wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Finland-Swedish

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#REDIRECT [[Finland Swedish]]

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Hitlisten

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{{Short description|Top 40 music charts of Denmark}}
'''Hitlisten''' ({{lit|the hit list}}), formerly known as '''Tracklisten''', is a [[Denmark|Danish]] top 40 [[record chart]] that is updated every Wednesday at [[midnight]] on the website hitlisten.nu. The weekly Danish singles chart combines the 40 best-selling tracks from [[Music streaming service|streaming]] and [[Music download|legal music downloads]]. The Danish albums chart combines downloads, streaming and also sales of CDs. There is a separate [[Gramophone record|vinyl]] chart. The data are collected by M&I Service, who also compile the chart on behalf of [[IFPI Danmark]] (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry).

==Timeline history==
===1965–1979===
*This chart began in April 1965 as a monthly Top 20 chart compiled by the [[IFPI Danmark|Danish branch]] of the [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] (IFPI). It was published in several major Danish newspapers. Prior to that several Danish charts were compiled by competing newspapers.
*From April 1969 it went weekly after [[DR (broadcaster)|Danmarks Radio]] stopped publishing their weekly Top 20 chart. However, the chart was based on sales from wholesalers to retailers and not on sales by retailers.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=May 3, 1969 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jigEAAAAMBAJ&dq=denmark+singles+chart+international+federation+of+the+phonographic+industry&pg=PA64 |title=IFPI Forms Sales Chart |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |page=64 |access-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref>
*From May 1973 to December 1978 singles and albums were presented on the same chart due to a request from Danmarks Radio for variety in their chart show.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=May 12, 1973 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/70s/1973/Billboard%201973-05-12.pdf |title=LP's Now on Denmark List |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |pages=48 and 50 |access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=December 8, 1973 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1973/1973-12-08-Billboard-Page-0061.pdf |title=How the Charts Work In Scandinavia |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |page=49 |access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref> During this period only a few singles reached the top and Danmarks Radio stopped broadcasting the IFPI chart in early 1977 because the chart was based on sales to distributors and not over-the-counter sales.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=July 2, 1977 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1977/1977-07-02-Billboard-Page-0058.pdf |title=Sale Patterns |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |page=58 |access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref> The album and singles charts were finally split again in January 1979.
*5 January 1979 – first official singles chart in Denmark. [[IFPI Danmark]] are behind it and it is based on shipments from distributors to retailers. Tabloid newspaper ''[[B.T. (tabloid)|B.T.]]'' publish the chart every Friday. Although a Top 30 is compiled by IFPI, ''B.T''. only publish the Top 10.<ref name="B.T.">''[[B.T. (tabloid)|B.T.]]'' newspaper archives 1979-1992 in [[Royal Library, Denmark]].</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Orsted |first=Knud |date=January 20, 1979 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/70s/1979/Billboard%201979-01-20.pdf |title=Denmark Tries For Unlocking Of Radio |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |page=94 |access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref>

===1981–2002===
*12 June 1981 – ''B.T.'' start publishing the Top 15 after months of strike.<ref name="B.T."/>
*April 1990 – ''B.T.'' who are getting increasingly dissatisfied with the charts (singles and albums alike) cut the singles chart to a Top 10 in the paper.<ref name="B.T."/>
*5 June 1992 – ''B.T.'' scrap IFPI's chart because it excluded non-IFPI members,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Watson |first=Miranda |date=August 15, 1992 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1992/MM-1992-08-15.pdf |title=Row Breaks Out Over Bogus Airplay Chart |magazine=[[Music & Media]] |page=5 |access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref> and start producing their own albums Top 20 chart based on actual sales.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Watson |first=Miranda |date=July 18, 1992 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1992/MM-1992-07-18.pdf |title=BT Severs Chart Ties With Danish IFPI |magazine=[[Music & Media]] |pages=1 and 18 |access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref><ref name="B.T."/> However, the IFPI chart is still compiled as a Top 30 and the Top 10 of it is published in ''[[Music & Media]]''. The Top 30 is used by ''Music & Media'' to compile the ''[[European Hot 100 Singles]]'' chart.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=August 22, 1992 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1992/MM-1992-08-22.pdf |title=Eurochart Top 100 Singles |magazine=[[Music & Media]] |page=23 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |quote=Key: '''DK''' = Denmark. [[IFPI Danmark|IFPI]] / [[Johan Schlüter]]}}</ref>
*1 January 1993 – IFPI and [[Nielsen Corporation|AC/Nielsen Marketing Research]] begin running tests on new official charts based on actual sales in 80 stores in Denmark.<ref name="M&M.Jan16.1993">{{cite magazine |last=Ottesen |first=Kai Roger |date=January 16, 1993 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1993/MM-1993-01-16.pdf |title=IFPI Denmark, Nielsen Test New POS Chart |magazine=[[Music & Media]] |pages=1 and 17 |access-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> ''Music & Media'' also announced that IFPI Denmark was moving towards launching a national airplay chart as well through collaboration with AC Nielsen.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ottesen |first=Kai Roger |date=January 23, 1993 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1993/MM-1993-01-23.pdf|title=IFPI Denmark To Launch New Radio Airplay Chart|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|page=4|access-date=March 22, 2018}}</ref>
*5 March 1993 – The new official charts are launched. ''Music & Media'' write about this on 16 January 1993,<ref name="M&M.Jan16.1993"/> but do not implement the charts until 10 July 1993.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bakker |first=Machgiel |date=July 10, 1993 |title=Denmark: Nielsen Starts New Sales Chart |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1993/MM-1993-07-10.pdf |work=[[Music & Media]] |page=4 |access-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref> The chart is compiled as a Top 50 by IFPI/Nielsen but only the Top 20 is published in Denmark and ''Music & Media'' only publish the Top 10. However, the Top 50 is used by ''Music & Media'' to compile the ''European Hot 100 Singles'' chart.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=March 6, 1993 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1993/MM-1993-03-06.pdf |title=Eurochart Hot 100 Singles |magazine=[[Music & Media]] |page=19 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |quote=Key: '''DK''' = Denmark. [[IFPI Danmark|IFPI]] / [[Johan Schlüter]]}}</ref>
*From week 15 in 1996 the Top 20 that is published in Denmark and the Top 20 songs in the Top 50 are not the same songs. This is because the Top 20, which was the officially published chart while the Top 50 is kept internally and given to ''Music & Media'', was based on two week sales to keep the chart stable in a small market like Denmark.<ref name="1996.A">{{cite news |date=2000 |orig-date=Data from 1996 to 2000 |title=Official Danish Singles Top 50 |work=IFPI Danmark Report |agency=[[IFPI Danmark]], [[Nielsen Corporation|AC/ Nielsen Marketing Research]], and [[Music & Media]]}}</ref>
*In December 1997, record label Scandinavian Records filed a complaint against IFPI because they believed the published chart was too heavily weighted towards sales from supermarkets and not from real music stores. This was after their dance act, [[Sash!]], went into the album chart with ''[[It's My Life – The Album|It's My Life]]'' at number 2 having sold 2,000 units but dropped down to number 20 the following week despite having sold 8,000 units.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ferro |first=Charles |date=December 27, 1997 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Music-Media-IDX/IDX/90s/97/MM-1997-12-27-OCR-Page-0025.pdf |title=Danish chart bias claim |magazine=[[Music & Media]] |page=25 |access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref>
*In 2000, the Top 20 that is published and the Top 20 of the Top 50 used by ''Music & Media'' align again.<ref name="1996.A"/>
*In December 2000, IFPI announced that they wanted to re-launch the Danish charts to be universally used by all media outlets because many retailers, TV and radio stations were compiling their own charts.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ferro |first=Charles |date=December 30, 2000 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Music-Media-IDX/IDX/00s/00/MM-2000-12-30-OCR-Page-0003.pdf |title=IFPI Denmark to create new charts |magazine=[[Music & Media]] |page=3 |access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref>
*In November 2002, ''Music & Media'' reported that roughly half of the Top 40 album chart was occupied by Danish acts.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ritto |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2002 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2002/MM-2002-11-02.pdf |title=Downsizing means Danish industry must start all over |magazine=[[Music & Media]] |page=23 |access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref>

===2007–present===
*1 November 2007 – After years of deteriorating sales of [[CD single]]s in Denmark, [[Music download|downloads]] are finally implemented in the official charts meaning Tracklisten Top 40 becomes the new official chart. It has since been backtracked to become the official chart from 12 January 2007. The singles Top 20 sales chart is dropped. [[Trine Dyrholm]] charts for 135 weeks with the EP "Mr. Nice Guy" including 62 weeks at number one.
*[Some time in] 2011 – a [[Music streaming service|streaming]] Top 20 chart is launched.
*14 November 2014 – download figures have gone down and streaming has completely taken over. From this date streaming is implemented into the official singles chart. No change since.<ref name="Hitlisten">{{cite web |url=http://www.hitlisten.nu/om/bagomhitlisten.html |title=Sådan bliver hitlisterne til |website=hitlisten.nu |language=Danish |access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref>

==Current charts==
The current Hitlisten charts are:

*Album Top 40 - the best selling CDs, downloads and most streamed albums and EPs. Streams are converted to album units and added together with sales of CDs and downloads.<ref name="Hitlisten"/>
*Track Top 40 - the most streamed and downloaded tracks. Streams are converted to track units and added together with download sales.<ref name="Hitlisten"/>
*Compilation Top 10 - the best selling compilation albums on CDs, downloads and streams.<ref name="Hitlisten"/>
*Airplay Top 20 - the most played songs on Danish radio stations.<ref name="Hitlisten"/>
*Vinyl Top 40 - the best selling [[Phonograph record|vinyl]] albums.<ref name="Hitlisten"/>
*Annual lists - year-end lists with the same rules as the weekly charts listed above but covering the period from 1 January to 31 December.<ref name="Hitlisten"/>

== See also ==
*[[List of number-one hits (Denmark)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.hitlisten.nu Hitlisten website – the official Danish music charts (archive of Tracklisten goes back to week 1, 2007)]
* [https://danishcharts.dk danishcharts.com website – the official Danish music charts – archive goes back to week 5, 2001 (however, before November 2, 2007, only Singles Top-20 appear)]
* [http://danskehitlister.dk/?hitlist_id=12 Danskehitlister Official Danish charts (from May 1973 to March 1977)] {{in lang|da}}
* [http://danskehitlister.dk/?hitlist_id=10 Danskehitlister Official Danish year end charts (1966 to 1976)] {{in lang|da}}

{{DanishNumber1s}}
{{Record Charts}}

[[Category:Record charts]]
[[Category:Music of Denmark]]

Hit list

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{{wiktionary|hit list}}
'''Hit list''' or '''The Hit List''' may refer to:

* A list of would-be victims in [[contract killing]]
* [[Record chart]], a ranking of recorded music according to popularity during a given period of time

==Film and TV==
* [[Hit List (1989 film)|''Hit List'' (1989 film)]], starring Jan-Michael Vincent — hitmen kill and kidnap the wrong people
* [[The Hit List (2011 film)|''The Hit List'' (2011 film)]], featuring Cuba Gooding, Jr.
* [[Hit List (2024 film)]], an upcoming Indian Tamil-language action film
* [[Hit List (TV series)|''Hit List'' (TV series)]], a Canadian television series which aired music videos
* [[The Hit List (game show)|''The Hit List'' (game show)]], a British game show hosted by Marvin and Rochelle Humes
* ''[[The Hit List TV]]'', an Australian music show

==Music==
* [[Hit List (musical)|''Hit List'' (musical)]], a 2013 musical based on a fictional musical in the television series ''Smash''
* [[The Hit List (Joan Jett album)|''The Hit List'' (Joan Jett album)]]
* [[The Hit List (Saafir album)|''The Hit List'' (Saafir album)]]
* [[The Hit List (Unwritten Law album)|''The Hit List'' (Unwritten Law album)]]
* [[The Hit List (Cliff Richard album)|''The Hit List'' (Cliff Richard album)]], a 1994 compilation album by Cliff Richard
* Hitlist, Israeli music chart operated by [[Keshet Media Group#Mako|Mako news]]
* [[Hitlisten]], Danish music chart

==Other uses==
* ''Hit List'', a 2000 novel by [[Lawrence Block]]

==See also==
* [[Hit (disambiguation)]]
* [[List]]

{{disambiguation}}

List of magazines in Sweden

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78.82.201.71: /* K */ add

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
The following is an incomplete list of current and defunct magazines published in Sweden. They may be published in [[Swedish language|Swedish]] or in other languages.

{{Compact ToC|num=yes|center=yes|seealso=yes|nobreak=yes}}

==A==
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[Acne Paper]]''
* ''[[Affärsvärlden]]''
* ''[[Akademikern]]''
* ''[[Åkeri & Entreprenad]]''
* ''[[Aktiespararen]]''
* ''[[Aktuellt i Politiken]]''
* ''[[Allas (magazine)|Allas]]''
* ''[[Allt om Historia]]''
*''[[Allt om Kök och Bad]]''
* ''[[Allt om Resor]]''
* ''[[Amelia (magazine)|Amelia]]''
* ''[[Äntligen Hemma]]''
* ''[[Arbetarhistoria]]''
* ''[[Arbetet (magazine)|Arbetet]]''
* ''[[Arbetsliv]]''
* ''[[Arena (Swedish magazine)|Arena]]''
* ''[[Året Runt]]''
*''[[Ars Interpres]]''
*''[[Artes (magazine)|Artes]]''
* ''[[ATL Lantbrukets Affärstidning]]''
* ''[[Axess magasin]]''
{{div col end}}

==B==
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[Bahro Suryoyo]]''
*''[[Bang (magazine)|Bang]]''
*''[[Barn (Swedish magazine)|Barn]]''
*''[[Det Bästa]]''
*''[[Båtliv]]''
* ''[[Bildjournalen]]''
*''[[Bilsport]]''
*''[[Bilsport Classic]]''
*''[[Biotech Sweden]]''
*''[[Blandaren]]''
*''[[Bobo (Swedish comics)|Bobo]]''
*''[[Brand (magazine)|Brand]]''
*''[[Buffé]]''
*''[[Byggnadsarbetaren]]''
{{div col end}}

==C==
*''[[Café (magazine)|Café]]''
* ''[[Chef (magazine)|Chef]]''
* ''[[Clarté (magazine)|Clarté]]''
*''[[Cosmopolitan (Sweden)|Cosmopolitan (Swedish edition)]]''
* ''[[Civilekonomen]]''

==D==
*''[[Dagens Arbete]]''
* ''[[Dagny (Swedish magazine)|Dagny]]''
* ''[[Damernas Värld]]''
* ''[[Direkt Aktion]]''

==E==
*''[[Elle (Sweden)|Elle]]'' (Swedish edition)
* ''[[Entreprenadaktuellt]]''
*''[[Expo (magazine)|Expo]]''

==F==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Femina (Sweden)|Femina]]''
*''[[Fighter Magazine]]''
* ''[[Filmjournalen]]''
* ''[[Filter (Swedish magazine)|Filter]]''
* ''[[Fokus (magazine)|Fokus]]''
* ''[[Folket i Bild/Kulturfront]]''
*''[[Frida (magazine)|Frida]]''
* ''[[Frisinnad Tidskrift]]''
* ''[[Forskning och framsteg]]''
* ''[[Fronesis (magazine)|Fronesis]]''
{{div col end}}

==G==
* ''[[Glänta]]''
* ''[[Grönköpings Veckoblad]]''

==H==
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
*''[[Handelsnytt]]''
*''[[Hänt Bild]]''
*''[[Hänt Extra]]''
* ''[[Häpna!]]''
* ''[[Häst&Ryttare]]''
*''[[Hem Ljuva Hem]]''
*''[[Hem Ljuva Hem Trädgård]]''
*''[[Hem i Sverige]]''
* ''[[Hemmets Journal]]''
* ''[[Hemmets Veckotidning]]''
*''[[Hennes (magazine)|Hennes]]''
* ''[[Hundsport]]''
* ''[[Husmodern]]''
{{div col end}}

==I==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Icakuriren]]''
* ''[[Idrottsbladet]]''
* ''[[Illustrerad Vetenskap]]''
*''[[Internetworld]]''
{{div col end}}

==J==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Jefferson Blues Magazine]]''
* ''[[Jordbruksaktuellt]]''
* ''[[Journalisten]]''
* ''[[Judisk Krönika]]''
* ''[[Judisk Tidskrift]]''
{{div col end}}

==K==
* ''[[Kamratposten]]''
* ''[[Kingsize Magazine]]''
*''[[Kommunalarbetaren]]''
* ''[[Kris (magazine)|Kris]]''
* ''[[Kyrkans Tidning]]''

==L==
*''[[Land Lantbruk]]''
*''[[Lärarnas Tidning]]''
*''[[lön & jobb]]''
* ''[[Lyckoslanten]]''

==M==
* ''[[MagazineSweden]]''
*''[[mama (magazine)|mama]]''
* ''[[Miljöaktuellt]]''

==N==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Neue Rundschau]]''
* ''[[Nordens Frihet]]''
* ''[[Nöjesguiden]]''
* ''[[Ny Tid (Gothenburg)|Ny Tid]]''
* ''[[Nya Affärer]]''
* ''[[Det Nya Sverige]]''
{{div col end}}

==O-Ö==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[OBS! (magazine)|OBS!]]''
* ''[[Offside (magazine)|Offside]]''
*''[[Okej]]''
* ''[[OmVärlden]]''
*''[[Öppet Hus]]''
* ''[[Ord och Bild]]''
* ''[[Ottar (magazine)|Ottar]]''
{{div col end}}

==P==
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
*''[[Paletten]]''
*''[[Pedagogiska Magasinet]]''
*''[[Pietisten]]''
*''[[Plaza Interiör]]''
*''[[Plaza Kvinna]]''
* ''[[Populär Historia]]''
* ''[[Position (magazine)|Position]]''
* ''[[Privata Affärer]]''
*''[[Power Magazine]]''
*''[[PRO Pensionären]]''
* ''[[Puss (magazine)|Puss]]''
{{div col end}}

==R==
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[Release Magazine]]''
* ''[[Resultat]]''
* ''[[Resumé (magazine)|Resumé]]''
*''[[Ridsport]]''
* ''[[Rotary Norden]]''
*''[[Röda Korsets Tidning]]''
*''[[Rösträtt för kvinnor]]''
{{div col end}}

==S==
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[Salt (Swedish magazine)|Salt]]''
*''[[Samefolket]]''
*''[[Scanorama]]''
*''[[Science Illustrated]]''
* ''[[Se (magazine)|Se]]''
*''[[Se & Hör]]''
*''[[SEKO magasinet]]''
* ''[[Shortcut (magazine)|Shortcut]]''
*''[[Siftidningen]]''
* ''[[Sköna hem]]''
* ''[[Skogsaktuellt]]''
* ''[[Skolvärlden]]''
*''[[SKTF-tidningen]]''
*''[[Slitz]]''
*''[[Solo (magazine)|Solo]]''
*''[[Söndags-Nisse]]''
*''[[Stella (Swedish magazine)|Stella]]''
*''[[Stockholms Figaro]]''
* ''[[Storm (magazine)|Storm]]''
* ''[[Stormklockan]]''
*''[[Straight (magazine)|Straight]]''
*''[[Super PLAY]]''
* ''[[Svensk Damtidning]]''
*''[[Svensk Golf]]''
*''[[Svensk Jakt]]''
*''[[Svensk Jakt Nyheter]]''
* ''[[Sverigemagasinet]]''
*''[[Sunt Förnuft]]''
{{div col end}}

==T==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Tara (magazine)|Tara]]''
* ''[[Teknikens Värld]]''
* ''[[Teknisk Tidskrift]]''
* ''[[Teosofisk Tidskrift]]''
* ''[[Thalia (Swedish magazine)|Thalia]]''
* ''[[Then Swänska Argus]]''
* ''[[Tiden (magazine)|Tiden]]''
* ''[[Tidevarvet]]''
*''[[Turist (magazine)|Turist]]''
* ''[[Tvärsnitt (magazine)|Tvärsnitt]]''
{{div col end}}

==V==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Vagabond (magazine)|Vagabond]]''
*''[[Vår bostad]]''
*''[[Veckans Affärer]]''
*''[[Veckans Vimmel]]''
*''[[Vecko-Journalen]]''
*''[[Veteranen (magazine)|Veteranen]]''
*''[[Vi (magazine)|Vi]]''
*''[[Viking Heritage]]''<ref>{{cite web | title=Viking Heritage Magazine | website=Tidskrift.nu | date=7 September 2007 | url=http://tidskrift.nu/tidskrift.php?Id=431 | language=sv | access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref>
*''[[Villaägaren]]''
{{div col end}}

==W==
*''[[Wheels Magazine (Sweden)|Wheels Magazine]]''

==Z==
* ''[[Zionisten]]''

==See also==
*[[Media in Sweden]]
*[[List of Swedish newspapers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Europe topic|List of magazines in}}
[[Category:Magazines published in Sweden|*]]
[[Category:Lists of magazines by country|Sweden]]
[[Category:Lists of mass media in Sweden|Magazines]]

Template:Amerie

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{{Navbox musical artist
| name = Amerie
| title = [[Amerie]]
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| background = solo_singer

| above =
*[[Amerie discography|Discography]]

| group1 = Studio albums
| list1 =
* ''[[All I Have (album)|All I Have]]''
* ''[[Touch (Amerie album)|Touch]]''
* ''[[Because I Love It]]''
* ''[[In Love & War (Amerie album)|In Love & War]]''

| group2 = Compilation albums
| list2 =
* ''[[Best 15 Things]]''

| group3 = Extended plays
| list3 =
* ''[[Drive (Amerie EP)|Drive]]''
* ''[[4AM Mulholland]]''
* ''[[After 4AM]]''

| group4 = Singles
| list4 =
* "[[Why Don't We Fall in Love]]"
* "[[Talkin' to Me]]"
* "[[I'm Coming Out#Amerie version|I'm Coming Out]]"
* "[[1 Thing]]"
* "[[Touch (Amerie song)|Touch]]"
* "[[Talkin' About]]"
* "[[Take Control (Amerie song)|Take Control]]"
* "[[Gotta Work]]"
* "[[Why R U]]"
* "[[Heard 'em All]]"
* "[[Mine (Amerie song)|Mine]]"

| group5 = Featured singles
| list5 =
* "[[Rule (Nas song)|Rule]]"
* "[[Paradise (LL Cool J song)|Paradise]]"
* "[[I Don't Care (Ricky Martin song)|I Don't Care]]"
* "[[Fly Like Me]]"

| group6 = Related articles
| list6 =
* ''[[First Daughter (2004 film)|First Daughter]]''
* [[Amerie#Awards and nominations|Awards and nominations]]
* [[Rich Harrison]]

}}<noinclude>
{{collapsible option}}
[[Category:Rhythm and blues singer navigational boxes|Amerie]]

</noinclude>

Category:People from Magherafelt

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78.82.201.71: add category

{{Portal|Northern Ireland|Ireland}}
{{category explanation|people from '''[[Magherafelt]]''', County Londonderry, Northern Ireland}}

[[Category:People by populated place in County Londonderry|Magh]]
[[Category:Wikipedia categories for people from a populated place in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Magherafelt]]
{{CatAutoTOC|numerals=no}}

Petter (rapper)

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78.82.201.71: /* Singles */ add peak

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Petter
| image = Petter Askergren Roskilde 2009.JPG
| caption = Petter opening Orange Scene on [[Roskilde Festival 2009]]
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Petter Alexis Askergren
| alias = Petter
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|5|25}}
| birth_place = [[Sweden]]
| death_place =
| origin = [[Stockholm]], Sweden
| instrument =
| occupations = {{hlist|Rapper|singer}}
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| years_active =
| associated_acts =
| label =
| website = {{URL|http://www.petter.nu}}
}}
'''Petter Alexis Askergren''' (born 25 May 1974), who simply uses his given name '''Petter''' as a [[stage name]], is a Swedish rapper from [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], rapping in [[Swedish language|Swedish]]. He debuted in 1998 with the album ''Mitt sjätte sinne'' (My Sixth Sense), which became a success and started the [[Swedish hip hop#The second breakthrough|Swedish hip hop boom]] in the late 1990s and early 2000s. He owns a record company called Bananrepubliken ({{langx|en|The Banana Republic}}). He also studied [[art history]] at [[Uppsala University]] for some time.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} He has also worked with the famous Norwegian rap producer [[Tommy Tee]] several times in his career. Petter also frequently works with Swedish disk jockey Patrik Elofsson who goes by the stage name DJ Sleepy.

In 2014 he hosted [[Musikhjälpen]] in [[Uppsala]].

== Personal life ==
Petter was diagnosed with [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last=Strömberg |first=Niklas |date=14 April 2011 |title=Petter: Jag har adhd |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/a/ddLMbB/petter-jag-har-adhd |language=sv |work=[[Aftonbladet]] |access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Studio albums ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certification]]
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref name="swedishcharts1">{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter|title=Discography Petter|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[VG-lista|NOR]] <ref name="NOR">{{Cite web|url=https://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter|title=Discography Petter|website=norwegiancharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''Mitt sjätte sinne''
|1998
| 5 || —
|
* [[Swedish Recording Industry Association|GLF]]: 2× Platinum
|-
! scope="row"| ''Bananrepubliken''
|1999
| 1 || 34
|
* GLF: 3× Platinum
|-
! scope="row"| ''Petter''
|2001
| 16 || —
|
* GLF: Gold
|-
! scope="row"| ''Ronin''
|2004
| 5 || 37
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''P''
|2006
| 1 || —
|
* GLF: Gold
|-
! scope="row"| ''God Damn It''
|2007
| 12 || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''En räddare i nöden''
|2010
| 11 || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Början på allt''
|2013
| 5 || —
|
* GLF: Gold<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/83?dspy=2013&dspp=1|title=Årslista Album, 2013|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''Mitt folk''
|2015
| 12 || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Skeppsholmen''
|2016
| 3 || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Lev nu''
|rowspan="3"|2018
| 6 || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''9818''
| 17 || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Dö sen''
| 9 || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Varholmsgatan''
| 2020
| 24 || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Hälsa Stockholm''
| 2022
| 34 || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Vart trött sen 98''
| 2023
| 14 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/54?dspy=2023&dspp=38|title=Veckolista Album, vecka 38, 2023|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref> || —
|
|}

=== Compilation albums ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref name="swedishcharts1" />
|-
! scope="row"| ''X – Greatest Hits''
| 2008
| 31
|-
! scope="row"| ''3 Original Album Classics''
| 2009
| —
|-
! scope="row"| ''Samlar ut den''
| 2010
| 3
|-
! scope="row"| ''Mitt sjätte sinne (Jubileumsutgåva)''
| 2013
| 29
|-
! scope="row"| ''Lev nu dö sen''
| 2019
| —
|}

=== Remix albums ===
* 2007: ''Skruvat och choppat av Afasi''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/skruvat-och-choppat-av-afasi/861171212|title=Skruvat och choppat av Afasi by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>

=== EPs ===
* 2019: ''Så mycket bättre – Tolkningarna''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/s%C3%A5-mycket-b%C3%A4ttre-tolkningarna-ep/1488618045|title=Så mycket bättre - Tolkningarna - EP by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
* 2025: ''Petter med Getter''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/petter-tillbaka-med-ny-musik-stolt-over-det-har-projektet|title=Petter tillbaka med ny musik: ”Stolt över det här projektet”|date=4 April 2025|lang=sv|publisher=[[Sveriges Radio]]|access-date=6 April 2025|first=Tanja|last=Ulriksson}}</ref>

===Singles===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Single
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certification]]
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref name="swedishcharts1" />
|-
! scope="row"| "Vinden har vänt"
|rowspan="2"| 1998
| 6
|
* GLF: Gold<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1998&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar, 1998|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan="3"|''Mitt sjätte sinne''
|-
! scope="row"| "Du vet att jag gråter" {{small|(with {{ill|Kaah (singer)|lt=Kaah|sv|Kaah}})}}
| 51
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Mikrofonkåt]]"
|rowspan="2"|1999
| 53
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Saker & ting" {{small|(featuring {{ill|Eye N' I|sv}})}}
| 2
|
* GLF: Gold<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1999&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar, 1999|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan="3"|''Bananrepubliken''
|-
! scope="row"| "Så klart!" {{small|(featuring Eye N' I)}}
|rowspan="2"|2000
| 6
|
* GLF: Gold<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2000&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar, 2000|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Rulla med oss" {{small|(featuring [[Timbuktu (musician)|Timbuktu]], {{ill|Pee Wee (rapper)|lt=PeeWee|sv|Pee Wee}} and Eye N' I)}}
| 34
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Tar det tillbaka"
| rowspan="2"| 2001
| 13
|
|rowspan="3"|''Petter''
|-
! scope="row"| "Ey yo" {{small|(featuring {{ill|ADL (rapper)|lt=ADL|sv|ADL (artist)}})}}
| 35
|
|-
! scope="row"| "En sonett till dig" {{small|(featuring Luckz and {{ill|Governor Andy|sv}})}}
| 2002
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Fredrik Snortare och Cecilia Synd"
|rowspan="3"|2004
| 11
|
|rowspan="3"|''Ronin''
|-
! scope="row"| "Repa skivan" {{small|(featuring AFC)}}
| 28
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Tidens tempo"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/nz/album/tidens-tempo-single/255074746|title=Tidens Tempo - Single by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|(featuring Timbuktu)}}
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Det går bra nu"
|rowspan="2"|2006
| 3
|
* GLF: Gold<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2006&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar, 2006|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|''P''
|-
! scope="row"| "Storstadsidyll"
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "God Damn It"
|rowspan="3"|2007
| 14
|
|rowspan="4"|''God Damn It''
|-
! scope="row"| "Logiskt" {{small|(featuring [[Säkert!]])}}
| 10
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Reflexion 07"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/reflexion-07-feat-anna-ternheim-single/1496987293|title=Reflexion 07 (feat. Anna Ternheim) - Single by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|(featuring [[Anna Ternheim]])}}
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Goda dagars magi"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/goda-dagars-magi-single/1496992422|title=Goda dagars magi - Single by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|2008
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Min click"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/min-click-feat-kihlen-single/1496992221|title=Min click (feat. Kihlen) - Single by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|(featuring [[Oskar Linnros|Kihlen]])}}
| —
|
|''X – Greatest Hits''
|-
! scope="row"| "Slag under bältet"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5MeVWKHG6gh3qoqgz4xS3W|title=Slag under bältet - Single by Petter|publisher=[[Spotify]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan="3"|2009
| —
|
|''En räddare i nöden''
|-
! scope="row"| "Fri nu"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/fri-nu-single/605345794|title=Fri Nu - Single by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
| —
|
| rowspan="2"{{non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "För alla dom" {{small|(with [[Ison & Fille]] and [[Mogge]])}}
| 21
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Fast för evigt"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/4E8FEj5Rvhl5xYKqWh1o8t|title=Fast för evigt - Single by Petter|publisher=[[Spotify]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan="10"|2010
| —
|
|rowspan="3"|''En räddare i nöden''
|-
! scope="row"| "Gör min dag" {{small|(featuring [[Magnus Carlson]])}}
| 47
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Längesen]]" {{small|(featuring [[Veronica Maggio]])}}
| 2 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2022&dspp=5|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 5|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref>
|
* GLF: Platinum<ref name="2011s">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2011&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar, 2011|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Stockholm i mitt hjärta]]"
| 9
|
| rowspan="7"| ''Samlar ut den''
|-
! scope="row"| "Dansa din djävul"
| 33
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[En tuff brud i lyxförpackning]]"
| 24
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Hjärtats ensamma slag"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7MMN1fCp2MHHJrToN1Wy1l|title=Så mycket bättre - Hjärtats ensamma slag - Single by Petter|publisher=[[Spotify]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Satellites (song)|Satellites]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3jqaM2S4JjklFY9cFyGxJF|title=Så mycket bättre - Satellites - Single by Petter|publisher=[[Spotify]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Fulla för kärlekens skull"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/44FFcFl3eQmfm7OpymbsdU|title=Så mycket bättre - Fulla för kärlekens skull - Single by Petter|publisher=[[Spotify]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Baksmälla" {{small|(with [[September (singer)|September]])}}
| 3
|
* GLF: Platinum<ref name="2011s" />
|-
! scope="row"| "Krafter"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/krafter-ep/1496987013|title=Krafter - EP by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|(featuring [[Adolphson & Falk]])}}
| rowspan="2"| 2011
| —
|
| ''En räddare i nöden''
|-
! scope="row"| "Måste vidare"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/m%C3%A5ste-vidare-single/1496987208|title=Måste vidare - Single by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
| —
|
| {{non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Håll om mig" {{small|(with [[Daniel Adams-Ray]])}}
| rowspan="4"| 2013
| 25 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter+med+Daniel+Adams%2DRay|title=Discography Petter med Daniel Adams-Ray|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|
* GLF: Platinum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2013&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar, 2013|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
| ''Början på allt''
|-
! scope="row"| "2013Live"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/se/album/2013live-single/1285689439|title=2013Live - Single av Ison & Fille & Petter på Apple Music|language=sv|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|(with Ison & Fille)}}
| —
|
| {{non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "King"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/se/album/king-with-lilla-namo/626138649|title=King (with Lilla Namo) av Petter på Apple Music|language=sv|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|(with [[Lilla Namo]])}}
| —
|
| rowspan="2"| ''Början på allt''
|-
! scope="row"| "Början på allt"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/se/album/b%C3%B6rjan-p%C3%A5-allt-single/654710504|title=Början på allt - Single av Petter på Apple Music|language=sv|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|(featuring Eye-n-I)}}
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Kul på vägen" {{small|(featuring [[Sam-E (singer)|Sam-E]] and {{ill|Sara Zacharias|sv}})}}
|rowspan="7"|2015
| 67
|
| rowspan="10"| ''Mitt folk''
|-
! scope="row"| "Leva & dö" {{small|(featuring {{ill|Daniel Boyacioglu|sv}})}}
| —{{efn-ua|"Leva & dö" did not enter the [[Swedish Singles Chart]], but peaked at number two on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2015&dspp=25|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 25, 2015|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>}}
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Vi är"
| 68
|-
! scope="row"| "Mitt folk" {{small|(featuring Daniel Adams-Ray)}}
| —{{efn-ua|"Mitt folk" did not enter the [[Swedish Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 18 on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2015&dspp=39|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 39, 2015|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>}}
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Svarta rävar" {{small|(featuring [[Linnea Olsson]])}}
| —{{efn-ua|"Svarta rävar" did not enter the [[Swedish Singles Chart]], but peaked at number eight on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2015&dspp=44|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 44, 2015|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>}}
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Följer mig"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/f%C3%B6ljer-mig-feat-rosh-single/1056834491|title=Följer mig (feat. Rosh) - Single by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|(featuring {{ill|Rosh (rapper)|lt=Rosh|sv|Rosh}})}}
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Cityljus"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/cityljus-feat-yasin-blen-single/1065461512|title=Cityljus (feat. Yasin & Blen) - Single by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|(featuring [[Yasin (rapper)|Yasin]] and {{ill|Blen|sv}})}}
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Pris på mitt huvud" {{small|(featuring Daniel Adams-Ray)}}
|rowspan="4"| 2016
| 75 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter+feat%2E+Daniel+Adams%2Dray|title=Discography Petter feat. Daniel Adams-ray|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Skärvor på mitt golv"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/sk%C3%A4rvor-p%C3%A5-mitt-golv-kommer-snart-single/1081008821|title=Skärvor på mitt golv (Kommer snart) - Single by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Då var då, nu är nu" {{small|(featuring [[Mauro Scocco]])}}
| —{{efn-ua|"Då var då, nu är nu" did not enter the [[Swedish Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 11 on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2016&dspp=14|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 14, 2016|language=sv|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=2 May 2021}}</ref>}}
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Se på mig nu" {{small|(featuring [[Linnea Henriksson]])}}
| 5 <ref name="featLH">{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter+feat%2E+Linnea+Henriksson|title=Discography Petter feat. Linnea Henriksson|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|
| ''Skeppsholmen''
|-
! scope="row"| "Toppen av ett berg" {{small|(featuring {{ill|Madi Banja|sv}})}}
|rowspan="4"|2018
| 4 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter+feat%2E+Madi+Banja|title=Discography Petter feat. Madi Banja|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|
* GLF: Platinum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2018&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar, 2018|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="3"| ''Lev nu''
|-
! scope="row"| "En grej i taget" {{small|(featuring [[Mapei (musician)|Mapei]] and [[Magnus Lidehäll|MagnusTheMagnus]])}}
| 97 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter%2C+Mapei+%26+Magnusthemagnus|title=Discography Petter, Mapei & Magnusthemagnus|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Regnet" {{small|(featuring [[Molly Sandén]] and Sami)}}
| 29 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter+feat%2E+Molly+Sand%E9n+%26+Sami|title=Discography Petter feat. Molly Sandén & Sami|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Brevet" {{small|(featuring [[David Jassy]])}}
| —{{efn-ua|"Brevet" did not enter the [[Swedish Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 17 on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2018&dspp=47|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 47, 2018|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>}}
|
| ''Dö sen''
|-
! scope="row"| "Blommorna" {{small|(with [[Miss Li]])}}
| rowspan="6"| 2019
| —{{efn-ua|"Blommorna" did not enter the [[Swedish Singles Chart]], but peaked at number one on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2019&dspp=23|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 23, 2019|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>}}
|
| {{non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Kung för en dag]]" {{small|(featuring [[Magnus Uggla]])}}
| 23 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter+feat%2E+Magnus+Uggla|title=Discography Petter feat. Magnus Uggla|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|
|rowspan="5"|''Så mycket bättre – Tolkningarna''
|-
! scope="row"| "Stockholm" {{small|(featuring [[Tjuvjakt]])}}
| 42 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter+feat%2E+Tjuvjakt|title=Discography Petter feat. Tjuvjakt|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Sanningen" {{small|(featuring Linnea Henriksson)}}
| 31 <ref name="featLH" />
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Jag lovar"
| 29
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Bonfire"
| —{{efn-ua|"Bonfire" did not enter the [[Swedish Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 14 on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2019&dspp=50|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 50, 2019|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>}}
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Astronaut" {{small|(featuring OBLX)}}
| rowspan="4"| 2020
| 82 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter+feat%2E+Oblx|title=Discography Petter feat. Oblx|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|
| {{non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Astronaut" (Varholmsgatan version) {{small|(featuring [[Maja Francis]])}}
| 68 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter+feat%2E+Maja+Francis|title=Discography Petter feat. Maja Francis|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|
| rowspan="2"| ''Varholmsgatan''
|-
! scope="row"| "Dom får mig aldrig levande" {{small|(featuring [[Thomas Stenström]])}}
| 35
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Ögonblick" {{small|(with {{ill|Imenella|sv}})}}
| —{{efn-ua|"Ögonblick" did not enter the [[Swedish Singles Chart]], but peaked at number four on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2020&dspp=23|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 23, 2020|language=sv|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>}}
|
| rowspan="3" {{non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Bara för bra"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/bara-f%C3%B6r-bra-feat-myra-granberg-single/1557952369|title=Bara för bra (feat. Myra Granberg) - Single by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> {{small|(featuring [[Myra Granberg]])}}
| rowspan="2"| 2021
| 37
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Förutom dig"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/f%C3%B6rutom-dig-single/1568098009|title=Förutom dig – Single by Petter on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>
| 57 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2021&dspp=23|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 23|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Hundratusen" {{small|(featuring Gammal)}}
| rowspan="2"| 2022
| —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Hundratusen" did not enter the Swedish Singellista Chart, but peaked at number 15 on the Swedish Heatseeker Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2022&dspp=10|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 10|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>}}
|
| rowspan="2"| ''Hälsa Stockholm''
|-
! scope="row"| "Komma över dig" {{small|(featuring [[Benjamin Ingrosso]])}}
| 23 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2022&dspp=19|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 19|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=13 May 2022}}</ref>
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Tar det tillbaka igen" {{small|(with [[Adaam]])}}
| rowspan="2"| 2023
| 26 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2023&dspp=34|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 34, 2023|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref>
|
| rowspan="2"| ''Vart trött sen 98''
|-
! scope="row"| "Längesen (Epilog)" {{small|(with {{ill|Simon Superti|sv}})}}
| 28 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2023&dspp=38|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 38, 2023|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref>
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Skimmer" {{small|(featuring Reyn)}}
| 2024
| —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Skimmer" did not enter the Swedish Singellista Chart, but peaked at number two on the Swedish Heatseeker Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2024&dspp=19|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 19|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref>}}
|
| {{Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Thug" {{small|(featuring Adaam)}}
| rowspan="4"| 2025
| 16 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41/?dspy=2025&dspp=16|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 16|lang=sv|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref>
|
| rowspan="4"| ''Petter med Getter''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingsizemag.se/musik/petter-teamar-upp-med-adaam-pa-forsta-singel-fran-ep-projekt-se-lyssna-pa-thug/|title=Petter teamar upp med ADAAM på första singel från EP-projekt – se/lyssna på “Thug”|date=4 April 2025|lang=sv|work=[[Kingsize Magazine]]|access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaffa.se/nyheter/2025/mars/petter-slapper-en-lat-i-veckan-med-unga-rappare/|title=Petter släpper en låt i veckan med unga rappare|date=21 March 2025|first=Emma|last=Thimgren|work=[[Gaffa (magazine)|Gaffa]]|access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "{{langr|sv|Getsnack}}" {{small|(featuring Imenella)}}
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "{{langr|sv|Röntgen}}" {{small|(featuring {{ill|B.Baby|sv}})}}
| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "{{langr|sv|Evigt liv}}" {{small|(featuring [[Bell (singer)|Bell]])}}
| —
|
|}

