniquet' by Victor Lanoux) London 1974
* ''Man, Beast and Virtue'' ('L'uomo, la bestia, e la virtu' by Luigi Pirandello), National Theatre 1989
* ''The Mountain Giants'' ('Uriasii Muntilor' by Luigi Pirandello), National Theatre, 1993
* ''The Tower, Or Marguerite de Bourgogne'' ('La Tour de Nesle' by Alexandre Dumas pere), Almeida Theatre, 1996
* ''Ms Courage'' ('Landstörtzerin Courasche' by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen), in ''Plays Three'', Charles Wood, Oberon Books, 2005

===Selected bibliography===
* ''Plays 1: "Veterans" & "Across from the Garden of Allah"'' (Oberon Books, 1997)
* ''Plays 2: "H", "Jingo", "Dingo"'' (Oberon Books, 1999)
* ''Plays 3: "Fill the Stage with Happy Hours", "Red Star", "Ms.Courage"'' (Oberon Books, 2005)
* ''Screenplay: "Tumbledown"'' (Penguin 1987)
* ''Screenplay: "Iris"'' (Bloomsbury, 2002)

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Interviews with Charles Wood===
* ‘National Service’ by Keith Harper, ''The Guardian'', 31 March 1964,
* 'Charles Wood — An Actor's Writer?' by John Rudlin, ''New Theatre Magazine'', 6 (1965), pg. 2-5.
* Gambit, 1970
* "Charles Wood" by Ronald Hayman. ''The Times'', March 8, 1972; pg. 13
* ‘Janet Watt meets Charles Wood, the author of Jingo’ by Janet Watt, ''The Guardian'', 20 August 1975
* ‘A monstrously human fascination’ by John Preston, ''The Times'', 16 June 1983, p. 12
* 'More People in a Bare Room' by Derek Weeks, ''Plays & Players'', December 1984
* ''[[Bookmark (TV series)|Bookmark]]'': "Charles Wood's Theatre of War" BBC2 30 November 1988

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0939606}}
* [http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsW/wood-charles.html Works by Charles Wood] from Doollee.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061002060636/http://www.625.org.uk/biograph/biogwood.htm Charles Wood biography] from 625.org.uk

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wood, Charles}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Chesterfield Grammar School]]
[[Category:17th/21st Lancers soldiers]]
[[Category:English dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:English screenwriters]]
[[Category:English male screenwriters]]
[[Category:English male dramatists and playwrights]]

Jim Swire

2025-04-06T15:51:47Z

80.46.110.142:

{{Short description|English father of 1988 Lockerbie bombing victim}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jim Swire
| image =
| birth_name = Herbert Swire
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1936}}
| birth_place = [[Windsor, Berkshire]], England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| occupation = [[Family medicine|General practitioner]]
| known_for = Views and research on the 1988 bombing of [[Pan Am Flight 103]] over [[Lockerbie]], Scotland
| parents =
| children = 3<ref name="After Lockerbie"/>
| spouse = Jane<ref name="After Lockerbie"/>
| website =
}}
'''Herbert Swire''' (born 1936), known better as '''Jim Swire''', is an English doctor best known for his involvement in the aftermath of the 1988 bombing of [[Pan Am Flight 103]], in which his daughter Flora was killed.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.lockerbietruth.com/p/our-bios.html |title=Biographical details |website=Lockerbietruth.com |accessdate=17 October 2022}}</ref> Swire lobbied toward a solution for the difficulties in bringing suspects in the original bombing to trial, and later advocated the retrial and release of [[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]], the originally convicted suspect in the case.

In 1990, Swire carried a fake bomb{{snd}}a near-exact replica of the one that killed his daughter{{snd}}onto two different aircraft, one in the UK and a connecting one in the US, as a demonstration of lax security in both countries.

==Biography==
Herbert Swire was born in [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]], [[Berkshire]], the son of Roger, a colonel in the [[British Army]] based at [[Windsor Castle]], and his wife Otta, the daughter of Sir [[William Woodthorpe Tarn]].<ref name="Mail">{{cite web |last1=Anjum |first1=Husna |title=Who the real Jim Swire is as Lockerbie A Search for Truth begins on Sky |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/showbiz-tv/who-real-jim-swire-lockerbie-30694108 |website=Birmingham Live |access-date=6 April 2025 |date=2 January 2025}}</ref> He spent part of his childhood on the [[Isle of Skye]], and attended [[Eton College]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], where he studied natural sciences.<ref name="Mail"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Cambridge Tripos List: Natural Sciences |work=The Times |date=29 June 1959 |page=12}}</ref> He then worked for the [[BBC]] as a technologist before training to be a minister in the [[Church of England]] at [[Ridley Hall]] theological college.<ref name="After Lockerbie"/><ref name="Mail"/> Swire met his future wife Jane at Cambridge, and it was she who persuaded him to turn his career ambitions towards medicine. Training to be a doctor at the [[University of Birmingham Medical School]], he realised he was too old to embark upon a career as a surgeon and instead opted to become a [[general practitioner]].<ref name="Mail"/> Following graduation, he joined a practice in [[Bromsgrove]], [[Worcestershire]], and lived there with his wife and three children, Flora, Catherine and William.<ref name="After Lockerbie"/><ref name="bio"/><ref name="Mail"/>

==Lockerbie bombing==
{{Main|Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial}}
On 20 December 1988, Swire's 23-year-old daughter Flora, who wanted to fly to the United States to spend Christmas with her American boyfriend, had little difficulty in booking a seat on the next day's transatlantic [[Pan Am Flight 103]], with only 243 of 366 seats sold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=747 Size Comparison |publisher=[[Boeing]] |date=2007-05-30 |page=6 |url=https://www.boeing.com/content/dam/boeing/boeingdotcom/company/about_bca/startup/pdf/historical/747-100_-200_-300_-SP_passenger.pdf |access-date=2025-02-20}}</ref> Flora died when it exploded over the town of [[Lockerbie]], Scotland, killing at least 270 people, including 11 on the ground. Investigations were soon launched in the United States and the United Kingdom.

Eventually, two Libyans, [[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]] and [[Lamin Khalifah Fhimah]], were accused.

Swire became a spokesman for UK Families Flight 103, a group of family members of those who had died in the air crash.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/cook-calls-bluff-on-lockerbie-1173865.html Cook calls bluff on Lockerbie], ''[[The Independent]]'', 25 August 1998</ref>

Swire planted a memorial [[Woodland#United Kingdom|woodland]] for his daughter, known as Flora's Wood, near their home in [[Gloucestershire]].<ref name="After Lockerbie">{{Cite web |date=2007-06-30 |title=After Lockerbie: Our lives without Flora |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/default_content/12763363.lockerbie-lives-without-flora/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Fake bomb==
[[File:Jim Swire fake bomb 2019.JPG|thumb|right|Jim Swire's fake bomb]]
On 18 May 1990, Swire took a fake bomb on board a [[British Airways]] flight from London's Heathrow airport to New York's JFK<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-06-mn-158-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times| first=Mark | last=Fineman | date=6 July 1990 | title=TERRORISM / ONE MAN'S CRUSADE : Fake Bomb Shows Hole in Security : The father of one of the victims of the Pan Am 103 tragedy demonstrates that it could happen again}}</ref> and then on a flight from New York JFK to Boston to show that airline security had not improved; his fake bomb consisted of a radio cassette player and the confectionery [[marzipan]], which was used as a substitute for [[Semtex]]. Some American family members asked Swire to keep the news of the stunt quiet; it became public six weeks later. Susan and [[Daniel Cohen (children's writer)|Daniel Cohen]], parents of Pan Am Flight 103 victim Theodora Cohen, approved of the plan, while some other family members of American victims did not.<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Daniel Cohen (children's writer)|last2=Cohen|first2=Susan|first=Daniel|last=Cohen|title=Pan Am 103: The Bombing, the Betrayals, and a Bereaved Family's Search for Justice|publisher=[[New American Library]]|year=2000|page=225}}</ref>

==Trial of al-Megrahi and Fhimah==
{{See also|Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial#Trial set-up}}

There was no extradition treaty between any of the countries involved: the United Kingdom, the U.S. and Libya, and Libyan law prevented the extradition of its citizens. Libya offered to detain the two accused and prosecute them, but that offer was turned down by the U.S. and Britain. In 1994, [[Robert Black (advocate)|Professor Robert Black]] of [[Edinburgh University]] proposed that the two Libyans could be prosecuted under [[Scots law]] but in a neutral country. [[Nelson Mandela]] offered South Africa as the neutral venue; that proposal was rejected by Britain.

In 1997, Swire and Black decided to lobby for support of Black's proposal and visited Egypt and Libya. Swire went to America, the United Nations, Germany, back to Libya and then visited cities throughout the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/5260/egyptsw.html |title=Dr Jim Swire's visit to Egypt and Libya in April 1998 |accessdate=9 January 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040907115042/http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/5260/egyptsw.html |archivedate=7 September 2004 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> Eventually [[Camp Zeist, Netherlands]] was chosen to become Scottish territory for the duration of criminal proceedings. The accused were handed over to Scottish police at Camp Zeist in May 1999, and the [[Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial|trial]] finally began on 5 May 2000. Swire was present, and when the verdicts were announced on 31 January 2001, acquitting [[Fhimah]] and convicting Megrahi, Swire fainted and had to be carried from the courtroom.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jan/31/lockerbie1 Lockerbie campaigner collapses at verdict], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 31 January 2001</ref>

==al-Megrahi's appeal and release==
Swire met [[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]] for the first time on Wednesday 16 November 2005 and spent an hour with him in the governor's office to ask Megrahi whether he would still press for the [[SCCRC]] to continue its review of his case if Megrahi were repatriated to Libya. Swire said Megrahi stated he would continue to pursue a review, and Swire added that UKF-103 would press for a review if Megrahi did not follow through.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/lockerbie-dad-meets-man-jailed-for-bombing-1-1109792 |title=Lockerbie dad meets man jailed for bombing |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=18 November 2005 |accessdate=28 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010062837/http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/lockerbie-dad-meets-man-jailed-for-bombing-1-1109792|archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref>

On 28 June 2007, the SCCRC, after its four-year review, found that Megrahi's conviction could have been a [[miscarriage of justice]] and granted him leave for a second appeal to the [[Court of Criminal Appeal (Scotland)|Court of Criminal Appeal]]. Swire was interviewed on BBC Radio 4's ''[[Today Programme]]'' a few hours before the SCCRC announced its decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_6240000/newsid_6248100/6248128.stm?bw=bb&mp=rm |title=Player – Lockerbie convict 'framed' |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=28 June 2007 |accessdate=6 January 2017}}</ref> Megrahi's second appeal was expected to be heard at the [[Court of Criminal Appeal (Scotland)|Court of Criminal Appeal]] in 2009.

In October 2007, Swire offered {{GBP|500000|link=yes}} ({{Inflation|UK|500000|2007|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-3}}) to lawyers trying to prove the innocence of al-Megrahi.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/scotland/top-stories/swire-offered-cash-help-to-al-megrahi-1-1426294 |title=Swire offered cash help to al-Megrahi |work=[[Scotland on Sunday]] |date=7 October 2007 |accessdate=28 June 2015}}</ref>

In December 2008, [[Peter Fraser, Baron Fraser of Carmyllie|Peter Fraser, Lord Fraser of Carmyllie]], the former lord advocate, said that Swire's insistence that Al Megrahi was innocent was comparable to the "[[Stockholm syndrome]]", where captives grow to admire and defend their captors. Many American families of victims criticised Swire for his support of Libya.<ref>{{cite web|last=Macaskill|first=Mark|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/swire-is-victim-of-stockholm-syndrome-says-lord-fraser-2rmvhwdg5sj|title=Swire is victim of Stockholm Syndrome, says Lord Fraser|work=[[The Times]]|date=21 December 2008|accessdate=9 August 2009}}</ref> Swire said that he felt upset by Fraser's comments. Fraser defended his position, insisting on his choice of words.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davidson|first=Lorraine|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/lord-fraser-unrepentant-over-attack-on-jim-swire-3hdjpgwdhqj|title=Lord Fraser unrepentant over attack on Jim Swire|work=[[The Times]]|date=21 December 2008|accessdate=9 August 2009}}</ref>

In the same month, Swire founded the Justice for Megrahi Campaign<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firmmagazine.com/justice-for-megrahi-campaign-launches/ |title=Justice For Megrahi campaign launches |work=The Firm |date=12 December 2008 |accessdate=2 July 2014 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630113406/http://www.firmmagazine.com/justice-for-megrahi-campaign-launches/ |archivedate=30 June 2015 }}</ref> which sought interim release from jail for Megrahi, who had been diagnosed with [[prostate cancer|metastasized prostatic cancer]] and was terminally ill, so that he could return to his family in Libya pending his second appeal against conviction.

On 20 August 2009, owing to the cancer, Megrahi was released on compassionate grounds by the Scottish Justice Secretary, Kenny MacAskill. Application had also been made to transfer Megrahi to Libya through a prisoner transfer agreement between the UK government and Libya, though, to meet the criteria for this transfer, the conviction of a prisoner needed to be final and, ostensibly, to facilitate this, Megrahi abandoned his appeal. Swire expressed his approval of the release but disappointment that the appeal had been abandoned.<ref>[http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Lockerbie-Al-Megrahi-release-welcomed.5574557.jp=rm]{{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref> In January 2012 Swire travelled to Tripoli to meet with Megrahi, before the latter died in May 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.uk.msn.com/uk/lockerbie-bomber-close-to-death|title=Lockerbie bomber 'close to death'|date=19 January 2012|work=[[MSN]]|accessdate=2 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714124447/http://news.uk.msn.com/uk/lockerbie-bomber-close-to-death|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Swire was played by [[Colin Firth]] in ''[[Lockerbie: A Search for Truth]]'', a [[Sky UK|Sky Television]] miniseries based on the book ''The Lockerbie Bombing: A Father's Search For Justice'', which Swire co-authored with Peter Biddulph.<ref>{{cite web |title=Colin Firth pictured among plane debris in Lockerbie drama |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-68629927 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=22 March 2024 |date=22 March 2024}}</ref>

{{Portal|United Kingdom|Biography}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.lockerbietruth.com Website of Dr Jim Swire and Peter Biddulph]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/scotland/2000/lockerbie_trial/715658.stm Dr Jim Swire: My hopes]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216005658/http://www.justiceformegrahi.com/ Aims & Objectives of Justice for Megrahi campaign]}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qc02y ''Taking a Stand'']. [[BBC Radio 4]]. Broadcast 2 February 2010.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swire, Jim}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:20th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:Pan Am Flight 103]]
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[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People from Windsor, Berkshire]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:21st-century English medical doctors]]

William Woodthorpe Tarn

2025-04-06T15:09:03Z

80.46.110.142:

{{Short description|British classical scholar and historian (1869–1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
Sir '''William Woodthorpe Tarn''' (26 February 1869 – 7 November 1957) was a British [[classics|classical scholar]] and writer. He wrote extensively on the [[Hellenistic world]], particularly on [[Alexander the Great|Alexander the Great's]] empire and its successor states.

==Life==
William Woodthorpe Tarn was born in London on 26 February 1869, eldest of two sons and one daughter of William Tarn (b. 1841), a silk merchant, and Frances Arthy (b. 1843/4). He was educated at [[Eton College]], where he was school captain and a king's scholar, graduating in 1888. He studied at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], with [[Henry Jackson (classicist)|Henry Jackson]], sparking a lifelong interest in Greek philosophy. He then studied law at the Inner Temple, becoming a chancery barrister in 1894. In 1896 he married Flora Macdonald (d. 1937). He had one daughter, Otta, for whom he wrote a fairy story, ''The Treasure of the Isle of Mist'' (1919).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lehnus |first=Luigi |year=1999 |title=La dedica dell'''Antigonos Gonatas'' di W. W. Tarn |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20860934 |journal=Aevum |volume=73 |issue=1 |page=154 |jstor=20860934 }}</ref>

Following the long illness of Flora, Tarn had a breakdown and retired from law. He left London for Scotland, where he made his home initially at Mountgerald, near [[Dingwall]], and later at Muirtown House, near [[Inverness]]. His interest in Greek philosophy reappeared in his first book, ''Antigonos Gonatas'' (1913), he sought to bring his subject, whom he admired, to life. Despite technical advances and numerous revisionist challenges, Tarn's books continue to influence the subject at the end of the twentieth century.<ref name="auto">[F. E. Adcock, "Tarn, Sir William Woodthorpe, (1869–1957)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]</ref>

During the [[World War I|Great War]], Tarn worked as an intelligence officer, having been refused enlistment in the army due to poor sight.

Tarn published in learned journals, especially on ancient Hellenistic, geographical, military, and naval history. He was known as "a forceful if courteous controversialist", according to Adcock.<ref name="auto"/> He rejected [[J. S. Morrison]]'s early argument about the construction of triremes. His Lees Knowles lectures at Trinity College, published as ''Hellenistic Military and Naval Developments'' in 1930, have remained in print ever since. He then spent several years working on the pioneering ''The Greeks in Bactria and India'', which became a classic in the field. Tarn was elected FBA in 1928 and took a Cambridge LittD in 1931. He was a member of several learned societies and academies in Britain and abroad, and was made an honorary LLD by Edinburgh University in 1933. In 1939 he was made an honorary fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. He was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=William+W.+Tarn&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> In 1952 he was knighted for his services to history.<ref name="auto"/>

Tarn lived out his retirement as a country gentleman. He died at his home near Inverness on 7 November 1957.

==Works==
Tarn's prolific scholarship, publishing some 153 works, was seminal to the development of Hellenistic studies in the Twentieth Century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n86813921/|title=William Woodthorpe Tarn|accessdate=18 February 2024}}</ref> His study of Greeks in Hellenistic Asia used new and diverse sources, using Greek, Babylonian, Indian and Tibetan sources to complement Greek sources.

According to some, Tarn offered a somewhat idealistic interpretation of Alexander's conquests as culturally inclusive and essentially driven by his vision of the "unity of mankind" in the [[Opis Decree]].{{unclear inline|date=February 2024}} Such a reading, which echoes Hellenistic philosophical ecumenicalism <ref>Arrian Anabasis 7.11.7</ref> has been challenged by recent revisionists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-07-11 |title=Alexander the not so Great: History through Persian eyes |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18803290 |access-date=2023-03-06}}</ref> Jeanne Reames remarked that "Tarn's portrait of Alexander turned the Greek conqueror into a proper Scottish gentleman". Likewise, [[Ernst Badian]] criticised Tarn for his prejudice against opponents to Alexander. When discussing the revolt of the Spartan king [[Agis III]] in 331 BC, Badian added that Tarn "distort[ed] the actual facts in an all but irresponsible fashion" in his work.<ref>Badian, "Agis III", p. 171.</ref>

Reames also saw Tarn's strong influence in [[Mary Renault]]'s trilogy of historical novels about Alexander - though Renault's acknowledged Alexander's homo-erotic tendencies, while Tarn had regarded references to them in ancient sources as "defamations" which the Macedonian king had to be defended against.<ref>[http://myweb.unomaha.edu/~mreames/Beyond_Renault/renault.html Beyond Renault – Mary Renault], Jeanne Reames reviews 3 books on Alexander the Great written by Renault</ref>

Tarn's ground-breaking work on Graeco-Bactrian history considered the interaction between Greek and non-Greek subject peoples in Hellenistic territories and how these developed over time. He characterised the cosmopolitan Bactrian [[Euthydemid dynasty]] dynasty as "a courageous experiment that failed".<ref>[W.W. Tarn, ''The Greeks in Bactria and India'', p. 413]</ref> His works are considered very influential, if often challenged by more recent scholarship, on the subject of the [[Greco-Bactrian]] and [[Indo-Greeks|Indo-Greek]] history.

His only non-academic writing is ''The Treasure of the Isle of Mist'' (1919), a fairytale dedicated to his daughter Otta.<ref name=":0" />

==Publications==
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000613482 ''Antigonos Gonatas'']. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''Antigonos Gonatas'' by William Woodthorpe Tarn|journal=The Athenaeum|date= 7 June 1893|issue= 4467|pages=610–611|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$c108351;view=1up;seq=438}}</ref> (Later editions: Oxford University Press, 1969 (hardcover, {{ISBN|0-19-814275-7}}); Chicago: Argonaut, 1969 (hardcover, {{ISBN|0-8244-0142-5}})). (See [[Antigonos Gonatas]].)
* ''The Treasure of the Isle of Mist''. London: Philip Allan & Co, 1919. – fantasy adventure for children
* ''The Hellenistic Age: Aspects of Hellenistic Civilisation'', by J.B. Bury, E.A. Barber, Edwyn Bevan, and Tarn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1923.
* ''Hellenistic Civilisation''. London: Edward Arnold & Co., 1927. (2nd, rev. ed., 1930. 3rd ed., with G.T. Griffith, 1952.)
* ''Seleucid-Parthian Studies (Proceedings of the British Academy; XVI)''. London: Humphrey Milford, 1930.
* ''Hellenistic Military and Naval Developments''. Cambridge U. Press, 1930. (Latest ed., New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1998 (paperback, {{ISBN|0-8196-0169-1}})).
* ''Alexander the Great and the Unity of Mankind''. Humphrey Milford, 1933.
* ''The Greeks in Bactria & India''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938. (3rd, revised ed. Chicago Ridge, IL: Ares Publishers, 1997 (hardcover, {{ISBN|0-89005-524-6}})). [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73340/page/n5/mode/2up Online at Archive.Org]
* ''Alexander the Great''. Vol. I, ''Narrative''; Vol. II, ''Sources and Studies''. Cambridge U. Press, 1948. (New ed., 2002 (paperback, {{ISBN|0-521-53137-3}})).
* Tarn, W. W. "Alexander and the Ganges," Journal of Hellenic Studies, 43 (1923), 93–101
* Tarn, W. W. "Heracles Son of Barsine." JHS 41.1 (1921): 18–28.

==See also==
* [[Will Cuppy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Adcock, F.E. ''Sir William Woodthorpe Tarn, 1869–1957''. London, 1959.
* [[Ernst Badian]], "Agis III", ''Hermes'', Vol. 95 (1967), pp. 170–192.
* Opis Decree in Arrian's Anabasis [https://www.livius.org/sources/content/arrian/anabasis/mutiny-at-opis/ Arrian on the mutiny at Opis – Livius]

==External links==
* ''Times'' [http://www.rgreen.org.uk/WWT.html Obituary] for W.W. Tarn.
* {{Gutenberg author | id=37006}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=William Woodthorpe Tarn}}
* {{LCAuth|n86813921|W. W. Tarn|21|ue}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:19th-century British historians]]
[[Category:English classical scholars]]
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Historians of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
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[[Category:International members of the American Philosophical Society]]
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Neil Shephard

2025-04-06T13:20:17Z

80.46.110.142: /* Early life and education */

{{short description|British economist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Neil Shephard
| image = Shephard, Neil (1964).jpeg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|10|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Plymouth]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| workplaces = [[London School of Economics]] [[Nuffield College, Oxford]] [[Harvard University]]
| education = [[University of York]] [[London School of Economics]]
| field = [[econometrics]], [[statistics]], [[finance]]
|known_for = [[auxiliary particle filter]], [[realised variance]], [[bipower variation]]
| spouse = Dr Heather Bell
| prizes = [[Guy Medal]] in Silver, 2017 [[Richard Stone Prize]], 2012
| parents =
| children =
| website = {{url|https://scholar.harvard.edu/shephard/home}}
}}

'''Neil Shephard''' (born 8 October 1964), [[British Academy|FBA]], is an [[econometrician]], currently Frank B. Baird Jr., Professor of Science in the Department of [[Economics]] and the Department of [[Statistics]] at [[Harvard University]].

His most well known contributions are: (i) the formalisation of the econometrics of realised [[Volatility (finance)|volatility]], which nonparametrically estimates the volatility of asset prices, (ii) the introduction of the auxiliary particle filter (signal extraction), (iii) the nonparametric identification of jumps in financial economics, through multipower variation, (iv) stochastic volatility models based on non-Gaussian Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes, known as 'Barndorff-Nielsen-Shephard' models.

==Early life and education==
Neil Shephard was born in Plymouth, England, but moved to Norfolk, England, aged one. His mother was Tydfil Shephard (1930–1972), who was a high school teacher. His father was Tom Shephard (1930–2023), who was a Norfolk high school head. Since 1975, the former [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] MP and government minister [[Gillian Shephard]] has been his step-mother. He attended the [[Marshland High School]] West Walton (a state comprehensive school), [[King Edward VII School (King's Lynn)|King Edward VII School]] in King's Lynn and [[City of Norwich School]], where he studied pure mathematics & statistics, economics and politics at A-level. He studied economics and statistics as an undergraduate at the [[University of York]] in the UK (1983–86), and was awarded a first class degree with distinction. He did his M.Sc. (awarded in 1987, with distinction) and Ph.D. (examined in 1989 and graduated in 1990) at the [[London School of Economics|LSE]].

==Academic career==
He was a lecturer in statistics at the [[London School of Economics|LSE]] from 1988 to 1993. He moved to [[Nuffield College, Oxford]] in 1991 to join the economics group as the Gatsby Prize Research Fellow in Econometrics (funded by the [[Gatsby Foundation]]). In 1993 he became an Official Fellow in Economics at [[Nuffield College, Oxford]].
He has been Professor of Economics and of Statistics at [[Harvard University]] since 2013.

He was elected a Fellow of the [[British Academy]] in 2006, a Fellow of the [[Econometric Society]] in 2004. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in economics by [[Aarhus University]] in 2009, the 2012 Richard Stone Prize in Applied Econometrics and the 2017 Guy Medal in Silver of the Royal Statistical Society.

With [[David F. Hendry]] he founded the [[Econometrics Journal]] in 1998. With [[Colin Mayer]] he founded Oxford University's Masters in Financial Economics. In 2007 he co-founded the [[Oxford-Man Institute]], which he directed from 2007 to 2011. He chaired the Statistics Department at Harvard from 2015 to 2022. With Computer Science and Statistical colleagues, he founded Harvard University's Masters in Data Science in 2018 and the Harvard Data Science Initiative.

==Publications==
===Representative articles===
*Iavor Bojinov and Neil Shephard (2019) "Time Series Experiments and Causal Estimands: Exact Randomization Tests and Trading", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 114, 1665-1682.
*Luke Bornn, Neil Shephard and Reza Solgi (2019) "Moment conditions and Bayesian nonparametrics", Journal of Royal Statistical Society, 81, 5-43.
*[[Ole E. Barndorff-Nielsen]], [[Peter Reinhard Hansen]], Asger Lunde, Neil Shephard (2008), "Designing realised kernels to measure the ex-post variation of equity prices in the presence of noise", Econometrica. Vol. 76, pp. 1481–1536
*G. Fiorentini, Enrique Sentana and Neil Shephard (2004) ''Likelihood-based estimation of latent generalised ARCH structures'', Econometrica, 2004, 72, 1481–1517.
*Ole E. Barndorff-Nielsen and Neil Shephard (2004) ''Econometric analysis of realised covariation: high frequency based covariance, regression and correlation in financial economics'', Econometrica, 72, 885–925.
*Ole E. Barndorff-Nielsen and Neil Shephard (2004) ''Power and bipower variation with stochastic volatility and jumps'' (with discussion) Journal of Financial Econometrics, 2004, 2, 1–48.
*Ole E. Barndorff-Nielsen and Neil Shephard (2002) ''Econometric analysis of realised volatility and its use in estimating stochastic volatility models'', [[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society]], Series B, 63, 2002, 253–280.
*Ole E. Barndorff-Nielsen and Neil Shephard (2001) ''Non-Gaussian Ornstein-Uhlenbeck-based models and some of their uses in financial economics'', (with discussion), Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 63, 2001, 167–241.
*Michael K. Pitt and Neil Shephard (1999) ''Filtering via simulation: auxiliary particle filter'', Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94, 1999, 590–599.
*Sangjoon Kim, [[Siddhartha Chib]] and Neil Shephard (1998) ''Stochastic volatility: likelihood inference and comparison with ARCH models'', Review of Economic Studies, 65, 1998, 361–393.
*Andrew C. Harvey, Esther Ruiz and Neil Shephard (1994) ''Multivariate stochastic variance models'', Review of Economic Studies 61, 1994, 247–264.

===Edited volumes===
*Neil Shephard (2005) ''Stochastic Volatility: Selected Readings'', edited volume, [[Oxford University Press]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Guy Medal}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shephard, Neil}}

[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of York]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Academics of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Probability theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century British economists]]
[[Category:21st-century British economists]]

Social Market Foundation

2025-04-06T12:47:46Z

80.46.110.142:

{{Short description|British think tank}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = SMF LOGO RGBcolour.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
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| formation = {{start date and age|1989}}
| extinction =
| type = [[Think tank]]
| status = [[Charitable organization|Charity]]<ref name="smf.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.smf.co.uk/|title=Home, The Social Market Foundation (SMF) think tank - Social Market Foundation|website=Social Market Foundation|accessdate=6 October 2017}}</ref>
| purpose = "To advance the education of the public in the economic, social and political sciences"<ref name="smf.co.uk"/>
| headquarters = 11 Tufton Street, [[Westminster]], [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="smf.co.uk"/>
| coords = {{coord|51.5073509|-0.127758|display=inline,title}}<ref name="smf.co.uk"/>
| services =
| language = English<ref name="smf.co.uk"/>
| leader_title = Director
| leader_name = James Kirkup<ref name="smf.co.uk"/>
| leader_title2 = Chief Economist
| leader_name2 = Shreya Nanda<ref name="smf.co.uk"/>
| leader_name3 = Aveek Bhattacharya<ref name="smf.co.uk"/>
| leader_title3 = Research Director
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors = [[Mary Ann Sieghart]] (Chair), Baroness [[Olly Grender]], [[Nicola Horlick]], Sir Brian Pomeroy CBE, [[Matthew d'Ancona]], Professor [[Tim Bale]], Peter Readman, Rt Hon Baroness [[Gillian Shephard]]<ref name="smf.co.uk"/>
| key_people =
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| affiliations = [[Social Democratic Party (UK, 1988)|'Continuing' SDP]] {{small|(1989–90)}} [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]]<ref name="smf.co.uk"/>
| budget =
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| name = Social Market Foundation
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| abbreviation = SMF
| founder = [[Robert Skidelsky, Baron Skidelsky|Robert Skidelsky]] [[Daniel Finkelstein]]
| merger =
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| registration_id = 1000971<ref name="charitycommission.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1000971&SubsidiaryNumber=0|title=Charity overview|website=charitycommission.gov.uk|accessdate=6 October 2017}}</ref>
| location =
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| fields = [[Cost of living]], [[productivity]], [[financial services]], Public Sector Reform<ref name="smf.co.uk"/>
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| revenue = £826,860<ref name="charitycommission.gov.uk"/>
| disbursements =
| expenses = £810,360<ref name="charitycommission.gov.uk"/>
| endowment =
| staff = 14<ref name="charitycommission.gov.uk"/>
| mission =
| website = [http://www.smf.co.uk www.smf.co.uk]
}}

The '''Social Market Foundation''' ('''SMF''') is an independent [[United Kingdom|British]] political public policy [[think-tank]] based in [[City of Westminster|Westminster]], [[London]]. It is one of the 'Top 12 Think Tanks in Britain'<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/1576447/The-top-twelve-think-tanks-in-Britain.html|title=The top twelve think tanks in Britain|first1=Toby|last1=Helm|first2=Christopher|last2=Hope|date=6 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2017|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> and was named 'UK Think Tank of the Year' by [[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] in 2012.<ref name="prospectmagazine.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/think-tank-of-the-year-awards-2012|title=Think Tank of the Year Awards 2012|last=Prospect|website=prospectmagazine.co.uk|accessdate=6 October 2017}}</ref> Its purpose is to "advance the education of the public in the economic, social and political sciences" and to "champion ideas that marry a pro-market orientation with concern for social justice".<ref name="smf.co.uk"/> Policy ideas are based on the concept of the [[social market economy]].

== History ==
Founded in 1989, the organisation was established by individuals close to [[David Owen|David Owen's]] [[Social Democratic Party (UK, 1988)|'continuing' Social Democratic Party]], which had itself been formed the year beforehand by those members of the original [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|SDP]] who refused to accept that party's merger with the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]]. Owen had made much use of the term 'social market' when describing the economic model he espoused as an alternative to [[Thatcherism]], and upon the Foundation's establishment he was made one of its trustees.<ref name="Owenbiog">David Owen, ''Time to Declare'' (London: Penguin, 1992), p. 802. {{ISBN|9780140148053}}</ref> The Foundation's first executive director was the 'continuing' SDP peer [[Alastair Boyd, 7th Baron Kilmarnock|Lord Kilmarnock]], and its chairman from 1991 was [[Robert Skidelsky, Baron Skidelsky|Robert Skidelsky]], Professor of Political Economy at [[Warwick University]], who was responsible for much of the Owenite SDP's economic policy, having written a [[green paper]] on the social market economy for the party's first conference in September 1988.<ref name="Owenbiog"/><ref>Robin Oakley, "A few problems with party's 'very own big idea'", ''The Times'', 20 September 1988, p. 4.</ref>

Following the demise of the 'continuing' SDP in 1990, the Foundation gravitated to the post-Thatcher [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], and in press circles it was often cited as "[[John Major]]'s favourite thinktank".<ref>Shrimsley, R (1995), 'Defector from SDP to head Tory research', ''Financial Times'', August 24, p. 7</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnmajor.co.uk/page1384.html |title=Mr Major's Speech to the Social Market Foundation |publisher=John Major |date=9 September 1994 |accessdate=23 March 2014}}</ref> Skidelsky himself joined the Conservatives in 1992, shortly after being made a life peer by the government, while two directors, Rick Nye and [[Daniel Finkelstein]], both former SDP activists and political advisers to David Owen, later left the Foundation to work for the [[Conservative Research Department]].<ref name=newstatesman-20090529/>

In the late 1990s the Foundation moved closer to [[New Labour]], with [[Gordon Brown]] giving a speech about 'social markets' at the Foundation in 2003,<ref name=newstatesman-20090529>{{cite news |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2009/04/market-foundation-social-party |title=Social Market Foundation |newspaper=New Statesman |date=29 May 2009 |accessdate=23 March 2014}}</ref> and SMF publishing a paper by Gordon Brown in 2004.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/23454/1/A%20Modern%20Agenda%20for%20Prosperity%20and%20Social%20Reform.pdf |title=A Modern Agenda for Prosperity and Social Reform |author=Gordon Brown |publisher=Social Market Foundation |date=May 2004 |accessdate=23 March 2014}}</ref> In 2001, Lord Skidelsky was replaced as chair by [[David Lipsey, Baron Lipsey|David, Lord Lipsey]], who in the 1970s had been a special adviser to the Labour politician [[Anthony Crosland]].<ref>{{Who's Who | title=Lipsey | id = U24646 | volume = 2023 | edition = online}}</ref> The Foundation was thus associated with some of the policies of New Labour, particularly issues of public service reform.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

In September 2010 [[Mary Ann Sieghart]], the political and social affairs journalist, took over as Chair.

== Policy goals ==

The SMF’s remit is to focus on domestic public policy, particularly the public services and welfare. The majority of publications are therefore focused on issues concerning education, health care and employment. However it also produces publications on wide-ranging subjects such as road-pricing, [[casino]]s and [[energy]] policy.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

The SMF has a 20 member Policy Advisory Board, which as of 2018 included the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) [[Stephen Kinnock]], [[Norman Lamb]], [[Chris Leslie]], [[Alison McGovern]], [[Tom Tugendhat]], [[Chuka Umunna]] and [[John Woodcock (politician)|John Woodcock]].<ref name=smf-aboutus>{{cite news |url=http://www.smf.co.uk/about-us/ |title=About Us |work=Social Market Foundation. |publisher=Social Market Foundation |accessdate=21 August 2018}}</ref>

== Funding ==
In November 2022, the funding transparency website [[Who Funds You?]] gave The Social Market Foundation a B grade (rating goes from A to E).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Funds You? Social Market Foundation |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/who-funds-you/social-market-foundation/ }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of UK think tanks]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.smf.co.uk Official website]
* {{EW charity|1000971|The Social Market Foundation}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Political and economic think tanks based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Political and economic research foundations]]
[[Category:Think tanks based in the United Kingdom]]

Frederick Burden

2025-04-05T22:12:54Z

80.46.110.142:

{{Short description|British politician}}
{{For|the politician in British Columbia, Canada|Frederick Parker Burden}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =Sir Frederick Burden
| image=
| caption =
| constituency_MP= [[Gillingham (UK Parliament constituency)|Gillingham]]
| majority =
| term_start =23 February 1950
| term_end =13 May 1983
| predecessor =[[Joseph Binns]]
| successor = [[James Couchman]]
| birth_date =27 December 1905
| birth_place =[[Easthampstead]], Berkshire, England
| residence =
| death_date =6 July 1987 (aged 81)
| death_place =Weymouth, Dorset, England
| office =
| party = [[National Labour Organisation|National Labour]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir Frederick Frank Arthur Burden''' (27 December 1905 – 6 July 1987) was a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and vice-chairman of the [[RSPCA]].

==Career==

Burden was educated at the [[Sloane School]], [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] and was British schools [[boxing]] champion 1921–22. He served with the [[Royal Air Force]] in [[World War II]], first with a [[Poland|Polish]] unit then with Eastern Air Command, and later on the staff of [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] at [[South East Asia Command]], attaining the rank of [[Squadron Leader]].

He became a company director, including of [[British Eagle International Airlines]].

==Politics==

Burden contested [[South Shields (UK Parliament constituency)|South Shields]] as a [[National Labour Organisation|National Labour]] candidate in 1935, and as a Conservative stood in [[Finsbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Finsbury]] in 1945 and [[Rotherhithe (UK Parliament constituency)|Rotherhithe]] in a [[1946 Rotherhithe by-election|1946 by-election]].

He was [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Gillingham (UK Parliament constituency)|Gillingham]] from 1950 to 1983. By the time of his retirement at the age of 77, he was one of the oldest sitting MPs, as well as one of the longest serving, with 33 years to his credit. [[James Couchman]] was his successor.

