wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Good Lovin'

2025-06-24T00:00:12Z

8.2.72.64: /* Other versions */Corrected content

{{Short description|1965 single by The Rascals}}
{{for|other songs with the same name|Good Lovin' (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Good Lovin{{'-}}
| image = Good Lovin' by the Olympics (US vinyl, orange label).png
| alt =
| caption = US single of the Olympics' recording
| type = single
| artist = [[The Olympics (band)|the Olympics]]
| album =
| B-side = Olympic Shuffle
| released = 1965
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Doo-wop]]<ref name="Number Ones 2022">{{cite book|last= Breihan|first= Tom|chapter= Chubby Checker - "The Twist|date= November 15, 2022|title= The Number Ones: Twenty Chart-Topping Hits That Reveal the History of Pop Music|publisher=[[Hachette Book Group]]|location= New York|page= 20}}</ref>
| length =
| label = [[Loma Records|Loma]]
| writer = [[Rudy Clark]], [[Arthur Resnick]]
| producer = [[Jerry Ragovoy]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Good Lovin{{'-}}
| cover = Good Lovin' - The Young Rascals.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[the Young Rascals]]
| album = [[The Young Rascals (album)|The Young Rascals]]
| B-side = [[Mustang Sally (song)|Mustang Sally]]
| released = February 21, 1966
| recorded = February 1, 1966
| studio =
| venue =
| genre =
* [[Rock music|Rock]]<ref name= "Breihan 2021">{{cite web|first= Tom |last= Breihan |title= The Number Ones: Bobby McFerrin's "Don't Worry, Be Happy|website= [[Stereogum]] |date= May 26, 2021|url= https://www.stereogum.com/2148854/the-number-ones-bobby-mcferrins-dont-worry-be-happy/columns/the-number-ones/|quote= ...doing a cappella takes on ’60s rock oldies like the Beatles’ “Drive My Car” and the Young Rascals’ “Good Lovin|accessdate= November 12, 2023}}</ref><ref name= "Marsh 1989">{{cite book|first=Dave|last=Marsh|title=The Heart of Rock & Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t5DYDniSHEC|date=1989|publisher=[[Plume (publisher)|Plume]]|isbn=0-452-26305-0|page=80}}</ref>
* [[blue-eyed soul]]<ref name="Breithaupt 1996">{{cite book|title= Precious and Few - Pop Music in the Early '70s|first1=Don|last1=Breithaupt|first2= Jeff|last2= Breithaupt|date= October 15, 1996|chapter= Color Blind: Blue-eyed Soul|page= 43|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press|St. Martin's Griffin]]|isbn=031214704X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMPCAwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="AllMusic Unterberger">{{AllMusic |class=album |id=mw0000215543|title= Various Artists - ''Chartbusters USA, Vol. 2'' (2002) Review |last= Richie|first= Unterberger|access-date= November 16, 2024}}</ref>
| length = 2:28
| label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]
| writer = [[Rudy Clark]] [[Arthur Resnick]]
| producer = [[Arif Mardin]], [[Tom Dowd]]
| prev_title = [[I Ain't Gonna Eat Out My Heart Anymore]]
| prev_year = 1965
| next_title = [[You Better Run]]
| next_year = 1966
}}

"'''Good Lovin{{'-}}'''" is a song written by [[Rudy Clark]] and [[Arthur Resnick]] that was a #1 hit single for [[The Rascals|the Young Rascals]] in 1966.

==Original version==
The song was first recorded by Lemme B. Good (stage name of singer [[Limmie Snell]]) in March 1965 and written by [[Rudy Clark]]. The following month it was recorded with different lyrics by R&B artists [[The Olympics (band)|The Olympics]], produced by [[Jerry Ragovoy]]; this version reached #81 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|Billboard Pop Singles chart]].

==The Young Rascals' version==
The tale has been told that Rascal [[Felix Cavaliere]] heard The Olympics' recording on a [[New York City]] radio station and the group added it to their concert repertoire, using the same lyrics and virtually the same arrangement as The Olympics' version. Co-producer [[Tom Dowd]] captured this live feel on their 1966 recording, even though the group did not think the performance held together well. "Good Lovin{{'"}} rose to the top of the ''Billboard'' Pop Singles chart in the spring of 1966 and represented the Young Rascals' first real hit.

{{multiple image
| footer = The Rascals performing "Good Lovin{{'"}} during their 2013 ''Once Upon a Dream'' show, the video screen projecting familiar lines from the song's build-up and chorus.
| width = 128
| image1 =
| image2 =
}}

"Good Lovin{{'"}} is one of [[The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll]], and was ranked #333 on [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]] list.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/the-young-rascals-good-lovin-20110526 |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=April 7, 2011 |access-date=October 1, 2015}}</ref> Writer [[Dave Marsh]] placed it at #108 in his 1989 book ''The Heart of Rock and Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made'', saying it is "the greatest example ever of a remake surpassing the quality of an original without changing a thing about the arrangement." {{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

===Charts===
{| class="wikitable"
!Chart (1966)
!Peak position
|-
|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|}

==Other versions==
{{trivia|section|date=July 2020}}
British group [[Brian Poole]] and [[the Tremeloes]] released their version in 1965, before the Young Rascals single. In June 1965, [[The Who]] recorded a live version for the radio program ''[[Top Gear (radio show)|Top Gear]]''. That version would be featured on the 2000 BBC Sessions album.

[[Tommy James and the Shondells]] released a version on their 1966 album [[Hanky Panky (Tommy James and the Shondells album)|''Hanky Panky'']].

Gilberto Cruz Sextet covered the song for their LP ''The Groovy Sounds'', the first LP recorded by [[Cotique Records]], a label founded by George Goldner for [[salsa music]], [[Soul music|soul]] and [[funk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/es/Gilberto-Sextet-The-Groovy-Sounds-Of-The-Gilberto-Sextet/release/5670471|title=Gilberto Sextet – the Groovy Sounds of the Gilberto Sextet (1968, Vinyl)|website=[[Discogs]] |year=1968 }}</ref>

[[The Residents]] recorded a [[Cover version|cover]] of the song for the album ''[[The Third Reich 'n Roll]]'' as a part of "Hitler was a Vegetarian".

[[Mary Wells]] included her version of the song on her 1966 album ''[[The Two Sides of Mary Wells]]''.


"Good Lovin{{'"}} was the title song of a 2008 album by Australian singer [[David Joseph Campbell|David Campbell]].

A popular version was by the [[Grateful Dead]], who made it a workhorse of their concert rotation, appearing almost every year from 1969 on.<ref>[http://www.deaddisc.com/songs/Good_Lovin.htm "Good Lovin{{'"}}] The Grateful Dead Discography.</ref> It was sung in their early years during the 1960s and early 1970s by [[Ron "Pigpen" McKernan]] and later by [[Bob Weir]]. The Weir rendition was recorded for the group's 1978 ''[[Shakedown Street]]'' album and came in for a good amount of criticism: ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' said it "feature[d] aimless ensemble work and vocals that Bob Weir should never have attempted."<ref>Gary Von Tersch, [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/shakedown-street-182714/ "Shakedown Street"], ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', March 8, 1979.</ref> On November 11, 1978, the Grateful Dead performed it on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''.

[[John Paul Young]] covered the song on his album ''[[The Singer (John Paul Young album)|The Singer]]'' (1981).

[[Bobby McFerrin]] recorded a version for his ''[[Simple Pleasures (Bobby McFerrin album)|Simple Pleasures]]'' album in 1988.

[[Bruce Springsteen]] performed a version in 2009 at the [[London Calling: Live in Hyde Park]] concert.

==Film and television appearances==
{{trivia|section|date=July 2020}}
The Rascals' "Good Lovin{{'"}} was used in 1983 the film ''[[The Big Chill (film)|The Big Chill]]''. The false ending was used for dramatic effect, in which the character Chloe says about the character who committed suicide, while the song is playing in the background.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}.

In the ''[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]'' episode "Atomic Shakespeare," (S3, E7), David Addison ([[Bruce Willis]]) performed the song in-character as Petruchio, in the episode's parody of ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]''.

A cover of the song "Good Lovin{{'"}} was used in 1988 the film ''[[Salsa (film)|Salsa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/salsa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1436235636|title=Salsa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|access-date=November 13, 2022|website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

In The ''[[Step by Step (TV series)|Step by Step]]'' TV show , season 1 Episode 17 of episode "Boys in the Band" originally Broadcast on February 14, 1992 [[Suzanne Somers]] Sings the Song

On the May 21, 2018, episode of reality television singing competition show ''[[The Voice (U.S. season 14)|The Voice]]'', Team [[Alicia Keys|Alicia (Keys)]] member [[Britton Buchanan]] performed the song as his cover performance during the finale. His performance charted in the top ten on [[iTunes]] and contributed to his second-place finish behind Team [[Kelly Clarkson|Kelly (Clarkson)]] finalist [[Brynn Cartelli]].

==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications for "Good Lovin"}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|artist=The Rascals|title=Good Lovin|award=Gold|type=single|relyear=1966|certyear=2024|access-date=9 May 2024}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true|noshipments=true|streaming=true}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{The Rascals}}
{{Tommy James and the Shondells}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1965 singles]]
[[Category:1966 singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Rudy Clark]]
[[Category:Songs written by Artie Resnick]]
[[Category:The Olympics (band) songs]]
[[Category:The Rascals songs]]
[[Category:Grateful Dead songs]]
[[Category:Tommy James and the Shondells songs]]
[[Category:Hanson (band) songs]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Arif Mardin]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Tom Dowd]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Cashbox number-one singles]]
[[Category:RPM Top Singles number-one singles]]
[[Category:Atlantic Records singles]]
[[Category:Decca Records singles]]
[[Category:1965 songs]]

Fallout shelter

2025-06-22T23:12:17Z

8.2.72.64: /* Fallout shelters in popular culture */Added content

{{Short description|Enclosed space designated to protect occupants from radioactive debris from a nuclear explosion}}
{{About||the 2015 video game|Fallout Shelter|the Island Records studio known as The Fallout Shelter|22 St Peter's Square|the Yugoslav hard rock band known internationally as Atomic Shelter|Atomsko Sklonište}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2014}}
[[File:Fallout shelter sign (US).jpg|thumb|A fallout shelter sign in the United States of America, designed in 1961 by [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] director of administrative logistics support function [[Robert Blakeley|Robert W. Blakeley]]]]
[[File:Fallout shelter photo.png|thumb|Idealized American fallout shelter, around 1957]]
{{Nuclear weapons}}

A '''fallout shelter''' is an enclosed space specially designated to protect occupants from radioactive debris or [[nuclear fallout|fallout]] resulting from a [[nuclear explosion]]. Many such shelters were constructed as [[civil defense]] measures during the [[Cold War]].