=== Featured singles ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Single
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref name="swedishcharts1" />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[The Official Finnish Charts|FIN]] <ref name="finnish">{{Cite web|url=https://finnishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter+%26+Peewee|title=Discography Petter & Peewee|website=finnishcharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"|[[VG-lista|NOR]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Tommy+Tee+feat%2E+Diaz+%26+Petter|title=Discography Tommy Tee feat. Diaz & Petter|website=norwegiancharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Crossing Borders" {{small|([[Tommy Tee]] featuring Petter and [[Diaz (musician)|Diaz]])}}
| 1999
| — || — || 9
| ''{{ill|Norske byggeklosser (album)|lt=Norske byggeklosser|no|Norske byggeklosser (album)}}''
|-
! scope="row"| "Stockholm–Helsinki" {{small|([[Fintelligens]] featuring Petter and PeeWee)}}
| rowspan="4"| 2000
| — || 1 || —
| ''{{ill|Renesanssi|fi}}''
|-
! scope="row"| "Städer när jag blöder" {{small|(Saska featuring [[Thåström]] and Petter)}}
| 30 || — || —
| rowspan="3"{{non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Fatta förstå"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/noje/0009/07/ayo.html|title=Petter och Ayo hjälper barnen|date=7 September 2000|first=Lars|last=Johansson|work=[[Aftonbladet]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|({{ill|Ayo (rapper)|lt=Ayo|sv|Ayo}} featuring Petter)}}
| — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "Vår stil" {{small|({{ill|DJ Sleepy|sv}} featuring Petter and Eye-n-I)}}
| — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "Vill ha!" {{small|([[Feven]] featuring Petter)}}
| 2001
| 38 || — || —
| ''Hela vägen ut''
|-
! scope="row"| "Giftig" {{small|([[Mange Schmidt]] featuring Petter)}}
| rowspan="2"| 2007
| 2 || — || —
| ''Känslan kommer tillbaks''
|-
! scope="row"| "Inga problem" (remix)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/se/album/inga-problem-remix-feat-petter-veronica-maggio-single/1444584016|title=Inga problem (Remix) [feat. Petter & Veronica Maggio] - Single av Snook på Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|([[Snook (band)|Snook]] featuring Veronica Maggio and Petter)}}
| — || — || —
| {{non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Håbet"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/h%C3%A5bet-feat-petter-patrick-b/302494045|title=Håbet (Feat. Petter & Patrick B) by Deepee on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|({{ill|Dee Pee|da}} featuring Petter and Patrick B)}}
| 2009
| — || — || —
| ''Perspektivet''
|-
! scope="row"| "Sanna min ord"<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/universalmusic/pressreleases/idag-slaepps-andra-singeln-fraan-stress-album-playlist-sanna-mina-ord-med-petter-johnel-662452|title=Idag släpps andra singeln från Stress album Playlist - Sanna mina Ord med Petter & Johnel.|date=18 July 2011|publisher=[[Universal Music]]|agency=[[Mynewsdesk]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|([[Stress (record producer)|Stress]] featuring Petter and [[John Lundvik|Johnel]])}}
| 2011
| — || — || —
| ''Playlist''
|-
! scope="row"| "Over"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/se/album/over-feat-petter-single/1397754869|title=Over (feat. Petter) - Single av Madcon på Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|([[Madcon]] featuring Petter)}}
| rowspan="3"| 2018
| — || — || —
| ''Contakt Vol. 2''
|-
! scope="row"| "Kivijalka"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kivijalka-feat-petter-single/1404646403|title=Kivijalka (feat. Petter) - Single by Fintelligens on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|(Fintelligens featuring Petter)}}
| — || — || —
| rowspan="2"{{non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Sjel"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/se/album/sjel-feat-petter-single/1436871184|title=SJEL (feat. Petter) - Single av Adam Falk på Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|language=sv|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> {{small|(Adam Falk featuring Petter)}}
| — || — || —
|}

=== Other charted songs ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Song
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref name="swedishcharts1" />
|-
! scope="row"| "Fyrverkeri" {{small|(Tjuvjakt featuring Petter)}}
| rowspan="4"| 2018
| —{{efn-ua|"Fyrverkeri" did not enter the [[Swedish Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 11 on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2018&dspp=24|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 24, 2018|language=sv|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>}}
| ''okokokokokokok''
|-
! scope="row"| "Lev nu dö sen" {{small|(featuring [[Vargas & Lagola]])}}
| 39
| ''Lev nu''
|-
! scope="row"| "Faller av" {{small|(featuring [[Thomas Rusiak]], PeeWee and Eye-N-I)}}
| —{{efn-ua|"Faller av" did not enter the [[Swedish Singles Chart]], but peaked at number six on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2018&dspp=36|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 36, 2018|language=sv|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>}}
| ''9818''
|-
! scope="row"| "Ikväll" {{small|(featuring [[Ana Diaz (Swedish singer)|Ana Diaz]])}}
| 71 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Petter+feat%2E+Ana+Diaz|title=Discography Petter feat. Ana Diaz|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
| ''Dö sen''
|-
! scope="row"| "Barnängens ängar" {{small|(featuring [[Joel Alme]])}}
| 2020
| —{{efn-ua|"Barnängens ängar" did not enter the [[Swedish Singles Chart]], but peaked at number five on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2020&dspp=25|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 25, 2020|language=sv|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>}}
| ''Varholmsgatan''
|-
! scope="row"| "Hälsa Stockholm" {{small|(featuring [[Molly Hammar]])}}
| rowspan="2"| 2022
| —{{efn-ua|"Hälsa Stockholm" did not enter the Swedish Singles Chart, but peaked at number seven on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2022&dspp=38|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 38, 2022|language=sv|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>}}
| rowspan="2"| ''Hälsa Stockholm''
|-
! scope="row"| "Glatta livet" {{small|(featuring [[Titiyo]])}}
| —{{efn-ua|"Glatta livet" did not enter the Swedish Singles Chart, but peaked at number 14 on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2022&dspp=43|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 43, 2022|language=sv|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=28 October 2022}}</ref>}}
|}

'''Notes'''
{{notelist-ua}}

==See also==
*[[Swedish hip hop]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Petter Askergren}}
*{{official website|http://www.petter.nu}}
*{{musicbrainz artist|id=798d2454-7c77-47b9-8891-ccc140b82796|name=Petter}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Swedish male rappers|Petter]]
[[Category:Uppsala University alumni]]
[[Category:Swedish-language singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Stockholm]]
[[Category:People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]

Macedonian denar

2025-04-14T20:05:44Z

78.82.201.71: Undid revision 1285611232 by Durziil89 (talk) no need to remove

{{Short description|Currency of North Macedonia}}
{{Redirect|Denar}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox currency
| name = Macedonian denar
| local_name1 = денар
| local_name_lang1 = mk
| image_1 = 2 denari.jpg
| image_2 =
| image_title_1 = 2 MKD 2006
| image_title_2 = 10 MKD 2003
| iso_code = MKD
| subunit_name_1 = {{lang|mk|дени}} (no longer used)
| plural = denari / денари ("denars") ({{langx|mk|денари}})
| symbol = den ({{langx|mk| ден}})
| frequently_used_banknotes = 10 MKD, 50 MKD, 100 MKD, 200 MKD, 500 MKD, 1,000 MKD, 2,000 MKD
| frequently_used_coins = 1 MKD, 2 MKD, 5 MKD, 10 MKD, 50 MKD
| subunit_ratio_1 = {{frac|1|100}}
| replaced_currency = [[Yugoslav dinar]]
| using_countries = {{flag|North Macedonia}}
| issuing_authority = [[National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia]]
| issuing_authority_website = {{URL|www.nbrm.mk}}
| inflation_rate = 14.2%
| inflation_source_date = [https://www.nbrm.mk/content/Годишен_извештај-2022-НБ.pdf NBRSM], 2022
}}

The '''denar''' ({{langx|mk|денар}}; [[paucal]]:{{clarification needed|date=June 2023|reason=The [[Macedonian language]] article says that Macedonian distinguishes singular and plural but doesn't mention a paucal}} denari / {{lang|mk|денари}}; [[Currency symbol|abbreviation]]: '''den''' / '''{{lang|mk|ден}}'''; [[ISO 4217|ISO code]]: '''MKD''') is the [[currency]] of [[North Macedonia]]. Though subdivided into one hundred deni ({{lang|mk|дени}}), coins with a denomination of less than one denar have not been in use since 2013.

==History==
The first denar was established as a temporary currency on 26 April 1992 <ref>[http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/DetalNewsInstant.asp?vestInstant=3400 20 years of the Macedonian denar will be celebrated] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135748/http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/DetalNewsInstant.asp?vestInstant=3400 |date=2014-10-06 }} NovaMakedonija</ref> in the then-[[North Macedonia|Republic of Macedonia]], replacing the 1990 version of the [[Yugoslav dinar]] at a 1:1 parity. In May 1993, the currency was reformed and a new denar was introduced, with one new denar being equal to 100 old denars.

===Etymology===
The name denar comes from the name of the [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] monetary unit, the ''[[denarius]]''. The [[currency symbol|abbreviation]] is '''ден''', the first three [[Macedonian alphabet|Cyrillic]] letters of its name.

=={{anchor|1st}}First denar (1992–1993)==
The first denar was a temporary currency introduced on 26 April 1992 to replace the Yugoslav dinar at 1:1 parity and establish the monetary independence of Macedonia.

===History===
Macedonia [[North Macedonia#Declaration of independence|declared independence]] from [[Yugoslavia]] on 8 September 1991. At the time, the country was using the Yugoslav dinar. But secret preparations were begun to introduce its own currency, and by April 1992, Macedonia was ready to acquire monetary independence from Yugoslavia. On 26 April, the [[National Bank of North Macedonia|National Bank of Macedonia]] was established and the denar declared the national currency. Notes in the form of "value coupons" entered circulation the following day, and on 30 April 1992, the Yugoslav dinar ceased to be legal tender.<ref name="Annual1992">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbrm.mk/WBStorage/Files/annual_report_1992.pdf |title=National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia. Annual Report 1992|website=www.nbrm.mk}}</ref> In May 1993, the first denar was replaced at a rate of 100 to 1 by a new, permanent denar consisting of notes and coins.

===Coins===
No [[coins]] were issued for the first denar.

===Banknotes===
Temporary notes ("value coupons") were introduced on 27 April 1992, although preparations for producing them began much earlier. The notes remained in circulation until they were replaced by permanent notes of the second denar in 1993.

====Production====
Printing of the notes started on 15 January 1992 at the “11 October” printing firm in [[Prilep]]. The difficulties of creating a new currency in secret were reflected in the notes themselves. The paper, purchased from [[Slovenia]], proved to be of poor quality and lacked adequate security. Although denominated in denari, the name of the currency did not appear on the notes because they were printed prior to the adoption of the Law on the Monetary Unit. Likewise, the issuer appeared as the "National Bank of Macedonia", not its successor, the [[National Bank of North Macedonia|National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Со солзи и во тајност се печатеше првиот македонски денар|date=6 September 2011|url=http://www.utrinski.mk/?ItemID=D36A7ABAF30BB84696DC7B93F291BBC9|website=www.utrinski.mk|access-date=3 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072954/http://www.utrinski.mk/?ItemID=D36A7ABAF30BB84696DC7B93F291BBC9|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Design====
The notes were designed by a young employee of the "11 October" printer, who had only one week and a limited budget to design them. Thus the six lowest denominations were identical, with the exception of their colours. All featured a man and two women picking tobacco leaves on the front, with the back devoted to the Ilinden monument in [[Kruševo]], which, according to the bank, “expresses the eternal fight of citizens of Macedonia for life in peace and freedom.”

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
!colspan="11"|Banknotes of the first denar
|-
!colspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Dimensions !!rowspan="2"| Watermark !!colspan="2"| Description !!colspan="4"| Date of
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Obverse !! Reverse !! printing !! issue !! withdrawal !! lapse
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| 10 DEN
| 143mm × ? mm
|rowspan="8"| Design
|rowspan="6"| Women gathering [[tobacco]]
|rowspan="6"| Monument [[Makedonium]] in [[Kruševo]]
|rowspan="8"| 1992
|rowspan="8"| 27 April 1992
|rowspan="2"| 10 May 1993<ref name="Annual1993">{{cite web|title=National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia. Annual Report 1993|url= http://www.nbrm.mk/WBStorage/Files/annual_report_1993.pdf|website=www.nbrm.mk}}</ref>
|rowspan="8"|?
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| 25 DEN
| 143mm × ? mm
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| 50 DEN*
| 143mm × ? mm
|rowspan="3"| 31 August 1993<ref name="Annual1993"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| 100 DEN
| 143mm × ? mm
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| 500 DEN
| 143mm × ? mm
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| 1,000 DEN
| 143mm × ? mm
|rowspan="3"| 30 November 1993<ref name="Annual1993"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| 5,000 DEN
| 143mm × ? mm
| Monument [[Makedonium]] in [[Kruševo]]
| Girl in front of a computer
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| style="text-align:center; background:#000;"|
| 10,000 DEN
| 143mm × ? mm
| Panorama of the Church of St. Sofia, [[Ohrid]]
| Men dancing and the monument [[Makedonium]] in [[Kruševo]]
|-
|colspan="11"|{{Standard banknote table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
* After 10 May 1993 these banknotes remained in circulation at {{frac|1|100}} of their nominal value.<ref name="Annual1993"/>
|}

===Exchange rates===
The denar was introduced with a fixed exchange rate of 360 denars to the [[Deutsche Mark]].<ref name="Annual1992"/> There was a devaluation in October 1992 and change to the basket peg, new devaluation in December 1992 and abandonment of the peg in mid-1993.<ref>[https://monetaryframeworks.org/north-macedonia/ North Macedonia]</ref>

=={{anchor|2nd}}Second denar (1993–present)==

===Coins===
====First series (1993)====
In May 1993, coins for the second denar were introduced in denominations of 50 deni, and 1, 2, and 5 denars. The coins were designed by Dimče Boškoski and Snežana Atanasovska. In November 2008, 10 and 50 denar coins were introduced, while the 50 deni coin was withdrawn in 2013. Due to its low mintage, it had only been struck in 1993 and was practically never seen in circulation.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia, Annual Report 2011|url=http://www.nbrm.mk/WBStorage/Files/WebBuilder_Annual_Report_2011.pdf|website=www.nbrm.mk}}</ref>

Since 1996, a large number of commemorative coins have been issued for collectors; a listing can be found on the national bank website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbrm.mk/?ItemID=9C9C53E00F8DFC4E8A4FC1BDD3F69434|title=Македонски - Пригодни ковани пари|website=www.nbrm.mk}}</ref>

Coins are minted at the ''Suvenir'' factory in [[Samokov, Makedonski Brod|Samokov]], a village near [[Makedonski Brod]].

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
!colspan="13"|Coins of the denar (1993–present)<ref name="Македонски - Ковани пари во оптек">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbrm.mk/?ItemID=6F1ABD61B6A40E4B9926CFA61BC8998B|title=Македонски - Ковани пари во оптек|website=www.nbrm.mk}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="4"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! minting !! issue !! withdrawal !! lapse
|- {{Coin-yellow-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| 50 deni
| 21.5 mm
| 4.1 g
| CuZn15
|rowspan="4"| Plain
|rowspan="4"| Value, Stylized horizont with a 16-ray sun
| РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНИЈА, circular; year in the lower central field. Flying [[seagull]]
| 1993
|rowspan="4"| 10 May 1993
| 1 January 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbrm.mk/WBStorage/Files/WebBuilder_DecisionWithdrawal50Deni.pdf|title=National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia, DECISION ON WITHDRAWAL FROM CIRCULATION OF COINS IN DENOMINATION OF 50 DENI |date=26 April 2012|website=www.nbrm.mk}}</ref>
|Indefinitely*
|- {{Coin-yellow-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| 1 DEN
| 23.80 mm
| 5.1 g
|rowspan="3"| CuNi3Zn17
| РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНИЈА, circular; year in the lower central field. [[Šarplaninec]] shepherd dog
| 1993 1997 2001 2006 2008 2014 2016
|rowspan="3" colspan="2"| Current
|- {{Coin-yellow-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| [[File:2 denari.jpg|200px]]
| 2 DEN
| 25.50 mm
| 6.2 g
| РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНИЈА, circular; year in the lower central field. [[Ohrid trout]] (''Salmo letnica'').
| 1993 1997 2001 2006 2008 2018
|- {{Coin-yellow-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| [[File:5 denari, Macedonia (2006).jpg|200px]]
| 5 DEN
| 27.5 mm
| 7.2 g
| РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНИЈА, circular; year in the lower central field. [[Balkan lynx]] (''Lynx lynx balcanicus'').
| 1993 1997 2001 2006 2008
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| 10 DEN
| 24.5 mm
| 6.6 g
| Cu70Ni12Zn18
|rowspan="2"| Plain
|rowspan="2"| Value, Stylized horizont with a 16-ray sun
| Peacock, floor mosaic from [[Stobi]] from the 6th century AD, detail presented on the banknote of 10 Denari
| 2008 2017
|rowspan="2"| 15 November 2008
|rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Current
|- {{Coin-silver-color}}
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| 50 DEN
| 26.5 mm
| 7.7 g
| Cu62Ni18Zn20
| Archangel Gabriel, fresco from the [[Church of St. George, Kurbinovo]] - 12th century, detail presented on the banknote of 50 Denari
| 2008
|-
|colspan="16"|{{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
* Until 1 April 2013, coins of 50 deni could be exchanged at any domestic bank. Although no deadline has been set, after that date, the coins can be exchanged only at the [[National Bank of North Macedonia]].
|}

====Second series (2020)====
Due to the country's name change as part of the [[Prespa Agreement]], a new set of coins featuring the new name of North Macedonia is being released into circulation, starting with 1 denar coins in April 2021.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
!colspan="13"|Coins of the second series (2020–present)<ref name="Македонски - Ковани пари во оптек"/>
|-
! rowspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!colspan="3"| Technical parameters !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="4"| Date of
|-
! Diameter !! Mass !! Composition !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! minting !! issue !! withdrawal !! lapse
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| 1 DEN<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbrm.mk/ns-newsarticle-DECISION+ON+PUTTING+INTO+CIRCULATION+OF+COINS+IN+DENOMINATION+OF+1+DENAR+WITH+MODIFIED+FEATURES.nspx|title=DECISION ON PUTTING INTO CIRCULATION OF COINS IN DENOMINATION OF 1 DENAR WITH MODIFIED FEATURES|website=www.nbrm.mk}}</ref>
| 23.80 mm
| 5.1 g
|rowspan="3"| CuNi3Zn17
|rowspan="3"| Plain
|rowspan="3"| Value, Stylized horizont with a 16-ray sun
| Република Северна Македонија, circular; year in the lower central field. [[Šarplaninec]] shepherd dog
| 2020
| 1 April 2021
| colspan="2"| Current
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| 2 DEN
| 25.50 mm
| 6.2 g
| Република Северна Македонија, circular; year in the lower central field. [[Ohrid trout]] (''Salmo letnica'').
| 2022
|
| colspan="2"| Current
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| 5 DEN
| 27.5 mm
| 7.2 g
| Република Северна Македонија, circular; year in the lower central field. [[Balkan lynx]] (''Lynx lynx balcanicus'').
| 2022
|
| colspan="2"| Current
|-
|colspan="16"|{{Standard coin table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}

====FAO coinage (1995)====
In 1995, [[Circulation issue|circulation coins]] of 1, 2, and 5 denar denominations were struck in honor of the [[United Nations|United Nations']] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]].

===Banknotes===
In 1993, the new denar was issued in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 denar notes. The 20 denar note was only issued in this first series. In 1996, 1000 and 5000 denar notes were added. In 2016, notes of 200 and 2,000 denars were issued, while the national bank began withdrawing the 5000 denar banknote from circulation to re-balance the structure of notes in circulation. In 2017, the national bank unveiled its current [[polymer banknote]]s, the 10 and 50 denar notes, and put them into circulation on May 15.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
! Obverse
! Reverse
! Value
! width=95|Colour
! Obverse
! Reverse
|-
!colspan="8"| 1993 series (Issued October 1993)
|-
|align="center" |
|align="center" |
| 10 DEN
| blue
| [[Makedonium]] Monument in [[Kruševo]]
| Panorama of [[Kruševo]]
|-
|align="center" |
|align="center" |
| 20 DEN
| brown-dark red
| Daut-Pasha Bath in [[Skopje]]
| [[Clock tower]] in [[Skopje]]
|-
|align="center" |
|align="center" |
| 50 DEN
| red
| Monastery of St. Pantelejmon in [[Skopje]]
| Old National Bank of Macedonia building in [[Skopje]]
|-
|align="center" |
|align="center" |
| 100 DEN
| brown
| Church of St. Sofia in [[Ohrid]]
| National Museum building in Ohrid
|- bgcolor = white
|align="center" |
|align="center" |
| 500 DEN
| brown-dark green
| Monastery of St. Jovan Caneo in [[Ohrid]]
| Samuil's Fortress in [[Ohrid]]
|-
!colspan="8"| 1996 series
|-
|
|
| 10 DEN
| lilac
| [[Ancient Egyptian deities|Egyptian goddess]] [[Isis]] (Izida, 2nd century BC), Ohrid; gold earring (4th century BC), v. Beranci, [[Bitola]]
| Mosaic in [[Stobi]] (4th-5th century)
|-
|
|
| 50 DEN
| blue
| Fresco in the [[Church of Saint Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi|Church of St. Pantelejmon]], Nerezi; [[Follis]] coin
| Arhangel Gavril in the St. Ǵorǵi Church, Kurbinovo
|-
|
|
| 100 DEN
| lilac-brown
| Skopje from engraving by Jacobus Harevin
| View of Skopje from an Albanian house
|- bgcolor = white
|
|
| 500 DEN
| red-brown
| Gold mask, v. [[Trebeništa]], Ohrid (6th century BC)
| [[Poppy]] flower
|-
|
|
| 1,000 DEN
| brown
| Madonna Episkepis, icon from the Church of St. Vrači, Ohrid, 14th century
| Gregory's gallery (14th century), [[Church of Saint Sophia, Ohrid|Church of St. Sofia]], Ohrid
|- bgcolor = white
|
|
| 5,000 DEN
| red-brown-green
| Bronze figure of [[Maenad]] (6th century BC), [[Tetovo]]
| Dog and tree, mosaic, [[Heraclea Lyncestis]] (5th-6th century AD), Bitola
|-
!colspan="8"| Upgrade of the 1996 series
|-
|
|
| 500 DEN
| red-brown
| Gold mask, v. Trebeništa, Ohrid (6th century BC)
| Poppy flower
|-
|
|
| 1,000 DEN
| brown
| Madonna Episkepis, icon from the St. Vrači Church, Ohrid, 14th century
| Gregory's gallery (14th century), Church of St. Sofia, Ohrid
|-
!colspan="8"| 2014 series (Issued December 2016)
|-
|align="center" |
|align="center" |
| 200 DEN
|
| Early medieval bronze fibula (found near Prilep); Relief of the Old Testament Psalm 41 (terracotta icon from Vinica)
| Artistic elements on the façade of Colorful Mosque (Šarena Džamija, Alaca Cami), Tetovo; Marble tiles with floral designs of Isaak Beg Mosque (Isak Džamija), Bitola
|- bgcolor = white
|align="center" |
|align="center" |
| 2000 DEN
|
| Bronze artefact in the form of cup poppy (discovered in Suva Reka, Gevgelija); Macedonian bridal dress from Prilep
| Decoration on the inside of a gilded bowl (16th century), "Source of Life", peacocks
|-
!colspan="8"| 2018 "Polymer Series" (Issued March 2018)
|-
|
|
| 10 DEN
| lilac
| Egyptian goddess [[Isis]] (Izida, 2nd century BC), Ohrid; gold earring (4th century BC), v. Beranci, [[Bitola]]. Mosaic in [[Stobi]] (4th–5th century)
| Mosaic in [[Stobi]] (4th–5th century)
|-
|
|
| 50 DEN
| blue
| Fresco in the [[Church of Saint Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi|Church of St. Pantelejmon]], Nerezi; [[Follis]] coin
| Arhangel Gavril in the St. Ǵorǵi Church, Kurbinovo
|}

===Exchange rates===
Since October 1995, the nominal exchange rate of the Denar was pegged against the [[Deutsche Mark]]. Since January 2002, it is pegged against the [[euro]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbrm.mk/postavienost_na_monietarnata_politika-en.nspx |title=Design of monetary policy |website=www.nbrm.mk}}</ref>

The denar is [[de facto]] pegged to the euro using a stabilization agreement<ref>{{cite web |url=https://finance.gov.mk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ratingsdirect_summary_northmacedonia_sep0619.pdf |title=Summary. North Macedonia |website=finance.gov.mk |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2024/English/1MKDEA2024001.ashx |title=IMF. REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> at a rate of 1 EUR=61.3644 MKD +/- 1%.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

{{Exchange rate|MKD|TRY}}

== See also ==
{{commons category|Money of North Macedonia}}
* [[Economy of North Macedonia]]
* [[Denarius]]
* [[Serbian dinar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.finance.gov.mk Ministry of Finance website]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.bis-ans-ende-der-welt.net/Mazedonien-B-En.htm|title=Banknotes of Macedonia|language=en,de|editor=Heiko Otto|access-date=2017-03-24}}

{{North Macedonia topics}}
{{dinar}}
{{Currency signs}}
{{Currencies of Europe}}
{{Currencies of Former Yugoslavia}}
{{Portal bar|Europe|Money|North Macedonia|Numismatics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macedonian Denar}}
[[Category:Currencies of North Macedonia]]
[[Category:Currencies introduced in 1992]]
[[Category:Currencies introduced in 1993]]
[[Category:Currency symbols]]
[[Category:Circulating currencies]]
[[Category:Currencies of Europe]]
[[Category:Dinar]]

Hideo Kodama

2025-04-14T20:00:49Z

78.82.201.71: Undid revision 1285614377 by Durziil89 (talk) properly using infobox

{{short description|Japanese politician}}
{{about||the Japanese automobile designer|Hideo Kodama (designer)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Hideo Kodama
|native_name = {{No bold|兒玉秀雄}}
|native_name_lang = ja
|image = Hideo Kodama 01.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|caption = Kodama Hideo
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1876|07|19}}
|birth_place = [[Yamaguchi Prefecture]], [[Japan]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1947|04|07|1876|07|19}}
|death_place = Tokyo, Japan
|resting_place=[[Tama Cemetery]], [[Fuchū, Tokyo]], Japan
|alma_mater=[[Tokyo Imperial University]]
|other_names =
|known_for =
|occupation = Politician, Cabinet Minister
|nationality = Japanese
}}
[[Count]] {{nihongo|'''Hideo Kodama'''|兒玉秀雄|Kodama Hideo|extra= July 19, 1876 – April 7, 1947}}, was a politician, and wartime cabinet minister in the [[Empire of Japan]]. He was the eldest son of famed [[Russo-Japanese War]] general [[Kodama Gentarō]], and his wife was the daughter of [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Terauchi Masatake]].

== Biography ==
[[File:Hideo Kodama.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Kodama Hideo in July 1935]]
Kodama was born in [[Yamaguchi Prefecture]]. After graduating from the Law School of [[Tokyo Imperial University]] in 1900, he obtained a position at the [[Ministry of Finance (Japan)|Ministry of Finance]], passing his career civil service examinations the same year. He served in a number of bureaucratic posts. During the [[Russo-Japanese War]], he was assigned to the [[Imperial General Headquarters]] and sent to the [[Liaodong Peninsula]] (under Japanese occupation), where he served as liaison between the civilian government in Tokyo and the Japanese general armies in [[Manchuria]]. Following the war, he returned to the Finance Ministry as head of the government's [[Japan Tobacco|Tobacco Monopoly]]. He was later assigned to serve in the [[Governor-General of Korea|Japanese Government-General of Korea]], as a secretary to the [[Privy Council (Japan)|Privy Council]], and as a member of the [[House of Peers (Japan)|House of Peers]]. Upon his father's death on 23 July 1906, he inherited the title of [[viscount]] and took a seat in the House of Peers. After petitioning the Meiji Emperor, the emperor elevated him to [[count]] on 2 October 1907 in recognition of his father's service. From 1916 to 1918, he served as [[Chief Cabinet Secretary]]. From 26 Sep 1923 to 17 Dec 1927 Kodama was governor of the [[Kwantung Leased Territory]]. In the late 1920s, Kodama was the civilian administrator of [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]].

In October 1934, Kodama was picked to be [[Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)|Minister of Colonization]] under the [[Keisuke Okada|Okada administration]]. In February 1937, he became [[Ministry of Communications (Japan)|Minister of Communications]] under the [[Senjuro Hayashi|Hayashi administration]]. From January to July 1940, Kodama served as [[Home Ministry (Japan)|Home Minister]] under the [[Mitsumasa Yonai|Yonai administration]]. He visited [[Java]] in Japanese-occupied [[Netherlands East Indies]] as a special advisor in 1942 at the request of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]. In 1944, Kodama served as a [[minister without portfolio]] under the [[Kuniaki Koiso|Koiso administration]], and from February to April 1945, served as [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)|Education Minister]] in the same administration.

After the [[surrender of Japan]], Kodama was [[Purge (During Occupation of Japan)|purged]] from public service by the [[Douglas Macarthur|Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers]]. He died in 1947, and his grave is at the [[Tama Cemetery]] in [[Fuchū, Tokyo]].<ref>[http://www6.plala.or.jp/guti/cemetery/PERSON/K/kodama_hi.html Tama Reien official home page]</ref>

== References ==
* McNamara, Dennis L. ''The Colonial origins of Korean Enterprise, 1910–1945''. Cambridge University Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-521-38565-2}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China_Foreign_colonies.html Rulers of China]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box| before=[[Tasuku Eda]] |title=Chief Cabinet Secretary| | years=1916–1918| after=[[Mitsutake Takahashi]] }}
{{succession box| before=[[Hikokichi Ijuin]] |title=[[Governor-General]] of [[Kwantung Leased Territory]]| | years=Sept 1923 – Dec 1927| after=[[Kenjirō Kinoshita]] }}
{{succession box| before=[[Keisuke Okada]]| title=[[Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)|Minister of Colonial Affairs]]| years= Oct 1934 – Mar 1936| after=[[Hidejirō Nagata]]| }}
{{succession box| before=[[Tatsunosuke Yamazaki]]| title=[[Ministry of Communications (Japan)|Minister of Communications]]| years= 1937| after=[[Ryūtarō Nagai]]| }}
{{succession box| before=[[Naoshi Ohara]]| title=[[Home Ministry (Japan)|Home Minister]]| years= Jan–Jul 1940| after=[[Eiji Yasui]]| }}
{{succession box| before=[[Harushige Ninomiya]]| title=Minister of Education| years= 1945| after=[[Kōzō Ōta]]| }}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kodama, Hideo}}
[[Category:Government ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:Japanese colonial governors and administrators]]
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Kazoku]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Peers (Japan)]]
[[Category:Ministers of home affairs of Japan]]
[[Category:People of the Kwantung Leased Territory]]
[[Category:Politicians from Yamaguchi Prefecture]]
[[Category:University of Tokyo alumni]]

Slovenian tolar

2025-04-14T18:25:50Z

78.82.201.71: add to infobox

{{Short description|Currency of Slovenia from 1991 to 2007}}
{{Infobox currency
| local_name1 = slovenski tolar
| local_name_lang1 = sl
| image_1 =
| image_title_1 = 10 and 50 tolar coins
| iso_code = SIT
| date_of_introduction = 8 October 1991
| replaced_currency = [[Yugoslav dinar]]
| date_of_withdrawal = {{end date|2006|12|31|df=yes}}
| replaced_by_currency = [[Euro]]
| using_countries = None, previously: {{SLO}}
| inflation_rate = 0.8%
| inflation_source_date = [http://www.bsi.si/library/includes/datoteka.asp?DatotekaId=2061 Bank of Slovenia], 2005
| inflation_method = [[Consumer price index|Core CPI]]
| ERM_since = 28 June 2004
| ERM_fixed_rate_since = 11 July 2006
| euro_replace_non_cash = 1 January 2007
| euro_replace_cash = 14 January 2007
| ERM_fixed_rate = 239.640 tolars
| ERM_band = 15%
| subunit_ratio_1 = {{frac|1|100}}
| subunit_name_1 = stotin
| symbol = T
| plural_slavic = Y
| frequently_used_coins = 50 stotinov, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 tolarjev
| rarely_used_coins = 10, 20 stotinov
| used_banknotes = 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000 tolarjev
| issuing_authority = [[Bank of Slovenia]]
| issuing_authority_website = {{URL|www.bsi.si}}
| obsolete = yes
}}

The '''tolar''' was the [[currency]] of [[Slovenia]] from 8 October 1991 until the introduction of the [[euro]] on 1 January 2007. It was subdivided into 100 ''stotinov'' (cents). The [[ISO 4217|ISO 4217 currency code]] for the Slovenian tolar was ''SIT''. From October 1991 until June 1992, the acronym ''SLT'' was in use.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=s&id=1154217 |title=Pregled pomembnejših dogodkov v Sloveniji med 29. junijem in 4. julijem |publisher=Slovenian Press Agency |language=sl |trans-title=Review of More Important Events in Slovenia From 29 June until 4 July |archive-date=2013-10-03 |access-date=2012-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003020922/http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=s&id=1154217 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
The name ''tolar'' comes from [[Thaler]], and is [[cognate]] with ''[[dollar]]''. The tolar was introduced on 8 October 1991. It replaced the 1990 (Convertible) version of [[Yugoslav dinar]] at parity. On 28 June 2004, the tolar was pegged against the euro in the [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism|ERM II]], the European Union exchange rate mechanism. All recalled banknotes can be exchanged at the central bank for current issue.

===Phase-out===
On 1 January 2007, the tolar was supplanted by the [[euro]]. Slovenia issues [[Slovenian euro coins|its own euro coins]], like all other nations in the [[Eurozone]].

The timescale for conversion from the tolar to the euro operated differently from the first wave of [[European Monetary Union]] (EMU). The permanent euro/tolar conversion rate was finalised on 11 July 2006 at 239.640 tolar per euro. Unlike the
first wave of EMU, this period was only a day (the conversion rates were fixed on 31 December 1998 and euro non-cash payments were possible from 1 January 1999). Also unlike the first wave of EMU which had a three-year transition period (1999–2001), there was no transition period when non-cash payments could be made in both tolar and euro. The tolar was used for all transactions (cash and non-cash) until 31 December 2006 and the euro was compulsory to use for all payments (cash and non-cash) from 1 January 2007. However, as with the first wave of EMU, cash payments with the tolar could continue until 14 January 2007, but change had to be given in euro.