==Animal welfare==

Burden was chairman of the Parliamentary [[Animal welfare|Animal Welfare]] Group.<ref name="Cassidy 2019">{{Cite web|author=Cassidy, Angela|date=2019|title=Vermin, Victims and Disease: British Debates over Bovine Tuberculosis and Badgers|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK552861/|website=National Library of Medicine|language=en-GB|archive-date=October 23, 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241023204329/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK552861/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the early 1960s, he planned to create a [[Private members' bills in the Parliament of the United Kingdom|Private Member’s Bill]] extending legal protection to the [[badger]]. His Bill proposed to outlaw badger hunting but also legalise the licensed control of "rogue" animals. The Bill did not reach the stage of formal Parliamentary debate.<ref name="Cassidy 2019"/>

In 1969, Burden was the vice-chairman of the RSPCA and had been president of the Kent Wildfowlers Association for 15 years.<ref name="RSPCA">{{cite news|url=https://www.findmypast.co.uk/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0000560%2F19690818&page=19 |title=Blood-Sport Row Over an RSPCA Chief|newspaper=Dailly Mirror |date=August 18, 1969|page=19}} {{subscription required}}</ref> There was a campaign for Burden to resign from the RSPCA due to his support of [[field sports]] which members claimed was hypocritical considering his position in the RSPCA.<ref name="RSPCA"/> In response, Burden stated that he did not believe there was an issue with him belonging to both organisations and defended the Kent Wildfowlers Association. He commented that "I have shot pheasants, and I see nothing wrong with that. And of course, I fish".<ref name="RSPCA"/> The RSPCA chairman John Hobhouse responded that "we certainly object to the shooting of birds for pleasure, I would prefer if he wasn't involved".<ref name="RSPCA"/>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

*''Times Guide to the House of Commons'', 1935, 1950, 1966 & 1979
*{{Rayment-hc|date=March 2012}}

== External links ==
*{{Hansard-contribs | sir-frederick-burden | Frederick Burden}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Gillingham (UK Parliament constituency)|Gillingham]]
| years = [[1950 United Kingdom general election|1950]]–[[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983]]
| before = [[Joseph Binns]]
| after = [[James Couchman]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Burden, Frederick}}

[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:British animal welfare workers]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:National Labour (UK) politicians]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:RSPCA workers]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1950–1951]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1951–1955]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1955–1959]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1959–1964]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1964–1966]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1966–1970]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1970–1974]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1974]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1974–1979]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1979–1983]]

Decima Flottiglia MAS

2025-04-05T05:56:52Z

80.46.110.142: /* In popular culture */

{{short description|Italian naval commando frogman unit of the Fascist era}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Decima Flottiglia MAS
| image = File:Teseo Tesei.jpg
| caption = [[Teseo Tesei]], Italian naval officer who organized the Decima Flottiglia MAS and pioneered the use of underwater raids
| start_date = March 1941
| end_date = September 1943
| country = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}
| branch = {{navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
| type = [[Marines]] [[Commando frogman]]
| role = [[Human torpedo]] [[Raid (military)|Raiding]] [[Sabotage]]
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname = Xª MAS
| patron =
| motto = "Memento Audere Semper" (Remember to always be bold)
<ref>[http://www.marina.difesa.it/storia/movm/parte01/movm107.asp] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625093613/http://www.marina.difesa.it/storia/movm/parte01/movm107.asp |date=25 June 2007 }}</ref>
| colours =
| colours_label =
| march = Inno della Xª MAS
| mascot =
| equipment = [[Human torpedoes|SLC "''Maiale''" torpedoes]] [[MT explosive motor boat|MTM "''Barchini''" motor assault boats]]
| equipment_label = Equipment
| battles = [[Sinking of HMS York|Souda Bay]], [[Auxiliary ship Olterra|Gibraltar]], [[Raid on Alexandria (1941)|Alexandria]], [[Raid on Algiers|Algiers]], sank {{HMS|York|90|6}} and 20 merchant ships
| anniversaries =
| decorations = [[Gold Medal of Military Valor|Golden Medal of Military Valour]] '''Individual decorations:''' 29 [[Gold Medal of Military Valor|Golden Medals of Military Valor]] 104 [[Silver Medal of Military Valor|Silver Medals of Military Valor]] 33 [[Bronze Medal of Military Valor|Bronze Medals of Military Valor]]
| battle_honours =
| disbanded = 
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = [[Mario Giorgini]] [[Vittorio Moccagatta]] [[Ernesto Forza]] [[Junio Valerio Borghese]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_4_label =
}}

{{Campaignbox Mediterranean Naval WW2}}
The '''''Decima Flottiglia MAS''''' (''Decima Flottiglia Motoscafi Armati Siluranti'', also known as '''''La Decima''''' or '''Xª MAS''') ([[Italian language|Italian]] for "10th Torpedo-Armed Motorboat Flotilla") was an Italian [[flotilla]], with [[marines]] and [[commando frogman]] unit, of the ''[[Regia Marina]]'' (Royal Italian Navy). The acronym ''[[MAS (motorboat)|MAS]]'' also refers to various light [[torpedo boat]]s used by the Regia Marina during [[World War I]] and [[World War II]].<ref>[http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/military_technology/3033126.html?featured=y&c=y] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219030423/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/military_technology/3033126.html?featured=y&c=y|date=19 December 2007}}</ref>

''Decima MAS'' was active during the [[Battle of the Mediterranean]] and took part in a number of daring raids on Allied shipping. These operations involved surface [[speedboats]] (such as the [[raid on Souda Bay]]), [[human torpedo]]es (the [[Raid on Alexandria (1941)|raid on Alexandria]]) and ''Gamma'' [[frogmen]] (against [[Military history of Gibraltar during World War II#Xª MAS: 1940–1943|Gibraltar]]). During the campaign, ''Decima MAS'' took part in more than a dozen operations which sank or damaged five warships (totalling 78,000 tons) and 20 merchant ships (totalling 130,000 GRT).

In 1943, after the Italian dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] was [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|ousted]], Italy left the [[Tripartite Pact]]. Some of the Xª MAS men who were stationed in German-occupied northern and central Italy enlisted to fight for Mussolini's newly formed [[Italian Social Republic]] (''Repubblica Sociale Italiana'' or RSI) and retained the unit title, but were primarily employed as an anti-[[Partisan (military)|partisan]] force operating on land. Other Xª MAS men in southern Italy or other Allied-occupied areas joined the [[Italian Co-Belligerent Navy]] as part of the ''Mariassalto'' (Naval Assault) unit.

==Historical background==
In [[World War I]], on 1 November 1918, Raffaele Paolucci and [[Raffaele Rossetti]] of the [[Regia Marina]] rode a [[human torpedo]] (nicknamed ''[[Mignatta]]'' or "leech") into the harbour of [[Pula]], where they sank the battleship [[SMS Viribus Unitis|''Jugoslavija'']], of the navy of the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]], formerly the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy|Austro-Hungarian]] [[battleship]] {{SMS|Viribus Unitis||6}}, and the [[Cargo ship|freighter]] ''Wien'' using [[limpet mine]]s.<ref name=quick>{{cite journal |last=Quick |first=D. |title=A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus |journal=Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine. |volume=[[RANSUM]]-1-70 |year=1970 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4960 |access-date=2009-03-20 |archive-date=2008-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509072728/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4960 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> They had no [[Scuba set|underwater breathing sets]], and thus had to keep their heads above water to breathe. They were discovered and taken prisoner as they attempted to leave the harbour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwar1.com/sfvu.htm |title=Trenches on the Web – Special Feature: Assault on the Viribus Unitis |publisher=Worldwar1.com |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref>

In the 1920s, sport [[spearfishing]] without breathing apparatus became popular on the [[Mediterranean]] coast of [[France]] and Italy. This spurred the development of modern [[swimfin]]s, [[diving mask]]s and [[Snorkel (swimming)|snorkel]]s.{{fact|date=December 2024}}

In the 1930s Italian sport spearfishermen began using industrial or submarine-escape oxygen [[rebreather]]s, starting [[scuba diving]] in Italy.{{fact|date=December 2024}}

==Unit origins and equipment==
This new type of diving came to the attention of the Regia Marina which founded the first [[special forces]] underwater frogman unit, later copied by the [[British commando frogmen|Royal Navy]] and [[Underwater Demolition Team|United States Navy]]. ''[[Frigate captain|Capitano di Fregata]]'' (Commander) Paolo Aloisi was the first commander of the '''1ª Flottiglia Mezzi d'Assalto''' ("First Assault Vehicle Flotilla"), formed in 1939 as a result of the research and development efforts of [[Major (rank)|Major]]s [[Teseo Tesei]] and Elios Toschi of the naval [[combat engineers]]. The two resurrected Paolucci's and Rossetti's concept of human torpedoes.

In 1941, Commander [[Vittorio Moccagatta]] re-organised the First Flotilla into the '''Decima Flottiglia MAS''', and divided the unit into two parts – a surface group operating fast explosive motor boats, and a sub-surface weapons group using [[human torpedo]]es called ''SLC'' (''siluri a lenta corsa'' or "slow-running torpedoes", but nicknamed ''Maiale'' or "Pig" by their crews), as well as "Gamma" assault swimmers (''nuotatori'') using limpet mines. Moccagatta also created the frogman training school at the San Leopoldo base of the [[Italian Naval Academy]] in [[Livorno]].

=== {{lang|it|Decima MAS}} equipment ===

==== {{lang|it|Siluro lenta corsa}} (SLC) ====
[[File:Maiale_SLC.jpg|thumb|{{center|A SLC ({{lang|it|Maiale}} at the {{lang|it|Museo}} {{ill|Sacrario delle Bandiere|it}} {{lang|it|delle Forze Armate}}, Rome.}}]]
The [[Siluro Lenta Corsa]] (SLC, slow speed torpedo), known as ''Maiale'' (pig), was designed by Tesei and Toschi during 1935 and 1936. By late 1939 about eleven were ready and in July 1940 the production version, Series 100, began to arrive. In 1941 the improved Series 200 became ready for use. The standard {{cvt|533|mm}} torpedo with double propellers was changed to one larger propeller in a cowling; seats for a two-man crew were installed, with shields housing the controls. The SLC weighed {{cvt|1.3|–|1.4|LT}} and was {{cvt|22|–|24|ft}} long. The {{cvt|1.6|hp}} electric motor moved the {{lang|it|maiale}} at {{cvt|2|–|3|nmi}} at a maximum depth of {{cvt|50|ft}}. At the target the crew detached a {{cvt|6|ft}}-long warhead with {{cvt|230|to|260|kg|order=flip}} of explosive, detonated by a timer. The {{lang|it|maiale}} crews the Gamma frogmen wore Belloni rubberised suits with a closed-circuit re-breathing apparatus to avoid bubbles. The Gamma frogmen carried explosive charges, five {{cvt|4.5|kg|order=flip}} {{lang|it|cimici}} (bedbugs) or two {{cvt|12|kg|order=flip}} {{lang|it|bauletti}}, (little trunks) and attached them to a ship's hull, with a timed detonation.{{sfn|Crociani|Battistelli|2013|pp=12–13}}{{efn|Students at the Gamma training school, which began in September 1940, had a stringent ten-month course; about fifty graduates undertook operations during the war.{{sfn|Crociani|Battistelli|2013|p=12}}}}

==== {{lang|it|Motoscafo trasporto lento}} (MTL) ====
[[File:Waterproof_container_for_SLC_Assault_Craft.JPG|right|thumb|{{center|Container for a {{lang|it|maiale}} to be attached to the deck of a submarine}}]]
{{lang|it|Maiali}} and SLCs needed transport close to the target because the re-breather lasted no more than six hours and {{lang|it|maiali}} had a range of only {{cvt|4|nmi}} at full speed and a maximum of {{cvt|15|nmi}} at cruising speed.{{sfn|Crociani|Battistelli|2013|pp=12–13}} The modified destroyers {{ship|Italian destroyer|Francesco Crispi||2}} and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Quintino Sella||2}}, had carried the MTM used in the successful [[Raid on Souda Bay]] (25/26 March 1941). The {{lang|it|Motoscafo trasporto lento}} (MTL, slow transport motorboat) was a wooden-hulled boat {{cvt|8.5|m|order=flip}} long by {{cvt|2.9|m|order=flip}} wide, to carry {{lang|it|maiali}} close to the target. The MTL had a range of only {{cvt|60|nmi}} cruising at {{cvt|5|kn}}, few were built and they were rarely used. Surface transport gave way to submarines; early in 1940 the {{ship|Italian submarine|Ametista||up=yes}} began tests as a {{lang|it|maiale}} transport. The maximum depth of submersion was only {{cvt|30|m|order=flip}}; {{ship|Italian submarine|Iride||up=yes}} was converted in July 1940 but was sunk on 21 August. {{ship|Italian submarine|Gondar||up=yes}} was sunk on 30 September, even though the three {{lang|it|maiali}} cylinders could be flooded, allowing the boat to reach a depth of {{cvt|295|ft}}.{{sfn|Crociani|Battistelli|2013|pp=13–14}}

==== {{lang|it|Motoscafo turismo}} (MT/MTM) ====
[[File:4B-10Exercise.jpg|left|thumb|{{center|MTM of {{lang|it|Decima MAS}}}}]]
The first {{lang|it|Motoscafo turismo}} (MT) became known as {{lang|it|barchini}} (little boats) were built in late 1938, six MT being delivered in early 1939. An improved version {{lang|it|MT Modificato}} (MTM) tested in November 1940, was {{cvt|6.1|m|order=flip}} long. Both types carried an explosive charge of {{cvt|300|–|330|kg|order=flip}} in the bows at up to {{cvt|31|kn}}. The MTM was fitted with a seat back/life raft behind the pilot for him to float on after dropping off the MTM, while waiting to be rescued. Twelve MTs were built and about forty MTMs. Early in 1941, a smaller {{lang|it|MT Ridotto}} was built with a height of {{cvt|1.14|m|order=flip}} to fit inside the deck cylinders of submarines with the same explosive charge but they were never used in this manner.{{sfn|Crociani|Battistelli|2013|p=15}}{{clear}}

==== {{lang|it|MT Siluranti}} (MTS) ====
[[File:MAScamo.jpg|thumb|{{center|[[MAS (motorboat)|Motoscafo armato silurante]]}}]]
The {{lang|it|MT Siluranti}} (MTS, torpedo motorboat), was a small boat carrying one or two modified {{cvt|450|mm}} torpedoes, the MTS being more manoeuvrable than the usual {{lang|it|[[MAS (motorboat)|Motoscafo armato silurante]]}}. The first MTS, of early 1941, could reach {{cvt|28|kn}} with a range of {{cvt|158|km|nmi|order=flip}}. The {{lang|it|Decima MAS}} was assisted by {{lang|it|Regia Marina}} MAS boats, which by June 1940, had fifty Class 500 MAS and another 25 in 1941 in four versions. The Class 500 was {{cvt|18.7|m|order=flip}} long by {{cvt|4.7|m|order=flip}} wide at the beam, with a displacement of {{cvt|22|–|29.4|t|order=flip}}. The MAS had a crew of 9 to 13 men and had two {{cvt|450|mm|order=flip}} torpedoes, 6–10 depth charges and a {{cvt|13.2|mm}} heavy machine-gun (replaced in 1941 with a Breda 20 mm cannon). The MAS could move at {{cvt|44|kn}} and had a range of {{cvt|645|–|1600|km|nmi|order=flip}}.

=== List of {{lang|it|decima MAS equipment}} ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+{{lang|it|Decima MAS}} equipment{{sfn|Crociani|Battistelli|2013|loc=Endpaper}}
! width="150px" scope="col" |Name
! width="30px" scope="col" |[[Acronym]]
! width="200px" scope="col" |English translation
!Notes
|-
| align="left" |{{lang|it|Uomini Gamma}}
| align="center" |—
| align="left" |Gamma Men
| align="left" |[[Frogmen]] sabotage specialists
|-
| align="left" |{{lang|it|[[MAS (motorboat)|Motoscafo armato silurante]]}}
| align="center" |MAS
| align="left" |Armed torpedo motorboat
| align="left" |Similar to a British [[Motor torpedo boat]] (MTB)
|-
| align="left" |{{lang|it|[[MT explosive motorboat|Motoscafo turismo]]}}
| align="center" |MT
| align="left" |Leisure motorboat
| align="left" |Explosive assault boat, 12 built
|-
| align="left" |{{lang|it|Motoscafo trasporto lento}}
| align="center" |MTL
| align="left" |Slow transport motorboat
| align="left" |Known as {{lang|it|Barchini}} (little boats)
|-
| align="left" |{{lang|it|Motoscafo turismo modificato}}
| align="center" |MTM
| align="left" |Improved explosive assault motorboat
| align="left" |Forty built
|-
| align="left" |{{lang|it|Motoscafo turismo ridotto}}
| align="center" |MTR
| align="left" |Small assault motorboat
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |{{lang|it|Motoscafo turismo silurante}}
| align="center" |MTS
| align="left" |Torpedo motorboat
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |{{lang|it|MTS modificato}}
| align="center" |MTSM
| align="left" |Improved torpedo motorboat
| align="left" |
|-
| align="left" |{{lang|it|Siluro lenta corsa}}
| align="center" |SLC
| align="left" |Slow human torpedo
| align="left" |
|-
|}

== Combat record ==
The Decima MAS saw action starting on 10 June 1940, when Fascist Italy entered World War II. In more than three years of war, the unit destroyed some 72,190 tons of Allied warships and 130,572 tons of Allied merchant ships. Personnel from the unit sank the World War I-era [[Royal Navy]] battleships {{HMS|Valiant|1914|6}} and {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913|6}} (both of which, after months of work, were refloated and returned to action), wrecked the [[heavy cruiser]] {{HMS|York|90|6}} and the [[destroyer]] {{HMS|Eridge|L68|6}}, damaged the destroyer {{HMS|Jervis|F00|6}} and sank or damaged 20 [[merchant ship]]s, including supply ships and tankers. During the course of the war, the Decima MAS was awarded the [[Gold Medal of Military Valor|Golden Medal of Military Valour]] and individual members were awarded a total of 29 [[Gold Medal of Military Valor|Golden Medals of Military Valour]],{{efn|The highest number awarded to personnel serving in any single unit of the Italian armed forces.}} 104 [[Silver Medal of Military Valor|Silver Medals of Military Valour]] and 33 [[Bronze Medal of Military Valor|Bronze Medals of Military Valour]].

=== 1940 ===
[[File:Maiale at gosport.jpg|thumb|Italian ''Maiale'' human torpedo "[[Siluro San Bartolomeo]]" displayed at the [[Royal Navy Submarine Museum]], [[Gosport]], UK.]]
* 10 June 1940: [[Benito Mussolini]] declared war on [[United Kingdom]].
* 22 August 1940: While preparing for an attack on the British naval base at [[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]], the Italian submarine {{ship|Italian submarine|Iride||2}} (carrying four ''Maiale'' and five two-man crews) and the support ship ''Monte Gargano'' were attacked and sunk in the [[Gulf of Bomba]] off [[Tobruk]], [[Libya]], by British land-based [[Fairey Swordfish]] [[torpedo bomber]]s. Teseo Tesei survived the attack, but casualties among the submarine crew were heavy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.regiamarina.net/xa_mas/actions_us.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417014941/http://www.regiamarina.net/xa_mas/actions_us.htm|title=Principal Operations of the 10th Light Flotilla|archivedate=17 April 2009|website=www.regiamarina.net}}</ref>
* 21 September 1940: The Italian submarine ''[[Italian submarine Gondar|Gondar]]'' departed [[La Spezia]] for Alexandria, carrying three ''Maiale'' and four two-man crews. The ''Gondar'' reached Alexandria on the evening of 30 September, but was spotted by British and Australian destroyers, which attacked. Severely damaged, it was forced to the surface and scuttled by the crew. They were captured, along with the Decima MAS crewmen (including Elios Toschi).
* 24 September 1940: The Italian submarine {{ship|Italian submarine|Sciré|1938|2}}, commanded by Commander [[Junio Valerio Borghese]], departed La Spezia carrying three human torpedoes and four crews, for a planned attack on the British naval base at [[Gibraltar]]. The operation was cancelled when the British fleet left harbour before the submarine arrived.
* 21 October 1940: ''Sciré'' departed La Spezia and sailed again to Gibraltar carrying three human torpedoes and four crews. The ''Decima MAS'' frogmen entered the harbour, but were unable to attack any ships due to technical problems with the torpedoes and breathing equipment. Only one human torpedo managed to get close to a target, the battleship ''[[HMS Barham (04)|Barham]]''. The charge exploded but did not cause significant damage. The two crewmen, Gino Birindelli and Damos Paccagnini, were captured by the British. The other four (including Teseo Tesei) manage to reach [[Spain]] and returned to Italy. Valuable experience was gained in this operation by the Decima. [[Gino Birindelli]] received the ''[[Medaglia d'Oro al Valor Militare]]'' (MOVM), his second, Damos Paccagnini received the ''[[Medaglia d'Argento al Valore Militare]]'' (MAVM).

=== 1941 ===
[[File:HMSYorkDamaged41941.jpg|thumb|Wreck of HMS ''York'' inspected by the crew of the Italian [[Spica-class torpedo boat|torpedo boat ''Sirio'']], moored alongside]]
* 25 March 1941: The Italian destroyers {{ship|Italian destroyer|Francesco Crispi||2}} and {{ship|Italian destroyer|Quintino Sella||2}} departed [[Leros]] island in the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] at night, each carrying 3 small (2-ton) [[MT explosive motorboat|''Motoscafo da Turismo'']] motor assault boats of the Decima MAS. Each MT (nicknamed ''barchini'' or "little boats") carried a 300 kg (660 lb) explosive charge in its [[Bow (ship)|bow]]. The one-pilot craft were launched by the destroyers 10 miles off [[Suda Bay]], [[Crete]], where several British Royal Navy warships and auxiliary ships were at anchor. The MTs were specially equipped to make their way through obstacles such as [[torpedo nets]]; the pilot steered the assault craft in a collision course at his target ship, and jumped from his boat before impact and warhead detonation. Once inside the bay, the six boats located their targets: the [[heavy cruiser]] {{HMS|York|90|6}}, a large tanker (the Norwegian ''Pericles'' of 8,300 tons), another tanker, and a cargo ship. Two MTMs hit ''York'' amidships, flooding her aft boilers and magazines. ''Pericles'' was severely damaged and settled on the bottom, while the other tanker and the cargo ship were sunk. The other ''barchini'' apparently missed their intended targets, and one of them was stranded on the beach. All six of the Italian sailors were captured. The disabled ''York'' was later scuttled in shallow waters with demolition charges by her crew before the [[Battle of Crete|German capture of Crete]], while ''Pericles'' sank in April 1941 en route to Alexandria.
* 25 May 1941: The ''Sciré'' departed La Spezia carrying three human torpedoes. At [[Cadiz]], [[Spain]] it secretly embarked eight Decima MAS crewmen. At Gibraltar, they found no warships because {{HMS|Renown|1916|2}}, {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|2}}, and {{HMS|Sheffield|C24|2}} had been ordered to the [[Atlantic]] to hunt the German battleship {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck||2}}. The torpedoes once again experienced technical problems as they unsuccessfully attempted to attack a freighter. The crew returned to Italy via Spain.
* 26 June 1941: An attack on Malta similar to the 26 July 1941 operation (see below) was planned but was canceled due to bad weather.<ref name="ReferenceA">pp. 6–11, issue 39, Historical Diving Times</ref>
[[File:Слима.jpg|thumb|The remains of [[St. Elmo Bridge]] in [[Valletta]], which was destroyed in the attack of 26 July 1941]]
* 26 July 1941: Two ''Maiale'' and ten MAS boats (including six ''barchini'') [[Battle of Grand Harbour|unsuccessfully attacked the port]] of [[Valletta]], [[Malta]]. The force was detected early on by a British [[radar]] installation, but the British [[coastal batteries]] held their fire until the Italians approached to close range. Fifteen ''Decima MAS'' crewmen were killed (including Commander Moccagatta), and 18 were captured. Teseo Tesei and [[Petty Officer]] {{ill|Alcide Pedretti|it}} on one torpedo died by [[Fort St. Elmo]] as they attempted to destroy the outer defenses of the harbour. [[Lieutenant]] Franco Costa and [[sergeant]] Luigi Barla on the other torpedo became lost, scuttled their craft, and swam ashore at St. George's Bay two miles NW of Valletta. Their ''Maiale'' was recovered by the British, becoming the first example they had been able to examine.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> All 6 MTMs, both SLCs and two MAS (MAS 451 and MAS 452<ref>''Our Name Wasn't Written – a Malta Memoir'', [[Caroline Vernon]], Canberra, 1992, p. 36 {{ISBN|0-646-07198-X}}</ref>) boats were lost, one of them being found adrift in open seas by the British and towed to port by a seaplane. This disaster forced the unit to make a huge reassessment of its operations. Commander [[Ernesto Forza]] was named as commander of the Decima MAS,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marina.difesa.it/storia/movm/Parte06/bio06/MOVM6056b.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070621072644/http://www.marina.difesa.it/storia/movm/Parte06/bio06/MOVM6056b.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 June 2007 |access-date=17 September 2009 |title=Ernesto FORZA – Capitano di Fregata }}</ref> and Borghese became leader of the sub-surface weapons group.<ref>Kemp p. 51</ref>
* 10 September 1941: The ''Sciré'' departed La Spezia carrying three human torpedoes. At Cadiz, Spain, it secretly embarked eight crewmen for them. At Gibraltar, the torpedoes sank three ships: the [[Tanker (ship)|tankers]] ''Denbydale'' and ''Fiona Shell'', and the [[cargo ship]] ''Durham''. All six crewmen swam to Spain and returned safely to Italy, where they were decorated, as were the crew of ''Sciré''.
* 3 December 1941: ''Sciré'' departed La Spezia carrying three human torpedoes to conduct what became the [[Raid on Alexandria (1941)]]. At the island of [[Leros]] in the [[Aegean Sea]], six Decima MAS crewmen came aboard, including [[Lieutenant]] [[Luigi Durand de la Penne]]. On 18 December ''Sciré'' released the torpedoes 1.3 miles from Alexandria commercial harbour, and they entered the harbour when the British opened the boom defence to let three of their [[destroyer]]s pass. After many difficulties, de la Penne and his crewmate Emilio Bianchi successfully attached a limpet mine under {{HMS|Valiant|1914|6}}, but had to surface as they attempted to leave, and were captured. They refused to answer when questioned and were detained in a compartment aboard ''Valiant''. Fifteen minutes before the explosion, de la Penne asked to speak to the ''Valiant''{{'}}s captain and informed him of the imminent explosion but refused to give other information. He was returned to the compartment and neither he nor Bianchi were injured by the detonation of the mine. The other four torpedo-riders were also captured, but their mines sank ''Valiant'', the battleship {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913|2}}, and the Norwegian tanker ''Sagona'', and badly damaged the destroyer {{HMS|Jervis|F00|6}}. The two battleships sank in only a few feet of water and were subsequently re-floated and repaired, being out of action for over a year.

=== 1942 ===
* 29 April 1942: The Italian submarine ''Ambra'' departed La Spezia carrying three human torpedoes. At [[Leros]] six crewmen were secretly loaded for them. On 14 May ''Ambra'' reached Alexandria and sank a British floating dock. The ''Ambra'' was spotted and could not sink anything. All six torpedo-riders were captured.
* July 1942: Italian frogmen set up a secret base in the Italian tanker [[Italian auxiliary ship Olterra|''Olterra'']] which was [[interned]] in [[Algeciras]] near Gibraltar. All materials had to be moved secretly through Spain and this limited operations.
* 13 July 1942: Twelve Italian frogmen swam from the Algeciras coast into Gibraltar harbour and set explosives, and then returned safely. Four ships were sunk.
* 10 August 1942: The [[Italian submarine Scirè (1938)|Italian submarine ''Scirè'']] was sunk by [[HMS Islay|HMS ''Islay'']] while attempting to attack the port of [[Haifa]] in British [[Mandate Palestine|Palestine]]. She had 11 frogmen on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iantdexpeditions.com/notizie/2008/scireen.pdf |title=Scire' 2008 : Archaeological Survey |publisher=Iantdexpeditions.com |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref>
* 29 August 1942: Off [[RAF El Daba|El Daba]], Egypt. The {{sclass2|Hunt|destroyer}} {{HMS|Eridge|L68|6}} was torpedoed at close range by an [[MTSM motor torpedo boat|MTSM]], a torpedo-carrying version of the [[MT explosive motor boat|MTM]]. Six of her crew were lost. {{HMS|Eridge|L68|6}} was towed to Alexandria, but soon after was declared a "constructive total loss", and was scrapped in 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Eridge.htm |title=HMS Eridge, escort destroyer |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref>
* 4 December 1942: The ''Ambra'' left [[La Spezia]] to attack [[Algiers]], carrying frogmen and two human torpedoes. Ten frogmen carrying limpet mines swam with the human torpedoes, but because of the distance, they did not reach the harbour, but attacked ships outside it, sank two and damaged two others.
* 17 December 1942: Six Italians on three torpedoes left the ''Olterra'' to attack the three British warships {{HMS|Nelson|28|2}}, {{HMS|Formidable|R67|2}}, and {{HMS|Furious|47|2}} in Gibraltar. A British patrol boat killed one torpedo's crew (Lt. Visintini and Petty Officer Magro) with a [[depth charge]]. Their bodies were recovered, and their [[swimfin]]s were taken and used by two of Gibraltar's British guard divers. Another British patrol boat spotted another torpedo, and chased and shot at it and captured its two crewmen. The remaining torpedo returned to the ''Olterra'' without its rear rider.

=== 1943 ===
* 8 May 1943: Three Italian human torpedoes left the ''Olterra'' to attack Gibraltar in bad weather and sank two British freighters and an American [[Liberty ship|''Liberty'' ship]]. All returned safely to the ''Olterra''.
[[File:OlterraVictim-2.jpg|thumb|This drawing shows the Norwegian tanker ''Thorshøvdi'', broken in two by [[human torpedo]]es launched from the Italian base-ship ''Olterra'', August 1943]]
* May 1943: Borghese becomes unit commander when Forza returned to sea<ref>Kemp p. 57</ref>
* 25 July 1943: Italian dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] was replaced by Field Marshal [[Pietro Badoglio]] as the head of the Italian Government.
* 9 July 1943: Xª MAS single frogman sank or crippled the ship ''Kaituna'' (4,917 tons) at [[Mersin]] in [[Turkey]].<ref name=Jorgensen93>Jørgensen 2005, p. 93.</ref>
* 3 August 1943: In the evening, three Italian human torpedoes left the ''Olterra'' to attack Gibraltar. They sank three cargo ships, one of them an American ''Liberty'' and returned to the ''Olterra''. One of the Italian divers was captured.
* 1 August 1943: Xª MAS single frogman sank or crippled the Norwegian cargo ship ''Fernplant'' (7,000 tons) at [[İskenderun]] in [[Turkey]].<ref name=Jorgensen93/>

===Armistice===
* 8 September 1943: The new Badoglio government of Italy signed an armistice with the Allies. The ''Olterra'' was towed into Gibraltar, and the British found what had happened in it. Further attacks on Gibraltar using the new and larger replacement for the SLC (the ''[[Siluro San Bartolomeo]]'' type), and a planned raid on [[New York City]] were called off due to the Italian surrender.

===Summary of Allied ships sunk or damaged by Decima MAS===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" width="120px" |Date
! scope="col" width="80px" |Place
! |Notes
|-
|26 March 1941
|[[Suda Bay]]
|Cruiser {{HMS|York|90|6}} (8,250 t [[standard displacement]]){{Efn|Disabled by two MT explosive speedboats piloted by Lt.(jg) Angelo Cabrini and SCPO Tullio Tedeschi. Abandoned and never repaired.}} Tanker ''Pericles'' (8,234 t){{efn|Sunk by an MT explosive speedboat piloted by PO2 Lino Beccati.}}
|-
|19 September 1941
|[[Gibraltar]]
|Tanker ''Denby Dale'' (8,145 t){{efn|Sunk by an explosive charge positioned by the human torpedo piloted by Lt.(jg) Licio Visintini and PO1 Giovanni Magro.}} Tanker ''Fiona Shell'' (2,445 t){{efn|Disabled by an explosive charge positioned by the human torpedo piloted by Lt.(jg) Amedeo Vesco and PO1 Antonio Zozzoli. Later repaired and returned to service.}} Motorship ''Durham'' (10,900 t){{Efn|Damaged by an explosive charge positioned by the human torpedo piloted by Lt.(jg) Decio Catalano and PO1 Giuseppe Giannoni. Later repaired and returned to service.}}
|-
|19 December 1941
|[[Alexandria]]
|Battleship {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913|6}} (30,600 t){{efn|Sunk in shallow water by an explosive charge positioned by the human torpedo piloted by Lt.(jg) Antonio Marceglia and PO1 Spartaco Schergat. Later raised from the bottom and repaired.}} Battleship {{HMS|Valiant|1914|6}} (30,600 t){{efn|Sunk in shallow water by an explosive charge positioned by the human torpedo piloted by Lt.(jg) Luigi Durand De La Penne and MCPO Emilio Bianchi. Later raised from the bottom and repaired.}} Tanker ''Sagona'' (7,554 t){{efn|Damaged by an explosive charge positioned by the human torpedo piloted by Lt.(jg) Vittorio Martellotta and PO1 Mario Marino. Later repaired and returned to service.}} Destroyer {{HMS|Jervis||6}} (1,690 t){{efn|Damaged by an explosive charge positioned by the human torpedo piloted by Lt.(jg) Vittorio Martellotta and PO1 Mario Marino. Repaired and returned to service.}}
|-
|13 June 1942
|[[Sebastopol]]
|Military transport (USSR){{efn|Damaged by MTSM 210 torpedo speedboat piloted by Lt.(jg) Aldo Massarini and PO1 Eliodoro Grillo. Later sunk by German aircraft while being towed back to port.}}
|-
|14 July 1942
|[[Gibraltar]]
|Steamship ''Meta'' (1,575 t){{efn|All damaged by limpet mines positioned by assault frogmen (Lt.(jg) Agostino Straulino and Giorgio Baucier, SCPO Alfredo Schiavoni, PO1 Alessandro Bianchini, E4 Giovanni Lucchetti, Carlo Del Valle, Giuseppe Ferodi, Vago Giari and Evideo Boscolo, E3 Bruno Di Lorenzo, Rodolfo Lugano and Carlo Bucovaz).}} [[List of Empire ships (Si–Sy)#Empire Snipe|SS ''Empire Snipe'']] (2,497 t){{efn|Repaired and returned to service in October 1942.}} Steamship ''Shuma'' (1,494 t) Steamship ''Baron Douglas'' (3,899 t)
|-
|29 August 1942
|El Daba
|Destroyer {{HMS|Eridge|L68|6}} (1,050 t){{efn|Disabled by MTSM 210 torpedo speedboat piloted by Lt.(jg) Piero Carminati and E4 Cesare Sani, never repaired.}}
|-
|15 September 1942
|[[Gibraltar]]
|Steamship ''Raven's Point'' (1,787 t){{efn|Sunk by limpet mines positioned by assault frogman E3 Bruno Di Lorenzo.}}
|-
|12 December 1942
|[[Algiers]]
|Steamship ''Ocean Vanquisher'' (7,174 t){{efn|Sunk during a combined raid of human torpedoes (Lt.(jg) Giulio Arena and E4 Ferdinando Cocchi; Ens. Giorgio Reggioli and E4 Colombo Pamolli) and assault frogmen (Lt.(jg) Agostino Morello, PO1 Oreste Botti, E4 Giuseppe Ferodi and Evideo Boscolo, Sgt. (Army) Luigi Rolfini and Alberto Evangelisti).}} Steamship ''Berta'' (1,493 t){{efn|Sunk}} Steamship ''Armattan'' (6,587 t)<ref name="DAM">Damaged</ref> Tanker ''[[List of Empire ships (Ca–Cl)#Empire Centaur|Empire Centaur]]'' (7,041 t) (repaired)<ref name="DAM"/>USN Military Transport ''N.59''<ref name="DAM"/>
|-
|8 May 1943
|[[Gibraltar]]
|Steamship ''Pat Harrison'' (U.S.) (7,191 t){{efn|All disabled by explosive charges positioned by three human torpedoes (Lt.Ernesto Notari and E4 Ario Lazzari; Lt.(jg) Camillo Tadini and E4 Salvatore Mattera; Lt.(jg) Vittorio Cella and E4 Eusebio Montalenti.}} Steamship ''Mahsud'' (7,540 t) Steamship ''Camerata'' (4875 t)
|-
|30 June 1943
|[[İskenderun]]
|Motorship ''Orion'' (Greek) (7,000 t){{efn| name="MOFer"|Sunk by limpet mines positioned by assault frogman Lt. ([[Blackshirts]]) Luigi Ferraro.}}
|-
|9 July 1943
|[[Mersin]]
|Motorship ''Kaituna'' (4914 t){{efn|name="MOFer"}}
|-
|1 August 1943
|[[İskenderun]]
|Motorship ''Fernplant'' (Norwegian) (7000 t){{efn|name="MOFer"}}
|-
|4 August 1943
|[[Gibraltar]]
|Steamship ''Harrison Gray Otis'' (U.S.) (7,176 t){{efn|Sunk by an explosive charge positioned by the human torpedo piloted by Lt. Ernesto Notari and E4 Andrea Gianoli.}} Steamship ''Stanridge'' (5,975 t){{efn|Sunk by an explosive charge positioned by the human torpedo piloted by Lt.(jg) Camillo Tadini and E4 Salvatore Matera.}} Tanker ''Thorshøvdi'' (Norwegian) (9,944 t){{efn|Sunk by an explosive charge positioned by the human torpedo piloted by Lt.(jg) Vittorio Cella and E4 Eusebio Montalenti.}}
|}

==Successor units==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-311-0926-06, Italien, italienische Soldaten.jpg|thumb|[[Military ranks of the Italian Social Republic|Guardiamarina]] ([[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]]) of the Barbarigo Battalion standing in viale Carso near piazza Bainsizza, in Rome, during a review parade by [[General der Luftwaffe]] [[Kurt Mälzer]] before being sent to face the [[Battle of Anzio|Allied beachhead at Anzio-Nettuno]], March 1944.]]
Following the [[armistice]] of Italy on 8 September 1943, the ''Xª MAS'' was disbanded.
The Badoglio government in the south of Italy under Allied occupation declared war on Germany and became a [[co-belligerent]].
Some Decima MAS sailors joined the Allied cause to fight against Nazi Germany and what remained of the Axis as part of the [[Italian Co-Belligerent Navy]].
A new unit was formed, led by Forza and joined by some of the pioneers such as de la Penne newly released from British [[prisoner of war|POW camps]].
The new unit was named ''Mariassalto'', but continued to be an elite naval force mounting special operations at sea.

In the German-occupied north of Italy. Mussolini set up the
[[Italian Social Republic]] (''Repubblica Sociale Italiana'', or RSI) to continue the war as part of the Axis. Led by Borghese, ''Decima Flottiglia'' was revived, as part of the National Republican Navy (''Marina Nazionale Repubblicana'') of the RSI with its headquarters in ''Caserma del Muggiano'', [[La Spezia]]. By the end of the war, it had over 18,000 members, and although Borghese conceived it as a purely naval unit, it gained a reputation as a savage pro-fascist, anti-communist, anti-resistance force in land campaigns alongside the German forces, under the command of [[SS]] General [[Karl Wolff]].

===Mariassalto===
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Mariassalto
| image =
| caption =
| start_date = October 1943
| end_date = 26 April 1945
| country = {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
| branch = [[Italian Co-Belligerent Navy]]
| type = Naval commandos
| role = [[Human torpedo]] [[Raid (military)|Raiding]] [[Sabotage]]
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment = [[Human torpedo#United Kingdom|Chariot]]
| equipment_label = Equipment
| battles = Raid on Genoa Raid on La Spezia
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| disbanded = 
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = Ernesto Forza
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_4_label =
}}

The ''Mariassalto'' was set up at [[Taranto]] alongside the [[Royal Navy|British]] [[British commando frogmen|frogman force]] in the Mediterranean. Forza was pleased to demonstrate Italian expertise in this area to the British,<ref name="Kemp p61">Kemp p. 61</ref> and the group was also keen to be in action, though if they were caught they would almost certainly have been shot.<ref name="Kemp p63">Kemp p. 63</ref>

In June 1944 came an opportunity to take action, in Operation QWZ, a joint mission against targets in [[La Spezia]] harbour.
The attack was against the Italian cruisers ''[[Italian cruiser Bolzano|Bolzano]]'' and ''[[Italian cruiser Gorizia|Gorizia]]'', which had been taken by the Germans after the Italian surrender. This was to thwart a German plan to sink them where they would block the harbour entrance. The mission also aimed to attack German U-boats in the harbour. British chariots would attack the cruisers whilst ''Mariassalto's'' Gamma Frogmen would attack U-boats penned in the harbour.
On 2 June 1944 the Italian destroyer {{ship|Italian destroyer|Grecale||2}} sailed from [[Bastia]] in [[Corsica]] to [[La Spezia]] carrying three speedboats, and Italian frogmen including [[Luigi Durand De La Penne]], and two British chariots.
One chariot broke down and was abandoned, though the other successfully sank ''Bolzano''. However, the ''Gamma'' men were unsuccessful in their attack on the U-boat pens. All the participants escaped, linking with partisan groups on land.<ref name="Kemp p63"/>

In April 1945 a final mission, Operation Toast, was planned.<ref>[http://parridigit.istitutoparri.eu/public/multimediale/1/.../Special_force_2.pd]{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref> This was aimed at sinking the newly converted shipping liner now the aircraft carrier ''[[Italian aircraft carrier Aquila|Aquila]]'', just completed in Genoa.
For this ''Mariassalto'' men would make use of two British chariots, as they had none of their own SLCs available.
On 18 April 1945 the destroyer {{ship|Italian destroyer|Legionario||2}}, carrying two high-speed motorboats equipped with chariots sailed from Venice for Genoa led by Captain Chavasse SOE and Forza. Both chariots were deployed and succeeded in penetrating the defences but found the hull of ''Aquila'' so encrusted with barnacles and seaweed the limpet mines could not be attached to it. The frogmen had to lay the charges on the seafloor of the outer harbour mole and when the charge exploded as planned the ship remained afloat in spite of the attack. All of the frogmen escaped safely. The German commander never put his extensive demolition plans for Genoa into action and thus Aquila was never sunk as a blockade to the harbour.

