wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Clapham, Bedfordshire

2025-10-13T11:15:08Z

77.86.103.78: Refs

{{Short description|Village and parish in England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|coordinates = {{coord|52.164892|-0.501964|display=inline,title}}
|official_name= Clapham
|static_image_name = Church, Clapham (geograph 3635720).jpg
|static_image_caption = Clapham St Thomas parish church
| population = 3,643
| population_ref = ''(2001)'' 4,560 (2011 Census)<ref name=ONS>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11122026&c=Clapham&d=16&e=62&g=6402935&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1478446854446&enc=1|title=Civil Parish population 2011|access-date=6 November 2016|publisher=Office for National Statistics |work=Neighbourhood Statistics}}</ref>
|unitary_england= [[Borough of Bedford|Bedford]]
|lieutenancy_england = [[Bedfordshire]]
|region= East of England
|constituency_westminster= [[North East Bedfordshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Bedfordshire]]
|post_town= [[Bedford|BEDFORD]]
|postcode_district = MK41
|postcode_area = MK
|dial_code= 01234
|os_grid_reference= TL024529
}}
'''Clapham''' is a village and [[civil parishes in England|civil parish]] in the [[Borough of Bedford]] in [[Bedfordshire]], England. It had a population of 3,643 as at the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]],<ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[Office for National Statistics]] | url = http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=791946&c=Clapham&d=16&e=15&g=423271&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1202159941515&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779 | title = Neighbourhood Statistics - Clapham (CP) Parish | access-date = 4 February 2008}}</ref> increasing to 4,560 at the 2011 Census.<ref name=ONS/>

Originally the [[A6 road (England)|A6 road]] passed through the village, but a bypass was built in 2002.

==Points of interest==
Clapham Park, a large new [[English country house|country house]], was built by [[James Howard (agriculturalist)|James Howard]], [[member of parliament]] for [[Bedford (UK Parliament constituency)|Bedford]], in 1872.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bedsarchives.bedford.gov.uk/CommunityHistories/Clapham/Clapham-Park.aspx|title=Bedford Archives - Community Histories - Clapham Park|work=[[Bedford Borough Council]]}}</ref>

[[RAF Twinwood Farm]], a disused airfield on the western outskirts of the village, is where the famous bandleader [[Glenn Miller]] took off on his last fateful flight, having performed for the American soldiers based at the airfield and at [[Corn Exchange, Bedford|Bedford Corn Exchange]]. The site now hosts the Glenn Miller/Twinwood museum, with an annual [[Twinwood Festival]].

[[File:Thatched cottage on Bedford Road - geograph.org.uk - 7332303.jpg|left|thumb|Thatched cottage]]
Woodlands Manor was built in 1812 by Thomas Dawson, and has been in use as a hotel since 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bedsarchives.bedford.gov.uk/CommunityHistories/Clapham/Woodlands-Manor-Clapham.aspx|title=Bedford Archives - Community Histories - Woodlands Manor Hotel|work=[[Bedford Borough Council]]}}</ref>

[[File:The Horse ^ Groom - geograph.org.uk - 7332334.jpg|thumb|right|The Horse & Groom pub in 2022]]
The high street has a number of local shops, takeaways, and two remaining [[public houses]] - The Horse & Groom and Fox & Hounds (the village had as many as four pubs and two social clubs in the 1990s).

It has a parish church, [[Church of St Thomas of Canterbury, Clapham, Bedfordshire|St Thomas of Canterbury]], and a [[primary school]], Ursula Taylor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ianmeadows.me.uk/places/clapham.php|title=Places I've visited – Clapham|work=Ianmeadows.me.uk}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

==Sport and recreation==
Clapham has a [[List of King George V Playing Fields (Bedfordshire)|King George V Field]] in memorial to [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]].

Bedford and County [[golf club]] is situated on Green Lane in the village.

The village hall hosts many community activities including the annual village show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://claphamvillagehall.com/|title=Clapham Village Hall|work=Claphamvillagehall.com}}</ref>

On the edge of the village entering [[Bedford]], there is a sports and health club and gym.

The Twinwood Arena hosted the [[Rhythm Festival]] in the early 00s.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Clapham, Bedfordshire}}
* [http://www.parish-council.com/Clapham Clapham community website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090523133243/http://www.claphamhistoricalsociety.btik.com/ Clapham Historical Society]
* [http://www.twinwoodevents.com/ Twinwood's Music Festival]
{{Places in Bedford Borough}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Clapham, Bedfordshire| ]]
[[Category:Villages in Bedfordshire]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Bedfordshire]]
[[Category:Borough of Bedford]]

RAE Bedford

2025-10-05T15:14:35Z

77.86.103.78: picture placement

{{about|the RAE research site|the World War II use of this facility|RAF Thurleigh|the neighbouring airfield and museum|RAF Twinwood Farm|current use|Bedford Autodrome}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox airport
|name = RAE Bedford
|nativename =
|nativename-a =
|nativename-r =
|image = Fairford04-0130-JaguarXX145a.jpg
|image-width =
|caption = The Jaguar was tested at RAE Bedford during the 1970s.
|IATA =
|ICAO = <s>EGVW</s>
|type = Disused RAF Airfield, Royal Aircraft Establishment
|owner = Private
|operator =
|city-served =
|location = Thurleigh near Bedford
|elevation-f = 289
|coordinates = {{coord|52|13|47|N|000|28|29|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Bedfordshire
| pushpin_label = EGVW
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bedfordshire
|website =
|metric-rwy =
|r1-number = <s>05/23</s>
|r1-length-f = <s>6,000</s>
|r1-length-m = <s>{{Convert|6000|ft|disp=output number only|0}}</s>
|r1-surface =
|r2-number = <s>11/29</s>
|r2-length-f = <s>4,200</s>
|r2-length-m = <s>{{Convert|4200|ft|disp=output number only|0}}</s>
|r2-surface =
|r3-number = <s>18/36</s>
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}}

'''RAE Bedford''' was a research site of the [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] between 1946 and 1994. It undertook aircraft experimental development work.

RAE Bedford was located near the village of [[Thurleigh]], with an access road from neighbouring [[Clapham, Bedford|Clapham]], north of the town of [[Bedford]] in [[England]].

In the book ''"A Short Illustrated History of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Bedford"'', author Arthur Pearcy writes: ''"(RAE Bedford is) the finest research and development establishment outside the U.S.A."''

Starting in 1946, construction work began to turn the wartime [[RAF Thurleigh|RAF airfield]] into what became known as the Royal Aeronautical Establishment, Bedford. The runway was extended in the post-war period to accommodate the [[Bristol Brabazon]] aircraft, which required a very long runway but which never went into production. A lot of the development for what became the [[Hawker Siddeley Harrier|Harrier]] was done here, one early version became known as the '[[Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig|Flying Bedstead]]'. Also Thurleigh had a catapult runway and it was here that the '[[Flight Deck#Ski-jump ramp|ski jump]]' later fitted to some [[aircraft carrier]]s was also developed. One local road was put in a cutting for a runway to be put above it, linking the Airfield site to the wind-tunnel site about a mile and a half away, although ultimately this was never carried out. The runway is some 10,500 ft long, and some 300 ft wide.
[[File:RAE-Bedford.jpg|thumb|left|RAE Bedford seen from [[Odell, Bedfordshire|Odell]]]]

Naval Air Department and the BEA Helicopters Experimental Unit was here at some point.{{sfn|Howard|2011|p=62}}

The airfield was decommissioned in February 1994<ref name="BED-BEG">{{cite web|title=RAE Bedford, The Beginning|url=http://www.bahg.org.uk/RAEBedford.htm|website=Bedford Aeronautical Heritage Group|accessdate=8 May 2016}}</ref> after a lengthy study determined that flight operations should be centralised at [[Boscombe Down]] in [[Wiltshire]]. Due to the cost and impracticality of relocating the Advanced Flight Simulator system the site retains some of its development work (under the banner of [[QinetiQ]] from mid-2001 onwards). As of early 2007, QinetiQ have sold their remaining stake in the Bedford Airfield site (as well as the nearby 'Wind Tunnel' site) and are planning to relocate the remaining staff to Farnborough in early 2008, finally ending the site's long association with military aviation.{{update after|2012|02|28}}

The airfield officially closed in March 1994 and sold in 1996<ref name="BED-BEG"/> with the RAE having become the [[Defence Evaluation and Research Agency]] (DERA). DERA consolidated its experimental flying operations at [[Boscombe Down]], moving aircraft from [[Farnborough Airfield|Farnborough]] as well as Bedford.

The wind tunnel site is now the Twinwoods Business Park and some of the buildings are in commercial use. Red Bull Racing use the remaining horizontal wind tunnel and Twinwoods Adventure use the vertical wind tunnel, previously the Vertical Spinning Tunnel (VST) for indoor skydiving.

The VST was converted in 2005 by Bodyflight to be the first indoor skydiving wind tunnel in the UK, and at 16.4 ft in diameter remains the largest. On 1 March 2019, Historic England listed the VST as Grade II due to its historic and architectural interest.<ref>[https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1457464 Historic England]</ref> The rest of the building was converted in 2007 and is used by Twinwoods Adventure as a multi-activity centre.

==See also==
* [[RAF Defford|RRE Defford]]
* [[Farnborough Airport|RAE Farnborough]]
* [[QinetiQ Pershore|RRE Pershore]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last1=Howard |first1=L |last2=Burrow |first2=M |last3=Myall |first3=E |title=Fleet Air Arm helicopters since 1943 |year=2011 |publisher= Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd |location= UK |isbn=978-0-85130-304-8|ref= {{harvid|Howard|2011}} }}
*Pearcy, Arthur (1999). ''A Short Illustrated History of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Bedford''. Shrewsbury Airlife Publishing Ltd. {{ISBN|1-85310-360-8}}
*Dobson, Michael (2018). ''The Life of the Royal Aircraft Establishment Bedford'' Ravensden. {{ISBN|978-0-9541594-2-9}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Airports in England|Bedford]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bedfordshire]]
[[Category:Qinetiq]]
[[Category:Royal Aircraft Establishment stations]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Bedfordshire]]

Adam F

2025-08-14T06:46:24Z

77.86.103.78: /* Discography */ add

{{Short description|English record producer and DJ}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Adam F
| image = Adam-F_at_Listen-9-3-2k6.jpg
| caption = Adam F performs at Listen at Club Alchemy in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], on 3 September 2006.
| image_size = 
| birth_name = Adam Fenton
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|02|08}}
| birth_place = [[Liverpool]], England
| death_date =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Electronic music|Electronic]]|[[drum and bass]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[big beat]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Record producer|DJ}}
| years_active =
| label = {{hlist|Section 5|[[Metalheadz]]|[[V Recordings]]|[[Breakbeat Kaos]]|[[Astralwerks]]|[[EMI]]}}
| website =
| past_member_of = [[Metalheadz]]
}}

'''Adam Fenton''' (born 8 February 1972), also known as '''Adam F''', is an English record producer and DJ who has worked across various genres. He is also the co-founder of the drum and bass label [[Breakbeat Kaos]] along with [[DJ Fresh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Radio 1 Stories - Breakbeat Kaos: The Story of DJ Fresh & Adam F|url=http://bbc.com/mediacentre/proginfo/2012/32/r1_breakbeat_kaos/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=bbc.com|language=en}}</ref> He found initial success with the 1990s [[drum and bass]] singles "Circles", "Metropolis", and "F-Jam", before releasing his debut studio album ''[[Colours (Adam F album)|Colours]]'' in 1997. In 2001, he transitioned into [[hip hop]] music, producing the album ''[[Kaos: The Anti-Acoustic Warfare]]'', featuring collaborations with [[LL Cool J]], [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]] and [[De La Soul]].<ref name=":0" /> He later released a remix album, ''Drum and Bass Warfare'', and collaborated with DJ Fresh.

==Career==
Adam began his career with the [[Bob James (musician)|Bob James]]-sampling "Circles" in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://djmag.com/watch/adam-f-circles-making-of-drum-bass-classic|title=Adam F ‘Circles’ - The Making Of A Drum & Bass Classic|work=[[DJ Mag]]|date=2 March 2025}}</ref> Its re-release in 1997 made [[Top 40|Top 20]] in the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/33813/adam-f/|title=ADAM F {{!}} full Official Chart History {{!}} Official Charts Company|website=www.officialcharts.com|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> This was followed with "Metropolis/Mother Earth" in 1996 on the [[Metalheadz]] record label. His other early successes were the tracks "F-Jam" and "Music In My Mind". In 1998 he won a [[MOBO]] award for his debut 1997 album, [[Colours (Adam F album)|''Colours'']].<ref>{{Citation|title=Adam F {{!}} Wins 'Best Album' {{!}} Acceptance Speech {{!}} 1998| date=16 September 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSgXJalJAiE|language=en|access-date=2021-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Palladev|first=George|date=2017-04-22|title=Adam F — Colours. Story behind the best drum 'n' bass album of the 90s|url=https://medium.com/12edit/adam-f-colours-story-behind-album-dc31e64c97e0|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref> This was followed by another single "Brand New Funk", released 1998 on [[V Recordings]].

In 2001, he found success in the field of [[hip hop music|hip hop]], primarily with ''[[Kaos: The Anti-Acoustic Warfare]]'', working alongside artists such as [[LL Cool J]], [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]] and [[De La Soul]]. In 2002, Adam created the score for the feature film ''[[Ali G Indahouse]]'' starring [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] for [[Working Title Films]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Ali G Indahouse (2002) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0284837/fullcredits|access-date=2021-06-14}}</ref>

He is founder and co-owner of the UK [[independent record label]] [[Breakbeat Kaos]], which released [[Pendulum (drum and bass band)|Pendulum's]] album ''[[Hold Your Colour]]''; he is also co-owner of the drum and bass website [[Dogs on Acid]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-21|title=Q&A: ADAM F|url=https://djmag.com/content/qa-adam-f|access-date=2021-06-14|website=DJMag.com}}</ref>

In early 2007 he was cast in his first film role, the crime thriller ''[[The Heavy (film)|The Heavy]]''. In December 2007, Adam also co-starred in [[Cuckoo (2009 film)|''Cuckoo'']], a thriller about sound and lies, co-starring [[Richard E. Grant]] and [[Laura Fraser]], directed by [[Richard Bracewell]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adam F.|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1109088/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=IMDb}}</ref>

2009 saw Adam back in the studio, this time with Horx to remix [[The Prodigy]]'s "[[Take Me to the Hospital]]" from their album ''[[Invaders Must Die]]''. Months later, Adam collaborated with Horx again to release "Shut The Lights Off" with [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]]. Adam F and [[DJ Fresh]]'s 2010 collaboration single under the artist name WTF?! was next, built around [[Dead Prez]]'s "Hip Hop". Over the past few years Adam has remixed [[David Guetta]], [[Rihanna]], [[Afrojack]], [[Missy Elliott]], [[Sander van Doorn]] and [[Scrufizzer]].

Returning to the studio in recent years, Adam's "In The Air" collaboration with Sonic C was released as a free download and supported by [[Annie Mac]], [[MistaJam]], [[Zinc]], [[A-Trak]] and [[Zeds Dead]]. It set the scene for "When The Rain Is Gone", Adam's first official single release under his own name for some time. The single was released in 2012 on 3Beat.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wedge|first=Dave|title=When the Rain Is Gone|url=https://newsflash.bigshotmag.com/tag/when-the-rain-is-gone/|access-date=2021-09-24|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Adam later released his Elements EP on [[Breakbeat Kaos]]. It included the tracks "Elements", "When The Rain Is Gone", "In The Air", "It's Bigger Than Hip Hop UK" and his remixes of [[Afrojack]]'s "Take Over Control" and [[Sander van Doorn]]'s "Nothing Inside".

Adam's most recent output was in the form of "See You Again", a collaboration with [[DJ Fresh]] featuring Michael Warren which was on Fresh's album ''[[Nextlevelism]]''. He has also recently collaborated with British electronic music producer [[Doctor P]] and [[Method Man]], who is also known for [[Method Man & Redman|his collaborations with Redman]], to produce the late-2013 track "The Pit".