==Coins==
In 1992, coins were introduced in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 stotinov (10, 20 and 50 stotins), 1 tolar, 2 tolarja and 5 tolarjev (2 and 5 tolars). 10 tolarjev (10 tolars) coins were added in 2000, followed by 20 and 50 tolarjev (20 and 50 tolars) in 2003. The obverse designs all show the denomination, with animals native to Slovenia on the reverses. The coins were designed by [[Miljenko Licul]] and [[Zvone Kosovelj]] and featured reliefs of animals by [[Janez Boljka]].<ref name="Šiška2012-01">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_relations/background_information/history_national_events/twenty_years_of_national_currency/ |first=Marko |last=Šiška |title=Twenty Years of National Currency |publisher=Government Communication Office, Republic of Slovenia |date=January 2012 |work=Www.ukom.gov.si |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022082941/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_relations/background_information/history_national_events/twenty_years_of_national_currency/ |archive-date=2013-10-22 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; font-size:90%; border-width:1px;"
! colspan=12 | Coins of the Slovenian tolar[http://www.bsi.si/en/banknotes-and-coins.asp?MapaId=204]
|-
! rowspan=2 | Image
! rowspan=2 | Value
! colspan=5 | Technical parameters
! colspan=3 | Description
! rowspan=2 | Issued from
! rowspan=2 | Lapse
|-
! Diameter (mm)
! Thickness (mm)
! Mass (g)
! colspan=2 | Composition
! Edge
! Obverse
! Reverse
|-
|
| 10 stotinov
| align=center | 16.00
| rowspan=3 align=center | 1.30
| align=center | 0.55
| style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"|
| rowspan=3 | [[Aluminium]]: 98% [[Magnesium]]: 2%
| rowspan=3 | Smooth
| rowspan=9 | Value; year of issue; Lettering: ''Republika Slovenije''
| [[Olm]] ''(Proteus anguinus)''
| rowspan="2"| 29 April 1993
| rowspan=9 | 2017
|-
|
| 20 stotinov
| align=center | 18.00
| align=center | 0.70
| style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"|
| [[Long-eared owl]] ''(Asio otus)''
|-
|
| 50 stotinov
| align=center | 20.00
| align=center | 0.85
| style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"|
| [[Western honey bee]] ''(Apis mellifera)''
| rowspan=4 | 4 January 1993
|-
|
| 1 tolar
| align=center | 22.00
| rowspan=3 align=center | 1.70
| align=center | 4.50
| style="background-color:#ffe550;"|
| rowspan=3 | [[Copper]]: 78% [[Zinc]]: 20% [[Nickel]]: 2%
| rowspan=5 | Reeded
| Brown trout ''([[Salmo trutta fario]])''
|-
|
| 2 tolarja
| align=center | 24.00
| align=center | 5.40
| style="background-color:#ffe550;"|
| [[Barn swallow]] ''(Hirundo rustica)''
|-
|
| 5 tolarjev
| align=center | 26.00
| align=center | 6.40
| style="background-color:#ffe550;"|
| [[Alpine ibex]] ''(Capra ibex)''
|-
|
| 10 tolarjev
| align=center | 22.00
| rowspan=3 align=center | 2.00
| align=center | 5.75
| style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"|
| rowspan=3 | [[Cupronickel]]: {{small|Cu: 75% Ni: 25%}}
| [[Horse]] ''(Equus)''
| 19 April 2000
|-
|
| 20 tolarjev
| align=center | 24.00
| align=center | 6.85
| style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"|
| [[White stork]] ''(Ciconia ciconia)''
| rowspan="2"| 7 July 2003
|-
|
| 50 tolarjev
| align=center | 26.00
| align=center | 8.00
| style="background-color:#dcdcdc;"|
| Interrupted reeding
| [[Bull]] ''(Taurus taurus)''
|-
| colspan="12"|{{Standard coin table notice|BrE=Y}}
|}

== Banknotes ==
The first banknotes were provisional payment notes issued on 8 October 1991, in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 5000 tolarjev (0.50 and 2000 tolarjev notes were also printed, but never issued; one thousand sets with matching serial numbers were sold for 5,000 tolarjev each beginning on 6 May 2002).<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Linzmayer | first1 = Owen | title = The Banknote Book | chapter = Slovenia | publisher = www.BanknoteNews.com | year = 2012 | location = San Francisco, CA | url = http://www.banknotebook.com}}</ref> These notes all feature [[Triglav]], the tallest mountain in Slovenia, on the front, and the [[Prince's Stone]], honeycomb pattern, and [[Carniolan honey bee]] on the back.

In 1992, the [[Bank of Slovenia]] introduced the following banknotes, all of which feature notable Slovenes. The banknotes were designed by [[Miljenko Licul]] and coauthors, with portraits drawn by [[Rudi Španzel]]. They were printed by the British company [[De La Rue]] on paper produced in [[Radeče]], Slovenia.<ref name="Šiška2012-01" />

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; border-width:1px;"
!colspan="10"| 1992 Series [https://www.bsi.si/en/banknotes-and-coins/slovenian-tolar/banknotes]
|-
!rowspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Euro equivalent !!rowspan="2"| Dimensions (mm) !!rowspan="2"| Main colour !!colspan="2"| Description !!colspan="2"| Date of
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! first printing !! issue
|-
|align="center"| [http://www.bsi.si/library/includes/slika.asp?SlikaId=61]
| align="center"| 10 tolarjev
| align="center"| €0.04
| align="center"| 120 × 60
| Green
| [[Primož Trubar]]
| [[Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity|Ursuline Church]] in [[Ljubljana]] Motif from the New Testament
| rowspan="7"| 15 January 1992
| 27 November 1992
|-
| align="center"| [http://www.bsi.si/library/includes/slika.asp?SlikaId=59]
| align="center"| 20 tolarjev
| align="center"| €0.08
| align="center"| 126 × 63
| Orange
| [[Johann Weikhard von Valvasor]]
| Angels from ''[[The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola]]'' by Valvasor Segments of the map of Slovenia
| 28 December 1992
|-
| align="center"| [http://www.bsi.si/library/includes/slika.asp?SlikaId=62]
| align="center"| 50 tolarjev
| align="center"| €0.21
| align="center"| 132 × 66
| Violet
| [[Jurij Vega]]
| [[Solar System]] [[Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
| 19 March 1993
|-
| align="center"|
| align="center"| 100 tolarjev
| align="center"| €0.42
| align="center"| 138 × 69
| Yellow
| [[Rihard Jakopič]]
| ''The Sun'' by Jakopič Plan of the former Jakopič Pavilion
| 30 September 1992
|-
| align="center"| [http://www.bsi.si/library/includes/slika.asp?SlikaId=64]
| align="center"| 200 tolarjev
| align="center"| €0.83
| align="center"| 144 × 72
| Brown
| [[Jacobus Gallus]]
| [[Slovenian Philharmonic]] Hall Musical notations
| 22 February 1993
|-
| align="center"| [http://www.bsi.si/library/includes/slika.asp?SlikaId=65]
| align="center"| 500 tolarjev
| align="center"| €2.09
| align="center"| 150 × 75
| Red
| [[Jože Plečnik]]
| [[National and University Library of Slovenia]]
| 30 September 1992
|-
| align="center"| [http://www.bsi.si/library/includes/slika.asp?SlikaId=66]
| align="center"| 1000 tolarjev
| align="center"| €4.17
| align="center" rowspan="3"| 156 × 78
| Blue green
| [[France Prešeren]]
| Text from ''[[Zdravljica]]'' by Prešeren
| 30 September 1992
|-
| align="center"| [http://www.bsi.si/library/includes/slika.asp?SlikaId=158]
| align="center"| 5000 tolarjev
| align="center"| €20.86
| Brown
| [[Ivana Kobilca]]
| [[National Gallery of Slovenia]] [[Robba fountain]]
| 1 June 1993
| 13 December 1993
|-
| align="center"| [http://www.bsi.si/library/includes/slika.asp?SlikaId=71]
| align="center"| 10 000 tolarjev
| align="center"| €41.73
| Purple
| [[Ivan Cankar]]
| [[Chrysanthemum]] Cankar's handwriting
| 28 June 1994
| 15 March 1995
|-
|colspan="9"|{{Standard banknote table notice}}
|}

==Historical exchange rates==
[[File:Euro exchange rate to SIT.svg|thumb|300px|The cost of one euro in Slovenian tolar's (from 1999 till 2006).]]
Lower number indicates the tolar has a higher value.

*SIT per [[Euro|EUR]] – 233.0 (April 2006); 239.5 (June 2005); 235.7 (November 2003); 227.3 (June 2002). From 1 January 2007 the rate was irrevocably set at 239.640 and has been finalised by the [[European Commission]].
*SIT per [[United States dollar|USD]] – 193.0 (April 2006); 198.0 (June 2005); 201.3 (November 2003); 195.06 (January 2000); 181.77 (1999); 166.13 (1998); 159.69 (1997); 135.36 (1996); 118.52 (1995).

==See also==
* [[Economy of Slovenia]]
* [[Slovenian euro coins]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{numis cite SCWC | date=1991}}
*{{numis cite SCWPM | date=1994}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.bsi.si/en/banknotes-and-coins/slovenian-tolar Information on the Slovenian tolar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531041123/https://www.bsi.si/en/banknotes-and-coins/slovenian-tolar |date=2020-05-31 }}, Bank of Slovenia
* {{cite web|url=http://www.bis-ans-ende-der-welt.net/Slowenien-B-En.htm|title=Historical banknotes of Slovenia|language=en,de|editor=Heiko Otto|access-date=2018-08-13}}

{{Currencies of Former Yugoslavia}}
{{Euro topics}}
{{dollar}}
{{Thaler}}
{{Portal bar|Europe|Money|Numismatics|Slovenia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slovenian Tolar}}
[[Category:1991 establishments in Slovenia]]
[[Category:2007 disestablishments in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Currencies of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Currencies replaced by the euro]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:Economic history of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Currencies introduced in 1991]]
[[Category:Dollar]]
[[Category:Thaler]]

Scheherazade (disambiguation)

2025-04-14T14:03:18Z

78.82.201.71: /* Music */ add

{{wiktionary|Scheherazade}}

'''[[Scheherazade]]''' is a major character and the storyteller in ''One Thousand and One Nights''.

{{TOC right}}

'''Scheherazade''', '''Shéhérazade''', or variants, may also refer to:

== Arts and entertainment ==
=== Film and television ===
* [[Shéhérazade (1963 film)|''Shéhérazade'' (1963 film)]], 1963 French adventure film
* [[Shéhérazade (2018 film)|''Shéhérazade'' (2018 film)]], 2018 French film
* [[1001 Nights (1990 film)]], released in some markets as ''Sheherazade''
* [[Şehrazat (film)|''Şehrazat'' (film)]], 1964 Turkish thriller
* [[Shahrzad (TV series)|''Shahrzad'' (TV series)]], Iranian romantic and historical drama series
* "Scheherazade", episode of [[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit season 8|''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'' season 8]]

=== Music ===
* [[Shéhérazade (Ravel)|''Shéhérazade'' (Ravel)]], two works by Ravel
**[[Shéhérazade (Frederica von Stade recording)|''Shéhérazade'' (Frederica von Stade recording)]], 1981
* [[Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)|''Scheherazade'' (Rimsky-Korsakov)]], a symphonic suite later adapted for ballet
* ''Scheherazade'', 1848 classical composition work of Robert Schumann as part of ''[[Album for the Young]]''
* ''Sheherazade'', a 1915 piano piece [[List of compositions by Karol Szymanowski|by Karol Szymanowski]]
* [[Sheherazade (Ornella Vanoni album)|''Sheherazade'' (Ornella Vanoni album)]], 1995
* ''Scheherazade'', a 2016 album by [[Freakwater]]
* ''Shahrazad'', a 2023 album by [[Delara (singer)|Delara]]

===Other uses in arts and entertainment===
* ''Shéhérazade'', a 1947 play by [[Jules Supervielle]]

== People ==
* [[Shahrzad (Reza Kamal)]] (1898–1937), Iranian dramatist and playwright
* [[Şehrazat]] (Şehrazat Kemali Söylemezoğlu, born 1952), Turkish singer-songwriter
* [[Rachel Sheherazade]] (born 1973), Brazilian journalist
* [[Shaharzad Akbar]] (born 1987), Afghan human rights activist
* [[Shahrazad Ali]] (born 1954), American author
* [[Sheherazade Goldsmith]] (born 1974), British environmentalist, jeweller and columnist
* [[Shahrzad Mirgholikhan]] (born 1977), Iranian whistleblower
* [[Shahrzad Mojab]] (fl. from 1979), Iranian-Canadian academic
* [[Shahrzad Rafati]] (born 1979), Iranian-Canadian media executive
* [[Shahrzad Seifi]] (born 1986), Iranian producer and actress
* [[Shéhérazade Semsar-de Boisséson]] (born 1968), Franco-Iranian executive
* [[Shahrzad Sepanlou]] (born 1975), Iranian-American singer
* [[Shérazad Reix]] (born 1989), French tennis player

== Other uses ==
* [[Shahrazad (crater)]], on Saturn's moon Enceladus
* [[Scheherazade (yacht)]], launched 2019
* [[643 Scheherezade]], a minor planet orbiting the Sun
* [[Scheherazade New]] and Scheherazade, fonts for Arabic script

==See also==
* {{intitle|Scheherazade}}
* {{intitle|Shahrazad}}
* {{intitle|Shahrzad}}
* {{intitle|Sheherazade}}
* ''[[Scheherazade and Other Stories]]'', 1975 album by Renaissance
* ''[[Scheherazade, Tell Me a Story]]'', 2009 Egyptian film
* ''[[Scheherazade's Diary]]'', 2013 film
* ''[[Princesse Shéhérazade]]'', French animated TV series
* ''[[The Magic of Scheherazade]]'', 1987 video game
* ''[[Song of Scheherazade]]'', 1947 American film starring Yvonne De Carlo and Jean-Pierre Aumont
* ''A sister to Scheherazade'', 1987 novel by [[Assia Djebar]]

{{disambiguation}}

1956 Olympic flame hoax

2025-04-14T12:34:52Z

78.82.201.71: /* References */ add category

{{Short description|1956 hoax involving a homemade Olympic flame torch}}
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2024}}The '''1956 Olympic flame hoax''' was an incident in which Barry Larkin, a [[veterinary surgeon|veterinary]] student at the [[St John's College, University of Sydney|University of Sydney]], ran with a homemade torch and fooled spectators, including a police escort and the [[Lord Mayor of Sydney]], into thinking he was the torchbearer of the [[Olympic flame]]. ''[[The Independent]]'' called it the greatest hoax in Olympic history.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2004-08-07 |title=The lost Olympians |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/the-lost-olympians-50500.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Image:Olympictorche-Berlin.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The Nazi origin of the Olympic flame relay was one of the reasons Larkin protested it.]]

In the lead-up to the [[1956 Summer Olympics]], about 3,000 runners carried the Olympic torch across Australia. First it traveled in a 29-hour plane ride from [[Athens]] to [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], where it was given to its first runner, [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] basketball star Billy Larrakeyeah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-11-08 |title=Olympic Flame Carrier |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-olympic-flame/152614646/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |pages=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-07-23 |title=Olympic torch to be carried 12,500 miles |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bolton-news-olympic-torch-to-be-carr/152614941/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Bolton News |pages=5}}</ref> Champion runner Harry Dillon was scheduled to carry the torch to [[Sydney Town Hall]] and present it to Lord Mayor [[Pat Hills]], who would then make a speech and pass it to the next runner.<ref name="Museum of Hoaxes"/>

Larkin and eight other students at [[St John's College, University of Sydney]], planned to protest against the Olympic flame torch relay. One reason for the protest was that the torch relay was invented by the [[Nazi]]s for the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] in [[Berlin]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bowlby|first=Chris|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7330949.stm|title=The Olympic torch's shadowy past|publisher=BBC|date=2008-04-05|access-date=2008-04-06| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080406112208/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7330949.stm| archive-date=April 6, 2008| url-status= live}}</ref>

==Hoax==
===Preparation===
The one student who planned to run wore white shorts and a white top, and a second prankster dressed in a reserve air force uniform to act as a fake military escort. The full group of pranksters built a homemade torch by taking a wooden leg from a chair, covering it with silver paint (still wet), and nailing an empty [[plum pudding]] can to the top. The result was a roughly torch-shaped object. To fuel the torch, they filled it with underwear doused in [[kerosene]].<ref name="Museum of Hoaxes" /><ref name="QI" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Execution ===
An estimated 30,000 people lined the streets of [[Sydney]] in anticipation. When the hoaxers arrived, they set the kerosene-drenched underwear on fire. With flaming torch in hand, the designated runner set off through the streets on foot. His friend, disguised as a uniformed motorcycle escort, joined him.<ref name="Museum of Hoaxes">{{cite web|url=http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/archive/permalink/the_olympic_underwear_relay|title=Olympic Underwear Relay|publisher=Museum of Hoaxes|access-date=2012-01-21}}</ref><ref name="QI">{{cite video|people=[[Stephen Fry]]|title=QI Presents: Strictly Come Duncing|medium=DVD|publisher=Warner Music Entertainment|date=2007}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Initially, the two students and their fake torch garnered laughter from spectators and police. Then the runner swung his arms dramatically, accidentally flinging the kerosene-drenched underpants from his torch. He panicked and fled. The confused crowd drew closer. One of the prankster students on the sidelines, Peter Gralton, retrieved the burning underpants and commanded fellow prankster Barry Larkin to run with the fake torch, sending him off with a kick on the rump.<ref name=":2" />

[[File:Pat Hills.jpg|thumb|[[Pat Hills]], then [[Lord Mayor of Sydney]], who was prominently fooled by the hoax]]

Barry Larkin, wearing a tie and gray slacks because he did not expect to run, began to run. The crowd closed around him until police, who believed he was the official torchbearer, escorted him all the way to City Hall. He later recalled, "It was staggering — the noise, ticker tape and flash photography. All I could think was, what will I do when I get there?"<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2000-06-29 |title=Flaming undies! Now that was a relay |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-flaming-undies/152620060/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |pages=15}}</ref> Upon hearing the torch was early, Lord Mayor Hills rushed outside just in time to receive Larkin's burning homemade torch which covered his hands in paint. Hills was so flustered that he rushed into his prepared remarks without looking at the torch or paying attention to the paint on his hand. Barry Larkin walked quietly away, avoiding attention, and took a tram back to his university.<ref name=":2" /> The Lord Mayor did not realise the torch was a fake until someone whispered in his ear. He then confirmed into the microphone that a prank had occurred.<ref name="Museum of Hoaxes"/><ref name="QI"/><ref name=":2" />

The audience became unruly. Larkin recalls about half of the crowd dispersed before Harry Dillon ran up carrying the genuine torch. As the crowd descended into chaos, police attempted to create an opening through the masses where Dillon could run. When Dillon finally passed the torch to the next runner, an army truck had to clear the path.<ref name="Museum of Hoaxes"/> A city council member remarked, "it is a wonder to me that people were not killed or injured."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=1956-11-20 |title=Torch hoax may bar procession |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-torch-hoax-may/152615943/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |pages=1}}</ref>

===Reception of the incident===
Barry Larkin joined his friends at a pub to watch the events on television. The director of Larkin's college told him "well done, son" at breakfast the next morning, and later that day when he arrived to an exam, classmates greeted him with a standing ovation. Larkin failed the exam, later telling a reporter: "that's another story".<ref name=":2" />

The incident made international news and generated fierce controversy in the local press. The hoax runner's identity was not widely known until 1998,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1998-07-18 |title=A slew of calls and letters this week identified the uni student |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-a-slew-of-call/152620267/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |pages=33}}</ref> so he was simply described as a Sydney University student.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-11-24 |title=Names in the News: Patrick Hills |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-names-in-the-ne/152619904/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=Newsday (Nassau Edition) |pages=25}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> A laudatory essay in ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' declared it "set a new standard" for pranks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-11-25 |title=Graduates from the Hoaxing School: Long list of pranks led to jam tin torch |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-graduates-from/152615492/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |pages=31}}</ref> Another commentator praised Larkin for different reasons, calling the official Olympic torch procession "a pagan cult" and lauding the prankster who "debunked" it. According to the writer, Larkin and his torch of fiery underwear were "no more absurd than" the planned events, which involved solemn city officials "in their robes of office" performing "an anachronistic ritual which the Greeks themselves gave away in the light of Christianity." The writer ended with a comparison of the torch and Jesus: "The Olympic torch is not the Light that will bring peace into the world."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=1956-11-22 |title=Olympic Torch Hoax |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-olympic-torch/152615836/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |pages=2}}</ref>

One unsatisfied observer blasted the city for failing to put on an event "undefiled by adolescent irresponsibility" and demanded "severe punishment" for perpetrators.<ref name=":1" /> Sydney's city council considered prohibiting Sydney University from holding a Commemoration Day procession the next year. A heated letter of response in the newspaper called city councillors "petulant and spoiled children" and the council dropped the proposed repercussions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-11-21 |title=Olympic Torch Hoax |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-olympic-torch/152615767/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-11-27 |title=Aldermen Ready To Approve Parade |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-aldermen-ready/152619926/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |pages=3}}</ref> When a council member called the false torch "disgraceful", an unnamed [[The Sydney Morning Herald|''The'' ''Sydney Morning Herald'']] writer wrote his comment was evidence of "the pomposity which often besets those who are elected to public office in this country."<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-11-21 |title=Pomposity From The Council |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-pomposity-from/152615709/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |pages=3}}</ref>
=== Aftermath ===
Barry Larkin received no punishment and eventually became a successful veterinary surgeon in Melbourne.<ref name=":2" /> The fake torch ended up in the possession of fellow hoaxer John Lawler, who kept it under his bed for years until his mother discarded it while tidying his house.<ref name="Museum of Hoaxes" /><ref name=":3" />

Four decades after the hoax, the other pranksters were described as "professional men, pillars of the community."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1990-08-03 |title=Article clipped from The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald/152620310/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |pages=1}}</ref>

==Related events==
Before the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in Sydney, Larkin's hoax received another wave of media attention. Police stationed security guards along the route as a protective measure against potential copycats. Two people attempted to steal the torch and one man tried to put out the torch using a [[fire extinguisher]]. None of the attempts succeeded.<ref name="Museum of Hoaxes"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1956 Summer Olympics|Olympic flame hoax]]
[[Category:Hoaxes in Australia]]
[[Category:1950s hoaxes]]
[[Category:Olympic flame]]

Carola Häggkvist discography

2025-04-13T21:24:14Z

78.82.201.71: /* Singles */ add

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox artist discography
|Artist = [[Carola Häggkvist]]
|Image =
|Caption =
|Studio = 19
|Live =
|Compilation = 7
|Video =
|EP = 2
|Singles = 29
|Music videos =
|B-sides =
|Soundtrack = 1
}}

This article includes the discography of the Swedish singer [[Carola Häggkvist]], who has released 19 studio albums, seven compilation albums, two EPs, and 29 singles.

==Albums==

All regularly released albums and their chart positions in the Sweden Top 60 (SWE), Norway (NOR), Denmark (DEN) and Finland (FIN).

===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+List of studio albums, with selected peak chart positions, sales and certifications
!scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
!scope="col" rowspan="2" | Details
!scope="col" colspan="4" | Peak positions
!scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales and certifications
|-
! width="45"|[[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref name="SWE">{{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Carola|title=Discography Carola|website=swedishcharts.com|access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>
! width="45"|[[VG-lista|NOR]] <ref name="NOR">{{cite web|url=https://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Carola|title=Discography Carola|website=norwegiancharts.com|access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>
! width="45"|[[The Official Finnish Charts|FIN]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://finnishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Carola|title=Discography Carola|website=finnishcharts.com|access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>
! width="45"|[[Hitlisten|DEN]] <ref name="DEN">{{cite web|url=https://danishcharts.dk/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Carola|title=Discography Carola|website=danishcharts.dk|access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Främling]]''
|
*Released: 26 March 1983
*Format: [[LP record|LP]], [[Compact disc|CD]]
*Language: Swedish, English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway and Denmark
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|4
|
* WW: 1,000,000<ref name="malmolund">Tara Moshizi (26 February 2008). [http://noje.malmolund.city.se/art/2302/carola_hyllades_av_kndiseliten/ Carola hyllades av kändiseliten]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Malmö Lund City''. Retrieved on 29 February 2008.</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Steg för steg]]''
|
*Released: 12 April 1984
*Format: LP, CD
*Language: Swedish, English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[På egna ben]]''
|
*Released: 28 November 1984
*Format: LP, CD
*Language: Swedish, English
*Released in: Europe, Canada
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|10
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|10
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Runaway (Carola Häggkvist album)|Runaway]]''
|
*Released: 12 May 1986
*Format: LP, CD
*Language: English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, West Germany
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|11
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Much More (album)|Much More]]''
|
*Released: 9 October 1990
*Format: CD
*Language: English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
|align="center"|16
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Jul (Carola Søgaard album)|Jul]]''
|
*Released: 22 November 1991
*Format: CD
*Language: Swedish
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|
|-
!scope="row"|''My Tribute''
|
*Released: 25 October 1993
*Format: CD
*Language: English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|
* SWE: Gold
|-
!scope="row"|''Personligt''
|
*Released: 27 October 1994
*Language: Swedish
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
*Format: CD
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|
* SWE: Gold
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Blott en dag (album)|Blott en dag]]''
|
*Released: 21 October 1998
*Language: Swedish
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
*Format: CD
|align="center"|24
|align="center"|32
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|44
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Jul i Betlehem]]''
|
*Released: 10 November 1999
*Language: Swedish, English, Norwegian
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland
*Format: CD
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|7
|
* SWE: 2× Platinum
* WW: 600,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.expressen.se/noje/musik/1.922635/carola-i-denna-natt-blir-varlden-ny-jul-i-betlehem-ii | title=Carola - I denna natt blir världen ny - Jul i Betlehem II | publisher=[[Expressen]] | language=sv | website=expressen.se |access-date=29 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516164608/http://www.expressen.se/noje/musik/1.922635/carola-i-denna-natt-blir-varlden-ny-jul-i-betlehem-ii |archive-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Sov på min arm]]''
|
*Released: 14 February 2001
*Language: Swedish
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
*Format: CD
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|18
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[My Show]]''
|
*Released: 19 November 2001
*Language: English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
*Format: CD
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|
* SWE: Gold
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Credo (Carola Häggkvist album)|Credo]]''
|
*Released: 31 May 2004
*Language: Swedish
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland
*Format: CD, [[Music download|digital download]]
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|
* SWE: Gold
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Störst av allt (album)|Störst av allt]]''
|
*Released: 25 April 2005
*Language: Swedish, English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
*Format: CD, digital download
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|16
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|19
|
* SWE: Gold
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Från nu till evighet]]''
|
*Released: 17 May 2006
*Language: Swedish, English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland
*Format: CD, digital download
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|23
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|25
|
* SWE: Platinum
|-
!scope="row"|''[[I denna natt blir världen ny – Jul i Betlehem II]]''
|
*Released: 12 November 2007
*Language: Swedish, English, Norwegian
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland
*Format: CD, digital download
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|21
|
* SWE: Platinum
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Christmas in Bethlehem]]''
|
*Released: 11 November 2009
*Language: English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland
*Format: CD, digital download
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Elvis, Barbra & jag]]''
|
*Released: 23 March 2011
*Format: CD, digital download
*Language: English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Drömmen om julen]]''
|
*Released: 28 October 2016
*Format: CD, digital download
*Language: Swedish
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|
|-
!scope="row"|''Via Dolorosa – Maria Magdalenas kärlek''
|
*Released: 11 April 2025<ref name="dolorosa">{{Cite press release|url=https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/wereckipromotion/pressreleases/ny-singel-och-album-med-carola-3380306|title=Ny singel och album med Carola!|date=9 April 2025|publisher=Werecki Promotion|agency=[[Mynewsdesk]]|access-date=13 April 2025|lang=sv}}</ref>
*Format: digital download
*Language: Swedish
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|
|}

===Compilation albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+List of compilation albums, with selected peak chart positions and certifications
!scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
!scope="col" rowspan="2" | Details
!scope="col" colspan="2" | Peak positions
!scope="col" rowspan="2" | Certifications
|-
! width="45"|[[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref name="SWE"/>
! width="45"|[[VG-lista|NOR]] <ref name="NOR"/>
|-
!scope="row"|''Happy Days''
|
*Released: 19 November 1985
*Format: LP, CD
*Language: Swedish, English
*Released in: Sweden
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|
|-
!scope="row"|''Carola Hits''
|
*Released: 6 June 1991
*Format: CD
*Language: Swedish, English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
|align="center"|20
|align="center"|—
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Carola Hits 2]]''
|
*Released: 27 November 1996
*Language: Swedish, English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
*Format: CD
|align="center"|50
|align="center"|—
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Det bästa av Carola]]''
|
*Released: 19 November 1997
*Language: Swedish, English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
*Format: CD
|align="center"|40
|align="center"|—
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Guld, platina & passion]]''
|
*Released: 24 May 2003
*Language: Swedish, English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
*Format: CD
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|5
|
* SWE: 4× Platinum
|-
!scope="row"|''[[18 bästa]]''
|
*Released: 29 December 2004
*Language: Swedish, English
*Released in: Sweden
*Format: CD, digital download
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|—
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Främling 25 år]]''
|
*Released: 20 February 2008
*Language: Swedish, English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland
*Format: CD, digital download
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|—
|
* SWE: Gold<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/54?dspy=2021&dspp=26|title=Veckolista Album, vecka 26|language=sv|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|accessdate=2 July 2021}}</ref>
|}

==Extended plays==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+List of EPs, with selected details and peak chart positions
!scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
!scope="col" rowspan="2" | Details
!scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak positions
|-
! width="45"|[[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref name="SWE"/>
! width="45"|[[VG-lista|NOR]] <ref name="NOR"/>
! width="45"|[[Hitlisten|DEN]] <ref name="DEN"/>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Julefrid med Carola]]''
|
*Released: 1983
*Language: Swedish, English
*Released in: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
*Format: EP
|align="center"|17 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/54?dspy=2023&dspp=52|title=Veckolista Album, vecka 52|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>
|align="center"|12
|align="center"|14
|}

==Singles==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of singles, with selected chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" width="40"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref name="SWE"/>
! scope="col" width="40"| [[VG-lista|NOR]] <ref name="NOR"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"|1983
|"[[Främling (song)|Främling]]"/"Liv"
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|1
|rowspan="3"|''[[Främling]]''
|-
|"Love Isn't Love"/"It's Raining in Stockholm"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|-
|"Hunger"/"Ännu en dag"
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|7
|-
|rowspan="2"|1984
|"Tommy Loves Me"/"[[I Think I Like It]]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Carola – Tommy Loves Me|year=1984 |url=http://www.discogs.com/Carola-Tommy-Loves-Me/release/540228|publisher=Discogs.com|accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Carola – Tommy Loves Me|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Carola&titel=Tommy+Loves+Me&cat=s|publisher=Swedishcharts.com|accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>
|align="center"|10
|align="center"|9
|rowspan="2"|''[[Steg för steg]]''
|-
|"Fushigi na hitomi (Don't Tell Me What to Do)"/"Rendez-vous"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|-
|rowspan="2"|1986
|"The Runaway"/"So Far So Good"
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|—
|rowspan="2"|''[[Runaway (Carola Häggkvist album)|Runaway]]''
|-
|"Brand New Heart"/"Spread Your Wings (For Your Love)"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|-
|rowspan="2"|1987
|"[[The Gospel Train|Gospel Train]]"/"Vilken värld det ska bli"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}}
|-
|"[[You've Got a Friend]]"/"Step by Step"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|-
|rowspan="4"|1990
|"[[Mitt i ett äventyr]]"/"All the Reasons to Live"
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|—
|''[[Carola Hits]]''
|-
|"[[The Girl Who Had Everything]]"/"One More Chance"
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|—
|rowspan="3"|''[[Much More (album)|Much More]]''
|-
|"I'll Live"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|-
|"Every Beat of My Heart"/"Best Shot"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|-
|rowspan="2"|1991
|"[[Fångad av en stormvind]]"
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|6
|rowspan="2"|''Carola Hits''
|-
|"Stop Tellin' Me Lies"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|-
|1992
|"All the Reasons to Live"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|{{Non-album single}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|1994
|"Det kommer dagar"/"Flickan från igår"
|align="center"|29
|align="center"|—
|rowspan="2"|''[[My Tribute]]''
|-
|"Guld i dina ögon"/"Regnet som faller"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|-
|"Sanningen"/"Var finns den kärlek"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|rowspan="2"|''[[Personligt]]''
|-
|"Sanna vänner"/"Förlåt mig"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|-
|1996
|"Believe"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|rowspan="3"|''[[Det bästa av Carola]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"|1997
|"[[Just the Way You Are (Billy Joel song)|Just the Way You Are]]"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|-
|"Dreamer"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|-
|1999
|"Himlen i min famn"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|''[[Jul i Betlehem]]''
|-
|rowspan="5"|2001
|"[[Blott en dag]]"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|''[[Blott en dag]]''
|-
|"[[Sov på min arm]]"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|''[[Sov på min arm]]''
|-
|"The Light"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|rowspan="3"|''[[My Show]]''
|-
|"I Believe in Love"
|align="center"|13
|align="center"|—
|-
|"You + Me"
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|-
|rowspan="2"|2003
|"När löven faller av"
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|rowspan="2"|''[[Guld, platina & passion]]''
|-
|"[[Walk a Mile in My Shoes]]"
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|-
|rowspan="2"|2004
|"Ditt ord består"
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|rowspan="2"|''[[Credo (Carola Häggkvist album)|Credo]]''
|-
|"Åt alla"
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|-
|rowspan="3"|2006
|"[[Invincible (Carola Häggkvist song)|Invincible]]"
|align="center"| 29
|align="center"| —
|rowspan="3"|''[[Från nu till evighet]]''
|-
|"[[Evighet]]"
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| 8
|-
|"Stanna eller gå"
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|-
|2007
|"[[I denna natt blir världen ny]]"
|align="center"| 41
|align="center"| —
|''[[I denna natt blir världen ny – Jul i Betlehem II|I denna natt blir världen ny – Jul i Betlehem II]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
|"[[Lucky Star (Johnson & Häggkvist song)|Lucky Star]]"
|align="center"| 13 <ref>[http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/ Sweden Top 60] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226145037/http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/ |date=26 December 2015 }}</ref>
|align="center"| —
|rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}}
|-
|"[[One Love (Johnson & Häggkvist song)|One Love]]"
|align="center"| 11
|align="center"| —
|-
|2011
|"[[Nu tändas tusen juleljus]]"
|align="center"| 32
|align="center"| —
|''Drömmen om julen''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
|"Vem av oss förstod"
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|''Via Dolorosa – Maria Magdalenas kärlek''
|-
|"[[Why Tell Me, Why|Säg mig var du står]]" (with [[Zara Larsson]])
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"| —
|rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}}
|-
|2021
|"Komma hem till julen"
|align="center"|—{{efn-ua|"Komma hem till julen" did not enter the [[Swedish Singles Chart]], but peaked at number one on the Swedish Heatseeker chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2022&dspp=52|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 52|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref>}}
|align="center"|—
|-
|2022
|"Let's Sing (It's Christmas Time)" {{small|(with [[Måns Zelmerlöw]])}}
|align="center"|48 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2022&dspp=52|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 52|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=5 January 2023}}</ref>
|align="center"|—
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|"[[To Love Somebody (song)|To Love Somebody]]" {{small|(with [[Benjamin Ingrosso]])}}
|align="center"|83 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2023&dspp=17|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 17|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
|align="center"|—
|-
|"Helga natt"
|align="center"|—{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Helga natt" did not enter the Swedish Singellista Chart, but peaked at number two on the Swedish Heatseeker Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2023&dspp=52|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 52, 2023|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>}}
|align="center"|—
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|"Rör vid mig"
|align="center"|—
|align="center"|—
|-
|"Stjärnorna lyser för oss" {{small|(with [[Viktor Norén]])}}
|align="center"|78 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2024&dspp=52|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 52, 2024|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|lang=sv|access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref>
|align="center"|—
|-
|2025
|"Via Dolorosa"<ref name="dolorosa" />
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|''Via Dolorosa – Maria Magdalenas kärlek''
|}

==Other songs==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" colspan="1"| Chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" width="40"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref name="SWE"/>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|"Tell Me This Is Over"
|align="center"|36
|''[[Så mycket bättre]]'' – Season 5 – [[Ola Salo]] Day
|-
|"Sjung Halleluja (och Prisa Gud)"
|align="center"|48
|''[[Så mycket bättre]]'' – Season 5 – [[Orup]] Day
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|"The Day I Die (I Want You to Celebrate)"
|align="center"|96 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2019&dspp=47|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 47|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|''Så mycket bättre''
|-
|"You Are the Beginning"
|align="center"|—{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"You Are the Beginning" did not enter the [[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singellista Chart]], but peaked at number seven on the Swedish Heatseeker Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2019&dspp=48|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 48|publisher=Sverigetopplistan|accessdate=30 November 2019}}</ref>}}
|-
|2023
|"Hej mitt vinterland"
|align="center"|42 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2023&dspp=52|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 52, 2023|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>
|''Julefrid med Carola''
|}

'''Notes'''
{{notelist-ua}}

==DVDs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Details
! scope="col"| Chart positions
|-
! scope="col"| Sweden DVD
|-
!scope="row"|''Jubileumsshowen''
|
*Released: 19 November 2003
|align="center"| 1
|-
!scope="row"|''Julkonsert''
|
*Released: 10 November 2004
|align="center"| 2
|-
!scope="row"|''Live Star (Karaoke)''
|
*Released: 22 November 2006
|align="center"| 1
|}

==References==
<references />

{{Carola Häggkvist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haggkvist, Carola}}
[[Category:Carola Häggkvist albums| ]]
[[Category:Carola Häggkvist songs| ]]
[[Category:Discographies of Swedish artists]]
[[Category:Pop music discographies]]

Template:Provinces of Solomon Islands

2025-04-13T17:39:30Z

78.82.201.71:

{{Navbox
| name = Provinces of Solomon Islands
| title = [[Provinces of Solomon Islands]]
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| image = {{flag icon|Solomon Islands|size=40px}}
| above =
* Capital territory: [[Honiara]]
| list1 =
* [[Central Province (Solomon Islands)|Central]]
* [[Choiseul Province|Choiseul]]
* [[Guadalcanal Province|Guadalcanal]]
* [[Isabel Province|Isabel]]
* [[Makira-Ulawa Province|Makira-Ulawa]]
* [[Malaita Province|Malaita]]
* [[Rennell and Bellona Province|Rennell and Bellona]]
* [[Temotu Province|Temotu]]
* [[Western Province (Solomon Islands)|Western]]

}}<noinclude>
{{collapsible option}}
[[Category:Solomon Islands navigational boxes|Provinces]]
[[Category:Oceania country subdivision templates|Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Province templates|Solomon Islands]]
</noinclude>

Flag of Solomon Islands

2025-04-13T17:38:54Z

78.82.201.71: /* Symbolism */

{{short description|National flag}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox flag
|Name = Solomon Islands
|Article =
|Nickname =
|Image = Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg
|Image_size = 250px
|Imagetext= Flag of Solomon Islands
| Use = 111000
| Symbol = {{FIAV|111000}} {{FIAV|normal}} {{FIAV|Mirror}}
| Proportion = 1:2
| Adoption = {{start date and age|1977|11|18|df=y}}
| Design = A thin, yellow stripe dividing diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner to the upper fly-side corner: the upper triangle is blue with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern and the lower triangle is green
}}
[[File:Solomon Islands flag (7750556584) (2).jpg|thumb|Solomons flag at left]]
The '''flag of Solomon Islands''' consists of a thin yellow diagonal stripe from the lower hoist-side corner, with a blue upper triangle and green lower triangle, and the [[Glossary of vexillology#Description of standard flag parts and terms|canton]] [[Charge (heraldry)|charged]] with five white stars. Adopted in 1977 to replace the British [[Blue Ensign]] [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with the arms of [[British Solomon Islands|the protectorate]], it has been the flag of [[Solomon Islands]] since 18 November of that year, eight months before the country gained independence. Although the number of [[Provinces of the Solomon Islands|provinces]] has since increased, the number of stars on the flag that originally represented them remained unchanged.