===Decima MAS (RSI)===
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Decima Flottiglia MAS
| image = Logodcima.jpg
| caption =
| start_date = September 1943
| end_date = 26 April 1945
| country = {{flag|Italian Social Republic}}
| branch = Navy
| type = [[Marines]] Naval commandos
| role = [[Amphibious warfare]] Anti-partisan [[Close-quarters combat]] [[Counter-insurgency]] [[Counterintelligence]] [[Direct action (military)|Direct action]] [[Raid (military)|Raiding]] [[Reconnaissance]] [[Sabotage]]
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname = Xª MAS
| patron =
| motto = [[Memento Audere Semper]] (Remember to dare always)
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| disbanded = 
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = [[Junio Valerio Borghese]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_4_label =
}}
[[File:Junio Valerio Borghese and Umberto Bardelli.jpg|thumb|[[Junio Valerio Borghese]] (right) and [[Umberto Bardelli]] of the Decima MAS.]]
Some Xª MAS men who were in German-occupied Italy remained part of the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] forces, joining the [[Italian Social Republic]] under the command of Captain Borghese. His reputation and that of the Xª MAS enabled him to negotiate an agreement with the German forces that gave the Xª MAS significant autonomy, allowed them to fight under an Italian flag (under the command of the Germans), and not to be employed against other Italians. Borghese was recognized as the leader of the corps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilander.libero.it/ladecimamas/fronte%20orientale.htm |title=Il Mito della difesa del fronte orientale |publisher=Digilander.libero.it |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref>

==== Ideology ====
The main themes in the Xª MAS's ideology became "[[honour]]" in defending Italy from the "[[betrayal]]" of the armistice with the Allies and a call to defend the territorial integrity of Italy against the Allies.
The corps had its own weekly magazine, ''L'orizzonte'' ("The Horizon"), in which authors such as [[Giovanni Preziosi]] wrote vehemently anti-Semitic articles about [[Jew]]ish [[conspiracy theory|conspiracies]]. The magazine had problems in its distribution, as it was thought that Borghese's popularity among the Fascist hardliners might reduce Mussolini's influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilander.libero.it/ladecimamas/orizzonte.htm |title=Junio Valerio Borghese |publisher=Digilander.libero.it |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref>

==== Hymn ====
{{Verse translation
| lang = it
| italicsoff =
| rtl1 =
|Quando pareva vinta Roma antica,
sorse l'invitta decima legione;
vinse sul campo il barbaro nemico,
Roma riebbe pace con onore;
quando l'ignobil 8 di settembre,
abbandonò la patria il traditore,
sorse dal mar la decima flottiglia,
che prese l'armi al grido "per l'onore!".

Decima flottiglia nostra,
che beffasti l'inghilterra,
vittoriosa ad Alessandria,
Malta, Suda e Gibilterra;
vittoriosa già sul mare,
ora pure sulla terra,
vincerai!

Navi d'Italia che ci foste tolte,
non in battaglia, ma col tradimento,
nostri fratelli prigionieri o morti,
noi vi facciamo questo giuramento:
noi vi giuriamo che ritorneremo,
là dove Dio volle il tricolore;
noi vi giuriamo che combatteremo,
fin quando avremo pace con onore.

Decima flottiglia nostra,
che beffasti l'inghilterra,
vittoriosa ad Alessandria,
Malta, Algeri e Gibilterra;
vittoriosa già sul mare,
ora pure sulla terra,
vincerai!
|When ancient Rome seemed defeated,
arose the invincible [[Legio X Equestris|Tenth Legion]];
On the field she defeated the barbarous enemy,
Rome regained peace with honor;
when, [in] the ignoble September Eight,
the traitor abandoned the Fatherland,
arose from the sea the Tenth Flotilla
who took up arms with the cry "for the honor".

Our [glorious] Tenth Fleet,
that humiliated England,
victorious at [[Alexandria]],
[[Malta]], [[Souda]] and [[Gibraltar]];
already victorious over the sea,
now as well on earth,
you will win!

[For] Ships of Italy that were wiped away,
not in battle but by treachery,
our fellows prisoners or dead,
we make this pledge for you:
We swear that we will return later
where God wanted the Tricolour;
We swear that we will fight,
till we'll have peace with honor.

Our [glorious] tenth Flotilla,
that humiliated England,
victorious at Alexandria,
Malta, [[Algiers]] and Gibraltar;
already victorious over the sea,
now as well on earth,
you will win!}}

==== Relations with the RSI ====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-311-0926-04, Italien, italienische Soldaten.jpg|thumb|Marines of the ''Decima'', in 1944]]
Relationships with the Italian Social Republic were not easy. On 14 January 1944 [[Benito Mussolini]] arrested Borghese while receiving him in [[Gargnano]], in order to gain direct control of the Xª MAS. Word of the arrest reached the officers of the ''Decima'', who considered marching on Mussolini's capital at [[Salò]]. However, the German command used their influence to have Borghese released, as they needed the equipment, expertise and manpower of the Xª MAS as an anti-partisan force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilander.libero.it/ladecimamas/vivarelli.htm |title=Junio Valerio Borghese |publisher=Digilander.libero.it |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref>

==== Naval actions ====
The Xª MAS (RSI) took little part in the war at sea. Its equipment had been abandoned in the south, and its naval activities were frustrated by Allied action.<ref name="Kemp p61"/>
In November 1944 four frogmen (Malacarne, Sorgetti, Bertoncin, Pavone), who had stayed under [[Nazi Germany|German]] command, were delivered by fast motorboat and swam into [[Livorno]] harbor to set up a secret sabotage base, but were captured.<ref>pp. 16–20, issue 41, ''The Historical Diving Times'', {{ISSN|1368-0390}}</ref>

==== Anti-partisan actions ====
[[File:FerruccioNazionale.jpg|thumb|Ferruccio Nazionale, [[Italian resistance movement|Italian partisan]] hanged by the Xª MAS in [[Ivrea]]. The sign says: "He attempted to shoot the ''Decima''"]]
The Decima was mostly employed in anti-partisan actions on land, rather than against the Allies at sea. Their actions were mostly reprisals following the massacre of soldiers of "Decima" by partisans– see Bardelli's homicide. Their anti-partisan actions usually took place in small villages, where the partisans were stronger.
* [[Forno (Massa)|Forno]] 68 persons, civilians and some partisans, were killed by SS men and Xª MAS forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.repubblica.it/iltirreno/PDF/Sant%27Anna/BardineSanTerenzo.pdf|title=static.repubblica.it – Documento Tribunale Militare di La Spezia |access-date=1 September 2012 |language=it }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilander.libero.it/ladecimamas/pagina3.htm |title=Junio Valerio Borghese |publisher=Digilander.libero.it |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref>
* [[Guadine]] Random violence to terrorize a population believed to be supporting the rebels, almost complete destruction of the village by fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilander.libero.it/ladecimamas/stragi2.htm |title=Stragi Guadine |publisher=Digilander.libero.it |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref>
* [[Borgo Ticino]] Together with the SS, murdered 12 civilians, pillage and destruction of the village by fire because three German soldiers had been wounded by partisans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilander.libero.it/ladecimamas/stragi3.htm |title=Stragi eccidio di borgo ticino |publisher=Digilander.libero.it |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref>
* [[Castelletto Ticino]] To give a demonstration of firmness against crime, an Xª MAS officer had five petty criminals publicly shot, in front of a large crowd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilander.libero.it/ladecimamas/stragi4.htm |title=Stragi Castelletto Ticino |publisher=Digilander.libero.it |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref>
* [[Crocetta del Montello]]: Episodes of [[torture]] with [[whip]]s and [[gasoline]] and [[summary execution]]s of partisans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilander.libero.it/ladecimamas/stragi5.htm |title=L'eccidio di Crocetta del Montello (TV) |publisher=Digilander.libero.it |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref>

====Defense of Italian national borders====
However, the Xª MAS units also earned a good combat reputation fighting on the frontline against the Allies at [[Anzio]] and on the [[Gothic Line]]. In the last months of the war Xª MAS units were dispatched to the eastern Italian border against [[Josip Broz Tito]]'s [[Partisans (Yugoslavia)|partisans]] who marched into [[Istria]] and [[Venezia Giulia]].

==== Demobilization ====
On 26 April 1945, in what is now the Piazza della Repubblica in [[Milan]], Borghese finally ordered the Xª MAS to disband. He was soon arrested by partisans, but rescued by OSS officer [[James Angleton]], who dressed him in an American uniform and drove him to Rome for interrogation by the Allies. Borghese was tried and convicted of war crimes, and sentenced to 12 years imprisonment, but was released from jail by the Italian Supreme Court in 1949. The Americans were keenly interested in infiltrating the Italian Communist groups, something which Borghese had done, and he was enlisted to help create [[counterintelligence]] units for the Americans.

==== Organization of RSI Xa MAS ====
* Naval units
** Combat swimmers and frogmen
* 1st Combat Group
** 'Barbarigo', 'Lupo' battalions
** 'Nuotatori [[Paracadutisti]]' Parachute battalion
** 'Colleoni' artillery battalion
** 'Freccia' Engineer battalion – 1st company only
* 2nd Combat Group
** 'Valanga' Assault Engineer battalion
** 'Sagittario', 'Freccia', and 'Fulmine' battalions
** 'Castagnacci' recruitment and replacement battalion
** 'Da Giussano' artillery battalion
** 'Freccia' engineer battalion – 2nd and 3rd companies
* 8 independent infantry battalions
* 5 independent infantry companies
* Women's Auxiliary Service

==After 1945==
{{Further|Italian commando frogmen}}
In 2006 the admiralty of the Italian republic recognized the Xth M.A.S. RSI veterans as combatants of WWII and gave the association the battle flag.

Counter-operations against Italian frogmen by British frogmen in Gibraltar was the subject of a 1958 British film [[The Silent Enemy (1958 film)|''The Silent Enemy'']] based on the exploits of the team of [[Lionel Crabb]].

Today the [[Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei]] is the frogman corp currently serving the [[Italian Republic]].

==In popular culture==
* The Decima MAS' Gibraltar operations are depicted in the 1952 Italian film ''I sette dell'Orsa maggiore'' and the 1958 British film [[The Silent Enemy (1958 film)|''The Silent Enemy'']].
* The Uniforms of the Decima Flottiglia MAS are used by the collaborationists in the film ''[[Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma]]''.
* The [[Raid on Alexandria (1941)|Raid on Alexandria]] in 1941 is depicted in the 1962 British film [[The Valiant (1962 film)|''The Valiant'']].
* In the Italian film ''[[My Brother is an Only Child]]'', set in the 1960s, a young Communist refers to the Decima Mas, and their "dungeon" on [[Via Tasso]].
Prince Valerio Borghese escaped capital punishment after the war (thanks to [[James Jesus Angleton]] of the CIA) in the cold war context and remained an active neo-fascist activist: He attempted a failed fascist coup in the early 1970s (the infamous [[golpe Borghese]]).
The Golpe Borghese and its leader are spoofed in a film by [[Mario Monicelli]] called ''Vogliamo i Colonelli'' (''[[We Want the Colonels|We want the Colonels]]'') where Borghese part is played by Italian actor [[Ugo Tognazzi]] impersonating an ultra right-wing parliament representative called Tritoni (Triton or Newt). One of the best scenes features a boisterous and crazy assault diver and parachute Commando frogman called Barbacane (Giuseppe Maffioli).

==See also==
{{Portal|Underwater diving}}
* {{annotated link|Italian auxiliary ship Olterra}}
* {{annotated link|Brandenburgers}}
* {{annotated link|Fukuryu}}
* {{annotated link|Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei}}, the [[COMSUBIN]]
* {{annotated link|MAS (motorboat)}}
* {{annotated link|Military history of Gibraltar during World War II}}

==Notes==
{{notelist|1}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite journal|last1=Caruana|first1=J.|year=1991 |title=Decima Flotilla Decimated|journal=Warship International|volume=XXVIII |issue=2 |pages=178–186 |issn=0043-0374}}
* {{cite book |last1=Crociani |first1=P. |last2=Battistelli |first2=P. P. |series=Elite (No. 191) |title=Italian Navy & Air Force Elite Units & Special Forces1940–45 |year=2013 |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |edition=ePub |isbn=978-1-78096-372-3}}
* {{cite journal|last=Jørgensen|first=Sven Erik|title=The First Frogmen 2: Naval Operations with the SLC|journal=X-Ray Mag: International Dive Magazine|publisher=AquaScope Media ApS|location=Copenhagen|url=http://www.xray-mag.com/pdfs/articles/Feature_FirstFrogmen_09.pdf|volume=8|pages=85–93|issn=1901-9238}}

==Further reading==
* "''Frogmen First Battles''" by retired U.S Captain William Schofield's book ({{ISBN|0-8283-2088-8}})
* "''The Black Prince and the Sea Devils: The Story of Valerio Borghese and the Elite Units of the Decima Mas''", by Jack Greene and Alessandro Massignani, Cambridge, Mass.: [[Da Capo Press]], 2004 284 pages, hardcover ({{ISBN|0-306-81311-4}})
* "''Sea Devils''" by J. Valerio Borghese, translated into English by James Cleugh, with introduction by the [[United States Naval Institute]] ({{ISBN|1-55750-072-X}})
* Paul Kemp : ''Underwater Warriors'' (1997) {{ISBN|1-85409-455-6}}

==External links==
* [http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text.asp?nid=26&lid=1 The origin of the Xa Flottiglia MAS]
* [http://digilander.libero.it/ladecimamas/ La Decima MAS] {{in lang|it}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131022161652/http://www.rolexwallpaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Italian-Navy-Frogmen-Rebreather-800x675.jpg] Image of Italian wartime frogman with rebreather whose breathing tube and [[fullface mask]] resemble an old type of [[gasmask]], but with the mask's blowoff valve blanked off.

{{Underwater diving|prodiv}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Decima Flottiglia Mas}}
[[Category:Military units and formations of Italy in World War II]]
[[Category:Italian special forces of World War II]]
[[Category:MAS fleet]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1943]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1943]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]
[[Category:Gibraltar in World War II]]
[[Category:Frogman operations]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in Italy]]
[[Category:1943 disestablishments in Italy]]
[[Category:1943 establishments in Italy]]
[[Category:1945 disestablishments in Italy]]
[[Category:Naval special forces units and formations]]
[[Category:Disbanded marine forces]]
[[Category:Italian Marines]]

Alexandre Stavisky

2025-04-05T04:58:26Z

80.46.110.142: /* Stavisky affair */

{{Short description|French financier and embezzler (1886–1934)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alexandre Stavisky
| image = Alexandre Stavisky 1926.jpg
| caption = Alexandre Stavisky in 1926
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 20 November 1886
| birth_place = Slobodka, [[Kiev Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death-date and age|8 January 1934|20 November 1886}}
| death_place = [[Chamonix]], France
| death_cause = [[Suicide by gunshot]]
| resting_place = [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = French
| other_names =
| known_for =
| education =
| alma mater =
| employer =
| occupation = Financier
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Serge Alexandre Stavisky''' (20 November 1886 – 8 January 1934) was a French financier and [[embezzler]] whose actions created a political scandal that became known as the [[Stavisky Affair]].<ref>Paul Jankowski, ''Stavisky - A Confidence Man in the Republic of Virtue'', (2002)</ref><ref>David Clay Large, ''Between Two Fires: Europes Path in the 1930s'' (W.W.Norton: 1990) pp 24-58</ref>

==Early life==
Alexandre Stavisky was a [[Russian Jew]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kathy Warnes |title=The Stavisky Affair - Sasha the Suave Scammer |work=historybecauseitshere |url=https://historybecauseitshere.weebly.com/the-stavisky-affair---sasha-the-suave-scammer.html |accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref> born in modern-day [[Ukraine]], whose parents had moved to France.<ref>Paul Jankowski, ''Stavisky – A Confidence Man in the Republic of Virtue''
(2002)</ref>

==Career==
Stavisky tried various professions, working as a café singer, as a nightclub manager, as a worker in a soup factory, and as the operator of a gambling den. He received French citizenship in 1910. In the 1930s he managed municipal pawnshops in Bayonne but also moved in financial circles. He sold lots of worthless bonds and financed his "hockshop" on the surety of what he called the emeralds of the late Empress of Germany — which later turned out to be glass. In 1927, Stavisky was put on trial for fraud for the first time, charged with swindling millions of francs. However, the trial was postponed again and again, and he was granted bail 19 times.

=== Stavisky affair ===
{{Main|Stavisky affair}}
[[File:Alexandre Stavisky - Police Magazine - 14 janvier 1934.png|thumb|Alexandre Stavisky, Police Magazine, 14 January 1934]]
Faced with exposure in December 1933, Stavisky fled. On 8 January 1934, the police found him in a [[Chamonix]] chalet dying from two gunshot wounds to the head. Surgeons struggled to save him but he died early in the hours of 9 January.<ref>''Daily Mirror'', 9 January 1934,</ref> Officially, Stavisky committed suicide, but it was widely speculated that he was murdered to keep him silent. The distance that the bullet had travelled caused the newspaper ''[[Le Canard enchaîné]]'' to propose sarcastically that Stavisky had "[[wiktionary:avoir le bras long|a long arm]]".

In the aftermath of Stavisky's death there was rioting in the streets of Paris, resulting in 250 arrests on 10 January as news of government involvement in the financial scandal broke.<ref>''Daily Mirror'', 10 January 1934</ref> The French premier [[Camille Chautemps]] was forced to resign owing to the number of ministers wrapped up in the affair, as well as rumours that he had ordered Stavisky's assassination. An official public enquiry was ordered into the affair. Shortly before it began a senior judge, Albert Prince, who was due to be a witness, was found murdered on a railway line near Dijon, having been tricked into travelling there from Paris by means of a bogus telegram claiming his mother was very ill.<ref>''Daily Mirror'', 22 February 1934</ref>

Chautemps was replaced by Radical-Socialist [[Édouard Daladier]], who moved to dismiss right-wing Paris prefect [[Jean Chiappe]] and replace him with a government ''protégé''. The decision caused [[6 February 1934 crisis|violent far-right riots in Paris on 6 February 1934]], resulting in the death of 17 demonstrators and in the resignation of Daladier.

==Legacy==
Stavisky was buried in [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] in Paris.

The lyrics of the 1934 tango {{lang|es-AR|[[Cambalache]]}} contrasts Stavisky and other figures, arriving to the pessimistic conclusion that no one cares to tell good from evil.

Hollywood released a depiction in 1937 with ''[[Stolen Holiday]]'', starring [[Claude Rains]] as Stavisky's fictional counterpart, Stefan Orloff, and [[Kay Francis]] as his wife. ''Stolen Holiday'' asserted unequivocally that Orloff was shot by police and his death made to look like a suicide.

In ''[[Forces occultes]]'', a film commissioned in 1942 by the "Propaganda Abteilung", a delegation of [[Nazi Germany]]'s propaganda ministry within [[German occupation of France during World War II|occupied France]], Stavisky was presented as both a [[Freemason]] and a crook.

In 1974, film director [[Alain Resnais]] told the story in the film ''[[Stavisky]]...'' that featured [[Jean-Paul Belmondo]] in the title role and [[Anny Dupérey]] as his wife Arlette.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Paul Jankowski]], ''Stavisky - A Confidence Man in the Republic of Virtue'', (2002) {{ISBN|0-8014-3959-0}}
* Large, David Clay, ''Between Two Fires: Europes Path in the 1930s'' (W.W.Norton: 1990) pp 24–58, a scholarly account

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stavisky, Alexandre}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1934 suicides]]
[[Category:People from Kiev Governorate]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Jews]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of France]]
[[Category:French people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:French financiers]]
[[Category:20th-century French criminals]]
[[Category:Suicides by firearm in France]]
[[Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Death conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France]]

Konstantinos Koukidis

2025-04-05T03:14:17Z

80.46.110.142: /* References to the event */

{{Short description|Greek military personnel}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Konstantinos Koukidis monument.jpg
| caption = Plaque in memory of Konstantinos Koukidis
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_place = 1922
| death_date = 27
April 1941
| death_place = Acropolis
| death_cause = Suicide by jumping
| body_discovered =
| education =
| occupation =
| spouse =
| partner =
| known_for = Alleged [[Evzones|Evzone]] who resisted the Nazi invasion of [[Greece]]
}}
[[Image:Acropolis viewing from Temple Of Zeus.jpg|thumb|250px|The Acropolis of Athens.]]
The name '''Konstantinos Koukidis''' ({{langx|el|Κωνσταντίνος Κουκίδης}}) is used to refer to the alleged [[Greece|Greek]] [[Evzones|Evzone]] or member of the [[National Youth Organisation (Greece)|National Youth Organisation]] who was on flag guard duty on 27 April 1941 at the [[Acropolis of Athens]], the day [[Wehrmacht]] forces entered Athens and began the [[Axis occupation of Greece during World War II|Axis occupation of Greece]]. After the first Germans climbed up the Acropolis, an officer ordered him to surrender, give up the Greek flag, and raise the [[Flag of Nazi Germany|Nazi swastika flag]] in its place. Koukidis instead supposedly chose to stay loyal to his duty by hauling down the flag, wrapping it around his body, and jumping from the Acropolis rock to his death.

The first correspondence about the event occurred on 9 May 1941, and it since has been sporadically mentioned through eye witnesses and personal memoirs of supposed friends of Koukidis, mostly every [[Ohi Day]]. After research that took place in Greek government and military archives, no record had been found of a person named Koukidis, nor of any such event taking place.

Despite that, in October 2000, then-mayor of Athens [[Dimitris Avramopoulos]] installed a commemorative plaque near the spot which the event supposedly took place, although he stated that there were no specific documentary evidence on Koukidis or his act, which modern historiography considers to be apocryphal.

== The narrative ==
According to popular narrative, Koukidis was a 17-year-old Evzone who had guard duty at the Acropolis on 27 April 1941, the day which the Wehrmacht entered Athens.{{Sfn|IOS|2000|p=1}} According to another version, he was a member of the [[National Youth Organisation (Greece)|National Youth Organisation]].{{Sfn|IOS|2000|p=1}} Nazis ordered him to lower the Greek flag and to raise the Nazi flag. Koukidis did not obey, lowered the Greek flag and, covering himself with the flag, committed suicide from the Acropolis.{{Sfn|IOS|2000|p=1}}

== References to the event ==
The first reference to the event took place on 9 May 1941, by the British newspaper ''[[Daily Mail]]''. Archbishop of Athens [[Chrysanthus of Athens|Crysanthus]] also mentioned the event in his memoirs, as well as historian and [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] agent [[N. G. L. Hammond|Nicholas Hammond]] in his published diary in 1972.{{Sfn|IOS|2000|p=2}}

The entire story had been forgotten until 1982, when authors Kostas Chatzipateras and Maria Fafaliou mentioned Koukidis in their book ''Memoirs 40-41''.{{Sfn|IOS|2000|p=1}} In 1989, Greek [[Holocaust denier]] [[Konstantinos Plevris]] mentioned that the event is true and claimed that he had "the entire folder [of Koukidis and the event] from the [[Hellenic Army General Staff]]" in his possession.{{Sfn|IOS|2000|p=2}} In 1994, a book released by [[Communist Party of Greece]], ''Έπεσαν για τη ζωή'' (They Died for Life), mentioned the alleged sacrifice.{{Sfn|IOS|2000|p=2}}

== Modern views ==
The head of the Hellenic Army General Staff History Department, Lt. General Ioannis Kakoudakis, in an interview for [[ET1 (Greece)|ET1]] state television in 2000, and the military history magazine ''Πόλεμος και Ιστορία'' in 2001 mentioned that, after research took place in the archives of the Greek Armed Forces as well as in Greek public institutions, no evidence of Koukidis had been found.{{Sfn|IOS|2000|p=2}}

The historian {{ill|Hagen Fleischer|de}} claimed that the entire story about Koukidis traces its roots to a joke that was circulating the day the Wehrmacht entered Athens, and that the story had been publicized as a way to highlight heroes that did not become involved in internecine conflicts (i.e. [[Aris Velouchiotis]]).{{Sfn|Fleischer|2006|pp=272-3, note 152}}

== Public memory ==
The [[municipality of Athens]], under mayor [[Dimitris Avramopoulos]], erected in 2000 a commemorative plaque at the foot of the Acropolis, as well as in the [[Presidential Guard (Greece)|Presidential Guard]] barracks. In his speech during the revelation of the monument, Avramopoulos mentioned that Koukidis is honored despite the fact that historical research does not lend credence to the actual existence of him or his supposed deed, and that the more important question is if the Greeks of today ''want'' him to exist.{{Sfn|Fleischer|2006|p=272-3, note 152}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{Cite book |title=Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe: Legacies and Lessons from the Twentieth Century |last=Fleischer |first=Hagen |editor-first1=Jerzy |editor-last1=Borejsza |editor-first2=Klaus |editor-last2=Ziemer |publisher=Bergham |isbn=978-1571816412 |year=2006 |chapter=Authoritarian Rule in Greece (1936-1974) and Its Heritage |location=New York |page= |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=olpKYhgrS48C&dq=Authoritarian+Rule+in+Greece+%281936-1974%29+and+Its+Heritage&pg=PA237 |access-date=31 October 2022 }}
*{{Cite news |last=IOS |date=22 October 2000 |title=Κωσταντίνος Κουκίδης: Ο ήρωας φάντασμα |trans-title=Kostantinos Koukidis: The Phantom Hero |pages=1 |work=[[Eleftherotypia]] |url=http://www.iospress.gr/ios2000/ios20001022a.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121204646/http://www.iospress.gr/ios2000/ios20001022a.htm |archive-date=21 January 2022 }}

== See also ==
*[[Juan Escutia]]

{{Urban legends}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koukidis, Konstantinos}}
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Greek military personnel killed in World War II]]
[[Category:Greek military personnel who died by suicide]]
[[Category:European people whose existence is disputed]]
[[Category:Place of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Suicides by jumping in Greece]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Urban legends]]
[[Category:Battle of Greece]]

Pius XI High School

2025-04-04T23:25:24Z

80.46.110.142: /* Schedules */

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Pius XI Catholic High School
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| image = Pius XI High School.jpg
| imagesize =
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| location = Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| streetaddress = 135 North 76th Street
| city = [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Milwaukee]]
| state = [[Wisconsin]]
| county = ([[Milwaukee County, Wisconsin|Milwaukee County]])
| zipcode = 53213
| country = USA
| coordinates = {{coord|43|1|55|N|88|0|28|W|type:edu_region:US-WI|display=inline,title}}
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| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
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| president = Jack Herbert
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| principal = Ryan Krienke
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| chaplain = Fr. Leon Martin, SAC
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| type = [[Private school|Private]], [[coeducational]]
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| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]–[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| campus =
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| conference = [[Woodland Conference]]
| slogan =
| song =
| fightsong = "Give a Cheer"
| motto = Find your inspiration. Change the future.
| accreditation = [[AdvancED]]<ref name="AdvancED">{{cite web |url=http://www.advanc-ed.org/oasis2/u/par/accreditation/summary?institutionId=36224 |title=International Registry for Accreditation: Institution Summary |access-date=March 25, 2018 |publisher=AdvancED}}</ref>
| rival =
| mascot = Sugar Bear
| mascot image =
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| patron =
| team_name = [[Pope]]s and Lady Popes
| nickname =
| colors = [[Gold (color)|Gold]] and [[white]] {{color box|gold}} {{color box|white}}
| yearbook =
| publication =
| newspaper = Pius Post
| established = 1929
| status =
| closed =
| alumni = 28,000
| nobel_laureates =
| enrollment = 850 <ref>[http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/privateschoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&City=milwaukee&State=55&NumOfStudentsRange=more&IncGrade=-1&LoGrade=-1&HiGrade=-1&SchoolPageNum=6&ID=01507609 Private School Data Search] [[US Department of Education]]</ref>
| enrollment_as_of = 2015
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| free_label = Dean of Students
| free_text = Jake Nowak
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| homepage = http://www.piusxi.org
}}
'''Pius XI High School''' is a private [[Catholic high school]] in [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]]. It is in the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee]]. Its enrollment is approximately 900.

==History==
Pius XI High School, named in honor of [[Pope Pius XI]], was founded in 1929. Originally it offered only the first three years of high school.<ref name="Pius XI High School History">{{Cite web|url=http://www.piusxi.org/history.htm|title=Pius XI High School History}}</ref> Thus, the first graduation occurred in 1937, when the first senior class was added to the school. Enrollment grew from a class of eight in 1937 to over 2,000 students throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Current enrollment is approximately 730 students.

The original four-story school building was constructed in 1949, with a two-story addition, for six stories total, completed in 1957. Additional classroom space, library space, science laboratories and general renovations were completed in 1998, and a field house was annexed in 2004. The original gymnasium was remodeled into an auditorium, which was completed in the 2012–13 school year.<ref name="Pius XI High School History"/>

==Academics==
Pius XI High School offers almost 200 courses, more than any other school in the state,{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} including almost 20 advanced placement, honors, and accelerated courses. In recent years, Pius has twice been named a National [[Blue Ribbon School]].<ref>[http://www.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-1982.pdf List of Blue Ribbon Schools] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326055622/http://www.ed.gov/programs/nclbbrs/list-1982.pdf |date=2009-03-26 }} U.S. Department of Education</ref> It has more national board-certified teachers than any other private school in Wisconsin.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

In 2007, several fine arts and English students were awarded 24 Gold and 16 Silver Key awards, some for portfolios from the [http://www.scholastic.com/artandwritingawards National Scholastic Art & Writing Competition]. In addition, several students have recently won awards and scholarships from the [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011015233415/http://www.artsawards.org/ National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts], and the Wisconsin Regional ARTS Competition. Its students continue to receive awards for fine art. The Theater and English departments co-produced the [[Metro Milwaukee Young Playwrights Competition]] in 2005 and 2006 before the project was tabled.

The newest academic department is engineering, which offers a certified program called "Project Lead the Way" that prepares students for college engineering programs and allows them to earn college credit while in high school.

==Schedules==
Instead of homerooms, Pius XI has TAC (Teacher Advisor Contact) rooms, a mixture of freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors. Each TAC is headed by a staff member called a "TAC teacher" who offers guidance to its TAC students. Pius XI has a [[modular scheduling]] system consisting of sixteen "mods" of 22 minutes each, with 4 minutes between mods. Most classes are 2 mods long, making them 48 minutes long (2 mods of 22 minutes, plus 4 minutes in between that are spent in class). Courses meet two, three, or four times per week and last from 22 to 90 minutes. This system provides flexibility in the frequency and duration of individual courses, and approximates the scheduling systems used by colleges and universities.<ref>[http://www.piusxi.org/academics.htm Academics] Pius XI High School</ref>

==Student government==
The Pius XI High School Student Forum is responsible for bringing student concerns to the administrative level, bringing administrative opinions, decisions, views and ideas to the student body, to solve or assist in the solving of school-wide problems and act in the interest of the Pius XI community. The Forum is guided by a constitution that is renewed with each new set of representatives, board representatives, and officers. The president of the Forum is elected by the representatives at-large and the vice president is nominated by the president and moderator, subject to approval of the Student Forum.

==Athletics==
Pius XI is a member of the [[Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association]] and participates in the [[Woodland Conference]]. The boys' athletic teams play under the name "Popes", while the girls are the "Lady Popes". For one season Pius XI Popes Football team was renamed the "Storm", after which the name "Popes" was brought back permanently. Despite the papal nickname, no visual imagery that alludes to the Pope is used at sporting events. The team had an unofficial mascot of the "Sugar Bear", alluding to an advertisement from the 1960s. The Sugar Bear was absent from sporting events from 2004 to 2008 but returned to the sidelines in 2009. It has been Pius's unofficial mascot for over 50 years. In 2010 the Lady Popes won their first [[Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association|WIAA]] state basketball championship.

The Popes and the Lady Popes basketball teams were the last two to win the Wisconsin Independent Schools Athletic Association (WISAA) boys' and girls' state basketball championships. The boys' team finished with a school record of 24-1 and #1 in the ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel's'' state and area polls. The girls had 18 conference championships in as many years and 12 state titles.

==Notable alumni==
* [[Matt Adamczyk]], Wisconsin politician and businessman<ref>[http://voteformatt.org/about.html Matt Adamczyk State Treasurer-About Matt]</ref>
* [[Paul Cebar]], singer-songwriter
* [[James Flynn (politician)|James T. Flynn]], 40th [[Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin]]<ref>{{cite report|chapter-url= http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.WIBlueBk1985 |title= The state of Wisconsin 1985-1986 Blue Book |publisher= State of Wisconsin |editor-last1= Theobald |editor-first1= H. Rupert |editor-last2= Robbins |editor-first2= Patricia V. |location= [[Madison, Wisconsin]] |year= 1985 |chapter= Biographies and pictures |page=4 |access-date= March 14, 2020}}</ref>
*[[Mike Jurewicz]], professional baseball player<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Paul |title=Mike Showed The Big Man |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114014390/mike-showed-the-big-man/ |access-date=3 December 2022 |work=[[Ledger-Enquirer]] |date=2 July 1965 |pages=19}}</ref>
*[https://uwbadgers.com/honors/uw-athletic-hall-of-fame/mike-kelley/113 Mike Kelley], former collegiate basketball player for the [[Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball|Wisconsin Badgers]] and TV Analyst for [[ESPN]] and [[Fox Sports Networks|Fox Sports Network]]
*[[Jasmine Kondrakiewicz]], basketball player<ref>{{cite web |title=Jasmine Kondrakiewicz - Women's Basketball |url=https://greenbayphoenix.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/jasmine-kondrakiewicz/4162 |website=University of Wisconsin Green Bay Athletics |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Alan Kulwicki]], 1992 [[NASCAR]] [[Winston Cup]] Champion<ref name="MilJournal11062003">{{cite news |url=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=182862 |title=Title tracks: Kulwicki, Kenseth: two roads to top |author=Dave Kallmann |access-date=2008-02-17 |newspaper=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |date=November 6, 2003 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124023/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=182862  |archive-date = 2007-09-29}}</ref>
*[[Korie Lucious]], former professional basketball player
* [[Michael Maize]], motion picture and television actor
* [[Andrew Mozina]], professor of English at [[Kalamazoo College]]
* [[Keith Nosbusch]], CEO of Rockwell Automation
* [[Richard E. Pabst]], Wisconsin state representative
* [[Cheryl Pawelski]], record producer ([[Omnivore Recordings]])
* [[Sergio Pettis]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergio Pettis Pius High Alum|url=http://www.jsonline.com/sports/etc/47108257.html|access-date=2014-01-01}}</ref> professional [[mixed martial artist]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergio Pettis UFC Profile|url=https://www.ufc.com/athlete/sergio-pettis|access-date=2014-01-01}}</ref>
* [[Janet Protasiewicz]], [[List of justices of the Wisconsin Supreme Court|Wisconsin State Supreme Court Justice]] of the [[Wisconsin Supreme Court]]
* [[Adam Stockhausen]], [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Oscar]]-winning production designer

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pius Xi High School}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee]]
[[Category:High schools in Milwaukee]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1929]]
[[Category:1929 establishments in Wisconsin]]

Tennis court

2025-04-03T19:15:32Z

80.46.110.142: /* Clay courts */

{{short description|Type of sports venue}}
{{about|the sports venue|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
[[Image:universityofbath indoor tennis courts arp.jpg|thumb|right|Indoor tennis courts at the [[TeamBath|University of Bath]], England]]

A '''tennis court''' is the venue where the sport of [[tennis]] is played. It is a firm rectangular surface with a low net stretched across the centre. The same surface can be used to play both [[Types of tennis match|doubles and singles]] matches. A variety of surfaces can be used to create a tennis court, each with its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game.

==Dimensions==
[[File:Tennis court imperial.svg|thumb|The dimensions of a tennis court.]]
The dimensions of a tennis court are defined and regulated by the [[International Tennis Federation]] (ITF) governing body and are written down in the annual 'Rules of Tennis' document.<ref name="ITF Rules of Tennis">{{cite web|title=ITF Rules of Tennis|url=http://itf.uberflip.com/i/428396-2015-rules-of-tennis-english/0|publisher=ITF}}</ref> The court is {{convert|78|ft|m|2|abbr=on}} long. Its width is {{convert|27|ft|m|2|abbr=on}} for singles matches and {{convert|36|ft|m|2|abbr=on}} for doubles matches.<ref name="Rule 1 – The Court">{{cite web|url=http://itf.uberflip.com/i/428396-2015-rules-of-tennis-english/5|title=Rule 1 – The Court|publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]]|access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> The [[Service line (tennis)|service line]] is {{convert|21|ft|m|2|abbr=on}} from the net.<ref name="Rule 1 – The Court"/> Additional clear space around the court is needed in order for players to reach overrun balls for a total of {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|120|ft|m|abbr=on}} long. A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel with the [[Glossary of tennis terms#Baseline|baselines]], dividing it into two equal ends. The net is {{convert|3|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} high at the posts, and {{convert|3|ft|m|3|abbr=on}} high in the center.<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/C0125827/tennis.htm Rules of tennis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206102855/http://library.thinkquest.org/C0125827/tennis.htm |date=6 December 2008 }}</ref> The net posts are {{convert|3|ft|m|3|abbr=on}} outside the doubles court on each side or, for a singles net, {{convert|3|ft|m|3|abbr=on}} outside the singles court on each side.

Based on the standard rules of tennis, the size of the court is measured to the ''outside'' of the respective baselines and [[sidelines]]. The "service" lines ("T" and the "service" line) are centered. The ball must completely miss the line to be considered "out". This also means that the width of the line (except for the center service line) is irrelevant to play. The center service line is {{convert|2|in|cm|0|abbr=on}}, the other lines are between {{convert|1|and|2|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide, whereas the baseline may be up to {{convert|4|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="ITF Rules of Tennis"/>

===Smaller courts===
The ITF's Play and Stay campaign promotes playing on smaller courts with slower red, orange, and green balls for younger children. This gives children more time and control so they can serve, rally, and score from the first lesson on courts that are sized to fit their bodies. The ITF has mandated that official competition for children aged 10 years and under should be played on "Orange" courts {{convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|6.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide. Competition for children under 8 years is played on "Red" courts that are {{convert|11|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|5.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide. The net is always 0.8 m high in the center.<ref name=playstay>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tennisplayandstay.com/home.aspx|title=Play+Stay – Home|website=www.tennisplayandstay.com}}</ref>

==Surfaces==
[[File:Petäjävesi - tennis court.jpg|thumb|Tennis court in [[Petäjävesi]], Finland]]
Tennis is played on a variety of surfaces and each surface has its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game. There are four main types of courts depending on the materials used for the court surface: [[clay court|clay]] courts, [[hardcourt|hard]] courts, [[Grass court|grass]] courts and [[carpet court]]s. The [[International Tennis Federation]] (ITF) lists different surfaces and properties and classifies surfaces into one of five pace settings:<ref>{{cite web |title=Classified Surfaces |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/about-us/tennis-tech/classified-surfaces/ |publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]] (ITF) |access-date=2020-09-07}}</ref>

* Category 1 (slow)
* Category 2 (medium-slow)
* Category 3 (medium)
* Category 4 (medium-fast)
* Category 5 (fast)

Of the current four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournaments, the [[Australian Open|Australian]] and [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] use hard courts, the [[French Open]] is played on clay, and [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], the only Grand Slam to have always been played on the same surface, is played on grass. The Australian Open switched from grass to hard courts in 1988 and in its early years the French championship alternated between clay and sand/rubble courts. The US Open is the only major to have been played on three surfaces; it was played on grass from its inception until 1974, green clay from 1975 until 1977 and hard courts since it moved from the [[West Side Tennis Club]] to the [[Billie Jean King National Tennis Center|National Tennis Center]] in 1978.

ITF uses the following classification for tennis court surface types:<ref>{{cite web |title=ITF Surface Types |url=https://www.itftennis.com/media/2169/surfaces-surface-types.pdf |publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]] (ITF) |access-date=2020-09-07}}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-bgcolor=
|width="60"|'''Surface code'''
|width="100"|'''Type'''
|width="450"|'''Description'''
|-
|A
|[[Acrylic resin|Acrylic]]
|Textured, pigmented, resin-bound coating
|-
|B
|Artificial clay
|Synthetic surface with the appearance of clay
|-
|C
|[[Artificial turf|Artificial grass]]
|Synthetic surface with the appearance of natural grass
|-
|D
|[[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
|[[Bitumen]]-bound aggregate
|-
|E
|[[Carpet court|Carpet]]
|Textile or polymeric material supplied in rolls or sheets of finished product
|-
|F
|[[Clay court|Clay]]
|Unbound mineral aggregate
|-
|G
|[[Concrete]]
|Cement-bound aggregate
|-
|H
|[[Grass court|Grass]]
|Natural grass grown from seed
|-
|J
|Other
|E.g. modular systems (tiles), wood, canvas
|}

===Clay courts===
{{Main|Clay court}}
[[File:ND DN 2006FO.jpg|thumbnail|The [[French Open]] is played on clay courts.]]
Clay courts are made of crushed shale, stone or brick.<ref name="ITF Surfaces"/> The French Open is the only Grand Slam tournament still played on clay; the courts there are made from crushed red brick (known commonly as "European clay", or ''terre battue'' in France).<ref>{{cite web |title=L’histoire de la terre battue |url=https://terrebattue.org/histoire-de-la-terre-battue/ |website=terrebattue.org |access-date=2 February 2025 |language=French}}</ref>

[[File:4 types of clay tennis court.jpg|right|thumb|Clay courts can come in many colors. Clockwise from top-left: red, green ([[Clay court#Green clay|HarTru]]), blue, gray]]
Clay courts slow down the ball and produce a high bounce in comparison to grass or hard courts, taking away many of the advantages of big serves.<ref name="ITF Surfaces"/> For this reason, the clay court heavily favors baseline players, as it is hard for attacking [[serve-and-volley]] players to dominate on the surface. Clay courts are cheaper to construct than other types of tennis courts, but a clay surface costs more to maintain. Clay courts need to be rolled to preserve flatness. The clay's water content must be balanced; green clay courts (see below) are generally required to be sloped to allow water run-off.