During a nuclear explosion, matter vaporized in the resulting fireball is exposed to neutrons from the explosion, absorbs them, and becomes [[radioactivity|radioactive]]. When this material condenses in the rain, it forms dust and light sandy materials that resemble ground [[pumice]]. The fallout emits [[Alpha particle|alpha]] and [[beta particle]]s, as well as [[gamma ray]]s.

Much of this highly radioactive material falls to Earth, subjecting anything within the line of sight to radiation, becoming a significant [[radioactive contamination|hazard]]. A fallout shelter is designed to allow its occupants to minimize exposure to harmful fallout until radioactivity has [[Radioactive decay|decayed]] to a safer level, over a few weeks or months.

== Principle ==
A fallout shelter is designed to protect its occupants from:

* the mechanical and thermal effects of a nuclear explosion (or nuclear accident);<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-27 |title=Un abri antiatomique au fond de votre jardin |url=https://www.capital.fr/votre-argent/un-abri-antiatomique-au-fond-de-votre-jardin-1202870 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Capital.fr |language=fr}}</ref>
* radioactive fallout, allowing them to survive for a period of time deemed sufficient to allow them to escape safely.

== History ==

=== North America ===
[[File:Fallout shelter water storage can.jpg|thumb|Fallout shelter water storage can: a {{convert|17+1/2|usgal|L|order=flip|sp=us}} barrel issued by the U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Civil Defense. 1963]] During the [[Cold War]], many countries built fallout shelters for high-ranking government officials and crucial military facilities, such as [[Project Greek Island]] and the [[Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker]] in the United States and Canada's [[Emergency Government Headquarters]]. Plans were made, however, to use existing buildings with sturdy below-ground-level basements as makeshift fallout shelters. These buildings were [[placard]]ed with the orange-yellow and black [[trefoil]] sign designed by [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] director of administrative logistics support function [[Robert Blakeley|Robert W. Blakeley]] in 1961.<ref name="rdmcfddnnyt">{{cite web |last1=McFadden |first1=Robert |title=Robert Blakeley, Who Created a Sign of the Cold War, Dies at 95 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/obituaries/robert-blakeley-whose-fallout-shelter-sign-symbolized-the-cold-war-dies-at-95.html?_r=0 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805160704/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/obituaries/robert-blakeley-whose-fallout-shelter-sign-symbolized-the-cold-war-dies-at-95.html?_r=0 |archive-date=5 August 2018 |language=en |date=27 October 2017}}</ref>

The [[National Emergency Alarm Repeater]] (NEAR) program was developed in the United States in 1956 during the Cold War to supplement the existing siren [[warning systems]] and radio broadcasts in the event of a [[nuclear attack]]. The NEAR civilian alarm device was engineered and tested but the program was not viable and was terminated in 1967.<ref name=nearProgram>{{cite web|title=Episode 709, Story 3: N.E.A.R Device|url=http://www-tc.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/static/media/transcripts/2011-05-22/709_near.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060606/http://www-tc.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/static/media/transcripts/2011-05-22/709_near.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-21 |url-status=dead|website=pbs.com|publisher=Oregon Public Broadcasting|access-date=October 9, 2014|page=11|format=transcript|year=2009}}</ref>

In the U.S. in September 1961, under the direction of [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Americas' Security Affairs#Precedent|Steuart L. Pittman]], the federal government started the Community Fallout Shelter Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civildefensemuseum.com/cdmuseum2/commun.html|title=Civil Defense Museum-Community Shelter Tours Main Page|publisher=civildefensemuseum.com|access-date=September 14, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mywebtimes.com/archives/ottawa/display.php?id=366305|title=FALLOUT FEVER: Civil Defense shelters dotted area cities during the Cold War – My Web Times|publisher=mywebtimes.com|access-date=September 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305044705/http://mywebtimes.com/archives/ottawa/display.php?id=366305|archive-date=March 5, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> A letter from [[John F. Kennedy|President Kennedy]] advising the use of fallout shelters appeared in the September 1961 issue of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.em.doe.gov/Publications/timeline_sep1961.aspx |title=DOE.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107064343/http://www.em.doe.gov/Publications/timeline_sep1961.aspx |archive-date=7 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1961 to 1963, home fallout shelter sales grew, but eventually{{when|date=March 2023}} there was a public backlash against the fallout shelter as a consumer product.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bishop|first=Thomas|date=2019|title="The Struggle to Sell Survival": Family Fallout Shelters and the Limits of Consumer Citizenship|journal=Modern American History|language=en|volume=2|issue=02|pages=117–138|doi=10.1017/mah.2019.8|issn=2515-0456|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In November 1961, in ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine, an article by Gilbert Burck appeared that outlined the plans of [[Nelson Rockefeller]], [[Edward Teller]], [[Herman Kahn]], and [[Chet Holifield]] for an enormous network of concrete-lined underground fallout shelters throughout the United States sufficient to shelter millions of people to serve as a refuge in case of [[nuclear war]].<ref>[[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune'']] magazine November 1961 Pages 112–115 et al</ref>

The United States ended federal funding for the shelters in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bearman|first1=Sophie|title=Thinking the unthinkable: Don't rely on these historic fallout shelters in case of a nuclear attack|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/06/thinking-the-unthinkable-dont-rely-on-these-historic-fallout-shelters-in-case-of-a-nuclear-attack.html|access-date=27 December 2017|publisher=CNBC|date=6 Oct 2017}}</ref> In 2017, New York City began removing the yellow signs since members of the public are unlikely to find edible food and usable medicine inside those rooms.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Allen|first1=Jonathan|title=New York City To Remove Misleading Nuclear Fallout Shelter Signs|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/new-york-city-nuclear-fallout-shleter-signs_us_5a43816ce4b025f99e18e04d?ncid=inblnkushpmg00000009|access-date=27 December 2017|agency=Reuters|work=Huffington Post|date=27 December 2017}}</ref>

====Atomitat====
The [[Atomitat]] was an underground house in [[Plainview, Texas]]: it was designed by [[Jay Swayze]] and completed in 1962. The house was designed in response to the fear of nuclear war during the Cold War. The house was designed to be an "atomic-habitat" which met the [[United States Civil Defense]] specifications.<ref name="KCBD">{{cite news |title=Whatever Happened to the Atomitat? |url=https://www.kcbd.com/story/884442/whatever-happened-to-the-atomitat/ |access-date=26 April 2022 |agency=KCBD |publisher=A Gray Media Group, Inc |date=6 August 2002}}</ref> It was the first bunker-house to meet their specifications as a nuclear shelter.<ref name="McDonough">{{cite news |last1=McDonough |first1=Doug |title=Atomitat House used in 1966 propaganda film |url=https://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Atomitat-House-used-in-1966-propaganda-film-8414795.php#photo-10645855 |access-date=26 April 2022 |publisher=Plainview Herald |date=27 April 2012 |archive-date=March 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310202028/https://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Atomitat-House-used-in-1966-propaganda-film-8414795.php#photo-10645855 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Swayze also built an underground house for the [[1964 New York World's Fair]]: it was called the [[Underground World Home]].<ref name="Bounds">{{cite book |last1=Bounds |first1=Anna Maria |title=Bracing for the apocalypse : an ethnographic study of New York's 'prepper' subculture |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=978-0415788489 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ennpDwAAQBAJ&dq=Underground+World+Home+world%27s+fair&pg=PT52 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
Similar projects have been undertaken in [[Finland]], which requires all buildings with area over 600 m2 to have an NBC (nuclear-biological-chemical) shelter, and [[Norway]], which requires all buildings with an area over 1000 m2 to have a shelter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/jd/xd-19950315-0254.html |title=FOR 1995-03-15 nr 254: Forskrift om tilfluktsrom |publisher=Lovdata.no |access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref>

The former [[Soviet Union]] and other Eastern Bloc countries often designed their underground mass-transit and subway tunnels to serve as bomb and fallout shelters in the event of an attack. Currently, the deepest subway line in the world is situated in [[St Petersburg]] in [[Russia]], with an average depth of 60 meters, while the second deepest subway station is [[Arsenalna (Kyiv Metro)|Arsenalna]] in [[Kyiv]], at 105.5 meters.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pile |first1=Tim |title=Going underground: the cheapest, deepest, oldest subway systems in the world – but which is home to its own mosquito? |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/3119562/going-underground-cheapest-deepest-oldest-subway |website=South China Morning Post |date=January 29, 2021 |publisher=SCMP Publishers |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060723/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/3119562/going-underground-cheapest-deepest-oldest-subway |archive-date=6 September 2021}}</ref>

Germany has protected shelters for 3% of its population, [[Austria]] for 30%, [[Finland]] for 70%, [[Sweden]] for 81%,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.se/20171101/why-sweden-is-home-to-65000-fallout-shelters/|title=Why Sweden is home to 65,000 fallout shelters |newspaper=The Local Sweden |date=November 2017 |publisher=thelocal.se |access-date=June 1, 2021}}</ref> and Switzerland for 114%.<ref name=SWI/>

==== Bosnia ====
[[File:BunkerTito-Acceso.jpg|left|thumb|266x266px|Bosnia's Ark underground facility.]]
The [[Armijska Ratna Komanda D-0]], also known as the Ark,<ref name="visitmycountry1">{{cite web |url=http://www.visitmycountry.net/bosnia_herzegovina/bh/index.php/160-turisticke-atrakcije/nase-preporuke/360-titov-bunker-ark-d0-konjic |title=Titov bunker ARK D0 - Konjic |publisher=Visitmycountry.net |date= |accessdate=2015-10-21 |archive-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530220407/http://www.visitmycountry.net/bosnia_herzegovina/bh/index.php/160-turisticke-atrakcije/nase-preporuke/360-titov-bunker-ark-d0-konjic |url-status=dead }}</ref> was a Cold War-era nuclear bunker and military command centre located near the town of [[Konjic]]<ref name="sandzacke1">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.sandzacke.rs/magazin/zanimljivosti-zabava/ark-najvece-atomsko-skloniste-bivse-jugoslavije/ |title=ARK – najveće atomsko sklonište bivše Jugoslavije (VIDEO) – Sandžačke novine |publisher=Sandzacke.rs |date= |accessdate=2015-10-21 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref name="biennialfoundation1">{{cite web|url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/biennials/d-0-ark-biennial-bosnia-and-herzegovina/|title=D-0 ARK Biennial (Bosnia and Herzegovina) |publisher=Biennial Foundation |date= |accessdate=2015-10-21}}</ref> Built to protect [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] President [[Josip Broz Tito]] and up to 350 members of his inner circle<ref name="visitmycountry1" /> in the event of an [[World War III|atomic exchange]], the structure is made up of residential areas, conference rooms, offices, strategic planning rooms, and other areas.<ref name="biennialfoundation1" /> The bunker remained a state secret until after the [[Yugoslavia Wars|breakup of Yugoslavia]] in the 1990s.<ref name="wondersofnaturewith.blogspot.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://wondersofnaturewith.blogspot.com/2011/01/objekat-d0-konjic.html|title=WONDERS OF NATURE WITH: DO KONJIC BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA|date=January 1, 2011}}</ref>