==History==
===British protectorate===
{{Main|British Solomon Islands}}
The Germans and the British agreed to partition the modern-day Solomon Islands in 1886, with the latter taking control of the southern section.<ref name=EBHistory>{{cite encyclopedia|first1=Sophie|last1=Foster|first2=Hugh Michael|last2=Laracy|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Solomon Islands – History|url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Solomon-Islands#toc53970|date=1 June 2016|access-date=1 April 2017|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref> Seven years later, in 1893, they declared this area a [[British protectorate|protectorate]] within [[British Empire|their colonial empire]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15896396|title=Solomon Islands country profile|work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=BBC|date=17 January 2017|access-date=1 April 2017}}</ref> At the turn of the 20th century, [[German Empire|Germany]] subsequently gave up their northern part to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] in exchange for the latter's acceptance of German claims over [[German Samoa|Samoa]] and areas in Africa.<ref name=EBHistory/> During this time, the [[Union Jack]] and the [[Red Ensign]] were instituted, as well as a [[Blue Ensign]] [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with the protectorate's name and the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|monarch's crown]].<ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Whitney|last=Smith|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Flag of the Solomon Islands|url=https://global.britannica.com/topic/Solomon-Islands-flag-of-the|date=16 February 2001|access-date=29 March 2017|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref>

A new emblem for the protectorate was introduced in 1947 and featured a red field charged with a [[Black and white|black-and-white]] [[sea turtle]]. This was modified only nine years later because the turtle was a motif affiliated with only one of the [[Provinces of the Solomon Islands|islands' provinces]]. The revised version of 1956 saw the shield [[Division of the field|divided]] quarterly and displayed a [[Lion (heraldry)|lion]], an eagle, a turtle, a [[Frigatebird|frigate bird]], and assorted weapons from the region.<ref name=EB/>

===New flag for a new country===
In the lead up to independence, a contest was held in 1975 to design a new flag for the future country.<ref name=EB/><ref name=times>{{cite news|title=The Solomon Islands Flag|url=http://www.solomontimes.com/news/the-solomon-islands-flag/2659|date=18 January 2012|access-date=2 April 2017|first=|last=|newspaper=Solomon Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402090723/http://www.solomontimes.com/news/the-solomon-islands-flag/2659|archive-date=2 April 2017}}</ref> One of the submissions contained the nation's [[Coat of arms of the Solomon Islands|coat of arms]],<ref name=EB/> while the initial winning design, by William Robson, an English civil engineer at the Public Works Department, had a blue field with a yellow circle, encompassed with chains and charged with a black frigate bird.<ref name=times/> However, this was eventually rescinded, since this bird was attributed to only one province as opposed to the entire country. The second winning design included a red field charged with a black [[Ellipse|elliptical]] chain at the centre. As explained by the artist, this alluded to the historical practice of [[blackbirding]] in the country and the "blood spilt" as a result of it. After it was published in a [[List of newspapers in the Solomon Islands|national newspaper]], the design stirred up much debate in the community and it too was scrapped.<ref name=times/>

{{Gallery|width=180|height=120|align=right|File:Solomon Islands 1975 Proposal 1.png|{{FIAV|Proposal}} The initial winning design of the 1975 contest.|File:Solomon Islands 1975 Proposal 2.png|{{FIAV|Proposal}} The second winning design of the 1975 contest.}}

Ultimately, the last design was created by a [[New Zealanders|New Zealander]] teaching [[visual arts]] at the King George VI School,<ref name=times/> in the eastern part of the capital [[Honiara]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Solomons businesses close amid fears of further riots in Honiara|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-05-19/solomons-in-lockdown-amid-fears-of-further-riots/5462720|date=20 May 2014|access-date=2 April 2017|first=|last=|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101041620/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-05-19/solomons-in-lockdown-amid-fears-of-further-riots/5462720|archive-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> This was in spite of the fact that preference was supposed to be given to local submissions by Solomon Islanders.<ref name=times/> The stars stood for the country's provinces and not the [[Crux|Southern Cross]],<ref name=times/> unlike the flags of nearby [[Flag of Australia|Australia]], [[Flag of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Flag of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]], and [[Flag of Samoa|Samoa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Flag Description|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2081.html|date=|access-date=2 April 2017|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223221205/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2081.html|archive-date=23 December 2018}}</ref> It was ratified as the new flag of the islands on 18 November 1977, eight months before the country became the final British protectorate to gain independence.<ref name=EB/><ref name=DK>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yahq8im86kC&pg=PA227|title=Complete Flags of the World|publisher=Penguin Group|date=6 January 2009|last=Kindersley|first=Dorling|page=227|isbn=9780756654863|access-date=29 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=|first=|year=1984|title=Small states and left-overs of empire|journal=The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs|volume=73|issue=290|pages=122–129|doi=10.1080/00358538408453628}} {{registration required}}</ref>

===Independence and beyond===
The Independence Day ceremony on 7 July 1978, in [[Gizo, Solomon Islands|Gizo]], [[Western Province (Solomon Islands)|Western Province]] – which saw the lowering of the Union Jack and the raising of the new flag – was controversial and led to a confrontation between locals and those from [[Malaita Province]].<ref name=Premdas>{{cite journal|last1=Premdas|first1=Ralph|last2=Steeves|first2=Jeff|last3=Larmour|first3=Peter|date=Spring 1984|title=The Western Breakaway Movement in the Solomon Islands|journal=Pacific Studies|volume=7|issue=2|pages=34–67|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c7c2689352d7d2b555f9f35cf1bc88e2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817199}} {{registration required}}</ref> This was because leaders from the Western Council had unsuccessfully lobbied the government to promise greater [[devolution|devolved powers]] to the provinces,<ref name=Premdas/> and some of the province's inhabitants viewed the flag ceremony – which had already been engineered to be as subdued as possible – as a demonstration of "Malaitan dominance" over Western Province.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBBhhpC9jv0C&pg=PA190|title=Journeys in a Small Canoe: The Life and Times of a Solomon Islander|publisher=Pandanus Books|year=2003|last=Gina|first=Lloyd Maepeza|editor1-last=Bennett|editor1-first=Judith A.|editor2-last=Russell|editor2-first=Khyla J.|page=190|isbn=9781740760324|access-date=1 April 2017}}</ref>

The Solomon Islander flag has been utilized as a [[flag of convenience]] by foreign [[merchant vessel]]s since 2012.<ref name=convenience>{{cite news|title=Solomon Islands to offer flag of convenience for foreign vessels|url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2005-07-29/solomon-islands-to-offer-flag-of-convenience-for-foreign-vessels/764156|date=31 March 2012|access-date=29 March 2017|first=|last=|work=Radio Australia|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328172237/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2005-07-29/solomon-islands-to-offer-flag-of-convenience-for-foreign-vessels/764156|archive-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> That year, an Act was adopted by the [[National Parliament of the Solomon Islands|country's National Parliament]] approving of its usage in this manner, with the government predicting more than [[United States dollar|US$]]500,000 in taxes annually. The transport minister claimed that this would also give local sailors new employment opportunities and expand chances to reap [[Foreign exchange market|foreign exchange]].<ref name=convenience/>

==Design==
===Symbolism===
The colours and symbols of the flag have cultural, political, and regional meanings. The blue evokes the water,<ref name=EB/><ref name=DK/> as well as its significance to the country in the form of rivers, rain, and the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name=EB/><ref name=CIA>{{cite web|title=Solomon Islands|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bp.html|date=12 January 2017|access-date=29 March 2017|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|archive-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527055725/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=incredible>{{cite news|title=Our incredible, forgotten neighbour paradise|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-ideas/best-of-travel/our-incredible-forgotten-neighbour-paradise/news-story/9d5570bfe3ba672d9f59fb7fcbf07294|date=25 January 2016|access-date=29 March 2017|first=Fiona|last=Harper|work=News.com.au|publisher=News Corp Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329064151/http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-ideas/best-of-travel/our-incredible-forgotten-neighbour-paradise/news-story/9d5570bfe3ba672d9f59fb7fcbf07294|archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref> The green alludes to the land,<ref name=DK/><ref name=CIA/> along with the trees and crops that grow on it.<ref name=EB/> The yellow epitomizes the sun and its rays separating the land and the ocean.<ref name=EB/><ref name=incredible/>

The five stars are arranged in three offset rows at the [[Glossary of vexillology#Description of standard flag parts and terms|canton]], in the [[quincrux|shape of the letter X]].<ref name=CIA/> At first, these were meant to symbolize the provinces that the country was subdivided into at the time of independence (Central, Western, Eastern, Malaita and Honiara Capital). Even though new provinces have since been created, the number of stars has remained unchanged.<ref name=EB/><ref name=DK/>

===Similarities===
[[File:Australian Flag Proposal (Southern Horizon).svg|thumb|right|{{FIAV|Proposal}} The 'Southern Horizon' design, a proposed alternative to the current [[flag of Australia]].]]
One of the various proposed alternatives to the present [[flag of Australia]] is an emblem labelled the 'Southern Horizon'. Having been voted as the favourite in an unofficial poll of more than 8,000 people, its blue, gold, and green colour scheme – together with its depiction of the Southern Cross – is noted for its conspicuous resemblance to that of the Solomon Islands flag.<ref>{{cite news|title=Solomon Islanders flag alternative Aussie standard|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/295419/solomon-islanders-flag-alternative-aussie-standard|date=2 February 2016|access-date=28 March 2017|first=|last=|publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328155638/http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/295419/solomon-islanders-flag-alternative-aussie-standard|archive-date=28 March 2017}}</ref>

==Variants==
The [[civil ensign]] (for merchant ships) and state ensign (for non-military government vessels) are red and blue flags, respectively, with the national flag in the canton. The [[naval ensign]] (for police vessels) is based on the British [[White Ensign|white ensign]], a red cross on a white field, also with the national flag in the canton.<ref name=flagmakers>{{cite web|title=Flag of Solomon Islands – A Brief History|url=https://www.flagmakers.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/Flag-of-Solomon-Islands-A-Brief-History-Download.pdf|date=|access-date=2 April 2017|work=Flagmakers|publisher=Specialised Canvas Services Ltd}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Variant flags of Solomon Islands
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Variant flag
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Usage
|-
|[[File:Civil Ensign of the Solomon Islands.svg|150px]]
|[[Civil ensign]]
|-
|[[File:Government Ensign of the Solomon Islands.svg|150px]]
|State ensign
|-
|[[File:Customs Ensign of the Solomon Islands.svg|150px]]
|Customs Service Ensign
|-
|[[File:Naval Ensign of the Solomon Islands.svg|150px]]
|[[Naval Ensign]]
|}

==Historical flags==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Historical flags of the [[British Solomon Islands]]
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Historical flag
!scope="col"|Duration<ref name=flagmakers/>
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Description
|-
|[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|150px]]
|1893–{{nnbsp}}1906
|Identical to the [[Union Jack]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Solomon Islands (1906–1947).svg|150px]]
|1906–1947
|A [[Blue Ensign]] [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with the name of the protectorates and the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Solomon Islands (1947–1956).svg|150px]]
|1947–1956
|A Blue Ensign charged with a shield depicting a black-and-white [[sea turtle]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Solomon Islands (1956–1966).svg|150px]]
|1956–1966
|A Blue Ensign charged with a shield divided quarterly – depicting a lion, an eagle, a turtle, a frigate bird, and weapons from the region – on a white disk.
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Solomon Islands (1966–1977).svg|150px]]
|1966–1977
|Identical to the previous version, save for the removal of the white disk.
|}

==Provincial flags of Solomon Islands==
{{main|Provinces of Solomon Islands}}

These are the flags of the nine provinces administered by elected provincial assemblies, the tenth is the capital Honiara, administered by the Honiara Town Council.
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Flag
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Province
|-
|[[File:Flag of Central Province Solomon Islands.png|150px]]
|[[Central Province (Solomon Islands)|Central]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Choiseul.png|150px]]
|[[Choiseul Province|Choiseul]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Guadalcanal.png|150px]]
|[[Guadalcanal Province|Guadalcanal]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Isabel Province Solomon Islands.png|150px]]
|[[Isabel Province|Isabel]]
|-
|[[File:Flag Makira and Ulawa.png|150px]]
|[[Makira-Ulawa Province|Makira-Ulawa]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Malaiita.png|150px]]
|[[Malaita Province|Malaita]]
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_Rennell_and_Bellona_Province.svg|150px]]
|[[Rennell and Bellona Province|Rennel and Bellona]]
|-
|[[File:Temotu province flag.svg|150px]]
|[[Temotu Province|Temotu]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Western Province Solomon Islands.png|150px]]
|[[Western Province (Solomon Islands)|Western]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Honiara.svg|150px]]
|[[Honiara|Capital Territory]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{FOTW|id=sb|title=Solomon Islands}}

{{Solomon Islands topics}}
{{Oceania topic|Flag of|title=[[Flags of Oceania]]}}
{{nationalflags}}
{{Union Flag}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solomon Islands, Flag of the}}
[[Category:National flags]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Solomon Islands|Flag]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1977]]
[[Category:Quadcolor flags]]

Quincunx

2025-04-13T17:36:37Z

78.82.201.71: /* Examples */ "the" not used

{{short description|Pattern of five points, four in a square or rectangle and a fifth at its center}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:Bluedice2.jpg|thumb|180px|A quincunx of pips on the five-side of a [[dice|die]]]]
A '''quincunx''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɪ|n|.|k|ʌ|ŋ|k|s}} {{respell|KWIN|kunks}}) is a [[geometry|geometric]] pattern consisting of five points arranged in a cross, with four of them forming a [[Square (geometry)|square]] or [[rectangle]] and a fifth at its center.<ref>Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed., as quoted by {{harvtxt|Pajares-Ayuela|2001}}.</ref> The same pattern has other names, including "in saltire" or "in cross" in [[heraldry]] (depending on the orientation of the outer square), the [[five-point stencil]] in [[numerical analysis]], and the [[five dots tattoo]]. It forms the arrangement of five units in the pattern corresponding to the five-spot on six-sided [[dice]], [[playing cards]], and [[domino]]es. It is represented in [[Unicode]] as {{unichar|2059|Five dot punctuation}} or (for the die pattern) {{unichar|2684|Die face-5}}.

==Historical origins of the name==
[[File:Vecchi 281.jpg|thumb|left|150px|A [[Quincunx (Roman coin)|quincunx coin]]]]
[[File:Portuguese shield.svg|thumb|150px|[[Coat of arms of Portugal|Portuguese shield]]]]
The [[Quincunx (coin)|quincunx]] was originally a coin issued by the Roman Republic {{circa|211–200 BC}}, whose value was five twelfths (''quinque'' and ''uncia'') of an [[as (coin)|as]], the Roman standard [[aes grave|bronze]] coin. On the Roman quincunx coins, the value was sometimes indicated by a pattern of five dots or pellets. However, these dots were not always arranged in a quincunx pattern.

The [[Oxford English Dictionary|''Oxford English Dictionary'' (OED)]] dates the first appearances of the Latin word in English as 1545 and 1574 ("in the sense 'five-twelfths of a pound or as{{'"}}; i.e. 100 old pence). The first citation for a geometric meaning, as "a pattern used for planting trees", dates from 1606. The OED also cites a 1647 reference to the German astronomer [[Kepler]] for an astronomical/astrological meaning, an angle of 5/12 of a whole circle. When used to describe a tree-planting pattern, the same word can also refer to groups of more than five trees, arranged in a [[square grid]] but aligned diagonally to the dimensions of the surrounding plot of land; however, this article considers only five-point patterns and not their extension to larger square grids.

{{Clear|left}}

==Examples==
Quincunx patterns occur in many contexts:
[[File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg|thumb|150px|The [[flag of Solomon Islands]] features a quincunx of stars.]]
[[File:Peirce-quincuncial-projection.jpg|thumb|150px|A [[quincuncial map]]]]
[[File:Décor mural de la Chapelle palatine (Palerme) (6880608996).jpg|thumb|12th-century Cosmatesque mosaic in the [[Cappella Palatina]], Palermo, Sicily]]
* In [[heraldry]], groups of five elements (''charges'') are often arranged in a quincunx pattern. This arrangement is called, in heraldic terminology, ''in [[saltire]]'' for its usual orientation with the sides of the square vertical or horizontal, or ''in cross'' when the square is diagonally oriented. The [[flag of Solomon Islands]] features this pattern, with its five stars representing the five main island groups in [[Solomon Islands]]. Another instance of this pattern occurred in the flag of the 19th-century [[Republic of Yucatán]], where it signified the five departments into which the republic was divided. The [[coat of arms of Portugal]] includes both orientations of the same patterns, nested within each other.<ref>{{citation|title= The book of public arms : a complete encyclopædia of all royal, territorial, municipal, corporate, official, and impersonal arms|last=Fox-Davies|first= Arthur Charles|year=1915 |publisher=T.C. & E.C. Jack |page=624|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofpublicarms00foxd/page/624}}</ref>
* Quincunxes are used in modern [[computer graphics]] as a pattern for [[multisample anti-aliasing]]. Quincunx antialiasing samples scenes at the corners and centers of each pixel. These five sample points, in the shape of a quincunx, are combined to produce each displayed pixel. However, samples at the corner points are shared with adjacent pixels, so the number of samples needed is only twice the number of displayed pixels.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.nvnews.net/previews/geforce3/quincunx.shtml|title=NVIDIA GeForce3 Preview|first=Mike|last=Chambers|journal=NV News|date=February 27, 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113170739/http://www.nvnews.net/previews/geforce3/quincunx.shtml|archive-date=November 13, 2009}}.</ref>
* In [[numerical analysis]], the quincunx pattern describes the two-dimensional [[five-point stencil]], a sampling pattern used to derive [[finite difference]] approximations to [[derivative]]s. The five points of the five-point stencil are arranged directly above, below, and to the two sides of the center point, rather than (as in quincunx sampling) diagonally with respect to it.<ref>{{citation|contribution=1.2 The Finite Difference Method|pages=21–29|title=Numerical Methods for Elliptic and Parabolic Partial Differential Equations|volume=44|series=Texts in Applied Mathematics|first1=Peter|last1=Knabner|first2=Lutz|last2=Angermann|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=2003|isbn=978-0-387-95449-3}}.</ref>
* In [[Khmer architecture]], the towers of a temple, such as [[Angkor Wat]], are sometimes arranged in a quincunx to represent the five peaks of [[Mount Meru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-25 |title=Angkor Wat |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/5112/angkor-wat |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref>
* A quincunx is one of the quintessential designs of [[Cosmatesque]] inlay stonework.<ref>{{citation|title=Cosmatesque ornament: flat polychrome geometric patterns in architecture|first=Paloma|last=Pajares-Ayuela|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2001|isbn=978-0-393-73037-1|contribution=The Signification — The Cosmatesque Quincunx: A Double-Cross Motif|pages=196–246|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LX2ooH1uFpsC&pg=PA196}}.</ref>
* A [[quincuncial map]] is a conformal map projection that maps the poles of the sphere to the centre and four corners of a square, thus forming a quincunx.
* The points on each face of a [[unit cell]] of a [[face-centred cubic]] lattice form a quincunx.
* The quincunx as a [[tattoo]] is known as the [[five dots tattoo]]. It has been variously interpreted as a fertility symbol,<ref>{{citation|title=Tattoo history: a source book : an anthology of historical records of tattooing throughout the world|first=Steve|last=Gilbert|publisher=Juno Books|year=2000|isbn=978-1-890451-06-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/tattoohistorysou0000gilb/page/153 153]|url=https://archive.org/details/tattoohistorysou0000gilb/page/153}}.</ref> a reminder of sayings on how to treat women or police,<ref name="kishkindha"/> a recognition symbol among the [[Romani people]],<ref name="kishkindha">{{citation|title=Kishkindha|first=Robert|last=Turner|publisher=Osiris Press Ltd|year=2005|isbn=978-1-905315-05-5|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cnxh8vR2HzQC&pg=PA53}}.</ref> a group of close friends,<ref>{{citation|title=A law enforcement sourcebook of Asian crime and cultures: tactics and mindsets|first=Douglas D.|last=Daye|publisher=CRC Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8493-8116-4|page=113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0k0kTGivP4C&pg=PA113}}.</ref> standing alone in the world,<ref>{{citation|title=A rainbow of gangs: street cultures in the mega-city|first=James Diego|last=Vigil|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-292-78749-0|page=115|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qKcorWNve0C&pg=PA115}}.</ref> or time spent in prison (with the outer four dots representing the prison walls and the inner dot representing the prisoner).<ref>{{citation|title=Russian criminal tattoo encyclopedia, Volume 3|first=Danzig|last=Baldayev|publisher=FUEL Publishing|year=2006|page=214}}.</ref> [[Thomas Edison]], whose many inventions included an [[electric pen]] which later became the basis of a tattooing machine created by [[Samuel O'Reilly]], had this pattern tattooed on his forearm.<ref>{{citation|title=The Pocket Idiot's Guide to Not So Useless Facts|first1=Dane|last1=Sherwood|first2=Sandy|last2=Wood|first3=Kara|last3=Kovalchik|publisher=Penguin|year=2006|isbn=978-1-59257-567-1|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9F6Xq8WtmeMC&pg=PT48}}.</ref>
* The first two stages of the [[Saturn V]] super heavy-lift rocket had engines in a quincunx arrangement.<ref>{{citation|title=Apollo in Perspective: Spaceflight Then and Now|first=Jonathan|last=Allday|publisher=CRC Press|year=2000|isbn=9780750306454|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqZcSAM3nrYC&pg=PA77|quote=The engines were arranged across the base of the stage in the same pattern as the dots on a number 5 domino}}.</ref>
* A [[baseball diamond]] forms a quincunx with the four bases and the pitcher's mound.<ref>{{citation|title=Pataphysica|editor-first=Cal|editor-last=Clements|year=2002|publisher=Writers Club Press|isbn=9780595236046|first=Brisbane|last=di Milo|contribution=Telepathic letter to Alfred Jarry|pages=60–68}}. See in particular [https://books.google.com/books?id=PlmXbgrvJFYC&pg=PA62 p. 62].</ref>

==Literary and symbolic references==
Various literary works use or refer to the quincunx pattern:
*''Quincunx'' (1564) was the name of the political treatise by a Polish-Ruthenian writer [[Stanisław Orzechowski]]: here, the five points symbolized five pillars of Polish state, with the Church at the very top.<ref>Jerzy Ziomek: Renesans. Wyd. XI – 5 dodruk. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2012, s. 201-204, seria: Wielka Historia Literatury Polskiej. ISBN 978-83-01-13843-1.</ref>
*''[[The Garden of Cyrus]]'', or ''The Quincuncial [[Lozenge (shape)|Lozenge]], or Network Plantations of the Ancients, naturally, artificially, mystically considered'', is an essay by [[Thomas Browne|Sir Thomas Browne]], published in 1658. Browne elaborates upon evidence of the quincunx pattern in art, nature and mystically as evidence of "the wisdom of God". Although writing about the quincunx in its geometric meaning, he may have been influenced by English [[astrology]], as the [[Quincunx (astrology)|astrological meaning of "quincunx"]] (unrelated to the pattern) was introduced by the astronomer Kepler in 1604. The Victorian critic [[Edmund Gosse]] complained that "gathering his forces it is Quincunx, Quincunx, all the way until the very sky itself is darkened with revolving Chess-boards", while conceding that "this radically bad book contains some of the most lovely paragraphs which passed from an English pen during the seventeenth Century".<ref>[https://aquariumofvulcan.blogspot.com/2013/05/what-is-more-beautiful-than-quincunx.html "That Vulcan gave Arrows unto Apollo and Diana"] ''Aquarium of Vulcan''blog; [https://books.google.com/books?id=5BZ8wzwllBEC&dq=Quincunx+Browne&pg=PA126 ''Sir Thomas Browne: A Study in Religious Philosophy''], Dunn, William P., pp 126-129, 1950</ref>
* [[James Joyce]] uses the term in "[[Grace (short story)|Grace]]", a short story in ''[[Dubliners]]'' of 1914, to describe the seating arrangement of five men in a church service. Lobner<ref>{{citation|title=Equivocation As Stylistic Device: Joyce's 'Grace' and Dante|last=Lobner|first=Corinna del Greco|journal=Lectura Dantis|volume=4|year=1989|url=http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/LD/numbers/04/lobner.html}}; for additional work on this instance of the quincunx pattern, see {{citation|last=Duffy|first=Charles F.|title=The Seating Arrangement in 'Grace'|journal=James Joyce Quarterly|volume=9|year=1972|pages=487–489}}.</ref> argues that in this context the pattern serves as a symbol both of the wounds of Christ and of the Greek cross.
* [[Lawrence Durrell]]'s [[novel sequence]] ''[[The Avignon Quintet]]'' is arranged in the form of a quincunx, according to the author; the final novel in the sequence is called ''Quinx'', the plot of which includes the discovery of a quincunx of stones.<ref>{{citation|journal=CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture|title=Reading Orientalism and the Crisis of Epistemology in the Novels of Lawrence Durrell|first=James|last=Gifford|volume=1|issue=2|year=1999|doi=10.7771/1481-4374.1036|url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol1/iss2/3/|quote=the most dominant formal element expressing this state of multiplicity in The Avignon Quintet is its quincunx structure|doi-access=free}}.</ref>
* ''[[The Quincunx]]'' is the title of a lengthy and elaborate novel by [[Charles Palliser]] set in 19th-century England, published in 1989; the pattern appears in the text as a [[heraldry|heraldic]] device, and is also reflected in the structure of the book.<ref>{{citation|title=Theme Parks, Rainforests and Sprouting Wastelands: European Essays on Theory and Performance in Contemporary British Fiction|volume=123|series=Costerus New Series|editor1-first=Richard|editor1-last=Todd|editor2-first=Luisa|editor2-last=Flora|publisher=Rodopi|year=2000|isbn=9789042005020|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1amyMDNfmQC&pg=PA151|pages=151–163|contribution=Mirror games and hidden narratives in ''The Quincunx''|first=Susana|last=Onega}}.</ref>
* In the first chapter of ''[[The Rings of Saturn]]'', [[W. G. Sebald]]'s narrator cites Browne's writing on the quincunx. The quincunx in turn becomes a model for the way in which the rest of the novel unfolds.<ref>{{citation|title=Narratology Beyond Literary Criticism: Mediality, Disciplinarity|volume=6|series=Narratologia : contributions to narrative theory|editor-first=Jan Christoph|editor-last=Meister|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2005|isbn=9783110183528|first=Silke|last=Horstkotte|contribution=The double dynamics of focalization in W. G. Sebald's ''The Rings of Saturn''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-M4s5Hv3DkC&pg=PA25|pages=25–44}}.</ref>
* [[Séamus Heaney]] describes Ireland's historical provinces as together forming a quincunx, as the Irish word for province ''cúige'' (literally: "fifth part") also explicates. The five provinces of Ireland were [[Ulster]] (north), [[Leinster]] (east), [[Connacht]] (west), [[Munster]] (south) and [[County Meath|Meath]] (center, and now a county within Leinster). More specifically, in his essay ''Frontiers of Writing'', Heaney creates an image of five towers forming a quincunx pattern within Ireland, one tower for each of the five provinces, each having literary significance.<ref>{{citation|first=Séamus|last=Heaney|author-link=Séamus Heaney|contribution=Frontiers of Writing|title=The Redress of Poetry: Oxford Lectures|publisher=Faber and Faber|year=1995|pages=186–202}}.</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Poets of Modern Ireland|first=Neil|last=Corcoran|publisher=SIU Press|year=1999|isbn=9780809322909|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0p3x6JtsnLYC&pg=PA62}}.</ref>
* Early African American scientist [[Benjamin Banneker]] describes a dream in which he is asked to measure the shape of the soul after death. The answer is "quincunx". Research locates his ancestry in Senegal, where the quincunx is a common religious symbol.<ref>{{citation|last=Eglash|first=Ron|date=April 1997|issue=2|journal=Social Studies of Science|jstor=285472|pages=307–315|title=The African heritage of Benjamin Banneker|volume=27|doi=10.1177/030631297027002004|s2cid=143652183}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|35em}}

== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline|Quincunxes}}
*{{wiktionary-inline}}

[[Category:Dot patterns]]
[[Category:5 (number)]]

Casper Janebrink

2025-04-12T08:36:23Z

78.82.201.71: Björnzone

{{Short description|Swedish musician (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Casper Janebrink
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Casper Janebrink (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Janebrink in 2019
| birth_name = Dennis Casper Janebrink
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|1|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gothenburg]], Sweden
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* songwriter
* musician
}}
| years_active =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = [[Dansband]]
| instrument = {{flatlist|
* Vocals
* bass guitar
}}
| label =
| current_member_of = {{hlist|[[Arvingarna]]|[[Björnzone]]}}}}
| website =
| signature =
}}
'''Dennis Casper Janebrink''' (born 2 January 1970) is a Swedish singer, songwriter and musician. He is the lead vocalist and primary lyricist of [[dansband]] [[Arvingarna]].

Casper Janebrink is the son of Dennis Janebrink and Ing-Marie. He grew up in [[Partille]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.expressen.se/leva-och-bo/hemma-hos-5/kandishem/darfor-valde-tv-aktuella-casper-janebrink-att-flytta/|title=Därför flyttade Arvingarnastjärnan Casper Janebrink|newspaper=Expressen|language=Swedish|date=21 April 2019|accessdate=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.expressen.se/leva-och-bo/hemma-hos-5/kandishem/darfor-valde-tv-aktuella-casper-janebrink-att-flytta/ |title=Därför valde tv-aktuella Casper Janebrink att flytta |work=Expressen |date=21 April 2018|language=Swedish}}</ref>

In 1993, the Arvingarna song "[[Eloise (Arvingarna song)|Eloise]]" won [[Melodifestivalen 1993|Melodifestivalen]]. With Arvingarna, he has participated at Melodifestivalen five times.

In 2011, he participated in ''Körslaget'' with a choir from his home municipality of [[Partille Municipality|Partille]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Casper Janebrink tvingas lämna "Körslaget"|url=https://www.expressen.se/noje/casper-janebrink-tvingas-lamna-korslaget/|work=Expressen|date=9 April 2011 |accessdate=11 March 2019|language=Swedish}}</ref> In 2018 he won ''[[Stjärnornas stjärna]]'', which aired over TV4.<ref>{{cite web|title=Casper Janebrink vinner "Stjärnornas stjärna"|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/BJEVvg|work=Aftonbladet|date=5 May 2018 |accessdate=11 March 2019|language=Swedish}}</ref> He presented ''[[Bingolotto]]'' on 7 February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://smdb.kb.se/catalog/id/003641259|title=TV4|publisher=Swedish Media Database|language=Swedish|date=7 February 2016|accessdate=13 March 2019}}</ref>

== Citations ==

{{Reflist|25em}}

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q62053787|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}

* {{discogs artist}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1268893|name=Casper Jarnebrink}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jarnebrink, Casper}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Swedish male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Swedish male singers]]
[[Category:Swedish male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Swedish singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Swedish multi-instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Gothenburg]]

Björn Gustafsson

2025-04-12T08:34:31Z

78.82.201.71: /* Discography */

{{short description|Swedish comedian and actor (born 1986)}}
{{for|the actor born in 1934|Björn Gustafson}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Björn Gustafsson
| birth_name = Lars Björn Gustafsson
| image = Björn Gustafsson & Oscar Gustafsson - Melodifestivalen 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Gustafsson in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|2|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Diseröd|Romelanda]], [[Sweden]]<ref name="OfficialBio1" /><ref name=sfi>{{cite web|title=Björn Gustafsson |url= http://www.sfi.se/sv/svensk-filmdatabas/Item/?type=PERSON&itemid=367885 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110808031350/http://www.sfi.se/sv/svensk-filmdatabas/Item/?type=PERSON&itemid=367885 |archivedate= 2011-08-08|language=Swedish |publisher=[[Swedish Film Institute]] |accessdate=2010-01-28 }}</ref>{{cbignore}}
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[comedian]]
| years_active = 2005–present
| website = [http://www.bjorngustafsson.se/ www.bjorngustafsson.se]
| othername =
| domesticpartner =
}}

'''Lars Björn Gustafsson''' (born 19 February 1986) is a [[Swedish people|Swedish]] [[comedian]] and [[actor]]. He is known from TV shows such as ''[[Parlamentet]]'' and ''[[Stockholm Live]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metro.se/se/article/2007/11/21/18/1255-45/index.xml |title=Björn Gustafsson är vår nya komikerstjärna {{!}} Metro |access-date=3 July 2009 |archive-date=30 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530000404/http://www.metro.se/se/article/2007/11/21/18/1255-45/index.xml |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metro.se/se/article/2008/03/13/21/3712-45/ |title = Björn Gustafsson – från teaterapa till storstjärna – Metro |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804160340/http://www.metro.se/se/article/2008/03/13/21/3712-45/ |archive-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Gustafsson was born in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden. He studied at the Calle Flygares Theater School in Stockholm to become an actor.<ref name="OfficialBio1">{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?prev=hp&hl=en&js=n&u=http://www.bjorngustafsson.se/&sl=auto&tl=en |title=Björn Gustafsson Biografi|language=Swedish|accessdate=2009-04-19}}{{Dead link|date=January 2016}}</ref> His film debut came in 2006 with the Swedish movie ''[[Beck – Flickan i jordkällaren]]''. But before his debut as an actor, he had already debuted in 2005 as a stand-up comedian at [[Bungy Comedy]], a Swedish club for stand-up beginners. In 2006 he enrolled at [[Standup Star]], a stand-up school, where among others, [[Özz Nûjen]] and Jakob Öqvist, two of the most well-known comedians in Sweden, have attended.<ref name="OfficialBio1" />

==Career==
In 2008, he appeared on [[Melodifestivalen 2008]], the Swedish selections for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008|Eurovision Song Contest]], receiving great media attention as he sang a love song to host [[Kristian Luuk]]'s girlfriend [[Carina Berg]]. Afterward, Berg said that she had to hide her cheeks so people could not see that she was blushing. Gustafsson would later also announce the Swedish votes at the Eurovision Song Contest.

Gustafsson gained a certain degree of international fame following a [[World of Warcraft]] (WoW) joke in [[Parlamentet]], talking about people wasting time on the internet and not contributing to their party's effort by playing inefficiently, using so much internal WoW terminology himself that he was incomprehensible to non-players.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} The scene was spread over the [[Internet]], mainly on [[YouTube]], where translations into other languages could also be found.

Gustafsson got voted as Sweden's funniest man by ''[[Aftonbladet]]''<nowiki/>'s readers on 6 March 2008. He continued his "stand-up" shows at the big stage, in the [[44th Guldbagge Awards]] in 2009 together with [[Johan Glans]], and with [[Robert Gustafsson]] in the [[Svenska idrottsgalan]] 2009 (Swedish athletics awards) where he also presented the nominations for rookie of the year.

In 2016 and 2017, he played the role of Don in the American comedy television series ''[[People of Earth (TV series)|People of Earth]]''.

He took on the role of entertainer again for [[Melodifestivalen 2024]], hosted by Carina Berg.