==Personal life==
Adam comes from a musical family. He is the son of singer and actor [[Alvin Stardust]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095350354 |title=Adam F |publisher=Oxford Reference |date=8 February 1972 |access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref> and the nephew of [[Rory Storm]], whose band [[Rory Storm and the Hurricanes]] once included [[Ringo Starr]] before he joined [[the Beatles]].<ref name="LFC">{{cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/adam-f-liverpool-fc-my-blood-my-uncle-knew-bill-shankly|title=Liverpool FC is in my blood - my uncle knew Bill Shankly|author=Adam F|date=17 November 2024|website=LiverpoolFC.com}}</ref>

He is married to [[Kirsty Hawkshaw]], a member of group [[Opus III (band)|Opus III]].

Storm was friends with [[Bill Shankly]], which played a part in Adam becoming a lifelong [[Liverpool F.C.]] fan.<ref name="LFC"/>

==Discography==
===Studio albums===
* ''[[Colours (Adam F album)|Colours]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Kaos: The Anti-Acoustic Warfare]]'' (2001)

===Remix albums===
* ''Drum and Bass Warfare'' (2002)

===Film scores===
* ''[[Ali G Indahouse]]'' (2002), [[Working Title Films]] and [[Universal Pictures]]

===Singles and EPs===
* "Circles" (1995), Section 5
* "Before Today" (1996), Virgin – Remix of [[Everything But the Girl]]
* "Aromatherapy" (1996), Section 5
* "Metropolis" & "Mother Earth" (1996), Metalheadz
* "Telling Lies" (1997), BMG/Arista – Mix of [[David Bowie]]
* "F-Jam" (1997), F-Jams – Featuring MC Conrad, [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] No. 122
* "Circles" (1997), F-Jams – UK No. 20
* "Brand New Funk" (1998), [[V Recordings]]
* "Music in My Mind" (1998), F-Jams – UK No. 27
* "Stand Clear" (2001), EMI – Featuring [[M.O.P.]], UK No. 43
* "Where's My..?" (2002), EMI – Featuring [[Lil' Mo]], UK No. 37
* "Metrosound" (2002), Kaos – With [[J Majik]], UK No. 54
* "Stand Clear" (2002), Kaos – Remix featuring M.O.P., UK No. 50
* "[[Smash Sumthin']]" (2002), Kaos – Featuring [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]], UK No. 11
* "Dirty Harry's Revenge" (2002), Kaos – Featuring [[Beenie Man]], UK No. 50
* "Eightball" & "Original Junglesound" (2005), Breakbeat Kaos – UK No. 93
* "Take Me to the Hospital" (2009), [[XL Recordings]] – Remix with Horx of [[The Prodigy]]
* "Shut the Lights Off!" (2009), Breakbeat Kaos – with Horx featuring Redman
* "When the Rain Is Gone" (2012), 3Beat
* ''Elements'' (2012), Breakbeat Kaos<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book |first=David |last=Roberts |year=2006 |title=British Hit Singles & Albums |edition=19th |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |location=London |isbn=1-904994-10-5 |page=191}}</ref>
* "The Pit" (2013), Circus – With [[Doctor P]] featuring [[Method Man]]
* "[[Believer (DJ Fresh and Adam F song)|Believer]]" (2015), Ministry of Sound – With [[DJ Fresh]], UK No. 58
* "Harmony" (2016), Sony Music Entertainment – With Kokiri featuring Rae

===Featured artists===
* "When the Sun Goes Down" (with [[DJ Fresh]]) (2005) UK No. 69
* "See You Again" (with DJ Fresh featuring Michael Warren) (2012)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Discogs artist|Adam F}}
* {{Rolldabeats artist|artist=adam_f|name=Adam F}}

{{Adam F}}
{{Alvin Stardust}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Astralwerks artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Big beat musicians]]
[[Category:British hip-hop DJs]]
[[Category:DJs from Liverpool]]
[[Category:Musicians from Liverpool]]
[[Category:English drum and bass musicians]]
[[Category:English record producers]]
[[Category:English electronic dance music DJs]]

Boy's Own (record label)

2025-07-29T17:17:59Z

77.86.103.78: tidy

{{Short description|English record label}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox record label 
| name = Boy's Own
| image =
| image_bg =
| parent =
| founded = 1986
| founder = {{flatlist|
* [[Terry Farley]]
* [[Andrew Weatherall]]
* Cymon Eckel
* Steven Mayes
* Steven Hall
* [[Pete Heller]]
}}
| distributor =
| genre = [[Electronic music|Electronic]]
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| location = [[London]], England
| url = {{url|www.boysownproductions.com}}
}}

'''Boy's Own''' is an English [[fanzine]], [[promoter (entertainment)|promoter]], and [[record label]] specialising in [[electronic dance music]].<ref>{{cite magazine | title=Junior Boy's Own Looks Toward Second Year of V2 Deal | magazine=Billboard | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA37 | date=October 1998 | access-date=23 October 2018 | page=37}}</ref> [[Underworld (band)|Underworld]], [[The Chemical Brothers]] and [[X-Press 2]] are its most successful artists.

==History==
The origins of Boy's Own go back to 1986, when a group of young clubbers started a fanzine of the same name,<ref name="LarkinDM">{{cite book|title=[[The Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Dance Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=1998|edition=First|isbn=0-7535-0252-6|page=177}}</ref> inspired by a similar fanzine for [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] football fans called ''The End'', edited by future singer of [[The Farm (British band)|The Farm]], Peter Hooton; the title ''[[Boys Own]]'' had been used by several boys' adventure magazines from about 1850 to 1950. The Boy's Own crew, consisting of [[Terry Farley]], [[Andrew Weatherall]], Cymon Eckel and Steven Mayes, knew fellow Chelsea fan [[Paul Oakenfold]] and through their connections with him they were invited to the early [[acid house]] club nights that Oakenfold was holding in London.<ref name="LarkinDM"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-boys-own-changed-british-dance-music/ |title=The Story of Boy’s Own: The Acid House Gang Who Changed British Clubbing|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice Mag]]|date=25 March 2014|author=Clive Martin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oipolloi.com/blogs/the-blog/boys-will-be-boys-the-story-of-boy-s-own/|title=Boys will be Boys — the story of Boy’s Own|work=Oi Polloi|date=4 Jan 2019}}</ref>

As the crew began to become more involved in clubbing, the fanzine began to cover the nascent scene, becoming its key chronicler and influencing a wave of similar fanzines across the country.<ref>{{cite book |first=Matthew |last=Collin |title=Altered State: The Story of Ecstasy Culture and Acid House |chapter=Summer of Love |pages=[https://archive.org/details/alteredstatestor00coll/page/56 56–57] |edition=2nd updated |publisher=Serpent's Tail |date=1998 |isbn=1-85242-604-7 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/alteredstatestor00coll/page/56 }}</ref> In 1988, they began hosting their own events,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Bill |last1=Brewster |first2=Frank |last2=Broughton |title=Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey |page=500 |edition=2nd updated |publisher=Headline Book Publishing |date=2006 |isbn=0-7553-1398-4}}</ref> and in 1990 they formed Boy's Own Recordings (1990–1993) with [[London Recordings|London Records]]/[[FFRR Records|FFRR]] releasing music by Bocca Juniors, One Dove, Jah Wobble, D.S.K, Denim and Less Stress.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Bainbridge | first1 = Luke | title = The True Story of Acid House: Britain's Last Youth Culture Revolution | publisher = Omnibus Press | date = 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Shulman | first = Alon | title = The Second Summer of Love: How Dance Music Took Over the World | publisher = John Blake | date = 2019}}</ref>

In 1992, Farley and Steven Hall formed the offshoot Junior Boy's Own/Junior Recordings. The label was run by Hall, with [[Artists and repertoire|A&R]] shared by them both. Farley focused on house singles, with releases by him and [[Pete Heller]] as Bocca Juniors, Fire Island, and Roach Motel, as well as from X-Press 2, [[Ballistic Brothers]], and others. Hall signed album-orientated live acts including The Chemical Brothers, [[Black Science Orchestra]] and Underworld. During the late 1990s, the label split in two, with 12" vinyl dance tracks being released by Junior London and album projects through Hall's new joint venture label JBO, which partnered with [[Richard Branson]]'s [[V2 Records|V2]] and then [[Parlophone]]/[[EMI]]. The label wound down in the mid-2000s.<ref>{{cite news| last=Wray | first=Daniel Dylan | title='It was wonderfully innocent': Boy's Own, the fanzine that defined the acid house generation |newspaper=The Guardian | date=14 February 2025 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/feb/14/boys-own-fanzine-acid-house}}</ref>

==Selected discography==
===Albums===
*''[[Dubnobasswithmyheadman]],'' [[Underworld (band)|Underworld]], 1994.
*''[[Exit Planet Dust]],'' [[The Chemical Brothers]], 1995.
*''London Hooligan Soul'', [[Ballistic Brothers]], 1995.
*''[[Walters Room]]'', [[Black Science Orchestra]], 1996.
===Compilations===
*''Junior Boy's Own'', Various Artists, 1994.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.boysownproductions.com/ Boys Own Productions website]
* [https://www.discogs.com/label/Boy's+Own+Productions Boy's Own] at [[Discogs]]
* [http://www.discogs.com/label/Junior+Boy's+Own Junior Boy's Own] at [[Discogs]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:British record labels]]
[[Category:Record labels established in 1990]]
[[Category:English electronic dance music record labels]]

Kiss (UK radio station)

2025-06-25T18:47:08Z

77.86.103.78: Rv

{{short description|British radio station based in London}}
{{For|other radio stations|Kiss FM (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2020}}

{{Infobox radio station
| name = Kiss
| logo = Kiss Logo Purple 2020.png
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2006
| city = London
| area = United Kingdom
| airdate = {{ubl|7 October 1985 (as a pirate)|{{start date|1990|09|01|df=y}} (as a legal station)}}
| former_frequencies = 97.2 MHz (Bristol) 100.0 MHz (London) 101.0 MHz (Severn Estuary) 105.6 MHz (Cambridge, Central Cambridgeshire, and South Cambridgeshire) 106.1 MHz (Norwich) 106.4 MHz (North Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk) 107.7 MHz (Peterborough, North West Norfolk and South Lincolnshire)
| former_names = Kiss FM Kiss 100
| licensing_authority =
| frequency = {{ubl|[[Digital Audio Broadcasting|DAB+]]: 11D/12A [[Digital One]] (UK)|DAB: 12C [[CE Digital|London 1]]}}
| format = [[Rhythmic CHR]]
| owner = [[Bauer Media Audio UK]]
| sister_stations = [[Kisstory]] [[Kiss Xtra]] [[Absolute Radio]] [[Greatest Hits Radio]] [[Heat Radio]] [[Hits Radio]] [[Jazz FM (UK)|Jazz FM]] [[Kerrang! Radio]] [[Magic (UK radio station)|Magic]] [[Planet Rock (radio station)|Planet Rock]]
| webcast = [https://hellorayo.co.uk/kiss/play Rayo]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| network = [[Kiss Network]]
}}

'''Kiss''' is a [[Radio in the United Kingdom|British]] digital radio station owned and operated by [[Bauer Media Audio UK]] as part of the Kiss Network. Kiss broadcasts nationally to the UK via [[Digital audio broadcasting|DAB digital radio]], as well as on Bauer's Rayo platform.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=RAJAR |url=https://www.rajar.co.uk/listening/group_composition.php?station_id=34538 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.rajar.co.uk}}</ref>

The station started in 1985 as a [[pirate radio station]], '''Kiss FM''', before becoming the [[UK|UK']]s first legal [[black music|black]] and [[electronic dance music|dance music]] specialist radio station in 1990<ref name="goddard">{{cite book|author=Goddard, Grant|title=KISS FM: From Radical Radio to Big Business|publisher=Radio Books, 2011}}</ref> as '''Kiss 100''', broadcasting in London on 100.0 [[FM broadcasting|FM]]. Kiss became a digital-only station in 2024 when its FM frequencies in London and Bristol were taken over by [[Hits Radio]].<ref name=":0" />

According to [[RAJAR]], the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 1.492 million as of May 2025.<ref>https://www.rajar.co.uk/docs/2025_03/All%20Comparative%20Charts%20-%20Q1%202025.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=May 2025}}</ref>

==Early history==
{{Further|Timeline of Kiss}}

===Pirate roots===
'''Kiss FM''' first broadcast 7 October 1985 as a [[UK pirate radio|pirate radio]] station, initially to South London then across the whole city, on 94FM. Kiss FM was founded by Gordon "Mac" McNamee, George Power (of [[London Greek Radio]]), and Tosca Jackson, with its engineer Pyers Easton.<ref name="amfm">{{cite web|url=http://www.amfm.org.uk/pirates/kiss-fm.html|title=Kiss FM – London pirate radio history – AM/FM|author=Stephen Hebditch|date=17 August 2014|work=Amfm.org.uk}}</ref> Transmitting seven-days from the start, it would be regularly taken off-air by the authorities and so became a weekend operation shortly afterwards.<ref name="amfm" />

The station developed a cult and committed following across [[Greater London]], with figures in the press at the time stating that the station commanded some 500,000 listeners while operating as an unlicensed pirate station, and an ''[[Evening Standard]]'' readers' poll in 1987 put Kiss second, behind [[Capital London|Capital Radio]].<ref name="macredbull">{{cite web|url=http://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2013/11/gordon-mac-essay|title=Gordon Mac: The Man Who Changed London Radio|date=8 November 2013|work=Red Bull Music Academy Daily|author=Stephen Titmus}}</ref> Gordon Mac approached a successful London club promoter, Guy Wingate, to discuss ways of improving the Kiss FM profile. As a result, Wingate launched the very successful Kiss nights at the Wag Club (which included the first ever UK [[acid house]] party – an idea put forward by [[Colin Faver]] and [[Danny Rampling]]), both DJs on the station. These nights increased the station's credibility with its target audience and Wingate joined the Kiss team, followed shortly thereafter by Lindsay Wesker. Kiss would also run its own night at [[Dingwalls]] and adopted the slogan ''Radical Radio''.<ref name="goddard" />

Mac and ten of the DJs on the station including [[Norman Jay]], [[Coldcut|Jonathan More]], [[Colin Faver]], [[Trevor Nelson]], and [[Tim Westwood]] would become "shareholders" in a company called Goodfoot Promotions, with Mac heading up the station as its majority holder.<ref name="goddard"/> By 1988, Kiss was at its strongest with a DJ line-up which had become the cream of London's clubland, and in that December, Mac and the other shareholders would announce that they would decide to close down in order to apply for a legal licence.<ref name="amfm"/> This was in response to the [[UK Government]] and [[Independent Broadcasting Authority]] (IBA) announcement that twenty new "[[incremental radio]]" licences would be advertised, including one for London.<ref name="goddard"/> Stations were told that they would have to voluntarily closedown when applying, and so on New Year's Eve 1988, the final broadcast went out with an outside broadcast at Dingwalls.<ref name="amfm"/>

[[File:Kiss_FM_Studio_Legal_Launch.jpg|left|thumb|Legal launch, Sept 1990 from the documentary 'Radical Radio']]
Kiss would submit a strong application with widespread support from listeners, clubs, record labels and music magazines, however on 12 July 1989, the IBA instead awarded the licence to [[102.2 Jazz FM|Jazz FM]].<ref name="goddard"/>

===Legal licence===
Despite the temptation to return to the air again illegally, Kiss held off as the IBA had said they would make more licences available, which they did in September 1989.<ref name="goddard"/> Kiss re-prepared their application, but this time got the backing and majority investment of media group [[Bauer Media Audio UK|EMAP]]. On 17 December 1989, the IBA announced that Kiss had been awarded a licence on their second attempt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amfm.org.uk/amfmnews/newsletter1.html |title=AM/FM – Spring 1990 |author=Stephen Hebditch |date=17 March 2002 |work= Amfm.org.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030205132320/http://www.amfm.org.uk/amfmnews/newsletter1.html |archive-date=5 February 2003 }}</ref><ref name="goddard"/>

Kiss established its new studios and office on [[Holloway Road]], and on 1 September 1990, Kiss began legal broadcasting as '''Kiss 100'''. Gordon Mac led a countdown in the studio to the official launch at 12pm; the first tune played being "Pirates Anthem" by [[Cocoa Tea]] and [[Shabba Ranks]], followed by [[Norman Jay]] hosting the very first full show.<ref name="amfm"/><ref name="kisslaunch">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/mcastKiss100fmKiss100fmFirstLegalBroadcast01mp3 |title=Kiss 100fm First Legal Broadcast – m:cast: Internet Archive|date=1 September 1990|work=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2015/04/keith-skues-and-gordon-mac-in-conversation |title=Keith Skues and Gordon Mac: A Conversation – Red Bull Music Academy Daily |date=9 April 2015 |work=RBMA Daily |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101141807if_/https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2015/04/keith-skues-and-gordon-mac-in-conversation |archive-date=1 November 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Channel 4]] documentary ''Radical Radio'' followed Kiss as it came off air as a pirate station, gained its licence, built its new studios, and commenced legal broadcasting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7b0ad468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204255/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7b0ad468|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2021|title=Radical Radio: The Story of Kiss Fm (1990)|work=[[BFI]]}}</ref>

{{clear}}

===Kiss 101 (Bristol)===
{{main|Kiss 101}}
Starting out as a [[Bristol]] pirate radio station, it became part of the [[Galaxy (radio network)|Galaxy Radio]] network broadcasting to [[South Wales]] and the [[West of England]], playing [[Pop music|pop]], [[dance music|dance]], [[Hip Hop music|hip hop]], [[Urban contemporary|urban]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] and [[electronic music]] as Galaxy 101. It was eventually bought by EMAP and became [[Kiss 101]] in September 2006 and part of the Kiss network.