The facility is now under the authority of the [[Ministry of Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Ministry of Defense]] and is managed by the country's [[Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina|military]], guarded by a five-soldier detachment,<ref name="visitmycountry1" /> but is designated by [[Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina|KONS]] as [[National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina|National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and used as exhibition space for project such as Cultural Event of Europe with strong UNESCO support, and tourist attraction.<ref name="biennialfoundation1" />
[[File:Željava, Underground 5.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Željava underground military airport]]
Another underground facility is [[Željava Air Base]]''',''' situated on the border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and [[Croatia]] under the {{Lang|sh|[[Gola Plješevica]]|italic=no}} mountain, near the city of [[Bihać]]. It was the largest [[Underground hangar|underground]] [[airport]] and [[military air base]] in the [[SFR Yugoslavia|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (SFRY), and one of the largest in Europe. The role of the facility was to establish, integrate and coordinate a nationwide [[early warning radar]] network in SFRY akin to [[NORAD]] in the US. The complex contained tunnels in total length of 3.5 km (2.2 mi), and the bunker with four entrances protected by 100-ton pressurized doors, three of which were customized for use by [[fixed-wing aircraft]]. capable in housing two full fighter [[Squadron (aviation)|squadrons]], one reconnaissance squadron, and associated maintenance facilities. It was designed and built to sustain a direct hit from a 20-[[kiloton]] [[nuclear bomb]], equivalent to that dropped on [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Nagasaki]]. The underground facility was lined with semicircular concrete shields, arranged every 10 km (6.2 mi), to cushion the impact of incoming strike. The complex included an underground water source, power generators, crew quarters, and other strategic military facilities. It also housed a [[Cafeteria|mess hall]] that could feed 1,000 people simultaneously, along with stores of food, fuel and arms sufficient to last 30 days. Fuel was supplied by a 20 km (12 mi) underground pipe network connected to a military warehouse on Pokoj Hill near [[Bihać]]. Nowadays, they are popular for [[urban exploration]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Zeljava Airbase |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/zeljava-airbase |accessdate=27 April 2017 |publisher=[[Atlas Obscura]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 17, 1968 |title=Underground Aircraft Dispersal Bihac Airfield, Yugoslavia 44-50N 015-47E |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB439/docs/Underground-Doc4.pdf |access-date=28 July 2022 |work=[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|National Photographic Interpretation Center]] |via=nsarchive2.gwu.edu}}</ref><ref name="lybi">{{cite web |title=Zeljava-jna_jedinice |url=http://www.zeljava-lybi.com/opis_eng.html |accessdate=27 April 2017 |publisher=}}</ref>

==== Switzerland ====
[[File:Sonnenbergtunnel.jpg|thumb|The [[Sonnenberg Tunnel]], in [[Switzerland]], was the world's largest civilian [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear]] fallout shelter, designed to protect 20,000 [[civilian]]s in the eventuality of war or disaster ([[civil defense]] function abandoned in 2006).<ref name=SWI/><ref name=Frammery/>]]

[[Switzerland]] built an extensive network of fallout shelters, not only through extra hardening of government buildings such as schools, but also through a building regulation requiring nuclear shelters in residential buildings since the 1960s (the first legal basis in this sense dates from 4 October 1963).<ref name=Frammery>{{in lang|fr}} Catherine Frammery, [https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/2016/08/15/entrailles-sonnenberg-monstrueux-temoin-guerre-froide "Dans les entrailles du Sonnenberg, monstrueux témoin de la Guerre froide"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006110917/https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/2016/08/15/entrailles-sonnenberg-monstrueux-temoin-guerre-froide |date=October 6, 2017 }}, ''[[Le temps]]'', Monday 15 August 2016 (page visited on 15 August 2015).</ref> Later, the law ensured that all residential buildings built after 1978 contained a nuclear shelter able to withstand a blast from a 12-megaton explosion at a distance of 700 metres.<ref name=wsj4>{{cite news|last=Ball|first=Deborah|title=Swiss Renew Push for Bomb Shelters|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304231204576405700994655570|access-date=December 18, 2012|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=June 25, 2011}}</ref> The ''Federal Law on the Protection of the Population and Civil Protection'' still requires that every inhabitant should have a place in a shelter close to where they live.<ref name=SWI>{{in lang|fr}} Daniele Mariani, [http://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/a-chacun-son-bunker/7485678 "À chacun son bunker"], [[Swissinfo]], 23 October 2009 (page visited on 5 August 2015).</ref>

The Swiss authorities maintained large communal shelters (such as the Sonnenberg Tunnel until 2006) stocked with over four months of food and fuel.<ref name=wsj4/> The reference ''[[Nuclear War Survival Skills]]'' declared that, as of 1986, "Switzerland has the best civil defense system, one that already includes blast shelters for over 85% of all its citizens."<ref name=NWSS1>{{cite book|last=Kearny|first=Cresson H|title=Nuclear War Survival Skills|year=1986|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory|location=Oak Ridge, TN|isbn=0-942487-01-X|pages=6–10|url=http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p911.htm}}</ref> As of 2006, there were about 300,000 shelters built in private residences, institutions and hospitals, as well as 5,100 public shelters for a total of 8.6 million places, a level of coverage equal to 114% of the population.<ref name=SWI/>

In Switzerland, most residential shelters are no longer stocked with the food and water required for prolonged habitation and a large number have been converted by the owners to other uses (e.g., [[wine cellar]]s, ski rooms, [[gyms]]),<ref name=wsj4/> but a legal obligation to ensure that the shelters are properly maintained remains in effect.<ref name=SWI/>

====United Kingdom====
{{Main|Royal Observer Corps monitoring post|ROTOR|Regional seat of government}}
In the United Kingdom, a network of fallout shelters were built across the country for use by the [[Royal Observer Corps]] in its nuclear reporting role.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ravilious |first1=Kate |title=Descend Into Great Britain's Network of Secret Nuclear Bunkers |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/england-secret-nuclear-bunkers |website=Atlas Obscura |access-date=17 January 2024 |date=11 September 2018}}</ref> Other shelters were built for the purposes of the [[ROTOR]] radar system<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Sandy |editor-last=Hunter |first=Alec |last=Morris |title=UK Control & Reporting System from the End of WWII to ROTOR and Beyond |encyclopedia=Defending Northern Skies |publisher=Royal Air Force Historical Society|date=1996|page=104}}</ref> and the [[regional seat of government]] scheme.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Matthew |title=After the Bomb: Civil Defence and Nuclear War in Britain, 1945–68 |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |isbn=978-0-230-20542-0}}</ref> The [[Military citadels under London#Pindar|Pindar]] complex in London is intended to provide its inhabitants with fallout protection in the event of nuclear attack,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=T 640/384 |url=http://09b37156ee7ea2a93a5e-6db7349bced3b64202e14ff100a12173.r35.cf1.rackcdn.com/HMTPO/PO-CH-NL%200084%20PART%20A.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407112630/http://09b37156ee7ea2a93a5e-6db7349bced3b64202e14ff100a12173.r35.cf1.rackcdn.com/HMTPO/PO-CH-NL%200084%20PART%20A.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2024 |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> as was the earlier [[Central Government War Headquarters]] in Corsham.<ref name="Colson">{{cite news|last=Colson|first=Thomas|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-burlington-bunker-britains-secret-underground-city-2017-1|title=Inside Britain's secret underground city built during the Cold War to protect the government from nuclear attack|work=Business Insider|date=8 May 2017|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=13 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232014/http://uk.businessinsider.com/inside-burlington-bunker-britains-secret-underground-city-2017-1|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Details of shelter construction ==
[[File:Swiss Civil Defense Bunker (15710856390).jpg|thumb|Door of a public fallout shelter in Switzerland (2014).]]
[[File:Big german fire door 1.png|thumb|Large fire door, sealing a fallout and air raid shelter inside the basement parking garage of a hotel in Germany.]]

=== Shielding ===
A basic fallout shelter consists of shields that reduce gamma ray exposure by a factor of 1000. The required shielding can be accomplished with 10 times the [[Radiation protection#Shielding design|thickness]] of any quantity of material capable of cutting gamma ray exposure in half. Shields that reduce gamma ray intensity by 50% (1/2) include {{convert|1|cm|in|1}} of lead, {{convert|6|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} of concrete, {{convert|9|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} of packed earth or {{convert|150|m|ft|sigfig=1}} of air. When multiple thicknesses are built, the shielding multiplies. Thus, a practical fallout shield is ten halving-thicknesses of packed earth, reducing gamma rays by approximately 1024 times (210).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.derose.net/steve/guides/emergency/hardened.html|title=Halving-thickness for various materials|work=The Compass DeRose Guide to Emergency Preparedness – Hardened Shelters|access-date=August 15, 2012|archive-date=January 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235733/http://www.derose.net/steve/guides/emergency/hardened.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Usually, an expedient purpose-built fallout shelter is a trench; with a strong roof buried by 1 m (3 ft) of earth. The two ends of the trench have ramps or entrances at right angles to the trench, so that gamma rays cannot enter (they can travel only in straight lines). To make the overburden waterproof (in case of rain), a plastic sheet may be buried a few inches below the surface and held down with rocks or bricks.<ref name=NWSS6>{{cite book|last=Kearny|first=Cresson H|title=Nuclear War Survival Skills|year=1986|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory|location=Oak Ridge, TN|isbn=0-942487-01-X|pages=37–45|url=http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p916.htm|quote="The 3-foot thickness of earth shown (or a 2-foot thickness of concrete) will provide an effective barrier, attenuating (absorbing) about 99.9%, of all gamma rays from fallout." "A right-angle turn, either from a vertical or horizontal entry, causes a reduction of about 90%." "...a large piece of 4-mil-thick polyethylene was placed over the mound. This waterproof material served as a "buried roof" after it was covered with more earth."}}</ref>

Blast doors are designed to absorb the shock wave of a nuclear blast, bending and then returning to their original shape.<ref name=lostworlds>{{cite episode|title= Secret U.S. Bunkers|series=[[Lost Worlds (TV series)|Lost Worlds]]|network=The History Channel|date=August 29, 2007|number=18}}</ref>

=== Climate control ===
Dry earth is a reasonably good thermal insulator, but over several weeks of habitation, a shelter will become dangerously hot.<ref name=NWSS7/> The simplest form of effective fan to cool a shelter is a wide, heavy frame with flaps that swing in the shelter's doorway and can be swung from hinges on the ceiling. The flaps open in one direction and close in the other, pumping air. (This is a [[Kearny air pump]], or KAP, named after the inventor, [[Cresson Kearny]].)