Clay courts are more common in Europe and Latin America than in North America. The clay courts that do exist in the United States tend to be made of [[Clay court#Green clay|green clay]], which consists of crushed basalt; they are usually known by their brand name, HarTru. A "maroon" form of clay, advertized as "American red clay", is also used at the [[U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships]] in Houston, Texas. Clay courts with a top dressing of burnt shale – which makes the surface grittier and allows for faster play – can be found in Britain, especially in northern England and Scotland (where they are known as "blaes" courts). More esoteric clay-like surfaces, meanwhile, still exist in rural Australia ('antbed' courts, made out of compacted termite mounds and/or loam), India (animal dung) and the Philippines (crushed sea-shells).<ref>{{cite web |author1=Michael Sexton |title=Almanac Tennis: Ant bed nation – why Australian tennis owes the termite |url=https://www.footyalmanac.com.au/almanac-tennis-ant-bed-nation-why-australian-tennis-owes-the-termite/ |website=The Footy Almanac |access-date=25 October 2024 |date=9 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shell Tennis Courts |url=https://manilasouthwoods.com/index.php/facilities/30-sports-club/79-shell-tennis-courts |website=The Manila Southwoods Golf and Country Club |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Randy |title=Grass? Ant Bed? Dung? What Kind of Tennis Court Will John, Patrick McEnroe Play On In Tanzania? |url=https://worldtennismagazine.com/grass-ant-bed-dung-what-kind-of-tennis-court-will-john-patrick-mcenroe-play-on-in-tanzania/21873 |website=World Tennis |access-date=2 February 2025 |date=2 April 2023}}</ref>

Historically for the [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slams]] clay courts have been used at the [[French Open]] since 1891 and the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] from 1975 to 1977 (on green clay).

===Grass courts===
{{Main|Grass court}}
[[File:London - Wimbledon - 3065.jpg|thumb|right|Grass court maintenance at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]]]
Grass courts are the fastest type of courts in common use.<ref name="ITF Surfaces"/> They consist of grass grown on very hard-packed soil, which adds additional variables: bounces depend on how healthy the grass is, how recently it has been mowed, and the wear and tear of recent play.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tennis court Dimensions |date=9 April 2024 |url=https://sportsfista.com/tennis-court-dimensions/ |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> [[point (tennis)|Point]]s are usually very quick where fast, low bounces keep rallies short, and the [[serve (tennis)|serve]] plays a more important role than on other surfaces. Grass courts thus tend to favour serve-and-volley tennis players.

Grass courts were once among the most common tennis surfaces, but are now rare due to high maintenance costs, as they must be watered and mown often, and take a longer time to dry after rain than hard courts.

Historically for the [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slams]] grass courts have been used at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] since 1877, the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] from 1881 to 1974, and the [[Australian Open]] from 1905 to 1987.

===Hard courts===
{{Main|Hardcourt}}
[[File:RoofCourt.jpg|thumb|right|Rooftop tennis hardcourts in Downtown [[Singapore]]]]
Hard courts are made of uniform rigid material, often covered with an [[acrylic resin|acrylic]] surface layer<ref name="ITF Surfaces"/> to offer greater consistency of bounce than other outdoor surfaces.<ref name="Hard Courts Make Tennis Champions">{{cite news|title=Hard Courts Make Tennis Champions|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/11/03/100597217.pdf|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 November 1912}}</ref> Hard courts can vary in speed, though they are faster than clay but not as fast as grass courts. The quantity of sand added to the paint can greatly affect the rate at which the ball slows down.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://notfound.iopw.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716210537/http://www.tennisuniversal.com/Data/product_search_res.asp?SearchCateg=050206&ProductCateg=0500&SubCateg1=0502&SubCateg2=050206This|url-status=dead|title=Document|archivedate=16 July 2011|website=notfound.iopw.com}}</ref> As well as acrylic, asphalt and concrete are also examples of hard court surfaces.

The [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] is played on [[Laykold]] while the [[Australian Open]] is played on [[GreenSet]], both acrylic-topped hard court surfaces.

Historically for the [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slams]] hard courts have been used at the US Open since 1978 and the Australian Open since 1988.

===Carpet courts===
{{Main|Carpet court}}
[[File:Field club tennis courts in central old part of Nicosia Republic of Cyprus.jpg|thumb|Artificial turf tennis courts in [[Nicosia]], [[Cyprus]]]]
"Carpet" in tennis means any removable court covering.<ref name="ITF Surfaces">{{cite web |url=http://www.itftennis.com/technical/facilities/facilities-guide/surface-descriptions.aspx |title=Surface Descriptions |website=itftennis.com |publisher=International Tennis Federation |access-date=2020-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129131325/http://www.itftennis.com/technical/facilities/facilities-guide/surface-descriptions.aspx |archive-date=2018-11-29}}</ref> Indoor arenas store rolls of rubber-backed court surfacing and install it temporarily for tennis events, but they are not in use any more for professional events. A short [[pile (textile)|piled]] form of [[artificial turf]] infilled with sand is used for some outdoor courts, particularly in Asia. Carpet is generally a fast surface, faster than hardcourt, with low bounce.<ref name="ITF Surfaces"/>

Notable tennis tournaments previously held on carpet courts were the [[WCT Finals]], [[Paris Masters]], [[U.S. Pro Indoor]] and [[Kremlin Cup]]. Since 2009, their use has been discontinued on the top tier of the ATP. [[ATP Challenger Tour]] tournaments such as the [[Trofeo Città di Brescia]] still use carpet courts. The WTA Tour's last carpet court event, the [[WTA International tournaments|International]]-level [[Tournoi de Québec]], was discontinued after 2018.

==Indoor courts==
Some tennis courts are indoors, which allows play regardless of weather conditions and is more comfortable for spectators.

Different court surfaces have been used indoors. Hard courts are most common indoors, as they are the easiest to install and maintain. If the installation is permanent, they are constructed on an asphalt or concrete base, as with outdoor courts. Temporary indoor hard courts are typically constructed using wooden floor panels topped with acrylic which are installed over the venue's standard floor. This is the system used for modern indoor professional events such as the [[ATP Finals]].

Clay courts can be installed indoors with subsurface watering systems to keep the clay from drying out, and have been used for [[Davis Cup]] matches.

Carpet courts were once the most prominent of indoor surfaces, especially in temporary venues, but have largely been replaced by removable hard courts. They were used on both the [[ATP World Tour]] and [[World Championship Tennis]] circuits, though no events currently use them.

Historically, other surfaces have been used indoors such as [[wood court]]s at the defunct [[World Covered Court Championships]] and [[London Indoor Professional Championships]].

The conclusion of the [[Wimbledon Championships]], in 2012, was played on the lawn of [[Centre Court]] under the closed roof and artificial lights; the [[Halle Open]] has also seen a number of matches played on its grass court in the [[Gerry Weber Stadion]] with the roof closed. These, however, are outdoor venues with retractable roofs.

==Gallery==
Below are photographs of a number of different surfaces, each featuring their relevant ITF surface code:
<gallery>
File:HPIM2532.JPG|Code A: Acrylic ([[DecoTurf]])
File:GreenSet Cushion - Olympic Tennis Rio 2016.jpg|Code A: Acrylic ([[GreenSet]])
File:New colors.jpg|Code A: Acrylic ([[Laykold]])
File:Australian Open 2010 Quarterfinals Nadal Vs Murray 20.jpg|Code A: Acrylic ([[Plexicushion]])
File:Ausopen margaret court arena medium.jpg|Code A: Acrylic ([[Rebound Ace]])
File:Tennis courts (geograph 7558513).jpg|Code B: Artificial clay
File:Firbank Dale Tennis Club, Newport - geograph.org.uk - 1737726.jpg|Code C: Artificial grass
File:Pavilion and Avenue Tennis Club - geograph.org.uk - 1556486.jpg|Code C: Artificial grass
File:Hampden Park Tennis Courts - geograph.org.uk - 5815484.jpg|Code D: Asphalt
File:Artificial Grass Tennis Courts at Coleshill Tennis and Sports Club - geograph.org.uk - 5914502.jpg|Code E: Carpet (outdoor; sand turf)
File:Korty power game.jpg|Code E: Carpet (indoor; textile)
File:Die Anlage des TC Altenstadt, Sommer.jpg|Code F: Clay (brick; i.e., ''terre battue'')
File:Tennis Courts, Kirkton Park - geograph.org.uk - 1306458.jpg|Code F: Clay (shale or "blaes")
File:Sanchai and Sonchat Ratiwatana Davis Cup vs PH.jpg|Code F: Clay (shell)
File:Maude Tennis Courts.JPG|Code F: Clay (antbed)
File:Tennis Match, Family Circle Cup 2008.JPG|Code F: Clay (green HarTru)
File:Eyzahut - Court de tennis (mai 2022).jpg|Code G: Concrete
File:Kingsholm Square Tennis Courts, Gloucester - geograph.org.uk - 31754.jpg|Code H: Grass
File:Tennis-Carpet-Tile.jpg|Code J: Tile
File:Indoors court at the Queen's club, England, before 1903.jpg|Code J: Wood (indoor)
</gallery>

==Terminology==
{{main|Glossary of tennis terms}}

Common tennis court terms:

* ''Advantage service box'' or ''ad court'': The receiver's left side service box, or the opponent's right for the server; significant as the receiving side for an advantage point.
* ''Alley'' or ''Tramlines'':<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/rules_and_equipment/4222680.stm | title=BBC Sports: Basic rules of tennis | date=12 September 2005 | access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> The lanes on each side of the singles court. These are only used when playing doubles.
* ''Back court'': The area between the baseline and the service line.
* ''Baseline'': The rearmost line of the court, furthest from and parallel to the net.
* ''Center service line'': The line dividing the two service boxes on each side.
* ''Center mark'': The 4-inch mark at the halfway point of the baseline used to distinguish the two halves (and service boxes) of a tennis court.
* ''Deuce service box'' or ''deuce court'': The receiver's right side service box, or the opponent's left for the server, significant as the receiving side for a deuce point.
* ''Service box'': The area on each side bounded by the singles sideline, the service line, and the net. There are left and right service boxes, separated by the center service line.
* ''Service line'': The line that is parallel to the net and is located between the baseline and the net. It marks the end of the service boxes.
* ''Side T'': The T shape formed by the service line and the singles sideline. There are four such side Ts, two on each side of the net.
* ''T'' or ''Middle T'': The T shape formed by the service line and the center service line.

==See also==
{{Portal|Tennis}}
*[[List of tennis stadiums by capacity]]
*[[No-line court]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.itftennis.com/technical/facilities/guide/surfaces/construction.asp#acrylic International Tennis Federation (ITF) – Tennis court construction guidelines]

{{tennis box}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tennis Court}}
[[Category:Tennis|Court]]
[[Category:Tennis court surfaces| ]]
[[Category:Sports rules and regulations]]
[[Category:Sports venues by type]]
[[Category:Playing field surfaces]]

Stephen Frears

2025-03-30T19:20:38Z

80.46.110.142: /* Early life and education */

{{Short description|British film director and producer (born 1941)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific-prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Stephen Frears
| image = Stephen Frears OIFF 2014-07-12 113913 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Frears in 2014
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|6|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Leicester]], England
| birth_name = Stephen Arthur Frears
| years_active = 1968–present
| occupation = {{hlist | Director | producer }}
| education = [[Gresham's School]]
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| spouse = {{ubl
| {{marriage|[[Mary-Kay Wilmers]]|1968|end=divorced}}
| {{marriage|Anne Rothenstein|1992}}
}}
| children = 4
| notable_works ={{plainlist|
* ''[[My Beautiful Laundrette]]''
* ''[[Prick Up Your Ears]]''
* ''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]''
* ''[[The Grifters (film)|The Grifters]]''
* ''[[The Queen (2006 film)|The Queen]]''
}}
| television ={{plainlist|
* ''[[Fail Safe (2000 film)|Fail Safe]]''
* ''[[The Deal (2003 film)|The Deal]]''
* ''[[Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight]]''
* ''[[A Very English Scandal (TV series)|A Very English Scandal]]''
}}
}}
'''Sir Stephen Arthur Frears''' (born 20 June 1941) is a British director and producer of film and television, often depicting real life stories as well as projects that explore social class through sharply-drawn characters. He has received numerous accolades including three [[BAFTA Awards]], and a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] as well as nominations for two [[Academy Awards]]. In 2008, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' named Frears among the 100 most influential people in [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British culture]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The 100 most powerful people in British culture: 61-80|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3672619/The-100-most-powerful-people-in-British-culture-62-80.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3672619/The-100-most-powerful-people-in-British-culture-62-80.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|date=18 March 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2009, he received the Commandeur de l'[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]. He received a knighthood in 2023 for his contributions to the film and television industries.<ref name="Harby 203">{{cite web |last=Harby |first=Jennifer |title=Stephen Frears awarded birthday honours knighthood |website=BBC News |date=16 June 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leicestershire-65934241 |access-date=17 June 2023}}</ref>

Born in [[Leicester]] and educated at [[Gresham's School]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], Frears started his career working as an assistant director in theatre and film while directing many television plays. Frears directed his debut feature film ''[[Gumshoe (film)|Gumshoe]]'' in 1971 and received critical acclaim for his films in the 1980s such as ''[[My Beautiful Laundrette]]'' (1985), ''[[Prick Up Your Ears]]'' (1987), and ''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]'' (1988). He also received two [[Academy Award for Best Director|Academy Award nominations for directing]] ''[[The Grifters (film)|The Grifters]]'' (1990) and ''[[The Queen (2006 film)|The Queen]]'' (2006).

Frears is also known for his work on various television programmes, including the television films ''[[Fail Safe (2000 film)|Fail Safe]]'' (2000), ''[[The Deal (2003 film)|The Deal]]'' (2003), and ''[[Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight]]'' (2013). He directed the [[Jeremy Thorpe]] [[BBC One]] biographical miniseries ''[[A Very English Scandal (TV series)|A Very English Scandal]]'' (2018), for which he earned a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] nomination.

==Early life and education ==
Frears was born on 20 June 1941<ref name="Real-life hero">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/dec/08/comment.features|title= Real-life hero|newspaper= [[The Observer]]|first=Akin|last= Ojumu|date= 8 December 2002|access-date= May 28, 2020}}</ref> in [[Leicester]], England.<ref name="bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/23/Stephen-Frears.html |title=Stephen Frears Biography |publisher=Filmreference.com |access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref> His mother, Ruth M. (''née'' Danziger), was a social worker, and his father, Russell E. Frears, was a general practitioner and accountant.<ref name="bio"/> Frears was brought up [[Anglican]]. He did not learn that his mother was [[Jewish]] until he was in his late 20s.<ref>[http://www.jewishjournal.com/arts/article/hidden_heritage_inspires_director_20010928/ "Hidden Heritage Inspires Director"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610201717/http://www.jewishjournal.com/arts/article/hidden_heritage_inspires_director_20010928/ |date=10 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>Pfefferman, Naomi (20 May 2009),[http://www.jewishjournal.com/summer_sneaks/article/frears_and_pfeiffer_reunite_for_colette_courtesan_drama_cheri_20090520/ "Frears and Pfeiffer reunite for Colette courtesan drama 'Chéri{{'"}}], ''Jewish Journal''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221151320/http://www.jewishjournal.com/summer_sneaks/article/frears_and_pfeiffer_reunite_for_colette_courtesan_drama_cheri_20090520 |date=21 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/arts/film/i-hope-you-find-it-vulgar-7239371.html |title='I hope you find it vulgar' |work=[[Evening Standard]]|date=2005-11-10 |access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref>

From 1954 to 1959, Frears was educated at [[Gresham's School]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greshams.com/about-us/news/?/film-director-returns-greshams/|title=Film director returns to Gresham's|website=[[Gresham's School]]|location= Norfolk|date=February 2017|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> an independent boarding school for boys (now co-educational) in the [[market town]] of [[Holt, Norfolk|Holt]] in [[Norfolk]]. This was followed by [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], where he earned a BA in Law.<ref name="Real-life hero"/>

==Career==

=== Early career ===
At the University of Cambridge, Frears was assistant stage manager for the 1963 footlights Revue, which starred [[Tim Brooke-Taylor]], [[John Cleese]], [[Bill Oddie]] and [[David Hatch]].<ref>New Arts Theatre Club programme (July 1963)</ref> After graduating from the university, Frears worked as an assistant director on the films ''[[Morgan – A Suitable Case for Treatment]]'' (1966), directed by [[Karel Reisz]], and ''[[if....]]'' (1968), directed by [[Lindsay Anderson]]. Frears also worked with [[Albert Finney]] on ''[[Charlie Bubbles]]'' (1968).<ref name=McFadyean>{{cite magazine|url=https://theoldie.co.uk/article/not-such-a-misfit-stephen-frears|title=Not such a misfit - Stephen Frears|first=Melanie|last=McFadyean|author-link=Melanie McFadyean|magazine=[[The Oldie]]|date=3 November 2022|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

With Finney's company Memorial Productions, Frears made ''The Burning'',<ref name=McFadyean /> a 31-minute adaptation of a short story by Roland Starke. Although set in South Africa, it was filmed in [[Tangier]]. It was released theatrically attached to [[François Truffaut]]'s ''[[The Bride Wore Black]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Christopher |title=Watch Stephen Frears' Exceptional 1968 Directorial Debut 'The Burning' |url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/watch-stephen-frears-exceptional-1968-directorial-debut-the-burning-a84e8eeb3bf7/ |website=Film School Rejects |date=24 November 2013 |publisher=Neil Miller |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref>

Frears spent most of his early directing career in television, mainly for the [[BBC]] but also for the commercial sector. He contributed to several anthology series, such as the BBC's ''[[Play for Today]]''. He also produced a series of [[Alan Bennett]]'s plays for [[London Weekend Television|LWT]], including ''The Old Crowd'' (1979, director: Lindsay Anderson).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Old Crowd |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078022/ |website=Lindsay Anderson Foundation |access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> His directorial film debut was the noir detective spoof ''[[Gumshoe (film)|Gumshoe]]'' (1971).

=== 1980s ===
[[File:Stephen Frears 01.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Frears in Sweden, 1989, promoting his film ''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]'']]
In the late 1980s, Frears came to international attention as a director of feature films. In 1985, Frears found widespread acclaim with ''[[My Beautiful Laundrette]]''. Based on [[Hanif Kureishi]]'s screenplay, the film focuses on an interracial [[gay]] romance. It received an [[Academy Award]] nomination and two nominations for BAFTA Awards. The success of the film helped launch the careers of both Frears and actor [[Daniel Day-Lewis]].

Frears worked with [[Adrian Edmondson]] on ''[[Mr Jolly Lives Next Door]]'', a 45-minute programme starring [[Peter Cook]] in ''[[The Comic Strip|The Comic Strip Presents]]'' television comedy series that aired on [[Channel Four]] in 1988. In 1985, Frears had also directed a Comic Strip parody of [[Daphne Du Maurier]]'s 1938 novel ''[[Rebecca (novel)|Rebecca]]''.

Frears next directed the [[Joe Orton]] biopic ''[[Prick Up Your Ears]]'' (1987), a collaboration with playwright [[Alan Bennett]]. His second film adapted from a Kureishi screenplay was ''[[Sammy and Rosie Get Laid]]'' (1987).

In 1988, Frears directed ''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]'' to widespread critical acclaim. The film was shot in France, with a cast that included Americans [[Glenn Close]], [[John Malkovich]], and [[Michelle Pfeiffer]], and [[Uma Thurman]]. Based on the [[Les Liaisons dangereuses|late 18th-century French novel]] of romantic game-playing and adapted by [[Christopher Hampton]], the film received seven [[Academy Award]] nominations. These included for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] and [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for [[Glenn Close]] and [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for [[Michelle Pfeiffer]]. The film also received ten [[British Academy Film Award]] nominations, including for Frears for [[BAFTA Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]].

=== 1990s ===
In 1990, Frears directed the neo-noir crime thriller ''[[The Grifters (film)|The Grifters]]'', starring [[John Cusack]], [[Anjelica Huston]], and [[Annette Bening]]. [[Martin Scorsese]] served as a producer on the film. The film won the [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Film]], and was declared one of the [[National Board of Review Awards 1990|Top 10 films]] of 1990 by [[National Board of Review Awards|The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures]]. Frears was also nominated for the US [[Academy Award for Best Director]].

In 1992, Frears directed the comedy drama ''[[Hero (1992 film)|Hero]]'', released in the United Kingdom as ''Accidental Hero''. The film starred [[Dustin Hoffman]], [[Geena Davis]], [[Andy Garcia]], and [[Joan Cusack]]. Many critics compared the film to those of [[Preston Sturges]] and [[Frank Capra]], as did [[Roger Ebert]], who wrote, "It [the film] has all the ingredients for a terrific entertainment, but it lingers over the kinds of details that belong in a different kind of movie. It comes out of the tradition of those rat-a-tat Preston Sturges comedies of the 1940s."<ref>Ebert, Roger. [http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hero-1992 "Hero".] ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'', October 2, 1992. Retrieved: November 22, 2014.</ref> While the film was met with generally positive critical reviews, it was not a box office success. [[Columbia Pictures]] lost $25.6 million.<ref>Griffin and Masters 1996, p. 345.</ref>

Frears has also directed two films adapted from novels by [[Roddy Doyle]], ''[[The Snapper (film)|The Snapper]]'' (1993) and ''[[The Van (1996 film)|The Van]]'' (1996). Frears's other films include the horror film ''[[Mary Reilly (film)|Mary Reilly]]'' and the Western ''[[The Hi-Lo Country]]'' (1998).

=== 2000s ===
In 2000, Frears directed ''[[High Fidelity (film)|High Fidelity]]'' starring [[John Cusack]], [[Jack Black]], [[Lisa Bonet]], and [[Joan Cusack]]. The film is based on the [[High Fidelity (novel)|1995 British novel of the same name]] by [[Nick Hornby]]. It is set in Chicago rather than London, and the name of the lead character was changed. After seeing the film, Hornby expressed his happiness with Cusack's performance, saying that "at times, it appears to be a film in which John Cusack reads my book".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thisdistractedglobe.com/2009/03/23/high-fidelity |title=Strangely Romantic in a Way |work=This Distracted Globe |first=Joe|last= Valdez|date=23 March 2009|access-date=October 4, 2010 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912100137/http://thisdistractedglobe.com/2009/03/23/high-fidelity/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The film received positive reviews from critics and has a score of 91% on [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on 165 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The critical consensus states: "The deft hand of director Stephen Frears and strong performances by the ensemble cast combine to tell an entertaining story with a rock-solid soundtrack."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1095420-high_fidelity/|title = High Fidelity|website = [[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref>

In 2002, Frears directed social thriller, ''[[Dirty Pretty Things (film)|Dirty Pretty Things]]'', a film about two immigrants living in London. The film starred [[Audrey Tautou]], and [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]]. The film was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]]. It won a [[British Independent Film Awards 2003|British Independent Film Award]] for Best Independent British Film in 2003. For his performance as Okwe, [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] won the 2003 British Independent Film Award for Best Actor.

In 2003, Frears was attached to direct the [[James Bond]] spin-off ''Jinx'', featuring [[Halle Berry]] as her character from ''[[Die Another Day]]'' (2002) co-starring with [[Michael Madsen]] and [[Javier Bardem]]. [[Neal Purvis and Robert Wade]] were scheduled to return to write the screenplay, and Wade described it as "a very atmospheric, Euro thriller, a [[Bourne (film series)|Bourne]]-type movie". Producer [[Barbara Broccoli]] described it as the beginning of a "[[Winter Olympic Games|Winter Olympics]]"-style alternative to the conventional Bond films. However, the project was cancelled due to "creative differences" between [[Eon Productions]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]], and in order to focus on the reboot of the series with ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Field|first=Matthew|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/930556527|title=Some kind of hero : 007 : the remarkable story of the James Bond films|date=2015|others=Ajay Chowdhury|isbn=978-0-7509-6421-0|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|oclc=930556527}}</ref>

In 2003, Frears returned to directing for television with ''[[The Deal (2003 film)|The Deal]]'' (2003), which depicts an [[Blair-Brown deal|alleged deal between Tony Blair and Gordon Brown]] over which of them should become leader of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in 1994. [[Michael Sheen]] portrayed [[Tony Blair]] to great acclaim. In 2005, Frears directed the British theatre comedy ''[[Mrs Henderson Presents]]'' starring [[Judi Dench]], [[Bob Hoskins]]. The film was praised for its performances by Dench and Hoskins, with Dench receiving an [[Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]].

Frears’s next film project was ''[[The Queen (2006 film)|The Queen]]'' (2006), a film that depicts the [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|death of Princess Diana]] on 31 August 1997, and the reaction of members of the monarchy and the public. The film premiered at the [[Venice Film Festival]], where Mirren won Best Actress and [[Peter Morgan]] won Best Screenplay. Frears was nominated for the [[Golden Lion]]. When released within the United States, the film achieved box-office success and awards. At the [[Academy Awards]], Frears received his second Academy Award nomination for best direction. [[Helen Mirren]] won numerous awards for playing the [[Elizabeth II|title role]], including the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]].

=== 2010s ===
[[File:Philomena - Steve Coogan Stephen Frears (9712275459).jpg|thumb|[[Steve Coogan]] with Frears at a screening of ''[[Philomena (film)|Philomena]]'' in 2013]]
Frears holds{{when|date=June 2022}} the "[[David Lean]] Chair in Fiction Direction" at the [[National Film and Television School]] in [[Beaconsfield]], where he teaches.

In 2013, Frears directed the drama, ''[[Philomena (film)|Philomena]]'' (2013), which was based on the book ''The Lost Child of Philomena Lee'' (2009) by journalist [[Martin Sixsmith]]. This explored the story of [[Philomena Lee]]'s 50-year search for her son, who was taken from her when she was a young unwed mother at a Catholic convent, and adopted by an American family. It also recounted Sixsmith's efforts to help her find the son. The film starred [[Judi Dench]] and [[Steve Coogan]].

The film premiered at the [[70th Venice International Film Festival]] to great acclaim and writers [[Jeff Pope]] and [[Steve Coogan]] won the best screenplay award for the film. The film won the People's Choice Award Runner-Up prize at the 2013 [[Toronto International Film Festival]]. The film was nominated for four [[Academy Awards|Oscars]] at the [[86th Academy Awards]]: [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]], [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]], [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (for Dench), and [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]. It was also nominated for four [[British Academy Film Awards]] and three [[Golden Globe Awards]]. The same year, [[HBO]] released Frears's television drama ''[[Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight]],'' starring [[Christopher Plummer]] and [[Frank Langella]]. It explores the [[United States Supreme Court]] deliberation over banning [[Muhammad Ali]] from boxing for refusing to serve in the US Army during the [[Vietnam War]].

Frears directed a biopic of cycling champion [[Lance Armstrong]], ''[[The Program (2015 film)|The Program]]'', starring [[Ben Foster (actor)|Ben Foster]], which premiered in the [[2015 Toronto International Film Festival]]. Many of Frears's films are based on stories of living persons, but he has never sought to meet any of his subjects.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Husam sam Asi|title=Stephen Frears on telling real life stories in cinema – Interview|date=25 November 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Duovl8bvbCc|website=Youtube|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> [[National Life Stories]] conducted an oral history interview (C1316/07) with Stephen Frears in 2008 for its The Legacy of the English Stage Company collection held by the [[British Library]].<ref name=oralhistory>[https://sounds.bl.uk/Oral-history/Theatre/021M-C1316X0007XX-0001V0 National Life Stories, 'Jellicoe, Ann (1 of 11) National Life Stories Collection: The Legacy of the English Stage Company', The British Library Board, 2008]. Retrieved 21 February 2018</ref>

In 2016, Frears directed the film, ''[[Florence Foster Jenkins (film)|Florence Foster Jenkins]]'', starring [[Meryl Streep]]. The [[Florence Foster Jenkins|title character]] is a New York heiress known as an aspiring [[opera]] singer despite her poor singing abilities. [[Hugh Grant]] plays her manager and long-time companion, [[St. Clair Bayfield]]. Other cast members include [[Simon Helberg]], [[Rebecca Ferguson]], and [[Nina Arianda]]. The film was a critical and commercial success, with many praising Streep and Grant for their performances.

At the [[89th Academy Awards]], it was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] and earned Streep her 20th nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]. It received four [[Golden Globe]] nominations, including Best Picture in a Comedy or Musical. In 2017, Frears reunited with [[Judi Dench]], this time in ''[[Victoria & Abdul]]'', about the real-life relationship between [[Queen Victoria]] of the United Kingdom and her Indian Muslim servant [[Abdul Karim (the Munshi)|Abdul Karim]]. The film also stars [[Ali Fazal]], [[Michael Gambon]], [[Eddie Izzard]], [[Tim Pigott-Smith]] (in his final film role), and [[Adeel Akhtar]]. The film had its world premiere at the [[74th Venice Film Festival]], and was theatrically released on 15 September 2017 in the United Kingdom. It has grossed{{when|date=June 2022}} more than $65 million worldwide.

In 2018, Frears returned to the limited series with ''[[A Very English Scandal (TV series)|A Very English Scandal]]'', which premiered on [[BBC One]] and later on [[Amazon Prime]]. The project is a three-part 2018 British television [[comedy-drama]] [[miniseries]] based on [[John Preston (author, born 1953)|John Preston]]'s 2016 [[A Very English Scandal|book of the same name]]. It is a dramatisation of the 1976–1979 [[Thorpe affair|Jeremy Thorpe scandal]] and more than 15 years of events leading up to it. The series stars [[Hugh Grant]] as the politician [[Jeremy Thorpe]], and [[Ben Whishaw]] as his lover [[Norman Josiffe|Norman Scott]]. The limited series gained great acclaim in both the United Kingdom and the United States. On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the series holds an approval rating of 97% based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of 9.05/10. Rotten Tomatoes's critical consensus reads, "Hugh Grant and Ben Whishaw impress in ''A Very English Scandal'', an equally absorbing and appalling look at British politics and society".<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes">{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/a_very_english_scandal/s01|title=A Very English Scandal: Miniseries (2018)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> Grant received [[Primetime Emmy Award]], [[Screen Actors Guild Award]], [[Golden Globe Award]], [[British Academy Television Award]], and [[Critics Choice Award]] nominations for his performance while Whishaw earned an Emmy, and BAFTA win.

In 2022, it was reported that Frears would be directing a film about [[Billy Wilder]] titled ''Wilder & Me''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/stephen-frears-to-direct-christopher-hampton-adaptation-of-mr-wilder-and-me-/5170222.article|title=Stephen Frears to direct Christopher Hampton adaptation of Mr. Wilder & Me'|first=Martin|last=Blaney|author2=Ben Dalton|date=19 May 2022|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> An adaptation by [[Christopher Hampton]] of the novel ''[[Mr Wilder & Me|Mr Wilder and Me]]'' (2020) by [[Jonathan Coe]], the film is scheduled to begin shooting in early 2025, produced by [[Jeremy Thomas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=2024-02-02 |title=Christoph Waltz, Maya Hawke, John Turturro & Jon Hamm To Star In Billy Wilder Movie 'Wilder & Me' For Director Stephen Frears & Producer Jeremy Thomas; HanWay & CAA Launch EFM Buzz Package |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/christoph-waltz-maya-hawke-john-turturro-jon-hamm-billy-wilder-movie-wilder-me-stephen-frears-1235812107/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1968, Frears married [[Mary-Kay Wilmers]], with whom he had two sons, Sam and Will. The couple divorced in the early 1970s.<ref name="Mary-Kay Wilmers: A Life in Writing">Wroe, Nicholas, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/oct/24/marykay-wilmers-interview-nicholas-wroe "Mary-Kay Wilmers: 'I like difficult women. Not just because I'm a bit difficult myself. I like their complication'"] (A Life In... Books), ''[[The Guardian]]'', 24 October 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2011.</ref> Will Frears became a stage and film director.

Early in his career, Frears made a programme featuring the band [[the Scaffold]]. He is name-checked ("Mr Frears had sticky-out ears...") in their hit song "[[Lily the Pink (song)|Lily the Pink]]".<ref>[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/gary.hart/lyricss/scaffold.html Scaffold, "Lily the Pink" lyrics.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623230031/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/gary.hart/lyricss/scaffold.html |date=23 June 2011 }}</ref>

{{as of |2002}} Frears lived in London with Anne Rothenstein and their two children.<ref name="Real-life hero"/>

Frears was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the [[2023 Birthday Honours]] for services to film and television.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=64082|supp=y|page=B2|date=17 June 2023}}</ref>

==Political views==
A convinced [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|republican]],<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/stephen-frears-takes-on-a-lifelong-icon-8212-and-takes-film-world-by-storm/ | title= Stephen Frears takes on a lifelong icon — and takes film world by storm | work=The Seattle Times |first= Moira|last= Macdonald|date=20 October 2006 | access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref> in April 2015, Frears was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of [[Caroline Lucas]] at the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]], but not other [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] candidates.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/24/celebrities-sign-statement-support-caroline-lucas-not-green-party | title= Celebrities sign statement of support for Caroline Lucas – but not the Greens | work=The Guardian | location=London | first=Jessica | last=Elgot | date=24 April 2015 | access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>

In December 2019, along with 42 other leading cultural figures, Frears signed a letter endorsing the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] under [[Jeremy Corbyn]]'s leadership in the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]].<ref name="theguardian1">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/03/vote-for-hope-and-a-decent-future|title= Vote for hope and a decent future |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=3 December 2019|access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="theguardian2">{{cite news |last=Proctor|first=Kate|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/dec/03/coogan-klein-lead-cultural-figures-backing-corbyn-labour|title=Coogan and Klein lead cultural figures backing Corbyn and Labour|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=3 December 2019|access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Distributor
|-
|1968 || ''The Burning'' (short film) || [[British Film Institute|BFI]]
|-
|1971 || ''[[Gumshoe (film)|Gumshoe]]'' || [[Columbia Pictures]]
|-
|1984 || ''[[The Hit (1984 film)|The Hit]]'' || Palace Pictures
|-
|1985 || ''[[My Beautiful Laundrette]]'' || Mainline Pictures
|-
|rowspan=2|1987 || ''[[Prick Up Your Ears]]'' || Curzon Film Distributors
|-
| ''[[Sammy and Rosie Get Laid]]'' || Palace Pictures / [[Nelson Entertainment]]
|-
|1988 || ''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]'' || [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]
|-
|1990 || ''[[The Grifters (film)|The Grifters]]'' || [[Miramax Films]]
|-
|1992 || ''[[Hero (1992 film)|Hero]]'' || Columbia Pictures
|-
|rowspan=2|1996 || ''[[Mary Reilly (film)|Mary Reilly]]'' || [[TriStar Pictures]]
|-
| ''[[The Van (1996 film)|The Van]]'' || [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]]
|-
|1998 || ''[[The Hi-Lo Country]]'' || [[Gramercy Pictures]] / [[PolyGram Filmed Entertainment]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2000 || ''[[High Fidelity (film)|High Fidelity]]'' || [[Touchstone Pictures]] / [[Buena Vista Pictures]]
|-
| ''[[Liam (2000 film)|Liam]]'' || [[Curzon Film|Artificial Eye]] / [[Lionsgate Films|Lions Gate Films]]
|-
|2002 || ''[[Dirty Pretty Things (film)|Dirty Pretty Things]]'' || [[Miramax Films]] / Buena Vista International
|-
|2005 || ''[[Mrs Henderson Presents]]'' || [[Pathé]] / [[The Weinstein Company]]
|-
|2006 || ''[[The Queen (2006 film)|The Queen]]'' || Pathé
|-
|2009 || ''[[Chéri (2009 film)|Chéri]]'' || Pathé / Warner Bros. Pictures
|-
|2010 || ''[[Tamara Drewe (film)|Tamara Drewe]]'' || [[Momentum Pictures]]
|-
|2012 || ''[[Lay the Favorite]]'' || Radius-TWC
|-
|2013 || ''[[Philomena (film)|Philomena]]'' || The Weinstein Company / Pathé
|-
|2015 || ''[[The Program (2015 film)|The Program]]'' || [[StudioCanal]]
|-
|2016 || ''[[Florence Foster Jenkins (film)|Florence Foster Jenkins]]'' || [[20th Century Fox]] / Pathé
|-
|2017 || ''[[Victoria & Abdul]]'' || [[Focus Features]] / [[Universal Pictures]]
|-
|2022 || ''[[The Lost King (film)|The Lost King]]'' || Pathé / Warner Bros. Pictures
|}

===Television===
'''TV movies'''
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Notes
|-
| 1969
| ''Report: St - Ann's Nottingham'' (Documentary film)
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 1972
| ''A Day Out''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 1973
| ''The Cricket Match''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
|rowspan=2|1975
| ''Daft as a Bush''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| ''[[Three Men in a Boat (1975 film)|Three Men in a Boat]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 1977
| ''Black Christmas''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
|rowspan=2|1978
| ''[[Me! I'm Afraid of Virginia Woolf]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| ''Doris and Doreen''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
|rowspan=2|1979 || ''[[Afternoon Off]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
|''One Fine Day''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Bloody Kids]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Walter (1982 film)|Walter]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
|rowspan=3|1983
| ''[[Walter (1982 film)#Sequels|Walter and June]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| ''[[Saigon: Year of the Cat]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| ''The Last Company Car''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 1984
| ''[[December Flower]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 1993
| ''[[The Snapper (film)|The Snapper]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Fail Safe (2000 film)|Fail Safe]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2003
| ''[[The Deal (2003 film)|The Deal]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
|}

'''TV series'''
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|1969 || ''[[Parkin's Patch]]'' || 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[Tom Grattan's War]]'' || 5 episodes
|-
|1971–73 || ''[[Follyfoot]]'' || 4 episodes
|-
|rowspan=2|1973 || ''Full House'' || Episode: "#1.15"
|-
| ''Sporting Scenes'' || Episode: "England, Their England"
|-
|1974 || ''[[Second City Firsts]]'' || Episode: "Match of the Day"
|-
|1975 || ''[[Play for Today]]'' || 3 episodes
|-
|1976 || ''[[BBC2 Playhouse]]'' || 2 episodes
|-
|rowspan=2|1977 || ''[[ITV Play of the Week]]'' || 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[ITV Playhouse]]'' || 2 episodes; also producer
|-
|1984 || ''[[The Comic Strip|The Comic Strip Presents...]]'' || 3 episodes
|-
|1986–93 || ''[[Screen Two]]'' || 2 episodes
|-
|2019–22 || ''[[State of the Union (British TV series)|State of the Union]]'' || 20 episodes; Also executive producer
|-
|2019 || ''[[The Loudest Voice]]'' || Episode: "2015"
|-
|}

'''Miniseries'''
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Executive Producer
! Ref.
|-
|2018 || ''[[A Very English Scandal (TV series)|A Very English Scandal]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|2020 || ''[[Quiz (TV series)|Quiz]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2019/08/17/Matthew-Macfadyen-Michael-Sheen-to-star-in-miniseries-Quiz/1631566039862/ | title=Matthew Macfadyen, Michael Sheen to star in miniseries 'Quiz'|first=Karen|last= Butler|website=UPI|date=17 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2024 || ''[[The Regime (miniseries)|The Regime]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite web| url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/the-palace-first-look-kate-winslet-hbos-limited-series-will-tracy-stephen-frears-1235247721/| title='The Palace': First Look At Kate Winslet In HBO's Limited Series From Will Tracy & Stephen Frears|first=Denise|last= Petski|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=February 2, 2023|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards and honours==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Stephen Frears}}

Over his career, Frears has amassed numerous awards and nominations, including two [[Academy Award]] nominations, four [[Primetime Emmy Award]] nominations (one win), a [[Golden Globe Award]] nomination, and 17 [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|British Academy of Film and Television Arts Award]] nominations (three wins).

In 1990, Frears earned his first [[Academy Award]] nomination for directing the film ''[[The Grifters (film)|The Grifters]]''. In 2006, he earned his second nomination for ''[[The Queen (2006 film)|The Queen]]''. At the [[Primetime Emmy Awards]], he was nominated for ''[[Fail Safe (2000 film)|Fail Safe]]'' (2000), ''[[Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight]]'' (2013), and ''[[A Very English Scandal (TV series)|A Very English Scandal]]'' (2019), before winning for ''[[State of the Union (British TV series)|State of the Union]]'' (2019). He has also been acknowledged by the [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]], [[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin]], [[Venice Film Festival|Venice]], and [[Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto]] film festivals.