===Kiss 102 (Manchester) and Kiss 105 (Yorkshire)===
{{main|Kiss 102|Kiss 105}}
The [[Faze FM]] group licensed the name and logo from Kiss 100 to launch [[Kiss 102]] in [[Manchester]] in October 1994. In February 1997, it expanded into [[Yorkshire]] launching [[Kiss 105]]. The group was later sold to [[Chrysalis Radio]], and by September 1997 both stations became part of the [[Galaxy (radio network)|Galaxy Radio]] network.

===Kiss 105–108 (East Anglia)===
{{main|Kiss 105-108}}
The East Anglian and Severn Estuary versions of Kiss were previously known as Vibe FM with DJs Nikki Elise and Ric Groves. EMAP bought the stations from [[Scottish Radio Holdings]] in August 2005, and rebranded them in September 2006.

In July 2023, [[Ofcom]] approved Bauer's request to the change the format of Kiss in the East of England. This meant that from the 12th September 2023, Kiss on 105.6 (Cambridge), 106.4 (Ipswich and Suffolk) and 107.7 (Peterborough) would have its format changed and carry Greatest Hits Radio instead. Kiss would however continue to broadcast on FM to Norwich and Norfolk across 106.1 effectively becoming a small local licence instead of a regional one. The change was approved despite opposition from [[Nation Broadcasting]] and [[Star Radio (Cambridge and Ely)|Star]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Nation and Star object to plans for Greatest Hits Radio to replace KISS |date=5 May 2023 |url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2023/05/nation-and-star-object-to-plans-for-greatest-hits-radio-to-replace-kiss/}}</ref>

===EMAP rebranding and criticism===

EMAP took full control of Kiss 100 as early as 1992, but with Mac having left the station in March 1998, EMAP would embark on a rebranding of the station and to align it with the rest of its radio operations.

In December 1998, one of the station's most popular DJs, Steve Jackson, was dismissed resulting in a high-profile court case,<ref name="stevejackson">{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/kiss-fm-sacked-its-leading-dj-because-he-was-black-1113407.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Kiss FM sacked its leading DJ 'because he was black' | date=17 August 1999 | access-date=7 May 2010 | author=Terri Judd}}</ref> whilst the changes led to criticism from both former presenters and listeners alike, concerned that Kiss 100 was losing its musical direction. DJs [[Coldcut]], Bob Jones, and Manasseh quit the station in January 1999 in protest at the changes being implemented.<ref name="coldcut">{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/coldcut/1007 |title=News | The Big Kiss-Off - News - NME.COM |date=24 January 1999 |work= New Musical Express|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518040525/http://www.nme.com/news/coldcut/1007 |archive-date=18 May 2008 }}</ref> Other DJs at this time were being lured away by the increasingly dance-oriented [[BBC Radio 1]].

Mark Story (previously of [[Magic 105.4]]) was appointed as the new Director of Music Programming, along with moving the Kiss studios and office to EMAPs main premises at Mappin House, [[Central London]], and creating a new logo.<ref name="musicmed">{{cite magazine|title=The Magic programmer's Story|magazine=Music & Media|date= 11 September 1999}}</ref> Andy Roberts became Kiss Programme Director.

In July 1999, ''[[The Independent]]'' reported: "In preparation for the new ad campaign, the biggest in the station's history, EMAP has spent twelve months changing the output of the station. Over ten DJs have parted company with the station, including Steve Jackson, who won the Sony breakfast show award this year. In the words of Mr Cox [EMAP marketing director], the music on the station has been "smoothed out"."<ref name="emapindep">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/media-a-kiss-goodbye-to-radical-radio-1106116.html|title=Media: A kiss goodbye to radical radio|author=Paul McCann|date=13 July 1999|work=The Independent}}</ref>

===Ofcom record fine===

In June 2006, Kiss 100 was fined £175,000 by media regulator Ofcom, a record fee for any UK commercial radio station. Ofcom punished Kiss 100 for "numerous and serious breaches" of broadcasting codes after receiving ten complaints from April to November 2005. They involved prank calls on the [[Peter Poulton|Bam Bam]] breakfast show where consent was not sought from the "victims" and controversial material aired when children were likely to be listening. Kiss 100 said it accepted the findings and apologised for any offence<ref name="ofcom">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5098936.stm | work=BBC News | title=Kiss FM handed record radio fine | date=20 June 2006 | access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref>

===Second rebranding and Kiss network===

EMAP introduced a second major revamp of the Kiss brand on 6 September 2006.<ref name="shakeup">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/sep/04/emap.radio | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Kiss and shake up | first=Julia | last=Day | date=4 September 2006 | access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref> This included a new logo designed by oddlondon, a renewed focus on dance music, more specialist shows and a new website for all three [[Kiss Network|Kiss stations]], replacing the previous website.

The relaunch was implemented simultaneously with the rebranding of Kiss 100's sister dance stations, Vibe 101 and Vibe 105–108 as [[Kiss 101]] and [[Kiss 105-108]] respectively. Changes at Kiss 100 were introduced to address falling listener figures and to keep the station competitive in the highly contested London market. Roberts became its Group Programme Director.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/aug/08/emap.commercialradio|title=Kiss changes tack to reclaim listeners|author=Julia Day|work=The Guardian|date=8 August 2006}}</ref>

A year later, EMAP sold its radio division to [[Bauer Radio]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/emap-sells-magazines-radio-divisions-bauer-114bn/772251|title=Emap sells magazines and radio divisions to Bauer for £1.14bn|work=Campaign Live|date=7 December 2007}}</ref>

===DAB changes and Rodigan departure===

In December 2010, Ofcom approved the request from Bauer to drop local programming content from the three Kiss stations, creating a national service on the condition that Kiss would be available on 35 DAB multiplexes around the UK on the day local information is dropped, rising to 38 within three months of the changes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2010/12/kiss-allowed-to-go-national/ |title= Kiss allowed to go national – RadioToday|work=Radio Today|date=17 December 2010}}</ref>

On 27 December 2012, Kiss 100 appeared nationally on Digital One's national DAB multiplex.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radiotoday.co.uk/2012/12/kiss-fm-appears-on-national-digital-one/|title= Kiss appears on Digital One – RadioToday|work=Radio Today|date=27 December 2012}}</ref>

[[David Rodigan]], who had been with Kiss since its legal launch in 1990, resigned in November 2012, citing the "continued marginalisation of reggae music" on the station.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/dj-david-rodigan-resigns-from-kiss-fm-over-marginalisation-of-reggae-music-8344087.html|title=DJ David Rodigan resigns from Kiss FM over 'marginalisation' of reggae music|author=David Burrell|work=The Independent|date=22 November 2012}}</ref>

Under Roberts, Kiss extended its stations, launching [[Kisstory]] in May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2013/05/bauer-gives-kisstory-its-own-radio-station/|title=Bauer gives Kisstory its own radio station|work=Radio Today|date=1 May 2013}}</ref>

===Norway and Finland===
On 26 February 2016, Kiss was launched in Norway rebranded from [[The Voice Hiphop & RnB Norway]] and Finland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://radiotoday.co.uk/2016/02/bauer-launches-kiss-in-norway-and-finland/|title=Bauer launches KISS in Norway and Finland – RadioToday|work=Radio Today|date=15 February 2016}}</ref>

=== FM changes ===
In January 2023, station owners Bauer submitted plans to Ofcom to change the format of the FM frequencies held by Kiss on 105.6 MHz (Cambridge), 106.4 MHz (Suffolk) and 107.7 MHz (Peterborough). The application was approved in July 2023, with the frequencies becoming relays of [[Greatest Hits Radio]], leaving Kiss on 100 MHz (London), 97.2 MHz (Bristol), 101 MHz (Severn Estuary) and 106.1 MHz (Norwich).

In August 2024, Bauer announced that Kiss would be replaced on FM in London, the Severn Estuary and Norwich by [[Hits Radio]], with Kiss retaining its frequency in Bristol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=Hits Radio to take over 100FM in London from KISS |url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2024/08/hits-radio-to-take-over-100fm-in-london-from-kiss/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=RadioToday |language=en-GB}}</ref> Then on 20 September 2024, Bauer announced that the switch will take place on 23 September, sooner than expected as it was believed that Bauer would wait until the new Media Act became law, eliminating the need to make a format change request to Ofcom. It was also announced that the 97.2 frequency in Bristol will also carry Hits Radio.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2024/09/hits-radio-takeover-of-kiss-100-fm-london-frequency-is-happening-this-monday/ |title=Hits Radio takeover of KISS 100 FM London frequency is happening this Monday |date=20 September 2024 }}</ref> On 22 September 2024, at 10 pm, Kiss became digital only.

===DAB+ Switchover===
In February 2025, it was announced that Kiss, along with Kisstory and several other Bauer-owned stations would be switched to stereo DAB+ from 31 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2025/03/absolute-radio-kiss-kisstory-and-magic-radio-to-change-to-dab/ | title=Absolute Radio, KISS, KISSTORY, and Magic Radio to change to DAB+ | date=3 March 2025 }}</ref>

== Programming ==
Programming is produced and broadcast from Bauer's London headquarters at The Lantern.

==Logo history==

<gallery>
File:Kiss 94 FM Logo.jpg|Kiss 94 FM logo from 1985 to 1989
File:Kissfm100 logo.png|Kiss 100's logo from 1990 to 1999
File:Kiss-100-old-logo.jpg|Kiss 100's logo from 1999 to 2006
File:Kiss-100-logo.png|Kiss 100's logo from 2006 to 2011
</gallery>

==DJs/presenters==
===Pirate and early legal era===
From 1985, DJs and presenters have included: [[Norman Jay]], [[Coldcut]] ([[Matt Black (DJ)|Matt Black]] & Jonathan More), [[Paul Trouble Anderson]], [[Colin Faver]], [[Judge Jules]], [[Tim Westwood]], [[Jazzie B]], Steve Jackson, [[Trevor Nelson]], [[Lisa I'Anson]], [[Danny Rampling]], and [[Gee Street|Richie Rich]].<ref name="amfm"/> At its legal launch and early 1990s, this would also include [[Graham Gold]], [[Dave Pearce]], [[David Rodigan]], [[Patrick Forge]], [[Somethin' Else (content agency)|Somethin' Else]] (Chris Phillips & [[Jez Nelson]]), and [[Gilles Peterson]].<ref name="kissmagazine">{{cite magazine|title=Kiss 100 FM A Summer Kiss |date=September 1992|publisher=EMAP Publishing|url=https://archive.org/details/Kiss100FMASummerKissMagazine|magazine=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

===Mid to late 1990s===
In the mid-late 1990s, DJs and presenters have included: [[Tall Paul (DJ)|Tall Paul]], [[Tuff Jam|Matt Jam Lamont]], [[Dreem Teem]], [[Fabio (DJ)|Fabio]] & [[Grooverider]], Pete Wardman, [[Brandon Block]], [[Jumpin Jack Frost]], [[Kenny Ken]], [[DJ Hype]], [[Ray Keith]], R-Solution ([[4hero]] & [[Kirk Degiorgio]]), [[Tony De Vit]], and [[Slipmatt]].

===2000s===
Since 2000, DJs and presenters have included: [[Bam Bam (radio presenter)|Bam Bam]], [[Andy C]], [[John Digweed]], [[Ali B (DJ)|Ali B]], [[Robin Banks]], [[Adam F]], [[DJ EZ]], [[Carl Cox]], [[DJ Hype]], [[Logan Sama]], [[DJ Hatcha]], [[Paul Oakenfold]], [[Armin van Buuren]], [[Rickie Haywood Williams]], [[Melvin Odoom]], [[Charlie Hedges]], [[Hed Kandi]], [[Philip George (DJ)|Philip George]], [[DJ S.K.T]], [[Jordan Banjo]] and [[Perri Kiely]], and [[Tyler West]].

==See also==
*''[[Kiss Does... Rave]]''

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*Grant Goddard, KISS FM: From Radical Radio to Big Business, 2011 Radio Books. {{ISBN|0-9564-9631-8}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}

{{Kiss Network}}
{{Bauer Verlagsgruppe}}
{{London radio}}
{{Media in the United Kingdom|radio}}

{{coord|51.51598|N|0.13844|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Bauer Radio]]
[[Category:Rhythmic contemporary radio stations]]
[[Category:Dance radio stations]]
[[Category:Radio stations in London]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 1985]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Former pirate radio stations]]
[[Category:Kiss Network]]
[[Category:Pirate radio stations in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Electronic dance music radio stations in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British radio networks]]

Brockwell Park

2025-06-08T12:55:45Z

77.86.103.78: Date of Lambeth Show, updated ref

{{Short description|Park in south London, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox park
| photo = Herne Hill skyline.jpg
| photo_width = 200
| photo_caption = The skyline from the highest point in Brockwell Park
| name = Brockwell Park
| location = [[London]], {{postcode|SE|24}} United Kingdom
| publictransit = {{rint|gb|rail}} {{rws|Herne Hill}}
| coords = {{coord|51|27|03|N|0|06|27|W|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|50.8|ha}}
| status =
| open = All year
}}

'''Brockwell Park''' is a {{convert|50.8|hectare|adj=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brockwellpark.co.uk/hlf_stage2/BPk_hlf_volunteer_plan.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-09-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120214247/http://www.brockwellpark.co.uk/hlf_stage2/BPk_hlf_volunteer_plan.pdf |archive-date=2008-11-20 }} page 4</ref> park located south of [[Brixton]], in [[Herne Hill]] and [[Tulse Hill]] in [[south London]]. It is bordered by the roads Brixton Water Lane, Norwood Road, Tulse Hill and Dulwich Road.

The park commands views of the skyline of [[City of London|the city]] and [[Central London]], and hosts almost 4 million annual
visits.<ref>{{cite web|title=SPACES WILD championing the values of London's wildlife sites|url=http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/sites/default/files/spaces-wild-london-wildlife-trust-oct2015.pdf|website=wildlondon.org|access-date=9 February 2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> At the top of the hill within the park stands Brockwell Hall.