==Filmography==
===Films===
*''Beck – Flickan i jordkällaren'' (2006)
*''Les Grandes Personnes'' (2008)
*''Kenny Begins'' (2009)
*''[[Björn Gustafsson: A life's Work]]''
*''[[Tina og Betina The Movie]]''
*''[[Kronjuvelerna]]'' (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmtvp.se/ny-film-och-tv-serie-fran-prisbelonade-regissoren-ella-lemhagen/|title=Ny film och tv-serie från prisbelönade regissören Ella Lemhagen · Film & TV-Producenterna|website=filmtvp.se|access-date=2016-12-05|archive-date=5 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205233946/http://filmtvp.se/ny-film-och-tv-serie-fran-prisbelonade-regissoren-ella-lemhagen/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Cockpit (2012 film)|Cockpit]]'' (2012)
*''[[Spy (2015 film)|Spy]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/article18781994.ab|title=Gustafsson till Hollywood – spelar mot Jude Law|newspaper=Aftonbladet|access-date=2016-12-05|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220090905/http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/article18781994.ab|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Kung Fury]]'' (2015)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.svt.se/kung-fury/betner-och-gustafsson-spelar-nazister-i-kung-fury/|title=Betnér och Gustafsson spelar nazister i Kung Fury|last=Sweden|first=Sveriges Television AB, Stockholm|newspaper=svt.se|access-date=2016-12-05|archive-date=5 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205235325/http://www.svt.se/kung-fury/betner-och-gustafsson-spelar-nazister-i-kung-fury/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Becoming Astrid]]'' (2018)
* ''[[The Penguin Lessons]]'' (2024)

===Television shows===
*''[[Eurovision Song Contest 2008]]''
*''[[Melodifestivalen 2008]]'' (pause act)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/melodifestivalen/article12233153.ab|title=Salems kupp: Björn på flygel|newspaper=Aftonbladet|access-date=5 December 2016|archive-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624013543/http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/melodifestivalen/article12233153.ab|url-status=live|language=sv}}</ref>
*''[[Parlamentet]]''
*''[[Extra! Extra!]]''
*''[[Tack gode gud]]''
*''[[Morgonsoffan]]''
*''[[Sverige pussas och kramas]]''
*''[[Stockholm Live]]''
*''[[Idol (Sweden)|Idol]]''
*''[[Hål i väggen]]''
*''[[The office#Counterparts|Kontoret]]''
*''[[Julkalendern: Barna Hedenhös uppfinner julen]]''
*''[[Söder om Folkungagatan]]''
*''[[The Comedians (2015 TV series)|The Comedians]]'' (one episode as Jonas)
*''[[People of Earth (TV series)|People of Earth]]'' (Don)
*''[[Melodifestivalen 2024]]'' (pause act)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-02-05|title=SVT:s glädjebesked – Björn Gustafsson med varje vecka|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/melodifestivalen/a/Ll2WKR/bjorn-gustafsson-ar-med-i-alla-melodifestivalens-deltavlingar|access-date=2024-03-09|newspaper=Aftonbladet|language=sv}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Björnzone}}
===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2024&dspp=12|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 12, 2024|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Still the One"
| 2024
| 15
|}

== Awards ==
*Swedish Funniest Man 2008 by the newspaper ''[[Aftonbladet]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-03-06 |title=Sveriges roligaste komiker |url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/vml6mX |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.aftonbladet.se |language=sv}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Björn Gustafsson}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080308094052/http://www.bjorngustafsson.se/ Official website (Swedish)]
*{{IMDb name|2930714}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gustafsson, Bjorn}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Swedish male comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Swedish male television actors]]
[[Category:Swedish male film actors]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriates in Norway]]
[[Category:21st-century Swedish male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Swedish comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Gothenburg]]
[[Category:Comedians from Gothenburg]]

Template:Guilder

2025-04-01T13:45:55Z

78.82.201.71: update

{{Navbox
|name = Guilder
|title = [[Currency|Currencies]] named ''[[Florin|florin]]'' or similar
|bodyclass = hlist

|group1 = Circulating
|list1 =
* [[Aruban florin]]
* [[Caribbean guilder]]
* [[Hungarian forint]]
* [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]]
* [[Polish złoty]]

|group2 = Obsolete
|list2 =
* [[Austro-Hungarian florin]] (''Gulden'', ''forint'', ''zlatý'')
* [[Baden gulden]]
* [[Bavarian gulden]]
* [[British Guianan guilder]]
* [[Conventionsthaler|Conventionsgulden]]
* [[Danzig gulden]]
* [[Dutch guilder]]
* [[East African florin]]
* [[Fribourg gulden]]
* [[Guldengroschen]]
* [[Lombardo-Venetian florin]]
* [[Luzern gulden|Luzern Gulden]]
* [[Netherlands Indies gulden]]
** [[Japanese government-issued currency in the Dutch East Indies|Japanese occupation]]
* [[Dutch New Guinean gulden]]
* [[Neuchâtel gulden]]
* [[Rhenish gulden]]
* [[Schwyz gulden|Schwyz Gulden]]
* [[South German gulden|South German Gulden]]
* [[Surinamese guilder]]
* [[Tuscan florin]]
* [[Württemberg gulden|Württemberg Gulden]]

|group3 = As a denomination
|list3 =
* [[Florin (British coin)]]
* [[Florin (English coin)]]
* [[Florin (Irish coin)]]
* [[Florin|Florin (Italian coin)]]
* [[Florin (Aragonese coin)]]

|group4 = See also
|list4 =
* [[Florin sign]] (ƒ)

| below =
* {{t|Groschen}}
* {{t|Pfennig}}
* {{t|Thaler}}

|state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}}
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

HBA

2025-03-23T18:07:57Z

78.82.201.71: /* Other uses */ unneeded

{{Wiktionary|HBA}}
'''HBA''' or '''hba''' may refer to:

==Organizations==
* [[Hawaii Baptist Academy]]
* [[Healthcare Businesswomen's Association]]
* [[Hewa Bora Airways]]
* [[Hirsch Bedner Associates]]
* [[Hospital Broadcasting Association]]
* Home Builders Association, a local association federated in [[National Association of Home Builders]]

==Science and technology==
* [[Hemoglobin A]] (HbA)
* [[Host bus adapter]], computer network hardware
* [[Horse blood agar]], an [[agar plate]]
* [[Human Biology Association]]

==Other uses==
* [[Hamba language]] (ISO 639-3 code <code>hba</code>)
* [[Highway Beautification Act]]
* [[Hobart Airport]] (IATA code), Tasmania, Australia
* [[Honours degree]]s in Canada: Honors Bachelor of Arts, or Honors Business Administration
* [[Hood By Air]], fashion brand
* [[HBA (song)|"HBA" (song)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Sager House

2025-03-17T20:53:24Z

78.82.201.71:

{{Other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{expand Swedish|date=March 2024|topic=struct}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Sager House ''Sagerska huset''
| image = Sagerska palatset 2011.JPG
| caption = South façade, facing the [[Norrström]] river
| address = Strömgatan 18, 111 52 Stockholm
| location_town = [[Stockholm]]
| location_country = [[Sweden]]
| architect = Jean René Pierre Litoux
| client = The Sager family
| engineer =
| current_tenants = [[Ulf Kristersson]], [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] [[Birgitta Ed]], [[List of spouses of prime ministers of Sweden|Spouse of the Prime Minister]]
| construction_start_date = 1640s
| completion_date = 1893
| style = [[Baroque Revival architecture|Baroque Revival]]
| date_demolished =
| cost =
| structural_system =
}}

The '''Sager House''' ({{Langx|sv|Sagerska huset}}) or '''Sager Palace''' (''Sagerska palatset'') is the official residence of the [[prime minister of Sweden]], located at Strömgatan 18 in central [[Stockholm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-does-the-prime-minister-of-sweden-live.html|title=Where Does the Prime Minister of Sweden Live?|publisher=World Atlas|author=Sharon Omondi|language=English|date=10 September 2019|accessdate=3 November 2021}}</ref>

== Location ==
The Sager House is located in the Stockholm borough of [[Norrmalm (borough)|Norrmalm]], on the street Strömgatan, on the north side of the river [[Norrström]].

===Adjacent landmarks===
The Sager House lies between: [[Rosenbad]], the Government Chancellery (on the west); and the [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] (the former [[Arvfurstens Palats]]) and the [[Royal Swedish Opera]] on [[Gustav Adolfs torg, Stockholm|Gustav Adolfs torg]] (on the east).

It lies across from the [[Parliament House, Stockholm|Parliament House (Riksdag)]] building (on the island [[Helgeandsholmen]]), and the [[Royal Palace in Stockholm|Royal Palace]] (on the island [[Stadsholmen]]), and is connected with them over the river Norrström through the Riksbron and [[Norrbro]] bridges, respectively.

==History==
The first historical records of a building on the site are from the 1640s. In 1880 the property was purchased by the Sager brothers. The Sager Palace was owned by the Sager family from 1880 to 1986.

In 1988 the building was purchased by the [[Swedish State]] to be turned into the official residence of the [[Prime Minister of Sweden]]. Before it was bought, there was no official residence in Stockholm for the head of government. The first Prime Minister to use the building after an extensive renovation for its new use was [[Göran Persson]] (1996–2006). [[Fredrik Reinfeldt]] moved in after the [[2006 Swedish general election]].

===Architecture===
In 1893 Robert Sager had the palace remodeled, including the addition of a new floor within a [[Mansard roof]] and a French [[Baroque Revival architecture|Baroque Revival style]] facade with Neo-Rococo details, that are still seen.

==See also==
*[[Architecture of Stockholm]]
*[[Harpsund|Harpsund Manor]] — another official residence of the Swedish Prime Minister.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sagerska palatset|position=left}}

{{Coord|59|19|44|N|18|04|02|E|region:SE_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Official residences in Sweden]]
[[Category:Palaces in Stockholm]]
[[Category:Prime ministerial residences]]
[[Category:Baroque Revival palaces]]

Template:Brian May

2025-03-05T20:53:47Z

78.82.201.71:

{{Navbox musical artist
| name = Brian May
| title = [[Brian May]]
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| background = solo_singer

| aboveclass = hlist
| above =
* [[Brian May discography|Discography]]

| group1 = Studio albums
| list1 =
* ''[[Back to the Light]]''
* ''[[Another World (Brian May album)|Another World]]''
* ''[[Golden Days (Brian May and Kerry Ellis album)|Golden Days]]''

| group2 = EPs
| list2 =
* ''[[Star Fleet Project]]''
* ''[[Red Special (album)|Red Special]]''

| group3 = Live albums
| list3 =
* ''[[Live at the Brixton Academy (Brian May album)|Live at the Brixton Academy]]''
* ''[[Acoustic by Candlelight]]''

| group4 = Soundtrack albums
| list4 =
* ''[[Furia (album)|Furia]]''

| group6 = Singles
| list6 =
*"[[Star Fleet (song)|Star Fleet]]"
*"[[Driven by You]]"
*"[[Too Much Love Will Kill You]]"
*"[[Resurrection (Brian May song)|Resurrection]]"
*"[[Last Horizon]]"
*"[[Save the Badger Badger Badger]]"
*"[[Fought & Lost]]"

| group7 = Tours
| list7 =
* [[The Born Free Tour]]

| group8 = Bands
| list8 =
*[[Queen (band)|Queen]]
*[[Queen + Paul Rodgers]]
*[[Queen + Adam Lambert]]
*[[Smile (band)|Smile]]
*[[The Brian May Band]]

| group9 = Astronomy
| list9 =
*[[52665 Brianmay]]
*''[[New Horizons]]''
*[[Asteroid Day]]

| group10 = Related articles
| list10 =
*[[Red Special]]
*[[Deacy Amp]]
}}<noinclude>
{{collapsible option}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:May, Brian}}
[[Category:English rock musician navigational boxes]]
[[CATEGORY: Queen (band) templates‎]]
</noinclude>

Josephine

2025-02-28T15:54:08Z

78.82.201.71: /* See also */

{{wiktionary|Josephine|Joséphine}}
'''Josephine''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==People==
*[[Josephine (given name)]], a given name (including a list of people with the name)
*[[Josephine (singer)]], a Greek pop singer

==Places==
*[[Josephine, Texas]], United States
*[[Josephine County, Oregon]], a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon
*[[Josephine Peak]], a mountain in California
*[[Mount Josephine (disambiguation)]]

==Film and music==
*[[Josephine (2001 film)|''Josephine'' (2001 film)]], an English-language Croatian film directed by Rajko Grlić
*[[Joséphine (2013 film)|''Joséphine'' (2013 film)]], a French film directed by Agnès Obadia
*[[Josephine (album)|''Josephine'' (album)]], album by Magnolia Electric Co.

==={{anchor|Songs}}Songs===
*[[Josephine (Wayne King song)|"Josephine" (Wayne King song)]], a 1951 song, recorded by many artists including Les Paul and Ray Charles
*"[[My Girl Josephine]]", by Fats Domino, also known as "Josephine" and "Hello Josephine", recorded by many artists
*[[Josephine (Too Many Secrets)]]", a song by Jon English, 1982
*[[Josephine (Chris Rea song)|"Josephine" (Chris Rea song)]], a 1985 song
*[[Josephine (Terrorvision song)|"Josephine" (Terrorvision song)]], a 1998 song
*"[[Yes Tonight Josephine]]", a 1957 song by Johnnie Ray
*"Josephine", a 1955 song from the musical ''[[Silk Stockings]]'', recorded by Gretchen Wyler, and covered by Pearl Bailey in 1959
*"Josephine", a 1965 song by [[Shawn Elliott (actor)|Shawn Elliott]]
*"Josephine", a 1966 song by [[Dino, Desi & Billy]]
*"Josephine", a 1976 song by [[String Driven Thing]]
*"Josephine", a 1991 song by The Magnetic Fields from the album ''[[Distant Plastic Trees]]''
*"Josephine", a 1996 song by The Wallflowers from the album ''[[Bringing Down the Horse]]''
*"Josephine", a 1999 song by Tori Amos from the album ''[[To Venus and Back]]''
*"Josephine", a 2015 song by Frank Turner from the album ''[[Positive Songs for Negative People]]''
*"Josephine", a 2019 song by McFly from the album ''[[The Lost Songs]]''


==Other uses==
*[[Operation Josephine B]], a 1941 attack on an electricity substation in German-occupied France
*[[Hurricane Josephine]], several hurricanes
*"Josephine", an episode of the television series [[Servant (TV series)|''Servant'']]
*An individual interested in [[Josephology]], the theological study of Saint Joseph

==See also==
*"Goodnight Sweet Josephine", a song by [[the Yardbirds]]
*"[[Yes Tonight Josephine]]", a single by Johnnie Ray
*[[Josefin (song)|"Josefin" (song)]], a song by Albin Lee Meldau, rerecorded in English as "Josephine"
* [[Josephines]]
* [[Josefina (disambiguation)]]
* [[Josephina (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation|geo}}

Gutterson Fieldhouse

2025-02-24T20:26:14Z

78.82.201.71:

{{Short description|Hockey arena in Burlington, Vermont, US}}
{{Infobox venue
| stadium_name = Albert L. Gutterson Fieldhouse
| nickname = "The Gut"
| image = Gutterson Fieldhouse on March 29 2023.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Gutterson Fieldhouse interior in March 2023
| location = [[Burlington, Vermont]], US
| broke_ground = 1961
| opened = 1963
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[University of Vermont]]
| operator = University of Vermont
| surface = 200 x 90 ft (ice hockey)
| construction_cost =
| architect = Freeman French Freeman<ref>Freeman French Freeman (1961-05-12). University of Vermont Gymnasium, Project No. 818 (blueprint). University of Vermont Special Collections.</ref>
| former_names =
| tenants = [[Vermont Catamounts]] ([[NCAA]]) [[Vermont Catamounts men's ice hockey|Men's ice hockey]] (1963–present) [[Vermont Catamounts women's ice hockey|Women's ice hockey]] (1998–present) [[Vermont Bucks]] ([[Can-Am Indoor Football League|Can-Am]]) (2017)
| capacity = 4,035 (ice hockey)
}}

The '''Albert L. Gutterson Fieldhouse''' (nicknamed "The Gut"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/print?id=4796118 |title=Oldest college hockey rinks (continued) |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=2010-01-06 | website=ESPN.com |access-date=2016-02-01}}</ref>) is a 4,035-seat hockey [[arena]] in [[Burlington, Vermont]], United States. It is home to the [[Vermont Catamounts]] [[Vermont Catamounts men's ice hockey|men's]] and [[Vermont Catamounts women's ice hockey|women's]] [[College ice hockey|ice hockey]] teams. It is the largest [[indoor arena]] in the state of [[Vermont]]. It is adjacent to [[Patrick Gym|Patrick Gymnasium]] and Forbush Natatorium at the school's athletic complex. It is named for [[Albert Gutterson]], class of 1912, the school's first Olympian. He set an Olympic record with a 7.60 meter long jump, beating, among others, the great [[Jim Thorpe]].

==History==
The barrel-vaulted arena opened in 1963, originally seating 3,335, with a rink 190 x 85 feet, and the Catamounts varsity hockey program was established the same year. In 1990, the arena was extended eastward to expand the rink to 200 x 90 feet, add an additional row of 700 seats, and add a new lobby, concession, and restroom area. New locker rooms were also added to the north, enough to accommodate six teams at once, along with offices and a varsity weight room.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wernecke |first1=Cathleen |title=Gutterson Expands |work=The Vermont Cynic |date=1990-01-18}}</ref>

The hockey team has played host to exhibitions with the [[Soviet Union national ice hockey team]], [[Russia women's national ice hockey team]], and [[United States men's national ice hockey team]] and [[United States women's national ice hockey team]]. It was the venue for the first women's hockey game ever nationally televised in the US (on December 17, 1997, a pre-Olympic game between Canada and the United States).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whockey.com/country/usa/natteam/1998/ |title=1998 U.S. National Women's Hockey Team; Exhibition Games leading up to the Olympics |website=The Women's Hockey Web |access-date = 2016-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.teamusa.org/usa-hockey/features/2011/january/20/hockey-women-s-worlds-in-vermont |title= Hockey-Women's Worlds in Vermont |date=2011-01-20 |website=USA Hockey |access-date=2016-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229143721/http://www.teamusa.org/usa-hockey/features/2011/january/20/hockey-women-s-worlds-in-vermont |archive-date=2016-02-29}}</ref> Between 1995 and 2000, and again in 2002, it was the preseason training camp site of the [[New York Rangers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NYR training camp has history all its own |last=David |first=Dan |date=2010-09-21 |url=https://www.nhl.com/rangers/news/nyr-training-camp-has-history-all-its-own/c-538265 |website=NHL.com |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uvm.edu/theview/pdfs/091703.pdf |title=New York State of Mind |last=Reidel |first=Jon |date=2003-09-17 |work=The View |publisher=University of Vermont |access-date=2022-12-16 }}</ref> (The [[Hartford Whalers]] had previously held their 1992 and 1993 training camps there.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mahoney |first=Larry |date=1992-09-04 |title=Weinrich excited to become a Whaler |url=http://archive.bangordailynews.com/1992/09/04/weinrich-excited-to-become-a-whaler/ |newspaper=Bangor Daily News |location=Bangor, ME |access-date=2016-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Viv |date=1992-09-16 |title=Whalers Need His Impact |url=https://www.courant.com/1992/09/16/whalers-need-his-impact/ |newspaper=[[Hartford]] Courant |location=[[Hartford, CT]] |access-date=2016-02-01}}</ref>)

On March 30, 2012, President [[Barack Obama]] made his first public appearance in the State of Vermont at the Gutterson Fieldhouse.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wcax.com/story/17294458/presidents-visit-to-vermont |title= President Obama delivers campaign speech in Vt |last=Steimle |first=Susie |date=2012-04-02 |publisher=[[WCAX]] |location=[[Burlington, VT]] |access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref> However, he did speak previously to students on campus at UVM campaigning for Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] (I-VT) in 2006, outside of Ira Allen Chapel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mic.com/articles/122011/watch-young-senator-barack-obama-campaign-for-bernie-sanders-in-2006#.FyZMoU754|title=Watch a Young Barack Obama Help Bernie Sanders Campaign with a Stirring Speech|last=Krieg|first=Gregory|date=2015-07-09|newspaper=Mic|access-date=2017-02-03}}</ref>

The [[Vermont Principals' Association|Vermont Principal's Association]] (VPA) has held the boys' and girls' high school state ice hockey championships at the venue since 1976 (boys) and 2011 (girls).<ref name=VPA>''Vermont Principal's Association'', [http://www.vpaonline.org/cms/lib6/VT08001199/Centricity/Domain/11/Championship%20Games.pdf].</ref>

Gutterson Fieldhouse, along with [[Cairns Arena]] in nearby [[South Burlington, Vermont|South Burlington]], served as venues for the [[2012 IIHF Women's World Championship]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iihf.com/competition/271/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5273&cHash=e77ec8b58366ad1d9b932e89cb6e2692 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204080549/http://www.iihf.com/competition/271/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5273&cHash=e77ec8b58366ad1d9b932e89cb6e2692 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |title=Burlington gets World Women's |publisher=[[International Ice Hockey Federation]] |location=[[Zurich]] |date=2011-01-19 |access-date=2016-01-28}}</ref>

In July 2016, the [[Vermont Bucks]], an [[Indoor American football|indoor football]] team, was announced as a 2017 expansion team as part of [[American Indoor Football]] (AIF) and would use the arena for home games.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/sports/2016/07/07/pro-indoor-football-team-coming-vermont/86795934/ |title=Pro indoor football team coming to Vermont |newspaper=[[Burlington Free Press]] |date=July 8, 2016 |last=Abrami |first=Alex}}</ref> The AIF would fold before the Bucks could play in the league, but team owner [[Tim Viens]] started the [[Can-Am Indoor Football League]] for the 2017 season. The Can-Am then merged into the [[American Arena League]] after one season of play, but Viens sold the Bucks and the Bucks would eventually fold before playing in the new league.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://uvmathletics.com/sports/2010/6/8/MBB_0608102351.aspx Official website]

{{coord|44.469171|-73.194362|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{University of Vermont}}
{{Vermont Catamounts women's ice hockey navbox}}
{{Hockey East}}
{{Burlington, Vermont}}

[[Category:College ice hockey venues in the United States]]
[[Category:Ice hockey venues in the United States]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Vermont]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Burlington, Vermont]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Burlington, Vermont]]
[[Category:Sports in Burlington, Vermont]]
[[Category:Indoor arenas in Vermont]]
[[Category:Music Venues in Vermont]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1963]]
[[Category:1960s establishments in Vermont]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in the United States]]

Coat of arms of Greenland

2025-02-24T14:17:25Z

78.82.201.71: /* External links */ not included

{{short description|none}}
{{Infobox Coat of arms
|name = Coat of arms of Greenland
|image =coat of arms of Greenland.svg
|image_width = 200
|middle =
|middle_width =
|middle_caption =
|lesser =
|lesser_width =
|lesser_caption =
|armiger = [[Greenland]]
|year_adopted = {{Start date and age|1989|5|1|df=y}}
|crest =
|torse =
|shield = Azure, a polar bear rampant argent
|supporters =
|compartment =
|motto =
|orders =
|other_elements =
|earlier_versions =
|use =
}}

The '''coat of arms of Greenland''' is a blue shield charged with an upright [[polar bear]]. This symbol was first introduced in the [[coat of arms of Denmark]] in 1666<ref>[http://www.allscandinavia.com/greenland2.htm Greenland 2]</ref> and it is still represented in the arms of the [[Danish royal family]]. In a Danish context, the bear was originally shown walking naturally, but an upright position was specified in 1819. The 1470 ''[[London Roll]]'' shows an arms captioned ''Le Roy de Greneland'' featuring a shield depicting a polar bear surrounded by three birds. This royal title did not reflect any official title, but merely that the arms could be used by anyone controlling [[Greenland]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Svane |first=Erling |title=Det danske rigsvåben og kongevåben |year=1994 |publisher=Odense University Press |pages=164–165|language=da}}</ref>

The current [[coat of arms]] was designed by Greenlandic artist [[Jens Rosing]] and adopted on 1 May 1989 by the [[Parliament of Greenland|Landsting]]. The [[polar bear]] symbolizes the [[fauna]] of Greenland and the blue (azure) colour designates the [[Atlantic]] and the [[Arctic Ocean]] Greenland is washed by. Instead of the [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Coat of arms of Denmark#Royal coat of arms|version in the royal arms]] which follows the [[heraldry|heraldic]] tradition in raising the right forepaw, the polar bear on the Greenlandic coat of arms raises the left forepaw, due to the traditional [[Inuit]] belief that polar bears are [[left-handed]].<ref>{{citation|page=23|title=This is Greenland 2000-2001: The Official Directory : Country, Products, Services|year=2000|author=Per Danker, Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet|quote=The Greenlandic coat of arms was introduced in 1985. The polar bear symbolizes Greenland and was designed by the Greenlandic artist Jens Rosing based on the Greenlandic bear in the old Danish national and royal coat of arms. Instead of raising its right paw, this bear is raising its left paw - as it is known to every Greenlander that the polar bear is left-handed.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|page=172|year=2016|title= Ice Bear: The Cultural History of an Arctic Icon|isbn=9780295999234|author=Michael Engelhard|quote=After home rule came to Greenland, the former Danish colony chose the polar bear as its own badge. Unlike the Danish version, which follows heraldic tradition by showing the bear with its right forepaw defensively raised (most knights wielded their swords with the right hand, and the left was "sinister" treasonous, unclean), the polar bear in Greenland's coat of arms raises its left, in acknowledgment of the Kalaallit belief that polar bears are left-handed.}}</ref> A similar arms is used by the [[High Commissioner of Greenland|official Danish government representative in Greenland]]. In this case, the bear raises its right paw, and the shield is crowned with the royal crown.

The official Danish specification of the arms does not specify which forepaw is raised, so there is no conflict between the different versions. The adherents of the full independence of Greenland use a green background.

A [[blazon]] in heraldic terms is: ''Azure, a polar bear rampant argent''.

The polar bear was first included as a symbol of Greenland in the Danish coat of arms during the reign of [[Frederick III of Denmark|King Frederik III of Denmark]], but did not gain widespread use on its own until the early 20th century.

== Gallery ==
<Gallery>
File:Coat of arms of Greenland (Old version).svg|Coat of arms of Greenland (old version)
File:Coat of arms of the County of Greenland.svg|Coat of arms of the [[County of Greenland, Denmark|County of Greenland]] (abolished 1 May 1979)
</Gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060618235937/http://www.allstates-flag.com/fotw/flags/gl.html Greenland (Denmark)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19980623182113/http://www.gh.gl/uk/facts/context.htm Facts about Greenland]

{{Greenland topics}}
{{Coats of arms of Denmark}}
{{Coat of arms of North America}}

[[Category:National symbols of Greenland]]
[[Category:National coats of arms|Greenland, Coat of arms]]
[[Category:Danish coats of arms|Greenland]]
[[Category:Coats of arms with bears|Greenland]]

One Last Laugh in a Place of Dying

2025-02-12T16:59:29Z

78.82.201.71: /* Charts */

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| name = One Last Laugh in a Place of Dying...
| type = studio
| artist = [[The God Machine (band)|The God Machine]]
| cover = OneLastLaughInAPlaceOfDying.png
| alt =
| released = 1994
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[post-hardcore]], [[slowcore]], [[alternative metal]]
| length = 69:18
| label = [[Fiction Records|Fiction]]/[[Polydor]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[scenes from the second storey]]
| prev_year = 1993
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

'''''One Last Laugh in a Place of Dying...''''' is the second and final album by [[The God Machine (band)|The God Machine]]. It was released on [[Compact Disc|CD]] and [[LP record|LP]] in 1994 by [[Fiction Records]]/[[Polydor]]. The band had already ceased to function by the time of the album's release due to the sudden death of bassist Jimmy Fernandez earlier in the year.

== Critical reception ==
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Allmusic review|website=[[AllMusic]] |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/one-last-laugh-in-a-place-of-dying-mw0000933238|accessdate=May 26, 2013}}</ref>
|rev2 = ''[[Rock Hard (magazine)|Rock Hard]]''
|rev2score = 8/10<ref>{{cite web|last=Schleutermann|first=Marcus|title=Rock Hard review|url=http://www.rockhard.de/megazine/reviewarchiv/review-anzeigen.html?tx_rxsearch_pi1%5Breview%5D=11252|work=issue 89|accessdate=May 26, 2013}}</ref>
}}
In 2005, ''One Last Laugh in a Place of Dying...'' was ranked number 353 in ''[[Rock Hard (magazine)|Rock Hard]]'' magazine's book ''The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Best of Rock & Metal – Die 500 stärksten Scheiben aller Zeiten|year=2005|publisher=[[Rock Hard (magazine)|Rock Hard]]|language=de|isbn=3-89880-517-4|page=68}}</ref>

== Track listing ==

{{tracklist
|title1 = The Tremolo Song
|length1 = 4:04
|title2 = Mama
|length2 = 2:52
|title3 = Alone
|length3 = 4:50
|title4 = In Bad Dreams
|length4 = 3:10
|title5 = Painless
|length5 = 3:59
|title6 = The Love Song
|length6 = 3:56
|title7 = The Life Song
|length7 = 4:42
|title8 = The Devil Song
|length8 = 5:05
|title9 = The Hunter
|length9 = 7:59
|title10 = Evol
|length10 = 4:07
|title11 = The Train Song
|length11 = 4:28
|title12 = The Flower Song
|length12 = 5:42
|title13 = Boy by the Roadside
|length13 = 5:50
|title14 = The Sunday Song
|length14 = 8:34
}}

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2025 chart performance for ''One Last Laugh in a Place of Dying''
! scope="col"| Chart (2025)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| Danish Vinyl Albums ([[Hitlisten]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hitlisten.nu/default.asp?w=5&y=2025&list=lp20|title=Vinyl Top-40: Uge 05 – 2025|lang=da|publisher=[[Hitlisten]]|access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>
| 40
|-
{{album chart|Germany4|51|id=546680|artist=The God Machine|album=One Last Laugh in a Place of Dying|rowheader=true|access-date=7 February 2025}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1994 albums]]
[[Category:The God Machine (band) albums]]
[[Category:Fiction Records albums]]

{{1990s-alt-rock-album-stub}}

Kalifa

2025-02-11T20:11:36Z

78.82.201.71: /* People */

'''Kalifa''' is a [[given name]] or a [[surname]] derived from caliph and caliphate.
{{Infobox given name
| name = Kalifa
| image_size =
| caption = [[Abu Bakr]] (in dark red) was the first ''Khalifa'' ([[Caliph]])
| pronunciation = {{IPA|ar|xaliːfa|lang}}
| gender =
| meaning = ''Vicegerent'', ''Successor'', ''Steward''
| region = [[Arabia]]
| language = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| origin =
| alternative spelling = Khalifah, Khaleefa, Khaleefah, Caliph
| variant forms = Khalifeh (Persian), Halife (Turkish), Kalifa (West African)
| related names =
| name day =
| derived =
| popularity =
| footnotes =
}}
Khalifa or Khalifah is a name or title which means "successor", "leader" or "ruler".

==People==
;Given name
*[[Kalifa Cissé]] (born 1984), Malian footballer
*[[Kalifa Coulibaly]] (born 1991), Malian footballer
*[[Kalifa Faifai Loa]] (born 1990), New Zealand rugby league footballer
*[[Kalifa Kambi]] (1955–2011), Gambian politician and government minister.
*[[Kalifa Tillisi]] (1930–2010), Libyan historian, translator, and linguist
*[[Kalifa Traoré]] (born 1991), Malian footballer
*[[Kaliffa]] (born 1979), Swedish singer

;Surname
*[[Dominique Kalifa]], French historian, professor
*[[Moussa Mohamed Kalifa]] (born 1967), Libyan citizen who was charged with being a member of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group.
*[[Sahim Omar Kalifa]] (born 1980), Belgian-Kurdish filmmaker

;Stage name
* [[Le1f]], American rapper also known as Kalifa

==Fictional characters==
*[[Kalifa (One Piece)]], character in the manga and anime series ''One Piece''
==[[House of Al-Khalifa|House of Khalifa]]==
* [[Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa]]
* [[Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa]], King of Bahrain
* [[Meriam Al Khalifa]]

==See also==
*[[Khalifa (disambiguation)]]
*Sayyid [[Muhammad Sharif (Kalifa)]] (died 1899), one of the three Kalifas or lieutenants of Muhammad Ahmad (1844-1885).
*''[[The Steel Lady]]'', aka ''Treasure of Kalifa'', American action film

{{disambig|given name|surname}}

ISHOF

2025-02-09T21:38:27Z

78.82.201.71:

'''''ISHOF''''' may refer to:
*The [[International Space Hall of Fame]] in Alamogordo, New Mexico, US
*The [[International Sports Hall of Fame]] in Chicago, Illinois, US
*The [[International Swimming Hall of Fame]] in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, US

{{Disambiguation}}

Desegregate

2025-02-09T17:51:35Z

78.82.201.71: ←Changed redirect target from Desegregation in the United States to Racial integration

#REDIRECT [[Racial integration]]

Never Too Late

2025-01-23T18:09:21Z

78.82.201.71: /* Songs */

'''Never Too Late''' may refer to:
{{tocright}}

==Books ==
* ''[[Never Too Late: My Musical Life Story]]'', a 1979 autobiographical novel by John Caldwell Holt
* ''Never Too Late: A Prosecutor’s Story of Justice in the Medgar Evers trial'', a 2001 book by [[Bobby DeLaughter]]

==Film and theatre==
* [[Never Too Late (play)|''Never Too Late'' (play)]], a 1962 Broadway play
* [[Never Too Late (1925 film)|''Never Too Late'' (1925 film)]], an American silent comedy action film
* [[Never Too Late (1935 film)|''Never Too Late'' (1935 film)]], an American film
* [[Never Too Late (1937 film)|''Never Too Late'' (1937 film)]], the U.S. release title of ''It's Never Too Late to Mend''
* [[Never Too Late (1965 film)|''Never Too Late'' (1965 film)]], a film directed by Bud Yorkin, based on the play
* [[Never Too Late (1996 film)|''Never Too Late'' (1996 film)]], a Canadian drama/comedy film
* [[Never Too Late (2020 film)|''Never Too Late'' (2020 film)]], an Australian comedy film

== Music ==
===Albums===
* [[Never Too Late (Status Quo album)|''Never Too Late'' (Status Quo album)]] and the title track, 1981
* [[Never Too Late (Sammi Cheng album)|''Never Too Late'' (Sammi Cheng album)]], 1992
* [[Never Too Late (Mario album)|''Never Too Late'' (Mario album)]]
* [[Never Too Late (Jimi Jamison album)|''Never Too Late'' (Jimi Jamison album)]], 2012
* ''Never Too Late'', a [[Hedley (band)|Hedley]] compilation album of singles

===Songs===
* [[Never Too Late (Elton John and Brandi Carlile song)|"Never Too Late" (Elton John and Brandi Carlile song)]], 2024
* [[Never Too Late (Hedley song)|"Never Too Late" (Hedley song)]], 2008
* [[Never Too Late (Kylie Minogue song)|"Never Too Late" (Kylie Minogue song)]], 1989
* [[Never Too Late (Sinitta song)|"Never Too Late" (Sinitta song)]], 1983
* [[Never Too Late (Three Days Grace song)|"Never Too Late" (Three Days Grace song)]], 2006
* "Never Too Late", song by the Answer from ''[[Rise (The Answer album)|Rise]]'', 2006
* "Never Too Late", song by Elton John from ''[[The Lion King (2019 soundtrack)|The Lion King]]'', 2019

==Other==
* [[Never Too Late (horse)]], Thoroughbred racehorse

==See also==
* [[It's Never Too Late (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Marc Lawrence (filmmaker)

2025-01-20T16:33:58Z

78.82.201.71:

{{short description|American director, screenwriter, and producer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{For|fantasy author|Mark Lawrence (author)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Marc Lawrence
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|10|22}}
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn, New York]], U.S.
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| alma_mater = [[Binghamton University]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Director
* screenwriter
* producer
}}
| years_active = 1984–present
| notable_works = ''[[Two Weeks Notice]]'' ''[[Music and Lyrics]]'' ''[[Did You Hear About the Morgans?]]'' ''[[The Rewrite]]'' ''[[Noelle (2019 film)|Noelle]]''
| spouse = Linda Lawrence
| children = 3, including [[Clyde Lawrence|Clyde]] and [[Gracie Lawrence|Gracie]]
}}

'''Marc Lawrence''' (born October 22, 1959) is an American director, screenwriter, and producer.

Lawrence is best known for his numerous collaborations with [[Sandra Bullock]] and [[Hugh Grant]]. He wrote the comedy films ''[[Forces of Nature (1999 film)|Forces of Nature]]'' (1999), ''[[Miss Congeniality (film)|Miss Congeniality]]'' (2000), and ''[[Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous]]'' (2005). He wrote and directed the comedy films ''[[Two Weeks Notice]]'' (2002), ''[[Music and Lyrics]]'' (2007), ''[[Did You Hear About the Morgans?]]'' (2009), ''[[The Rewrite]]'' (2014), and ''[[Noelle (2019 film)|Noelle]]'' (2019).

==Early life==
Lawrence was born on October 22, 1959, in [[Brooklyn]]. In 1981, he graduated from [[Binghamton University]] with a degree in English and attended [[New York University School of Law]] for one year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressconnects.com/story/news/local/2015/02/06/rewrite-returns-director-bu-stomping-grounds/22988975/|title='Rewrite' returns director to BU|last=Kocher|first=Chris|website=Pressconnects|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>

==Career==
Lawrence moved to [[Los Angeles]] after college and served as a staff writer and then supervising producer on [[NBC]]'s ''[[Family Ties]]'' from 1984 to 1989.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Ashley Scott Meyers, [http://www.sellingyourscreenplay.com/podcast-transcripts/sys-podcast-episode-062-writer-director-marc-lawrence-talks-about-his-new-film-the-rewrite-starring-hugh-grant-and-marisa-tomei-transcript/ "Writer/director Marc Lawrence talks about his new film ''The Rewrite''"], ''sellingyourscreenplay.com''.</ref>

Lawrence has written films such as ''[[Life with Mikey]]'' (1993), ''[[Forces of Nature (1999 film)|Forces of Nature]]'' (1999), the [[The Out-of-Towners (1999 film)|remake of ''The Out-of-Towners'']] (1999), ''[[Miss Congeniality (film)|Miss Congeniality]]'' (2000), and its sequel ''[[Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous]]'' (2005). He has both written and directed ''[[Two Weeks Notice]]'' (2002), ''[[Music and Lyrics]]'' (2007), ''[[Did You Hear About the Morgans?]]'' (2009), ''[[The Rewrite]]'' (2014), and ''[[Noelle (2019 film)|Noelle]]'' (2019).<ref name="Sep2017CS">{{cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Spencer|title=Disney Sets Release Dates for Aladdin, Artemis Fowl, & More|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/887043-walt-disney-studios-sets-release-dates-for-aladdin-artemis-fowl-and-more#/slide/1|accessdate=September 13, 2017|work=ComingSoon.net|date=September 12, 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Lawrence met his wife, Linda, when he was in college.<ref name=":0" /> The couple lives in [[New York City]] and have three children: Clyde, [[Gracie Lawrence|Gracie]], and Linus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mptvimages.com/images/58384/did-you-hear-about-the-morgans-premiere-director-marc-lawrence-gracie-lawrence-linus-lawrence|title="Did You Hear About the Morgans?" PremiereDirector Marc Lawrence, Gracie Lawrence, Linus Lawrence, Clyde Lawrence12-14-2009 / Ziegfeld Theater / New York, NY / Sony Pictures / Photo by Cecelia Post - Image 23840_0046 {{!}} Most iconic images of the 20th century {{!}} MPTV Images|website=www.mptvimages.com|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> Clyde and Gracie are the frontman and frontwoman of an 8-piece soul-pop band, [[Lawrence (band)|Lawrence]], and are signed to [[Jon Bellion]]'s record label, Beautiful Mind Records.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://303magazine.com/2019/07/review-jon-bellion-fillmore/|title=Review – Jon Bellion Electrified and Improvised at the Fillmore|date=2019-07-23|website=303 Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
!Producer
|-
|1993
|''[[Life with Mikey]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes|Co-producer}}
|-
|rowspan=2|1999
|''[[Forces of Nature (1999 film)|Forces of Nature]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|-
|''[[The Out-of-Towners (1999 film)|The Out-of-Towners]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|-
|2000
|''[[Miss Congeniality (film)|Miss Congeniality]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes|Executive}}
|-
|2002
|''[[Two Weeks Notice]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|-
|2005
|''[[Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|2007
|''[[Music and Lyrics]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|-
|2009
|''[[Did You Hear About the Morgans?]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|-
|2014
|''[[The Rewrite]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|-
|2019
|''[[Noelle (2019 film)|Noelle]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|}

===Television===
The numbers in credits refer to the number of episodes.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
!Executive Producer
!Notes
|-
|1984–1989
|''[[Family Ties]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}} (30)
|{{yes|Supervising}} (29)
|Also story editor (31 episodes)
|-
|1985
|''[[Family Ties Vacation]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|TV movie
|-
|rowspan=2|1994
|''[[Sweet Valley High (TV series)|Sweet Valley High]]''
|{{yes}} (1)
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|Episode: "The Curse of Lawrence Manson"
|-
|''[[Monty (TV series)|Monty]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}} (1)
|{{yes}} (13)
|Creator
|-
|1995
|''[[Pride & Joy (TV series)|Pride & Joy]]''
|{{yes}} (3)
|{{yes}} (3)
|{{yes}} (6)
|Creator
|}

===Music===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Film
!Notes
|-
|2000
|"Miss United States"
|''[[Miss Congeniality (film)|Miss Congeniality]]''
|Co-writer and producer
|-
|2002
|"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)"
|''[[Two Weeks Notice]]''
|Harmonica accompaniment (as Blind Lemon Lipschitz)
|-
| rowspan="4" |2007
|"Buddha's Delight"
| rowspan="4" |''[[Music and Lyrics]]''
|Co-writer
|-
|"Bad Hot Witch"
|Co-writer
|-
|"Love Autopsy"
|Writer
|-
|"Slam"
|Co-writer
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|492909|Marc Lawrence}}

{{Marc Lawrence}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, Marc}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American screenwriters]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]
[[Category:American male television writers]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:Binghamton University alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors from New York City]]
[[Category:New York University School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from New York City]]

Playground Music Scandinavia

2025-01-16T22:14:17Z

78.82.201.71: /* Selected artists */

{{Short description|Swedish record label}}
{{advert|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox record label
| name = Playground Music Scandinavia AB
| image =
| parent =
| founded = 1999
| distributor =
| genre = Various
| country = [[Sweden]]
| location = [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Norway]], Sweden
| url = [http://www.playgroundmusic.com playgroundmusic.com]
}}

'''Playground Music Scandinavia AB''' '''(PGM)''' is an independent record company from [[Scandinavia]], founded in 1999. The company operates across Scandinavia with offices in [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], and [[Norway]]. Additionally, it has established local distribution partnerships in [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], and [[Iceland]].