Honors include:
*2006: Golden Eye Award for Lifetime Achievement at [[Zurich Film Festival]]
*2009: Commandeur de l'[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jCfJe7wQ4QGg7DBMmRT21yLhgngA
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130124171817/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jCfJe7wQ4QGg7DBMmRT21yLhgngA
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 24 January 2013
|title = Stephen Frears reçoit les insignes de commandeur des Arts et des Lettres
|access-date = 20 March 2009
|date = 18 March 2009
|agency = Agence France-Presse
|language = fr
}}</ref>
*2014: Golden Duke for Lifetime Achievement of the 5th [[Odesa International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oiff.com.ua/en/festival/archive/oiff-2014/prizery-2014.htm |title=Award Winners |website=[[Odesa International Film Festival]] |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926130536/http://oiff.com.ua/en/festival/archive/oiff-2014/prizery-2014.htm |archive-date=26 September 2015}}</ref>
*Honorary Associate of [[London Film School]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+Awards and nominations received for films directed by Frears
|-
!rowspan="2"|Year
!rowspan="2"|Title
!colspan="2"|Academy Awards
!colspan="2"|BAFTA Awards
!colspan="2"|Golden Globe Awards
|-
!Nominations
!Wins
!Nominations
!Wins
!Nominations
!Wins
|-
|1971
|[[Gumshoe (film)|''Gumshoe'']]
|
|
|align=center|2
|
|
|
|-
|1984
|[[The Hit (1984 film)|''The Hit'']]
|
|
|align=center|1
|
|
|
|-
|1985
|''[[My Beautiful Laundrette]]''
|align=center|1
|
|align=center|2
|
|
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Prick Up Your Ears]]''
|
|
|align=center|3
|
|align=center|1
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]''
|align=center|7
|align=center|3
|align=center|10
|align=center|2
|
|
|-
|1990
|[[The Grifters (film)|''The Grifters'']]
|align=center|4
|
|align=center|1
|
|align=center|1
|
|-
|2000
|[[High Fidelity (film)|''High Fidelity'']]
|
|
|align=center|1
|
|align=center|1
|
|-
|2002
|[[Dirty Pretty Things (film)|''Dirty Pretty Things'']]
|align=center|1
|
|align=center|2
|
|
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Mrs Henderson Presents]]''
|align=center|2
|
|align=center|4
|
|align=center|3
|
|-
|2006
|[[The Queen (2006 film)|''The Queen'']]
|align=center|6
|align=center|1
|align=center|10
|align=center|2
|align=center|4
|align=center|2
|-
|2013
|[[Philomena (film)|''Philomena'']]
|align=center|4
|
|align=center|4
|
|align=center|3
|
|-
|2016
|[[Florence Foster Jenkins (film)|''Florence Foster Jenkins'']]
|align=center|2
|
|align=center|4
|align=center|1
|align=center|4
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Victoria & Abdul]]''
|align=center|2
|
|align=center|1
|
|align=center|1
|
|-
!colspan="2" style="background-color:#b3b5c5;"|Total
!29
!4
!45
!5
!18
!2
|}

'''Directed Academy Award performances''' 
Under Frears' direction, these actors have received [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nominations (and wins) for their performances in their respective roles.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Performer
!Film
!Result
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Academy Award for Best Actress]]
|-
|[[61st Academy Awards|1988]]
|[[Glenn Close]]
|''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[63rd Academy Awards|1990]]
|[[Anjelica Huston]]
|''[[The Grifters (film)|The Grifters]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[78th Academy Awards|2005]]
|[[Judi Dench]]
|''[[Mrs Henderson Presents]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[79th Academy Awards|2006]]
|[[Helen Mirren]]
|''[[The Queen (2006 film)|The Queen]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[86th Academy Awards|2013]]
|[[Judi Dench]]
|''[[Philomena (film)|Philomena]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[89th Academy Awards|2016]]
|[[Meryl Streep]]
|''[[Florence Foster Jenkins (film)|Florence Foster Jenkins]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
|[[61st Academy Awards|1988]]
|[[Michelle Pfeiffer]]
|''Dangerous Liaisons''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[63rd Academy Awards|1990]]
|[[Annette Bening]]
|''The Grifters''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Academy Award winners and nominees from Great Britain]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*{{IMDb name|1241}}
*{{screenonline name|id=469201}}
* Stephen Frears discusses whether his biopics are fact or fiction in [http://iai.tv/video/the-art-of-life "The Art Of Life"]. The Institute of Art and Ideas.

{{Stephen Frears}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Stephen Frears|Awards for Stephen Frears]]
|list =
{{Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director}}
{{BAFTA Los Angeles Britannia Awards}}
{{European Film Academy Lifetime Achievement Award}}
{{Silver Bear for Best Director}}
{{TFCA Award for Best Director}}
{{Gregory Peck Award}}
}}
{{Cannes Film Festival jury presidents}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Frears, Stephen}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Artists awarded knighthoods]]
[[Category:BAFTA winners (people)]]
[[Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Tony Blair]]
[[Category:English film directors]]
[[Category:English people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:English republicans]]
[[Category:English television directors]]
[[Category:English television producers]]
[[Category:Governors of the British Film Institute]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Leicester]]
[[Category:People educated at Gresham's School]]
[[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Silver Bear for Best Director recipients]]

John Hopkins (screenwriter)

2025-03-30T18:16:35Z

80.46.110.142:

{{Short description|English film, stage, and television writer (1931–1998)}}
{{other people|John Hopkins}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Hopkins
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = John Richard Hopkins
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|1|27}}
| birth_place = [[London]], UK
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1998|7|23|1931|1|27}}
| death_place = [[Woodland Hills, California]], U.S.
| alma_mater = [[St Catharine's College, Cambridge]]
| known_for =
| occupation = Writer
| years_active =1957–1995
| children = 3
| spouse = {{marriage|Prudence Balchin|1954|1969|reason=divorced}} {{marriage|[[Shirley Knight]]|1969}}
}}
'''John Richard Hopkins''' (sometimes credited as '''John R. Hopkins'''; 27 January 1931 – 23 July 1998) was an English film, stage, and television writer.

==Biography==
Born in southwest [[London]], England, Hopkins was educated at [[Raynes Park High School|Raynes Park County Grammar School]], then completed his [[Conscription in the United Kingdom#After 1945|National Service]] in the Army from 1950 to 1951. He read English Literature at [[St Catharine's College, Cambridge]], and joined [[BBC Television]] as a studio manager on graduation.<ref name="Millington">{{cite book|editor-last=Newcomb|editor-first=Horace|author-last=Millington|author-first=Bob|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/Encyclopedias/Archive-Encyclopedia-of-Television/Encyclopedia-of-Television-Vol-2-1st-Edition.pdf|title=Museum of Broadcast Communication: Encyclopedia of Television|chapter=John Hopkins|location=Chicago & London|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1997|pages=799–801}}</ref>

Hopkins began his writing career in radio, writing episodes of the BBC serial ''[[Mrs Dale's Diary]]'' for eighteen months. An attempt to become a trainee television director at the commercial television franchise holder [[ITV Granada|Granada Television]] was unsuccessful. The company did accept his first play, ''Break Up'' (1958), about the end of the marriage of a young couple, although it was only shown in the Granada region.<ref name="Vahimagi">{{cite web|last=Vahimagi|first=Tise|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/473130/index.html|title=Hopkins, John (1931-98)|work=BFI Screenonline|date=2003–14|access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> He established himself as a writer beginning when his then father-in-law [[Nigel Balchin]] asked him to try to adapt his novels for television, Adaptations of both ''[[The Small Back Room (novel)|The Small Back Room]]'' (for ''[[Sunday Night Theatre]]'') and ''[[Mine Own Executioner (novel)|Mine Own Executioner]]'' were broadcast in April and August 1959 respectively.<ref name="Vahimagi" /><ref name="NYT1998">{{cite news|last=Van Gelder|first=Lawrence|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/03/arts/john-r-hopkins-67-writer-for-tv-theater-and-movies.html|title=John R. Hopkins, 67, Writer for TV, Theater and Movies|work=The New York Times|date=3 August 1998|access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> Hopkins then adapted [[Margery Allingham]]'s novels about the private detective [[Albert Campion]] into ''[[Campion (1959 TV series)|Campion]]'' featuring two six-part serials, ''Dancers in Mourning'' (1959) and ''Death of a Ghost'' (1960). Hopkins followed with a series based on [[Rosamund Lehmann]]'s ''The Weather in the Streets'' (1961). He wrote his own thriller series, ''[[A Chance of Thunder]]'' in 1961.<ref name="Indy1998">{{cite news |last=Hayward |first=Anthony |title=Obituary: John Hopkins |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-john-hopkins-1168781.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=31 July 1998|access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref>

Hopkins wrote over fifty episodes of the BBC police drama ''[[Z-Cars]]'', remaining with the series for two and a half years, serving as the series' script editor for a time.<ref name="Indy1998" /> One episode featured [[Judi Dench]] in the role of a delinquent. This character inspired Hopkins to write what is probably his best remembered work for the small screen, the four-part play sequence ''[[Talking to a Stranger]]'' (1966) directed by [[Christopher Morahan]], with whom he had developed a rapport while working with him on ''Z-Cars''. Starring Dench, and [[Michael Bryant (actor)|Michael Bryant]], as the adult children of characters played by [[Maurice Denham]], and [[Margery Mason]], ''Talking to a Stranger'' was transmitted as part of [[BBC Two|BBC2]]'s ''[[Theatre 625]]'' anthology series. The plays told the story of one bleak weekend from the viewpoints of the four individuals. It won the British Directors' Guild Writers' Award and an [[Emmy Award|Emmy]] in 1968 after the sequence was shown on American television.<ref name="NYT1998" /><ref name="Indy1998" /> Critic [[George Melly]] described in ''[[The Observer]]'' as "[t]he first authentic masterpiece written directly for television".<ref name="EFF2017">{{cite web|last=Fulton|first=Niall Greig|url=https://www.edfilmfest.org.uk/latest/who-was-john-hopkins|title=Who Was John Hopkins?|work=Edinburgh Film Festival|date=22 May 2017|access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> Two ''[[The Wednesday Play|Wednesday Plays]]'' from this period by Hopkins were ''[[Fable (TV play)|Fable]]'' from January 1965<ref name="Duguid">{{cite web|last=Duguid|first=Mark|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/476259/index.html|title=''Fable'' (1965)|work=BFI Screenonline|date=2003–14|access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> and ''Horror of Darkness'' broadcast the following March.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vahimagi|first=Tise|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1183612/index.html|title=''Horror of Darkness'' (1965)|work=BFI Screenonline|date=2003–14|access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> The former imagines an inverted South African apartheid in Britain<ref name="Duguid" /> (which was postponed by the BBC in case it affected a by-election),<ref name="Indy1998" /> while the latter is a rare exploration of homosexuality in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | first=Mark | last=Brown | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/mar/16/itv-play-gay-television | title=Newly unearthed ITV play could be first ever gay television drama | work=The Guardian | date=16 March 2013}}</ref> ''Hour of Darkness'' featured [[Glenda Jackson]] and [[Nicol Williamson]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Plater|first=Alan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/may/01/broadcasting.tvandradio|title=Law and disorder|work=The Guardian|date=6 May 2006|access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref>

Hopkins made his feature film debut with the screenplay he co-wrote with director [[Roy Ward Baker]] ''[[Two Left Feet (film)|Two Left Feet]]'' (1963), a lightweight comedy-drama with [[Michael Crawford]].<ref name="Vahimagi" /> He received co-screenwriter credit with [[Richard Maibaum]] for the fourth James Bond film [[James Bond]] movie ''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]'' (1965).<ref name="EFF2017" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Collinson|first=Gavin|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/520479/index.html|title=''Thunderball'' (1965)|work=BFI Screenonline|date=2003–14|access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> He co-wrote the screenplay for [[Leslie Thomas]]' boys-in-uniform comedy ''[[The Virgin Soldiers (film)|The Virgin Soldiers]]'' (1969) and worked on the screenplay for the film adaptation of ''[[Man of La Mancha (film)|Man of La Mancha]]'' (1972), although he was removed from this project by [[United Artists]] when the studio discovered his draft omitted most of the songs from the musical. His screenplay for ''[[Murder by Decree]]'' (1979) places [[Sherlock Holmes]] against [[Jack the Ripper]]. The film was directed by [[Bob Clark]] and featured [[Christopher Plummer]] as Holmes and [[James Mason]] as Watson.

Hopkins wrote his first stage play, ''This Story of Yours'', in 1968. Though it had poor reviews when it was staged at the [[Royal Court Theatre|Royal Court]]. One audience member who was impressed by the play was [[Sean Connery]] who chose it as a personal film project which became ''[[The Offence]]'' (1973). Connery not only produced the film under a deal with United Artists when he returned to the role of James Bond, but also acted in the film version, directed by [[Sidney Lumet]]. Hopkins' plays for the stage included ''Next of Kin'', which was produced at London's [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]] in 1974 with [[Harold Pinter]] directing.<ref>[http://www.haroldpinter.org/directing/directing_kin.shtml Next of Kin by John Hopkins, The National Theatre, 1974] at haroldpinter.org</ref><ref>Otis L. Guernsey, ''The Best plays of 1973–1974'' (Dodd, Mead, 1974), p. 108.</ref> His play, ''Find Your Way Home'' (1970) was produced in London and then on Broadway where it won a "Best Actor" [[Tony Award]] for [[Michael Moriarty]].<ref name="Indy1998" />

Hopkins adapted Dostoevsky's ''The Gambler'' (1973) for television, it starred [[Edith Evans]] and [[Philip Madoc]], and he wrote the two-part television screenplay, ''[[Divorce His, Divorce Hers]]'' (1973), which starred [[Richard Burton]] and [[Elizabeth Taylor]].<ref name="Indy1998" /> His later television work also includes the ''[[Play for Today]]'' ''A Story to Frighten the Children'' (1976), and the serial adaptation of [[John le Carré]]'s novel ''[[Smiley's People]]'' (1982), starring [[Alec Guinness]], both for the [[BBC]]; and the [[Cold War]] espionage thriller ''[[Codename: Kyril]]'' (1988) for [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]. Hopkins' six-play cycle, ''Fathers and Families'' (1977), again directed by Christopher Morahan, was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite news|last=Billington|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Billington (theatre critic)|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/apr/11/christopher-morahan-obituary|title=Christopher Morahan|work=The Guardian|date=11 April 2017|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref>

Hopkins died at his home in [[Woodland Hills, California|Woodland Hills]], California, United States, in July 1998, following an accident in which he slipped, hit his head and fell unconscious into his swimming-pool, where he drowned.

==Private life==
In 1954, Hopkins married Prudence Anne Balchin, eldest daughter of author [[Nigel Balchin]]. They had two children, a daughter, Justine and a son, Marlin Jonathan, who died in a childhood accident in 1971. They were divorced in 1969.

In 1969, he married the American actress [[Shirley Knight]]; the couple had one daughter, Sophie. His stepdaughter from his marriage to Knight is actress [[Kaitlin Hopkins]], whom he raised.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0394200 |name=John Hopkins}}

{{John Hopkins}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hopkins, John Richard}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century English screenwriters]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in California]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English male television writers]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in California]]
[[Category:English television writers]]
[[Category:People educated at Raynes Park County Grammar School]]
[[Category:Writers of Sherlock Holmes pastiches]]

Amin Durrani

2025-03-30T17:57:55Z

80.46.110.142:

{{Infobox criminal
| name = Amin Durrani
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| cause =
| alias =
| motive =
| charge = [[2006 Toronto terrorism arrests]]
| conviction = 7½ years
| conviction_penalty =
| conviction_status =
| occupation =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}'''Amin Mohamed Durrani''' is one of the 17 people that were detained on June 2 and June 3, 2006, in the [[Greater Toronto Area|Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada [[2006 Toronto terrorism arrests]]. He was 19 years old at the time of arrest, and living with his family in 10 Stonehill Court in Toronto.

A student at the [[Stephen Leacock Collegiate Institute]], he had enrolled in a [[civil aviation]] course at [[Centennial College (Canada)|Centennial College]], but had never attended any classes.<ref>[[CBC News]], [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/bomb-plot-suspect-did-not-take-flight-training-college-says-1.625530 Bomb-plot suspect did not take flight training, college says], June 9, 2006</ref> The course teaches only engineering theories, and not how to actually fly a plane. Friends reported that he had started skipping classes and changed his appearance in late 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/globaltv/national/story.html?id=cf635f2f-3497-45ab-9625-96b24af95258 |title=Alleged terrorist not that 'type of guy' |publisher=Canada.com |date=2006-06-07 |accessdate=2012-12-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024015511/http://www.canada.com/globaltv/national/story.html?id=cf635f2f-3497-45ab-9625-96b24af95258 |archivedate=2012-10-24 }}</ref>

His younger brother Ibrahim said it was not uncommon for Durrani to disappear for weeks at a time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/toronto-bomb-plot/suspects.html |title=CBC News Indepth: Toronto Bomb Plot |publisher=Cbc.ca |date= |accessdate=2012-12-22}}</ref>

Represented by [[Manuel Azevedo]], he was denied bail in August 2006, and again in December 2008 by judge James MacPherson.<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/News/GTA/article/555100 Aveling, Nick. Toronto Star, Toronto 18 member still denied bail, December 17, 2008]</ref>

Durrani pleaded guilty in January 2010 and was sentenced to 7½ years in prison. Due to the Canadian "two for one" rule he was released for time served after one day in the [[Maplehurst Correctional Complex]].<ref>[https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Toronto+free+after+surprise+guilty+plea/2466346/story.html]{{dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{TorontoTerror}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durrani, Amin}}
[[Category:2006 Ontario terrorism plot]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Pakistani descent]]
[[Category:People convicted on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:Pakistani people imprisoned on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Canada-crime-bio-stub}}

Alan White (novelist)

2025-03-30T16:51:51Z

80.46.110.142:

{{short description|English novelist and journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Alan White
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1924|2|23}}
| birth_place = [[Hunslet]], [[Yorkshire]], England
| death_date = February 2003 (aged 78–79)
| death_place = [[Salisbury]], [[Wiltshire]], England
| occupation = Novelist
| genre = [[War novels]], [[Militaria]]
| notableworks = ''[[The Long Day's Dying]]''
}}

'''Alan White''' (23 February 1924 – February 2003) was an English novelist and journalist. He used his experiences as a Second World War commando leader in his writings. He also wrote using the names "Alec Haig", "James Fraser" and "Alec Whitney". Under the pseudonym "Joe Balham" he wrote seven novels based on ''[[The Sweeney]]'' television series.<ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/~embden11/Engels3/whitea.htm Alan White.]</ref> His novel ''The Long Day's Dying '' was made into a [[The Long Day's Dying|1968 film]] directed by [[Peter Collinson (film director)|Peter Collinson]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQ3GZuKbidMC&pg=PA312 | first1=Jeanine | last1=Basinger | first2=Jeremy | last2=Arnold | title=The World War II Combat Film: Anatomy of a Genre | page=312 | isbn=9780819566232 | publisher=Wesleyan University Press | date=2003 | accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> White wrote [[Mystery fiction|mysteries]], as well as war and adventure novels.<ref>[http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC?locID=22396_largo&srchtp=person&AI=U14301753&c=1&DO=is&BA=A.D.&docNum=K2406000175&bConts=41&vrsn=149&OP=contains&BO=is&ca=1&ste=12&NA=White%2C+Alan&tab=1&tbst=prp&n=25&DA=A.D."James Fraser." St. James Guide to Crime & Mystery Writers, 4th ed. St. James Press, 1996.Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2007. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Document Number: K2406000175]</ref> White died in [[Salisbury]], [[Wiltshire]] in February 2003.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hubin |first1=Allen J. |title=Addenda to the Revised Edition, Part 7 |url=http://www.crimefictioniv.com/Part_7A.html |website=Crime Fiction IV |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alan White |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVZJ-YSN7 |publisher=England and Wales Death Registration Index 1837–2007 |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Novels===
====Written as Alan White====
* ''The Long Day's Dying'' (1962) (American title: ''Death Finds the Day'')
* ''The Wheel'' (1966)
* ''The Long Night's Walk'' (1968)
* ''Long Drop'' (1969)
* ''Kibbutz'' (1970) (American title: ''Possess the Land'')
* ''Climate of Revolt'' (1971)
* ''The Long Watch'' (1971)
* ''The Long Midnight'' (1972)
* ''The Long Fuse'' (1973)
* ''Armstrong'' (1973)
* ''The Long Summer'' (1974)
* ''Death in Duplicate'' (1974)
* ''Death in Darkness'' (1975), as Alec Whitney for the American edition
* ''The Long Silence'' (1976)
* ''The Long Hand of Death'' (1977)
* ''Cassidy's Yard'' (1980)
* ''The Years of Change'' 1983
* ''Black Alert'' (1985)

====Written as James Fraser====
* ''The Evergreen Death'' (1968)
* ''A Cock-Pit of Roses'' (1969)
* ''Deadly Nightshade'' (1970)
* ''Death in a Pheasant's Eye'' (1971)
* ''Blood on a Widow's Cross'' (1972)
* ''The Five-Leafed Clover'' (1973)
* ''A Wreath of Lords and Ladies'' (1974)
* ''Who Steals My Name?'' (1976)
* ''Hearts Ease in Death'' (1977)

====Written as Bill Reade====
* ''What Have They Done to You, Ben?'' (1967)
* ''I wonder What Happened to Tom?'' (1968)
* ''A Bomb for Atuna'' (1975)
* ''The Ibiza Syndicate'' (1975)

====Written as Alec Haig====
* ''Sign on for Tokyo'' (1968)
* ''Flight from Montenegro Bay'' (1972)
* ''Peruvian Printout'' (1974)

====Written as Alec Whitney====
* ''Every Man Has His Price'' (1968)
* ''The Triple Zero'' (1971)

====Written as Joe Balham====
* ''The Sweeney: Regan and the Lebanese Shipment'' (1977)
* ''The Sweeney: Regan and the Human Pipeline'' (1977)
* ''The Sweeney: Regan and the Bent Stripper'' (1977)
* ''The Sweeney: Regan and the Snout Who Cried Wolf'' (1977)
* ''The Sweeney: Regan and the Venetian Virgin'' (1978)
* ''The Sweeney: Regan and the High Rollers'' (1978)
* ''Sweeney 2: The Blag'' (1978)
* ''Desert Command'' (1979)

==Sources==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:White, Alan}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:English male journalists]]
[[Category:English mystery writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Yorkshire]]
[[Category:English male novelists]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British Army Commandos soldiers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Leeds]]

{{England-novelist-stub}}

Reinhard Hardegen

2025-03-28T10:50:34Z

80.46.110.142: /* National Socialism */

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Short description|German U-boat commander (1913–2018)}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= [[Korvettenkapitän]] Reinhard Hardegen
|birth_date={{Birth date|1913|3|18|df=y}}
|image= File:Hardegen 2016 b.jpg
|caption= Hardegen in 2016
|nickname=
|birth_place= [[Bremen]], [[German Empire|Germany]]
|death_date={{Death date and age|2018|6|9|1913|3|18|df=y}}
|death_place=Bremen, [[Germany]]
||allegiance={{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|branch={{navy|Nazi Germany}}
|serviceyears= 1934–45
|rank=''[[Korvettenkapitän]]''
|unit=''[[3rd U-boat Flotilla]]'' ''[[2nd U-boat Flotilla]]''
|commands={{GS|U-147|1940|2}} (11 December 1940–4 April 1941) {{GS|U-123|1940|2}} (19 May 1941–31 July 1942) ''Marine-Infanterie-Regiment 6'' (February–May 1945)
|battles=[[World War II]]
*[[Battle of the Atlantic]]
*[[Action of 27 March 1942]]
|awards= [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves]]
|relations=
|laterwork= Businessman and Politician
}}

''[[Korvettenkapitän]]'' '''Reinhard Hardegen''' (18 March 1913 – 9 June 2018) was a German [[U-boat]] commander during [[World War II]]. He was credited with the sinking of 25 ships (two were later refloated), at a total of 136,661 tons.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=34}} After the war, he spent a year and a half as a British prisoner-of-war before starting a successful oil trading business and serving as a member of Bremen's [[Landtag|city council]] (the ''[[Bürgerschaft of Bremen|Bürgerschaft]]'') for over 32 years.{{sfn|Helgason|1995–2022}}

==World War II==

Hardegen served as ''1.WO'' (First Watch Officer) under ''[[Kapitänleutnant]]'' [[Georg-Wilhelm Schulz]] aboard {{GS|U-124|1940|2}} and, after two war patrols, was given his own command, the [[German Type II submarine|Type IID U-boat]] {{GS|U-147|1940|2}}, operating out of [[Kiel]], on 11 December 1940.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=34}} The boat was ready for its first patrol shortly before the new year and, after visiting the U-boat base in [[Bergen]], ''U-147'' was ordered to patrol the convoy routes north of the [[Hebrides]].

On the second day of the patrol, Hardegen fired a torpedo which failed to detonate against a large merchant ship, before being forced to submerge after mistaking a destroyer for a merchant ship. During the dive, the tower hatch was damaged, forcing ''U-147'' to resurface after a short while to make feverish repairs only a few hundred meters from the destroyer. The gathering darkness, however, saved the boat from being detected.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=36}} The water leaks had damaged the diesel engines aboard the boat, forcing Hardegen to use his electric motors when, later in the night, he saw another merchant passing by. Although slowed, the U-boat had enough speed to close the distance and launch a torpedo which sank the freighter. After interrogating the crew, Hardegen learned it was the Norwegian steamer ''Augvald'' {{GRT|4,811}}. A few days later, Hardegen again attacked two freighters, only to find his torpedoes missing or failing to detonate. Shortly thereafter, he was ordered back to Kiel.

After completing the patrol, Hardegen was given command of {{GS|U-123|1940|2}}, a [[German Type IX submarine|Type IXB U-boat]] operating out of [[Lorient]]. Hardegen's first patrol with ''U-123'' started on 16 June 1941, with a course for West African waters to attack British shipping around [[Freetown]].

On 20 June, Hardegen sank the neutral [[Portugal|Portuguese]] vessel ''Ganda'', mistaking her for a British freighter. Dönitz later ordered all references to this sinking deleted from the journals of ''U-123'' and the matter received little attention.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=52}} This was one of two known alterations of the ''Kriegstagebuch'' ordered by [[Karl Dönitz|Dönitz]], the other being in regard to the sinking of the liner [[SS Athenia (1922)|SS ''Athenia'']].

His next patrol, in October 1941, took him to the North Atlantic. On 20 October he intercepted a convoy and attacked the British [[Armed merchantmen#Auxiliary cruisers|auxiliary cruiser]] {{HMS|Aurania}} (13,984 tons). Although badly damaged, the cruiser was towed to harbour for repairs. Some of the crew abandoned the cruiser, however, and Hardegen picked up a survivor who was brought back to France as a prisoner of war. This led Hardegen to claim the sinking.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=58}}

===First Drumbeat patrol===

On 23 December 1941, ''U-123'' left for the first phase of [[Operation Drumbeat]]. Five boats, which was all Dönitz could muster, were sent towards the American coast, to take advantage of the confusion in the [[East Coast of the United States|Eastern Seaboard]] defense networks shortly after the declaration of war. Hardegen was ordered to penetrate the inshore areas around [[New York City]], however due to the need for strict operational secrecy for this task, no mapping of the area was issued from stores in Lorient, and Hardegen had only large nautical charts as well as a Knaurs pocket atlas (of his own), for navigation.{{sfn|Williams|2003|p=164}}

After [[SS Cyclops (1906)#Loss|sinking the ''Cyclops'']] and ''Norness'', Hardegen decided to bottom (place the boat on the ocean bottom) the boat and wait for nightfall before proceeding into the harbour itself. During the night of 15 January, Hardegen entered the harbour, nearly beaching the boat when he mistook shorelight for a light ship.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=231}} The crew of ''U-123'' were elated when they came within the sight of the city itself, all lights burning brightly,{{refn|"I cannot describe the feeling with words, but it was unbelievably beautiful and great,” he later wrote of approaching close enough to see Manhattan's glare from his boat, ''The New York Times'' reported. “I would have given away a kingdom for this moment if I had one. We were the first to be here, and for the first time in this war a German soldier looked upon the coast of the U.S.A."{{sfn|Henderson|2018}}|group="Note"}} but Hardegen did not linger long, due to the lack of merchant traffic. He did sink the British tanker ''Coimbra'' ({{GRT|6,768}}) on his way out.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=234}}

Hardegen then proceeded south along the coast, submerging during the day and surfacing at night. Apart from one air attack on 16 January, Hardegen did not experience any resistance from the [[United States Navy]] or [[United States Army Air Forces]]. During the night of 19 January, Hardegen sank three freighters off [[Cape Hatteras]] in shallow waters close to shore. A couple of hours later, he happened upon five more merchants traveling in a group and attacked them with his last two torpedoes and his 105 mm deck gun, sinking a freighter and claiming the tanker ''Malay'' ({{GRT|8,207}}) as well.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=263}} Although badly damaged, ''Malay'', traveling empty, had enough buoyancy to stay afloat and managed to make its way to New York under her own power five days later.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=265}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101II-MW-3983-23, Lorient, Einlaufen von U-123.jpg|200px|left|thumb|''U-123'' at [[Lorient]] in February 1942.]]

With all torpedoes expended, and the port diesel engine not functioning optimally, Hardegen decided to set course for home. Just before dawn, the Norwegian whaling factory ''Kosmos II'' ({{GRT|16,699}}) was spotted only {{convert|400|m|ft}} away. The skipper of ''Kosmos'', Einar Gleditsch, decided to ram ''U-123'', ordering full speed ahead.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=276}} Hardegen, realizing that the whaler was too close for him to submerge, turned hard to port and ordered full ahead. With its port engine unable to deliver top [[Revolutions per minute|RPMs]], ''U-123'' only just managed to keep ahead of the tanker, and it took over an hour for Hardegen to gain enough of a lead to have room to maneuver.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=278}}

During the return journey, he spotted and sank the British freighter ''Culebra'' ({{GRT|3,400}}) on 25 January using the deck gun, but return fire from the freighter damaged the boat.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=286}} Hardegen approached the lifeboats and gave the survivors food, fresh water and a course to the [[Bermudas]] before departing. The following night, the Norwegian tanker ''Pan Norway'' ({{GRT|9,231}}) was attacked and sunk. After the attack, Hardegen ordered a nearby neutral freighter to pick up the survivors, although he had to repeat his order after the Greek captain decided to steam off without picking up all of the crew.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=291}} This sinking brought the tally for the first patrol to nine ships sunk for a total of {{GRT|53,173}} over a two-week period, although Hardegen also claimed ''Malay'' for a total of {{GRT|66,135}}.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=296}}

On 23 January, Hardegen received another signal, confirming he had been awarded the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] for sinking over {{GRT|100,000}} of Allied shipping. He returned home to Lorient on 9 February and received a hero's welcome.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=304}}

===Second Drumbeat patrol===

On 2 March 1942, Hardegen left for his final patrol, his second to American waters. The first successes were achieved when Hardegen sank the American tanker ''Muskogee'' ({{GRT|7,034}}) on 22 March and the British tanker ''Empire Steel'' ({{GRT|8,150}}) on 24 March. The latter attack expended four torpedoes, however, as one malfunctioned and one was fired without having been aimed.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=320}} The tanker, carrying gasoline, burned fiercely for five hours before sinking and no survivors could be spotted. The somber crew of ''U-123'' nicknamed the night the "Tanker Torch night".{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=322}}

On 26 March, Hardegen attacked the American [[Q-ship]] {{USS|Atik|AK-101|6}} ({{GRT|3,000}}), mistaking it for a merchant freighter. After torpedoing the ship, Hardegen surfaced to sink her with the deck guns, only to find the ''Atik'' trying to ram him and opening fire on him with guns that had been concealed behind false bulwarks. Making a getaway on the surface, ''U-123'' received eight hits and one of the crew members was fatally wounded. Approaching the ''Atik'' submerged, Hardegen sank her with another torpedo.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=326}}

Hardegen's second patrol was along the [[Florida]] coast. He reached the target area in late March, attacking the American tanker ''Liebre'' ({{GRT|7,057}}) on 1 April with his deck gun. Although the tanker was badly damaged, an approaching patrol craft forced Hardegen to submerge and leave the area. ''Liebre'' was towed to port and was ready to sail again by mid-July.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=334}} On the night of 8 April, ''U-123'' was positioned off the shore of [[St. Simons Island]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and torpedoed and sank two tankers: the SS ''Oklahoma'' ({{GRT|9,264}}) and the ''Esso Baton Rouge'' ({{GRT|7,989}}). The two tankers were sunk in such shallow water, however, that they were re-floated and put back into service.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=336}} During the night of 9 April, ''U-123'' sank the cold storage motor ship SS ''Esparta'' ({{GRT|3,365}}).

On the night of 11 April, ''U-123'' torpedoed and sank the {{SS|Gulfamerica}} ({{GRT|8,801}}) about two miles off the coast of [[Jacksonville]], Florida. The ''Gulfamerica'' was on its maiden voyage from Philadelphia to Port Arthur, Texas with 90,000 barrels of fuel oil. After hitting her with a torpedo, Hardegen closed in for the kill with his deck gun. Noting the already large crowds gathering on the beach to watch the spectacle, as well as all the beach houses just beyond the ''Gulfamerica'', Hardegen decided to manoeuver around the tanker and attack from the land side.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=363}} The move was quite hazardous, as the U-boat was clearly illuminated to any onshore weapons, and the shallow waters forced it to take up station only {{convert|250|m|ft}} from the tanker, which risked return fire from the tanker as well as getting caught in a blaze if the oil spilling out caught fire. The highways leading from Jacksonville were soon thronged with curious people trying to get to the beach to look at the spectacle.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=364}} After firing for some time with the deck gun, the tanker was ablaze and Hardegen decided to leave. Already planes were overhead trying to locate the submarine with parachute flares, while a destroyer and several smaller patrol boats were closing in.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=367}}

Forced by an aircraft to crash dive, ''U-123'' found itself on the bottom, only {{convert|20|m|ft}} under the surface, when the destroyer, {{USS|Dahlgren|DD-187|6}} dropped six depth charges. Taking heavy damage and believing the destroyer would move in for another attack, Hardegen ordered the secret codes and machinery destroyed and the boat abandoned.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=368}} As the commander, he was to open the tower hatch to allow the crew to escape using the escape gear; however, he was gripped by a paralyzing fear and was unable to proceed with the evacuation.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=372}} Luckily for him, the ''Dahlgren'', for reasons unknown, failed to drop any more depth charges and, after a short time, moved away, allowing the ''U-123'' to complete emergency repairs and limp towards deeper waters. Hardegen would later tell [[Michael Gannon (historian)|Michael Gannon]], "Only because I was too scared was I not captured."{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=372}}

On the night of 13 April, ''U-123'' attacked the US freighter SS ''Leslie'' ({{GRT|2,609}}) with its last torpedo and Hardegen's fiftieth torpedo launch. It sank quickly just off [[Cape Canaveral]].{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=376}} About two hours after this attack, Hardegen shelled the [[Sweden|Swedish]] motor ship ''Korsholm'' ({{GRT|5,353}}) under British charter, and sank her within twenty minutes. He did, however, mistake the freighter for a tanker.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=377}}

At this point in his second patrol, Hardegen claimed ten ships for a total of {{GRT|74,815}}, whereas in reality he had sunk nine, if counting the two tankers later refloated, for a total of a still respectable {{GRT|52,336}}.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=377}} To sum up his patrol, Hardegen chose the lyrical approach, sending the following signal to [[Befehlshaber der U-Boote|BdU]]:

<blockquote>
''Sieben Tankern schlug die letzte Stund,'' ''Die U-Falle sank träger.'' ''Zwei Frachter liegen mit auf Grund,'' ''Versenkt vom Paukenschläger.'' (For seven tankers the last hour has passed, the U-boat trap sank slower. Two freighters lie on the bottom, too, sunk by the drum-beater.){{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=377}}</blockquote>

Setting course for home, Hardegen sighted the freighter SS ''Alcoa Guide'' ({{GRT|4,834}}) on 16 April and sank her with fire from the 105mm deck gun, as well as the 37mm and 20mm [[flak]] guns.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=400}} On 23 April, Hardegen received a signal confirming his award of the Oak Leaves to his Knights Cross. On 2 May, ''U-123'' docked at Lorient, ending Hardegen's career as an active U-boat commander, although he commanded the boat for a final journey, bringing her back to Kiel for some necessary repairs in May 1942.

Throughout his career, Hardegen, as U-boat historian [[Michael Gannon (historian)|Michael Gannon]] documents meticulously with accounts from survivors, furnished food and navigational directions to the lifeboats of torpedoed merchantmen when possible and, when he sank the tanker ''Pan Norway'', forcibly halted a neutral ship to have it pick up survivors of a vessel he had sunk nearby. He was also credited with saving Norwegian war sailors and others from death at sea.<ref name="norwegianamerican.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.norwegianamerican.com/featured/a-tale-of-two-mariners-on-the-mercy-of-some-u-boat-captains/|title = A tale of two mariners: On the mercy of some U-boat captains| newspaper=The Norwegian American |date = 27 May 2015}}</ref>

===National Socialism===

Hardegen said that when he met [[Adolf Hitler]] and was awarded the Knight's Cross by him, he thought "then that he was a nice fellow. That was a big mistake".<ref name="pressreader.com">{{Cite news |url-status=live |archive-date=Apr 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407220229/https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/daily-news/20130319/281492158759464 |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/daily-news/20130319/281492158759464 |title=U-boat captain celebrated |date=2013-03-19 |first=Lee |last=Rondganger |work=Daily News |language=en |access-date=22 August 2023 |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> One time, he and fellow Oak Leaves recipient [[Erich Topp]] were invited to a dinner with Hitler at the Wolf's Lair. Hardegen claimed to have told Hitler, "...you're always looking to the east, standing with your back to the sea, and this war is a sea war. It will only be decided at sea, won or lost there, and not on land. If you're standing with your back to the sea and you look only landward, then this won't work." Hardegen claimed that the admirals and generals were embarrassed, and that when Hitler left, Hardegen was told by senior officers that he had been quite impertinent to which Hardegen replied, "Why is that? The Führer needs to know the truth. I have to say what I think. He asked me, and I had to tell him." [[Andrew Williams (novelist)|Andrew Williams]] later wrote Hitler appeared to take some of what Hardegen said to him to heart.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=400}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1990/08/21/the-submerged-story-of-the-u-boat-war/fe21e713-3be7-42dd-8626-6eb6bbff6559/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032436/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1990/08/21/the-submerged-story-of-the-u-boat-war/fe21e713-3be7-42dd-8626-6eb6bbff6559/ |archive-date=2018-06-15 |title=THE SUBMERGED STORY OF THE U-BOAT WAR - The Washington Post|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref>{{sfn|Goldstein|2018}} A 1994 interview alleges Hardegen expressed some skepticism regarding Nazi atrocities, stating "(Germany stands) accused of some of the most cruel and sadistic crimes against the peoples of Europe. I cannot say I saw any of this, as I was secluded at my training base and was never on the east front fighting. Between you and me, I can say I am a little skeptical about many of the stories being published and I simply do not believe them. They are very farfetched, and told by people who have a political axe to grind it seems. Therefore, while I will say there is much evidence against Hitler, I always keep an open mind".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mourningtheancient.com/ww2-x10.htm | title=Reinhard Hardegen }}</ref> Hardegen told ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]'' in a 1999 interview, "I was not a Nazi...I did my duty for my country, not for Hitler." According to other reports, Hardegen said that by 1942, he and his crew had realized that "Hitler was a madman who was wreaking havoc and driving Germany towards catastrophe".<ref name="norwegianamerican.com"/>

===Shore duty===

On 31 July 1942, Hardegen relinquished command of ''U-123'' and took up duties as an instructor in the [[27th U-boat Flotilla|27th U-boat Training Flotilla]] in [[Gotenhafen]]. In March 1943, ''[[Kapitänleutnant]]'' Hardegen became chief of U-boat training of the torpedo school at ''[[Naval Academy Mürwik|Marineschule Mürwik]]'', before taking up a position in the ''Torpedowaffenamt'' (torpedo weapon department), where he oversaw testing and development of new acoustic and wired torpedoes.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=408}} In his last posting, he served as battalion commander in [[2nd Marine Division (Wehrmacht)|''Marine Infanterie Regiment 6'']] from February 1945 until the end of the war. The unit took part in fierce fighting against the British in the area around [[Bremen]], and most of the officers were killed. Hardegen stated that his survival was due to his being hospitalized with a severe case of [[diphtheria]].{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=409}} For the last few days of the war, Hardegen served on Dönitz's staff in [[Flensburg Government|Flensburg]], where he was arrested by British troops.