Whilst competing against multiple demands from a broad range of other interests, the entirety of Brockwell Park is a [[Site of Importance for Nature Conservation]] (SINC) of Borough Importance (Grade I), with mature trees including ancient oaks, substantial lawn areas set to meadow, and a series of lakes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=LAM007|title=London Gardens Online|website=www.londongardensonline.org.uk|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214072525/http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=LAM007|url-status=dead}}</ref> As well as adding to the landscape value, these support a variety of birds, and bats including Pipistrelles, with frequent visits from rarer species like Daubentons, Noctule, Leisler's and Serotine bat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brockwellgreenhouses.org.uk/event/bat-walk-night/ |title=Bat Walk at Night - Brockwell Park Community Greenhouses |access-date=2017-12-13 |archive-date=2017-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214073209/http://www.brockwellgreenhouses.org.uk/event/bat-walk-night/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The park is listed for its heritage value on [[National Heritage List for England|The National Heritage List for England]], Parks & Gardens, Grade II. Noted for its nineteenth-century layout as a gracious public park, the clocktower, water garden, [[JJ Sexby]]-designed walled garden and other monuments, the park provides a pleasant exploration with links to its eighteenth-century agricultural past in the hedge lines, and mature oak trees.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1000794|desc=BROCKWELL PARK, Lambeth |access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> The model village houses outside the walled garden were originally donated to [[London County Council]] by Edgar Wilson in 1943.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rederick Powe, Chairman of Parks Committee, shakes hands over the plaque with Mr E.Wilson the donor.|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/rederick-powe-chairman-of-parks-committee-shakes-hands-over-news-photo/138599967#/rederick-powe-chairman-of-parks-committee-shakes-hands-over-the-with-picture-id138599967|website=Getty Images UK|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mr E.Wilson with his model village he has presented to the L.C.C..|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/license/138599961|website=Getty Images UK|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref>

The [[Brockwell Lido]], a Grade II listed [[art deco]] building near the north of the park, is an open-air swimming pool popular with swimmers and bathers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brockwell Lido|url=http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/places/brockwell-lido|publisher=Lambeth Council|access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref> Its attached café/restaurant is also popular. Other amenities in Brockwell Park include tennis courts, a bowling green, a BMX track and a miniature railway.<ref name="railway">{{cite web|url=http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/Services/Environment/ParksGreenSpaces/Parks/BrockwellPark.htm |title=London Borough of Lambeth | Brockwell Park |access-date=2008-11-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907072422/http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/Services/Environment/ParksGreenSpaces/Parks/BrockwellPark.htm |archive-date=2008-09-07 }}</ref>

Brockwell Park is open from 7.30 am to 15 minutes before sunset every day.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/places/brockwell-park|title=Brockwell Park {{!}} Lambeth Council|website=www.lambeth.gov.uk|access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Brockwell Hall.jpg|thumb|Brockwell Hall in 2012]]
The [[Grade II* listed]] Brockwell Hall<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brockwellpark.com/BHall/BHall.htm |title=Brockwell Park |access-date=2009-04-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302214006/http://brockwellpark.com/BHall/BHall.htm |archive-date=2009-03-02 }}</ref> was built between 1811 and 1813 when the area was part of Surrey and was the country seat of glass merchant John Blades Esq. The land and house were acquired by the [[London County Council]] (LCC) in March 1891 and opened to the public on 2 June in the following summer, led by the local MP [[Thomas Lynn Bristowe]]. At the unveiling, Bristowe died of a heart attack on the steps of the hall.

In 1901, the LCC acquired a further {{convert|43|acre|ha}} of land north of the original park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brockwellpark.com/history/history.htm|title=Friends of Brockwell Park|website=Friends of Brockwell Park|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402164351/http://www.brockwellpark.com/history/history.htm|archive-date=2 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 1920s, there were 13 cricket pitches in the park, which attracted crowds of up to 1,500. Brockwell Park was home to the [[Galton Institute]].

During [[World War I]] it is recorded that Brockwell Park grazed a large flock of sheep.<ref>{{cite web|title=Towards modern times|url=http://www.hernehillsociety.org.uk/news_articles/view/towards_modern_times|website=Herne Hill Society|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210235207/http://www.hernehillsociety.org.uk/news_articles/view/towards_modern_times|url-status=dead}}</ref> During [[World War II]], three sites in the park were set aside for wartime food production in the form of 'Pig Clubs', built of timber and bricks salvaged from bombed houses. Pig swill for this purpose was collected from local homes.<ref>{{cite web|title=World War II Pig Club, Brockwell Park, Herne Hill|url=http://landmark.lambeth.gov.uk/display_page.asp?section=landmark&id=11690|website=lambeth.gov|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211071737/http://landmark.lambeth.gov.uk/display_page.asp?section=landmark&id=11690|archive-date=11 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A bust of Thomas Bristowe was returned to the park and unveiled on its 120th birthday, 2012.

The park is Grade II listed on the [[Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England|Register of Historic Parks and Gardens]].<ref name=NHLE>{{NHLE|num=1000794|desc=Brockwell Park|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>

==Facilities==
[[File:Brockwell Park miniature railway.jpg|thumb|The track of the miniature railway]]
* A children's paddling pool (open in the summertime only)<ref name="auto"/>
* A dog free children's play area
* A [[miniature railway]]<ref name="railway"/> {{Track gauge|7.25in|lk=on}} [[Track gauge|gauge]]<ref>[https://www.travelbpmr.com/ Brockwell Park]</ref>
* One O'Clock Club<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/Services/EducationLearning/UnderFives/OneOClockClubs.htm |title=London Borough of Lambeth | One O'Clock Clubs |access-date=2009-04-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409112114/http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/Services/EducationLearning/UnderFives/OneOClockClubs.htm |archive-date=2009-04-09 }}</ref>
* A [[café]], inside Brockwell Hall at the top of the hill
* A [[walled garden]] with many flowers and herbs
* Community greenhouses<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brockwellgreenhouses.org.uk/|title=Brockwell Park Community Greenhouses Garden - Brockwell Park Community Greenhouses}}</ref>
* Three [[duck pond]]s

===Sports===
* The refurbished 1930s [[Brockwell Lido]] has, as well as the swimming pool, other health and fitness facilities<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brockwell-lido.co.uk/about.htm|title=Brockwell Lido - Fusion|access-date=2009-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530033937/http://www.brockwell-lido.co.uk/about.htm|archive-date=2009-05-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:BrockwellParkHut.jpg|thumb|A hut in Brockwell Park]]
* An all-weather pitch
* A [[Bowls|bowling]] green
* A purpose-built [[BMX]] track
* [[Tennis court]]s
* A Basketball/Volleyball court
* Grass and gravel [[Association football pitch|football pitch]]es
* Cricket nets
* A free weekly 5 km Saturday [[Parkrun]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parkrun.org.uk/brockwell/Home.aspx|title=Brockwell parkrun - Brockwell parkrun}}</ref>
* 5 a side football on Sunday

==Festivals and shows==
[[File:Lambeth Country Show 2015 Main Stage.jpg|thumb|Lambeth Country Show 2015 Main Stage]]
The park is home to the free [[Lambeth Country Show]], which is held over the second weekend of June, attracting crowds of up to 150,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.urban75.org/brixton/lambeth_country_show_brockwell_park.html|title=Lambeth Country Show, Brockwell Park, Herne Hill, London|work=[[Urban75]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/Country-Show/AboutTheShow/index.htm
|title=Lambeth Country Show | Lambeth Council |access-date=2012-07-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902093258/http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/Country-Show/AboutTheShow/index.htm|archive-date=2012-09-02|work=Lambeth Council }}</ref> A ticketed annual fireworks display, attracting 30,000 people, also takes place around November 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urban75.org/brixton/photos/november-2007.html|title=Fireworks and Sex Pistols, Brixton, November 2007, Brixton, Lambeth, London SW9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Urban|first1=Mike|title=Private company applies to take over the annual Brockwell Park fireworks display – and charge for entry|url=http://www.brixtonbuzz.com/2017/09/private-company-applies-to-take-over-the-annual-brockwell-park-fireworks-display-and-charge-for-entry/|website=Brixton Buzz|date=5 September 2017 |access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref>

Paid-for music events have been taking place in Brockwell Park for a number of years, including Found Festival in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://foundfestival.com/|title=Found Festival 2016|website=Found Festival 2016|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref> and Sunfall Festival in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunfall.co.uk/|title=Sunfall|website=SUNFALL|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref> As far back as 1913, it was said that, "On the whole probably the people in Brockwell Park, like those in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] and the other parks, would refuse the weaker Italian stuff and demand the [[Wagner]] over and over again".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=John Douglas|last2=Harwood|first2=Philip|last3=Herries Pollock|first3=Walter|last4=Harris|first4=Frank|last5=Hodge|first5=Harold|title=Carlisles Gift Lady|journal=The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art|date=1913|volume= 116|page=168}}</ref>

There is local opposition of monetizing the park and the erection of a 12 foot high steel fence around the pay to enter large festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brixtonblog.com/councils-brockwell-park-partner-says-giant-events-must-be-reconsidered/48914|title=Council's Brockwell Park partner says giant events must be reconsidered|date=13 December 2017|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> The park has previously hosted large-scale free to attend un-fenced music events, including an estimated crowd of 150,000 in attendance at a [[Rock Against Racism]] carnival in September 1978, headlined by [[Elvis Costello and The Attractions]], and with "''people in trees, on the roofs of the flats and on the lido wall''".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bushell|first1=Garry|title=One aim, one love, one destiny: Anti-Nazi League Carnival / Brixton|url=http://www.elviscostello.info/wiki/index.php/Sounds,_September_30,_1978|website=elviscostello.info|publisher=Sounds|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rachel|first1=Daniel|title=Walls Come Tumbling Down: The Music and Politics of Rock Against Racism, 2 Tone and Red Wedge|date=2016|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1447272700|pages=171–172}}</ref> Costello ended his Brockwell Park performance with the song '[[(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding]]'.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sullivan|first1=Steve|title=Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 1|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0810882966|page=869}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomson|first1=Graham|title=Complicated Shadows: The Life And Music Of Elvis Costello|date=2013|publisher=Canongate Books|isbn=978-1782111634}}</ref> A further Rock Against Racism event including performances by [[Aswad (band)|Aswad]] and [[Stiff Little Fingers]] was also held in the park in September 1979.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock Against Racism, Brockwell Park, London.|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/rock-against-racism-1979.html|website=ukrockfestivals.com|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref>

In May 1981, Aswad and [[Pete Townshend]] "swigging Remy Martin brandy"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Widgery|first1=David|title=Preserving Disorder: Selected Essays 1968-1988|date=1989|publisher=Pluto Press|page=118}}</ref> headlined a [[Trades Union Congress|TUC]] benefit gig for the 'People's March For Jobs' campaign, with a crowd of 70,000 in attendance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock For Jobs concert|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/Peoples-March-for-jobs-81.html|website=ukrockfestivals.com|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Dromey|first1=Jack|title=I backed Tony Benn - but now I'm backing Yvette Cooper, not Jeremy Corbyn|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/08/i-backed-tony-benn-now-im-backing-yvette-cooper-not-jeremy-corbyn|website=New Statesman|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref> In May 1982, Brockwell Park hosted a Cannabis Law Reform Rally, including "a wicked turbo sound rig with Jah Shaka, Coxone, King Sounds and DBC Rebel Radio´s boxes all connected in a huge horseshoe".<ref>{{cite web|title=Cannabis Law Reform Rally, Brockwell Park, Brixton.|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/law-reform.html|website=ukrockfestivals.com|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> [[Madness (band)|Madness]] also headlined a [[Greater London Council]] / [[CND]] 'Festival for Peace' in Brockwell Park in 1983, compered by [[John Peel]], with a crowd of 30,000 in attendance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater London Council Peace Festivals|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/glc-peace-festivals.html|website=ukrockfestivals.com|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> [[Paul Weller]]'s new band [[The Style Council]] made only their second public appearance at this festival. Unfortunate scheduling of the support acts, meant that many arriving in Brockwell Park hoping to see [[The Damned (band)|The Damned]] had already missed their 35-minute set, and subsequent support acts, including [[The Style Council]] and [[Hazel O'Connor]], were pelted with mud, amid chants of "We want The Damned".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Style Council|url=http://nostalgiacentral.com/music/artists-l-to-z/artists-s/the-style-council/|website=nostalgiacentral.com|access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hutchinson|first1=Barry|title=The Damned - the Chaos Years: An Unofficial Biography|date=2017|publisher=Lulu Press, Inc.|isbn=978-0244921552}}</ref>

In August 1984, the park hosted a [[Greater London Council|GLC]] free festival, where Leader [[Ken Livingstone]] gave a speech, and the increasingly rowdy crowd during performances by [[The Fall (band)|The Fall]] and [[Spear of Destiny (band)|Spear of Destiny]] was calmed by poet [[Benjamin Zephaniah]] before the headline set by [[The Damned (band)|The Damned]].<ref>{{cite web|title=GLC Free Festival Brockwell Park.|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/glc-festivals-1984.html|website=ukrockfestivals.com|access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref> One eyewitness recalls The Fall being pelted with cans during their performance, with singer [[Mark E. Smith]] narrowly dodging one effort, "about an inch from his face, when he suddenly twitched to the right and let it sail past him".<ref>{{cite web|title=Saturday, 4 August 1984: GLC Festival, Brockwell Park, Brixton|url=http://thefall.org/gigography/gig84.html|website=thefall.org|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref>

The park has also hosted reggae festivals,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Steele-Perkins|first1=Chris|title=GB. ENGLAND. London. Brixton. 1974.|url=https://pro.magnumphotos.com/C.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&STID=29YL534IW79|website=pro.magnumphotos.com|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> and the [[Pride London|London Pride]] festival in 1993 and 1994. In May 1994, an Anti Nazi League Carnival in Brockwell Park featured performances by [[The Manic Street Preachers]], [[Levellers (band)|The Levellers]], and [[Billy Bragg]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Anti Nazi League Carnival Against The Nazis May 28th 1994 Brockwell Park London|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSxIOpWeUMw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/aSxIOpWeUMw| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|website=YouTube|access-date=28 January 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Between 2000 and 2004, the park hosted an annual cannabis festival.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Urban|first1=Mike|title=Brixton 15 Years Ago: Jayday Cannabis Festival, RIP Pat from the Albert, and various street scenes, May 2002|url=http://www.brixtonbuzz.com/2017/05/brixton-15-years-ago-jayday-cannabis-festival-rip-pat-from-the-albert-and-bright-red-abandoned-car-may-2002/|publisher=Brixton Buzz|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> The cannabis festival was eventually stopped in 2005 by [[Lambeth Council]], after drug dealing at previous events.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cannabis gran speaks out at rally|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4540347.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref>

In June 2002, Australian band [[Midnight Oil]] headlined The Fierce Festival in Brockwell Park in front of a crowd of 20,000 people.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Brandle|first1=Lars|title=Fierce: A U.K. Fest for Aussies, Kiwis, South Africans|magazine=Billboard|date=8 June 2002|volume= 114|issue= 23|page=19}}</ref> A dance event called Purple in the Park was held on the preceding day, headlined by [[Grace Jones]], and including performances by [[Boy George]] and [[Yoko Ono]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Purple In The Park 2002|url=https://www.songkick.com/festivals/822504-purple-in-the-park/id/17763644-purple-in-the-park-2002|website=Songkick|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Purple In The Park...|url=http://www.overyourhead.co.uk/2002/06/purple-in-park.html|website=overyourhead.co.uk|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref> The two events, held over the Queen's Golden Jubilee weekend, had a capacity set at 50,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festival kick-starts gay empire|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1974776.stm|website=BBC News|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, Brockwell Park hosted [[Field Day (festival)|Field Day]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukfestivalguides.com/news/05022018/field-day-2018-first-line-up-announcement/|title=Field Day 2018 First Line Up Announcement|work=UK Festivals Guides}}</ref> and [[Mighty Hoopla]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukfestivalguides.com/festivals/the-mighty-hoop-la/2018/|title=The Mighty Hoop-La The Mighty Hoop-La|work=UK Festivals Guides}}</ref> festivals for the first time. In 2019, the Park also hosted Cross The Tracks<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefestivalcalendar.co.uk/festivals/Cross_The_Tracks_2019|title=Cross The Tracks festival details|work=The Festival Calendar}}</ref>. In 2021, the Wide Awake festival launched in the Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefestivals.uk/wide-awake-2021-lineup/|title=Wide Awake announce IDLES, Goat Girl, Los Bitchos + more|work=The Festivals.uk}}</ref> In 2022, City Splash moved to the Park also.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.summerfestivalguide.co.uk/festival-news/2022/05/06/city-splash-announces-2022-line-up/|title=City Splash Announces 2022 line-up|work=Summer Festival Guide}}</ref> With the addition of Project 6<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefestivals.uk/project-6-outlook/|title=Outlook presents new London festival Project 6|work=The Festivals.uk}}</ref> in 2023, these became part of the ''Brockwell Live'' series of festivals, running from late May to early June.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brixtonbid.co.uk/summer-2023-brockwell-live-events/|title=Summer 2023 Brockwell Live Events|work=Brixton BID}}</ref>