Unfiltered air is safe, since the most dangerous fallout has the consistency of sand or finely ground pumice.<ref name=NWSS7/> Such large particles are not easily ingested into the soft tissues of the body, so extensive filters are not required. Any exposure to fine dust is far less hazardous than exposure to the fallout outside the shelter. Dust fine enough to pass the entrance will probably pass through the shelter.<ref name=NWSS7>{{cite book|last=Kearny|first=Cresson H|title=Nuclear War Survival Skills |year= 1986|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory|location=Oak Ridge, TN|isbn=0-942487-01-X |pages=51–56 |url=http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p917.htm}}</ref> Some shelters, however, incorporate [[Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear|NBC]]-filters for additional protection.

=== Locations ===
Effective public shelters can be the middle floors of some tall buildings or parking structures, or below ground level in most buildings with more than 10 floors. The thickness of the upper floors must form an effective shield, and the windows of the sheltered area must not view fallout-covered ground that is closer than 1.5 km (1 mi). One of Switzerland's solutions is to use road tunnels passing through the mountains, with some of these shelters being able to protect tens of thousands.<ref name=BBC1>{{cite news|last=Foulkes|first=Imogen|title=Swiss still braced for nuclear war|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6347519.stm|access-date=August 15, 2012|newspaper=BBC News, Switzerland|date=February 10, 2007}}</ref>

Fallout shelters are not always underground. Above ground buildings with walls and roofs dense enough to afford a meaningful [[Radiation protection#Shielding design|protection factor]] can be used as a fallout shelter.<ref>Monteyne, David. ''Fallout Shelter: Designing for Civil Defense in the Cold War.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2011. Print.</ref>

=== Contents ===
A battery-powered radio may be helpful to get reports of fallout patterns and clearance. However, radio and other electronic equipment may be disabled by [[electromagnetic pulse]]. For example, even at the height of the Cold War, [[Electromagnetic pulse#Practical considerations for nuclear EMP|EMP protection]] had been completed for only 125 of the approximately 2,771 radio stations in the United States [[Emergency Broadcast System]]. Also, only 110 of 3,000 existing Emergency Operating Centers had been protected against EMP effects.<ref name=NWSS4>{{cite book|last=Kearny|first=Cresson H|title=Nuclear War Survival Skills|year=1986|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory|location=Oak Ridge, TN|isbn=0-942487-01-X|pages=24|url=http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p914.htm}}</ref> The Emergency Broadcast System has since been supplanted in the United States by the [[Emergency Alert System]].

The reference ''Nuclear War Survival Skills'' includes the following supplies in a list of "Minimum Pre-Crisis Preparations": one or more shovels, a pick, a bow-saw with an extra blade, a hammer, and {{convert|4|mil|mm|order=flip|1|abbr=on}} polyethylene film (also any necessary nails, wire, etc.); a homemade shelter-ventilating pump (a [[Kearny air pump|KAP]]); large containers for water; a plastic bottle of sodium hypochlorite bleach; one or two [[Kearny Fallout Meter|KFMs]] (Kearny fallout meters) and the knowledge to operate them; at least a 2-week supply of compact, nonperishable food; an efficient portable stove; wooden matches in a waterproof container; essential containers and utensils for storing, transporting, and cooking food; a hose-vented {{convert|5|usgal|L|order=flip|sigfig=1}} can, with heavy plastic bags for liners, for use as a toilet; tampons; insect screen and fly bait; any special medications needed by family members; pure [[potassium iodide]], a {{convert|2|usfloz|mL|order=flip|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} bottle, and a medicine dropper; a first-aid kit and a tube of antibiotic ointment; long-burning candles (with small wicks) sufficient for at least 14 nights; an [[Nuclear War Survival Skills#Light|oil lamp]]; a flashlight and extra batteries; and a transistor radio with extra batteries and a metal box to protect it from electromagnetic pulse.<ref name=NWSS17>{{cite book|last=Kearny|first=Cresson H|title=Nuclear War Survival Skills|year=1986|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory|location=Oak Ridge, TN|isbn=0-942487-01-X|pages=133–134|url=http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p927.htm}}</ref>

Inhabitants should have water on hand, {{convert|1|-|2|usgal|L|order=flip|sigfig=1}} per person per day. Water stored in bulk containers requires less space than water stored in smaller bottles.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hammes|first=JA|title=Fallout shelter survival research|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|year=1966|volume=22|issue=3|pages=154–159|doi=10.1002/1097-4679(196607)22:3<344::aid-jclp2270220330>3.0.co;2-v|pmid=5917900}}</ref>

==== Kearny fallout meter ====
Commercially made [[Geiger counter]]s are expensive and require frequent calibration. It is possible to construct an [[electroscope#Gold-leaf electroscope|electrometer]]-type radiation meter called the [[Kearny fallout meter]], which does not require batteries or professional calibration, from properly-scaled plans with just a coffee can or pail, gypsum board, [[monofilament fishing line]], and aluminum foil.<ref name=A>{{cite book|last=Kearny|first=Cresson H|title=The KFM, A Homemade Yet Accurate and Dependable Fallout Meter|year=1978|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory|location=Oak Ridge, TN|url=http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/rpt/112538.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040325094514/http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/rpt/112538.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2004|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Plans are freely available in the public domain in the reference ''Nuclear War Survival Skills'' by [[Cresson Kearny]].<ref name=NWSS11>{{cite book|last=Kearny|first=Cresson H|title=Nuclear War Survival Skills|year=1986|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory|location=Oak Ridge, TN|isbn=0-942487-01-X|pages=95–100|url=http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p921.htm}}</ref>

== Use ==
Inhabitants should plan to remain sheltered for at least two weeks (with an hour out at the end of the first week – see Swiss Civil Defense guidelines), then work outside for gradually increasing amounts of time, to four hours a day at three weeks. The normal work is to sweep or wash fallout into shallow trenches to decontaminate the area. They should sleep in a shelter for several months. Evacuation at three weeks is recommended by official authorities.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

If available, inhabitants may take [[potassium iodide]] at the rate of 130 mg/day per adult (65 mg/day per child) as an additional measure to protect the thyroid gland from the uptake of dangerous radioactive iodine, a component of most fallout and reactor waste.<ref name=NWSS14>{{cite book|last=Kearny|first=Cresson H|title=Nuclear War Survival Skills|year=1986|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory|location=Oak Ridge, TN|isbn=0-942487-01-X|pages=111–117|url=http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p924.htm}}</ref>

{| style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1.2em;"
|-
|[[File:Alfa beta gamma radiation penetration.svg|thumb|Relative abilities of three different types of [[ionizing radiation]] to penetrate solid matter.]]
|-
|[[File:Protectionfactorchernobyl10cm.png|thumb|The protection factor provided by '''10 cm of concrete shielding''' where the source is the idealised Chernobyl fallout.<ref name=OECD>Note that this image was drawn using data from the [http://atom.kaeri.re.kr/ton/nuc6.html ''OECD report''] and the second edition of ''The Radiochemical Manual''</ref>]]
|-
|[[File:Protectionfactorchernobyl20cm.png|thumb|The protection factor provided by '''20 cm of concrete shielding''' where the source is the idealised Chernobyl fallout.<ref name=OECD/>]]
|-
|[[File:Protectionfactorchernobyl30cm.png|thumb|The protection factor provided by '''30 cm of concrete shielding''' where the source is the idealised Chernobyl fallout.<ref name=OECD/>]]
|-
|[[File:Relativedoseratesnormalisedforday1.png|thumb|Calculated relative gamma dose rates from atomic bomb and Chernobyl fallout]]
|}

== Different types of radiation emitted by fallout ==

=== Alpha (α) ===
In the vast majority of accidents, and in all [[atomic bomb]] blasts, the threat due to beta and gamma emitters is greater than that posed by the alpha emitters in the fallout. Alpha particles are identical to a helium-4 nucleus (two protons and two neutrons), and travel at speeds in excess of 5% of the speed of light. [[Alpha particle]]s have little penetrating power; most cannot penetrate through human skin. Avoiding direct exposure with fallout particles will prevent injury from alpha radiation.<ref name=NWSSC>{{cite book|last=Kearny|first=Cresson H|title=Nuclear War Survival Skills|year=1986|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory|location=Oak Ridge, TN|isbn=0-942487-01-X|pages=45|url=http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p916.htm}}</ref>

=== Beta (β) ===
[[Beta particle|Beta radiation]] consists of particles (high-speed electrons) given off by some fallout. Most beta particles cannot penetrate more than about {{convert|3|m|ft|0}} of air or about {{convert|1/8|in|mm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} of water, wood, or human body tissue; or a sheet of aluminum foil. Avoiding direct exposure with fallout particles will prevent most injuries from beta radiation.<ref name=NWSSD/>

The primary dangers associated with beta radiation are internal exposure from ingested fallout particles and beta burns from fallout particles no more than a few days old. [[Beta burn]]s can result from contact with highly radioactive particles on bare skin; ordinary clothing separating fresh fallout particles from the skin can provide significant shielding.<ref name=NWSSD>{{cite book |last=Kearny |first=Cresson H |title=Nuclear War Survival Skills |year=1986 |publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |location=Oak Ridge, TN |isbn=0-942487-01-X |page=44 |url=http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p916.htm}}</ref>

=== Gamma (γ) ===
[[Gamma ray|Gamma radiation]] penetrates further through matter than alpha or beta radiation. Most of the design of a typical fallout shelter is intended to protect against gamma [[electromagnetic radiation|rays]]. Gamma rays are better absorbed by materials with high atomic numbers and high density, although neither effect is important compared to the total mass per area in the path of the gamma ray. Thus, lead is only modestly better as a gamma shield than an equal mass of another shielding material such as aluminum, concrete, water or soil.

Some gamma radiation from fallout will penetrate into even the best shelters. However, the radiation dose received while inside a shelter can be significantly reduced with proper shielding. Ten halving thicknesses of a given material can reduce gamma exposure to less than {{frac|1|1000}} of unshielded exposure.<ref name=NWSSE>{{cite book |last=Kearny |first=Cresson H |title=Nuclear War Survival Skills |year=1986 |publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |location=Oak Ridge, TN |isbn=0-942487-01-X |pages=11–20 |url=http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p912.htm}}</ref>

== Weapons versus nuclear accident fallout ==
The bulk of the [[radioactivity]] in nuclear accident fallout is more long-lived than that in weapons fallout. A good table of the [[nuclide]]s, such as that provided by the [[Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute]], includes the [[Nuclear fission|fission]] yields of the different nuclides. From this data it is possible to calculate the isotopic mixture in the fallout (due to [[fission products]] in bomb fallout).{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

== Other matters and simple improvements ==
While a person's home may not be a purpose-made shelter, it could be thought of as one if measures are taken to improve the degree of [[Radiation protection|fallout protection]].