==Later life and death==

After the war, Hardegen was mistaken for a [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] officer with the same last name, and it took him a year and a half to assemble the evidence to convince the Allied interrogators of his real identity.{{sfn|Gannon|1991|p=409}} He returned home in November 1946, where he started as a businessman, first on a bike and then in a car. In 1952, he started an oil trading company, which he built up into a great success. Hardegen also served as a member of Parliament (''[[Bürgerschaft of Bremen]]'') for the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democrats]] in his hometown of [[Bremen]] for 32 years. He went into the heating oil business—representing, among others, [[Texaco]], whose ships he had sunk. He visited the United States many times, conversing with survivors and veterans regularly, including men who had tried to kill him during his U-boat service, and made friends with them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legionmagazine.com/en/2018/07/reinhard-hardegen-last-of-the-u-boat-aces/|title = Reinhard Hardegen: Last of the U-boat aces|date = 11 July 2018}}</ref> In 1989, he appeared in an episode of the American TV show, ''[[Unsolved Mysteries]]'', presented originally by [[Robert Stack]], which examined the sinking of the ''Muskogee''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://turnstiletours.com/the-photo-that-inspired-of-the-merchant-mariners-memorial/ |title=The Photo That Inspired NYC's Merchant Mariners' Memorial |website=Turnstile Tours |date=25 June 2018 |access-date=May 2, 2024}}</ref> Hardegen returned to [[Jacksonville]] in 1990, where he was received as an honoured guest. He would say of the occasion that "The town was very friendly to me."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usmm.org/closetohome.html|title=Close to Home – Georgians Identify Mariners Killed in 1942 Torpedoing of SS Oklahoma|access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=1 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101135342/http://www.usmm.org/closetohome.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, he was honoured by the modern military in Germany for his wartime service. He [[centenarian|turned 100]] in March 2013 in very good health, winning golf trophies and still driving a car.<ref name="Centenary">{{cite web|title = Empfang zum 100. Geburtstag von Reinhard Hardegen|publisher = [[Bürgerschaft of Bremen|Bremische Bürgerschaft]]|date = April 2013|url = http://www.bremische-buergerschaft.de/index.php?id=35&tx_ttnews%5btt_news%5d=356&cHash=e800a157da603fc976238991f1c90c07|access-date = 2013-04-20|language=de}}</ref>{{sfn|Daraskevich|2017}}<ref name="pressreader.com"/> He died on 9 June 2018, aged 105.{{sfn|Goldstein|2018}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Reinhard Hardegen im Alter von 105 Jahren gestorben |url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/bremen_artikel,-reinhard-hardegen-im-alter-von-105-jahren-gestorben-_arid,1739012.html |publisher=Weser Kurier |date=14 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bremische-buergerschaft.de/?noMobile=1|title = Bremische Bürgerschaft: Startseite}}</ref>

==Awards==

* [[Wehrmacht Long Service Award]] 4th Class (1 April 1937){{sfn|Busch|Röll|2003|p=187}}
* [[Iron Cross|Eisernes Kreuz]] (1939)
** 2nd Class (18 September 1940){{sfn|Busch|Röll|2003|p=187}}{{sfn|Thomas|1997|p=244}}
** 1st Class (23 August 1941){{sfn|Busch|Röll|2003|p=187}}{{sfn|Thomas|1997|p=244}}
* [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves]]
** Knight's Cross on 23 January 1942 as ''[[Kapitänleutnant]]'' and commander of ''U-123''{{sfn|Scherzer|2007|p=366}}{{sfn|Fellgiebel|2000|p=213}}
** 89th Oak Leaves on 23 April 1942 as ''Kapitänleutnant'' and commander of ''U-123''{{sfn|Scherzer|2007|p=366}}{{sfn|Fellgiebel|2000|p=59}}
* [[U-boat War Badge]] (1939) (18 November 1940){{sfn|Busch|Röll|2003|p=187}}
** with Diamonds (7 May 1942){{sfn|Busch|Röll|2003|p=187}}
* [[War Merit Cross]] 2nd Class (20 April 1944){{sfn|Busch|Röll|2003|p=187}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
|last1=Busch
|first1=Rainer
|last2=Röll
|first2=Hans-Joachim
|year=2003
|title=Der U-Boot-Krieg 1939–1945 — Die Ritterkreuzträger der U-Boot-Waffe von September 1939 bis Mai 1945
|trans-title=The U-Boat War 1939–1945 — The Knight's Cross Bearers of the U-Boat Force from September 1939 to May 1945
|language=de
|location=Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn Germany
|publisher=Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn
|isbn=978-3-8132-0515-2
}}
* {{cite web
|last=Daraskevich
|first=Joe
|date=9 April 2017
|url=http://jacksonville.com/news/military/2017-04-09/fiery-u-boat-attack-jacksonville-beach-created-spectacle-75-years-ago
|title=Fiery U-boat attack off Jacksonville Beach created spectacle 75 years ago
|publisher=[[The Florida Times-Union]]
|access-date=7 July 2017
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Fellgiebel
|first=Walther-Peer
|author-link=:de:Walther-Peer Fellgiebel
|year=2000
|orig-year=1986
|title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile
|trans-title=The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches
|language=de
|location=Friedberg, Germany
|publisher=Podzun-Pallas
|isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Gannon
|first=Michael
|author-link=Michael Gannon (historian)
|year=1991
|title=Operation Drumbeat
|publisher=HarperPerennial
|isbn=978-0-06-092088-3
}}
* {{cite news
|last1=Goldstein
|first1=Richard
|title=Reinhard Hardegen, Who Led U-Boats to America's Shore, Dies at 105
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/17/obituaries/reinhard-hardegen-who-led-u-boats-to-americas-shore-dies-at-105.html
|access-date=8 August 2018
|work=The New York Times
|date=17 June 2018
}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|year=1995–2022
|url= http://www.uboat.net/men/hardegen.htm
|title=''Korvettenkapitän'' Reinhard Hardegen
|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net
|access-date=19 April 2010
}}
* {{cite news
|last1=Henderson
|first1=Bruce
|title=He terrorized the N.C. coast in World War II. The last U-boat captain has died at 105
|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article213455859.html
|access-date=21 June 2018
|work=Charlotte Observer
|date=19 June 2018
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Scherzer
|first=Veit
|year=2007
|title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives
|trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives
|language=de
|location=Jena, Germany
|publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag
|isbn=978-3-938845-17-2
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Thomas
|first=Franz
|year=1997
|title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K
|trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K
|language=de
|location=Osnabrück, Germany
|publisher=Biblio-Verlag
|isbn=978-3-7648-2299-6
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Williams
|first=Andrew
|year=2003
|title=The Battle of the Atlantic: Hitler's Gray Wolves of the Sea and the Allies' Desperate Struggle to Defeat Them
|location=New York
|publisher=Basic Books
|isbn=978-0-465-09153-9
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/battleofatlantic0000will
}}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Subject bar
| portal1=Biography
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hardegen, Reinhard}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Bremen (city)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves]]
[[Category:U-boat commanders (Kriegsmarine)]]
[[Category:German men centenarians]]
[[Category:Reichsmarine personnel]]
[[Category:Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen]]
[[Category:German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom]]

East Lancashire Coachbuilders

2025-03-26T19:41:12Z

80.46.110.142:

{{Short description|Bus bodywork manufacturer based in Blackburn, England}}
{{Redirect|East Lancs}}
{{use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = East Lancashire Coachbuilders Ltd.
| logo = East Lancs logo.png
| type = Private
| company_slogan =
| successor = [[Optare]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1934|10|27|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00293485|title=EAST LANCASHIRE COACHBUILDERS LIMITED - Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk}}</ref>
| founder = Walter Smith
| defunct = {{End date|2010|03|01|df=y}}
| location = [[Blackburn]], [[Lancashire]], England
| num_employees =
| industry = Bus building
| fate = Dissolved after parent company [[Darwen Group]] performed a reverse takeover
| products = Bus bodies
| revenue =
| homepage = [https://web.archive.org/web/20060207132451/http://www.elcb.co.uk/ Official website]
}}
'''East Lancashire Coachbuilders Limited''' was a manufacturer of [[bus]] bodies and [[carriage]]s founded in 1934 in [[Blackburn]], [[Lancashire]], [[England]]. The company went into administration for a short while in August 2007, before being bought by Darwen Group and performed a reverse takeover with Optare when its parent purchased the company in 2008 and its site and business was later closed in 2012.

== History ==
[[File:D212MKK1.jpg|thumb|right|1987 high-capacity East Lancs body on Scania K92 chassis: one of the last built to this flat-fronted style]]
East Lancashire Coachbuilders was first founded by Walter Smith at Brookhouse Mill in Blackburn in 1934. The company would change hands multiple times after Smith's death between the 1960s and 1980s, eventually being sold to the Drawlane Transport Group (later renamed [[British Bus]]) in 1988. By 1994, the company had expanded into new premises on the Whitebirk Industrial Estate and commenced a programme of development that resulted in a range of single and double deck buses, which was the primary source of income for the company.<ref name="RotM">{{cite news |date=15 July 2003 |title=I'd hate to be run of the mill |url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/5893625.hate-run-mill/ |work=[[Lancashire Telegraph]] |location=Blackburn |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref>

In August 1996, British Bus was purchased by the [[Cowie Group]], with all orders by British Bus companies for buses bodied by East Lancashire Coachbuilders subsequently cancelled at short notice by Cowie. The company avoided entering [[Administration (law)|administration]] with both the intervention of Blackburn [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] [[Jack Straw]] as well as chassis manufacturer [[Dennis Specialist Vehicles]] supplying ten of their bus chassis for bodying, with payment for buying the chassis deferred until the buses were bodied and sold to operators.<ref name="RotM" />

On 17 August 2007, East Lancashire Coachbuilders went into administration, however it would bought out from administration by the [[Darwen Group]] the next day. It was claimed by ELCB's sales director John Horn that entering administration was a direct consequence of a changeover to building on [[Euro IV]] chassis, as well as a delay in the certification of East Lancs double-decker bodies on [[Scania AB|Scania]] chassis intended for [[London]] as a result of failing the [[Tilt test (vehicle safety test)|tilt test]]; a package of 17 redundancies followed in November 2006 as a result of overall low turnover.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.busandcoach.com/newsStory.aspx?id=1535 |title=East Lancs acquired from administrators |work=Bus & Coach Professional |date=23 August 2007 |access-date=26 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012180623/http://www.busandcoach.com/newsstory.aspx?id=1535|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hewitt |first=Andrew |date=22 August 2007 |title=Coach building firm buyout deal |url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/1635961.coach-building-firm-buyout-deal/ |work=Lancashire Telegraph |location=Blackburn |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref> After the purchase, the Darwen Group rebranded the company as Darwen East Lancs. Speculation was raised that bus building could potentially move to [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], where the Darwen Group was based, however it was confirmed in November 2007 that East Lancs would stay in Blackburn with a move to a new manufacturing site on the Walker Business Park.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hewitt |first=Andrew |date=6 November 2007 |title=Bus firm bosses pledge to stay local |url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/1813388.bus-firm-bosses-pledge-stay-local/ |work=Lancashire Telegraph |location=Blackburn |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Briggs |first=Ben |date=27 October 2008 |title=Blackburn bus maker Optare moving to new site |url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/3795047.blackburn-bus-maker-optare-moving-new-site/ |work=Lancashire Telegraph |location=Blackburn |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Graham |first=James |date=29 October 2008|title=New factory for Optare |website=TheBusinessDesk|url=https://www.thebusinessdesk.com/northwest/news/6249-new-factory-for-optare|access-date=14 March 2021|language=en}}</ref>

In 2008, Jamesstan Investments, an investment company controlled by the Darwen Group, purchased another bus manufacturer, [[Optare]]. Later, in June 2008, a £15.95 million [[reverse takeover]] was performed, with the Darwen name - and as a result, the East Lancs name - disappearing in favour of Optare.<ref>{{cite news |last=Briggs |first=Ben |date=19 May 2008 |title=Blackburn-based coach builder is powering on |url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/2280209.blackburn-based-coach-builder-powering/ |work=Lancashire Telegraph |location=Blackburn |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Briggs |first=Ben |date=27 June 2008 |title=Blackburn-based coach firm in £15.95m buyout |url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/2360337.blackburn-based-coach-firm-15-95m-buyout/ |work=Lancashire Telegraph |location=Blackburn |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref> Production of all the original East Lancs bodies by Optare ceased by 2011, and the premises in Blackburn closed on 31 March 2012.<ref name="Closure">{{Cite news|last=Pye |first=Catherine |title=Blackburn's 80-year bus manufacturing era set to end as Optare moves to Yorkshire|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/9484529.blackburns-80-year-bus-manufacturing-era-set-end-optare-moves-yorkshire/|access-date=14 March 2021|work=Lancashire Telegraph|location=Blackburn|date=20 January 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

==Products==
[[File:Arriva NW East Lancs Pyoneer 3365.jpg|thumb|East Lancs Pyoneer bodied Volvo Olympian in 2009; these buses were also the last ever step-entrance double decker bus design to be produced when they were introduced in 1997.]]
East Lancs has had many different styles of bodywork. They had a tradition of using [[cacography]], mostly replacing a letter i with a letter y, which continued until the Esteem and Olympus series.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
*[[East Lancs Greenway|Greenway]]
*[[East Lancs EL2000|EL2000]] predecessor to the [[East Lancs Flyte|Flyte]]
*[[East Lancs Cityzen|Cityzen]] predecessor to the [[Scania OmniDekka|OmniDekka]]
*Pyoneer predecessor to the [[East Lancs Lolyne|Lolyne]]
{{Clear}}

===Low floor buses===
[[File:Transdev Yellow Buses 271.jpg|right|thumb|[[East Lancs Lolyne|Lolyne]] run by [[Yellow Buses|Transdev Yellow Buses]]]]In the early 1990s, East Lancs developed buses for the low floor market with the style of the body being based on the former East Lancs Pyoneer.

* [[East Lancs Lolyne|Lolyne]] for [[Dennis Trident 2|Dennis Trident]] chassis.
* [[East Lancs Vyking|Vyking]] for [[Volvo B7TL]] chassis.
* [[East Lancs Nordic|Nordic]] for tri-axle [[Volvo B7L]] chassis.
*[[East Lancs Spryte|Spryte]] for [[Dennis Dart]] and [[Volvo Buses|Volvo]] B6BLE chassis
**[[East Lancs Flyte|Flyte]] - Step entrance variant that superseded the EL2000 on Scania, Volvo and Kirin chassis as well as Leyland Tiger rebodying.

====Myllennium Facelift====
[[File:Wilts & Dorset 405.jpg|thumb|right|[[East Lancs Myllennium Vyking|Myllennium Vyking]] owned by [[Wilts & Dorset]]]]In 1999, the buses received a front and interior overhaul with the style of the body being based on the new [[East Lancs Myllennium]] that was launched for the Millennium Dome routes.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
*[[East Lancs Myllennium Lolyne|Myllennium Lolyne]] with [[Dennis Trident 2|Dennis Trident]] chassis
*[[East Lancs Myllennium Vyking|Myllennium Vyking]] with [[Volvo B7TL]] chassis
*[[East Lancs Myllennium Lowlander|Myllennium Lowlander]] with [[VDL DB250|DAF/VDL DB250LF]] chassis
*[[East Lancs Myllennium Nordic|Myllennium Nordic]] for 3-axle [[Volvo B9TL]]
*[[East Lancs Myllennium|Myllennium]] for [[DAF SB220]], [[MAN 14.220]], [[Scania N94UB]] and [[Alexander Dennis Dart]]
**[[East Lancs Myllennium#Hyline|Hyline]], a high-floor variant used to re-body Leyland Tiger buses.
==== Kinetec ====
The [[East Lancs Kinetec|Kinetec]] was launched at the Euro Bus Expo 2006. They are designed as low-floor bodies for MAN chassis. They have the Esteem/Olympus body but with MAN's own Lion's City design front and rear. A double decker based on the Kinetec was built called the [[East Lancs Kinetec#Kinetec+ (double decker)|Kinetec+]]; however, it was a one-off order, and Kinetec buses were phased out with the new acquisition by Darwen Group in 2008.
{{Clear}}

===Scania and Esteem product range===
[[File:Scania OmniDekka 447a.jpg|thumb|[[Scania OmniDekka]] in London, run by [[London United Busways|Transdev London]]]]
These buses are the last surviving variants of the original low floor series which became part of their own series. The Scania product range used the Myllennium styling but with Scania own front styling. Whereas the Esteem products used an original front, which developed into a new body entirely.

The Scania products were launched in 2004; however, the OmniTown was not as well received as the company hoped and was discontinued after Darwen took over ownership.
*[[Scania OmniTown|OmniTown]] for [[Scania N94UB]] chassis
*[[Scania OmniDekka|OmniDekka]] for [[Scania N94UD]]/[[Scania N UD|N230UD/N270UD]] chassis
[[File:Metroline SEL762 LK07 BCZ.jpg|thumb|right|[[Optare Olympus|East Lancs Olympus]], one of the last East Lancs badged products, this one run by [[Metroline]]]]
Both the Esteem and the Olympus (its double decker variant) were launched in 2006. An open top version of the Olympus, named East Lancs Visionaire was launched in summer 2007 with [[Arriva]]'s [[The Original Tour]].
*[[Optare Esteem|Esteem]] for [[Alexander Dennis Enviro200 Dart]], MAN 12.240, [[Scania N UB|Scania N230UB]], [[Scania N94UB]] and [[Alexander Dennis Enviro300]] chassis
*[[Optare Olympus|Olympus]] for [[Alexander Dennis Enviro400]], [[VDL DB250]], [[Volvo B9TL]] and [[Scania N230UD]] chassis
*[[Optare Visionaire|Visionaire]] open-top body for Volvo B9TL chassis

Production of these buses continued under [[Darwen Group|Darwen]] ownership.

{{Clear}}

==Related companies==
'''British City Bus''' was the parent company that owned East Lancashire Coachbuilders. The company was dissolved after Darwen Group rescued East Lancs from administration in 2007.

'''East Lancs Overseas''' was a subsidiary of East Lancashire Coachbuilders in charge of taking orders and exporting buses. It was dissolved after Darwen Group rescued East Lancs from administration in 2007.
'''Darwen North West''' was a vehicle repair business in [[Blackburn|Blackburn, England]], offering [[Coach (vehicle)|coach]] refurbishment, repair, maintenance, and conversion services.<ref name="Closure" /> It was originally a subsidiary of the bus manufacturer, called '''North West Bus & Coach Repairs''' which was renamed to Darwen North West after the acquisition of assets by Darwen Group. It was later dissolved in 2013.

{{Multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = British City Bus logo.png
| caption1 = Logo of British City Bus
| caption2 = Logo of East Lancs Overseas
| image2 = East Lancs Overseas logo.png
| image3 = NW Bus & Coach Repairs logo.png
| caption3 = Logo of Darwen North West (Formally North West Bus & Coach Repairs)
}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060207132451/http://www.elcb.co.uk/ Official website]

{{East Lancashire Coachbuilders}}
{{European bus builders}}
{{Bus manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom}}
[[Category:East Lancashire Coachbuilders| ]]
[[Category:1934 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1934]]
[[Category:Companies based in Blackburn]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of England]]
[[Category:Switch Mobility]]
[[Category:Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom]]

Herb Elliott

2025-03-26T18:04:35Z

80.46.110.142: /* University education */

{{short description|Australian middle-distance runner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Herb Elliott
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=AUS|size=100%|sep=|AC|MBE}}
| image = Herb Elliott 1960c.jpg
| imagesize = 240px
| caption = Elliott at the 1960 Olympics
| birth_name = Herbert James Elliott
| fullname =
| nickname = Herb
| nationality = Australian
| residence =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1938|02|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Subiaco, Western Australia]], Australia
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 5 ft 11 in<ref name=sports-reference/>
| weight = 150 lb<ref name=sports-reference/>
| website =
| country = Australia
| sport = Middle-distance running
| coach = [[Percy Cerutty]]
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics = Rome 1960
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb = {{ubl|'''[[800 metres|800 m]]''': 1:46.7 (1958) |'''[[1000 metres|1000 m]]''': 2:19.1 (1960) |'''[[1500 metres world record progression|1500 m]]''': 3:35.6 (1960, '''WR''') |'''[[Mile run world record progression|1 mile]]''': 3:54.5 (1958, '''WR''')}}
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Country | {{AUS}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Olympic Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Rome]]|[[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metres|1500 metres]]}}
{{Medal|Comp|[[Athletics at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1958 Cardiff]]|[[Athletics at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games – Men's 880 yards|880 yards]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1958 Cardiff]]|[[Athletics at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games – Men's 1 mile|1 mile]]}}
| show-medals = yes
}}

'''Herbert James Elliott''' {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AC|MBE}} (born 25 February 1938) is a former Australian athlete and arguably the world's greatest [[middle-distance runner]] of his era. In August 1958 he set the [[List of world records in athletics|world record]] in the [[mile run]], clocking 3:54.5, 2.7 seconds under the record held by [[Derek Ibbotson]]; later in the month he set the [[1500 metres]] world record, running 3:36.0, 2.1 seconds under the record held by [[Stanislav Jungwirth]]. In the 1500 metres at the [[1960 Rome Olympics]], he won the gold medal and bettered his own world record with a time of 3:35.6.

Herb Elliot never lost a mile run and accomplished 36 wins over this distance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Herb Elliott|url=https://bringbackthemile.com/athletes/detail/herb_elliott|access-date=2020-12-16|website=Bring Back the Mile}}</ref> During his career, he broke [[Four-minute mile|four minutes]] for the mile on 17 occasions. Only David Richards{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} came close to beating him.

Elliott retired from athletics soon after the 1960 Olympics, at the age of 22.<ref name="HOF" /> He made a career in business, and at one time was chairman of [[Fortescue Metals Group]]. He was also chairman of Global Corporate Challenge health initiative.

==Biography==
Elliott was born on 25 February 1938 at Kensington Hospital, [[Perth, Western Australia]], to Herb{{efn|Herb Elliott sen. was a prominent member of [[Apex Clubs of Australia|Apex]]; president of the Perth club and appointed Life Governor in 1953<ref>{{cite book|author=[[V. M. Branson]] |title=The Golden Years of Apex 1956–1981 |publisher=Association of Apex Clubs of Australia |year=1981 |isbn=0909854106}}</ref>}} and Eileen Elliott, née Carmody.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41662989 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=54 |issue=16,120 |location=Western Australia |date=26 February 1938 |access-date=25 February 2022 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> He attended [[Aquinas College, Perth]], where he was Head Prefect in the Class of 1955. The intense sporting culture at Aquinas provided an ideal grounding for Elliott to reach the highest levels of athletic achievement.

On 6 August 1958, Elliott set a new [[Mile run world record progression|world record for the mile]] (3:54.5) at [[Morton Stadium]] in Dublin. Later that month he broke the 1500 metres world record in [[Gothenburg]] with a time of 3:36.0. His closest Australian rival at the time was [[Merv Lincoln]].

===Commonwealth and Olympic Games===
At the 1958 [[Commonwealth Games]] in [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]], he won gold in the 880 yards and the mile. Two years later, at the [[1960 Summer Olympics]] in Rome, Elliott won the 1500 m gold medal in world record time (3:35.6), finishing 2.6 seconds ahead of second placed [[Michel Jazy]] of [[France]].

Elliott credited his visionary and iconoclastic coach, [[Percy Cerutty]], with inspiration to train harder and more naturally than anyone of his era. Cerutty was known to avoid the track, talk about role models outside athletics (such as [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and Jesus), and bring his athletes to the unspoiled seaside beauty of Portsea training camp south of Melbourne, where Elliott would sprint up sand dunes until he dropped. "Faster", Cerutty would say, "it's only pain."

===University education===
Elliott originally studied at the [[University of Melbourne]], where he was funded by a [[Shell Australia]] university scholarship.<ref>[https://trackandfieldnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/eTN1959_vol06_06.pdf "Track Newsletter"]. ''Track and Field News''. Vol. 6, no. 6, 21 October 1959. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> After winning in Rome in 1960, he started a further degree course in natural sciences at the [[University of Cambridge]], having been awarded another scholarship by Shell at the behest of [[Lewis Luxton]], an Australian executive at the company who had rowed for Cambridge in the [[The Boat Race 1932|1932 Boat Race]].<ref>Connery, Don (10 November 1958). [https://vault.si.com/vault/1958/11/10/the-amazing-herb-elliott "The Amazing Herb Elliott"]. ''[[Sports Illustrated]]''. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> Elliott matriculated at [[Jesus College, Cambridge]], and received a [[British undergraduate degree classification|third class]] in Part I of the natural sciences [[tripos]] in 1963.<ref>"Cambridge Tripos Lists". ''[[The Times]]''. 19 June 1963, p. 15.</ref> He retired from athletics after running the half-mile in the 1962 University v [[Amateur Athletic Association|AAA]] match.<ref name=sports-reference>{{cite web|title=Herb Elliott Bio, Stats and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/el/herb-elliott-1.html |website=sports-reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC |access-date=20 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618075248/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/el/herb-elliott-1.html |archive-date=18 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="nuts">[http://www.nuts.org.uk/trackstats/herbelliott.htm Herb Elliott at Cambridge University], ''Track Stats, August 2007'', retrieved 20 March 2010</ref> During his years at Cambridge Elliott lived outside of college, residing with his family in a house in [[Fulbourn]], [[Cambridgeshire]].<ref name="nuts"/><ref>"News in Brief: Elliott retires from international events", ''The Times'', 17 April 1962, p. 12.</ref>

===Business===
Elliott served as the CEO of [[Puma AG|Puma]] North America and between 2001 and 2006 as a board member at [[Ansell Limited|Ansell]].<ref name=sports-reference/> From May 2005, he served as deputy chairman of [[Fortescue Metals Group]], the world's fifth largest iron ore miner by capacity, and was the non-executive chairman of the firm from March 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111014225028/http://www.fmgl.com.au/IRM/content/about_directorprofiles.htm Fortescue director profiles]. Fortescue Metals Group Limited</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140715011530/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/04/19/iron-ore-idUSSGE63F08Y20100419 FACTBOX-Capacity of world's largest iron ore producers]. Reuters. 19 April 2010</ref> On 18 August 2011, Elliott was expected to move from chairman to deputy chairman, handing over the role of chairman to [[Andrew Forrest]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724132459/http://www.fmgl.com.au/IRM/Company/ShowPage.aspx/PDFs/2298-63305822/FortescueChiefExecutiveandBoardRestructure Fortescue chief executive and Board Restructure]. Fortescue Metals Group Limited. 1 June 2011</ref>

===Sydney Olympics===
Elliott was one of the [[Olympic Torch]] bearers at the opening ceremony of the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in Sydney, and entered the stadium for the final segment before the lighting of the [[Olympic Flame]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Overington |first1=Caroline |last2=Attwood |first2=Alan |last3=Perkins |first3=Corrie |title=The spectacular opening of the Sydney Olympics |url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/from-the-archives-2000-the-spectacular-opening-of-the-sydney-olympics-20200910-p55uec.html |access-date=16 February 2022 |work=The Age |agency=Fairfax Media |date=16 September 2000 |language=en}}</ref>

===Family===
[[File:Herb Elliott with family 1960b.jpg|thumb|240px|Elliott with family in Europe {{c.|1960}}]]
On 2 May 1959, Elliott married Anne Dudley, a hairdresser from [[Perth]]. They have six children.<ref>[https://www.si.com/vault/1958/11/10/560330/the-amazing-herb-elliott# The Amazing Herb Elliott], si.com, 10 November 1958</ref><ref>[http://www.nndb.com/people/886/000173367/ Herb Elliott], NNDB.com; accessed 8 June 2017.</ref>

==Honours==
Elliott carried the torch of peace to the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]] when [[Pope John Paul II]] visited [[Melbourne, Victoria|Melbourne]] in 1986.<ref>{{YouTube|WqNN-ylj2fs}}</ref>

His career inspired the 1962 Australian television play ''[[The Runner (1962 film)|The Runner]]'' written by [[Alan Seymour]].

In the Queen's Birthday Honours List of 1964, he was appointed a Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE). In the Queen's Birthday Honours List of 2002, he was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of Australia]] (AC), to wit:<blockquote>For service to community leadership through the development of sport in Australia, continuing involvement in the Olympic movement at national and international levels, and as a supporter and benefactor of community and charitable organisations for youth, health promotion and cultural understanding.</blockquote>

He is an [[Australian Living Treasures|Australian Living Treasure]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

He was inducted into the [[Sport Australia Hall of Fame]] in 1985.<ref name="HOF">{{cite web|url=https://sahof.org.au/hall-of-fame-member/herb-elliott/|title=Herb Elliott|publisher=Sport Australia Hall of Fame|access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref>

[[Fortescue Metals Group]] named a new port at Point Anderson (near [[Port Hedland]], [[Western Australia]]) for him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fmgl.com.au/about-fortescue/our-operations|title=Our Operations|publisher=Fortescue|access-date=2023-06-20}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author1=Herb Elliott |author2=Alan Trengove |title=The Golden Mile |publisher=Cassell |year=1961 |id=2286575}} Foreword by Percy Cerutty
* ''Reissue'' {{cite book|author1=Herb Elliott |author2=Alan Trengove |title=The Golden Mile |publisher=Runners Tribe |year=2017 |isbn=9780648214113}}

==Notes and references==
{{Commons category}}
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|rec}}
{{succession box|before={{flagicon|TCH}} [[Stanislav Jungwirth]]|title=[[World record progression 1500 metres|Men's 1500 m World Record Holder]]|years=28 August 1958 – 8 July 1967|after={{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim Ryun]]}}
{{succession box|before={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Derek Ibbotson]]|title=[[World record progression for the mile run|Men's Mile World Record Holder]]|years=6 August 1958 – 27 January 1962|after={{flagicon|NZL}} [[Peter Snell]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Footer Olympic Champions 1500 m Men}}
{{Footer Commonwealth Champions 800m Men}}
{{Footer Commonwealth Champions 1500m Men}}
{{Footer Australia NC 800m Men}}
{{Footer Australia NC 1500m Men}}
{{Footer US NC 1500m Men}}
{{Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year navbox}}
{{BBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elliott, Herb}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australian male middle-distance runners]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for Australia]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Western Australia]]
[[Category:Athletes from Perth, Western Australia]]
[[Category:Western Australian Sports Star of the Year winners]]
[[Category:Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:People educated at Aquinas College, Perth]]
[[Category:Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for Australia]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Fortescue Metals Group]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics]]
[[Category:Track and field athletes from Western Australia]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:BBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year winners]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Sportsmen from Western Australia]]
[[Category:Australian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian sportsmen]]

Leyland Tiger

2025-03-26T03:37:20Z

80.46.110.142:

{{For|the front-engined bus|Leyland Tiger (front-engined)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox UK Bus
| background =
| name = Leyland Tiger
| image = DupleDominant.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = [[National Express Coaches|National Express]] [[Duple Dominant]] bodied Leyland Tiger in 1982
| interiorimage =
| interiorcaption =
| manufacturer = [[Leyland Bus|Leyland]]
| production = 1981–1992
| factory = [[Farington]]
| operator =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| weight =
| floortype = Step entrance
| doors = 1 - 2
| engine = [[Leyland Bus|Leyland]] TL11 [[L Gardner & Sons|Gardner]] 6HLXCT [[Cummins L-series engine|Cummins L10]] [[Volvo Buses|Volvo]] THD100
| capacity =
| powerout = 170 - 260BHP (TL11)
220 - 290 BHP (Cummins L10)
| transmission = Leyland [[Voith]] [[ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]]
| predecessor = [[Leyland Leopard]]
| successor = [[Volvo B10M]]
}}

The '''Leyland Tiger''', also known as the B43,<ref>[http://www.madeinpreston.co.uk/Road/leylandinfo1.html Made in Preston home page]</ref> was a [[mid-engine design|mid-engined]] [[bus]] and [[coach (bus)|coach]] chassis manufactured by [[Leyland Bus|Leyland]] between 1981 and 1992.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070403115910/http://www.buslistsontheweb.co.uk/ Bus Lists on the Web]</ref> This name had previously been used for a front-engined bus built between 1927 and 1968.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jack|first=A.D.|title=The Leyland Bus (Mark 2)|year=1984|publisher=Transport Publishing Co|pages=Passim}}</ref><ref>[http://www.skylineaviation.co.uk/buses/TD.html London TD class Leyland Tiger buses]</ref> It replaced the [[Leyland Leopard]], which had been in production for over 20 years.<ref name = "p90">{{cite book | last = Jack | first = Doug | title = Beyond Reality | publisher = Venture Publications | year = 1994 | page = 90 | isbn = 1-898432-02-3 }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Edward_Thomas_%26_Son_TJI_8780.jpg|thumb|Edward Thomas & Son [[Plaxton Paramount]] bodied Tiger]]
[[File:Ulsterbus_bus_2666_Leyland_Tiger_Alexander_Belfast_VXI_2666_in_Belfst,_Northern_Ireland_22_April_2009_crop.jpg|thumb|[[Ulsterbus]] [[Walter Alexander Coachbuilders|Alexander]] bodied Tiger]]
[[File:Arriva_Wales_Tiger_1.jpg|thumb|[[Arriva Buses Wales]] [[Walter Alexander Coachbuilders|Alexander]] bodied Tiger in [[Aberystwyth]] in September 2008]]
The Leyland Tiger was released in 1981. Initially, only one engine was offered, the turbocharged Leyland TL11, which could be rated up to 260 hp. The Leopard had enjoyed huge success as a bus in Scotland, usually with the [[Alexander Y-type]] body, but had lost some [[Scottish Bus Group]] orders to [[Seddon Atkinson|Seddon's]] [[Seddon Pennine 7|Pennine 7]], owing to Leyland's unwillingness to offer a [[L Gardner & Sons|Gardner]] engine in the Leopard.

When Leyland launched the Tiger, it continued this same unwillingness, just as Dennis was developing the Gardner-engined [[Dennis Dorchester]], which similarly had the potential to win Scottish Bus Group orders away from the Tiger. Faced with this possibility, Leyland offered Gardner 6HLX-series engines in the Tiger from 1984.<ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/16th-april-1983/16/gardners-for-tigers Gardners for Tigers] ''[[Commercial Motor]]'' 16 April 1983</ref> To facilitate this, the Tiger chassis had to be modified, as the Gardner engine was significantly larger than the TL11. Although the threat from the Dorchester was successfully warded off, there proved to be a limited market for the Gardner-engined Tiger outside of Scottish Bus Group.

The [[Cummins L-series engine|Cummins L10]] engine was also made an option by 1987.<ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/4th-april-1987/20/cummins-l10-gives-more-bite-to-tiger Cummins L10 gives more bite to Tiger] ''Commercial Motor'' 4 April 1987</ref><ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/15th-october-1987/19/tiger-breaks-cover Tiger breaks cover] ''Commercial Motor'' 15 October 1987</ref> The Cummins engine was being specified more often from around 1988, and with this engine, the gearbox would usually be a [[ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]] as opposed to the Leyland Hydracyclic.

[[Volvo]] took over Leyland in 1988, and from 1989 the Tiger was offered with the Volvo THD100-series engine (as fitted in the best-selling B10M). The large majority of Volvo-engined Tigers went to [[Northern Ireland]]. At around this time, the TL11 and Gardner options were dropped, leaving only the Cummins and Volvo options available.<ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/28th-february-1987/20/tl11-to-be-dropped TL11 to be dropped] ''Commercial Motor'' 28 February 1987</ref><ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/12th-may-1988/28/royal-wave-to-lions-and-tigers Royal wave to Lions and Tigers] ''Commercial Motor'' 12 May 1988</ref><ref>[http://www.ith.org.uk/VTiger-history.html Irish Transport Trust]</ref>

Like the Leopard, the Tiger was also sold as a bus. Usually, it would have a downrated engine, and leaf springs in place of the standard air suspension.

==Operators==
The [[Scottish Bus Group]] bought batches of Tigers usually with [[Walter Alexander Coachbuilders|Alexander]] TS-type bodywork and Gardner 6HLXCT engines.<ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/10th-october-1981/12/sbg-orders-178-buses SBG orders 178 buses] ''Commercial Motor'' 10 October 1981</ref> It was also popular with [[National Bus Company (UK)|National Bus Company]] subsidiaries.<ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/5th-october-1985/22/leyland-shares-nbc-order Leyland shares NBC order] ''Commercial Motor'' 5 October 1985</ref> [[Shearings]] purchased many Tigers for use as coaches.<ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/11th-february-1988/24/peerless-wigan-order-for-leyland Peerless order for Leyland] ''Commercial Motor'' 11 February 1988</ref><ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/23rd-february-1989/18/smiths-tiger-double Smith's Tiger double] ''Commercial Motor'' 23 February 1989</ref>

The Tiger also proved to be very popular in Northern Ireland, with [[Ulsterbus]] and [[Metro (Belfast)|Citybus]] purchasing 747 between 1983 and 1993.<ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/21st-february-1987/24/8-million-celtic-order-boost-for-leyland-bus £8 million Celtic bus order boost for Leyland Bus] ''Commercial Motor'' 24 February 1987</ref> The last Tiger to enter service did so in Northern Ireland in August 1993.

==Exports==
The Tiger was popular in Australia. The biggest customer for the Tiger was [[Ventura Bus Lines]], [[Melbourne]] who purchased 65 Tigers over a five-year period from March 1984, as well as a few more second-hand.<ref>[http://fleetlists.busaustralia.com/ven.php?search=VEN&ltype=old Ventura Group] Bus Australia Fleet Lists</ref> Another large purchaser was [[North & Western Bus Lines]], [[Sydney]].<ref>[http://fleetlists.busaustralia.com/nsw.php?search=NWB North & Western Bus Lines] Australian Bus Fleet Lists</ref> [[Premier Transport Group|Premier Illawarra]], [[Wollongong]],<ref>[http://fleetlists.busaustralia.com/nsw.php?search=PRE Premier Illawarra] Australian Bus Fleet Lists</ref> [[Rover Coaches|Rover Motors]], [[Cessnock, New South Wales|Cessnock]],<ref>[http://fleetlists.busaustralia.com/nsw.php?search=ROV Rover Motors] Australian Bus Fleet Lists</ref> [[Surfside Buslines]], [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]<ref>[http://fleetlists.busaustralia.com/qld.php?search=SUR&ltype=old Surfside Buslines] Australian Bus Fleet Lists</ref> and [[Thompsons Bus Service]], [[Brisbane]]<ref>[http://fleetlists.busaustralia.com/qld.php?search=TBS&ltype=old Thompson Bus Services] Australian Bus Fleet Lists</ref> all built up large fleets of new and second hand Tigers. A number of three-axle chassis were bodied as coaches.<ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/10th-september-1983/21/aussie-tiger Aussie Tiger] ''Commercial Motor'' 10 September 1983</ref> The last Tiger to be bodied in Australia had been imported in 1984, but it was not until 1993 that its owner, Bass Hill Bus Service, had it bodied.<ref>[http://fleetlists.busaustralia.com/tdv.php?search=TDV&ltype=old Transdev NSW] Australian Bus Fleet Lists</ref>

==Articulated version==
One articulated chassis was manufactured in 1985. It took two years to find a buyer, being purchased by Wests National Coaches, [[Nambour]], Australia and bodied by [[Superior (bus manufacturer)|Superior]] in June 1987.<ref>Articulated Leyland Tiger ''[[Australian Bus]]'' issue 115 July 2023 page 44</ref>

==Volvo ownership==
[[Leyland Bus]] was acquired in a [[management buyout]] led by Ian McKinnon in January 1987, and it looked like the Tiger would continue as before.<ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/2nd-august-1986/17/bus-buy-out-goes-through Bus buy-out goes through] ''Commercial Motor'' 2 August 1986</ref> Just over 12 months later, in March 1988, [[Volvo Buses|Volvo]] purchased the business, bringing the United Kingdom's two best-selling coaches, the Leyland Tiger and [[Volvo B10M]], under common ownership.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211128131846/https://apnews.com/7727d52e493ee1830fad164b9c9a8c12 Volvo Buys British Leyland's Bus Division] [[Associated Press]] 30 March 1988</ref><ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/7th-april-1988/7/volvo-buys-leyland Volvo buys Leyland] ''Commercial Motor'' 7 April 1988</ref> Volvo was aware that Leyland had a loyal following, and that the Tiger had a good reputation, and so the Tiger continued.

Despite accounting for 50% of all UK bus sales in February 1989,<ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/16th-march-1989/21/leyland-bus-takes-lead Leyland Bus takes lead] ''Commercial Motor'' 16 March 1989</ref> sales slowed and in 1990 in an attempt to shift stock, Volvo had [[Plaxton]] body forty chassis. Twenty-five of these bodies were the only Plaxton 321 bodies built, this being the Plaxton derivative of the Duple 320 body acquired when [[Duple Coachbuilders|Duple]] closed.