Poor weather in 2024 combined with the festival season led to deteriorating conditions in the Park, resulting in the cancellation of a free family event Brockwell Bounce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c3gg8p770eeo|title=Event cancelled after park 'churned up' by festivals|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/muddy-hell-for-mighty-hoopla-as-revellers-get-wellies-out-for-nelly-furtado-b1161494.html|title=Thousands gear up for Mighty Hoopla music festival despite fears over muddy conditions|date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Evening Standard]]}}</ref> This led to growing opposition of the heavy use of the Park for festivals, from groups including Friends of Brockwell Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.friendsofbrockwellpark.org/events-damage-to-park-summer-2024/|title=Events damage to Park summer 2024|date=10 July 2024|work=Friends of Brockwell Park}}</ref> In 2025, a group named Protect Brockwell Park<ref>{{cite web|url=https://protectbrockwellpark.org/|title=Protect Brockwell Park|work=Protect Brockwell Park}}</ref> continued opposition and launched legal action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/lambeth-brockwell-park-mighty-hoopla-field-day-wide-awake-lambeth-country-show-legal-challenge-b1225467.html|title=Battle over Brockwell Park escalates as locals warn area could become ‘soulless’ without music festivals|date=1 May 2025|work=[[The Evening Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cx2wrrdgl77o|title=Campaigners call for end to big festivals in park|date=27 April 2025|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> On 16 May, the group won their legal challenge against [[Lambeth Council]] at the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]], putting the 2025 festivals at risk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c20nkqd30dqo|title=Campaigner wins legal fight over park festivals|date=16 May 2025|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

Lambeth Council and ''Brockwell Live'' announced on 20 May that the judgment concerned "a particular point of law and whether an administrative process had been carried out correctly"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/brockwell-park-festivals-wide-awake-city-splash-cross-the-tracks-field-day-b1228527.html|title=Brockwell Park festival organisers say events will go ahead despite High Court ruling|date=20 May 2025|work=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref> and the festivals would go ahead as planned. Despite further opposition from Protect Brockwell Park that the High Court ruling meant that this was not the case, Lambeth Council approved new planning for the festivals on the eve of them commencing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brixtonbuzz.com/2025/05/from-unlawful-to-approved-in-48-hours-lambeths-magic-planning-trick-gives-brockwell-live-the-green-light/|title=From unlawful to approved in 48 hours: Lambeth’s magic planning trick gives Brockwell Live the green light|date=22 May 2025|work=Brixton Buzz}}</ref>

==Brockwell Park in popular culture==
The San Francisco band [[Red House Painters]] wrote a song about the park, named "Brockwell Park", for their 1995 album ''[[Ocean Beach (album)|Ocean Beach]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Songs Of Brixton: Brockwell Park by Red House Painters|url=http://www.brixtonbuzz.com/2012/11/songs-of-brixton-brockwell-park-by-red-house-painters/|website=Brixton Buzz|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref> The Ocean Beach album also features an unlisted hidden track, referred to as "Brockwell Park (Part 2)".

In a 2015 ''[[Adele at the BBC]]'' TV special, singer and songwriter [[Adele]] said her song "[[Million Years Ago (song)|Million Years Ago]]" was related to Brockwell Park, stating: "I drove past Brockwell Park, which is a park in south London I used to live by. It's where I spent a lot of my youth. It has quite monumental moments of my life that I've spent there, and I drove past it and I just literally burst into tears."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Iasimone|first1=Ashley|title=Adele Performs 'Million Years Ago' and 'Hometown Glory' on BBC Special: Watch|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6770327/adele-million-years-ago-hometown-glory-bbc-video|website=billboard.com|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref>

Brockwell Park is the setting for the music video of "Do Your Thing" by local band [[Basement Jaxx]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Andrew Jaxx - Do Your Thing|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S12iI1p8lpE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/S12iI1p8lpE| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|website=YouTube|access-date=6 September 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Brockwell Park was used as a filming base camp for the 2015 movie [[The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (film)|The Man from U.N.C.L.E]] directed by [[Guy Ritchie]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Palmer|first1=Jim|title=Location guide: Inside The Man From Uncle's south London, Kent and Surrey locations|url=http://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/13522794.Location_guide__Inside_The_Man_From_Uncle___s_south_London__Kent_and_Surrey_locations/|website=News Shopper|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref>

The park is a key location in [[Mo Hayder]]'s crime novel [[The Treatment (novel)|''The Treatment'']].{{cn|date=August 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://brockwellparkcommunitypartners.org.uk Brockwell Park Community Partners]
*[http://www.brockwellgreenhouses.org.uk Brockwell Park Community Greenhouses]
*[http://www.travelBPMR.com The Brockwell Park Miniature Railway]
*[http://www.brockwellpark.com Friends of Brockwell Park]
*[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=49778 Survey of London entries on Brockwell Hall and Brockwell Park (1851)]
*[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=49849 Plan and elevations of Brockwell Hall]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061008165715/http://www.ideal-homes.org.uk/lambeth/herne-hill/brockwell-hall-1820.htm Image of Brockwell Hall in 1820]
*[http://www.urban75.org/brixton/features/brockwell.html urban75 e-zine on Brockwell Park]
*[http://www.parkrun.org.uk/brockwell/Home.aspx Brockwell Parkrun]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110717034014/http://landmark.lambeth.gov.uk/display_page.asp?section=landmark_fullsize&id=4092 Sketch of Brockwell Hall and park in 1820]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjQUlS-DW8c Clock restoration, Brockwell Park, London]
{{LB Lambeth}}
{{Parks and open spaces in London}}

[[Category:1892 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1892 in London]]
[[Category:Grade II listed parks and gardens in London]]
[[Category:Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Lambeth]]
[[Category:Former houses in the London Borough of Lambeth]]

Bedford River Festival

2025-05-30T12:23:02Z

77.86.103.78: Previous edit does not support attendance figure, rv until a ref can be supplied

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Bedford River Festival
| image = File:Bedford Suspension Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 881756.jpg
| caption = Bedford Suspension Bridge - 2008 festival
| frequency = Biennial
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| location = [[Bedford]], England
| years_active = 1978-
| founders = Bedford Borough Council
| dates =
| last = {{start date|2024|7|20|df=y}} – {{end date|2024|7|21|df=y}}
| next = {{start date|2026|7|19|df=y}} – {{end date|2026|7|20|df=y}}
| genre =
| attendance = 250,000
| budget =
| patron =
| website = https://riverfestival.bedford.gov.uk/
}}

The '''Bedford River Festival''' is a free festival held biennially in [[Bedford]], [[England]] on the banks of the [[River Great Ouse]].

==History==

Bedford River Festival was founded in 1978 to celebrate the completion of a navigable route, by water, between [[Bedford]] and [[The Wash]]. <ref name="bbc3cr">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/content/articles/2006/07/17/bedford_river_festival_2006_feature.shtml |title=BBC Beds Herts and Bucks - Messing about at the Bedford River Festival|work=BBC|date=17 July 2006}}</ref> Originally it was held annually during the late May [[bank holiday]] but for many years has been [[wikt:biennial|biennial]] and held over either the second or third weekend in July.

The festival attracts an estimated 250,000 people over the weekend, and boat owners from across the country.<ref name="bbcnarrow">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-44819016|title=Narrow boaters cross The Wash for Bedford River Festival|date=14 July 2018|work=BBC}}</ref> It is believed to be the second largest free outdoor event in the [[United Kingdom]], after the [[Notting Hill Carnival]].<ref name="bbcriver">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/threecounties/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_8816000/8816763.stm|title=Bedford River Festival 2010 |work=BBC|date=13 July 2010}}</ref>

Music across the five stages includes local bands and artists, singing groups, with headliners including the [[Dub Pistols]], <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bedfordtoday.co.uk/whats-on/music/bands-to-bring-party-vibes-to-town-for-bedford-river-festival-1-8561697|title=Bands to bring party vibes to town for Bedford River Festival|date=9 July 2018|website=Bedford Today}}</ref> and DJs such as [[DJ Spoony]], [[Fabio (DJ)|Fabio]] and [[Danny Rampling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bedfordindependent.co.uk/beats-and-beer-as-hops-and-dreams-announces-epic-music-lineup/|title=Beats and beer as Hops and Dreams announces epic music lineup|date=9 October 2019|website=Bedfordindependent.co.uk}}</ref> In 2024, acts performing on the main stage in Russell Park included local bands The Life of Riley, The Pride, and Sunsinger and the High Seas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=Looking forward to Bedford River Festival? Here's everything you need to know |url=https://www.bedfordtoday.co.uk/news/people/looking-forward-to-bedford-river-festival-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-4678553 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Bedford Today |language=en}}</ref>

Following redevelopment of part of the riverside, the 2018 festival expanded into neighbouring St Mary's Gardens,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebedfordclanger.com/2018/bedford-river-festival-heritage-culture/|title=Bedford River Festival – heritage and culture|work=The Bedford Clanger|date=12 July 2018}}</ref> site of a previous council-run free music festival named ''Lazy Sunday''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bedfordbypass.wordpress.com/2013/05/08/lazing-by-the-river/|title=Lazing by the River | bedford bypass|date=8 May 2013|work=Bedford Bypass}}</ref>

The 2020 festival was cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The event successfully returned in July 2022 with the next Bedford River Festival scheduled to take place in July 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://riverfestival.bedford.gov.uk|title=Bedford River Festival|work=Bedford.gov.uk}}</ref>

==Festival programme==

The festival has grown significantly in recent years, with:

* Five stages - including the main stage, two community stages, an acoustic stage, and dance music stage
* Boat shows/parades of [[narrowboat|narrowboats]] and [[yacht|yachts]]
* A [[parade]] with [[Float (parade)|floats]] of local organisations and businesses
* Races - including [[Raft race|raft races]], [[Dragon boat|Dragon boat races]], [[canoeing]]
* Community field - for local charities and organisations
* A sports village
* [[Street food]] area
* An arts and crafts area
* A [[travelling funfair]] area
* A [[firework display]]
* Vehicle rally

==Image gallery==

<gallery>
File:RaftRaceBedfordRiverFestival.JPG|Participants in a raft race - 2008 festival
File:WEW2RiverFestivalParade.JPG|Float in the parade - 2010 festival
File:Bedford_River_Festival_Canoes.jpg|Canoes on the river - 2012 festival
File:Bedford_River_Festival_Music_Stage.jpg|In2Beats radio stage - 2012 festival
File:Bedford_River_Festival_Main_Stage.jpg|The main stage - 2014 festival
File:Bedford_River_Festival_Embankment.jpg|View of the embankment - 2016 festival
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://riverfestival.bedford.gov.uk/ Official website]

{{coords|52.134|-0.462|display=title}}

[[Category:Bedford]]
[[Category:Festivals in Bedfordshire]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Raft races]]

Brockwell Park

2025-05-22T20:21:18Z

77.86.103.78: Further opposition and council approve at the last minute

{{Short description|Park in south London, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox park
| photo = Herne Hill skyline.jpg
| photo_width = 200
| photo_caption = The skyline from the highest point in Brockwell Park
| name = Brockwell Park
| location = [[London]], {{postcode|SE|24}} United Kingdom
| publictransit = {{rint|gb|rail}} {{rws|Herne Hill}}
| coords = {{coord|51|27|03|N|0|06|27|W|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|50.8|ha}}
| status =
| open = All year
}}

'''Brockwell Park''' is a {{convert|50.8|hectare|adj=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brockwellpark.co.uk/hlf_stage2/BPk_hlf_volunteer_plan.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-09-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120214247/http://www.brockwellpark.co.uk/hlf_stage2/BPk_hlf_volunteer_plan.pdf |archive-date=2008-11-20 }} page 4</ref> park located south of [[Brixton]], in [[Herne Hill]] and [[Tulse Hill]] in [[south London]]. It is bordered by the roads Brixton Water Lane, Norwood Road, Tulse Hill and Dulwich Road.

The park commands views of the skyline of [[City of London|the city]] and [[Central London]], and hosts almost 4 million annual
visits.<ref>{{cite web|title=SPACES WILD championing the values of London's wildlife sites|url=http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/sites/default/files/spaces-wild-london-wildlife-trust-oct2015.pdf|website=wildlondon.org|access-date=9 February 2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> At the top of the hill within the park stands Brockwell Hall.

Whilst competing against multiple demands from a broad range of other interests, the entirety of Brockwell Park is a [[Site of Importance for Nature Conservation]] (SINC) of Borough Importance (Grade I), with mature trees including ancient oaks, substantial lawn areas set to meadow, and a series of lakes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=LAM007|title=London Gardens Online|website=www.londongardensonline.org.uk|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214072525/http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.php?ID=LAM007|url-status=dead}}</ref> As well as adding to the landscape value, these support a variety of birds, and bats including Pipistrelles, with frequent visits from rarer species like Daubentons, Noctule, Leisler's and Serotine bat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brockwellgreenhouses.org.uk/event/bat-walk-night/ |title=Bat Walk at Night - Brockwell Park Community Greenhouses |access-date=2017-12-13 |archive-date=2017-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214073209/http://www.brockwellgreenhouses.org.uk/event/bat-walk-night/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The park is listed for its heritage value on [[National Heritage List for England|The National Heritage List for England]], Parks & Gardens, Grade II. Noted for its nineteenth-century layout as a gracious public park, the clocktower, water garden, [[JJ Sexby]]-designed walled garden and other monuments, the park provides a pleasant exploration with links to its eighteenth-century agricultural past in the hedge lines, and mature oak trees.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1000794|desc=BROCKWELL PARK, Lambeth |access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> The model village houses outside the walled garden were originally donated to [[London County Council]] by Edgar Wilson in 1943.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rederick Powe, Chairman of Parks Committee, shakes hands over the plaque with Mr E.Wilson the donor.|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/rederick-powe-chairman-of-parks-committee-shakes-hands-over-news-photo/138599967#/rederick-powe-chairman-of-parks-committee-shakes-hands-over-the-with-picture-id138599967|website=Getty Images UK|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mr E.Wilson with his model village he has presented to the L.C.C..|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/license/138599961|website=Getty Images UK|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref>

The [[Brockwell Lido]], a Grade II listed [[art deco]] building near the north of the park, is an open-air swimming pool popular with swimmers and bathers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brockwell Lido|url=http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/places/brockwell-lido|publisher=Lambeth Council|access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref> Its attached café/restaurant is also popular. Other amenities in Brockwell Park include tennis courts, a bowling green, a BMX track and a miniature railway.<ref name="railway">{{cite web|url=http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/Services/Environment/ParksGreenSpaces/Parks/BrockwellPark.htm |title=London Borough of Lambeth | Brockwell Park |access-date=2008-11-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907072422/http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/Services/Environment/ParksGreenSpaces/Parks/BrockwellPark.htm |archive-date=2008-09-07 }}</ref>

Brockwell Park is open from 7.30 am to 15 minutes before sunset every day.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/places/brockwell-park|title=Brockwell Park {{!}} Lambeth Council|website=www.lambeth.gov.uk|access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Brockwell Hall.jpg|thumb|Brockwell Hall in 2012]]
The [[Grade II* listed]] Brockwell Hall<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brockwellpark.com/BHall/BHall.htm |title=Brockwell Park |access-date=2009-04-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302214006/http://brockwellpark.com/BHall/BHall.htm |archive-date=2009-03-02 }}</ref> was built between 1811 and 1813 when the area was part of Surrey and was the country seat of glass merchant John Blades Esq. The land and house were acquired by the [[London County Council]] (LCC) in March 1891 and opened to the public on 2 June in the following summer, led by the local MP [[Thomas Lynn Bristowe]]. At the unveiling, Bristowe died of a heart attack on the steps of the hall.

In 1901, the LCC acquired a further {{convert|43|acre|ha}} of land north of the original park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brockwellpark.com/history/history.htm|title=Friends of Brockwell Park|website=Friends of Brockwell Park|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402164351/http://www.brockwellpark.com/history/history.htm|archive-date=2 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 1920s, there were 13 cricket pitches in the park, which attracted crowds of up to 1,500. Brockwell Park was home to the [[Galton Institute]].