=== Measures to lower the beta dose ===
The main threat of [[Radiation#Beta|beta radiation]] exposure comes from ''[[hot particle]]s'' in contact with or close to the skin of a person. Also, swallowed or inhaled hot particles could cause [[beta burn]]s. As it is important to avoid bringing hot particles into the shelter, one option is to remove one's outer clothing, or follow other [[human decontamination|decontamination procedures]], on entry. Fallout particles will cease to be radioactive enough to cause beta burns within a few days following a nuclear explosion. The danger of gamma radiation will persist for far longer than the threat of beta burns in areas with heavy fallout exposure.<ref name=NWSSA>{{cite book|last=Kearny|first=Cresson H|title=Nuclear War Survival Skills|year=1986|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory|location=Oak Ridge, TN|isbn=0-942487-01-X|pages=131|url=http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p926.htm#Message2481}}</ref>

=== Measures to lower the gamma dose rate ===
The gamma dose rate due to the contamination brought into the shelter on the clothing of a person is likely to be small (by wartime standards) compared to [[Radiation#Gamma|gamma radiation]] that penetrates through the walls of the shelter.<ref name=NWSSA/> The following measures can be taken to reduce the amount of gamma radiation entering the shelter:
* Roofs and gutters can be cleaned to lower the dose rate in the house.
* The top inch of soil in the area near the house can be either removed or dug up and mixed with the [[subsoil]]. This reduces the dose rate as the gamma rays have to pass through the topsoil before they can irradiate anything above.
* Nearby roads can be rinsed and washed down to remove dust and debris; the fallout would collect in the sewers and gutters for easier disposal. In [[Kyiv]] after the [[Chernobyl accident]] a program of road washing was used to control the spread of radioactivity.
* Windows can be bricked up, or the sill raised to reduce the hole in the shielding formed by the wall.
* Gaps in the shielding can be blocked using containers of water. While water has a much lower density than that of lead, it is still able to shield some gamma rays.
* Earth (or other dense material) can be heaped up against the exposed walls of the building; this forces the gamma rays to pass through a thicker layer of shielding before entering the house.
* Nearby trees can be removed to reduce the dose due to fallout which is on the branches and leaves. It has been suggested by the US government that a fallout shelter should not be dug close to trees for this reason.<ref name=NWSSB>{{cite book|last=Kearny|first=Cresson H|title=Nuclear War Survival Skills|year=1986|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory|location=Oak Ridge, TN|isbn=0-942487-01-X|pages=39|url=http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p916.htm}}</ref>

== Fallout shelters in popular culture ==
[[File:CivilDefense square.svg|thumb|The international distinctive sign of civil defense personnel and infrastructures.]]

Fallout shelters feature prominently in the [[Robert A. Heinlein]] novel ''[[Farnham's Freehold]]'' (Heinlein built a fairly extensive shelter near his home in [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] in 1963),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/rah/pm652-art-hi.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106154437/http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/rah/pm652-art-hi.html|url-status=dead|title=site: Robert A. Heinlein - Archives - PM 6/52 Article|archivedate=January 6, 2010|website=www.nitrosyncretic.com}}</ref> ''Pulling Through'' by [[Dean Ing]], ''[[A Canticle for Leibowitz]]'' by [[Walter M. Miller]] and ''[[Earth (Brin novel)|Earth]]'' by [[David Brin]].

The 1961 ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|Twilight Zone]]'' episode "[[The Shelter (The Twilight Zone)|The Shelter]]", from a [[Rod Serling]] script, deals with the consequences of actually using a shelter. Another episode of the series called "[[One More Pallbearer]]" featured a fallout shelter owned by a millionaire. The [[The Twilight Zone (1985 TV series)|1985 adaption of the series]] had the episode "[[Shelter Skelter]]" that featured a fallout shelter.

In 1973, British rock band [[The Who]] called their tour Fallout Shelter.

In the ''[[Only Fools and Horses]]'' episode "[[The Russians Are Coming (Only Fools and Horses)|The Russians are Coming]]", aired in 1981, Derek Trotter buys a lead fallout shelter, then decides to construct it in fear of an impending nuclear war caused by the Soviet Union.

In 1999, the film ''[[Blast from the Past (film)|Blast from the Past]]'' was released. It is a [[romantic comedy]] film about a [[Nuclear physics|nuclear physicist]], his wife, and son that enter a well-equipped, spacious fallout shelter during the 1962 [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. They do not emerge until 35 years later, in 1997. The film shows their reaction to contemporary society.

The [[Fallout series|''Fallout'' series]] of computer games depicts the remains of human civilization after an immensely destructive global nuclear war; the United States of America had built underground fallout shelters known as vaults, that were advertised to protect the population against a nuclear attack, but almost all of them were in fact meant to lure [[Human subject research|subjects]] for long-term [[Unethical human experimentation|human experimentation]].

''[[Paranoia (role-playing game)|Paranoia]]'', a role-playing game, takes place in a city-sized fallout shelter, which has become ruled by an insane computer.

An episode of the sitcom ''[[Malcolm in the Middle]]'' features a subplot revolving around Reese and Dewey discovering a previously unknown fallout shelter in their backyard and trapping their father Hal in it, who soon becomes smitten with the shelter's 1960s decor.

The ''[[Metro 2033 (novel)|Metro 2033]]'' book series by Russian author [[Dmitry Glukhovsky]] depicts survivors' life in the subway systems below Moscow and Saint-Petersburg after a nuclear exchange between the Russian Federation and the United States of America.

Fallout shelters are often featured on the reality television show ''[[Doomsday Preppers]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/doomsday-preppers/articles/get-prepped-shelter/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150401233537/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/doomsday-preppers/articles/get-prepped-shelter/| url-status = dead| archive-date = April 1, 2015| title = Shelter - Doomsday Preppers Article - National Geographic Channel}}</ref>

The [[Silo (series)|''Silo'' series]] of novellas by [[Hugh Howey]] feature extensive fallout-style shelters that protect the inhabitants from an initially unknown disaster.

The 2019 US film ''[[The Tomorrow Man]]'' centers around a reclusive man whose main preoccupation is tending to his in-home fallout shelter and the conspiracy theories that could put it to use.

== See also ==
{{colbegin|colwidth=}}
* [[Abo Elementary School]]
* [[Ark Two Shelter]]
* [[Blast shelter]]
* [[Bomb shelter]]
* [[Bunker]]
* [[Bruce D. Clayton]], author of ''Fallout Survival'' and ''Life After Doomsday''
* [[Collective protection]]
* [[Command center]]
* [[CONELRAD]]
* [[Continuity of government]]
* [[Project Greek Island]]
* [[Vivos (underground shelter)]]
{{Div col end}}
'''Nation specific:'''
{{colbegin}}
* [[Central Government War Headquarters]], The UKs Gov. War Headquarters at Corsham, Wiltshire.
* [[Diefenbunker]]
* [[HANDEL]], UK's former national attack warning system
{{Div col end}}

'''General:'''
{{colbegin}}
* [[Fission product]]
* [[Retreat (survivalism)]]
* [[Sonnenberg Tunnel]]
* [[Survivalism]]
{{Div col end}}
'''Publications:'''
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Fallout Protection]]''
* ''[[Survival Under Atomic Attack]]''
* ''[[Nuclear War Survival Skills]]''
{{Div col end}}

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Rose, Kenneth D., ''One Nation Underground: The Fallout Shelter in American Culture'', [[New York University Press]] (2004), {{ISBN|978-0814775233}}
* [https://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai143_folder/143_articles/143_letters_nuclear.html Readers Forum: Nuclear Fallout Shelters 50 Years Ago (Greeneville, Tennessee)] by Henry Samples (1947–2024), AZER.com, in ''Azerbaijan International'', Vol. 14:3 (Autumn 2006), pp. 12–13.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Fallout shelters}}
* [http://www.oism.org/nwss/ Nuclear War Survival Skills]

{{fortifications}}
{{Man-made and man-related Subterranea}}
{{Civil defence}}

{{Portal bar|Nuclear technology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fallout Shelter}}
[[Category:Air raid shelters]]
[[Category:Cold War sites]]
[[Category:Nuclear warfare]]
[[Category:Radioactivity]]
[[Category:Radiobiology]]
[[Category:Subterranea (geography)]]
[[Category:Survivalism]]
[[Category:Radiation protection]]
[[Category:Nuclear fallout]]

A Time to Kill (Grisham novel)

2025-04-19T22:53:10Z

8.2.72.64: /* Plot */

{{short description|Legal thriller novel by John Grisham}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}{{infobox book |
| name = A Time to Kill
| image = File:A Time To Kill (Grisham novel) cover.jpg
| caption = First edition's cover
| author = [[John Grisham]]
| cover_artist =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = [[Legal thriller]]
| publisher = [[Wynwood Press]]
| release_date = 1989
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]], [[Paperback]])
| pages = 672 pp
| isbn = 9780922066032
| oclc= 26089618
| followed_by = [[Sycamore Row]]
}}

'''''A Time to Kill''''' is a 1989 [[legal thriller]] and [[debut novel]] by American author [[John Grisham]]. The novel was rejected by many publishers before Wynwood Press eventually gave it a 5,000-copy printing. When [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] published ''[[The Firm (novel)|The Firm]]'', Wynwood released a trade paperback of ''A Time to Kill'', which became a bestseller. [[Dell Publishing|Dell]] published the mass market paperback months after the success of ''The Firm'', bringing Grisham to widespread popularity among readers. Doubleday eventually took over the contract for ''A Time to Kill'' and released a special hardcover edition.

==Setting==
The story takes place in the fictional town of Clanton, in the equally fictional Ford County, Mississippi. This setting is also featured in other John Grisham novels. A passage in ''[[The Chamber (novel)|The Chamber]]'' reveals that the events of ''A Time to Kill'' took place in 1984.<ref>John Grisham, The Chamber, Doubleday, 1994, p.251</ref>

Three of the characters, Jake Brigance, Harry Rex Vonner, and Lucien Wilbanks, later appear in two sequel novels, 2013's ''[[Sycamore Row]]'' and 2020's ''[[A Time for Mercy]]''. Harry Rex Vonner and Lucien Wilbanks also appear in Grisham's 2003 novel ''[[The Last Juror]]'', which is set in Clanton in the 1970s. Harry Rex Vonner also appears in the 2002 Grisham novel, ''[[The Summons (Grisham novel)|The Summons]]'', and in the short story "Fish Files", in the 2009 collection ''[[Ford County (novel)|Ford County]]''.