Volvo acknowledged that the Tiger and B10M were broadly similar, and whereas Leyland had sold 3,500 Tigers since the model's launch, Volvo had sold 20,000 B10Ms during the same period. The penultimate major buyer of the Tiger, [[Shearings]], switched to the B10M in 1991, and Volvo decided to cease production and close the factory at [[Farington]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Leyland buses|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Bus chassis]]
[[Category:Coaches (bus)]]
[[Category:Leyland buses|Tiger]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1981]]

Geoffrey Van Orden

2025-03-24T03:15:09Z

80.46.110.142: /* Early life and career */

{{short description|Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Brigadier]]
| name = Geoffrey Van Orden
| honorific-suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|}}
| image=Brexit debate - Geoffrey Van Orden (ECR, UK) (48753083693) (cropped).jpg
| caption=Geoffrey Van Orden in 2019
| office = [[Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament]]
| term_start = 2 July 2019
| term_end = 31 January 2020
| predecessor = [[Ashley Fox]]
| successor = ''Position abolished''
| constituency_MP1 = [[East of England (European Parliament constituency)|East of England]]
| parliament1 = European
| term_start1 = 10 June 1999
| term_end1 = 31 January 2020
| majority1 =
| predecessor1 = ''Constituency established''
| successor1 = ''Constituency abolished''
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|04|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Waterlooville]], [[Hampshire]], England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| relations =
| children = 3
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[University of Sussex]]
| occupation =
| profession = [[Soldier]]
| religion =
| signature =
| website = [http://www.geoffreyvanorden.com www.geoffreyvanorden.com]
| footnotes =
| allegiance = {{flag|UK|name=United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}}
| branch = {{army|UK}}
| serviceyears = 1964–1994
| rank = [[Brigadier]]
| unit = [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence Corps]]
| commands =
| battles =
| awards = [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]]
}}

[[Brigadier]] '''Geoffrey Charles Van Orden''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} (born 10 April 1945) is a British [[politician]] and former [[British Army]] officer who served as [[Leader of the Conservatives in the European Parliament]] from 2019 to 2020. He was a [[Member of the European Parliament]] (MEP) for the [[East of England (European Parliament constituency)|East of England]] [[regions of England|region]] from 1999 to 2020.

==Early life and career==
[[File:Geoffrey Van Orden.JPG|thumb|Van Orden in 2004]]
Van Orden was born in [[Waterlooville]], [[Hampshire]] in 1945. He attended the [[Mons Officer Cadet School]] and was commissioned into the [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence Corps]] in 1964. He read politics at [[Sussex University]] from 1966 to 1969. He was promoted [[lieutenant]] in 1966, [[Captain (land)|captain]] in 1970, [[Major (rank)|major]] in 1977, [[lieutenant-colonel]] in 1983, [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] in 1988, and [[brigadier]] in 1991.

He began his military career in Borneo during the [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|Confrontation war]] with Sukarno's Indonesia. He was appointed a [[Order of the British Empire|Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) at the age of 27 for special duties in Northern Ireland in the early 1970s, at the height of the [[The Troubles|terrorist campaign]]. He spent many years in Germany, including 5 years in Berlin where, in 1989, he was Chief of Staff of the British Sector and head of the military intelligence staff when the [[Berlin Wall|Wall]] fell. He was a member of the Cabinet office intelligence Assessment Staff. He attended the Indian Defence Services Staff College and was an instructor at the German General Staff College College (''Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr'') from 1985 to 1988 in [[Hamburg]]. His last military appointment was at NATO headquarters in Brussels where he headed the secretariat of the International Military Staff.

He resigned his commission in 1995 in order to enter politics. While seeking a parliamentary seat he became a senior advisor in the [[European Commission]] in the field of foreign and security policy issues. He held this post until 1999, when he was elected as a [[Member of the European Parliament]] for the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].

==European Parliament==
===Defence and security===
Following his election to the European Parliament, he became the Conservatives' spokesman for Foreign, Defence and Security policy. He was one-time Vice Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee and remained a member of that committee and of the Security and Defence (SEDE) sub-committee. He has been the Conservative Defence & Security Spokesman for nearly two decades. He has led the opposition to EU defence integration and advanced the need for revitalisation of the NATO Alliance. He has been active in the promotion of Britain's defence industries.

===Foreign affairs===
He has long-standing experience of India, was a founder member of the Parliament's "Friends of India" group, Chairman of the Europe-India Chamber of Commerce and, since 2014, Chairman of the parliament's official Delegation for Relations with India.

He also chairs the "Friends of Sri Lanka" and "Friends of Zimbabwe", where he was a consistent and outspoken opponent of the Mugabe regime.

He was elected as the Co-Chairman of the Asia-Europe Political Forum, involving some 360 political parties from 52 Asian countries. During the [[accession of Bulgaria to the European Union]], Van Orden was the rapporteur for [[Bulgaria]] in the [[European Parliament]], and regularly reported on the progress of the country with regard to [[European Union|EU]] membership requirements. His final report in November 2006 confirmed Bulgaria's preparedness to join the EU.

=== Terrorism ===
He is Vice Chairman of the Special Committee on Terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/terr/members.html|title=Members {{!}} Home {{!}} TERR {{!}} Committees {{!}} European Parliament|website=www.europarl.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2018-12-12}}</ref> His commitment to counter-terrorism has informed some of his involvement in countries such as Sri Lanka, India, Israel and the Gulf states.

=== European Conservatives & Reformists ===
He was instrumental in the creation of the ''European Conservatives & Reformists'' (ECR) political group in the European Parliament, an event that had the aim of building support for conservative change in the European Union. He was its Vice Chairman for most of the time since its foundation in 2009, growing to become the third largest of eight groups in the Parliament, with members from 18 countries. He is also the Founding President of its think-tank, ''New Direction - the Foundation for European Reform'', whose patron was Baroness Thatcher (her last major public event was to launch New Direction, in the City of London).

==Political positions==
Van Orden has said he is a [[euroscepticism|eurosceptic]]{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} seeking reform of the EU while trying to avoid a total break. He is opposed to European political integration. He believes in and facilitates the enlargement of the EU so as to make an ever closer union more difficult to achieve. He is opposed to British membership of the [[euro]], the [[Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe]] and the [[Treaty of Lisbon]]. He had long campaigned for the Conservative Party to end their association with the [[European People's Party]] in the European Parliament, an aim which was finally achieved in 2009.

Van Orden was the last Conservative MEP to declare a position prior to the [[Brexit referendum]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} He opted to vote to remain for pragmatic reasons, in particular to avoid the UK suffering economic disruption and loss of influence, giving control of the continent to Berlin and Paris.

Van Orden is a founding president of the [[New Direction (think tank)|New Direction]] [[think tank]]<ref name="web-about">{{cite web |url=http://www.geoffreyvanorden.com/about |title=About Geoffrey Van Orden |publisher=Geoffrey Van Orden |accessdate=3 May 2014 }}</ref> and is also a member of the [[Bow Group]] think tank.<ref name="new-direction">{{cite web|url=http://newdirectionfoundation.org/content/patron-and-board|title=Patron and Board|publisher=New Direction Foundation|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140503200505/http://newdirectionfoundation.org/content/patron-and-board|archive-date=3 May 2014|url-status=dead|accessdate=3 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=bSyDMK6BF7I|title=Geoffrey Van Orden, an introduction}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Geoffrey van Orden married Frances Elizabeth "Fanny" Weir in 1974.<ref name=GvOperWhosWho2001>{{cite book|title=Van Orden, Brig. Geoffrey Charles|page=2124|work=Who's Who|publisher=A & C Black, London|date=2001}}</ref> The couple have three daughters.<ref name="old-profile"/> He is a member of the [[Countryside Alliance]]<ref name="new-direction" /> and the [[British Association for Shooting and Conservation|BASC]]. He was a research associate at the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]<ref name="old-profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.conservatives.com/People/Members_of_the_European_Parliament/Van_Orden_Geoffrey.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405142357/http://www.conservatives.com/People/Members_of_the_European_Parliament/Van_Orden_Geoffrey.aspx |archivedate=5 April 2013 |publisher=Conservative Party |title=Geoffrey Van Orden }}</ref> and a Service fellow of King's College London as well as Freeman of the City of London and the Worshipful Company of Painter- Stainers.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/public/geoSearch/view.do?country=GB&partNumber=1&zone=Eastern&language=EN&id=4513 Profile at European Parliament website]
* {{Official website|http://www.geoffreyvanorden.com}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Van Orden, Geoffrey}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MEPs]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Mons Officer Cadet School]]
[[Category:People from Waterlooville]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:MEPs for England 1999–2004]]
[[Category:MEPs for England 2004–2009]]
[[Category:MEPs for England 2009–2014]]
[[Category:MEPs for England 2014–2019]]
[[Category:MEPs for England 2019–2020]]
[[Category:Intelligence Corps officers]]

Willie John McBride

2025-03-21T05:07:54Z

80.46.110.142: /* Youth */

{{short description|Irish and British and Irish Lions rugby union player}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox rugby biography
| name = Willie John McBride [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = William James McBride
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|6|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Toomebridge]], [[County Antrim]], Northern Ireland
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{convert|1.92|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|110|kg|stlb lb|0|abbr=on}}
| position = [[Lock (rugby union)|Lock]]
| amatyears1 = 1955–1972
| amatteam1 =
| ru_amupdate =
| repteam1 = [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]]
| repteam2 = [[British and Irish Lions|Lions]]
| repyears1 = 1962–1975
| repyears2 = [[1962 British Lions tour to South Africa|1962]], [[1966 British Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand|1966]], [[1968 British Lions tour to South Africa|1968]], [[1971 British Lions tour to New Zealand|1971]], [[1974 British Lions tour to South Africa|1974]]
| repcaps1 = 63
| repcaps2 = 17
| reppoints1 = 4
| reppoints2 = 3
| ru_ntupdate =
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| apps1 =
| points1 =
| ru_clubupdate =
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| ru_coachupdate =
}}

'''William James McBride''' [[CBE]], better known as '''Willie John McBride''' (born 6 June 1940), is a former [[rugby union]] footballer from [[Northern Ireland]] who played as a [[Lock (rugby union)|lock]] for [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] and the [[British and Irish Lions]]. He made 63 [[Test match (rugby union)|appearances]] for Ireland, including eleven as captain, and toured with the Lions five times; a record that earned him 17 Lions Test caps. He also captained one of the most successful Lions sides, which returned undefeated from [[1974 British Lions tour to South Africa|South Africa]] in 1974. McBride, inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2009, is regarded as one of the most influential figures ever to play the game.<ref>[https://www.world.rugby/halloffame/inductees/704805 'Willie-John McBride']. World Rugby, 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2025</ref>

==Youth==
McBride was born in [[Toomebridge]], [[County Antrim]]. Owing to his father's death when he was four years old,<ref>{{Citation|title=The Story of Willie John McBride| date=3 March 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvHqA7CoR64|language=en|access-date=2021-03-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref> he spent most of his spare time helping out on his family farm.<ref name="FatherDied">{{cite news|title=Whatever Happened to Willie John McBride|page=9|work=The Independent|date=1 November 2003|last=Matthews |first=Joe}}</ref> Because of this he did not start playing rugby until he was 17. He was educated at [[Ballymena Academy]] and played for the school's First XV. After he left he joined [[Ballymena R.F.C.|Ballymena]].

==Playing career==
In 1962 McBride was selected to play for [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]]. His first Test on 10 February 1962 was against [[England national rugby union team|England]] at [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]]. Later that year he was selected to tour South Africa with the [[British and Irish Lions]].

McBride continued to play for Ireland throughout the 1960s and played for Ireland when they first defeated [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]] (the ''Springboks'') in 1965, and when Ireland defeated [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]] in Sydney — the first time a [[Home Nations]] team had defeated a major southern hemisphere team in their own country. He was again selected for the Lions in 1966, this time touring New Zealand and Australia. He toured South Africa with the Lions again in 1968.

He was selected to play for the Lions in their 1971 tour of New Zealand. Despite being criticized by some as being "over the hill", McBride was made [[Glossary of rugby union terms#Pack|pack]] leader and helped the Lions to a Test series win over [[All Blacks|New Zealand]]; their first and last series win over New Zealand. He received an [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] in 1971 for services to rugby football.{{sfn |McBride |2005}}

==1974 Lions tour to South Africa==
McBride's leadership qualities led to his appointment as captain of the [[British and Irish Lions]] in their [[1974 British Lions tour to South Africa|1974 tour to South Africa]]. The Test series was won 3–0, with one match drawn; the first Lions series ever won in South Africa. It was one of the most controversial and physical Test match series ever played. The management of the Lions concluded that the Springboks dominated their opponents with physical aggression, and so decided to match fire with fire.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/britishandirishlionsrugby/5177598/Lions-greatest-moments-Willie-John-McBrides-99-call.html Great Lions rugby moments: Willie John McBride's '99' call] Telegraph. Retrieved 20 October 2011</ref> Willie John McBride instigated a policy of "one in, all in": that is, when one Lion retaliated, all other Lions were expected to join in the melee or hit the nearest [[South Africa national rugby union team|Springbok]].<ref>[http://sport.guardian.co.uk/smalltalk/story/0,,1888496,00.html Small talk: PR Williams] The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2011</ref>

At that time there were only substitutions if a doctor agreed that a player was physically unable to continue and there were no video cameras and sideline officials to keep the punching, kicking and head butting to a minimum. If the South Africans were to resort to foul play then the Lions decided "to get their retaliation in first." The signal for this was to [[99 call|call "99"]] (a shortened version of the emergency number in Ireland and in the United Kingdom: 999). This was a signal for the Lions to clobber their nearest rival players.

==Retirement==
In 1975 as his international career was ending he played his last game for Ireland at [[Lansdowne Road]]. The game was against France, and near the end of the match he scored his first test [[Try (rugby)|try]] for Ireland. It was the crowning moment of a great playing career. His last international game was against Wales on Saturday 15 March 1975.<ref>[http://www.espnscrum.com/ireland/rugby/player/6667.html Willie-John McBride] ESPN Scrum.</ref>

After retiring from playing the game, McBride coached the Irish team and was manager of the [[1983 British Lions tour to New Zealand|1983 Lions tour to New Zealand]]. Despite the test results being mainly poor, team camaraderie was high and some good wins were recorded in other games. In 1997 he was an inaugural inductee into the [[International Rugby Hall of Fame]]. He lives in [[Ballyclare]]. He has been asked to present Test jerseys and give motivational speeches to Lions players prior to matches. In 2004 he was named in Rugby World magazine as "Rugby Personality of the Century". He is a major supporter of the [[Wooden Spoon Society]].<ref>[http://www.woodenspoon.com/regions/1132.php "Happy Birthday" – Willie John McBride] WoodenSpoon.com. Retrieved 21 October 2011</ref>

McBride was awarded a [[CBE]] in the [[2019 New Year Honours]] list for services to Rugby Union.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Year Honours 2019: Willie John McBride and Harry Gregg recognised |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/northern-ireland/46702826 |website=BBC |access-date=29 December 2018 |date=28 December 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book
|year= 2005
|first1= Willie John |last1= McBride
|first2= Peter |last2= Bills
|title= Willie John: The Story of My Life
|publisher= Piatkus Books
|isbn= 0-7499-5024-2
|url=https://archive.org/details/williejohnstoryo0000mcbr/
|ref= {{SfnRef|McBride|2005}}
}}
* ''Encyclopdea of World Rugby'' published 1995.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNscrum|6667|Willie-John McBride}}
* {{World Rugby Hall of Fame|704805|Willie-John McBride}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box| title = [[Ireland national rugby union team|Irish national rugby coach]] | years = 1983–84 | before = [[Tom Kiernan]]| after = [[Mick Doyle (rugby union)|Mick Doyle]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{British and Irish Lions 1962}}
{{British and Irish Lions 1966}}
{{British and Irish Lions 1968}}
{{British and Irish Lions 1971}}
{{British and Irish Lions 1974}}
{{Ireland national rugby union team captains}}
{{British and Irish Lions team captains}}
{{Barbarian RFC Captains in Internationals}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McBride, Willie John}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ballymena R.F.C. players]]
[[Category:Barbarian F.C. players]]
[[Category:British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Ireland]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Ireland international rugby union players]]
[[Category:Ireland national rugby union team captains]]
[[Category:Ireland national rugby union team coaches]]
[[Category:Irish rugby union coaches]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:People educated at Ballymena Academy]]
[[Category:Rugby union locks]]
[[Category:Rugby union players from County Antrim]]
[[Category:20th-century sportsmen from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Ulster Rugby players]]
[[Category:World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:People from Toome]]

R. H. Williams (rugby union)

2025-03-21T05:06:56Z

80.46.110.142:

{{short description|British Lions & Wales international rugby union footballer}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox rugby biography
| name = R. H. Williams
| image = File:Rhys Haydn Williams in Lion's action.jpg
| caption = Williams in action for the British Lions
| birth_name = Rhys Haydn Williams
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1930|7|14}}
| birth_place = [[Cwmllynfell]], [[Neath Port Talbot]], Wales
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1993|1|27|1930|7|14}}
| death_place = [[Whitchurch, Cardiff|Whitchurch]], Wales
| height = {{convert|6|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|16|st|10|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
| position = Lock
| amatyears1 =
| amatyears2 =
| amatyears3 =
| amatyears4 =
| amatyears5 = 1954–59
| amatteam1 = University College, Cardiff
| amatteam2 = [[Llanelli RFC]]
| amatteam3 = Royal Air Force
| amatteam4 = [[Bristol Bears|Bristol]]
| amatteam5 = [[Barbarian F.C.]]
| amatapps1 =
| amatapps2 =
| amatapps3 =
| amatapps4 =
| amatapps5 = 23
| amatpoints1 =
| ru_amupdate =
| repteam1 = [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]]
| repteam2 = [[British and Irish Lions|British Lions]]
| repyears1 = 1954–1960
| repyears2 = 1955–1959
| repcaps1 = 23
| repcaps2 = 10
| reppoints1 = 3
| reppoints2 = 0
| ru_ntupdate =
| coachteams1 =
| coachyears1 =
| ru_coachupdate =
| occupation = Education officer
| school = Ystalyfera Grammar School
| university = [[University College, Cardiff]]
}}

'''Rhys Haydn Williams''' (14 July 1930 – 27 January 1993), born in [[Cwmllynfell]], was a Welsh [[rugby union]] lock forward who gained 23 caps for [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] and ten consecutive caps for the [[British and Irish Lions|British Lions]].<ref name="ESPN">{{cite web|title=Rhys Williams, Wales |url=http://en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/player/5783.html|access-date=2 January 2016|work= ESPN Scrum}}</ref> At club level he played primarily for [[Llanelli RFC]], captaining them for a season. He also represented the [[Barbarian F. C.|Barbarians]] becoming the most capped Welsh representative of the club. In his later life he became a sports administrator, including the role of vice-president of the [[Welsh Rugby Union]]. Rugby historian John Griffiths described Williams as "the finest line-jumper in the world" and "the most accomplished British lock of the 1950s".<ref name="Griffiths90">Griffiths (1990), p.90</ref>

==Personal history==
Williams was born in the small village of [[Cwmllynfell]] in 1930.<ref name="Jenkins">Jenkins (1930), p.171</ref> He was educated at [[Ystalyfera]] Grammar School and later matriculated to [[Cardiff University|University College, Cardiff]].<ref name="Jenkins"/> After graduating he joined the [[RAF]] as an education officer.<ref name="Thomas137">Thomas (1979), p.137</ref> On leaving the forces he later becoming a research chemist for the Steel Company of Wales, and finished his professional career in educational administration as an Assistant Director of Education for [[Mid Glamorgan]].<ref name="Barbarians">{{cite web|title=Player Archive – R H Williams |url=http://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/archive/profile/4387/r-h-williams/|access-date=2 January 2016|publisher= barbarianfc.co.uk}}</ref> He died in 1993 in [[Whitchurch, Cardiff]].<ref name="ESPN"/>

== Welsh captain, British Lion, Barbarian ==
While in the RAF, Willimas played in the Inter-Services tournament and for Combined Services. He made his debut in club rugby for [[Llanelli RFC|Llanelli]] at the age of nineteen, going on to captain the club in the 1957–58 season. He made his debut for Wales in 1954 against [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] and played at international level until 1960, captaining Wales against [[England national rugby union team|England]] in that year. He played for the [[British and Irish Lions]], going on the [[1955 British Lions tour to South Africa]] and the [[1959 British Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand]]. On these tours he played in ten consecutive test matches. He also toured Canada and South Africa with the [[Barbarian F.C.|Barbarians]]. Between 1954 and 1959 Williams played 22 matches for the Barbarians, a record number of games for a Welsh player.<ref name="Barbarians"/> In the final test against New Zealand in 1959, he won six consecutive [[line-out (rugby union)|line-out]]s in a critical period of the second half to deny New Zealand the chance to equalise.<ref name="Griffiths90"/> He was the only forward to be named as 'Player of the Year' in New Zealand during the 1959–1960 season.

Andrew Bennett in his book ''Welsh Rugby Heroes'' includes R. H. Williams at No. 4 in his selection of the "all-time greatest" Welsh XV.

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=John|title=British Lions |year=1990 |publisher=Crowood Press |location=Swindon |isbn=1-85223-541-1}}
*{{cite book|first= Gareth |last=Hughes |title=One hundred years of scarlet|publisher=Llanelli Rugby Football Club|year=1983|isbn=0-9509159-0-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=John M. |title=Who's Who of Welsh International Rugby Players |year=1991 |publisher=Bridge Books |location=Wrexham |isbn=1-872424-10-4|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Wayne |title=A Century of Welsh Rugby Players |year=1979 |publisher=Ansells Ltd}}

{{British and Irish Lions 1955}}
{{British and Irish Lions 1959}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, R. H.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Barbarian F.C. players]]
[[Category:Bristol Bears players]]
[[Category:British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Wales]]
[[Category:Combined Services rugby union players]]
[[Category:Llanelli RFC players]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Rugby union locks]]
[[Category:Rugby union players from Neath Port Talbot]]
[[Category:Wales international rugby union players]]
[[Category:Wales rugby union captains]]
[[Category:Welsh rugby union players]]

Walter Alexander Coachbuilders

2025-03-16T19:28:40Z

80.46.110.142: /* Double-deck buses */

{{Short description|Scottish company}}
{{Other uses|Walter Alexander (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Walter Alexander
|logo = Walter Alexander Coachbuilders logo.jpg
|caption =
|type =
|traded_as =
|fate = Merged into TransBus International (now [[Alexander Dennis]])
|predecessor =
|successor = TransBus International
|foundation = [[1913]]
|founder = Walter Alexander
|defunct = 31 December 2000
|location_city =
|location_country =
|location = [[Falkirk]], formerly [[Stirling]]
|locations =
|area_served =
|key_people =
|industry =
|products = Bus and coach bodywork
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|market capitalisation =
|assets =
|equity =
|owner =
|num_employees =
|parent =
|divisions =
|subsid =
|homepage =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Walter Alexander Coachbuilders'''<ref name=SC026103>[http://data.companieshouse.gov.uk/doc/company/SC026103 Companies House extract company no SC026103] Walter Alexander (Falkirk) Limited formerly Walter Alexander & Company (Coachbuilders) Limited</ref> was a Scottish builder of bus and coach bodywork based in [[Falkirk]]. The company was formed in 1947 to continue the coachbuilding activities of [[W. Alexander & Sons]] when their bus service operation was [[nationalisation|nationalised]]. After several mergers and changes of ownership it now forms part of [[Alexander Dennis]].

==History==
In 1913, Walter Alexander founded Alexander's Motor Service to expand upon the Falkirk & District Tramways Company's route into previously unserved [[Grangemouth]].<ref name="Falkirk Wheel bio">{{cite web|title=Walter Alexander|url=http://www.falkirk-wheel.com/features/people-of-the-falkirk-area/48-walter-alexander|work=The Falkirk Wheel|access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref>

In 1924, believing in the future of the omnibus, Alexander established [[W. Alexander & Sons]] Limited, to run them and to manufacture bodywork for its own fleet and for sale to other operators.<ref name="PSVCircle1995">P.S.V. Circle (1995), p. 5.</ref><ref name="Falkirk Wheel bio" /> In 1928, several of the major British railway companies bought into the [[Scottish Motor Traction|Scottish Motor Traction Company]] (SMT). Walter Alexander decided to sell his business to the SMT group in 1929, and through this action, received access to a vast supply of resources and services. Alexander became an in-house supplier of bodywork for the whole of the SMT group, and only a few bodies were built for other customers during this period.<ref name="PSVCircle1995"/>

Coachbuilding work had initially taken place at the company's main bus garage and works in Brown Street, [[Camelon]], but it outgrew this facility and in 1930 a bus garage in Drip Road, Stirling was converted into a dedicated coachbuilding factory,<ref name="PSVCircle1995"/> although a few bodies for Alexander's own fleet did continue to be built at Brown Street in the 1930s and '40s.

In 1947, in anticipation of the newly elected Labour Government's [[nationalisation]] of the SMT group's bus services, a new company, Walter Alexander & Company (Coachbuilders) Limited<ref name=SC026103/> was formed in order to keep the coachbuilding business in private hands.<ref>P.S.V. Circle (1995), p. 4.</ref> Although Alexander remained the largest supplier of bodywork to what became the [[Scottish Bus Group]], the independent company also began to broaden its customer base. The company outgrew the Drip Road premises and in 1958 it relocated to a purpose-built factory at Glasgow Road, Camelon.

The coachbuilding business continued to flourish and expansion was rapid. In 1969, the company bought out Potters, a bodybuilder in [[Northern Ireland]], and set up a subsidiary Walter Alexander & Co (Belfast) Limited,<ref name="Falkirk Wheel bio" /><ref>[http://data.companieshouse.gov.uk/doc/company/NI005105 Companies House extract company no NI005105] Walter Alexander (Belfast) Limited formerly Walter Alexander & Co (Belfast) Limited</ref> and within six years started selling buses to the Far East. In 1981 the company was awarded the [[The Queen's Award for Enterprise: International Trade (Export) (1981)|Queen's Award for Export]].<ref name="Times60907">{{Cite newspaper The Times |title= Queen's Awards list |department=Official Appointments and Notices |date=21 April 1981 |page=17 |issue=60907 |column=E}}</ref> By 1983, the company was the largest supplier of double-deck bus bodies in the world,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v8FAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=66UMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3866,3258071&dq=walter-alexander+bus&hl=en |last=Bateman |first=Derek |title=Bus firm wins £6m Far East contract |work=[[Glasgow Evening Times]] |date=17 August 1983}}</ref> and a year later it won a [[British Rail]] contract to construct 25 [[British Rail Class 143|Class 143 carriages]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2CQ-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=mEoMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6305,78671&dq=walter-alexander+bus&hl=en |title=Rail work will help save jobs says bus boss |work=Glasgow Evening Times |date=1 June 1984}}</ref> In 1987, Walter Alexander became a publicly listed company, having previously been a private firm run by the Alexander family.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/walter-alexander-sees-dramatic-turnround-as-bus-orders-boom-1.787625 |title=Walter Alexander sees dramatic turnround as bus orders boom |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |date=27 October 1992}}</ref>

The ownership of the company subsequently changed several times: In 1990 the family sold the company to Spotlaunch plc but within two years a management buyout occurred and it became a standalone company until 1995, when it was bought by the Mayflower Corporation plc.<ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/18th-january-1990/21/wa-sale-is-imminent WA sale is imminent] ''Commercial Motor'' 18 January 1990</ref><ref>[http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/25th-january-1990/21/wa-split-for-business WA split for business] ''Commercial Motor'' 25 January 1990</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Mayflower Buys U.K. Bus Builder|journal=Fleet Owner|year=1995|volume=90|pages=265|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEpUAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Walter+Alexander%22+bus|access-date=7 February 2012|publisher=[[Primedia]]|quote=...the leading maker of bus bodies in the United Kingdom has been purchased for $44.5-million by the Mayflower Corp....}}</ref> In 2001, it was incorporated into TransBus International. It is now part of [[Alexander Dennis]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110710221743/http://www.falkirk-wheel.com/features/people-of-the-falkirk-area/48-walter-alexander Walter Alexander] Falkirk Wheel</ref>

==Products==
Walter Alexander built many different types of bodywork over 50 years, with the most famous being the Y-Type single decker.

===Railcars===
*[[British Rail Class 143]] - on [[underframe]]s by [[Andrew Barclay & Sons Co.|Andrew Barclay]]
*[[British Rail Class 144]] - on underframes by [[British Rail Engineering Limited]]
<gallery>
File:143610_in_July_1991.jpg|[[Regional Railways]] [[British Rail Class 143|Class 143]]
File:Leeds_railway_station_MMB_48_144006.jpg|[[Northern Rail]] [[British Rail Class 144|Class 144]]
</gallery>

===Double-deck buses===
* A type and J type - double-deck body (for [[Leyland Atlantean]]/[[Daimler Fleetline]]) to 1972
* C type -lowheight double-deck body for [[Albion Lowlander]] 1961–65.
* D type, K type and AD type (A for alloy) - lowheight double-deck body (mainly on Fleetline chassis)
* L type and AL type - double-deck body (for Atlantean/Fleetline/[[Bristol VR]]) from 1972
* AV type - double-deck body for [[Volvo Ailsa B55]]
* R type - including RH, RL, RV, RX, RLC, RVC, RHS and Royale - post 1981 double deck body
* ALX series - including [[Alexander ALX400|ALX400]] & [[Alexander ALX500|ALX500]] - low-floor bodies
* CB type - for [[China Motor Bus]]
* KB type - for [[Kowloon Motor Bus]]
* LB type - for [[New Lantao Bus]]
* MB type - for Manila Bus
* SB type - for [[Singapore Bus Service]]

<gallery>
File:West Midlands PTE bus 4775 (JOV 775P) 1976 Volvo Ailsa B55 Alexander AV, Birmingham, 1982.jpg|[[West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive|West Midlands PTE]] AV type bodied [[Volvo Ailsa B55]], pictured in Birmingham in 1982
File:Western Scottish SBG preserved bus Leyland Fleetline Alexander AD Type in Paisley, Renfrewshire 22 September 2006.jpg|Preserved [[Western Scottish]] AD type bodied [[Daimler Fleetline]]
File:Trans-Clyde Volvo Ailsa.jpg|[[Strathclyde Passenger Transport Executive|Strathclyde PTE]] RV type bodied Volvo Ailsa, pictured in Glasgow in 1984
File:DF9565.jpg|[[Kowloon Motor Bus]] RH type bodied [[Mercedes-Benz O305]]
File:CtbLeyland.jpg|[[Citybus (Hong Kong)|Citybus]] RH type bodied [[Leyland Olympian]]
</gallery>

===Single-deck buses and coaches===
* [[Alexander Y Type|Y type]] - including AY and AYS types (A for alloy, S for bus specification)
* W type
* M type - Motorway coach for [[Scottish Bus Group]] Anglo-Scottish services
* T type - including AT, TS, TC, TE (A for alloy, S for stage, C for coach, E for express)
* P type
* [[Alexander PS type|PS type]] - development of P type, popular with [[Stagecoach Group|Stagecoach]] and [[SBS Transit]]
* [[Alexander Strider|Strider]] - for full-size rear-engined chassis
* AM type
** Sprint - minibus body
** [[Alexander Dash|Dash]] - midibus body (for [[Dennis Dart]]/[[Volvo B6]])
* ALX series
** [[Alexander ALX100|ALX100]] - minibus
** [[Alexander ALX200|ALX200]] - small low-floor single-deck
** [[Alexander ALX300|ALX300]] - full-size low-floor single-deck

<gallery>
File:LeylandLeopardAlexanderYTypeMFR306P.jpg|Preserved [[Alexander Y type|Y type]] (AYS) bodied [[Leyland Leopard]] on display in Blackpool in 2001
File:Stagecoach_Cumbria_%26_North_Lancashire_21007_M393VWX_(8852909977).jpg|[[Stagecoach Cumbria & North Lancashire]] [[Alexander Strider|Strider]] bodied [[Volvo B10B]]
File:Leven Valley Coaches minibus Mercedes Benz 709D Alexander Sprint P776 BJU Middlesbrough bus station 5 May 2009.JPG|Leven Valley Coaches Sprint bodied [[Mercedes-Benz T2|Mercedes-Benz 709D]]
File:Big_Lemon_K779_DAO.jpg|[[The Big Lemon]] [[Alexander PS type|PS type]] bodied [[Volvo B10M]]
File:Timeline_bus_(N210_WBA),_Manchester.jpg|Timeline [[Alexander Dash|Dash]] bodied [[Volvo B6]]
</gallery>

===Alexander (Belfast) buses===
* X type (unofficial title) - for [[Leyland Leopard]] and [[Bristol RE]]
* N type - for [[Leyland Tiger]], [[Leyland Lynx|Lynx]], and [[Leyland B21|B21]]
* Q type - for Leyland Tiger and [[Volvo B10M]]
* D type - Alexander (Belfast) version of Alexander RH for [[Leyland Olympian]] and [[Volvo Olympian]]
* [[Alexander Ultra|Ultra]] - Alexander (Belfast) version of Swedish Säffle body for the [[Volvo B10L]]
<gallery>
File:Ensignbus_bus_163_(P563_SWC)_ex-Dublin_Bus_RV341_(97_D_341)_1997_Volvo_Olympian_Alexander_(Belfast),_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral,_7_October_2010.jpg|[[Ensignbus]] D type bodied [[Volvo Olympian]]
File:Metro_(Belfast)_bus_2743_(LAZ_2743)_1997_Volvo_B10L_Alexander_(Belfast)_Ultra,_2_June_2011.jpg|[[Metro (Belfast)|Metro]] [[Alexander Ultra|Ultra]] bodied [[Volvo B10L]]
</gallery>

==Sources==
*P.S.V. Circle (1995), ''W. Alexander & Sons Ltd; Part One 1914 to 1931 (fleet history PM14)'', P.S.V. Circle, Harrow.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==

{{Walter Alexander vehicle bodies}}
{{Bus manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom}}{{Coachbuilders of the United Kingdom}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Walter}}
[[Category:Alexander Dennis]]
[[Category:Coachbuilders of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1913]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1913]]
[[Category:Companies based in Falkirk (council area)]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies of Scotland]]
[[Category:1913 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Scotland]]

Princes Group

2025-03-16T06:37:50Z

80.46.110.142: /* History */

{{Short description|International food and drink group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Princes Limited
| logo =
| image =
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| industry = Food & Drink
| foundation = {{start date and age|1880}}, in [[Liverpool]], [[England]]
| founders = {{ubl|William M. Simpson|Frank Roberts}}
| location_city = Liverpool
| locations = 11 production sites World Wide
| area_served = World Wide
| key_people = Simon Harrison<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.princesgroup.com/blog/simon-harrison-appointed-as-princes-group-ceo/|title=Simon Harrison appointed as Princes Group CEO|publisher=Princesgroup.com |date=2024-04-09 |accessdate=2024-10-04}}</ref>
| products = Fish, meat, fruit, vegetables, soups, pastes, pasta, cooking sauces, edible oils and soft drinks
| production =
| services =
| revenue = £1.7bn billion (March 2024)
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 7,000+
| parent = Newlat Food S.p.A
| divisions =
| subsid =
| location_country = England
| homepage = https://www.princesgroup.com/
}}

'''Princes Group''' is an international food and drink group involved in the manufacture, import and distribution of branded and customer own-brand products. Founded in 1880 and headquartered in the UK, and recently acquired by Newlat Food S.p.A.

== History ==
Princes’ heritage dates back to 1880,<ref name="princesgroup1">{{cite web|url=http://www.princesgroup.com/about-princes/our-history/ |title=Princes : About the Company : Our History |publisher=Princesgroup.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-25}}</ref> when it was established as a fish importing business in [[Liverpool]], the city where its international headquarters are still located today. The firm was founded as a partnership by Briton William Muirhead Simpson (1842–1926) and Canadian Frank Roberts (1853–1938) and initially imported tinned [[lobster]] from Canada. It operated as Simpson Roberts, then created brands including Maypole (1891), Mikado (1895) and Princes (1900). By 1915, Simpson Roberts was the world's largest exporter of lobster, handling one third of the world's lobster trade. In 1919, the partnership was incorporated as a limited company. In 1962, it changed its name to Princes Foods.<ref name="History">{{cite web |title=Building Scale: a history of Princes Foods |url=http://letslookagain.com/tag/history-of-simpson-roberts/ |website=Let's Look Again: a History of Branded Britain |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref>

Princes first entered continental Europe in 1960<ref name="princesgroup1"/> and today its European operations are managed from its offices in [[Rotterdam]] in the Netherlands.

In 1964, Princes was acquired by 'Trex' manufacturer J Bibby & Sons. In 1973, the combined business was sold to Italy's [[Buitoni]] group, which, in 1988 was acquired by [[Nestlé]], with Princes then sold to [[Mitsubishi Corporation]] in 1989.<ref name="History"/>

As a wholly owned subsidiary of Mitsubishi,<ref name="princesgroup1"/> Princes completed several high-profile mergers and acquisitions that added significant scale to the business. After the 2011 acquisition of [[Premier Foods]]' canning operations for £182M, Princes was, by 2013, the UK's largest supplier of tinned food; by 2020, it employed 7,000 people globally, 2,200 of them in UK.<ref name="History"/> However, in January 2023, Mitsubishi was reported to be considering selling the Princes Group,<ref name="Mattinson-11Jan2023">{{cite news |last1=Mattinson |first1=Alec |title=Princes owner in search of buyer as sales fall sharply |url=https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/mergers-and-acquisitions/princes-owner-in-search-of-buyer-as-sales-fall-sharply/675208.article |access-date=21 March 2023 |work=The Grocer |date=12 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="Robinson-20Jan2023">{{cite news |last1=Robinson |first1=Jon |title='No decisions made' on potential sale of food giant Princes after 'market speculation' |url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/retail-consumer/no-decisions-made-potential-sale-26027461 |access-date=21 March 2023 |work=BusinessLive |date=20 January 2023}}</ref> and in March 2023 potential buyers, including [[Bain Capital]]-backed [[Valeo Foods]] and the [[Aurelius Group]] investment firm, were reported to be considering bids of around £400M.<ref name="Hodgson-17Mar2023">{{cite news |last1=Hodgson |first1=Neil |title=Takeover speculation continues with Princes Foods in sights of suitors |url=https://www.thebusinessdesk.com/northwest/news/2111871-takeover-speculation-continues-with-princes-foods-in-sights-of-suitors |access-date=21 March 2023 |work=The Business Desk |date=17 March 2023}}</ref>

From July 2024, Princes Group became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Newlat Foods, retaining its legal name ‘Princes Ltd’.