During [[World War I]] it is recorded that Brockwell Park grazed a large flock of sheep.<ref>{{cite web|title=Towards modern times|url=http://www.hernehillsociety.org.uk/news_articles/view/towards_modern_times|website=Herne Hill Society|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210235207/http://www.hernehillsociety.org.uk/news_articles/view/towards_modern_times|url-status=dead}}</ref> During [[World War II]], three sites in the park were set aside for wartime food production in the form of 'Pig Clubs', built of timber and bricks salvaged from bombed houses. Pig swill for this purpose was collected from local homes.<ref>{{cite web|title=World War II Pig Club, Brockwell Park, Herne Hill|url=http://landmark.lambeth.gov.uk/display_page.asp?section=landmark&id=11690|website=lambeth.gov|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211071737/http://landmark.lambeth.gov.uk/display_page.asp?section=landmark&id=11690|archive-date=11 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A bust of Thomas Bristowe was returned to the park and unveiled on its 120th birthday, 2012.

The park is Grade II listed on the [[Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England|Register of Historic Parks and Gardens]].<ref name=NHLE>{{NHLE|num=1000794|desc=Brockwell Park|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>

==Facilities==
[[File:Brockwell Park miniature railway.jpg|thumb|The track of the miniature railway]]
* A children's paddling pool (open in the summertime only)<ref name="auto"/>
* A dog free children's play area
* A [[miniature railway]]<ref name="railway"/> {{Track gauge|7.25in|lk=on}} [[Track gauge|gauge]]<ref>[https://www.travelbpmr.com/ Brockwell Park]</ref>
* One O'Clock Club<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/Services/EducationLearning/UnderFives/OneOClockClubs.htm |title=London Borough of Lambeth | One O'Clock Clubs |access-date=2009-04-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409112114/http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/Services/EducationLearning/UnderFives/OneOClockClubs.htm |archive-date=2009-04-09 }}</ref>
* A [[café]], inside Brockwell Hall at the top of the hill
* A [[walled garden]] with many flowers and herbs
* Community greenhouses<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brockwellgreenhouses.org.uk/|title=Brockwell Park Community Greenhouses Garden - Brockwell Park Community Greenhouses}}</ref>
* Three [[duck pond]]s

===Sports===
* The refurbished 1930s [[Brockwell Lido]] has, as well as the swimming pool, other health and fitness facilities<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brockwell-lido.co.uk/about.htm|title=Brockwell Lido - Fusion|access-date=2009-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530033937/http://www.brockwell-lido.co.uk/about.htm|archive-date=2009-05-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:BrockwellParkHut.jpg|thumb|A hut in Brockwell Park]]
* An all-weather pitch
* A [[Bowls|bowling]] green
* A purpose-built [[BMX]] track
* [[Tennis court]]s
* A Basketball/Volleyball court
* Grass and gravel [[Association football pitch|football pitch]]es
* Cricket nets
* A free weekly 5 km Saturday [[Parkrun]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parkrun.org.uk/brockwell/Home.aspx|title=Brockwell parkrun - Brockwell parkrun}}</ref>
* 5 a side football on Sunday

==Festivals and shows==
[[File:Lambeth Country Show 2015 Main Stage.jpg|thumb|Lambeth Country Show 2015 Main Stage]]
The park is home to the free [[Lambeth Country Show]], which usually takes place over two days in July, attracting crowds of up to 150,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urban75.org/brixton/features/country-show-2006.html|title=Lambeth Country Show, Brockwell Park, Herne Hill, London 15 - 16 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/Country-Show/index.htm |title=Lambeth Country Show | Lambeth Council |access-date=2012-07-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711065945/http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/Country-Show/index.htm |archive-date=2012-07-11 }}</ref> A ticketed annual fireworks display, attracting 30,000 people, also takes place around November 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urban75.org/brixton/photos/november-2007.html|title=Fireworks and Sex Pistols, Brixton, November 2007, Brixton, Lambeth, London SW9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Urban|first1=Mike|title=Private company applies to take over the annual Brockwell Park fireworks display – and charge for entry|url=http://www.brixtonbuzz.com/2017/09/private-company-applies-to-take-over-the-annual-brockwell-park-fireworks-display-and-charge-for-entry/|website=Brixton Buzz|date=5 September 2017 |access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref>

Paid-for music events have been taking place in Brockwell Park for a number of years, including Found Festival in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://foundfestival.com/|title=Found Festival 2016|website=Found Festival 2016|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref> and Sunfall Festival in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunfall.co.uk/|title=Sunfall|website=SUNFALL|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref> As far back as 1913, it was said that, "On the whole probably the people in Brockwell Park, like those in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] and the other parks, would refuse the weaker Italian stuff and demand the [[Wagner]] over and over again".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=John Douglas|last2=Harwood|first2=Philip|last3=Herries Pollock|first3=Walter|last4=Harris|first4=Frank|last5=Hodge|first5=Harold|title=Carlisles Gift Lady|journal=The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art|date=1913|volume= 116|page=168}}</ref>

There is local opposition of monetizing the park and the erection of a 12 foot high steel fence around the pay to enter large festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brixtonblog.com/councils-brockwell-park-partner-says-giant-events-must-be-reconsidered/48914|title=Council's Brockwell Park partner says giant events must be reconsidered|date=13 December 2017|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> The park has previously hosted large-scale free to attend un-fenced music events, including an estimated crowd of 150,000 in attendance at a [[Rock Against Racism]] carnival in September 1978, headlined by [[Elvis Costello and The Attractions]], and with "''people in trees, on the roofs of the flats and on the lido wall''".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bushell|first1=Garry|title=One aim, one love, one destiny: Anti-Nazi League Carnival / Brixton|url=http://www.elviscostello.info/wiki/index.php/Sounds,_September_30,_1978|website=elviscostello.info|publisher=Sounds|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rachel|first1=Daniel|title=Walls Come Tumbling Down: The Music and Politics of Rock Against Racism, 2 Tone and Red Wedge|date=2016|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1447272700|pages=171–172}}</ref> Costello ended his Brockwell Park performance with the song '[[(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding]]'.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sullivan|first1=Steve|title=Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 1|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0810882966|page=869}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomson|first1=Graham|title=Complicated Shadows: The Life And Music Of Elvis Costello|date=2013|publisher=Canongate Books|isbn=978-1782111634}}</ref> A further Rock Against Racism event including performances by [[Aswad (band)|Aswad]] and [[Stiff Little Fingers]] was also held in the park in September 1979.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock Against Racism, Brockwell Park, London.|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/rock-against-racism-1979.html|website=ukrockfestivals.com|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref>

In May 1981, Aswad and [[Pete Townshend]] "swigging Remy Martin brandy"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Widgery|first1=David|title=Preserving Disorder: Selected Essays 1968-1988|date=1989|publisher=Pluto Press|page=118}}</ref> headlined a [[Trades Union Congress|TUC]] benefit gig for the 'People's March For Jobs' campaign, with a crowd of 70,000 in attendance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock For Jobs concert|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/Peoples-March-for-jobs-81.html|website=ukrockfestivals.com|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Dromey|first1=Jack|title=I backed Tony Benn - but now I'm backing Yvette Cooper, not Jeremy Corbyn|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/08/i-backed-tony-benn-now-im-backing-yvette-cooper-not-jeremy-corbyn|website=New Statesman|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref> In May 1982, Brockwell Park hosted a Cannabis Law Reform Rally, including "a wicked turbo sound rig with Jah Shaka, Coxone, King Sounds and DBC Rebel Radio´s boxes all connected in a huge horseshoe".<ref>{{cite web|title=Cannabis Law Reform Rally, Brockwell Park, Brixton.|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/law-reform.html|website=ukrockfestivals.com|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> [[Madness (band)|Madness]] also headlined a [[Greater London Council]] / [[CND]] 'Festival for Peace' in Brockwell Park in 1983, compered by [[John Peel]], with a crowd of 30,000 in attendance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greater London Council Peace Festivals|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/glc-peace-festivals.html|website=ukrockfestivals.com|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> [[Paul Weller]]'s new band [[The Style Council]] made only their second public appearance at this festival. Unfortunate scheduling of the support acts, meant that many arriving in Brockwell Park hoping to see [[The Damned (band)|The Damned]] had already missed their 35-minute set, and subsequent support acts, including [[The Style Council]] and [[Hazel O'Connor]], were pelted with mud, amid chants of "We want The Damned".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Style Council|url=http://nostalgiacentral.com/music/artists-l-to-z/artists-s/the-style-council/|website=nostalgiacentral.com|access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hutchinson|first1=Barry|title=The Damned - the Chaos Years: An Unofficial Biography|date=2017|publisher=Lulu Press, Inc.|isbn=978-0244921552}}</ref>

In August 1984, the park hosted a [[Greater London Council|GLC]] free festival, where Leader [[Ken Livingstone]] gave a speech, and the increasingly rowdy crowd during performances by [[The Fall (band)|The Fall]] and [[Spear of Destiny (band)|Spear of Destiny]] was calmed by poet [[Benjamin Zephaniah]] before the headline set by [[The Damned (band)|The Damned]].<ref>{{cite web|title=GLC Free Festival Brockwell Park.|url=http://www.ukrockfestivals.com/glc-festivals-1984.html|website=ukrockfestivals.com|access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref> One eyewitness recalls The Fall being pelted with cans during their performance, with singer [[Mark E. Smith]] narrowly dodging one effort, "about an inch from his face, when he suddenly twitched to the right and let it sail past him".<ref>{{cite web|title=Saturday, 4 August 1984: GLC Festival, Brockwell Park, Brixton|url=http://thefall.org/gigography/gig84.html|website=thefall.org|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref>

The park has also hosted reggae festivals,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Steele-Perkins|first1=Chris|title=GB. ENGLAND. London. Brixton. 1974.|url=https://pro.magnumphotos.com/C.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&STID=29YL534IW79|website=pro.magnumphotos.com|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> and the [[Pride London|London Pride]] festival in 1993 and 1994. In May 1994, an Anti Nazi League Carnival in Brockwell Park featured performances by [[The Manic Street Preachers]], [[Levellers (band)|The Levellers]], and [[Billy Bragg]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Anti Nazi League Carnival Against The Nazis May 28th 1994 Brockwell Park London|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSxIOpWeUMw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/aSxIOpWeUMw| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|website=YouTube|access-date=28 January 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Between 2000 and 2004, the park hosted an annual cannabis festival.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Urban|first1=Mike|title=Brixton 15 Years Ago: Jayday Cannabis Festival, RIP Pat from the Albert, and various street scenes, May 2002|url=http://www.brixtonbuzz.com/2017/05/brixton-15-years-ago-jayday-cannabis-festival-rip-pat-from-the-albert-and-bright-red-abandoned-car-may-2002/|publisher=Brixton Buzz|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> The cannabis festival was eventually stopped in 2005 by [[Lambeth Council]], after drug dealing at previous events.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cannabis gran speaks out at rally|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4540347.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref>

In June 2002, Australian band [[Midnight Oil]] headlined The Fierce Festival in Brockwell Park in front of a crowd of 20,000 people.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Brandle|first1=Lars|title=Fierce: A U.K. Fest for Aussies, Kiwis, South Africans|magazine=Billboard|date=8 June 2002|volume= 114|issue= 23|page=19}}</ref> A dance event called Purple in the Park was held on the preceding day, headlined by [[Grace Jones]], and including performances by [[Boy George]] and [[Yoko Ono]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Purple In The Park 2002|url=https://www.songkick.com/festivals/822504-purple-in-the-park/id/17763644-purple-in-the-park-2002|website=Songkick|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Purple In The Park...|url=http://www.overyourhead.co.uk/2002/06/purple-in-park.html|website=overyourhead.co.uk|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref> The two events, held over the Queen's Golden Jubilee weekend, had a capacity set at 50,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festival kick-starts gay empire|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1974776.stm|website=BBC News|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, Brockwell Park hosted [[Field Day (festival)|Field Day]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukfestivalguides.com/news/05022018/field-day-2018-first-line-up-announcement/|title=Field Day 2018 First Line Up Announcement|work=UK Festivals Guides}}</ref> and [[Mighty Hoopla]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukfestivalguides.com/festivals/the-mighty-hoop-la/2018/|title=The Mighty Hoop-La The Mighty Hoop-La|work=UK Festivals Guides}}</ref> festivals for the first time. In 2019, the Park also hosted Cross The Tracks<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefestivalcalendar.co.uk/festivals/Cross_The_Tracks_2019|title=Cross The Tracks festival details|work=The Festival Calendar}}</ref>. In 2021, the Wide Awake festival launched in the Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefestivals.uk/wide-awake-2021-lineup/|title=Wide Awake announce IDLES, Goat Girl, Los Bitchos + more|work=The Festivals.uk}}</ref> In 2022, City Splash moved to the Park also.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.summerfestivalguide.co.uk/festival-news/2022/05/06/city-splash-announces-2022-line-up/|title=City Splash Announces 2022 line-up|work=Summer Festival Guide}}</ref> With the addition of Project 6<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefestivals.uk/project-6-outlook/|title=Outlook presents new London festival Project 6|work=The Festivals.uk}}</ref> in 2023, these became part of the ''Brockwell Live'' collective, running from the end of May to start of June.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brixtonbid.co.uk/summer-2023-brockwell-live-events/|title=Summer 2023 Brockwell Live Events|work=Brixton BID}}</ref>

Poor weather in 2024 combined with the festival season led to deteriorating conditions in the Park, resulting in the cancellation of a free family event Brockwell Bounce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c3gg8p770eeo|title=Event cancelled after park 'churned up' by festivals|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/muddy-hell-for-mighty-hoopla-as-revellers-get-wellies-out-for-nelly-furtado-b1161494.html|title=Thousands gear up for Mighty Hoopla music festival despite fears over muddy conditions|date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Evening Standard]]}}</ref> This led to growing opposition of the heavy use of the Park for festivals, from groups including Friends of Brockwell Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.friendsofbrockwellpark.org/events-damage-to-park-summer-2024/|title=Events damage to Park summer 2024|date=10 July 2024|work=Friends of Brockwell Park}}</ref> In 2025, a group named Protect Brockwell Park<ref>{{cite web|url=https://protectbrockwellpark.org/|title=Protect Brockwell Park|work=Protect Brockwell Park}}</ref> continued opposition and launched legal action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/lambeth-brockwell-park-mighty-hoopla-field-day-wide-awake-lambeth-country-show-legal-challenge-b1225467.html|title=Battle over Brockwell Park escalates as locals warn area could become ‘soulless’ without music festivals|date=1 May 2025|work=[[The Evening Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cx2wrrdgl77o|title=Campaigners call for end to big festivals in park|date=27 April 2025|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> On 16 May, the group won their legal challenge against [[Lambeth Council]] at the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]], putting the 2025 festivals at risk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c20nkqd30dqo|title=Campaigner wins legal fight over park festivals|date=16 May 2025|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

Lambeth Council and ''Brockwell Live'' announced on 20 May that the judgment concerned "a particular point of law and whether an administrative process had been carried out correctly"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/brockwell-park-festivals-wide-awake-city-splash-cross-the-tracks-field-day-b1228527.html|title=Brockwell Park festival organisers say events will go ahead despite High Court ruling|date=20 May 2025|work=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref> and the festivals would go ahead as planned. Despite further opposition from Protect Brockwell Park that the High Court ruling meant that this was not the case, Lambeth Council approved new planning for the festivals on the eve of them commencing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brixtonbuzz.com/2025/05/from-unlawful-to-approved-in-48-hours-lambeths-magic-planning-trick-gives-brockwell-live-the-green-light/|title=From unlawful to approved in 48 hours: Lambeth’s magic planning trick gives Brockwell Live the green light|date=22 May 2025|work=Brixton Buzz}}</ref>

==Brockwell Park in popular culture==
The San Francisco band [[Red House Painters]] wrote a song about the park, named "Brockwell Park", for their 1995 album ''[[Ocean Beach (album)|Ocean Beach]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Songs Of Brixton: Brockwell Park by Red House Painters|url=http://www.brixtonbuzz.com/2012/11/songs-of-brixton-brockwell-park-by-red-house-painters/|website=Brixton Buzz|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref> The Ocean Beach album also features an unlisted hidden track, referred to as "Brockwell Park (Part 2)".