==Inspiration==
Grisham has described the book as "very autobiographical" in that the novel's "young attorney is basically me" and the drama is based on a case he witnessed.<ref>{{cite interview|last=Grisham|first=John|interviewer=[[Charlie Rose]]|title=John Grisham describes leaving law to write and shares the inspirations for his novels.|url=https://charlierose.com/videos/16249|work=[[The Charlie Rose Show]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|location=New York City|date=April 15, 1992}}</ref> In 1984 Grisham witnessed the harrowing testimony of a 12-year-old rape victim at the DeSoto County courthouse in [[Hernando, Mississippi]].<ref name="Biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.jgrisham.com/bio/|title=John Grisham: The Official Site - Bio|access-date=2011-11-27}}</ref> Two sisters, Julie Scott, 16 years old, and Marcie Scott, 12 years old, had both been raped, brutally beaten, and nearly murdered by Willie James Harris.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Jerry|title=A 'cold blooded' crime in Mississippi inspired 'A Time To Kill,' John Grisham says|url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2018/10/21/john-grisham-time-kill-inspired-rape-case-mississippi/1698877002/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=The Clarion-Ledger|language=en-US}}</ref> Unlike Grisham's depiction, however, the Scotts were white and their assailant was black.<ref name="Source">{{cite web |title=Harris v. State of Mississippi |url=http://www.leagle.com/decision/19891862537So2d1325_11825/HARRIS%20v.%20STATE? |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180509080525/https://www.leagle.com/decision/19891862537so2d132511825 |archive-date=2018-05-09 |access-date=2025-03-24}}</ref>

According to Grisham's official website, Grisham used his spare time to begin his first novel, which "explored what would have happened if the girl's father had murdered her assailants."<ref name="Biography" /> He spent three years on ''A Time to Kill'' and finished it in 1987. Grisham was a member of the [[Mississippi House of Representatives]] when he wrote the book, and much of it was written while he was staying at the [[Sun-n-Sand Motor Hotel]] in [[Jackson, Mississippi]], a popular lodging establishment for state legislators.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vicory |first=Justin |date=September 27, 2020 |title=Parking lot or not? Iconic Sun-N-Sand hotel gets national ally committed to preserving site |url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/local/2020/09/27/sun-n-sand-americas-most-endangered-historic-sites/3546073001/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=[[The Clarion-Ledger]] |publisher=[[Gannett]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gallant |first=Jacob |date=September 24, 2020 |title=Sun-n-Sand named one of most endangered historic places in America |url=https://www.wlbt.com/2020/09/24/sun-n-sand-named-one-most-endangered-historic-places-america/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207045259/https://www.wlbt.com/2020/09/24/sun-n-sand-named-one-most-endangered-historic-places-america/ |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=[[WLBT]]}}</ref>

Grisham has also cited [[Harper Lee]]'s ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' as an influence.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} Another stated inspiration was the success of ''[[Presumed Innocent (novel)|Presumed Innocent]]''.<ref name="Gtace">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/28/living/john-grisham-author-interview/|title=Grisham talks ambulance chasers, eBooks|access-date=2011-10-30|date=2011-10-28|work=CNN|author=DuChateau, Christian}}</ref>

==Plot==

In the small town of Clanton, in fictional Ford County, [[Mississippi]], a ten-year-old [[African-American]] girl named Tonya Hailey is violently raped by two [[neo-Confederates]], James "Pete" Willard and Billy Ray Cobb, shortly after stealing a [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|Confederate Flag]] from a local college exhibition. Tonya is later found and rushed to the hospital while Pete and Billy Ray are heard bragging at a roadside bar about their crime. Tonya's outraged father, Carl Lee Hailey, consults his friend Jake Brigance, a white attorney who had previously represented Hailey's brother, on whether he could get himself acquitted if he killed the two men. Jake tells Carl Lee not to do anything stupid, but admits that if it had been his daughter, he would kill the rapists. Carl Lee is determined to avenge Tonya, and while Pete and Billy Ray are being led into holding after their bond hearing, he kills both men with an [[M16 rifle]].

Carl Lee is charged with [[capital murder]]. Despite efforts to persuade Carl Lee to retain high-powered attorneys, he elects to be represented by Jake. Helping Jake are two loyal friends, [[disbarred]] attorney and mentor Lucien Wilbanks, and sleazy divorce lawyer Harry Rex Vonner. Later, the team is assisted by liberal law student Ellen Roark, who has prior experience with [[death penalty]] cases and offers her services as a temporary clerk ''[[pro bono]]''. Ellen appears to be interested in Jake romantically, but the married Jake resists her overtures. The team also receives some illicit behind-the-scenes help from black county sheriff Ozzie Walls, a figure beloved by the black community and also well respected by the white community who upholds the law by arresting Carl Lee but, as the father of two daughters of his own, privately supports Carl Lee and gives him special treatment while in jail and goes out of the way to assist Jake in any way he legally can. Carl Lee is prosecuted by Ford County's [[district attorney]], Rufus Buckley, who hopes that the case will boost his political career. It is claimed that the judge presiding over Carl Lee's trial, Omar "Ichabod" Noose, has been intimidated by local [[white supremacist]] element--a fact given further credence when, despite having no history of racist inclinations in his rulings, Noose refuses Jake's request for a change of venue, even though the racial make-up of Ford County virtually guarantees an all-white jury, which later becomes the case.

Billy Ray's brother, Freddy, seeks revenge against Carl Lee, enlisting the help of the Mississippi branch of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and its [[Grand Dragon]], Stump Sisson. Subsequently, the KKK attempts to plant a bomb beneath Jake's porch, leading him to send his wife and daughter out of town until the trial is over. Later, the KKK attacks Jake's secretary, Ethel Twitty, and kills her frail husband, Bud. They also burn crosses in the yards of potential jurors to intimidate them. On the day the trial begins, a riot erupts between the KKK and the area's black residents outside the courthouse; Stump is killed by a [[Molotov cocktail]]. Believing that the black people are at fault for Stump's death, the KKK increase their attacks. As a result, the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] is called to Clanton to keep the peace during Carl Lee's trial. The KKK shoots at Jake one morning as he is being escorted into the courthouse, missing Jake but seriously wounding one of the guardsmen assigned to protect him. Soon after, Ellen Roark is abducted and nearly killed. They burn down Jake's house. During trial deliberations, the jury's spokesman is threatened by a KKK member with a knife. Eventually, they torture and murder "Mickey Mouse", one of Jake's former clients who had infiltrated the KKK and subsequently gave anonymous tips to the police, allowing them to anticipate most KKK attacks.

Despite the loss of his house and several setbacks at the start of the trial, Jake perseveres. He badly discredits the state's psychiatrist by establishing that he has never conceded to the insanity of any defendant in any criminal case in which he has been asked to testify, even when several other doctors have been in consensus otherwise. He traps the doctor with a revelation that several previous defendants found insane in their trials are currently under his care despite his having testified to their "sanity" in their respective trials, at which point the flustered doctor blurts out "You just can't trust juries,"--thus alienating the jury he was testifying to. Jake follows this up with a captivating [[closing argument|closing statement]], ignoring Lucien's advice to use a pre-prepared statement he had written.

On the day of the verdict, tens of thousands of black citizens gather in town and demand Carl Lee's acquittal. The unanimous acquittal by reason of temporary insanity is only achieved when one of the jurors asks the others to seriously imagine that Carl Lee and his daughter were white and that the murdered rapists were black, and polling the jury by secret ballot on the question of whether they would kill the rapists in such a case. After finding this question to be answered with a unanimous "yes," the jury finally acknowledges that they must hold a black father to the same, equal standard of justice and mercy. Carl Lee returns to his family and the story ends with Jake, Lucien and Harry Rex having a celebratory drink before Jake holds a press conference and leaves town to reunite with his family.

==Adaptations==
* [[Joel Schumacher]]'s film [[A Time to Kill (1996 film)|''A Time to Kill'']] (1996), starring [[Samuel L. Jackson]] and [[Matthew McConaughey]], is based on this novel.
* [[Rupert Holmes]] wrote a stage adaptation of the novel, which was directed by [[Ethan McSweeny]], and presented by Daryl Roth & Arena Stage at the [[Arena Stage (Washington, D.C.)|Arena Stage]] in Washington, D.C., in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones |first=Kenneth |title=Grisham's A Time to Kill Will Premiere at Arena Stage Before NYC; Letts, Morton Join Season |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/137733-Grishams-A-Time-to-Kill-Will-Premiere-at-Arena-Stage-Before-NYC-Letts-Morton-Join-Season |website=Playbill|access-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314062330/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/137733-Grishams-A-Time-to-Kill-Will-Premiere-at-Arena-Stage-Before-NYC-Letts-Morton-Join-Season |archive-date=14 March 2010 }}</ref> The production transferred to [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and ran at the [[Golden Theatre]] from September 28 to November 17, 2013, where the cast featured [[Tom Skerritt]], [[Patrick Page]], [[Sebastian Arcelus]], and [[Tonya Pinkins]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Gans, Andrew|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/183383-John-Grisham-Novel-Comes-to-Life-in-A-Time-to-Kill-Opening-on-Broadway-Oct-20|title=John Grisham Novel Comes to Life in 'A Time to Kill', Opening on Broadway Oct. 20|work=Playbill|date=October 20, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131104095521/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/183383-John-Grisham-Novel-Comes-to-Life-in-A-Time-to-Kill-Opening-on-Broadway-Oct-20|archive-date=November 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author= Gans, Andrew|url= http://www.playbill.com/news/article/184118-A-Time-to-Kill-Based-on-John-Grisham-Novel-Sets-Broadway-Closing-Date?tsrc=hph|title= 'A Time to Kill', Based on John Grisham Novel, Sets Broadway Closing Date|work= Playbill|date= November 6, 2013|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://archive.today/20131107105037/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/184118-A-Time-to-Kill-Based-on-John-Grisham-Novel-Sets-Broadway-Closing-Date?tsrc=hph|archive-date= November 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/14029/A-Time-to-Kill |title='A Time to Kill' Broadway|website=Playbillvault.com|access-date= January 8, 2016}}</ref>

==Sequels==
Two sequel novels involving the same characters and setting have been published. The first, titled ''[[Sycamore Row]]'', was published on October 22, 2013, and the second, ''[[A Time for Mercy]]'', was published in October 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/article/2013/05/01/john-grisham-sequel-to-a-time-to-kill-to-be-published/|title=John Grisham sequel to 'A Time to Kill' to be published|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=October 15, 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.randomhouse.com/features/grisham/main.php John Grisham's official website]
*[http://www.bookpoi.com/a_time_to_kill_by_john_grisham_first_edition.html Identify first edition copies of ''A Time to Kill''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708083040/http://www.bookpoi.com/a_time_to_kill_by_john_grisham_first_edition.html |date=2011-07-08 }}
* ''[http://www.ATimeToKillOnBroadway.com A Time to Kill ]''[http://www.ATimeToKillOnBroadway.com official Broadway website]

{{Grisham}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Time to Kill, A}}
[[Category:1988 American novels]]
[[Category:American thriller novels]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Novels by John Grisham]]
[[Category:Legal thriller novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Mississippi]]
[[Category:Novels about revenge]]
[[Category:Novels about racism]]
[[Category:Novels about rape]]
[[Category:Novels about the Ku Klux Klan]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into plays]]
[[Category:1988 debut novels]]