Since 2010, Jonas Sjöström has held ownership of the company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JONAS SJÖSTRÖM, FOUNDER OF PLAYGROUND MUSIC SCANDINAVIA IS AWARDED BY IMPALA FOR HIS OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO INDEPENDENT MUSIC |date=3 October 2017 |url=https://www.impalamusic.org/jonas-sjostrom-founder-of-playground-music-scandinavia-is-awarded-by-impala-for-his-outstanding-contribution-to-independent-music/}}</ref> Playground Music works with multiple music genres, including pop and rock music.

The company also acts as a representative for various international independent labels, including [[Beggars Banquet Records|Beggars Banquet]], [[4AD]], [[Domino Recording Company|Domino]], [[Matador Records|Matador]], [[XL Recordings]], [[Mute Records|Mute]], [[Cooking Vinyl]], [[Secretly Canadian]], [[City Slang]], [[Ninja Tune]], [[Ignition (record label)|Ignition]], and [[Epitaph Records|Epitaph]].

==History==
Playground Music Scandinavia was founded in 1999 after Jonas Sjöström and several colleagues left the record company [[MNW Music|MNW]] (Music Network Corps AB) in protest of their new owners. From the start, Playground Music set up offices in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland. Of the company's first direct signings, [[The Rasmus]] managed to launch a successful international career with the release of their album [[Dead Letters]] (2003). The same year, the company acquired [[Ace of Base]]'s complete musical catalog with the acquisition of the Danish record label [[Edel-Mega Records|Mega Records]]. In 2006, the company bought the Swedish label Diesel Music, acquiring the catalog of artists such as [[Lisa Nilsson]], [[Koop (band)|Koop]], [[Eagle-Eye Cherry]], [[Mauro Scocco]] and [[Titiyo]]. In 2010, the main shareholder of the company [[Edel AG|Edel SE & Co. KGaA]] sold their share of the company to Jonas Sjöström, thereby making him the sole owner of Playground Music Scandinavia.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/1211948/edel-sells-playground-music-stake | title=Edel Sells Playground Music Stake | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref>

==Selected artists==
Artists currently signed to Playground Music include:
*[[Ace of Base]]
*{{ill|Bror Gunnar Jansson|sv}}
*{{ill|Daniel Kvammen|no}}
*{{ill|Dina Ögon|sv|Dina Ögon (musikgrupp)|lt=Dina Ögon}}
*[[Eagle-Eye Cherry]]
*[[Erato (band)|Erato]]
*[[Hooja]]
*{{ill|Jakob (singer)|no|Jakob (artist)|lt=Jakob}}
*[[Smith & Thell]]
*[[José González (singer)|José González]]
*[[Agnes Carlsson|Agnes]]
*[[Leila K]]
*[[Ken Ring (rapper)|Ken Ring]]
*[[Eagle-Eye Cherry]]
*[[Miss Li]]
*[[Koop (band)|Koop]]
*[[Lisa Nilsson]]
*[[The Rasmus]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jonas Sjöström of Playground Music Scandinavia Wins Remarkable Finnish Music Industry Award |url=https://musicfinland.com/en/news/jonas-sjostrom-of-playground-music-scandinavia-wins-remarkable-finnish-musi}}</ref>
*[[Mando Diao]]

Examples of artists distributed by Playground Music:
* [[Adele]]
* [[The xx]]
* [[Poets Of The Fall]]
* [[The Prodigy]]
* [[Cat Power]]
* [[Marilyn Manson]]
* [[Bon Iver]]
* [[Apulanta]]
* [[Mike Sheridan]]
* [[Arctic Monkeys]]
* [[M83 (band)|M83]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.playgroundmusic.com/ Official site]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Danish record labels]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1999]]
[[Category:Rock record labels]]
[[Category:Pop record labels]]
[[Category:The Rasmus]]
[[Category:IFPI members]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Sweden]]

Barbro Holmberg

2025-01-06T19:40:15Z

78.82.201.71: link

{{Short description|Swedish politician (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{expand Swedish|topic=bio|date=September 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2016}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Barbro Holmberg
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Barbro Holmberg.jpg
| caption = Holmberg in September 2012
| order = [[List of governors of Gävleborg County|Governor of Gävleborg]]
| term_start = 21 January 2008
| term_end = 31 July 2015 ({{Age in years and days|2008|1|21|2015|7|31}})
| appointed = [[Fredrik Reinfeldt]]
| lieutenant =
| predecessor = [[:sv:Christer Eirefelt|Christer Eirefelt]]
| successor = [[Per Bill]]
| order2 = [[Minister for Migration (Sweden)|Minister for Migration and Asylum Policy]]
| term_start2 = 10 October 2003
| term_end2 = 6 October 2006 ({{Age in years and days|2003|10|10|2006|10|6}})
| primeminister2= [[Göran Persson]]
| predecessor2 = [[Jan O. Karlsson]]
| successor2 = [[Tobias Billström]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|4|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lycksele]], [[Västerbotten County]], Sweden
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Swedish
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Thomas Nordegren]]||1987|reason=div}}
| party = [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democratic]]
| relations =
| children = 3, including [[Elin Nordegren]]
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Stockholm University]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Barbro Holmberg''' ({{IPA|sv|ˈbǎrːbroː ˈhɔ̂lmbærj}}; born 7 April 1952) is a Swedish [[Socialdemokratiska arbetarpartiet|Social Democratic]] politician. On 10 October 2003 she was appointed [[Minister for Migration (Sweden)|Minister for Migration and Asylum Policy]] in the [[Government of Sweden|Swedish Government]]. As a consequence of the change of government following the 2006 government election, she left office on 6 October 2006, and in 2008 she was appointed the [[List of governors of Gävleborg County|governor of Gävleborg County]].

Holmberg was born in [[Lycksele]], [[Västerbotten]], and grew up in [[Jörn]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rogeman |first1=Anneli |title=Pappas hemby ger kraft |url=https://www.svd.se/pappas-hemby-ger-kraft |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=Svenska Dagbladet |date=24 October 2003}}</ref> She has a degree in [[social work]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-10-03 |title=Migrationsverkets gd blir minister |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/300849 |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=[[Sveriges Radio P4]] Östergötland |language=sv}}</ref>

She was married to radio journalist [[Thomas Nordegren]] and has three children, including [[Elin Nordegren]], who has been married to the American golfer [[Tiger Woods]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/1208/woodst.html|title=Woods' mother-in-law taken to hospital|date=8 December 2009|publisher=[[RTÉ]]|access-date=8 December 2009}}</ref>

== Career ==
*2008 – [[List of governors of Gävleborg County|Governor of Gävleborg County]]
*2003 – Minister, Ministry for Foreign Affairs
*2003 – Director-General, Swedish Migration Board
*2002 – State Secretary, Ministry for Foreign Affairs
*1999 – Political Adviser, Ministry for Foreign Affairs
*1999 – Project Leader, the Children's Project, Ministry for Foreign Affairs
*1998 – Secretary of the Committee appointed to review the activities of the Office of the Children's [[Ombudsman]]
*1996 – Secretary of the Committee on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (appointed to review Swedish legislation and practice in relation to the UN Convention)
*1995 – Editor, ''Socialpolitik'' magazine
*1989 – Freelance (assignments from the National Institute of Public Health, National Board of Health and Welfare, Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, Swedish Alcohol Retailing Monopoly, Swedish Association of Local Authorities, etc.)
*1980 – Editor, ''PsykologTidningen'' magazine
*1977 – Information Officer, National Association for Aid to Drug Abusers (RFHL)
*1976 – Research Assistant, National Board of Health and Welfare

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204034232/http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/9942/a/95567 Press release from the Swedish Government regarding Holmberg's appointment to landshövding (Swedish)]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|before=[[Jan O. Karlsson]]|title=[[Swedish Minister for Migration]]|years=2003 - 2006|after=[[Tobias Billström]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holmberg, Barbro}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Governors of Gävleborg County]]
[[Category:Stockholm University alumni]]
[[Category:Ministers for migration and asylum policy of Sweden]]
[[Category:Swedish Social Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Women government ministers of Sweden]]
[[Category:21st-century Swedish women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Lycksele Municipality]]
[[Category:Women county governors of Sweden]]

Template:Currencies of post-Soviet states

2025-01-06T17:46:17Z

78.82.201.71:

{{Navbox
|name = Currencies of post-Soviet states
|title = [[Currency|Currencies]] of [[post-Soviet states]]
|bodyclass = hlist
|group1 = Current
|list1 =
* [[Abkhazian apsar]]*
* [[Armenian dram]]
* [[Azerbaijani manat]]
* [[Belarusian ruble]]
* [[Euro]]
** Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
* [[Georgian lari]]
* [[Kazakhstani tenge]]
* [[Kyrgyz som]]
* [[Moldovan leu]]
* [[Russian ruble]]
** Russia, Abkhazia* and South Ossetia*
* [[South Ossetian zarin]]*
* [[Tajikistani somoni]]
* [[Transnistrian ruble]]*
* [[Turkmen manat]]
* [[Ukrainian hryvnia]]
* [[Uzbekistani sum]]
|group2 = Obsolete
|list2 =
* [[Artsakh dram]]*
* [[Chechen naxar]]*
* [[Estonian kroon]]
* [[Georgian kuponi]]
* [[Latvian ruble]]
* [[Latvian lats]]
* [[Lithuanian litas]]
* [[Lithuanian talonas]]
* [[Moldovan cupon]]
* [[Soviet ruble]]
* [[Tajikistani ruble]]
* [[Ukrainian karbovanets]]
|below = <nowiki>*</nowiki> Unrecognized
}}<noinclude>
{{navbox documentation}}
[[Category:Numismatic navigational boxes by country|Soviet]]
[[Category:Soviet Union navigational boxes]]
</noinclude>

Template:Currencies of Asia

2025-01-06T17:46:01Z

78.82.201.71:

{{Navbox
| name = Currencies of Asia
| state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}}
| title = Currencies of Asia
| listclass = hlist

| group1 = Central
| list1 =
* [[Kazakhstani tenge]]
* [[Kyrgyz som]]
* [[Tajikistani somoni]]
* [[Turkmen manat]]
* [[Uzbekistani sum]]

| group2 = East
| list2 =
* [[Renminbi]] (yuan)
* [[Hong Kong dollar]]
* [[Japanese yen]]
* [[North Korean won]]
* [[South Korean won]]
* [[Macanese pataca]]
* [[Mongolian tögrög]]
* [[New Taiwan dollar]]

| group3 = North
| list3 =
* [[Russian ruble]]

| group4 = South
| list4 =
* [[Afghan afghani]]
* [[Bangladeshi taka]]
* [[Bhutanese ngultrum]]
* [[Indian rupee]]
* [[Maldivian rufiyaa]]
* [[Nepalese rupee]]
* [[Pakistani rupee]]
* [[Pound sterling]]
* [[Sri Lankan rupee]]
* [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]]

| group5 = Southeast
| list5 =
* [[Australian dollar]]
* [[Brunei dollar]]
* [[Cambodian riel]]
* [[Indonesian rupiah]]
* [[Lao kip]]
* [[Malaysian ringgit]]
* [[Myanmar kyat]]
* [[Philippine peso|Philippine peso (''piso'')]]
* [[Singapore dollar]]
* [[Thai baht]]
* [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]]
* [[Vietnamese đồng]]

| group6 = West
| list6 =
* [[Armenian dram]]
* [[Azerbaijani manat]]
* [[Bahraini dinar]]
* [[Egyptian pound]]
* [[United Arab Emirates dirham|Emirati dirham]]
* [[Euro]]
* [[Georgian lari]]
* [[Iranian rial]]
* [[Iraqi dinar]]
* [[Israeli new shekel]]
* [[Jordanian dinar]]
* [[Kuwaiti dinar]]
* [[Lebanese pound]]
* [[Omani rial]]
* [[Qatari riyal]]
* [[Saudi riyal]]
* [[Syrian pound]]
* [[Turkish lira]]
* [[Yemeni rial]]

}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

List of Danish government ministries

2025-01-05T14:01:52Z

78.82.201.71: /* Sources */

{{short description|None}}

'''List of Danish government ministries, past and present'''. In Denmark, ministries change often, both when new governments are installed and during specific governments rule. Names are changed, the organizational structure is changed, some ministries are fused, some are discontinued, some are revived, some are newly created. There are currently 21 [[Ministry (government department)|ministries]] in the [[Cabinet of Denmark]]. The [[Minister for Nordic Cooperation (Denmark)|Minister for Nordic Cooperation]] serves as a [[minister without portfolio]], and thus no "Ministry of Nordic Cooperation" exists.

==Current Danish ministries==
[[File:Børne- og Socialministeriet.jpg|thumb|Ministry of Children and Social Affairs]]
[[File:Ministry of Culture, Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|Ministry of Culture]]
[[File:Forsvarsministeriet 2018.jpg|thumb|Ministry of Defence]]
[[File:Uvm.jpg|thumb|Ministry of Education]]
[[File:Miljømin Haraldsgade.jpg|thumb|Ministry of the Environment]]
[[File:Danish Foreign Ministry 3.jpg|thumb|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]
[[File:Sundhedsministeriet 2018.jpg|thumb|Ministry of Health]]
[[File:FVNP - MVTU.jpg|thumb|Ministry of Science, Technology and Development]]
[[File:Copenhagen Skatteministeriet IMG 5647.jpg|thumb|Ministry of Taxation]]

* [[Ministry of the State of Denmark|The Prime Minister's Office]] ({{lang|da|Statsministeriet}})
* [[Ministry of Business (Denmark)|Ministry of Business]] ({{lang|da|Erhvervs- og Vækstministeriet}})
* [[Ministry of Culture of Denmark|Ministry of Culture]] ({{lang|da|Kulturministeriet}})
* [[Ministry of Defence of Denmark|Ministry of Defence]] ({{lang|da|Forsvarsministeriet}})
* [[Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark|Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs]] ({{lang|da|Kirkeministeriet}}) is with the Ministry of Education
* [[Ministry of Education of Denmark|Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality]] ({{lang|da|Ministeriet for Børn, Undervisning og Ligestilling}})
* [[Ministry of Employment of Denmark|Ministry of Employment]] ({{lang|da|Beskæftigelsesministeriet}})
* [[Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building of Denmark|Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate]] ({{lang|da|Klima-, Energi- og Bygningsministeriet}})
* [[Ministry of the Environment of Denmark|Ministry of Environment and Food]] ({{lang|da|Miljø- og fødevareministeriet}})
* [[Ministry of Finance of Denmark|Ministry of Finance]] ({{lang|da|Finansministeriet}})
* [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] ({{lang|da|Udenrigsministeriet}})
* [[Ministry of Health (Denmark)|Ministry of Health]] ({{lang|da|Sundheds- og Ældreministeriet}})
* [[Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Denmark|Ministry of Higher Education and Science]] ({{lang|da|Uddannelses- og Forskningsministeriet}})
* [[Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration (Denmark)|Ministry of Immigration, Integration and Housing Affairs]] ({{lang|da|Udlændinge-, Integrations- og Boligministeriet}})
* [[Ministry of Justice of Denmark|Ministry of Justice]] ({{lang|da|Justitsministeriet}})
* Ministry of Social affairs and the Interior ({{lang|da|Social- og Indenrigsministeriet}})
* [[Ministry of Taxation (Denmark)|Ministry of Taxation]] ({{lang|da|Skatteministeriet}})
* [[Ministry of Transport (Denmark)|Ministry of Transport]] ({{lang|da|Transportministeriet}})
* Ministry for Green Transition
* [[Ministry of Societal Resilience and Contingency (Denmark)|Ministry of Societal Resilience and Contingency]] (''Ministeriet for Samfundssikkerhed og Beredskab'')

==Discontinued or former, formal or informal names of ministries==
{| class="wikitable"
!width = "40%"|Old ministries
!width = "15%"|Action
!width = "45%"|Result
|- valign=top
| Ministeriet for Monarkiets Fælles Indre Anliggender (Ministry of Monarchy Joint Internal Affairs) || disbanded (1858) || Departments merged into Finansministeriet (Finance Ministry)
|-
| Fællesindenrigsministeriet (Joint Internal Ministry)|| - || Informal name for Ministeriet for Monarkiets Fælles Indre Anliggender (Ministry for the Monarchy Joint Internal Affairs)
|-
| Ministeriet for Handel og Søfart (Ministry of Commerce and Shipping) || new name (1914) || Handelsministeriet (Ministry of Commerce)
|-
| Ministeriet for Kirke- og Undervisningsvæsenet (Ministry of the Church and Education || split (1916) || Kirkeministeriet (Ministry of the Church) and Undervisningsministeriet (Ministry of Education)
|-
| Kultusministeriet (Ministry of Culture) || - || Informal name for Ministeriet for Kirke- og Undervisningsvæsenet (Ministry of Church and Education)
|-
| Handelsministeriet (Ministry of Commerce) || new name (1924) || Ministeriet for Industri, Handel og Søfart (Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Shipping)
|-
| Ministeriet for Industri, Handel og Søfart (Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Shipping)|| split (1929) || Ministeriet for Søfart og Fiskeri (Ministry of Shipping and Fisheries) and Ministeriet for Handel og Industri (Ministry of Commerce and Industry)
|-
| Ministeriet for Sundhedsvæsen (Ministry of Health) || disbanded (1929) || -
|-
| Ministeriet for Handel og Industri (Ministry of Commercy and Industry)|| new name (1935) || Ministeriet for Handel, Industri og Søfart (Ministry of Commerce, Industry, and Shipping)
|-
| Landbrugsministeriet (Ministry of Agriculture) || new name (1935) || Ministeriet for Landbrug og Fiskeri (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries)
|-
| Ministeriet for Søfart og Fiskeri (Ministry of Shipping and Fisheries) || disbanded (1935) || -
|-
| Arbejds- og Socialministeriet (Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs) || split (1942) || Arbejdsministeriet (Ministry of Labour) and Socialministeriet (Ministry of Social Affairs)
|-
| Trafikministeriet (Ministry of Transportation) || disbanded (1945) || -
|-
| Ministeriet for Bolig- og Sundhedsvæsen (Ministry of Housing and Health) || new name (1947) || Ministeriet for Byggeri og Boligvæsen (Ministry of Construction and Housing)
|-
| Ministeriet for Landbrug og Fiskeri (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries) || split (1947) || Landbrugsministeriet (Ministry of Agriculture) and Fiskeriministeriet (Ministry of Fisheries)
|-
| Forsyningsministeriet (Ministry of Supply)|| disbanded (1947) || -
|-
| Ministeriet for Særlige Anliggender (Ministry of Special Affairs) || disbanded (1947) || -
|-
| Ministeriet for Byggeri- og Boligvæsen (Ministry of Construction and Housing)|| merge (1949) || Arbejds- og Boligministeriet (Ministry of Labour and Housing)
|-
| Arbejds- og Boligministeriet (Ministry of Labour and Housing)|| split ((1950) || Arbejdsministeriet (Ministry of Labour) and Boligministeriet (Ministry of Housing)
|-
| Krigsministeriet (Ministry of War) || merge (1950) || Forsvarsministeriet (Ministry of Defence)
|-
| Marineministeriet (Ministry of the Navy) || merge (1950) || Forsvarsministeriet (Ministry of Defence)
|-
| Indenrigs- og Boligministeriet (Ministry of Interior and Housing)|| split (1955) || Indenrigsministeriet (Ministry of Interior) and Boligministeriet (Ministry of Housing)
|-
| Økonomi- og Arbejdsministeriet (Ministry of Economics and Labour)|| split (1957) || Økonomiministeriet (Ministry of the Economy) and Arbejdsministeriet (Ministry of Labour)
|-
| Ministeriet for Handel, Håndværk, Industri og Søfart (Ministry of Commerce, Craft, Industry and Shipping) || - || Formal name for Handelsministeriet (Ministry of Commerce) 1957-1979
|-
| Ministeriet for Familiens Anliggender (Ministry of Family Affairs) || disbanded (1968) || -
|-
| Økonomiministeriet (Ministry of the Economy)|| new name (1971) || Økonomi- og Budgetministeriet (Ministry of Economy and Budget)
|-
| Ministeriet for Statens Lønnings- og Pensionsvæsen (Ministry of State Salary and Pensions) || disbanded (1971) || Departments merged into Økonomi- og Budgetministeriet (Ministry of Economics and Budget)
|-
| Budgetministeriet (Budget Ministry)|| disbanded (1973) || Departments merged into Finansministeriet (Finance Ministry)
|-
| Økonomi- og Budgetministeriet (Ministry of Economy and Budget) || split (1973) || Økonomiministeriet (Ministry of the Economy) and Budgetministeriet (Budget Ministry)
|-
| Ministeriet for Forureningsbekæmpelse (Ministry of Pollution Control) || new name (1973) || Miljøministeriet (Ministry of the Environment)
|-
| Handelsministeriet (Ministry of Commerce)|| new name (1979) || Industriministeriet (Ministry of Industry)
|-
| Ministeriet for Industri, Handel, Håndværk og Søfart (Ministry of Industry, Commerce, Craft, and Shipping) || - || Formal name for Industriministeriet (Ministry of Industry) 1979-1994
|-
| Ministeriet for Kulturelle Anliggender (Ministry of Cultural Affairs) || new name (1987) || Kultur- og Kommunikationsministeriet (Ministry of Culture and Communications)
|-
| Ministeriet for Offentlige Arbejder (Ministry of Public Works) || new name (1987) || Trafikministeriet (Ministry of Transport)
|-
| Undervisningsministeriet (Ministry of Education) || new name (1987) || Undervisnings- og Forskningsministeriet (Ministry of Education and Research)
|-
| Kultur- og Kommunikationsministeriet (Ministry of Culture and Communications) || new name (1988) || Kulturministeriet (Ministry of Culture)
|-
| Trafikministeriet (Ministry of Transportation) || new name (1988) || Trafik- og Kommunikationsministeriet (Ministry of Transportation and Communication)
|-
| Ministeriet for Økonomisk Samordning (Ministry of Economic Coordination) || disbanded (1988) || -
|-
| Ministeriet for Skatter og Afgifter (Ministry of Taxes and Charges) || new name (1989) || Skatteministeriet (Ministry of Taxation)
|-
| Trafik- og Kommunikationsministeriet (Ministry of Transportation and Communications) || new name (1989) || Trafikministeriet (Ministry of Transportation)
|-
| Ministeriet for Grønland (Ministry for Greenland)|| disbanded (1989) || -
|-
| Undervisnings- og Forskningsministeriet (Ministry of Education and Research) || split (1993) || Undervisningsministeriet (Ministry of Education) and Forskningsministeriet (Ministry of Research)
|-
| Forsknings- og Teknologiministeriet (Ministry of Research and Technology) || new name (1994) || Forskningsministeriet (Ministry of Research)
|-
| Fiskeriministeriet (Ministry of Fisheries)|| merge (1994) || Landbrugs- og fiskeriministeriet (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries)
|-
| Industriministeriet (Ministry of Industry) || merge (1994) || Industri- og Samordningsministeriet (Ministry of Industry and Coordination)
|-
| Landbrugsministeriet (Ministry of Agriculture) || merge (1994) || Landbrugs- og fiskeriministeriet (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries)
|-
| Samordningsministeriet (Coordinating Ministry) || merge (1994) || Industri- og Samordningsministeriet (Ministry of Industry and Coordination)
|-
| Landbrugs- og fiskeriministeriet (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries) || merge (1996) || Ministeriet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri (Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries)
|-
| Fødevareministeriet (Ministry of Food) || merge (1996) || Ministeriet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri (Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries)
|-
| Indenrigsministeriet (Ministry of Interior)|| merge (1996) || Indenrigs- og sundhedsministeriet (Ministry of Interior and Health)
|-
| Sundhedsministeriet (Ministry of Health)|| merge (1996) || Indenrigs- og sundhedsministeriet (Ministry of Interior and Health)
|-
| Boligministeriet (Ministry of Housing) || new name (1997) || By- og Boligministeriet (Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs)
|-
| Industri- og Samordningsministeriet (Ministry of Industry and Coordination) || new name (1998) || Erhvervsministeriet (Ministry of Business Affairs)
|-
| Forskningsministeriet (Ministry of Research) || new name (2000) || IT- og Forskningsministeriet (Ministry of IT and Research)
|-
| Arbejdsministeriet (Ministry of Labour) || new name (2001) || Beskæftigelsesministeriet (Ministry of Employment)
|-
| Økonomiministeriet (Ministry of the Economy)|| merge (2001) || Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet (Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs)
|-
| By- og Boligministeriet (Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs) || disbanded (2001) || Merged with "''ErhvervsfremmeStyrelsen''" (Business Promotion Agency) into [[Erhvervs- og Boligstyrelsen]] (Ministry of Business and Housing)
|-
| IT- og Forskningsministeriet (Ministry of IT and Research) || new name (2001) || Ministeriet for Videnskab, Teknologi og Udvikling (Ministry of Science, Technology and Integration)
|-
| Videnskabs- og Udviklingsministeriet (Ministry of Science and Development) || - || Informal name for the current Ministeriet for Videnskab, Teknologi og Udvikling (Ministry of Science, Technology and Development)
|-
| Erhvervsministeriet (Ministry of Business Affairs) || merge (2001) || Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet (Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs)
|-
| [[Energiministeriet]] (Ministry of Energy)|| merge (2005) || Transport- og Energiministeriet (Ministry of Transportation and Energy)
|-
| Trafikministeriet (Ministry of Transportation) || merge (2005) || Transport- og Energiministeriet ((Ministry of Transportation and Energy))
|-
| Miljø- og Energiministeriet (Ministry of Environment and Energy) || split (2005) || Miljøministeriet (Ministry of the Environment) and Energiministeriet (Ministry of Energy)
|-
| Indenrigs- og Sundhedsministeriet (Ministry of Interior and Health) || split (2007) || [[Ministry of Welfare (Denmark)|Ministry of Welfare]] and [[Ministry of Health and Prevention (Denmark)|Ministry of Health and Prevention]]
|-
| Familie- og Forbrugerministeriet (Ministry of Family and Consumer Affairs) || merge (2007) || [[Ministry of Welfare (Denmark)|Ministry of Welfare]]
|-
| Socialministeriet (Ministry of Social Affairs) || merge (2007) || [[Ministry of Welfare (Denmark)|Ministry of Welfare]]
|-
| Finans- og udviklingsministeriet (Ministry of Finance and Development) || ? || ?
|-
| Integrationsministeriet (Ministry of Integration) || - || Informal name for the current Ministeriet for Flygtninge, Indvandrere og Integration (Ministry of Refugees, Immigration and Integration)
|-
|}

==Sources==
{{Commons category|Ministries in Copenhagen}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060214023734/http://www.sa.dk/ra/brugearkivet/rasaml/efter1848/alfaemner.htm Rigsarkivets Samlinger] [[Danish National Archives]] ("''Rigsarkivet''")
* [http://www.stm.dk/_a_1617.html Statsministerier - Ministries]

{{Danish ministerial posts}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Denmark| ]]

Jessica Molaskey

2025-01-04T18:45:01Z

78.82.201.71: link

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Jessica Molaskey
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|1|9}}
| birth_place = [[Wolcott, Connecticut]], US
| genre = {{flatlist |
* [[Vocal music|Vocal]]
* [[show tune]]s
* [[torch song]]s
}}
| occupation = Singer
| years_active =
| label = {{flatlist |
* Center Stage Records
* [[Arbors Records|Arbors]]
}}
| associated_acts = [[John Pizzarelli]]
| website = {{URL|www.jessicamolaskey.com}}
}}

'''Jessica Molaskey''' (born January 9, 1962) is an American professional actress and singer. <ref name=all>{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=mn0000343182}}</ref> Jessica most recently appeared in the Off Broadway production of ''The Connector'' at the MCC Theater Company for which she was nominated for a Lucille Lortel Award and Outer Critics Circle Award. She has appeared in almost a dozen [[Broadway theatre|Broadway shows]], including ''[[Sunday in the Park with George]]'', ''Parade'', ''Dream'', ''Tommy'', ''Les Miserables'', ''[[Crazy for You (musical)|Crazy for You]]'', ''[[Chess (musical)|Chess]]'', ''[[Oklahoma!]]'', ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'', ''[[City of Angels (musical)|City of Angels]]'', and the first national tour of ''[[Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat]]''. In 2025, she's set to portray Miss Jane in the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] premiere of ''[[Floyd Collins (musical)|Floyd Collins]]'' opposite [[Jeremy Jordan (actor, born 1984)|Jeremy Jordan]].<ref>[https://playbill.com/article/jeremy-jordan-lizzy-mcalpine-jason-gotay-jessica-molaskey-more-to-lead-broadway-premiere-of-floyd-collins Jeremy Jordan, Lizzy McAlpine, Jason Gotay, Jessica Molaskey, More to Lead Broadway Premiere of Floyd Collins]</ref>

She recently created the role of Alma in the world premiere of the [[Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (musical)|musical adaptation]] of ''[[Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil]]'' written by [[Jason Robert Brown]] and [[Taylor Mac]] at the [[Goodman Theater]] in Chicago. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://playbill.com/article/cast-complete-for-midnight-in-the-garden-of-good-and-evil-musical-starring-j-harrison-ghee-tom-hewitt-sierra-boggess | title=Cast Complete for Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil Musical, Starring J. Harrison Ghee, Tom Hewitt, Sierra Boggess }}</ref>

She has premiered theater pieces [[Off-Broadway]], including the [[Jason Robert Brown]] 1995 musical ''[[Songs for a New World]]'', ''[[A Man of No Importance (musical)|A Man of No Importance]]'' at [[Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts|Lincoln Center]], ''Dream True'' at the [[Vineyard Theatre]], [[Stephen Sondheim]]'s ''Wise Guys'' (New York Theatre Workshop), ''[[The Most Happy Fella]]'' as part of the [[Encores!]] series at City Center and many world premieres in regional theaters across the US. Molaskey performed the role of Sister Bertha in NBC's ''[[The Sound of Music Live!]]'' starring [[Carrie Underwood]]. Her voice was featured in the film version of ''Chicago''.

She has performed in concert all over the world from [[Carnegie Hall]] to [[Disney Hall]] and in jazz festivals from Montreal to Monterey. She and her husband John Pizzarelli have performed at the famed Cafe Carlyle for nearly two decades, which Stephen Holden described in the ''New York Times'' as, "The premier nightclub act of our time. Caviar in a world of canned Tuna!" She has recorded six solo albums: ''Pentimento'', ''A Good Day'', ''Make Believe'', ''Sitting in Limbo'', ''A Kiss to Build a Dream On'', and ''Portraits of Joni''. Her songwriting skills can be heard on dozens of recordings, including "Cradle and All" which she wrote with Ricky Ian Gordon for [[Audra McDonald]]'s ''Build a Bridge'' album and "The Greedy Tadpole",{{Clarify|post-text=(song, album, or something else?)|date=May 2024}} part of a commission for McDonald of the Seven Deadly Sins for Carnegie Hall. Her concert Portraits of Joni, as part Lincoln Center's American Songbook series, featured her daughter Madeleine Pizzarelli on guitar and vocals.

Molaskey has a weekly radio program called ''Radio Deluxe'' which airs in 60 cities across America and Canada which she records with her husband jazz guitarist [[John Pizzarelli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jessicamolaskey.com/biography.html|title=Jessica Molaskey Official Website | BIOGRAPHY|website=www.jessicamolaskey.com|accessdate=Apr 2, 2020}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Released
! Album
! Label
|-
| {{Start date|2002|06|04}}
| ''[[Pentimento (album)|Pentimento]]''
| [[PS Classics]]
|-
| {{Start date|2003|05|20}}
| ''[[A Good Day (Jessica Molaskey album)|A Good Day]]''
| PS Classics
|-
| {{Start date|2004|10|05}}
| ''[[Make Believe (Jessica Molaskey album)|Make Believe]]''
| PS Classics
|-
| {{Start date|2007|05|08}}
| ''[[Sitting in Limbo (album)|Sitting in Limbo]]''
| PS Classics
|-
| {{Start date|2008|09|02}}
| ''[[A Kiss to Build a Dream On (album)|A Kiss to Build a Dream On]]''
| [[Arbors Records|Arbors]]
|-
| {{Start date|2012|08|14}}
| ''[[At the Algonquin]]''
| Arbors
|-
| {{Start Date|2017|06|13}}
| ''Portraits of Joni''
| [[Ghostlight Records]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.jessicamolaskey.com}}
* {{IMDb name|2082032|Jessica Molaskey}}

{{Jessica Molaskey}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Molaskey, Jessica}}
[[Category:American torch singers]]
[[Category:American women jazz singers]]
[[Category:American jazz singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women singers]]
[[Category:People from Wolcott, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Singers from Connecticut]]
[[Category:Jazz musicians from Connecticut]]
[[Category:Arbors Records artists]]

Template:Jason Robert Brown

2025-01-04T18:40:14Z

78.82.201.71:

{{Navbox
|name = Jason Robert Brown
|title = Musicals by [[Jason Robert Brown]]
|listclass = hlist
|list1 =
* ''[[Songs for a New World]]''
* ''[[Parade (musical)|Parade]]''
* ''[[The Last Five Years]]''
* ''[[Urban Cowboy (musical)|Urban Cowboy]]''
* ''[[13 (musical)|13]]''
* ''[[The Bridges of Madison County (musical)|The Bridges of Madison County]]''
* ''[[Honeymoon in Vegas (musical)|Honeymoon in Vegas]]''
* ''[[Mr. Saturday Night (musical)|Mr. Saturday Night]]''
* ''[[The Connector (musical)|The Connector]]''
* ''[[Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (musical)|Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil]]''

}}<noinclude>
[[Category:Musicals by composer templates|Brown, Jason Robert]]
</noinclude>

Främling (song)

2025-01-03T14:13:17Z

78.82.201.71: /* Weekly charts */

{{Short description|1983 song by Carola Häggkvist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Främling
| cover = Carola Häggkvist-Främling.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Carola Häggkvist]]
| album = [[Främling]]
| language = Swedish
| B-side = Liv
| released = 1983
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Schlager music|Schlager]]
| length = 2:57 (album version)
| label = [[Mariann Grammofon|Mariann]]
| composer = [[Lasse Holm]]
| lyricist = [[Monica Forsberg]]
| producer = Lasse Holm
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = Hunger
| next_year = 1983
| misc = {{Infobox song contest entry
| embed = yes
| song =
| image =
| caption =
| year = 1983
| country = Sweden
| artist = [[Carola Häggkvist]]
| language = Swedish
| composer = [[Lasse Holm]]
| lyricist = [[Monica Forsberg]]
| conductor = Anders Ekdahl
| place = 3rd
| points = 126
| prev = Dag efter dag
| prev_year = 1982
| prev_link = Dag efter dag
| next = Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley
| next_year = 1984
| next_link = Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley
}}
}}

"'''Främling'''" ({{IPA|sv|ˈfrɛ̂mːlɪŋ}}; "Stranger") is a song recorded by Swedish singer [[Carola Häggkvist]] with music composed by [[Lasse Holm]], Swedish lyrics written by [[Monica Forsberg]], and arranged by {{ill|Lennart Sjöholm|sv}}. It {{esccnty|Sweden|t=represented Sweden}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1983]] held in [[Munich]], after winning the [[Melodifestivalen 1983]].

== Background ==
=== Conception ===
"Främling" was composed by [[Lasse Holm]], with Swedish lyrics by [[Monica Forsberg]], and was arranged by {{ill|Lennart Sjöholm|sv}}.<ref name="DG">{{Cite web |title="Främling" - lyrics|url=http://www.diggiloo.net/?1983se|website=The Diggiloo Thrush}}</ref>

=== National Selection ===
"Främling" performed by a 16-year-old [[Carola Häggkvist]] competed in the [[Melodifestivalen 1983|22nd edition]] of the [[Melodifestivalen]], winning the competition. As this Melodifestivalen was organised by [[Sveriges Television]] (SVT) to select its song and performer for the {{escyr|1983||28th edition}} of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]], the song became the {{esccnty|Sweden|t=Swedish entrant}}, and Carola the performer, for Eurovision.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sweden: Melodifestival 1983|url=https://eurovisionworld.com/national/sweden/melodifestivalen-1983|website=Eurovisionworld}}</ref> [[Kikki Danielsson]] was first asked to sing "Främling", but instead she chose "[[Varför är kärleken röd? (song)|Varför är kärleken röd?]]", which finished second.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}

In addition to the Swedish language original version, Carola recorded the song in English –as "Love Isn't Love" with lyrics by Stuart Slater–, German –as "Fremder"–, Dutch –as "Je ogen hebben geen geheimen"–, and in an English-Dutch-Swedish version.<ref name="DG"/>

=== Eurovision ===
On 23 April 1983, the Eurovision Song Contest was held at the {{lang|de|[[Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle]]|i=unset}} in [[Munich]] hosted by {{lang|de|[[Bayerischer Rundfunk]]|i=unset}} (BR) on behalf of [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] and broadcast live throughout the continent. Carloa performed "Främling" fourth on the evening, following the {{esccnty|United Kingdom|y=1983}}'s "[[I'm Never Giving Up]]" by [[Sweet Dreams (1980s band)|Sweet Dreams]], and preceding {{esccnty|Italy|y=1983}}'s entry "[[Per Lucia]]" by [[Riccardo Fogli]]. Anders Ekdahl conducted the event's live orchestra in the performance of the Swedish entry.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Eurovision Song Contest 1983|episode-link=Eurovision Song Contest 1983|series=Eurovision Song Contest|series-link=Eurovision Song Contest|network=[[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] / [[EBU]]|date=23 April 1983}}</ref>

At the close of voting, it had received 126 points, placing third in a field of twenty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovision.tv/event/munich-1983/final|title=Official Eurovision Song Contest 1983 scoreboard|website=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]}}</ref>

== Chart history ==
"Främling" became a huge hit in Scandinavia, charting in Finland, Norway and Sweden, peaking at number six, one and five, respectively.