In a 2015 ''[[Adele at the BBC]]'' TV special, singer and songwriter [[Adele]] said her song "[[Million Years Ago (song)|Million Years Ago]]" was related to Brockwell Park, stating: "I drove past Brockwell Park, which is a park in south London I used to live by. It's where I spent a lot of my youth. It has quite monumental moments of my life that I've spent there, and I drove past it and I just literally burst into tears."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Iasimone|first1=Ashley|title=Adele Performs 'Million Years Ago' and 'Hometown Glory' on BBC Special: Watch|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6770327/adele-million-years-ago-hometown-glory-bbc-video|website=billboard.com|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref>

Brockwell Park is the setting for the music video of "Do Your Thing" by local band [[Basement Jaxx]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Andrew Jaxx - Do Your Thing|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S12iI1p8lpE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/S12iI1p8lpE| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|website=YouTube|access-date=6 September 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Brockwell Park was used as a filming base camp for the 2015 movie [[The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (film)|The Man from U.N.C.L.E]] directed by [[Guy Ritchie]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Palmer|first1=Jim|title=Location guide: Inside The Man From Uncle's south London, Kent and Surrey locations|url=http://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/13522794.Location_guide__Inside_The_Man_From_Uncle___s_south_London__Kent_and_Surrey_locations/|website=News Shopper|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref>

The park is a key location in [[Mo Hayder]]'s crime novel [[The Treatment (novel)|''The Treatment'']].{{cn|date=August 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://brockwellparkcommunitypartners.org.uk Brockwell Park Community Partners]
*[http://www.brockwellgreenhouses.org.uk Brockwell Park Community Greenhouses]
*[http://www.travelBPMR.com The Brockwell Park Miniature Railway]
*[http://www.brockwellpark.com Friends of Brockwell Park]
*[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=49778 Survey of London entries on Brockwell Hall and Brockwell Park (1851)]
*[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=49849 Plan and elevations of Brockwell Hall]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061008165715/http://www.ideal-homes.org.uk/lambeth/herne-hill/brockwell-hall-1820.htm Image of Brockwell Hall in 1820]
*[http://www.urban75.org/brixton/features/brockwell.html urban75 e-zine on Brockwell Park]
*[http://www.parkrun.org.uk/brockwell/Home.aspx Brockwell Parkrun]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110717034014/http://landmark.lambeth.gov.uk/display_page.asp?section=landmark_fullsize&id=4092 Sketch of Brockwell Hall and park in 1820]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjQUlS-DW8c Clock restoration, Brockwell Park, London]
{{LB Lambeth}}
{{Parks and open spaces in London}}

[[Category:1892 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1892 in London]]
[[Category:Grade II listed parks and gardens in London]]
[[Category:Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Lambeth]]
[[Category:Former houses in the London Borough of Lambeth]]

Pirate radio in the United Kingdom

2025-05-21T06:48:33Z

77.86.103.78: Rv previous edit

{{Short description|Unlicensed radio broadcasts}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}

'''Pirate radio in the United Kingdom''' has been a popular and enduring [[radio broadcasting|radio]] medium since the 1960s, despite expansions in licensed [[broadcasting]], and the advent of both [[digital radio]] and [[internet radio]]. Although it peaked throughout the 1960s and again during the 1980s/1990s, it remains in existence today.<ref name="fleming">{{cite book|author=Fleming, Carole & Wilby, Pete|title=The Radio Handbook|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-415-15828-1}}</ref> Having moved from transmitting from [[ship]]s in the [[sea]] to [[tower block]]s across [[UK]] towns and cities, in 2009 the UK broadcasting regulator [[Ofcom]] estimated more than 150 [[pirate radio]] stations were still operating.<ref name="bbcofcom">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7919748.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Technology - Pirate radio 'puts lives at risk'|first=Daniel|last=Emery|date=3 March 2009|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

==1960s==
[[Image:Mi Amigo kleine.jpg|thumb|upright|right|200px|The [[MV Mi Amigo]], once home of Radio Caroline, mid 1970s]]
[[Pirate radio]] in the UK first became widespread in the early 1960s when [[pop music]] stations such as [[Radio Caroline]] and [[Wonderful Radio London|Radio London]] started to broadcast on [[medium wave]] to the UK from offshore ships or disused sea forts. At the time, these stations were not illegal because they were broadcasting from international waters. The stations were set up by entrepreneurs and music enthusiasts to meet the growing demand for [[pop music|pop]] and [[rock music]], which was not catered for by [[BBC Radio]] services.<ref name="chapman">{{cite book|author=Chapman, Robert|title=Selling the Sixties: The Pirates and Pop Music Radio|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|isbn=0415078172}}</ref>

The first British pirate radio station was [[Radio Caroline]], which started broadcasting from a ship off the [[Essex]] coast in 1964. By 1967, ten pirate radio stations were broadcasting to an estimated daily audience of 10-15 million. Influential [[History of radio disc jockeys#Pirate radio DJs|pirate radio DJs]] included [[John Peel]], [[Tony Blackburn]], [[Kenny Everett]], [[Johnnie Walker (DJ)|Johnnie Walker]], [[Tony Prince]], [[Emperor Rosko]], and [[Spangles Muldoon]].<ref name="Chignell">{{cite book|author=Chignell, Hugh|title=Key Concepts in Radio Studies|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4739-0360-9|pages=146–}}</ref>

The format of this wave of pirate radio was influenced by [[Radio Luxembourg]] and American radio stations. Many followed a [[top-40]] format with casual DJs, making UK pirate radio the antithesis of BBC radio at the time.<ref name="fleming" /> Spurred on by the offshore stations, land-based pirate stations took to the air on medium wave at weekends, such as Radio Free London in 1968.<ref name="flashes">{{cite web|url=http://www.flashesandflames.com/2014/03/how-a-radio-ship-and-7-men-shook-up-britain-50-years-ago/|title=How a radio ship and 7 men shook up Britain in 1964|first=Colin|last=Morrison|date=18 March 2014|work=Flashes & Flames}}</ref>

Radio Caroline's audience was one third the size of the [[BBC Light Programme]] in the parts of the country where it could be received, but the Light Programme's audience did not decrease, indicating that pirate radio appealed to an audience that the BBC did not serve.<ref name="Crisell">{{cite book|author=Crisell, Andrew|title=An Introductory History of British Broadcasting|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|isbn=0-415-12802-1}}</ref>

In reaction to the popularity of pirate radio, [[BBC Radio]] was restructured in 1967, establishing [[BBC Radio 1]], [[BBC Radio 2|Radio 2]], [[BBC Radio 3|Radio 3]] and [[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]]. A number of DJs of the newly formed Radio 1 came from pirate stations. The UK Government also closed the international waters loophole via the [[Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967]], although Radio Caroline would continue to broadcast in various forms right up to 1990.<ref name="fleming" />

== 1970s ==
The Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967 officially outlawed offshore stations, but unlicensed radio continued, moving from ships and sea-based platforms to [[urban areas]] in the latter part of the 1960s (despite being already illegal under the [[Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949]]).<ref name="fleming" /> During this period, home-made medium wave (and sometimes [[short wave]]) transmitters were often constructed inside cheap, expendable biscuit tins.<ref name="indepie">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/radio/pirates-of-the-airwaves-recall-days-of-radio-and-raids-and-transmitters-hidden-in-jacobs-biscuit-tins-37379412.html|title=Pirates of the airwaves recall days of radio and raids - and transmitters hidden in Jacob's biscuit tins|first=Breda|last=Hefernan|date=3 October 2018|work=[[Irish Independent]]}}</ref> The main method employed by most medium-wave or short-wave pirate stations during the 1970s involved programming played back on cassette recorders (often powered by a car battery), with a long wire antenna slung up between two trees.

The 1970s and 1980s saw a wave of land-based pirate radio, broadcasting mostly in larger towns and cities, transmitting from flats and [[tower blocks]]. These included community-focused local stations as well as stations emerging for the first time to specialise in particular [[music genres]]. One of the earliest was [[Radio Jackie]] originally broadcasting in south west London.<ref name="hindmosco">{{cite book|author=Hind, John & Mosco, Stephen|title=Rebel Radio: The Full Story of British Pirate Radio|year=1985|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=978-0-7453-0055-9}}</ref>

[[Soul music]] stations would start to appear in the 1970s. The first of these was [[Radio Invicta (London pirate station)|Radio Invicta]], regarded as Europe's first soul music station first broadcasting in 1970. The station would launch the careers of [[Pete Tong]], [[Gilles Peterson]] and a number of the shows were presented by what was then known as the "Soul Mafia" - DJs such as [[Chris Hill (DJ)|Chris Hill]] and [[DJ Froggy|Froggy]].<ref name="hindmosco" /><ref name="hebditch" />

== 1980s ==

[[File:Dread Broadcasting Corp.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Dread Broadcasting Corporation, groundbreaking black pirate radio station]]
Entering the 1980s, transmitters capable of [[FM broadcasting]] were beginning to be picked up reasonably cheaply, with the ability to transmit over a forty-mile radius from a 15-storey tower. Engineers such as Pyers Easton would build them for stations such as [[London Greek Radio]] and [[Kiss 100 London|Kiss FM]].<ref name="hebditch">{{cite book|author=Hebditch, Stephen|title=London's Pirate Pioneers|publisher=TX Publications|date=2015|isbn=9780993265204}}</ref>

In London, a notable moment would be the launching of Britain's first black owned music station [[Dread Broadcasting Corporation]] (DBC) in 1980. DBC played [[reggae]] and [[soca music|soca]] as well as other [[black music]] and would be instrumental to the later development of [[black community]] broadcasting as well as launching the career of [[BBC]] presenter [[Ranking Miss P]].<ref name="hindmosco" /><ref name="hebditch" />

Soul stations would become prolific in the early-mid 1980s, with Invicta joined by Horizon Radio, and JFM in 1981. Both of these would broadcast until 1985 when they were followed by [[Solar Radio]] and Starpoint.<ref name="hebditch" /> [[London Weekend Radio]] (LWR) would start life in 1983 playing contemporary [[pop music]] during the day with more specialist shows in the evenings and weekends; however, having briefly closed down, management of the station was handed to club promoter Zak Dee and in 1984, LWR rose again as a dedicated [[soul music|soul]], [[hip hop]], [[jazz-funk]], and [[reggae]] station, launching the career of [[Tim Westwood]].<ref name="hebditch" /><ref name="amfmlwr">{{cite web|url=https://www.amfm.org.uk/pirates/lwr-london-weekend-radio.html|title=LWR - London pirate radio history - AM/FM|work=Amfm.org.uk|first=Stephen|last=Hebditch|date=1 May 2015}}</ref> LWR's biggest rival would arrive in the form of [[Kiss 100 London#Pirate roots|Kiss FM]], first broadcasting in late 1985. The station was formed by George Power who had previously run another pirate station, [[London Greek Radio]], along with DJs Gordon Mac and Tosca Jackson. By 1988, Kiss would boast a line-up of top DJs including [[Norman Jay]], [[Jazzie B]] (of [[Soul II Soul]]), [[Colin Faver]], [[Trevor Nelson]], [[Judge Jules]], [[Danny Rampling]], [[Paul Trouble Anderson]], and [[Coldcut]], playing [[soul music|soul]], [[jazz-funk]], [[reggae]], [[hip hop]] and the emerging sounds of [[house music]].<ref name="amfmkiss">{{cite web|url=https://www.amfm.org.uk/pirates/kiss-fm.html|title=Kiss FM - London pirate radio history - AM/FM|work=Amfm.org.uk|first=Stephen|last=Hebditch|date=17 February 2015}}</ref> A 1987 [[Evening Standard]] readers' poll placed Kiss in second place behind [[Capital Radio]] and ahead of [[BBC Radio 1|Radio 1]].

Around the UK, the West Midlands and Birmingham would see a large number of stations forming including the likes of [[PCRL|Peoples Community Radio Link]] (PCRL) which started in 1985, and [[Sunshine 855|Sunshine Radio]].<ref name="hindmosco" /> Although launching in very late 1979, Merseyland Alternative Radio broadcast from the Wirral in the early 1980s, showcasing many bands from the Merseyside area.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Merseyside LBP|title=Merseyland Alternative Radio|url=http://www.dxarchive.com/landbased_uk_merseyside_mar.html|archive-date=|website=DX Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mersey Pirates|title=Mersey Pirates Home Pages|url=http://www.merseypirates.com/pages/mersey%20pirates.htm#1|website=Mersey Pirates}}</ref>

Despite being better catered for by legal radio, there was still space for stations playing [[alternative rock]] and [[indie music]] which was struggling to get mainstream [[airplay]]. In London, stations such as RFM (Rock FM) and London Rock, and in [[Manchester]] [[KFM Radio]] would spring up to cater for those music genres during the mid-late 1980s.<ref name="hebditch" /> In 1989, a London pirate radio station [[Q102 (Pirate Station)|Q102]] would become a short-lived but hugely influential station in the breaking of early 1990s [[indie music|indie]] and [[Britpop]] [[band (rock and pop)|bands]]. This station would be the roots of the later legal [[XFM]].<ref name="xmarks">{{cite web|url=https://www.transdiffusion.org/2004/01/01/xfm_2|title=X marks the spot|first=Darryl|last=Chamberlain|work=Transdiffusion.org|date=1 January 2004}}</ref>

Pirate radio met with increasing opposition, especially from the authorities in the form of the [[Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)|Department of Trade and Industry]] (DTI). It had claimed since the 1970s that pirate radio caused interference to licensed broadcasters and could interfere with frequencies used by emergency services. Nonetheless, the growth of pirate radio in the 1980s was so rapid that at one point pirate radio operators outnumbered legal broadcasters and in popularity.<ref name="hebditch" />

Twice in the mid-late 1980s, the [[UK Government]] had floated plans to tackle pirate radio by offering new licenses, particularly in [[London]].<ref name="amfm1988">{{cite web|url=https://www.amfm.org.uk/tx/tx18/news.html|title=AM/FM - News Radio Today September 1988|first=Stephen|last=Hebditch|date=2 November 2002|work=Amfm.org.uk}}</ref> In 1989, new licenses were advertised but stations would have to commit to closing down voluntarily and come off-air as part of bidding for them. London's [[Kiss 100 London#Pirate roots|Kiss FM]] was one of those that duly did so, yet despite strong backing and support, would lose out to [[102.2 Jazz FM|Jazz FM]]. However, further licenses were advertised subsequently and Kiss would win one on its second attempt and become the UK's first legal radio station specialising in black and dance music in September 1990.