=== Timeline ===
* 1880 Founded in Liverpool by William Muirhead Simpson and Frank Roberts
* 1900 Princes Pure Foods formed, Princes brand established
* 1946 Princes starts first manufacturing venture
* 1960 Princes enters continental Europe
* 1968 Princes acquired by 'Trex' manufacturer J. Bibby and Sons<ref name="Martin">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Kathy |title=Famous Brand Names and Their Origins |date=2017 |publisher=Pen & Sword |isbn=9781781590157 |page=61}}</ref>
* 1973 Princes sold to [[Buitoni]] Group
* 1988 Buitoni Group, including Princes, acquired by [[Nestlé]]
* 1989 [[Mitsubishi Corporation]] buys Princes from Nestlé
* 1991 Princes enters the soft drinks category through the acquisition of Barraclough
* 1999 Princes acquires Tuna Mauritius
* 2001 Princes acquires both the Shippam's and Napolina brands/businesses
* 2004 Princes acquires water business and the [[Aqua Pura]] brand
* 2005 Princes acquires cooking oils brands and forms Edible Oils Limited (EOL) joint venture business. Princes establishes MC Foods Europe
* 2010 Princes opens Princes Polska office and forms joint venture business to expand distribution of oils in eastern and central Europe
* 2011 Princes acquires two East Anglian canning operations and the [[Crosse & Blackwell]] and Farrow's brands<ref name="insidermedia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.insidermedia.com/insider/north-west/81859-/ |title=Insider News North West – Princes targets £2bn after record year |publisher=Insidermedia.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-25}}</ref>
* 2012 Princes Industrie Alimentari S.r.L. (PIA) created and processing factory in [[Foggia]], Italy acquired<ref>{{cite news|last=Hodgson |first=Neil |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/ldpbusiness/business-local/2012/05/03/princes-group-in-italian-production-deal-99623-30892988/ |title=Princes Group in Italian production deal - Business News - LDP Business |publisher=Liverpool Daily Post |date=2012-05-03 |accessdate=2013-03-25}}</ref>
* 2015 Princes Tuna (Mauritius) completes agreement to create enlarged tuna processing operation<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.undercurrentnews.com/2015/01/12/princes-ups-profit-as-uk-sales-decline/|title=
Princes ups profit as UK sales decline|date=12 January 2015}}</ref>
* 2018 Princes announces business review after net profits fall to £0.5m;<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Article/2018/02/19/Princes-reviews-business|title=Princes reveals business review|last=foodmanufacture.co.uk|website=foodmanufacture.co.uk|date=19 February 2018 |accessdate=11 January 2019}}</ref> in October 2018, Princes announces factories in Manchester and Chichester would close<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Article/2018/10/11/Factories-to-close-as-canned-foods-business-automates|title=Factories to close as canned foods business automates|date=12 October 2018}}.</ref><ref name=FM2019>{{Cite web|last=foodmanufacture.co.uk|title=Princes Manchester juice factory has £3.8m price tag|url=https://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Article/2019/04/26/Drinks-plant-sale-progresses|access-date=2022-12-04|website=foodmanufacture.co.uk|date=26 April 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* 2024 Mitsubishi Corporation agree to sell to Italian-based Newlat Food S.p.A (‘Newlat’), encompassing all current operations and brands in an agreement valued at £700m.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Princes announces intended acquisition by Newlat Food S.p.A - Princes Group |url=https://www.princesgroup.com/blog/princes-announces-intended-acquisition-by-newlat-food-s-p-a/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> Announced in May, the purchase was completed two months later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.princesgroup.com/blog/newlat-food-s-p-a-completes-acquisition-of-princes-limited/|title=Newlat Food S.p.A Completes Acquisition of Princes Limited|work=Princes Group|access-date=2024-10-04|language=en}}</ref>

== Operations==
Princes' customers include major supermarkets, convenience stores, foodservice operators, wholesale suppliers and other food manufacturers. Its brands and products span over 20 different categories including fish, meat, fruit, vegetables, soups, pastes, pasta, cooking sauces, edible oils and a broad range of soft drinks sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Business-News/Premier-Foods-acquisition-boosts-Princes-sales-to-1.51bn |title=Premier Foods boosts food manufacturer's sales to £1.51bn |publisher=Foodmanufacture.co.uk |date= 17 December 2012|accessdate=2013-03-25}}</ref>

===Owned and operated brands===
Brands (*= licensed brands) which Princes manufacture and produce include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princesgroup.com/brands/ |title=Princes : Our Brands |publisher=Princesgroup.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-25}}</ref>
* [[Batchelors|Batchelors Peas]]* – a brand that dates back to 1895 with a range that includes canned soups and peas (under licence from [[Premier Foods]])
* Branston Beans* – a brand well known for its store cupboard favourites such as baked beans and spaghetti in tomato sauce (under licence from [[Mizkan]])
* [[Crisp 'n Dry]] – popular UK vegetable oil brand
* [[Crosse & Blackwell]] - canned food brand that includes favourites such as baked beans, soups, pasta, vegetables and ready meals
* Farrow's – British-grown giant marrowfat processed peas
* Flora* – popular sunflower oil brand
* Jucee – popular squash drinks brand
* [[Mazola]] - corn and speciality oil brand. Range includes corn, peanut, grapeseed, rapeseed and sunflower oils
* Napolina - Italian-style ingredients brand. Range includes sun-ripened tomatoes to fruity olive oils, pasta and pasta sauces, as well as more specialist grated cheese, pulses and pizza products
* Olivio* - cooking oil first launched in 1991, made with a blend of vegetable and olive oils
* Princes – the Princes range now includes over 350 food and drink products including canned fish, meat, fruit and vegetables, microwavable ready meals, sandwich fillings and soft drinks
* Trex – home baking brand which is a dairy-free alternative to butter
* Vier Diamanten – popular Austrian canned fish brand
* Wielkopolski – cooking oil used for frying, baking, salad dressings, and in cakes and desserts

===Production sites===
Princes operates 11 production sites situated in the UK, mainland Europe and Mauritius:

====UK food sites====
* [[Long Sutton, Lincolnshire]] – this site produces a range of canned products including baked beans, vegetables, fruit, pulses, pies, pasta, meatballs and ready meals
* [[Wisbech]] – located in [[Cambridgeshire]], this site produces canned and pouch products including baked beans, soups, pulses, pasta, vegetables and sauces

====UK soft drinks sites====
* [[Cardiff]] – produces juice products in cartons
* [[Bradford]] – this site produces squash and carbonated soft drinks
* Glasgow – supplies canned soft drinks

====UK edible oils====
* [[Belvedere, London]] – located in south east London, this site produces olive and speciality oils
* [[Erith]] – located in south east London, this site produces cooking oil

====International====
* [[Foggia]], [[Italy]] – this factory is one of the most modern and efficient ambient tomato processing facilities in Europe<ref>{{cite web|title=Princes to double size of European revenues following acquisition of Italian tomato factory|url=http://www.princesgroup.com/news/princes-to-double-size-of-european-revenues-following-acquisition-of-italian-tomato-factory/|publisher=Princes Group|accessdate=28 January 2014|date=3 May 2012}}</ref>
* Riche Terre, [[Port Louis]], [[Mauritius]] – one of the most technologically advanced tuna processing facilities in the world<ref>{{cite web|title=Sourcing and Manufacturing|url=http://www.princesgroup.com/about-princes/sourcing-and-manufacturing/|publisher=Princes Group|accessdate=28 January 2014}}</ref>
* Marine Road, Port Louis, Mauritius - a major processing facility producing tuna loins<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princesgroup.com/about-princes/sourcing-and-production/princes-tuna-mauritius-marine-road/|title=Princes Tuna (Mauritius) Marine Road}}</ref>
* [[Szamotuły]], Poland – located in the north west region of [[Greater Poland|Wielkopolska]], this site primarily produces rapeseed oil.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.princesgroup.com Official website]

[[Category:Food and drink companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1880]]
[[Category:Companies based in Liverpool]]
[[Category:1880 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Mitsubishi companies]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1880]]
[[Category:British subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:2024 mergers and acquisitions]]

Cisca Dresselhuys

2025-03-14T01:32:12Z

80.46.110.142: /* Biography */

[[File:Lola Verkuil en Cisca Dresselhuys (1987).jpg|thumb|Lola Verkuil and Cisca Dresselhuys (r.) (1987)]]
'''Francisca Wilhelmina "Cisca" Dresselhuys''' (born 21 April 1943 in [[Leeuwarden]]) was the first head editor of the Dutch feminist monthly magazine ''[[Opzij]]'' from 1 November 1981 until 1 April 2008.<ref name="NTR">{{Cite web |url=http://www.npo.nl/ntr-academie-op-zondag/25-01-2015/VPWON_1239835 |title=Cisca Dresselhuys, journalist en oud-hoofdredacteur Opzij |work=NTR Academie |date=25 January 2015 |accessdate=27 October 2015 |language=nl}}</ref> Her journalistic career started at the daily ''[[Trouw]]''.

== Biography ==
Dresselhuys grew up as an afterthought with an older brother and two older sisters, the youngest of whom was nine when she was born. When she was 11, she lost her father.

Dresselhuys began as a telexist at daily newspaper ''Trouw'', where she was then a journalist,<ref>[https://www.nhnieuws.nl/nieuws/269167/cisca-dresselhuys-had-zelfs-als-deurmat-willen-beginnen ''NHnieuws'', 24 juni 2020]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221209212311/https://www.nhnieuws.nl/nieuws/269167/cisca-dresselhuys-had-zelfs-als-deurmat-willen-beginnen Gearchiveerd] op 9 december 2022.</ref> starting in 1981, she was chief editor of monthly magazine ''Opzij'' for more than 25 years. She became best known for her column "Langs de feministische meetlat", in which she interviewed 175 well-known men over a period of 16 years and gave them a grade for their feminist stance. Many of these interviews were later published in anthologies.<ref>[https://www.warmetruiendag.nl/wall-of-fame/interviews/cisca-dresselhuys-langs-de-lat Website ''Warmetruiendag'', 5 febr. 2019]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221201034856/https://www.warmetruiendag.nl/wall-of-fame/interviews/cisca-dresselhuys-langs-de-lat Gearchiveerd] op 1 december 2022.</ref>

On 11 June 2001, she received the [[Anne Vondeling prize]] for her publications in the year 2000. For the award she received 5000 [[guilder]]s and a sculpture of [[Anne Vondeling]].

As a [[republicanism in the Netherlands|republican]], Dresselhuys opined that the [[Investiture of Willem-Alexander|abdication of Beatrix]] in 2013 should have been seized to abolish the [[monarchy of the Netherlands|Dutch monarchy]]. Although she was quite content with [[Queen Máxima of the Netherlands|Máxima]]'s efforts for the [[Feminism|emancipation of women]] thus far, it was unjust how her position as the king's wife was subordinate, despite her misleading [[Royal and noble styles|style]] of 'Queen'. In case of a new female head of state, Dresselhuys preferred a president heading a republic 'who has to deserve it, has to fight, take responsibility.'<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/13209/Troonswisseling/article/detail/3433666/2013/04/29/Eigenlijk-is-Willem-Alexander-niet-meer-dan-een-tussenpaus.dhtml |title=Eigenlijk is Willem-Alexander niet meer dan een tussenpaus |author=Ellen Nieuwenhuijze |work=[[Trouw]] |date=29 April 2013 |accessdate=27 October 2015 |language=nl}}</ref>

== Work ==
*''Drukker dan ooit. Werken na je 65ste'' (2011). Just Publishers. {{ISBN|9789089751577}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dresselhuys, Cisca}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Feminist writers]]
[[Category:Dutch republicans]]
[[Category:Dutch journalists]]
[[Category:Dutch investigative journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leeuwarden]]
[[Category:Dutch feminists]]

Hyperion Press

2025-03-10T04:04:23Z

80.46.110.142:

{{use American English|date=June 2015}}
{{use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{infobox publisher
| name = Hyperion Press
| image =
| caption =
| parent =
| status = Defunct
| predecessor =
| founded =
| founder =
| successor =
| country = United States
| headquarters = [[Westport, Connecticut]]
| distribution =
| keypeople =
| publications =
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| owner =
| numemployees =
| url =
}}
'''Hyperion Press''' was an American [[publishing company]], based in [[Westport, Connecticut]]. In the 1970s, it published science fiction and science fiction studies{{spaced ndash}} including reissues of several books first published by World Publ. Co. of Cleveland{{spaced ndash}} and classic comics and mathematics. It published two different series. The first was in 1974. The second was in 1976.{{ref|sf-encyclopedia}}

It is not related to the Disney publisher established 1990 or its 21st-century descendant Hachette and Disney imprints [[Hachette Books#Hyperion Books|Hyperion Books]] or [[Hyperion Books for Children]].{{Citation needed|reason=lack of relationship is not demonstrated|date=May 2020}}


== References ==
1.{{cite web |url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/hyperion_press |title= Hyperion Press |date= 20 December 2011 |website= The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction |access-date= 3 April 2020}}
{{Connecticut-stub}}
{{US-publish-company-stub}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies based in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Companies based in Westport, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Defunct book publishing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in the 20th century]]

Vito Miceli

2025-03-10T03:51:06Z

80.46.110.142: /* Biography */

{{Short description|Italian general and politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

'''Vito Miceli''' (6 January 1916 – 1 December 1990) was an Italian general and politician.

== Biography ==
[[File:Vito Miceli 1976.jpg|thumb|Vito Miceli in 1976]]

Born in [[Trapani]], he was a lieutenant of the [[Bersaglieri]] during the Second World War.

He was chief of the [[SIOS]], the Italian Army Intelligence's Service from 1969 and, was promoted to [[division general]], the [[military intelligence]] service [[Servizio Informazioni Difesa|SID]]'s head from 18 October 1970 to 1974.

Vito Miceli was arrested in October 1974 on charges of political conspiracy concerning investigations about the [[Golpe Borghese]] coup attempt.<ref>{{cite news | title = General who led Intelligence Agency Arrested in Italy | work = [[The New York Times]] | page = 5 | date = 1974-11-01}}</ref> He was acquitted of any wrongdoing in 1978.<ref>{{cite news | title = Jail Terms for 1970 Italian Coup Plotters | work = [[The Times]] | page = 3 | date = 1978-07-15}}</ref> Miceli received money in 1972 from the United States embassy in Rome. Ambassador [[Graham Martin]] turned $800,000 over to Miceli, as Italy's intelligence chief, with the approval of the director of the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], [[Henry Kissinger]], despite the objections of the [[CIA]] Rome station chief. It is unknown how Miceli spent the money.<ref>{{cite news | title = $800,000 for Italy's Intelligence Chief in spite of CIA objections | work = [[The Times]] | page = 3 | date = 1976-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The Pike Report (unauthorized copy) | author = Pike Committee | author-link = Pike Committee | publisher = Spokesman Books | location = Nottingham, England | year = 1977}}</ref> Miceli was a member of the [[freemasonry|masonic]] [[Propaganda Due]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sheehan |first=Thomas |date=1982 |title=Italy: Who Pulls the Strings? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4383096 |journal=The Threepenny Review |issue=9 |pages=4–6 |issn=0275-1410}}</ref>

He later became a deputy of the [[Italian Parliament]] for the neo-fascist [[Italian Social Movement]] (1976–1987).

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miceli, Vito}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Trapani]]
[[Category:Italian Army generals]]
[[Category:Italian Social Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Italian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Italian fascists]]

{{Italy-mil-bio-stub}}
{{Lazio-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Propaganda Due]]

David Wolstencroft

2025-03-08T19:04:52Z

80.46.110.142: /* Early life */

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}{{Short description|American-born British screenwriter and author.}}
{{Infobox person
| name = David Wolstencroft
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|07|16|df=yes}}<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0938727/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm IMDb: ''David Wolstencroft Biography''] Linked 2016-06-02</ref>
| birth_place = [[Honolulu|Honolulu, Hawaii]], U.S.
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Writer
| spouse = {{marriage|Flore Rougier|12 April 2019}}
|alma_mater = [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge|Emmanuel College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]
}}
'''David Wolstencroft''' (born 16 July 1969) is an American-born British screenwriter and author. He is best known as creator of the [[BAFTA]] award-winning TV spy drama ''[[Spooks (TV series)|Spooks]]'' and its spin-off series ''[[Spooks: Code 9]]''.

==Early life==
Wolstencroft was born in Honolulu, United States in 1969 and grew up in Edinburgh, Scotland, studying at [[George Watson's College]], where he was Head Boy. He then studied at [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge|Emmanuel College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], where he graduated with a "starred first" degree in History. While at Cambridge, he was active in the [[Footlights]] where he collaborated with [[Mark Evans (comedian/writer)|Mark Evans]], [[Sue Perkins]], [[Andy Parsons]], [[Alexander Armstrong (comedian)|Alexander Armstrong]] and [[Ben Miller]], and had served as Footlight's vice president and revue director.<ref>{{cite web|title=Footlights Alumni: 1990-1999|url=http://footlights.org/1990.html|publisher=Cambridge Footlights Official Website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213104810/http://footlights.org/1990.html|archivedate=13 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Career==
Wolstencroft won the [[Royal Television Society]]'s ''Network Newcomer'' award after producing his first drama ''[[Psychos (TV series)|Psychos]]'' for Channel 4 in 1999. He then began working on ''[[Spooks (TV series)|Spooks]]''. The pilot episode was watched by over 9 million people (a 41% share), and the series won a number of [[BAFTA Television Awards|BAFTA]] awards and nominations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/versailles/intro|title=BBC - Versailles - Creators' introduction - Media Centre|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-26}}</ref>

More recently, he has written, created and executive produced ''[[The Escape Artist (TV series)|The Escape Artist]]'' for BBC One and [[Versailles (TV series)|''Versailles'']] for Canal+ with fellow Spooks scribe and ex-''[[Criminal Minds]]'' producer and writer [[Simon Mirren]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/david-wolstencroft|title=Curtis Brown|website=www.curtisbrown.co.uk|access-date=2017-12-26}}</ref> Wolstencroft also wrote the screenplay for the film ''[[Shooting Dogs]]''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0938727/ IMDb: ''David Wolstencroft''] Relinked 2016-06-02</ref> He is also the author of two espionage thriller novels: ''[[Good News, Bad News (novel)|Good News, Bad News]]'' and ''[[Contact Zero]]'', which was nominated for the Ian Fleming Silver Dagger.

Wolstencroft's debut children's book ''The Magic Hour'', a fantasy adventure, was published in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Wolstencroft Interview |url=https://justimagine.co.uk/podcast/david-wolstencroft-interview-the-magic-hour/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Just Imagine |date=5 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb name|id=0938727|name=David Wolstencrof}}
* {{Twitter | woollensocks | @woollensocks }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wolstencroft, David}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at George Watson's College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British thriller writers]]
[[Category:British spy fiction writers]]
[[Category:British television writers]]
[[Category:British male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Scottish thriller writers]]
[[Category:Scottish novelists]]
[[Category:British male television writers]]

{{UK-novelist-stub}}

The Ukrainians

2025-03-08T16:08:57Z

80.46.110.142: /* Discography */

{{Short description|British band}}
{{about|the British musical band|the people|Ukrainians|other uses|Ukrainians (disambiguation)}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = The Ukrainians
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Leeds]], [[England]]
| instrument =
| genre = [[Folk rock]]
| occupation =
| years_active = 1991–present
| label =
| associated_acts = [[The Wedding Present]]
| website = [http://www.the-ukrainians.com/ the-ukrainians.com]
| current_members = [[Peter Solowka]] Len Liggins Steve Tymruk Paul Weatherhead James Howe Woody
| past_members =
}}

'''The Ukrainians''' are a [[United Kingdom|British]] band, which plays traditional [[Ukrainian music]], heavily influenced by western [[post-punk]].

==Career==
The Ukrainians were formed in 1990 by [[The Wedding Present|Wedding Present]] guitarist [[Peter Solowka]], with singer/violinist Len Liggins and [[mandolin]] player Roman Remeynes, after all three had played on the Wedding Present's [[Ukrainian John Peel Sessions]] recordings (''Ukrainski Vistupi v Johna Peela'', released 1989). Following the success of that release, the trio began composing and recording in Ukrainian as a separate band.

In 1991, their first [[Extended Play|EP]], Oi Divchino, was awarded [[Single (music)|Single of the Week]] by British music weekly, [[New Musical Express|NME]].<ref name="ukrainians">{{Cite web | title = The Ukrainians history | url=http://www.the-ukrainians.com/history | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}</ref> Notably, the video for this release was filmed in pre-revolution [[Kyiv]] making them the first western band to produce a video entirely in [[Eastern Europe]].<ref name="ukrainians"/>

In the same year, Solowka left the Wedding Present, later claiming that he had been kicked out, the success of the Ukrainian project making him the scapegoat for the band's lack of mainstream success.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Interview with Peter Solowka | publisher = Something and Nothing | url=http://www.somethingandnothing.net/petersolowka.html | accessdate = 18 January 2011 }}</ref>

Since 1991, the band has released seven studio albums as well as various [[live albums]] and EPs, all without chart success in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. They continue to tour regularly, especially in [[Poland]] and [[England]]. They celebrated 20 years of the band in 2011 with a tour of British [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] clubs.

==Band members==
Besides Solowka, Liggins and Remeynes, band members have included:
*Dave Lee - drums
*Woody - drums, percussion
*Chris Harrop - bass guitar
*Paul 'Dino' Briggs - bass guitar
*Allan Martin - bass guitar
*Alan Dawson- Bass guitar
*James Howe - bass guitar
*[[Stepan Pasicznyk|Stepan "Ludwig" Pasicznyk]] - accordion, backing vocals, guitar
*Steve Tymruk - accordion, melodion, backing vocals
*Paul Weatherhead - electric mandolin, sopilka, theremin
*Michael L.B. West - mandolin, guitar, piano, trumpet, duda, oud, 'cello, euphonium

The current line-up comprises Liggins, Solowka, Tymruk, Wood, Weatherhead and Howe.

== Discography ==

Albums and EPs and singles include:

* ''Oi Divchino'' (1991)
* ''The Ukrainians'' (1991)
* ''Pisni iz The Smiths'' (EP) (1992) (four songs originally by [[The Smiths]] translated into [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], also included as bonus tracks on reissues of ''Kultura'').
* ''Vorony'' (1993)
* ''Live in Germany'' (1993)
* ''Kultura'' (1994)
* ''Radioactivity'' (Single) (1996), a cover of the [[Kraftwerk]] song, in order to raise money for the Children of Chernobyl charity and to mark the 10th anniversary of the [[Chernobyl]] nuclear disaster.
* ''Drink to my Horse! The Ukrainians Live'' (2001)
* ''Anarchy In The UK'' (EP) (2002) (three songs originally by the [[Sex Pistols]] translated into [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]).
* ''Respublika'' (2002)
* ''Istoriya: The Best of the Ukrainians'' (2004)
* ''Live in Czeremcha'' (2008)
* ''Diaspora'' (2009)
* ''20 Years'' (Best of) (2011)
* ''A History of Rock Music in Ukrainian'' (2015)
*''Summer in Lviv'' (2018)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.the-ukrainians.com/ The Ukrainians] official site
* {{IMDb name | nm11365762 }}
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/418915-The-Ukrainians The Ukrainians] at [[Discogs]]

{{The Wedding Present}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukrainians, The}}
[[Category:English folk musical groups]]
[[Category:English rock music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1991]]
[[Category:Ukrainian rock music groups]]
[[Category:Ukrainian-language singers]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in England]]

{{UK-band-stub}}

Siân Lloyd

2025-03-08T00:10:14Z

80.46.110.142:

{{short description|Welsh television presenter and meteorologist}}
{{Other people|Sian Lloyd or Siân Lloyd|Sian Lloyd (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Siân Lloyd
|image = Siân Lloyd (weather presenter).jpg
|caption = Lloyd in 2011
|birth_name = Siân Mary Lloyd
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1958|7|3}}
|birth_place = [[Maesteg]], [[Glamorgan]], Wales
|nationality = [[Welsh people|Welsh]]
|known_for = [[S4C]] presenter [[ITV Weather]] presenter
|occupation = Presenter
|years_active = 1982–present
|height =
|spouse = {{marriage|Jonathan Ashman|2007|2015|reason=divorced}}
|partner =
|children =
|parents =
|relatives =
|signature =
}}

'''Siân Mary Lloyd''' (born 3 July 1958) is a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] [[television presenter]] and meteorologist from [[Maesteg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/sin-lloyd-proud-welsh-2780163 |publisher=Daily Post |title=Siân Lloyd proud to be Welsh |date=8 August 2009 |access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> She was the United Kingdom's longest-serving [[female]] weather forecaster, having appeared on [[ITV Weather]] for 24 years, from 1990 until 2014.

==Biography==
Lloyd was born in [[Maesteg]], [[Glamorgan]], the daughter of two teachers. She attended [[Ysgol Gyfun Ystalyfera]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/never-fear-what-other-people-think-of-you-sian-lloyd-tells-pupils-9800988.html |last=Quine |first=Oscar |title='Never fear what other people think of you,' Sian Lloyd tells pupils |work=[[The Independent]] |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> and in 1975 performed at the [[Urdd National Eisteddfod]] where she won the Crown.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJQcDonjEY0C&q=%22Urdd+eisteddfod%22+%22Si%C3%A2n+Lloyd%22+crown&pg=PA137 |last=Williams |first=Iolo Wyn |title=Our Children's Language: The Welsh-medium Schools of Wales 1939-2000 |page=137 |publisher=[[Y Lolfa]] |location=Talybont |year=2003 |isbn=0-86243-704-0 |access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> She graduated with first-class honours from University College, Cardiff (now [[Cardiff University]]), before going on to [[Jesus College, Oxford]] where she began work for a post-graduate [[Degrees of the University of Oxford#Postgraduate degrees|B.Litt.]] degree in [[Celtic Studies]], but she left after a year without graduating.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20070510/ai_n19066003|last=Sale|first=Jonathan|title=I'm the world's best crammer|publisher=[[The Independent]] (at Findarticles.com)|date=10 May 2007|access-date=22 July 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> She has meteorology qualifications from the [[Met Office|Met Office College]] and frequently appears in TV documentaries about the weather.

Lloyd started her media career as a researcher for the ''[[BBC Wales Today]]'' nightly news programme, having responded to an advert in the media pages of ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=British Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/justthejob/takeitfromme/star_sianl.shtml |title=BBC Online – Just the Job – Take it from me |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> She then became an announcer for [[S4C]]. During a themed premiere for the film ''[[The Avengers (1998 film)|The Avengers]]'' (1998) she dressed in a skin-tight black catsuit, for which she won the prize for best costume.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_200411/ai_n12909115#continue |work=Sunday Mirror |title=MY PAP PICS: SIAN LLOYD: 'I never wanted to be a weathergirl' |date=14 November 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326224141/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_200411/ai_n12909115 |archive-date=26 March 2006 }}</ref>

Whilst working for [[Worldwide Television News]] in London, she was asked to work with the [[Met Office]] on documentaries about the weather. She then screen tested for the [[ITV Weather]] in 1990 and was appointed to a post which had 200 applicants. Lloyd won the [[Television and Radio Industries Club]] (TRIC) award for the best TV weather presenter in 2005 and 2007.<ref>[http://www.southwalesonline.net/news.asp?1536 The UK loves Sian Lloyd – official!:southwalesonline.net] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929114209/http://www.southwalesonline.net/news.asp?1536 |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> For a time, she additionally presented ''[[ITV News London]]'' weather forecasts. In February 2014 she left ITV to "pursue new opportunities".

Proud of being Welsh, she set up SWS (which means "kiss" in Welsh, and standing for "Social, Welsh and Sexy"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swsuk.com/ |title=Home | SWS – Social Welsh and Sexy |publisher=Swsuk.com |date= |access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> a Welsh networking club, in partnership with entertainer [[Stifyn Parri]] in the [[Groucho Club]]. [[Bryn Terfel]] and [[Siân Phillips]] are now patrons.

In 2007, Lloyd won the UK [[Rear of the Year]] competition, making her the oldest woman to win the title. She also starred as the 'hidden' celebrity in an episode of the [[CBBC (TV channel)|CBBC]] show ''[[Hider in the House]]''. Lloyd also helped support [[Sense-National Deafblind and Rubella Association]], and in 2007 attended the launch of the Fill in the Gaps campaign.<ref>[http://www.sense.org.uk/campaigns/older_people/ ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422081704/http://www.sense.org.uk/campaigns/older_people/ |date=22 April 2009 }}</ref> In March 2008, Lloyd published her autobiography, entitled ''A Funny Kind of Love''.<ref>A Funny Kind of Love, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-84454-531-5}}</ref> In Spring 2010, Lloyd presented the first series of [[Wedding TV]]'s ''The Great Cake Bake''.

Lloyd appeared on ITV's reality television show ''[[I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British series 2)|I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!]]'', but was the shock first celebrity to be eliminated by the public vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/may/08/redbox.tvandradioarts|title=Jungle fever|last=Opik|first=Lembit|date=2003-05-08|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-11-19|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Busk-Cowley |first=Mark |title=I'm A Celebrity, Get Me Out Of Here!: The Inside Story |publisher=[[Bantam Press]] |date=2014 |pages=140 |isbn=978-0593073483}}</ref> She also took part in a celebrity version of the TV show ''[[Total Wipeout]]'' which aired on 18 September 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2010/09/07/11680/benjamin_does_wipeout|title=Benjamin does Wipeout|last=Bennett|first=Steve|website=Chortle|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>

Lloyd appeared on ''Celebrity [[First Dates]]'' in 2015.

==Personal life==
While at [[Cardiff University]], she met Mark Cavendish, a relative of the [[Duke of Devonshire|Duke and Duchess of Devonshire]] and now a businessman. They were together for 14 years, often visiting the family seat at [[Chatsworth House]].

From 2002, Lloyd was in a relationship with [[Lembit Öpik]], then the [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for [[Montgomeryshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Montgomeryshire]], and was engaged to him from 2004 to October 2006. They lived at a house they bought together in Öpik's constituency outside Newtown, [[Powys]], and were due to marry in 2006. They had met at a [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] conference session where the press meet the MPs, where they talked and she lost a ring. He found it, then lost it himself, then found it again two years later and called her; she had a spare ticket to go to [[BBC Promenade Concerts|the Proms]], and they began a relationship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/showbiz/article-23297139-details/'I+never+wanted+marriage' |title=Showbiz |publisher=This is London |date= |access-date=2 February 2011 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Wales on Sunday |url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0200wales/tm_objectid=14203271&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=sian-and-lembit-to-wed-name_page.html |title=Sian and Lembit to wed – icWales |publisher=Icwales.icnetwork.co.uk |date=2 May 2004 |access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> She appeared on ''Celebrity [[Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?]]'' with Öpik on 15 April 2006, winning £64,000 for charity. In December 2006 it was revealed that the relationship had broken down.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6188147.stm | work=BBC News | title=Opik and presenter Lloyd separate | date=17 December 2006 | access-date=23 May 2010}}</ref>

Lloyd met motor racing entrepreneur [[Jonathan Ashman]] at [[Secretary of State for Wales]] [[Peter Hain]]'s 2007 [[St David's Day]] party at the [[Palace of Westminster]]. Ashman proposed to Lloyd in December 2007, on holiday, at the foot of [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] in [[Tanzania]].<ref>[http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/wales-news/2007/12/10/tv-presenter-si-n-lloyd-to-wed-millionaire-91466-20227605/ TV presenter Siân Lloyd to wed millionaire] IC Wales</ref> Lloyd and Ashman married in 2007 and divorced in 2015 after eight years.

== Career ==
* [[Red Dragon FM|Cardiff Broadcasting Company]] (1980–2)
* ''[[BBC Wales Today]]'', researcher (1982–84)
* Development Board for Rural Wales, press officer (1984–86)
* [[S4C]], continuity announcer (1986–88)
* Worldwide TV News (1988–90)
* [[ITV Weather]] (1990–2014)
* ''[[How 2]]'' presenter (1997)
* ''[[The Apprentice (UK Series Four)|The Apprentice UK]]'' (Brief Appearance, in an ads campaign;<ref>Renaissance's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVCKueF13mI&feature=user "I Love My Tissues" advert] at YouTube</ref> 2008)
* Churchill Car Insurance as the lady feeding the dog sausages.<ref name="Churchill 1">{{cite web
|title=Churchill dog returns with Sian Lloyd in WCRS ad
|url=http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/825823/Churchill-dog-returns-Sian-Lloyd-WCRS-ad/
|access-date=7 May 2009
|publisher=Haymarket
|date=30 June 2008
|work=Campaign Livewebsite
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180420100757/http://tvweathergirl.com/ Siân Lloyd – TVWeathergirl.com]
*{{IMDb name|id=0516135|name=Siân Lloyd}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lloyd, Sian}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Cardiff University]]
[[Category:Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford]]
[[Category:ITV Weather]]
[[Category:People from Maesteg]]
[[Category:Welsh television presenters]]
[[Category:People educated at Ysgol Maesteg School]]
[[Category:People educated at Ysgol Gyfun Ystalyfera]]
[[Category:Welsh-speaking journalists]]

Ernst Öpik

2025-03-07T16:59:04Z

80.46.110.142: /* Astronomical work */

{{Short description|Estonian astronomer and astrophysicist (1893–1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ernst Öpik
| image = ErnstJuliusOpik.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Ernst Öpik
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1893|10|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kunda, Estonia|Kunda]], [[Kreis Wierland]], [[governorate of Estonia]] [[Russian Empire]] (current Estonia)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1985|9|10|1893|10|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bangor, County Down|Bangor]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]]
| residence =
| known_for = [[Oort cloud|Öpik–Oort cloud]]
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Astronomy]]
| work_institutions = [[Armagh Observatory]]
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
*[[University of Moscow]]
* [[University of Tartu]]}}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = {{plainlist|
*[[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] in 1975
*[[Bruce Medal]] in 1976}}
| religion =
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}
'''Ernst Julius Öpik''' ({{osd|22 October|1893|10 October}} – 10 September 1985) was an Estonian [[astronomer]] and [[astrophysicist]] who spent the second half of his career (1948–1981) at the [[Armagh Observatory]] in [[Northern Ireland]]. He is best known for his pioneering work on solar system dynamics,<ref name="IAJ" /> particularly of the [[Oort cloud]] and the [[Yarkovsky effect]].

==Education==
Öpik was born in [[Kunda, Estonia|Kunda]], [[Kreis Wierland]], [[Governorate of Estonia]] then a part of the [[Russian Empire]]. He went to the [[University of Moscow]] to specialize in the study of minor bodies, such as [[asteroid]]s, [[comet]]s, and [[meteor]]s. He completed his 1923 doctorate at the [[University of Tartu]].

==Astronomical work==
He was the first and longest serving editor of the ''Irish Astronomical Journal'' (1950–1980) and frequently published his own research there.<ref name=IAJ/> In 1916 he published an article there in which he estimated the densities of visual binary stars. Using the [[white dwarf]] star [[40 Eridani B|ο2 Eridani B]], he
determined its density as 25,000 times the density of the Sun but concluded that the result is impossible.<ref name=binary/>

In 1922 he published a paper in which he estimated the distance to the [[Andromeda Galaxy]]. He determined the distance using a novel astrophysical method based on the observed [[Galaxy rotation curve|rotational velocities of the galaxy]], which depends on the total mass around which stars are rotating, and on the assumption that the luminosity per unit mass was the same as that of our galaxy. He concluded that the distance was 450 kpc. His result was in good accordance with other estimates of these days (100 to 1000 kpc) and were closer to recent estimates (778 kpc) than Hubble's result (275 kpc).<ref name=andromeda/> His method is still widely used.

In 1922 he correctly predicted the frequency of [[Impact crater|crater]]s on [[Mars]] long before they were detected by [[space probe]]s.

In 1932 he postulated a theory concerning the origins of comets in the [[Solar System]]. He believed that they originated in a cloud orbiting far beyond the orbit of [[Pluto]]. This cloud is now known as the [[Oort cloud]] or alternatively the Öpik-Oort Cloud in his honour. From October 1931 to the end of July 1933, Öpik, [[Harlow Shapley]] and Samuel L. Boothroyd headed the Arizona meteor expedition, which detected approximately 22,000 meteors.<ref name=arizona/> He also invented a [[rocking camera]] for the study of meteors.<ref name=rocking/><ref name=camera/> In 1951 he published a paper concerning the [[triple-alpha process]], describing the burning of [[helium-4]] into [[carbon-12]] in the cores of [[red giant]] stars. However, this achievement is often overlooked because [[Edwin Salpeter]]'s paper on the same subject had already been published by the time Öpik's paper reached Britain and the United States.<ref name=generalist/>

==Yarkovsky effect connection==
The [[Yarkovsky effect]] was discovered by the Russian civil engineer [[Ivan Osipovich Yarkovsky]] (1844–1902), who worked on scientific problems in his spare time. Writing in a pamphlet around the year 1900, Yarkovsky noted that the diurnal heating of a rotating object in space would cause it to experience a force that, while tiny, could lead to large long-term effects in the orbits of small bodies, especially meteoroids and small asteroids. Yarkovsky's work might have been forgotten had it not been for Öpik, who read Yarkovsky's pamphlet sometime around 1909. Decades later, Öpik discussed the possible importance of the Yarkovsky effect for moving meteoroids about the solar system.

==Exile==
Öpik fled his native country in 1944 because the approaching [[Red Army]] raised fear among Estonians. Living as a refugee in Germany, he became the Estonian [[rector (academia)|rector]] of the [[Baltic University]] in Exile in the [[Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe|displaced persons camp]]s. In 1948 he was offered a post in [[Armagh]] and remained there despite offers of lucrative jobs in America. From the early 1960s to the mid-1970s he also held a position at the [[University of Maryland]], which he visited annually, typically for one semester. As air travel became more common, his refusal to fly made travel to the U.S. from Armagh systematically more difficult and he eventually ceased the annual ritual.

==Awards==
He won the [[J. Lawrence Smith Medal]] from the [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1960, the [[Meteoritical Society]] Frederick C. Leonard Memorial Medal in 1968, the Kepler Gold Medal from the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] & Meteoritical Society in 1972, the [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] in 1975 and the [[Bruce Medal]] in 1976.

==Papers==
* 1951: "[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951PRIA...54..165O/abstract Collision probability with the planets and the distribution of planetary matter]", Proc. R. Irish Acad. Sect. A, vol. 54, p. 165-199
* 1958: "Physics of Meteor Flight in the Atmosphere".<ref name=meteor/>
* 1976: "[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976dsss....2.....O/abstract Interplanetary encounters: Close-range gravitational interactions]", Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., "Developments in Solar System and Space Science", vol 2
* 1977: "[https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1977ARA%26A..15....1O About dogma in science and other recollections of an astronomer]". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 15, p. 1

==Books==
* 2004: ''[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3306017M/Physics%20of%20meteor%20flight%20in%20the%20atmosphere Physics of Meteor Flight in the Atmosphere]'', [[Dover Publications]], {{ISBN|0486438856}}

==Legacy==
The [[Oort cloud]] is sometimes called "Öpik-Oort cloud". The [[Comet Interceptor]]'s Optical Periscopic Imager for Comets (OPIC) instrument is named after Ernst Öpik to celebrate the first Estonia's contribution to a science mission of the [[European Space Agency]].<ref name=techno/>

The [[asteroid]] [[2099 Öpik]] is named in his honour. The crater [[Öpik (crater)|Öpik]] on the [[Mars|Martian]] moon [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] is also named for him.

He was the father of the atomic physicist [[Uuno Öpik]]. His grandson, [[Lembit Öpik]], was the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Member of Parliament]] for [[Montgomeryshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Montgomeryshire]] in [[Wales]] from 1997 to 2010.

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=IAJ>"Fifty Years of the Irish Astronomical Journal"
[https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2000IrAJ...27....7G Fifty Years of the Irish Astronomical Journal], by A.G. Gunn & J. McFarland, Irish Astronomical Journal, vol. 27, iss. 1, p. 7 (2000)</ref>
<ref name=meteor>{{cite book|last1=Öpik|first1=Ernst Julius|title=Physics of meteor flight in the atmosphere.|date=1958|publisher=Interscience Publishers|location=New York|language=en|oclc=837979}}</ref>
<ref name=techno>{{Cite web |url=https://ut.ee/en/content/estonian-technology-be-part-european-space-agencys-mission-first-time |title=Estonian technology to be part of the European Space Agency's mission for the first time, University of Tartu, 26.06.2019|date=26 June 2019 }}</ref>
<ref name=binary>{{cite journal|last=Öpik |first=Ernst|date=December 1916 |title=The Densities of Visual Binary Stars|journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=44 |pages=292–302 |bibcode=1916ApJ....44..292O|doi=10.1086/142296|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=arizona>{{cite journal|author=Öpik, Ernst|title=Meteor Heights from the Arizona Expedition|journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A|year=1936|volume=22|issue=9|pmc=1076809|doi=10.1073/pnas.22.9.525 |bibcode = 1936PNAS...22..525O|pmid=16588103|pages=525–530|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name=rocking>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arm.ac.uk/history/opik/opik.html |title=Rocking Camera – Armagh Observatory |access-date=26 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226023323/http://www.arm.ac.uk/history/opik/opik.html |archive-date=26 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=andromeda>{{cite journal|last=Öpik |first=Ernst|year=1922|title=An estimate of the distance of the Andromeda Nebula|journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=55 |pages=406–410|bibcode=1922ApJ....55..406O | doi=10.1086/142680}}</ref>
<ref name=camera>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arm.ac.uk/history/instruments/Rocking-mirror-meteor-camera.html |title=Rocking-mirror Meteor Camera – Armagh Observatory |access-date=26 August 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034402/http://www.arm.ac.uk/history/instruments/Rocking-mirror-meteor-camera.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=generalist>Salpeter, Edwin E. "A Generalist Looks Back". ''[[Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics]].'' 2002. 40:1–25. pg. 9</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [https://tospexgroup.space/node/7 Optical Periscopic Imager for Comets (OPIC) Tartu Observatory Space Exploration Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926161256/https://tospexgroup.space/node/7 |date=26 September 2023 }}
* [http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Opik/index.html Sonoma State University on Ernst Öpik]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150828064032/https://star.arm.ac.uk/history/opik/biog.html Armagh Observatory on Ernst Öpik]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090206151712/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23392706-details/Lembit%20and%20his%20very%20cheeky%20family/article.do Evening Standard (London); "Lembit and his Very Cheeky Family"]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Opik, Ernst}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kunda, Estonia]]
[[Category:People from Kreis Wierland]]
[[Category:20th-century astronomers]]
[[Category:Estonian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:Estonian astronomers]]
[[Category:Planetary scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Estonian scientists]]
[[Category:Astronomers from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Moscow State University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Tartu alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Estonian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:White movement people]]
[[Category:Estonian World War II refugees]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
[[Category:Estonian emigrants to Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:People from Armagh (city)]]
[[Category:Scientists from County Armagh]]
[[Category:Irish astrophysicists]]