The Stalking of Laurie Show

2025-04-11T23:31:09Z

8.2.72.64: /* Plot */

{{Infobox television
| image = Rivals2000Poster.jpg
| genre = {{Plain list|
* Crime
* Drama
}}
| caption = DVD cover with the alternate title of ''Rivals''
| director = [[Norma Bailey]]
| writer = [[Jennifer Salt]]
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Jennifer Finnigan]]
* [[Marne Patterson]]
* [[Mary-Margaret Humes]]
}}
| released = {{Start date|2000|12|22}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| network = [[USA Network]]
}}

'''''The Stalking of Laurie Show''''' (also known by the title '''''Rivals''''' outside of the [[United States]]) is a 2000 made-for-TV movie that was directed by [[Norma Bailey]]. The movie is based on the true-life murder of [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] native [[Murder of Laurie Show|Laurie Show]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Stalking of Laurie Show (2000) |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/257549/The-Stalking-of-Laurie-Show/overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423233814/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/257549/The-Stalking-of-Laurie-Show/overview |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2008 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Mark Deming |date=2008 |access-date=28 December 2012 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Laurie Show was a naive and trusting sixteen year old girl ([[Jennifer Finnigan]]), that became entangled in the lives of Michelle Lambert ([[Marnette Patterson|Marne Patterson]]) and her boyfriend Lawrence Yunkin. Laurie was initially befriended by Michelle, who later turned on her after Laurie was beaten up and raped by Lawrence. Believing that Laurie was lying about the rape and that she had pursued Lawrence, Michelle began harassing and stalking Laurie, often with the assistance of friends. This harassment culminated in Michelle murdering Laurie in her home with the help of her friend Tabitha Buck. Laurie's mother discovered the body and Michelle, Lawrence, and Tabitha were quickly arrested. Lawrence pleaded guilty and testified against the other two girls in exchange for a reduced sentence, with Michelle and Tabitha receiving life sentences without parole.

==Cast==
* [[Mary-Margaret Humes]] as Hazel Show
* [[Jennifer Finnigan]] as Laurie Show
* [[Marnette Patterson]] as Michelle Lambert
* [[Rel Hunt]] as Butch Yunkin
* [[Jessica Greco]] as Samantha Gardner
* [[Joanne Vannicola]] as Tabitha Buck
* Richard Fitzpatrick as Uncle Jake
* [[Sandra Caldwell (actress)|Sandra Caldwell]] as Mary Rudolph
* Don Dickinson as Pete Webster
* [[Polly Shannon]] as Christine
* [[Dominic Zamprogna]] as Andrew
* [[Karyn Dwyer]] as Jennifer
* [[Courtney Hawkrigg]] as Paula
* [[Jeff Berg]] as Danny Gardner

==Reception==
Critical reception for the film was predominantly negative, with both ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' and ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' panning the film.<ref>{{cite web |date=2000 |author=Laura Fries |title=TV Review: The Stalking of Laurie Show |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117796918/ |publisher=Variety |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Picks and Pans Review: The Stalking of Laurie Show|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20133167,00.html|website=People Magazine|accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref> The ''[[Sun-Sentinel]]'' criticized the film as "pointlessly violent" and stated that "[t]he only people who should be more ashamed of it than USA and Raphael -- who obviously won't be -- are those who encourage more such trash by watching".<ref>{{cite web |date=December 12, 2000 |author=TOM JICHA |title=Trash In, Trash Out |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2000-12-12/lifestyle/0012110436_1_low-road-michelle-lambert-laurie-show |website=Sun-Sentinel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224203/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2000-12-12/lifestyle/0012110436_1_low-road-michelle-lambert-laurie-show |archive-date=2016-03-03 |quote=Marnette Patterson, who has been trying to become a sex symbol since her breakthrough in the NBC series Something So Right, then WB's Movie Stars, has finally found a role to feed her aspirations. }}</ref>

''The Stalking of Laurie Show'' was also criticized for "[distorting] the truth", with an article in the ''[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]]'' stating that Lambert was not the "90210-style prom queen" nor Show the outcast that they were portrayed as in the film. The reporter went on to argue that the changes to the film, along with the sexual content "designed only to titillate", was largely unnecessary and detracted from the crime itself.<ref name="LAJ">{{cite web|title='Stalking of Laurie Show' distorts truth of tragedy|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/120900/ent_120900011.shtml|website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=10 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110092542/http://lubbockonline.com/stories/120900/ent_120900011.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0249115}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stalking of Laurie Show, The}}
[[Category:2000 television films]]
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:Canadian drama television films]]
[[Category:Crime films based on actual events]]
[[Category:English-language Canadian films]]
[[Category:Films about stalking]]
[[Category:Films directed by Norma Bailey]]
[[Category:Lifetime (TV channel) films]]
[[Category:Canadian thriller television films]]
[[Category:2000s Canadian films]]

The Kiss Hello

2025-02-25T14:03:40Z

8.2.72.64: /* Plot */

{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox television episode
| series = [[Seinfeld]]
| image =
| caption =
| season = 6
| episode = 17
| airdate = {{Start date|1995|02|16}}
| production = 614
| writer = [[Larry David]] & [[Jerry Seinfeld]]
| director = [[Andy Ackerman]]
| guests =
* [[Liz Sheridan]] as [[Helen Seinfeld]]
* [[Barney Martin]] as [[Morty Seinfeld]]
* [[Len Lesser]] as [[Uncle Leo]]
* [[Wendie Malick]] as Wendy
* [[Mary Scheer]] as Joan
* Billye Ree Wallace as Nana
* [[Carol Leifer]] as Receptionist
* [[Julio Oscar Mechoso]] as Julio
* [[Rondi Reed]] as Mary
* Eugene Elman as Buddy
* Louisa Abernathy as Nurse
| episode_list = List of Seinfeld episodes
| prev = [[The Beard]]
| next = [[The Doorman (Seinfeld)|The Doorman]]
}}
"'''The Kiss Hello'''" is the 103rd episode of the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[Seinfeld]]''. This is the 17th episode for the sixth season.<ref name="tvguide">{{cite web |title=Seinfeld Season 6 Episodes |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/seinfeld/episodes-season-6/1000137994/ |website=[[TV Guide]] |access-date=December 10, 2021}}</ref> It aired on February 16, 1995.<ref name="tvguide"/> Although this was the 102nd episode to air, the cast and crew of the series credit this as the 100th episode because it is the 100th episode created. In this episode, [[Cosmo Kramer|Kramer]] posts the names and photos of all the tenants in his apartment building on a board in the lobby so that everyone will know each other. [[Jerry Seinfeld (character)|Jerry]] is uncomfortable with such pervasive socialization, bringing him to conflict with his neighbors at the same time as he investigates his Nana's story that his [[Uncle Leo]] owes his mother [[Helen Seinfeld|Helen]] $50.

==Plot==
Walking down the street, [[Jerry Seinfeld (character)|Jerry]] and [[George Costanza|George]] meet [[Elaine Benes|Elaine]] and her friend Wendy, a [[physical therapist]]. Jerry regrets once kissing Wendy on the cheek because now he has to kiss hello every time. George asks Wendy for treatment for a sore arm. Later, they discuss Wendy's 1960s-style hairdo that Elaine wishes she would change. Because only the bluntly frank [[Cosmo Kramer|Kramer]] would dare comment on it to her directly, they introduce him to her. However, Kramer loves the haircut, and tells her so. Flattered, Wendy starts dating him.

At Wendy's clinic, George is angry with her because he is charged for an appointment he missed due to a family emergency, because of her 24-hour cancellation policy.

Kramer plans to put each tenant's picture and name up in the building's lobby so everybody will know each other. Jerry doesn't like the idea, so Kramer takes a surprise photo of Jerry for the wall. Jerry is unhappy when he finds himself obliged to engage everyone in the building in conversation and getting kissed hello by several of his neighbors. He finally tells them he is uncomfortable with being kissed. As a result, he is ostracized, the superintendent refuses to fix his shower, and his picture is defaced.

Jerry's Nana calls him to open up a bottle of ketchup. When Jerry goes to her apartment, [[Uncle Leo]] is also there. Nana reminds Leo to give $50 to Jerry's mother, [[Helen Seinfeld|Helen]]. Nana, who has been confusing past and present, is referring to an incident from Leo and Helen's childhood. Jerry asks his father, [[Morty Seinfeld|Morty]], if Leo ever gave Helen the $50. An angry Morty calculates what the interest would be on $50 after 50 years, but Leo refuses to pay, saying they have no proof Nana's story is true. Leo puts Nana in a nursing home, presumably to stop her from talking about the $50. While visiting Nana at the home, he learns her old friend Buddy is also there. Buddy confirms the exact details of Nana's story, and Jerry declares Leo busted.

Wendy cancels her appointments to go skiing with Elaine. George points out the irony that she gave only a few hours notice. Upon returning from skiing, Wendy won't drive Elaine all the way back to her apartment due to [[one-way street]]s, and ends their friendship in the process. Elaine is forced to carry her ski equipment the remaining three blocks home and injures her arm. She is infuriated when Wendy tries to charge her for treating the arm, so she and George both ridicule Wendy about her hairdo.

Kramer has a party in his apartment with the other tenants. When Jerry stops by to use his shower, Kramer tells him that he broke up with Wendy because she changed her hairstyle. He won't allow Jerry in because of the visiting tenants ostracizing him.