===Weekly charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+
!scope="col"| Chart (1983)
!scope="col"| Peak position
|-
!scope="row"|Denmark ([[IFPI Danmark|IFPI]])<ref>Danish Singles Chart 24 June 1983</ref>
|1
|-
!scope="row"|Finland ([[The Official Finnish Charts|Suomen virallinen lista]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://musiikkiarkisto.fi/oa/_tiedostot/julkaisut/sisaltaa-hitin.pdf |title=Sisältää hitin: Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla 1.1.1960–30.6.2021 |last=Pennanen |first=Timo |date=2021 |publisher=[[:fi:Musiikkiarkisto|Musiikkiarkisto]] |page=43 |language=Finnish |format=PDF |access-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430072921/https://musiikkiarkisto.fi/oa/_tiedostot/julkaisut/sisaltaa-hitin.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2023}}</ref>
|6
|-
{{single chart|Norway|1|song=Främling|artist=Carola Häggkvist|access-date=6 May 2023|rowheader=true}}
|-
{{single chart|Sweden|5|song=Främling|artist=Carola Häggkvist|access-date=6 May 2023|rowheader=true}}
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Chart (2023–2025)
!Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| Sweden Heatseeker ([[Sverigetopplistan]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215/?dspy=2025&dspp=1|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 1|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|lang=sv|access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref> {{small|"Främling 40" (with [[Nause]])}}
| 8
|}

==Legacy==
* The Swedish heavy metal group [[Black Ingvars]] covered "Främling" on their 1998 album ''[[Schlager Metal]]''.
* Finnish singer [[Meiju Suvas]] covered the song in Finnish, as "Muukalainen" (also translating as "stranger").
* The Norwegian free-jazz band [[Farmers Market]] has covered "Främling" on several concerts, and on their 2008 album ''[[Surfin' USSR]]''. Farmers Market often use unusual time signatures, and their version of Främling switch between 11/16, 15/16, 7/16 and 13/16. The live version usually also has four bars of 2/4.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Carola Häggkvist}}
{{Eurovision Song Contest 1983}}
{{Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1983 singles]]
[[Category:1983 songs]]
[[Category:Carola Häggkvist songs]]
[[Category:Eurovision songs of 1983]]
[[Category:Eurovision songs of Sweden]]
[[Category:Mariann Grammofon singles]]
[[Category:Melodifestivalen songs of 1983]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Lasse Holm]]
[[Category:Songs written by Lasse Holm]]
[[Category:Songs written by Monica Forsberg]]
[[Category:Songs in Swedish]]

Swedish Recording Industry Association

2024-12-20T21:37:13Z

78.82.201.71:

{{Short description|Swedish music industry organization}}
'''Grammofonleverantörernas förening''' ('''GLF''') (English: '''Swedish Recording Industry Association'''), was an organisation representing the music recording industry of [[Sweden]]. It compiled and published the official [[record chart]]s for the Swedish music recording industry since 1975, including the [[Swedish Albums Chart]] and [[Swedish Singles Chart]], which is now done by [[IFPI Sverige]]. The charts are based on statistics of album and single sales, DVD-sales, digital sales as well as [[Streaming media|streams]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sverigetopplistan|url=https://www.ifpi.se/projekt/sverigetopplistan/|website=IFPI|language=sv|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

GLF had the following members: [[Bonnier Group|Bonnier]] Amigo Group, [[EMI]] Svenska AB, Network Entertainment Group, [[Sony Music|Sony Music Sweden AB]], Sound Pollution AB, [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Sweden AB]], and [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music Group Sweden AB]]

*[http://www.sverigetopplistan.se Sverigetopplistan], Swedish weekly charts for singles, albums, DVD, and downloads

==References==
<references />

{{Music recording certification}}

[[Category:Music organizations based in Sweden]]
[[Category:Music industry associations]]

{{music-org-stub}}

Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (soundtrack)

2024-12-16T19:34:05Z

78.82.201.71: add next

{{Short description|2007 film soundtrack album}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to ''[[Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story]]''
| artist = [[John C. Reilly]] (credited to Dewey Cox)
| cover = Walk Hard soundtrack.jpg
| alt =
| released = October 30, 2007
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = {{Flatlist|
* [[Comedy rock]]
* [[rockabilly]]<ref name=Whitman>{{cite web |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/walk-hard/ |title=Walk Hard |last=Whitman |first=Andy |date=December 4, 2007 |publisher=Paste |accessdate=December 5, 2021}}</ref>
* [[rock and roll]]<ref name=Erlewine>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/walk-hard-the-dewey-cox-story-original-soundtrack--mw0000499387 |title=Walk Hard |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |publisher=AllMusic |accessdate=December 5, 2021}}</ref>
* [[Folk music|folk]]
* [[Country music|country]]
* [[psychedelic pop]]<ref name=Erlewine/>
* [[countrypolitan]]<ref name=Whitman/>
* [[disco]]<ref name=Whitman/><ref name=Erlewine/>
}}
| length =
| label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| producer =
*[[Judd Apatow]] ([[Executive producer|exec.]])
*[[John C. Reilly]] (exec)
*[[Michael Andrews (musician)|Michael Andrews]]
*[[Jake Kasdan]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[An Almost Christmas Story#Music|An Almost Christmas Story]]
| next_year = 2024
}}
{{Album ratings
|rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
|rev1score = {{Rating|4.5|5}}<ref name=Erlewine/>
}}

'''''Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the 2007 [[film]] ''[[Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story]]''.

==Production==
{{quote box|width=310px|quote=It was almost like a [[Manhattan Project]] for songwriters," says Bern. "It was the most fun thing I've ever done.|source=Dan Bern, 2007<ref name=hiatt>[[Hiatt, Brian]] (2007-08-09), "The Next 'Spinal Tap'?". ''Rolling Stone''. (1032):20</ref>}}
The cast and crew recorded 40 original songs;<ref>Cohen, Alex (2007-12-07) "[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17002243 Amid the Humor, Dewey Cox's Music is for Real]", ''NPR.org''</ref> 33 are featured in the movie.<ref>Breznican, Anthony (2007-09-11), "'Walk Hard' riffs on greatest rockers", ''USA Today''</ref> Singer-songwriter [[Dan Bern]] and [[Mike Viola]] (of the [[Candy Butchers]]) wrote most of the film's songs, including "There's a Change A' Happenin'", "The Mulatto Song" and "Hole in My Pants". [[Marshall Crenshaw]] wrote the title tune and [[Van Dyke Parks]] penned one of the 1960-styled psychedelic jams, "Black Sheep".<ref name=hiatt/>

Singer [[Angela Correa]] provides the voice of Darlene Madison Cox (played in the film by actress [[Jenna Fischer]]), as she did in the feature film.

A number of critics noted the unusually high quality of many of the individual songs on the soundtrack, how well they reflected the styles and times they were attempting to spoof, and how well they stood on their own as quality compositions. The soundtrack was nominated for both a [[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media|Grammy]] and Golden Globe Award and was nominated and won the Sierra Award for Best Song in a Motion Picture from the Las Vegas Film Critics Society.

==Track listing==
All tracks performed by [[John C. Reilly]], except where noted. All tracks produced by [[Michael Andrews (musician)|Michael Andrews]] and [[Jake Kasdan]], and mixed by Bryan Cook and [[Dan Long (producer)|Dan Long]].
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (soundtrack)'' track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| total_length = 43:51

| title1 = Walk Hard
| writer1 = {{hlist|[[Jake Kasdan]]|[[John C. Reilly]]|[[Judd Apatow]]|[[Marshall Crenshaw]]}}
| extra1 =
| length1 = 2:47

| title2 = Take My Hand
| writer2 = {{hlist|Antonio Ortiz|Kasdan|Apatow}}
| extra2 =
| length2 = 2:31

| title3 = (Mama) You Got to Love Your Negro Man
| writer3 = {{hlist|[[Robert Walter (musician)|Robert Walter]]|Reilly|Kasdan|Apatow|[[Michael Andrews (musician)|Michael Andrews]]}}
| extra3 =
| length3 = 2:44

| title4 = A Life Without You (Is No Life at All)
| writer4 = [[Mike Viola]]
| extra4 =
| length4 = 2:19

| title5 = Let's Duet
| writer5 = {{hlist|Charlie Wadhams|[[Benji Hughes]]}}
| note5 = performed by Reilly and [[Angela Correa]]
| length5 = 3:32

| title6 = Darling
| writer6 = {{hlist|Viola|Reilly}}
| extra6 =
| length6 = 2:35

| title7 = (I Hate You) Big Daddy
| writer7 = Viola
| extra7 =
| length7 = 1:47

| title8 = Guilty as Charged
| writer8 = {{hlist|Wadhams|Gus Seyffert}}
| extra8 =
| length8 = 2:51

| title9 = Dear Mr. President
| writer9 = {{hlist|[[Dan Bern]]|Viola}}
| extra9 =
| length9 = 2:45

| title10 = Let Me Hold You (Little Man)
| writer10 = {{hlist|Bern|Viola|Manish Raval}}
| extra10 =
| length10 = 1:52

| title11 = Royal Jelly
| writer11 = Bern
| extra11 =
| length11 = 4:26

| title12 = Black Sheep
| writer12 = {{hlist|Andrews|[[Van Dyke Parks]]}}
| extra12 =
| length12 = 3:44

| title13 = [[Starman (song)|Starman]]
| writer13 = [[David Bowie]]
| extra13 =
| length13 = 3:40

| title14 = Beautiful Ride
| writer14 = {{hlist|Bern|Viola}}
| extra14 =
| length14 = 3:43

| title15 = (Have You Heard the News) Dewey Cox Died
| writer15 = Bern
| extra15 =
| length15 = 2:28
}}

===iTunes exclusive extended edition===
#"Take My Hand" (Reilly)
#"Jump Little Children" ([[Craig Robinson (actor)|Craig Robinson]])
#"(Mama) You Got to Love Your Negro Man" (Reilly)
#"[[That's Amore]]" (Reilly)
#"Walk Hard" (Reilly)
#"A Life Without You (Is No Life At All)" (Reilly)
#"(I Hate You) Big Daddy" (Reilly)
#"Walk Hard (Punk Version)" (Reilly)
#"Let's Duet" (Reilly & [[Angela Correa]])
#"Darling" (Reilly)
#"Guilty As Charged" (Reilly)
#"There's a Change A' Happening (I Can Feel It)" (Reilly)
#"Dear Mr. President" (Reilly)
#"Hey Mr. Old Guy" (Reilly)
#"Ladies First" (Reilly)
#"The Mulatto Song" (Reilly)
#"Let Me Hold You (Little Man)" (Reilly)
#"Hole In My Pants" (Reilly)
#"Royal Jelly" (Reilly)
#"Farmer Glickstein" (Reilly)
#"Black Sheep" (Reilly)
#"Walk Hard (70's TV Show Theme)" (Reilly)
#"Who Wants to Party" (Reilly)
#"Weeping On the Inside" (Reilly)
#"[[Billy Don't Be a Hero]]" (Reilly)
#"Walk Hard (All-Star Version)" ([[Ghostface Killah]], [[Lyle Lovett]], [[Jewel Kilcher]], [[Jackson Browne]])
#"Beautiful Ride" (Reilly)
#"(Have You Heard the News) Dewey Cox Died" (Reilly)
#"Cut My Brother In Half Blues" (Reilly)
#"(You Make Me So) Hard" (Jacques Slade)
* The song "Starman" is not available on the iTunes Exclusive Extended Edition of the album.

==Release history==
* {{flagicon|France}} October 30, 2007
* {{flagicon|Greece}} November 8, 2007
* {{flagicon|Australia}} November 5, 2007
* {{flagicon|Germany}} {{flagicon|Spain}} December 3, 2007
* {{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Canada}} December 4, 2007
* {{flagicon|South Africa}} January 7, 2008
* {{flagicon|Italy}} {{flagicon|Japan}} January 16, 2008
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} March 6, 2008
* {{flagicon|UK}} February 17, 2008
* {{flagicon|Fiji}} March 7, 2008
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} {{flagicon|North Korea}} April 9, 2008
* {{flagicon|Ireland}} April 17, 2008
* {{flagicon|Cuba}} {{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} May 19, 2008

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Marshall Crenshaw}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2007 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Columbia Records soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy rock soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Rockabilly soundtracks]]

Para biathlon

2024-12-12T13:31:53Z

78.82.201.71:

{{Short description|Winter parasport}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=January 2010}}
{{One source|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Para biathlon
| image = File:Women'sPursuitSittingBiathlon2010Paralympics.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Medal winners at the [[2010 Paralympics]]
| union = [[International Biathlon Union]] (IBU)
| nickname = 
| first =
| firstlabel =
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact = No
| team = Individual or two-person teams
| mgender = Yes
| type = Outdoor
| equipment = {{hlist|[[Biathlon rifle|Rifle]]|[[shooting target]]|[[sit-ski]]|[[ski]]s|[[ski pole]]s}}
| venue = {{hlist|[[Cross-country skiing trail]]|[[shooting range]]}}
| glossary =
| countries involved =
| region = 
| world = Since 2024
| paralympic = Since [[1988 Winter Paralympics|1988]]
}}
'''Para biathlon''' is a [[winter sport]] that combines [[Paralympic shooting|target shooting]] and [[Para cross-country skiing|cross-country skiing]]. It is a race with contestants alternating between skiing through a [[Cross-country skiing trail|cross-country trail]] and shooting at targets; missed shots result in a penalty of either extra time or extra distance.<ref name="about">{{Cite web|url=https://www.biathlonworld.com/inside-ibu/para-biathlon|title=About Para Biathlon|publisher=[[International Biathlon Union]]|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref> Para biathlon includes standing events, sitting events (for wheelchair users), and events for athletes with visual impairments, and has been a [[Paralympic sport]] since [[1988 Winter Paralympics|1988]].

An adaptation of [[biathlon]] for [[parasports|athletes with a disability]], Para biathlon is one of two [[Paralympic Nordic skiing|Nordic skiing]] disciplines in the [[Paralympic Winter Games]], the other being [[Para cross-country skiing]]. Since 2024, the sport is governed by the [[International Biathlon Union]] (IBU).<ref name="about" />

==Classification==
{{Main|Para-Nordic skiing classification}}
As of 1 July 2024, athletes in specific [[Disability sport classification|sport classes]] are eligible to compete in Para biathlon events as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assets.ctfassets.net/cz0vl36hcq0x/1M4t9keAd4yEu1c66O5mcj/9212d41b1ad8d8036a6f827091d59a18/IBU_ECR_Para_Biathlon_w_Annex_2024.pdf|title=IBU Para Biathlon Event and Competition Rules|date=21 November 2024|publisher=[[International Biathlon Union]]|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>
* Vision impairment: NS1, NS2, NS3
* Standing events: [[LW2 (classification)|LW2]], [[LW3 (classification)|LW3]], [[LW4 (classification)|LW4]], [[LW5/7]], [[LW6]], [[LW8]], [[LW9]]
* Sitting events: [[LW10]], [[LW10.5]], [[LW11]], [[LW11.5]], [[LW12]]

==Competitions==
===Paralympic Games===
{{Main|Biathlon at the Winter Paralympics}}
Para biathlon has been a [[Paralympic sport]] since the [[1988 Winter Paralympics]] for athletes with physical impairments, while athletes with vision impairments were included since the [[1992 Winter Paralympics]]. The [[1994 Winter Paralympics]] were the first time women's events were included.<ref name="mc2026">{{Cite web|url=https://milanocortina2026.olympics.com/en/para-biathlon|title=Para Biathlon|publisher=[[Fondazione Milano Cortina 2026]]|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>

[[Vitaliy Lukyanenko]] from Ukraine is the most decorated male Paralympic biathlete, with twelve medals including eight gold, while [[Verena Bentele]] from Germany is the most decorated female Paralympic biathlete, with six medals, including five gold.<ref name="mc2026" /> The most successful nation in Para biathlon is [[Russia at the Paralympics|Russia]], with a total of 66 medals (24 gold, 27 silver, 15 bronze).<ref name="mc2026" />

===IBU events===
Para biathlon was governed by the IPC until July 2022, when it transferred governance of the sport jointly to the [[International Ski and Snowboard Federation]] (FIS) and the [[International Biathlon Union]] (IBU); since 2024, the IBU solely governs Para biathlon.<ref name="about" /> Para biathlon was included as part of the [[World Para Nordic Skiing Championships]] in [[2021 World Para Snow Sports Championships|2021]] and [[2023 World Para Nordic Skiing Championships|2023]].

The 2024–2025 season, as the first fully managed by the IBU, features the Para Biathlon World Cup (PBWC) in several stages: the first in December in [[Vuokatti]], Finland; the second in January in [[Val di Fiemme]], Italy; and the World Cup Finals in March in [[Torsby]], Sweden.<ref name="2024calendar" />

The Para Biathlon World Championships (PBWCH) have taken place since 2024, with the inaugural events held in [[Prince George, British Columbia|Prince George]], Canada. The 2024 World Championships consisted of four events: sprint (7.5 km), individual (12.5 km), spring pursuit, and team pursuit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caledoniacompetitions.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/24-CNSC-0130-2024-PARA-event-programme-digital.pdf|title=Event Programme|publisher=Local Organizing Committee|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref> The 2025 World Championships are scheduled to take place in [[Pokljuka]], Slovenia.<ref name="2024calendar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.biathlonworld.com/news/ibu-announces-para-biathlon-calendar-2024-2025/5MznRW1Aih4UL5xUT7Y1d0|title=IBU announces Para Biathlon calendar 2024-2025|date=13 September 2024|publisher=[[International Biathlon Union]]|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>

==Equipment==
[[File:Andy Soule at the 2010 Paralympics (side view).jpg|thumb|[[Andy Soule]] using a [[sit-ski]] at the [[2010 Paralympics]].]]
The following [[sports equipment|equipment]] is used in Para biathlon, which can differ depending on the classification of the athletes:<ref name="mc2026" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assets.ctfassets.net/cz0vl36hcq0x/3uHfAEIRXQJfnajjqYEC0r/536aafd64b9b79d03dff2b6e2b3bdcb9/2024_11_15-fis-para-snowsports-equipment-specifications_clean.pdf|title=FIS Para Snowsports Equipment Specifications 2024/2025|publisher=[[International Ski and Snowboard Federation]]|date=November 2024|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Biathlon rifle|Rifle]]: an [[air rifle]] or CO2 rifle with a five-round [[magazine (firearms)|magazine]]. The [[International Shooting Sport Federation]] sets regulations for the rifles. Athletes in the blind class use a rifle with electroacoustic glasses, while athletes with vision impairments use a rifle that uses sound to indicate to the athlete how accurate their aim is, and shoots a laser beam at the target.<ref name="WhatInTheWorld">[http://paranordicskier.blogspot.com/2010/01/blind-biathlon-what-in-world.html Blind biathlon: what in the world?]</ref>
* [[Shooting target]]s: black metal targets that are replaced by white discs when hit, located {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} away from the competitors. The target's diameter is {{convert|21|mm|in|abbr=on}} for athletes with vision impairments and {{convert|13|mm|in|abbr=on}} for athletes with physical impairments.
* [[Sit-ski]]: only used by athletes with physical impairments for sitting down.
* [[Ski]]s: classic skis are made of [[fibreglass]] and are usually {{convert|25|-|35|cm|in|abbr=on}} taller than the skier. Meanwhile, freestyle skis are around {{convert|10|-|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} shorter.
* [[Ski pole]]s: fixed-length poles not longer than the skier's height.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.paralympic.org/NordicSkiing IPC Nordic Skiing]
*[https://assets.ctfassets.net/cz0vl36hcq0x/1M4t9keAd4yEu1c66O5mcj/9212d41b1ad8d8036a6f827091d59a18/IBU_ECR_Para_Biathlon_w_Annex_2024.pdf Para biathlon event and competition rules] from the IBU

{{Skiing and snowboarding}}
{{IPC-recognised paralympic sports}}
[[Category:Para biathlon| ]]
[[Category:Paralympic sports|Biathlon]]
[[Category:Biathlon]]

{{ski-stub}}

Para-alpine skiing

2024-12-11T22:33:15Z

78.82.201.71:

{{short description|Skiing for people with disabilities}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Para-alpine skiing
| image = Paralympic 2010 - Alpine skiing - Talan Skeels-Piggins.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Talan Skeels-Piggins from Great Britain in the first run for the men's slalom (sitting), at the Winter Paralympics 2010 in Vancouver, Canada.
| union = [[International Paralympic Committee]], [[International Ski Federation]]
| nickname =
| first = 1967
| country/region =
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact =
| team = No
| mgender = No
| category = Outdoor
| equipment = [[ski]]s, [[sit-ski]]s or [[monoski|mono-ski]]s, [[ski pole|poles]] or [[outrigger ski]]s, and [[ski boot|boots]], [[ski helmet|helmet]], [[goggles]]
| venue =
| obsolete =
| olympic =
| paralympic = Part of the Paralympics programme since [[1976 Winter Paralympics]]
}}

'''Para-alpine skiing''' is an adaptation of [[alpine skiing]] for athletes with a disability. The sport evolved from the efforts of disabled veterans in Germany and Austria during and after the Second World War. The sport is governed by the [[International Paralympic Committee]] Sports Committee. The primary equipment used includes [[outrigger ski]]s, [[sit-ski]]s, and [[mono-ski]]s. Para-alpine skiing disciplines include the [[Downhill (ski competition)|downhill]], [[Super giant slalom skiing|super-G]], [[giant slalom]], [[Slalom skiing|slalom]], [[super combined]], and [[Para snowboard|snowboard]].

[[Para-alpine skiing classification]] is the classification system for para-alpine skiing designed to ensure fair competition between alpine skiers with different types of disabilities. The classifications are grouped into three general disability types: standing, blind and sitting. A factoring system was created for para-alpine skiing to allow the three classification groupings to fairly compete against each other in the same race despite different functional skiing levels and medical challenges.

Alpine skiing was one of the foundation sports at the first [[1976 Winter Paralympics|Winter Paralympics in 1976]] with Slalom and giant slalom events being held. Different disciplines were added to the Paralympic programme over time. The [[2010 Winter Paralympics]] para-alpine skiing events were held at [[Whistler Creekside]]. The disciplines at Whistler included [[Downhill (ski competition)|downhill]], [[Alpine skiing combined|super combined]], [[super-G]], [[Slalom skiing|slalom]] and [[giant slalom]].

==History==

Skiing as a sport for people with disabilities traces its origins back to the [[Second World War]], which produced large numbers of wounded soldiers. In Germany, Franz Wendel, an amputee who had lost a leg, successfully attached a pair of crutches to short skis. Sepp "Peppi" Zwicknagel, an Austrian veteran who had lost both his legs to a hand grenade, taught himself to ski and eventually became a ski instructor at [[Kitzbühel]], founded a division of the Austrian Ski Association for disabled skiers. By 1947, annual races were being held in Austria. [[Ludwig Guttmann]], a key figure in the history of paralympic sport, helped organise ski events. In the United States, [[Gretchen Fraser]] began teaching skiing to amputees in army hospitals. By the 1960s, a number of organisations had been founded. For a long time, disability skiing was restricted to amputees, but in 1969, blind skier Jean Eymere, a former ski instructor before he lost his eyesight, began a skiing program in [[Aspen, Colorado]] for blind skiers. The first international competition, the [[IPC Alpine Skiing World Championship|World Disabled Alpine Championships]], was held in France in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.disaboom.com/adaptive-skiing/from-rehab-tool-to-elite-sport-a-history-of-adaptive-skiing |access-date=12 October 2012 |title=From Rehab Tool to Elite Sport: A History of Adaptive Skiing |publisher=Disaboom }}</ref>

==Events==

===Paralympics===
{{Main|Alpine skiing at the Winter Paralympics}}
[[File:Ddmm88 - Innsbruck Paralympic Games M.Milton - 3b- scanned photo.jpg|thumb|Australian Paralympian Michael Milton at the 1988 Innsbruck Winter Games.|alt=Mono-skier going down a hill]]

Alpine skiing was one of the foundation sports at the first Winter Paralympics in [[1976 Winter Paralympics|1976]] with slalom and giant slalom events being held.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=21}}<ref name=canada90/> At the [[1984 Winter Paralympics]], the downhill event was added to the para-alpine programme,{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=21}} along with sit-skiing as a demonstration sport.<ref name=IPCsite/> At the [[1992 Winter Paralympics]] in [[Albertville]], downhill, giant and slalom events were on the programme.<ref name=92vesjeux/> At the [[1994 Winter Paralympics]], the [[super giant slalom skiing|super giant slalom]] was added to the para-alpine skiing programme.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=21}}{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=12-13}} In [[1998 Winter Paralympics|1998]], para-alpine skiing classes for sitting and visually impaired skiers were added as full medal events after only having standing classes competing in previous Games.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=21}}<ref name=IPCsite/>

At the [[2002 Winter Paralympics]], women's Downhill and men's visually impaired Downhill were held on day 1 with men's standing and sitting Downhill taking place on day 2. Men's standing and sitting Super-G took place on day 3, with men's visually impaired and women's Super-G taking place on day 5. Men's standing and sitting giant slalom took place on day 7, with women's and men's visually impaired giant slalom taking place on day 8. Men's standing and sitting Slalom took place on day 9, with women's and men's visually impaired Slalom taking place on day 10.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=3}}

For the [[2006 Winter Paralympics]], major changes were made to the classification system used for the Games that combined the 14 classes used into three groups with the results factored across different classifications in the group.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=21}} At those Games, in the Super-G, there were 55 male competitors compared to 18 women in the standing group.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=12-13}}

The [[2010 Winter Paralympics]] para-alpine skiing events were held at [[Whistler Creekside]].{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=19}} The disciplines at Whistler included downhill, super-combined, super-G, slalom and giant slalom.<ref name="canada90" />{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=5}} It was the first time the super-combined was on the Paralympic programme.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=12-13}} In the downhill event, there were 25 men and 18 women in the standing class, 25 men and 10 women in the sitting class and 12 men and 10 women in the vision impaired class.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=19}} In the super-combined, there were 18 men and 14 women for standing, 18 men and 10 women for sitting and 10 men and 10 women for vision impaired.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=19}} The Slalom race had the shortest course length of the major para-alpine events at the Games.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}} The Downhill was held for both men and women in all classes on day 2. The Super-G was held for men and women in standing classes on day 3, with visual impaired and sit-skiers competing in the super-G on day 4. The Super Combined for all classes and both genders was held on day 5. The standing giant slalom for men and women was held on day 7 and the remaining classes on day 8. The Slalom was held for standing men and women on day 9 and remaining classes on day 10.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=66}}

The [[2014 Winter Paralympics]] para-alpine skiing took place at the [[Rosa Khutor Extreme Park]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paralympic.ca/sochi-2014-venues |title=Sochi 2014 Venues | Canadian Paralympic Committee |access-date=2014-03-10 |archive-date=2014-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307222619/http://paralympic.ca/sochi-2014-venues |url-status=dead }}</ref> Added to this discipline these games was the para-snowboard cross <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldsnowboardfederation.org/article1000-parasnowboard-included-in-sochi-2014-paralympic-winter-games.html |title=Para-Snowboard included in Sochi 2014 Paralympic Winter Games | the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) has announced that two medal events in Para-Snowboard w | News |access-date=2014-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310065121/http://www.worldsnowboardfederation.org/article1000-parasnowboard-included-in-sochi-2014-paralympic-winter-games.html |archive-date=2014-03-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which was held at Rosa Khutor along with the super-G, downhill, super-combined, slalom and giant slalom.<ref name="sochi2014.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-schedule-and-results|title=International Paralympic Committee | IPC|access-date=2014-03-10|archive-date=2014-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705154444/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-schedule-and-results|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the downhill event for the visually impaired there were 11 men <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-men-s-downhill-visually-impaired|title=International Paralympic Committee | IPC|access-date=2014-03-10|archive-date=2014-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310183054/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-men-s-downhill-visually-impaired|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 6 women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-downhill-visually-impaired|title=International Paralympic Committee | IPC|access-date=2014-03-10|archive-date=2014-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310183112/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-downhill-visually-impaired|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the downhill standing, there were 17 men <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-men-s-downhill-standing|title=International Paralympic Committee | IPC|access-date=2014-03-10|archive-date=2014-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310182821/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-men-s-downhill-standing|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 8 women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-downhill-standing|title=International Paralympic Committee | IPC|access-date=2014-03-10|archive-date=2014-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310182900/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-downhill-standing|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the downhill sitting, 22 men <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-men-s-downhill-sitting|title=International Paralympic Committee | IPC|access-date=2014-03-10|archive-date=2014-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310182918/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-men-s-downhill-sitting|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 6 women <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-downhill-sitting|title=International Paralympic Committee | IPC|access-date=2014-03-10|archive-date=2014-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310183028/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-downhill-sitting|url-status=dead}}</ref> participated. In the Super-G for the visually impaired, there were 15 men <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-men-s-super-g-visually-impaired|title=International Paralympic Committee | IPC|access-date=2014-03-10|archive-date=2014-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310183104/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-men-s-super-g-visually-impaired|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 6 women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-super-g-visually-impaired|title=International Paralympic Committee | IPC|access-date=2014-03-10|archive-date=2014-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310180329/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-super-g-visually-impaired|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Super-G standing event had 31 men <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-men-s-super-g-standing|title=International Paralympic Committee | IPC|access-date=2014-03-10|archive-date=2014-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310182841/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-men-s-super-g-standing|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 15 women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-super-g-standing|title=International Paralympic Committee | IPC|access-date=2014-03-10|archive-date=2014-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312220258/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-super-g-standing|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Super-G sitting was contested by 31 men<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-men-s-super-g-sitting|title=International Paralympic Committee | IPC|access-date=2014-03-10|archive-date=2014-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310182945/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-men-s-super-g-sitting|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 8 women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-super-g-sitting|title=International Paralympic Committee | IPC|access-date=2014-03-10|archive-date=2014-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310183041/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-super-g-sitting|url-status=dead}}</ref> The men's and women's Super Combined Downhill and Super Combined Slalom took place on March 11<ref name="sochi2014.com"/> and both genders' Para-Snowboard Cross events took place on March 14.<ref name="sochi2014.com"/>

===World Championships===
{{Main|World Para Alpine Skiing Championships}}

==Governance, rules and events==
International and national events for the sport include the Winter [[Paralympic Games|Paralympics]], [[World Para Alpine Skiing Championships|World Championships]], World Cups, Continental Cups, National Championships, IPCAS Races and IPCAS Para-Snowboard.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing|2012|p=5}} Skiers from 39 different countries actively compete in para-alpine skiing<ref name=IPCsite/> in a sport is that one of eight governed by the [[International Paralympic Committee]] Sports Committee,<ref name=gamesexplained39/>{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=5}} with rules for para-alpine skiing set forth in the IPCAS Rules and Regulations.<ref name=IPCsite/> Event specific rules may be created for events like the Paralympic Games. One set of rules was created in 1994 and were specified in the [[International Paralympic Committee|IPC]] Handbook. This was used to govern IPC-sanctioned events like the Paralympic Games for many years.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=11}} Competition rules for classes use rules set by or modified from rules created by the [[International Ski Federation]] (ISF).{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22-24}} These rules were set at the 42nd International Ski Conference in 2000. The two rule sets worked in concert with each other, with the ISF rules specifying the rules for alpine skiing, and the IPC providing modifications for para-alpine skiing.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=11}} The [[International Paralympic Committee|IPC]] Alpine Sports Assembly Executive Committee can determine if skiers are eligible to compete in IPC sanctioned events at their own discretion regardless of what the rules say.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=19}} National Paralympic Committees can have their own rule sets at national competitions.<ref name=canadasite/>

==Equipment==
[[Image:Vail Veterans monoski.jpg|thumb|250px|A disabled veteran uses a [[sit ski]] at Vail, Colorado.|left]]

===Sitting===

The primary equipment used in the sport includes outrigger skis, sit-skis, and mono-skis.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=100}}{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=5}} Depending on the classification, other equipment may be used by skiers including guide skiers, cut-down ski poles, orthopedic aids, or prostheses. For standing skiers, different class rules determine what sort of equipment is allowed in competition, such as one pole, two poles or no poles, or one or two skis.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=24}} Rules for equipment use in competition are set by FIS and the IPC.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=13}}

There are minimum lengths for skis used in competition, with men's skis needing to be at least {{convert|165|cm}} long and women's skis needing to be at least {{convert|155|cm}} long. Bindings used for skis have a maximum height of {{convert|55|mm}}.<ref name=IPCsite/>

Sit-skis are designed for wheelchair users or other skiers with a form of paraplegia. The first sit-ski was built in 1967 by [[Josef Shrall]] from the [[Bavaria]] region of Germany. Early sit-skis used in para-alpine skiing had two wide skis, brakes, and were custom built to fit the specific skier. The weight of the ski prevented skiers from skiing moguls or steep slopes. Sit-ski development continued into the 1980s, with a more modern version demonstrated in [[Engelberg, Switzerland]] in 1987 at a workshop hosted by the {{ill|Swiss Paraplegics Association|fr|Association suisse des paraplégiques|de|Schweizer Paraplegiker-Vereinigung}}. As the technology advanced, a chair was developed that could be attached to the skis which were used by non-disabled skiers. They are now made from fibreglass and polyester, and the weight has been dramatically reduced, allowing skiers to ski on steeper slopes and compete in the moguls.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=100}} Current sit-skis include seat-belts.<ref name=IPCsite/> As skis for non-disabled skiers have evolved to specialise for the event, the skis that sit-skiers use have also changed.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=100}}

Sit-skiers use a specially designed ski called a mono-ski,{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}} sometimes called a maxi mono-ski. It is used by skiers with lower limb disabilities including paralysis. A variation of the mono-ski exists for skiers with bilateral, above the knee amputations. The mono-ski was developed in Austria in the early 1980s by bilateral above-the-knee amputee [[Josef Feirsinger]] and engineer [[Horst Morokuti]]. The fundamental design they created is still the one used for mono-skis currently used in competition.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=100}} The mono-ski was quickly used by German skiers who built their own at a workshop in [[Tübingen]]. The mono-ski uses the same skis used for non-disabled alpine skiing, adapted so that the skier [[:wikt:seat#Verb|sits]] on a chair attached to the ski via a spring. The mono-ski was first used at the [[1988 Winter Paralympics]].{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=100}}

A monoski, also known as a ''sit-ski'', consists of a molded seat mounted on a metal frame. A [[shock absorber]] beneath the seat eases riding on uneven terrain and helps in turning by maximizing ski-snow contact. Modern monoskis<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sitski.com/pg2.htm |title=Adaptive SITSKI Equipment |access-date=2014-10-13 |archive-date=2014-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019071515/http://www.sitski.com/pg2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> interface with a single, ordinary [[ski#downhill ski|alpine ski]] by means of a "ski foot," a metal or plastic block in the shape of a [[ski boot#Alpine|boot]] sole that clicks into the ski's [[ski bindings#Alpine|binding]]. A monoskier uses ''outriggers'' for stability; an outrigger resembles a [[crutch|forearm crutch]] with a short [[ski]] on the bottom. People new to mono-skiing are often surprised to see how much terrain is skiable in a monoski; advanced monoskiers can be found not only carving turns on groomed runs but also skiing [[mogul skiing|moguls]], [[terrain parks]], race courses, glades and even [[backcountry skiing|backcountry]] terrain—in short, wherever stand-up skiers can go.

As alpine ski technology has advanced, so has monoski technology. In North America in the 1970s and early 1980s, early "sit-skis" took the form of fiberglass sleds with metal runners. The first downhill sit-ski in the US, the Arroya, was invented by American [[Peter Axelson]] in 1978.<ref>[http://rideataxia.org/Articles/Ski.pdf Adaptive Skiing Resources - When the snow flies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826051428/http://rideataxia.org/Articles/Ski.pdf |date=2011-08-26 }}, rideataxia.org</ref><ref>[http://www.dsusa.org/ChallMagarchive/Fall07/challmag-fall07-DSUSA40Yrs.html Remembering and celebrating 40 years of disabled sports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112073324/http://dsusa.org/challmagarchive/fall07/challmag-fall07-dsusa40yrs.html |date=2012-11-12 }}, dsusa.org</ref><ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-03-05-vw-12619-story.html LA Times Article], LA Times.com</ref> Dragging very long poles or "slicks" in the snow were the method in which turns were actually made harder, although not effectively. Few users became proficient enough to descend even intermediate terrain without assistance from a "tetherer." By the early '80s, Europeans were experimenting with "ski-bobs" that mounted on two small skis. In place of today's minimal bucket seats were large fiberglass or Kevlar shells, and leaf springs at first were used instead of slide absorbers. The three-ski design proved accident prone, and it was soon abandoned for a single ski by most manufacturers.<ref>[http://www.asdracing.org/daten/INFO/History%20English.pdf History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123015424/http://www.asdracing.org/daten/INFO/History%20English.pdf|date=2007-01-23}}</ref> By the middle of the decade, the technology had migrated to Canada, and on both continents the modern monoski began to emerge. In the United States, Enabling Technologies'<ref>[http://enablingtech.com/ Enabling Technologies website]</ref> Unique, Sunrise Medical's Shadow, and Dan Fallon's Fallonski were some of the first commercially available monoskis. Praschberger<ref>[http://www.praschberger.com/en Praschberger website]</ref> (Austria), Tessier (France), and [[DynAccess]] (USA) are some of the major companies.

In 1984, monoskiers took part in the [[1984 Winter Paralympics|1984 Innsbruck Paralympic Winter Games]] as a demonstration sport;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paralympic.org/release/Winter_Sports/Alpine_Skiing/About_the_sport/History/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-13 |archive-date=2008-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914023043/http://www.paralympic.org/release/Winter_Sports/Alpine_Skiing/About_the_sport/History/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[1988 Winter Paralympics|Innsbruck 1988]], full medal categories were added for sitting skiers.