==Production==
Because "The Kiss Hello" was the 100th episode of ''Seinfeld'' to be produced, the cast and crew were all given commemorative "100th" jackets at the [[table-read]] for the episode.<ref name=NaN>{{cite video |title=Seinfeld Season 6: Notes about Nothing - "The Kiss Hello"|medium=DVD|publisher=[[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]]|date=2005}}</ref>

Wendy's receptionist is played by [[Carol Leifer]], a ''Seinfeld'' writer who was to some degree the real-life inspiration for the Elaine character.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/07/tv/touching-moments-with-leifer-get-real.html |title=Touching moments with Leifer? Get real!|work=The New York Times|access-date=Apr 29, 2009 |first=Rick |last=Lyman |date=1997-09-07}}</ref> During table-reads, Leifer would often read the parts of minor characters who had not yet been cast; she was asked to play the part of the receptionist after reading it at the table-read.<ref name=NaN/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb episode|id = 0697718}}

{{Seinfeld episodes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiss Hello}}
[[Category:Seinfeld season 6 episodes]]
[[Category:1995 American television episodes]]
[[Category:Television episodes written by Larry David]]
[[Category:Television episodes written by Jerry Seinfeld]]

Jo Reynolds

2025-01-23T01:39:18Z

8.2.72.64: /* Reunited with Jake (1995) */

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=September 2008}}
{{In-universe|subject = television|category = television|date = July 2010}}
}}
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Melrose Place]]
| name = Jo Reynolds
| image = Daphne_Zuniga.jpg
| caption = [[Daphne Zuniga]] (pictured in 2007) portrayed '''Jo Reynolds'''
| portrayer = [[Daphne Zuniga]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-news/melrose-place-is-a-really-good-show-57740/|title=''Melrose Place'' Is a Really Good Show|first=David|last=Wild|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=19 May 1994|publisher=|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref>
| occupation = Photographer
| creator = [[Darren Star]]
| first = ''[[Melrose Place]]'': November 11, 1992 (episode 1.15: "House of God")
| last = ''[[Melrose Place (2009 TV series)|''Melrose Place'' (2009)]]'': March 30, 2010 (episode 1.16: "Santa Fe")
| years = {{Flat list |
* 1992–96
* 2009–10
}}
| mother = Miranda Foster
| spouse = Charles Reynolds (ex-husband)
| halfsisters = Casey Underwood
| sons = Austin Reynolds Carter
| grandmothers = Joan Foster
}}
'''Jo Reynolds''' is a fictional character in the American television series ''[[Melrose Place]]'', the second series in the [[Beverly Hills, 90210 franchise|''Beverly Hills, 90210'' franchise]]. Portrayed by [[Daphne Zuniga]], Jo Reynolds appeared in the first four seasons of ''Melrose Place''. She also appeared in the pilot of "[[Models Inc.]]" (Melrose Place first spin-off) and later appeared in two episodes in the [[Melrose Place (2009 TV series)|2009 series revival]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://ew.com/article/2009/07/14/melrose-place-daphne-zuniga-closes-deal-to-reprise-her-role/|title=Exclusive: Daphne Zuniga returns to 'Melrose Place'|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |publisher=|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref>

==Storylines==

===Arrival at Melrose Place and relationship with Jake (1992-1993)===
Jo arrived at the Melrose Place apartment complex from [[New York City]] to escape from her stormy marriage to Charles Reynolds. Afraid of exposure, she is initially unfriendly to her neighbors and hesitant to allow anyone into her personal life. As the story progresses, Jo meets her match in gruff "bad boy" [[Jake Hanson (Beverly Hills, 90210)|Jake Hanson]], and the two begin a tempestuous romance. Alike in their passion and stubbornness, they fight and reunite repeatedly. Jo is threatened when the complex is bought by the aggressive Amanda Woodward, who has an obvious attraction to Jake. After a further series of fights and miscommunication, Jo loses Jake to the conniving Amanda.

===Reed Carter, arrest for murder, pregnancy and custody battle (1993–1995)===
A new love entered her life when Jo attended a high school reunion and bumped into an old high school acquaintance named Reed Carter. Soon, Jake was a distant memory as she began a seemingly great love affair with Reed. However, she discovered that Reed was secretly dealing [[drugs]]. When he found out that Jo was aware of his illegal activities, Reed kidnapped and tortured her, holding her captive in a boat he used to share business with Jake and Amanda. Reed brutally raped and ultimately tried to kill Jo, but she killed him to escape his abuse. Jo was immediately tried for the death of Reed and almost lost it all in court. After settling down with being proven not guilty, new troubles plagued Jo. She found out a few months later that she was pregnant by Reed and wanted to get an [[abortion]]. With help from Jake, who was beginning to realize the feelings he still had for her, she got through the pregnancy.

A couple of months before Jo was due to deliver, Reed's parents arrived at Melrose Place. The Carters wanted revenge on her for "killing their son" although they knew Jo shot Reed because of his abusive nature. Nothing Jo did would satisfy them. She tried to tell them that she would settle out of court, but the Carters sued her for [[child custody|custody]] of their grandson. The Carters' attorney convinced the court that Jo was not a fit mother. In a shocking turn of events, Jo lost the custody of her child to the Carters before it was even born. She also ended her friendship with Alison, who was supposed to testify on her behalf but showed up high on [[stimulants]] in the courtroom the day she was to testify.

Jo slowly began to die inside, going through depression and not feeling the work of her beloved photography job any longer, when Kimberly Shaw showed up. Shaw showed that a ray of hope still survived: She was going to help Jo fake her own child's death, so that Jo could go into hiding back in New York City and raise her child there, and the Carters would never know. They even set it up with switched hospital records that would declare Jo's baby dead. Through the months preceding the due date, Kimberly and Jo were able to trick the Carters into believing their grandchild was dead.

When the baby boy, whom Jo named Austin, was born, Kimberly suffered one of her imbecilic head colds, and decided to steal Jo's baby and keep it for herself. For weeks, Jo struggled to prove that her son was in danger, but still alive, despite what the birth records stated. Once a blood test was performed by [[Michael Mancini]], Jo was revealed to be the baby's mother. After extreme pressure from Dr. Peter Burns, then Chief of Staff of Wilshire Memorial Hospital, Michael conceded and set Kimberly to work on Christmas Day, and while she was gone, he gave baby Austin back to mother Jo, the perfect Christmas present.

Not long after, things again became ugly for Jo. Kimberly called upon the Carters, telling them that their grandson was very much alive and that she knew where he was. Jo, on the other hand, was happy and made Jake the godfather of Austin, when an unexpected nanny came to 4616 Melrose Place. When all seemed to be in good condition, this nanny was terrific and took excellent care of Austin - until she stole him and it turned out she was working for the Carters to get Austin back all along. Jake helped Jo search for her son, although all hope seemed lost. The two were finally able to track the Carters down at their lake house, and Jake swore to Jo that he would get Austin back for her. The two refound the love they once had, albeit briefly. After tracking the Carters down, Jo panicked upon seeing her child in their arms, and tried to take the plunge to get her son back, but in another turn of terrifying events, she was shot by the Carters when trying to flee into Jake's arms. Taken to the hospital, Jo recuperated for a few days, when Mrs. Carter threatened Jo in the middle of the night, telling her to stay away from them. But Jo was not going down without a fight. She took the Carters back to court, and declared that if she couldn't raise her child, she wanted him to be raised by a family who could.

The Carters eventually lost Austin, and were never going to see him again. Jo, on the other hand, would be able to see Austin again when he was eighteen. In an emotional and heartwarming moment, Jo was allowed one final moment with her son, to say goodbye. From there, Jo settled down, and took it easy, sticking with her work, and staying away from relationships. She and Jake seemed to be getting along well, and she trusted him after all he had done for her.

Later, Jo, along with Jake and Jane Mancini, fell victim to [[vandalism]]. Rikki, who moved into 4616 Melrose with Sydney, trashed her [[motorcycle]] and committed other acts to her apartment, including stealing her cameras. However, this did not stop her career.

While [[downtown]] in the rough side of town to take pictures for a huge story on night life there, she witnessed a violent act of [[police brutality]], which led to a plethora of questions from the police concerning which one of their team committed the act. Jo cooperated, only to meet stern "justice" when the officer who committed the act of violence ripped her apartment to shreds, and would not leave her alone about keeping her mouth shut. So she went to [[Matt Fielding]], close friend and fellow Melrose Place resident. He turned the pictures in, causing much dismay from the cop who was the murderer. This led to the cop holding Jo and Matt at gunpoint, another victimized situation, but Jo was strong again, and got the gun from the cop and stated "What you didn't know, is that I am tired of being the victim!"

===Reunited with Jake (1995)===
Because of all that Jake had done for her, she decided it was her turn to do something for him, by accompanying him to the funeral of his mother (who was shown in season one). There, she helped Jake deal with the trauma of the incident and took note of the stormy relationship between him and his brother Jess. She and Jake slept together again but only once. After driving home with Jake, Jo laid low for a few weeks.

But things heated up again when Jess Hanson moved to [[Los Angeles]] with a sinister agenda. Jo felt his pain when Jake shut him out of his apartment at [[Melrose Place]], so she lent him her couch and became attracted to him. Their attraction was a lightning bolt of a relationship, having sex in the alley ways behind bars, sex on bookshelves, and all the while, she was afraid to tell Jake, because it would damage their relationship.

Jake eventually did find out, and wanting to protect Jo, he and his brother had a feud that ended when his brother hired men to kill him. Jo knew nothing of this. She continued her affair with Jess but kept a close watch on Jake. Jess became irrational and never let her spend time with her friends, causing her to stress the relationship. Finally, when Jess intended to propose to her, she told him that they may have needed to take some time to really think about their relationship. Jess wasn't as impressed, and in a fit of rage, assaulted Jo before fleeing the scene. When Jake discovered the truth, he knew that Jess wanted to steal Jo away from him the whole time. The two got in a fight that ended with Jess falling to his death.

Jo was in shock after all this. Aside from the [[Battery (crime)|beating]] and Melrose Place being blown to bits by Kimberly Shaw, the unstable doctor who kidnapped her child, she was alone and afraid. She and Jake made amends and became involved again. She and Jake were going very well, but her friendship with Jane was not. Jo knew that Jane was only marrying Richard Hart, a very successful designer, for money. Jo told Richard everything, tarnishing Jane's relationship with Richard and Jo's relationship with Jane.

Soon after, Jake developed feelings for his new waitress, Shelley, who was Jess’ ex. After finding Jake making out on a pool table with Shelley, Jo called it quits with Jake for good and ran into the arms of Richard, who willingly accepted her. For most of season four, Jo was playing second fiddle to Richard, assisting him at his company, "Mackenzie Hart Designs". Many times, she was caught in the middle of public feuds between Jane and Richard. Jake would fall into them as well, but this did not bring them back together.

===Departure (1996)===
Jo later dumped Richard and then put her life on hold, trying to figure out what to do next. Jake offered comfort, but not his love. She could tell he wanted to, but the two had been through too much, and their love, could not save them this time. As she was living on "automatic pilot" for a few weeks, a friend of Sydney's, Laurie, came by 4616 Melrose Place, with her son Tyler, to stay. Sydney was not very interested in this friend anymore, and Jo, being the wonderful and kind hearted person she was, let them stay with her. When the little boy showed bruises, Jo was concerned and made sure Matt Fielding, did something about it, by going to his mentor, Dr. Dominick O'Malley. O'Malley helped the boy out and all was well with her relationship. O'Malley became, in these few days, attracted to the headstrong Jo, so much so that he had Matt set her up with him.

Initially, Jo did not care for Dominick. When Matt's health was in jeopardy, Dominick came through, and Jo realized that he was a great man. They enjoyed a happy relationship and he later proposed to Jo. At first, she was taken aback, believing that she had been through too many bad relationships to go on with them seriously. He told her she had not, and that if they didn't get together, then he would never be able to see her again, because he was going to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] to help the orphans. Jo had never been more torn in her life, and for the first time, she knew what true love was, and that she truly loved Dominick as much as he equally loved her. Jo eventually agreed to leave L.A. with him.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Beverly Hills franchise}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reynolds, Jo}}
[[Category:Melrose Place (1992 TV series) characters]]
[[Category:Fictional photographers]]
[[Category:Television characters introduced in 1992]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from New York City]]
[[Category:American female characters in soap operas]]