===Standing===
For standing competitors, outrigger skis can be used in some classifications. These are ski poles with small skis on the end.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=100}}{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}}{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=5}} They assist a skier balancing as they ski down the slopes,{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=5}} and in moving uphill for short distances, enabling skiers to do things like a climb a slope to get on a chair lift.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=100}}

===Other equipment===
Beyond this equipment, skiers also gear up wearing special boots, helmets, ski suits, and goggles.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=5}} At the Paralympic Games, this equipment is prohibited from having advertisements on it.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=13}} The boots attach to the ski at the heel and toe, and are designed to provide support to foot and ankle with the use of materials in boot construction like hard plastics. All helmets used in competition are required to be hard-shell helmets.<ref name=IPCsite/>

For skiers with visual impairments, guides are used to assist the skier down the course.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}} Guides are skiers who do not have a vision impairment who assist a skier down the slopes by telling the skier where to go using their voice or a radio.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=5}} Skiers can use more than one guide in the course of a competition, but the guide is only eligible for a medal if they have competed with the same skier for the duration of the discipline event.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing|2012|p=6}} Like the skier, the guide is required to have an IPCAS Licence in order to participate in a competition{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing|2012|p=7}} and adhere to anti-doping rules.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing|2012|p=9}}

==Disciplines==
Para-alpine skiing disciplines include the downhill, super-G, giant slalom, slalom, super combined, and snowboard.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}}{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing|2012|p=40}} The rules for these disciplines are based on the rules set by the [[International Ski Federation]], though some rules have been adapted for skiers with disabilities.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}} While skiing in these disciplines, skiers can reach speeds of {{convert|100|km}} an hour.<ref name=IPCsite/>

===Downhill===
{{Main|Downhill (ski competition)}}
[[File:Xx0188 - 1988 winter paralympics - 3b - scans (13).jpg|thumb|A Norwegian skier in the downhill at the [[1988 Winter Paralympics]]|alt=a sit skier]]

This is a speed based timed discipline, where competitors ski down a steep course that can finish {{convert|450|m}} to {{convert|800|m}} lower than it started<ref name=gbsite/> while containing many turns and jumps.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}}{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=17}} The winner is determined based on one run down the course, with the competitor with the fastest time being the winner.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}} Skiers navigate between gates in the downhill, the fewest gates amongst all para-alpine disciplines, and if they miss a set, they are disqualified.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=6-7}}<ref name=canadasite/> In some competitions that require qualification for entry, a skier can qualify for this discipline through Downhill or Super-G.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=17}} There are Disabled FIS points available in sanctioned events.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=17}} This race is included on the current Paralympic programme.<ref name=IPCsite/>

Skis for women must be at least {{convert|200|cm}} long with a tolerance of {{convert|1|cm}}. For men, the ski length must be at least {{convert|205|cm}} long with the same tolerance. Women and men's skis need a minimum radius of {{convert|45|m}}.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2012|p=1}} Skiers used curved ski poles for this event. Men and women both need their skis to have a profile radius of {{convert|67|mm}}.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=5}} Top speeds in this event can be up to {{convert|100|km}} an hour.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=6-7}} Before the start of the event, the skier is required to do a practice run, and is required to wear a helmet during all their runs.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing|2012|p=33}}

===Super-G===
{{Main|Super-G}}
Developed in the 1980s,<ref name=gbsite/> the Super-G is less technical than others, and is known for the speed of the skier,{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=12-13}}{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=17}} who navigate a course that has a vertical drop between {{convert|400|m}} to {{convert|600|m}} from top to bottom.<ref name=gbsite/> Compared to other para-alpine skiing disciplines, this course tends to be mid-length. It is longer than the giant slalom and the slalom but shorter than the downhill course.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}} In this discipline, competitors ski between alternating red and blue gates<ref name=gbsite/> that are {{convert|25|m}} apart,{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}} with men needing to clear 35 gates and women needing to clear 30 gates.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=12-13}} In some competitions that require qualification for entry, a skier can qualify for this discipline through Downhill, Slalom or Super-G.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=17}} There are Disabled FIS points available in sanctioned events.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=17}} This race is included on the current Paralympic programme.<ref name=IPCsite/>

Skis for women must be at least {{convert|200|cm}} long with a tolerance of {{convert|1|cm}}. For men, the ski length must be at least {{convert|205|cm}} long with the same tolerance. Women and men's skis need a minimum radius of {{convert|33|m}}. Men and women both need their skis to have a profile radius of {{convert|65|mm}}.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2012|p=1}} Skiers used curved ski poles for this event.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=5}}

===Giant slalom===
{{Main|Giant slalom skiing}}
With a vertical drop of {{convert|300|m}} to {{convert|400|m}},<ref name=gbsite/> this is one of the more technical of the para-alpine skiing disciplines.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=10-11}} This discipline involves two runs down a course straighter and shorter than the downhill,{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}} but longer and having fewer turns than the slalom course.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=10-11}} The winner is determined based on the combined time for both races.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=10-11}} After the first run, the bottom 20% of finishers can be eliminated from the competition at the discretion of the judges.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=11-13}} The starting order for the second run is starts with the slowest of the top 15 skiers, with the fastest skier in the first run skiing 15th. Any skiers who finished outside the top 15 then ski in order based on their times from the first run. For example, the 18th fastest finisher in the first run skis 18th in the second run.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=13}} In some competitions, this is modified using 30 skiers instead of 15.<ref name=gbsite/> The IPC/FIS run jointly sanctioned events for Slalom.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=17}} This race is included on the current Paralympic programme.<ref name=IPCsite/> Skiers used straight ski poles for this event.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=5}}

===Slalom===
{{Main|Slalom skiing}}
[[File:Dd0394- Lillehammer Winter Games, R.Hacon - 3b- scanned photo.jpg|thumb|left|Australian Paralympic athlete Rod Hacon at the 1994 Winter Games in Lillehammer]]

The name for this event is from a Norwegian word meaning "sloping path."{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=8-9}} This event is the most technical para-alpine skiing disciplines,{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=8-9}}<ref name="canadasite" /> with a vertical drop of only {{convert|140|m}} to {{convert|220|m}} on an intentionally iced course.<ref name="gbsite" /> This is the shortest of all the para-alpine skiing events and uses two different courses. Skiers go down each course once, with their finishing position being determined based on their combined course completion time.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}}{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=8-9}} There are gates in this event, about 55-75 for men and 40-60 for women,<ref name="canadasite" /> and if a skier misses a gate, they are disqualified from the race.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}} After the first run, the bottom 20% of finishers can be eliminated from the competition at the discretion of the judges.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=11-13}} The starting order for the second run is starts with the slowest of the top 15 skiers, with the fastest skier in the first run skiing 15th. Any skiers who finished outside the top 15 then ski in order based on their times from the first run. For example, the 18th fastest finisher in the first run skis 18th in the second run.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=13}} Skiers used straight ski poles for this event.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=5}} In some competitions that require qualification for entry, a skier can qualify for this discipline through Downhill, Slalom or Super-G.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=17}} The IPC/FIS run jointly sanctioned events for Slalom.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=17}} This race is included on the current Paralympic programme.<ref name="IPCsite" /> Skiers often wear pads when competing in this discipline.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=5}}

===Super combined===

{{Main|Alpine skiing combined}}
The Super Combined event is a combination of two disciplines such as the slalom and the Super G,{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}} or the downhill and the slalom. In the event, skiers go down the downhill course once, and the slalom course twice. The times for the races are combined, with the fastest time winning.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=12-13}}

===Snowboard===
{{Main|Para snowboard}}
Snowboard has vertical drops between {{convert|100|m}} and {{convert|240|m}} for both men's and women's races with the course being run over a distance of {{convert|400|m}} to {{convert|900|m}}. The course has alternating gates.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing|2012|p=40}} The sport is only open to standing competitors.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing|2012|p=5}}

==Classification==
{{Main|Para-alpine skiing classification}}

[[Para-alpine skiing classification]] is the classification system for para-alpine skiing designed to ensure fair competition between [[Alpine skiing|alpine skiers]] with different types of disabilities.<ref name="Broekhoff1986"/> The classifications are grouped into three general disability types: standing, blind and sitting.<ref name=wherehoescome/> Classification governance is handled by International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing.<ref name="HutsonSpeed2011"/> Skiers are classified based on medical assessment, and their body position when they ski.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=22}} Blind skiers are evaluated purely on a medical assessment.<ref name="orissidehow96"/> Prior to that, several sport governing bodies dealt with classification including the [[International Sports Organization for the Disabled]] (ISOD), [[International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation]] (ISMWSF), [[International Blind Sports Federation]] (IBSA) and [[Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association]] (CP-ISRA).{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=78}}<ref name=cpisraa-site/> Some classification systems are governed by bodies other than International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing for systems not used in international competition.<ref name="Winnick2010"/> The sport is open to all competitors with a visual or physical disability. It is not open to people with intellectual disabilities.<ref name="HutsonSpeed2011"/><ref name="Winnick2010"/>

The first classification systems for [[Paralympic alpine skiing|para-alpine skiing]] were developed in Scandinavia, with early systems designed for skiers with amputations.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=82}} At the time, equipment had yet to be developed to allow participation for skiers with spinal cord injuries.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=78}} The goal of the early classification systems was to be functional but ended up being medical classification systems.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=28}}{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=82}} At the first [[Winter Paralympics]] in 1976, there were two classifications for the sport.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=82}} By the 1980s, classification existed for skiers with [[cerebral palsy]].<ref name=cpirsa-1/> At that time, with inspiration from [[wheelchair basketball classification]], efforts were made to make classification more of a functional system.{{sfn|International Paralympic Committee|2006|p=82}} Ten classes existed by the 1980s,<ref name=disabilitysport-120/> and since then, efforts have been made to improve the efficiency of classification by reducing the number of classes so fewer medals can be rewarded.<ref name=wherehoescome/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Standing classes'''
! Class !! Description !! Typical equipment
|-
! LW 1
|Double leg [[amputation]] above the knee, moderate to severe [[cerebral palsy]], or equivalent impairment || Two skis, two outriggers
|-
! LW 2
|Single leg [[amputation]] above the knee || One ski, two outriggers
|-
! LW 3
|Double leg [[amputation]] below the knee, mild [[cerebral palsy]], or equivalent impairment || Two skis, two poles
|-
! LW 4
|Single leg [[amputation]] below the knee || Two skis, two poles
|-
! LW 5/7-1
|Double arm [[amputation]] above the elbow || Two skis, no poles
|-
! LW 5/7-2
|Double arm [[amputation]], one above and one below the elbow || Two skis, no poles
|-
! LW 5/7-3
|Double arm [[amputation]] below the elbow || Two skis, no poles
|-
! LW 6/8-1
|Single arm [[amputation]] above the elbow || Two skis, one pole
|-
! LW 6/8-2
|Single arm [[amputation]] below the elbow || Two skis, one pole
|-
! LW 9-1
|[[Amputation]] or equivalent impairment of one arm and one leg above the knee || Choice of equipment
|-
! LW 9-2
|[[Amputation]] or equivalent impairment of one arm and one leg below the knee || Choice of equipment
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Sitting classes ([[monoski]]ers)'''
! Class !! Description
|-
! LW 10-1
|[[Paraplegia]] with no upper abdominal function and no functional sitting balance
|-
! LW 10-2
|[[Paraplegia]] with some upper abdominal function and no functional sitting balance
|-
! LW 11
|[[Paraplegia]] with fair functional sitting balance
|-
! LW 12-1
|[[Paraplegia]] with some leg function and good sitting balance
|-
! LW 12-2
|Double leg [[amputation]] above the knees
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Visually impaired classes'''
! Class !! Description
|-
! [[B1 (classification)|B1]]
|Totally blind
|-
! [[B2 (classification)|B2]]
|[[Visual acuity]] of less than 2/60
|-
! [[B3 (classification)|B3]]
|[[Visual acuity]] of 2/60 to 6/60
|}

==Factor system==
A factoring system was created for para-alpine skiing to allow the grouping of classifications into three general groups: sitting, standing and visually impaired. One medal event can then be held for each group even though there is a wide range of functional mobility and medical differences. The factoring system works by having a number for each class based on their functional mobility or vision levels, where the results are calculated by multiplying the finish time by the factored number. The resulting number is the one used to determine the winner in events where the factor system is used. This means the faster skier down a hill may not be the winner of an event.{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=25}}

The factoring system is used at several para-alpine skiing competitions including the Alpine Cup, [[North American Races]], European Cup, [[Alpine Skiing World Cup|World Cup]] events, [[World Para Alpine Skiing Championships|World Championships]], and the [[Winter Paralympics]].{{sfn|Goldman|2010|p=25}} Disciplines use factored results to combine classes unless there are six or more skiers competing in a specific class.{{sfn|Salt Lake Organizing Committee|2002|p=13}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Sports}}
* [[World Para Alpine Skiing World Cup]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=canada90>{{cite book|page=90|title=Winning, A celebration of Paralympic sport in Canada|publisher=Canadian Paralympic Committee|location=Ottawa, Canada|year=2011|editor-first=Anastasia|editor-last=Adani|language= en, fr }}</ref>
<ref name=gamesexplained39>{{cite book|page=39|title=The Paralympic Games explained|first=Ian|last=Brittain|location=London|publisher=Routledge|year=2010|isbn=9780415476584|oclc=244057438}}</ref>
<ref name=gbsite>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympics.org.uk/sports/alpine-skiing |title=Paralympic Alpine Skiing - overview, rules and classification |publisher=British Paralympic Association |date=24 September 2012 |access-date=8 October 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=IPCsite>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipc-alpineskiing.org/About_the_Sport/ |title=About the Sport |publisher=International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing |year=2012 |access-date=8 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020055915/http://www.ipc-alpineskiing.org/About_the_Sport/ |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=canadasite>{{cite web |url=http://www.paralympic.ca/en/Sports/Winter/Alpine-Skiing.html |title=Alpine Skiing |publisher=Canadian Paralympic Committee |year=2012 |access-date=8 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903105135/http://www.paralympic.ca/en/Sports/Winter/Alpine-Skiing.html |archive-date=2012-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=92vesjeux>{{cite book|title=92 Ves Jeux Paralympiques : Tignes — Albertville|publisher=COPTA 92|location=Albertville, France|year=1992|oclc=222023213}}</ref>
<ref name=wherehoescome>{{cite book|pages=159–164|title=Paralympics : where heroes come|first1=Robert D|last1=Steadward|first2=Cynthia|last2=Peterson|location=Edmonton|publisher=One Shot Holdings Publ. Division|year=1997|isbn=0968209203|oclc=716890782}}</ref>
<ref name="Winnick2010">{{cite book|author=Joseph P. Winnick|title=Adapted Physical Education and Sport|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_aY-HejIEgC&pg=PA564|access-date=3 October 2012|date=27 October 2010|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=978-0-7360-8918-0|pages=560–568}}</ref>
<ref name="HutsonSpeed2011">{{cite book|author1=Michael Hutson|author2=Cathy Speed|title=Sports Injuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIfQfWj5jBEC&pg=PA437|access-date=21 August 2012|date=17 March 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-953390-9|page=450}}</ref>
<ref name="Broekhoff1986">{{cite book|author=Jan Broekhoff|title=The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress proceedings: Eugene, Ore., 19-26 July 1984 : (also: OSC proceedings)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPa1AAAAIAAJ|access-date=21 August 2012|date=June 1986|publisher=Human Kinetics Publishers|isbn=978-0-87322-006-4}}</ref>
<ref name=cpirsa-1>{{Cite book|page=1|title=Classification and sport rules manual|author=Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association|location=Wolfheze, the Netherlands|publisher=CP-ISRA|year=1983|edition=Third|oclc=220878468}}</ref>
<ref name=disabilitysport-120>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/disabilitysport0000depa/page/120 120]|title=Disability and sport|first1=Karen P|last1=DePauw|first2=Susan J|last2=Gavron|location=Champaign, IL|publisher=Human Kinetics|year=1995|isbn=0873228480|oclc=31710003|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/disabilitysport0000depa/page/120}}</ref>
<ref name=orissidehow96>{{cite book|page=96|title=The Paralympic Games : empowerment or side show?|first1=Keith|last1=Gilbert, Prof.|first2=Otto J|last2=Schantz, Prof.|location=Maidenhead : New York|publisher=Meyer & Meyer Sports|year=2008|isbn=9781841262659 |oclc=284731843}}</ref>
<ref name=cpisraa-site>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpisra.org.za/index3234.html|access-date=21 August 2012|title=Sports|publisher=CP-ISRA|year=2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910231502/http://www.cpisra.org.za/index3234.html|archive-date=10 September 2012}}</ref>
}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|title=Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March |year=2010 |location=Sydney, Australia |chapter=02 Games History and Facts |url=https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/350964/APC_media_guide.pdf |first=Judy |last=Goldman |publisher=Australian Paralympic Committee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331061209/https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/350964/APC_media_guide.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-31 }} 
* {{cite book|url=http://www.ipc-alpineskiing.org/export/sites/ipc_sports_alpine_skiing/Downloads/11_07_2012IPCAS_RULE_BOOK_2012-2013_NEW1.pdf|access-date=8 October 2012|title=IPC Alpine Skiing Rules and Regulations|author=International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|year=2012|location=Bonn, Germany}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book|title=Paralympic winter games 1976-2006 : Ornskoldsvik—Torino|url=http://ausport.hosting.libero.com.au/libero/WebopacOpenURL.cls?ACTION=DISPLAY&RSN=62307&DATA=ASC|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|location=Bonn, Germany|year=2006|id=sirsi: a667757|author=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=2012-10-08|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213717/http://ausport.hosting.libero.com.au/libero/WebopacOpenURL.cls?ACTION=DISPLAY&RSN=62307&DATA=ASC|url-status=dead}} 
* {{cite book|title=Equipment Regulations for IPCAS Competition|edition=Seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014|location=Bonn, Germany|author=International Paralympic Committee|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|year=2012}} 
* {{cite book|first=Robin|last=Johnson|title=Paralympic Sports Events|year=2009|location=St. Catharines, Ontario|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7787-4025-4}} 
* {{cite book|author=Salt Lake Organizing Committee|publisher=Salt Lake Organizing Committee|title=Alpine Skiing Technical Manual|url=http://ausport.hosting.libero.com.au/libero/WebopacOpenURL.cls?ACTION=DISPLAY&RSN=27972&DATA=ASC|year=2002|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|access-date=2012-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308060336/http://ausport.hosting.libero.com.au/libero/WebopacOpenURL.cls?ACTION=DISPLAY&RSN=27972&DATA=ASC|archive-date=2016-03-08|url-status=dead}} This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.

==External links==
* [http://adaptiveskiing.net/adaptive-skiing-equipment AdaptiveSkiing.net Adaptive Skiing Resource]
* [http://www.paralympic.org/AlpineSkiing IPC Alpine Skiing Homepage]

{{Main world championships}}
{{Disability sports classification}}
{{IPC-recognised paralympic sports}}
{{skiing}}

[[Category:Paralympic sports|Alpine Skiing]]
[[Category:Alpine skiing]]
[[Category:Types of skiing]]
[[Category:Para-alpine skiing| ]]

Sunday Best

2024-12-09T21:01:51Z

78.82.201.71: /* Sunday Best */

{{wiktionary|Sunday best}}
'''Sunday Best''' or '''Sunday's Best''' may refer to:

==Sunday Best==
*Sunday best, clothes reserved for church attendance, see [[Christian clothing]]
* [[Sunday Best (company)]], British music company
* [[Sunday Best (American TV series)|''Sunday Best'' (American TV series)]], American Gospel singing competition series on BET
* [[Sunday Best (Canadian TV series)|''Sunday Best'' (Canadian TV series)]], a documentary television series
* [[Sunday Best (Washington song)|"Sunday Best" (Washington song)]], 2010
* [[Sunday Best (Surfaces song)|"Sunday Best" (Surfaces song)]], 2019
* "Sunday Best", a song by Lauren Mayberry from ''[[Vicious Creature]]'', 2024

==Sunday's Best==
*[[Sunday's Best]], American emo band
*[[Sunday's Best (TV program)|''Sunday's Best'' (TV program)]], a Filipino TV special on ABS-CBN channel [[List of ABS-CBN specials aired|See list]]
*[[Armed Forces (album)|"Sunday's Best"]], a song by Elvis Costello and the Attractions

==See also==
*[[Sundy Best]], American country music duo

{{Disambiguation}}

Punch drunk (disambiguation)

2024-12-09T21:00:36Z

78.82.201.71:

{{wiktionary|punch drunk}}
'''[[Punch drunk]]''' syndrome is the medical condition chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

'''Punch drunk''', '''punchdrunk''', or '''punch-drunk''' may also refer to:

* [[Punch Drunk (TV series)|''Punch Drunk'' (TV series)]], an English TV programme
* [[Punchdrunk (theatre company)]], an English theatre company
** [[Punchdrunk International]], a subsidiary production company
*''[[Punch Drunks]]'', a 1934 film by the Three Stooges
*[[List of F Is for Family episodes#ep22|"Punch Drunk"]], a 2018 episode of ''F Is for Family''
*"Punch Drunk", a song by Lauren Mayberry from ''[[Vicious Creature]]''

==See also==
*''[[Punch-Drunk Love]]'', a 2002 film by Paul Thomas Anderson

{{disambiguation}}

Something in the Air (disambiguation)

2024-12-09T20:58:25Z

78.82.201.71: /* Music */

"'''[[Something in the Air]]'''" is a song by Thunderclap Newman.

'''Something in the Air''' may also refer to:

==Film and television==
*[[Something in the Air (2002 film)|''Something in the Air'' (2002 film)]], a Brazilian film directed by Helvécio Ratton
*[[Something in the Air (2012 film)|''Something in the Air'' (2012 film)]], a French film directed by Olivier Assayas
*[[Something in the Air (TV series)|''Something in the Air'' (TV series)]], an Australian soap opera

==Music==
*[[Something in the Air (album)|''Something in the Air'' (album)]] or the title song, by Lila McCann, 1999
*"Something in the Air", a song by David Bowie from ''[[Hours (David Bowie album)|Hours]]''
*"Something in the Air", a song by Information Society from ''[[Information Society (album)|Information Society]]''
*"Something in the Air", a song by Lauren Mayberry from ''[[Vicious Creature]]''

{{disambiguation}}

Sit-ski

2024-12-07T10:01:30Z

78.82.201.71: ←Changed redirect target from Para-alpine skiing to Para-alpine skiing#Equipment

#REDIRECT [[Para-alpine skiing#Equipment]]

Template:Darin Zanyar

2024-12-06T22:39:29Z

78.82.201.71:

{{Navbox musical artist
| name = Darin Zanyar
| title = [[Darin (singer)|Darin]]
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| listclass = hlist
| background = solo_singer
| above = [[Darin discography|Discography]]

|group1 = Studio albums
|list1 =
* ''[[The Anthem (album)|The Anthem]]''
* ''[[Darin (album)|Darin]]''
* ''[[Break the News]]''
* ''[[Flashback (Darin album)|Flashback]]''
* ''[[Lovekiller (album)|Lovekiller]]''
* ''[[Exit (Darin album)|Exit]]''
* ''[[Fjärilar i magen]]''
* ''[[Tvillingen]]''
*''[[En annan jag]]''

|group2 = Compilation albums
|list2 =
* ''[[Det bästa av]]''

|group3 = Singles
|list3 =
* "[[Money for Nothing (Darin song)|Money for Nothing]]"
* "[[Step Up (Darin song)|Step Up]]"
* "[[Want Ya!]]"
* "[[Perfect (Darin song)|Perfect]]"
* "[[Insanity (song)|Insanity]]"
* "[[Desire (Darin song)|Desire]]"
* "[[Breathing Your Love]]"
* "[[What If (Friends song)|What If]]"
* "[[Viva_la_Vida#Darin_version|Viva La Vida]]"
* "[[You're Out of My Life]]"
* "[[Lovekiller (song)|Lovekiller]]"
* "[[Nobody Knows (Darin song)|Nobody Knows]]"
* "[[Playing with Fire (Darin song)|Playing with Fire]]"
* "[[So Yours]]"
* "[[Mamma Mia (Darin song)|Mamma Mia]]"
* "[[Ta mig tillbaka]]"
* "[[En säng av rosor]]"
* "[[Can't Stay Away (Darin song)|Can't Stay Away]]"
* "[[What's the Point]]"

|group5 = Other songs
|list5 =
* "[[Microphone (Darin song)|Microphone]]"

}}<noinclude>
{{collapsible option}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zanyar, Darin}}
[[Category:Swedish pop singer navigational boxes]]
</noinclude>

Architect (disambiguation)

2024-12-04T23:29:49Z

78.82.201.71: /* Songs */

{{wiktionary|architect}}
An '''[[architect]]''' is a professional trained in the planning, design, and supervision of the construction of buildings.

'''Architect''' may also refer to:

{{TOC right}}

==Arts, entertainment, and media==
===Films===
* ''[[Die Architekten]]'' (''The Architects''), a 1990 East German film about the building of a satellite town
* [[The Architect (2006 film)|''The Architect'' (2006 film)]], a drama film about an architect who is confronted by angry residents of a housing complex he designed.
* [[The Architect (2016 film)|''The Architect'' (2016 film)]], a comedy-drama film starring Parker Posey

===Literature===
* [[The Architect (novel)|''The Architect'' (novel)]], a novel by Australian author John Scott
*''The Architect'', 1974 novel by Uzbek writer [[Mirmukhsin]]
*''The Architects'', novel by [[Stefan Heym]] 1965

===Music===
====Groups and labels====
* [[Architect (band)]], an American hardcore band
* Architect, an alias for Daniel Meyer, electronic musician in the [[Haujobb#As_Architect|Haujobb project]]
* [[Architects (American band)]], a rock band from Kansas City, Missouri
* [[Architects (British band)]], a metalcore band from Brighton, England
* [[Architechs]], a British music group
* [[Arkitekt]], a British music group

====Albums====
* [[Architect (album)|''Architect'' (album)]], an album by Irish singer-songwriter Wallis Bird
* Architect, a musical side project by Daniel Myer of [[Haujobb]]
* [[The Architect (Paloma Faith album)|''The Architect'' (Paloma Faith album)]], 2017
* [[The Architect (Eidola album)|''The Architect'' (Eidola album)]], 2021
* ''The Architect'', album by [[Kerry Muzzey]] 2014
* ''The Architect'', EP by [[Nyam Nyam (band)|Nyam Nyam]] 1985

====Songs====
* [[Architects (song)|"Architects" (song)]], a song by Rise Against from the album ''Endgame''
* [[The Architect (Kacey Musgraves song)|"The Architect" (Kacey Musgraves song)]], a song by from ''Deeper Well'', 2024
* "The Architects", a song by At the Gates from ''[[With Fear I Kiss the Burning Darkness]]'' 1993
* "The Architect", a song by The Charlatans from ''[[Simpatico (The Charlatans album)|Simpatico]]'' 2006
* "The Architect", a song by The Crimson Armada from ''[[Guardians (The Crimson Armada album)|Guardians]]'' 2009
* "The Architect", a song from ''[[Doctor Who: Series 8 (soundtrack)|Doctor Who: Series 8]]'' 2015
* "The Architect", a song by Deus from ''[[Vantage Point (Deus album)|Vantage Point]]'', 2009
* "The Architect", a song by Erra from ''[[Impulse (Erra album)|Impulse]]'', 2011
* "The Architect", a song by Fit for a King from ''[[Descendants (Fit for a King album)|Descendants]]'', 2011
* "The Architect", a song by Haken from ''[[Affinity (Haken album)|Affinity]]'', 2016
* "The Architect", a song by Miss May I from ''[[Apologies Are for the Weak]]'', 2009
* "The Architect", a song by Paloma Faith from ''[[The Architect (Paloma Faith album)|The Architect]]'', 2017
* "The Architect", a song by Red Light Company from ''[[Fine Fascination]]'', 2009
* "The Architect", a song by Shrinebuilder from ''[[Shrinebuilder (album)|Shrinebuilder]]'', 2009

===Other arts, entertainment, and media===
* [[Architect (The Matrix)|Architect (''The Matrix'')]], a character in the latter two ''Matrix'' films
* [[Architect (magazine)|''Architect'' (magazine)]], an American magazine

==Other uses==
* [[Architect (role variant)]], a personality type in the Keirsey Temperament Sorter
* [[Architect (software)]], an open source integrated development environment
* [[Systems architect]], a profession in information and communications technology

==See also==
* [[Architecture (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Dunya

2024-12-03T17:52:41Z

78.82.201.71:

{{Short description|The temporal world in Islam}}
{{other uses}}
In [[Islam]], '''''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|dunyā}}''''' ({{langx|ar|دُنْيا}}) refers to the temporal world and its earthly concerns and possessions. In the [[Quran]], "dunya" is often paired with the word "life" to underscore the temporary and fleeting nature of the life of this world, as opposed to the eternal realm of the afterlife, known as "[[akhirah]]".

According to the Quran, humans and other communities have a limited time on earth before they pass on to the afterlife. In fact, the Quran teaches that everything that exists is temporary and will ultimately fade away. The pursuit of nearness to [[God in Islam|God]] is thus emphasized as the ultimate purpose in life, as only God's Being and Essence endure forever.

[[Hadith|Prophetic traditions]] echo the Quranic teaching, emphasizing the importance of the afterlife, or "akhira" over the present world.

==Etymology==
"Dunya" is an Arabic word that means "lower or lowest",{{sfn |Abrahamov| 2006|pp=551–554}} or "nearer or nearest",{{sfn | Tritton | 1991|p=626}} which is understood as a reference to the "lower world, this world here below".{{sfn |Carra de Vaux| 1908|pp=1081–1082}} The term "dunya" is employed to refer to the present world "as it is closest to one’s life as opposed to the life of the Hereafter".{{sfn | Siddiqui| 2008 | pp=50–51}} In the Quran, it is often used in conjunction with the word "life" to refer to this world,{{sfn | Tritton | 1991|p=626}} in contrast to the next, meaning the akhirah.{{sfn |Carra de Vaux| 1908|pp=1081-1082}}

==In the Quran==
The term "Al-dunyā" appears in the Quran 115 times and refers to both the temporal world and the duration of one's life on earth.{{sfn |Abrahamov| 2006|pp=551–554}}{{sfn | Tritton | 1991|p=626}} The Quran emphasizes the temporary and fleeting nature of the life of this world compared to the eternal life of the next world.{{sfn | Murata | Chittick | 1994 | p=171-172}} According to the Qur'an, human beings and other communities are on earth for a specific time period before they enter the afterlife. This period is known only to God and is referred to as "ajal musamma".{{sfn | Esack | 2005 | p=158}} "He it is who has created you out of clay, and then decreed a term [for you] – a term known [only] to Him . . ." (6.2). "For all people a term has been set: when the end of their term approaches, they can neither delay it by a single moment, nor hasten it" (10.49).{{sfn | Esack | 2005 | p=158}} While the world is primarily seen as a place where humans prepare for the afterlife, it can also bring fulfillment and be rewarding in its own right. Believers are advised to ask for goodness in both this world and the afterlife, as stated in 7:156: "And ordain for us what is good in this world (dunya) as well as in the life to come (akhirah)."{{sfn | Esack | 2005 | p=158}} However, the Qur'an warns against prioritizing the pleasures of this world over the rewards of the afterlife.{{sfn | Esack | 2005 | p=158}} It cautions against being deluded and distracted by the attractions and pleasures of this world, which can lead to [[Ghaflah|forgetfulness of God]] and His promises.{{sfn | Murata | Chittick | 1994 | p=171–172}} Those who seek rewards in the afterlife will receive an increase in their harvest, while those who focus solely on the world will have no share in the blessings of the afterlife.(42.20). In Surah 42, verse 20, the Quran says: "To the one who desires a harvest in the life to come (akhirah), We shall grant an increase in his harvest; whereas to the one who desires [but] a harvest in this world (dunya), We [may] give something thereof – [but] he will have no share in [the blessings of] the life to come (akhirah)" (42.20).{{sfn | Esack | 2005 | p=158}} Thus, in the Quran, the ultimate truth and reality lie in the closeness to God, and the enjoyment and adornment of this world is only a little thing compared to what awaits in the next world.{{sfn | Murata | Chittick | 1994 | p=171-172}}

{{blockquote|The Koran frequently tells us that the life of this world is ephemeral, either in so many words, or in parables such as the following: And strike for them the similitude of the life of this world: It is as water that We send down out of heaven, and the plants of the earth mingle with it, and in the morning it is straw that the winds scatter. (18:45) The Koran insists that dedicating oneself to straw is to squander away one's life and to dissipate one's human substance. People should not devote themselves to something that is utterly undependable. They should not act as if life's meaning is found in the affairs of this world, or as if experienced phenomena were anything other than the signs of God. Reality is not exhausted by what we see with our eyes. In short, the Koran says, do not be deluded by appearances: The life of this world is naught but a sport and a diversion.(18:45) Surely those who look not to encounter Us, and who are content with the life of this world and at peace with it, and those who are heedless of Our signs, those—their refuge is the Fire. (10:7){{sfn | Murata | Chittick | 1994 | p=171–172}}| [[Sachiko Murata]] and [[William Chittick]]|''The Vision of Islam'', 1994}}

In the same vein, Quran 6:29 highlights the belief of some people who deny the possibility of an afterlife, saying "There is only the life of this world—we shall not be raised up." The verse suggests that if these people could see the reality of the afterlife, they would understand how wrong they were.{{sfn | Murata | Chittick | 1994 | p=171–172}}

In [[Al-Qasas|Surah 28]] verse 88, the Quran tells that "All things perish, save His (God's) Face".{{sfn | Nasr | Dagli | Dakake | Lumbard | 2015 | p=1313}} The same message is repeated several times as in 55:26-27: "All that is upon it passes away. And there remains the Face of thy Lord, Possessed of Majesty and Bounty." {{sfn | Nasr | Dagli | Dakake | Lumbard | 2015 | p=1313}} According to ''[[The Study Quran]],'' these verses are "taken by most as a reference to the earth, the face of the earth, or this world in general, thus indicating that all of creation will eventually 'pass away'",{{sfn | Nasr | Dagli | Dakake | Lumbard | 2015 | p=1313}} only God's Being and Essence remains.{{sfn | Nasr | Dagli | Dakake | Lumbard | 2015 | p=1313}}

==In prophetic tradition==
According to a [[Hadith|prophetic tradition]], "This world is the cultivating field for the other world", meaning that the consequences of a person's actions in this life will impact the state of that person's soul in the afterlife.{{sfn | Ghazali | Abdussalam | Conlan | 2016 | p=116}}{{sfn | Nasr | 1989 | p=248}} In another hadith, the [[Muhammad in Islam|Prophet]] is reported to have said that even the person who had the most luxurious life in this world but ends up in the [[Jahannam|Fire]] will be brought before God on the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Day of Resurrection]] and dipped once into the Fire. Then God will ask the person if he has ever experienced any good or bliss. The person will reply that he has not, indicating that the temporary pleasures of this world cannot be compared to the eternal consequences of the afterlife. Similarly, the person who had the most difficult life in this world but ends up in the [[Jannah|Garden]] will be brought before God and dipped once into the Garden. Then God will ask the person if he has ever experienced any misery or hardship. The person will reply that he has not, emphasizing the incomparable joy and bliss of the next world.{{sfn | Murata | Chittick | 1994 | p=171-172}}

==Modern usage==
The term {{lang|ar-Latn|dunya}}  is originally an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word that derives from the root ''d-n-w'' ({{lang|ar|د ن و}} 'to bring near'). In that sense, dunya is "what is brought near".<ref>{{cite book |author=Attas |author-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |title=Islam and Secularism |url=https://archive.org/details/IslamAndSecularismAlAttas |year=1978 |publisher=[[International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation]]}}</ref> The term has spread to many other languages, particularly those with large groups of Muslim speakers. For example;
* {{lang|arz-Latn|donya}}/{{lang|arz-Latn|denya}} {{IPA|arz|ˈdonjæ, ˈdenjæ|}} in [[Egyptian Arabic]]
* {{lang|tr|dünya}} in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
* {{lang|az|dünya}} in [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
* {{lang|ab|dynjaja}} in [[Albanian language|Albanian]]
* {{lang|ku-Latn|dinya}} ({{lang|ku-Arab|دىنیا}}) in [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]
* {{lang|hi|दुनिया}} ({{lang|hi-Latn|duniya}}) in [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
* {{lang|bn|দুনিয়া}} ({{lang|bn-Latn|duniẏā}}) in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
* {{lang|pa|ਦੁਨੀਆ}} ({{lang|pa-Arab|دُنیا}}, {{lang|pa-Latn|dunī'ā}}) in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
* {{lang|gu|દુનિયા}} ({{lang|gu-Latn|duniyā}}) in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
* {{lang|ur|دنیا}} ({{lang|ur-Latn|dunya}}) in [[Urdu]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
* {{lang|fa|دنیا}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|donyā}}) in [[Persian language|Persian]]
* {{lang|grc|ντουνιάς}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|duniás}}) in [[Modern Greek]]
* {{lang|ha|duniya}} in [[Hausa language|Hausa]]
* {{lang|fub|duniyaaru}} in [[Adamawa Fulfulde language|Adamawa Fulfulde]]
* {{lang|wbl-Latn|duniah}} in [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |year=1983 |title=When Men and Mountains Meet: The Explorers of the Western Himalayas 1820–75 |isbn=0-7126-0196-1 |page=153 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|J. Murray]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlkdAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2019-08-20 |archive-date=2023-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021061210/https://books.google.com/books?id=mlkdAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{lang|ms|dunia}} in [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
* {{lang|jv-Latn|donya}} in [[Javanese language|Javanese]]
* {{lang|tk-Latn|dünýä}} in [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]
* {{lang|uz|dunyo}} in [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]
* {{lang|So|duunyo}} in [[Somali language|Somali]]
* {{lang|udm|дунне}} ({{lang|udm-Latn|dunnye}}) in [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]
* {{lang|wo|aduna}} in [[Wolof language|Wolof]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
* {{cite book| last=Tritton | first=A.S.| editor1-last=Lewis|editor1-first=B.|editor2-last=Pellat|editor2-first=Ch.|editor3-last=Schacht|editor3-first=J.|chapter=Dunyā |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam | publisher=Brill |year= 1991}}
* {{cite book| last=Carra de Vaux | first=B.| editor1-last=Houtsma|editor1-first=M. Th.|editor2-last=Arnold|editor2-first=T. W.|editor3-last=Basset |editor3-first=R.|chapter=Dunyā |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam | publisher=Brill |year= 1908}}
* {{cite book| last=Abrahamov| first=Binyamin| editor1-last=McAuliffe|editor1-first=Jane Dammen |chapter=World |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān | publisher=Brill |year= 2006}}
* {{cite book | last1=Murata | first1=S. | last2=Chittick | first2=W.C. | title=The Vision of Islam: The Foundations of Muslim Faith and Practice | publisher=I.B. Tauris | series=Visions of reality | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-86064-022-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2EwAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book | last1=Nasr | first1=S.H. | last2=Dagli | first2=C.K. | last3=Dakake | first3=M.M. | last4=Lumbard | first4=J.E.B. | last5=Rustom | first5=M. | title=The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary -- Leather Edition | publisher=HarperCollins | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-06-112588-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9DroAEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book | last=Esack | first=F. | title=The Qur'an: A User's Guide : a Guide to Its Key Themes, History and Interpretation | publisher=Oneworld | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-85168-354-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U18QAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book | last=Nasr | first=S.H. | title=Knowledge and the Sacred: Revisioning Academic Accountability | publisher=State University of New York Press | series=Gifford lectures | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-7914-0176-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IChnJl0Mu4sC&pg=PA248}}
* {{cite book | last=Siddiqui | first=A.R. | title=Qur'ānic Keywords: A Reference Guide | publisher=Islamic Foundation | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-86037-446-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvVOAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book | last1=Ghazali | first1=A.H.A. | last2=Abdussalam | first2=N. | last3=Conlan | first3=M.M. | title=Al-Ghazali's Adapted Summary of Ihya Ulum al-Din: The Forty Principles of the Religion | publisher=Turath Publishing | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-906949-72-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZJtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT116}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060319204944/http://www.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/books/truth_of_this_world/truth06.html Religious discussion of Dunya]

[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Islamic philosophy]]