However, even as this unfolded, a new wave of pirate radio stations emerged as the [[acid house]] scene exploded. Particularly in London, stations such as Sunrise, Fantasy, Friends FM, and [[Centreforce]] became the "seven day rave stations".<ref name="hebditch" /><ref name="waltham">{{cite web|url=https://www.theransomnote.com/art-culture/reviews-art-culture/the-pirates-of-waltham-forest/|title=The Pirates of Waltham Forest - Ransom Note|work=The Ransom Note|date=4 June 2020}}</ref>

==1990s==
The [[Broadcasting Act 1990]] led to the brief decline of UK pirate radio by encouraging diversity in radio and developing commercial radio, whilst bringing in tougher penalties for those caught in unlicensed broadcasting. The number of unlicensed broadcasters soon began to rise again, partly out of the belief that the Act had undermined [[community radio]] and small broadcasters.<ref name="fleming" /> As stations such as Kiss would increasingly discover that advertising revenue and market share became as important as the music it played, new pirate stations once again sprang up to cater for underground music scenes that were developing. The biggest of these would be the rising [[rave music]] scene, with stations moving to a "rave on the air" format with back to back mixing and listener participation through 'shouts' - enabled by the growth of [[pager]]s and [[mobile phone]]s. In London, such stations included the likes of Rush, [[Kool FM]], Pulse FM, Innocence, [[Don FM]], and Defection.<ref name="dazed">{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/34394/1/pirate-radio-history-and-future|title=The history of UK pirate radio – and why it's still here|first=Alice|last=Nicolov|date=19 January 2017|work=[[Dazed]]}}</ref>

[[File:Arena Radio Night Pirates.jpg|thumb|left|Pirates - 1993 documentary focusing on East London pirate radio]]
The authorities and media alleged an [[organised crime]] and [[drugs]] link with the rave stations, culminating in a high-profile raid in [[Hackney, London|Hackney]] in the summer of 1993 on Rush.<ref name="hebdrugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.amfm.org.uk/amfmnews/amfm14.html|title=AM/FM News #14 - August 1993|work=Amfm.org.uk|first=Stephen|last=Hebditch|date=14 February 2002}}</ref> The ''[[Evening Standard]]'' headline exclaimed "Drug gangs set up fortresses."<ref name="hackneyhistory">{{cite web|url=https://hackneyhistory.wordpress.com/2013/01/21/rush-fm-raided-1993/ |title=Rush FM raided, 1993 - The Radical History of Hackney|website=Hackney History|date=21 January 2013}}</ref> Harsher laws imposed more severe fines on [[DJ]]s and businesses that advertised on stations.<ref name="indiepirates">{{cite news|first=Philip |last=Fergusson |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/media-pirates-remain-afloat-illegal-radio-stations-are-continuing-to-defy-tough-new-laws-says-philip-fergusson-1548817.html |title=Media: Pirates remain afloat: Illegal radio stations are continuing to defy tough new laws, says Philip Fergusson – Media|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 September 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/pirate-radio-stations-linked-to-drugs-illegal-broadcasters-used-as-front-for-crime-regulator-says-1461770.html|title=Pirate radio stations 'linked to drugs': Illegal broadcasters used as front for crime, regulator says|work=[[The Independent]]|date=18 August 1993|first=Martin|last=Wroe}}</ref> The Rush raid was featured in the seminal [[BBC Two]] documentary ''Pirates'', shown as part of the ''[[Arena (British TV series)|Arena]]'' series in December 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3a839bae20c64e0f8217f2bcb77da017|title=Arena: Radio Night - BBC Two England, 18 December 1993 - BBC Genome |work=[[BBC Genome]]|date=18 December 1993 |access-date=2016-10-24}}</ref>

For those ill-served by mainstream and legal radio, pirate radio filled the void, especially for the [[black community]]. In London, stations as Galaxy Radio, Genesis, Station, and Vibes have mixed [[black music]] with [[phone-in]]s and cultural programmes, "We are trying to bring a balance into the community - to introduce culture and history and to inform people" as one of those involved in Galaxy.<ref name="indiepirates" /><ref name="standard" /> These stations still broadcast today.

Outside London the picture was similar, with notable pirate radio stations including [[PCRL]], Frontline, and Sting in [[Birmingham]]; The Superstation, Buzz FM and Soul Nation in [[Manchester]]; Dance FM, Fantasy FM, and SCR in [[Sheffield]]; Passion Radio, Ragga FM, [[Kiss 101|For the People]] in [[Bristol]]; Fresh FM in [[Leicester]]; Z100 in [[Liverpool]], and [[Dream FM (Leeds)|Dream FM]] in [[Leeds]].<ref name="mosspirarch">{{cite magazine|first=Patrick|last=Collerton|title=Moss Side Story|magazine=The Ticket|date=March 1994|url=https://www.thepiratearchive.net/misc/TheTicket-MossSideStory.jpg}}</ref><ref name="dreamleedsmuzik">{{cite magazine|first=Jonty|last=Adderley|title=Ariel Warfare|magazine=Muzik Magazine|date=July 1995|url=http://history-is-made-at-night.blogspot.com/2013/12/pirate-radio-article-from-muzik.html}}</ref>

By the mid to late 1990s, genres such as [[happy hardcore]], [[jungle music|jungle]]/[[drum'n'bass]] and [[speed garage|speed]]/[[UK garage]] saw a new generation of pirate radio stations emerge. In London, [[Kool FM]] was joined by [[Rinse FM]], Rude, [[Flex FM]], [[Eruption Radio|Eruption FM]], and [[Dream FM (London)|Dream FM]] in championing jungle music/drum'n'bass, and the latter also happy hardcore.<ref name="indeplew">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/angela-lewis-on-pop-1446979.html |title=Angela Lewis on pop | work=[[The Independent]] | first = Angela | last = Lewis |date=6 September 1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611083718/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/angela-lewis-on-pop-1446979.html |archive-date=11 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="hancoc">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/sep/08/pirate-radio-rave-tapes |title=Pirate radio rave tapes: 'You can't Google this stuff' | work=The Guardian | first= Dan | last= Hancox |date=8 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824055904/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/sep/08/pirate-radio-rave-tapes |archive-date=24 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thequietus.com/articles/14317-rude-fm-jungle-hardcore-pirate-radio|title=Radio Live Transmission: 22 Years Of Pirate Broadcasts With Rude FM|work=The Quietus|first=John|last=Doran|date=21 January 2014}}</ref> Speed/UK garage was being pushed by stations such as [[London Underground FM|London Underground]] (notably the [[Dreem Teem]]), Freek FM (notably [[DJ EZ]]), Shine FM, and Girls FM.<ref name="waxpirarch">{{cite magazine|first=Matt|last=Munday|title=Return of the Pirates|magazine=Wax Magazine|date=December 1997|url=https://www.thepiratearchive.net/misc/Wax-Dec97.jpg}}</ref> [[Flex FM]] and [[Rinse FM]] (legal now) would make a transition from [[jungle music|jungle]] to [[UK garage]] during the course of the 1990s.

== 2000s ==
[[Image:Pirate radio aerials.jpg|thumb|upright|Pirate radio aerial installations on rooftops in NW London, early 2000s]]
As pirate radio persisted into the 2000s, UK broadcasting regulator [[Ofcom]] undertook research into its popularity and published its findings in 2007. This estimated that, "there are currently around 150 illegal radio stations in the UK. At any one time, it is believed that around half of these are transmitting in London, within the [[M25 motorway|M25]] area".<ref name="ofcom">{{cite web|title=Illegal Broadcasting – Understanding the issues|url=http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/market-data-research/other/radio-research/illegal-broadcasting/|work=[[Ofcom]]|date=19 April 2007}}</ref> It found that: "a large proportion of these are operating in London, with notable clusters in Harlesden, Stoke Newington, Southwark and Lambeth".<ref name="ofcom" />

It also commissioned research among residents of the London boroughs of [[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]], [[Haringey]] and [[Lambeth]], finding that "about 24 percent of all adults aged 14 or older living within the three London boroughs listen to pirate radio stations. The research found that 37 percent of students aged 14–24 and 41 percent of the African-Caribbean community listened to pirate radio". The development and promotion of grass-roots talent, the [[urban music]] scene and minority community groups were important for pirate radio. According to the research, pirate radio listeners and those running pirate radio stations thought that licensed broadcasters failed to cater sufficiently for the needs of the public. Pirate radio was regarded as the best place to hear new music and particularly urban music. Pirate radio stations were appreciated for their local relevance by providing information and advertisements about local community events, businesses and club nights.<ref name="ofcom" />

An operation by Ofcom to take unlicensed operators off-air in late 2005 revealed that London's airwaves were still very active, including long established stations such as [[Kool FM]], [[Point Blank FM|Point Blank]], Bassline, Lightning FM, [[Y2K FM]], Deja Vu, and [[Rinse FM]].<ref name="ofcomraid">{{cite web|url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/media/media-releases/2005/ofcom-tackles-illegal-broadcasting|title=Ofcom tackles illegal broadcasting|work=[[Ofcom]]|date=3 November 2005}}</ref><ref name="guardofc">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/feb/17/ofcom.radio|title=Bouncing the illegal broadcasters off the overcrowded airwaves|first=Owen|last=Gibson|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 February 2006}}</ref><ref name="sawyer">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2008/nov/02/radio-radio|title=You may think they're a bunch of amateurs...|first=Miranda|last=Sawyer|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 November 2008}}</ref> The latter two were instrumental in the development of [[underground music|underground]] [[Grime (music genre)|grime]] and [[dubstep]] music scenes. The authorities continued to assert the risk of interference to emergency services by stations.<ref name="bbcair">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6617765.stm|title=BBC News - England - London - Pirate radio 'risk to aircraft'|date=2 May 2007|work=BBC News}}</ref>

== 2010s to present ==
Ofcom responded to a [[Freedom of Information Act 2000|Freedom of Information]] request in July 2015, that revealed they had raided and seized almost 400 pirate radio set-ups in London in just a two-year period.<ref name="ofcomfoi">{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/four-hundred-pirate-radio-stations-shut-down-in-london-in-just-two-years-10362974.html|title=Four hundred pirate radio setups shut down in London in just two years|first=Ramzy|last=Alwakeel|date=3 July 2015|work=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref>

==Community radio==
Since 2010, [[Ofcom]] have promoted the take-up of [[Community radio in the United Kingdom|Community Radio]], especially in areas such as London with a concentration of pirate radio stations.<ref name="commradio">{{cite web|title=Community radio|url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/manage-your-licence/radio-broadcast-licensing/community-radio/|work=[[Ofcom]]|date=4 May 2010}}</ref> As such, a number of former pirate radio stations have made the transition to legal broadcasting through community radio licences, such as [[Rinse FM]], [[Kane 103.7 FM|Kane FM]], and most recently [[Flex FM]]. However, some remain sceptical of the ability of the local community and pirate broadcasters to make the move to legal status.<ref name="hackcit">{{cite web|title=Concrete jungle: Hackney's pirate DJs resist rooftop station crackdown|url=https://www.hackneycitizen.co.uk/2015/06/08/pirate-djs-hackney-ofcom-council-crackdown/|publisher=Hackney Citizen|date=8 June 2015}}</ref>

==Political pirate radio==
Although UK pirate radio has in the main concentrated on broadcasting music not catered for by the mainstream, there has been some overt political pirate radio. The earliest of these was [[Radio Free Scotland]], which hijacked the sound channels of [[BBC television]] after [[closedown]]. Similarly, Voice of Nuclear Disarmament would do the same for a short period in the early 1960s in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/radical-objects-covert-broadcasts-and-the-nuclear-disarmament-campaign//|title=Radical Objects: Covert Broadcasts and the Nuclear Disarmament Campaign|date=22 January 2020|work=History Workshop}}</ref> In the 1970s, [[Radio Enoch]], named after [[Enoch Powell]], was set up by people on the right wing of the [[Conservative and Unionist Party]] to help re-elect a conservative government. Although Radio Enoch had vowed to return if a Labour administration was re-elected, it failed to do so after [[Tony Blair]] was elected in 1997.<ref name="hindmosco" /> In 1982, Our Radio was broadcasting music, anarchism, and other left wing views to London. Our Radio once evaded arrest by setting up a dummy antenna for the Home Office to find. During the [[UK miners' strike (1984-85)|1984–1985 miners' strike]], Radio Arthur operated in the Nottinghamshire area.<ref name="hindmosco" /> More recently, Interference FM was set up by a collective to broadcast during the [[Carnival Against Capitalism]] demonstration on 18 June 1999.<ref name="interf">{{cite web|url=http://www.urban75.com/Rave/radio.html|title=Concealed Transmissions - the story of InterferenceFM|work=Urban75|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011106124229/http://www.urban75.com/Rave/radio.html|archive-date=6 November 2001}}</ref>

Political programming has been a feature of the many [[black community]] pirate radio stations that have grown in the UK since the 1980s. For the likes of Galaxy Radio, part of their mission is to: "de-brainwash the black community". The station combines [[reggae]] and [[soca music|soca]] with robust articulation of "black empowerment against a system designed our oppress our brothers and sisters" and live phone-in discussions.<ref name="standard">{{cite web|first=David|last=Rowan|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londons-underground-pirates-6308299.html|title=London's underground pirates|work=[[Evening Standard]]|date=3 January 2002}}</ref> Genesis Radio, launched in the early 1990s, follows a similar format. [[Duwayne Brooks]], [[councillor]] and friend of [[Stephen Lawrence]] who was murdered in a racist attack in 1993, has in the past urged police to work with community stations such as Genesis in order to improve "police engagement with the community" and "run our own appeals for information after incidents".<ref name="slpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.southlondon-today.co.uk/news.cfm?id=33518|title= Lewisham councillor urges cops to use illegal pirate radio|publisher=South London Press|date=24 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007015312/http://www.southlondon-today.co.uk/news.cfm?id=33518|archive-date=7 October 2010}}</ref> Where black community stations have also been effective is to raise awareness and raise funds for local concerns, often where mainstream media has overlooked them. In 2002, Powerjam launched an appeal through one of its [[talk show]]s to raise money to save a young girl from a rare tissue disease.<ref name="guardpir">{{cite news|first=David|last=Rowan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jan/13/race.world|title=Pirate radio station saves child's life | The Observer|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=25 February 2002}}</ref>

==Internet and pirate radio==
The advent of the [[Internet]] has brought both opportunities and challenges for pirate radio. In the early days, the internet became another communication means in which to advertise and promote stations, with station listings, frequencies, and information starting to be posted.<ref name="whizz">{{cite web|url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/dx/text/lists/London.Pirates|title=Alternative Radio List for London|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109213644/http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/dx/text/lists/London.Pirates|archive-date=9 November 2004|work=alt.radio.pirate}}</ref><ref name="fused">{{cite web|url=http://www.fused.com/www/xbones.htm|url-status=dead|title=Fused - Illegal Stations|work=Fused.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990427192622/http://www.fused.com/www/xbones.htm|archive-date=27 April 1999}}</ref> Some stations decided to embrace the [[World Wide Web|Web]] and early [[radio streaming]] technologies as a means of ceasing illegal broadcasting - the most notable and pioneering of these was the former London pirate Face FM that re-invented itself as the internet station InterFACE.<ref name="wired">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/1997/12/es-pirate/|title=Pirates Invade the Web - WIRED|first=Hari|last=Kunzru|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=December 1997}}</ref><ref name="interface">{{cite web|url=http://www.pirate-radio.co.uk/|title=InterFACE - Pirate Radio UnderLondon|work=Pirate-radio.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991113223353/http://www.pirate-radio.co.uk/|archive-date=13 November 1999}}</ref> For those that had no intention of coming off the air, the internet provided a way to expand their promotion and audience reach by establishing websites and enable them to begin to stream live beyond their usual broadcast area.<ref name="ruud">{{cite web|url=http://ruudawakening.com/|title=Ruudawakening.com|work=[[Wayback Machine]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020330190412/http://ruudawakening.com/|archive-date=30 March 2002}}</ref><ref name="freeze">{{cite web|url=http://freezefm.co.uk/|title=Award Winning Freeze FM 92.7|work=[[Wayback Machine]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031017034353/http://freezefm.co.uk/|archive-date=17 October 2003}}</ref> For the now legal [[Rinse FM]], their website not only streamed shows live but it would also provide them a platform to develop their identity and to promote their events whilst still unlicensed.<ref name="rinse">{{cite web|url=http://www.rinse.fm/|title=Rinse FM - Coming Soon|work=[[Wayback Machine]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810145722/http://www.rinse.fm/|archive-date=10 August 2007}}</ref>

By the 2010s, this landscape was changing with increasing use of [[social media]] and [[music streaming]] services, with research by [[RAJAR]] reporting that: "Although 90% of people still listen to the radio each week, the proportion listening to FM and AM stations has fallen from 68% in 2010 to 58% in March."<ref>{{cite news|title=Plank walk - Illegal broadcasting|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=7 June 2015|url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21603476-pirate-radio-going-way-other-mass-media-plank-walk}}</ref>

For some, the Internet still does not replace the need for pirate radio: "Pirate will never stop; it’s cyclical. If you push people hard enough, they’ll find a mode of expression. The internet has been pretty cool for that, but it’s not the be-all-and-end-all",<ref name="dazed" /> whilst others argue that for music like grime, pirate radio continues to be "such an essential platform for emerging voices".<ref name="fader">{{cite web|first=Sian|last=Anderson|title=How Pirate Radio Made Grime Great Again|url=http://www.thefader.com/2015/12/21/how-pirate-radio-made-grime-great-again|work=Fader|date=21 December 2015}}</ref> For former pirates such as [[Kool London]], [[Internet radio]] has given them a new lease of life.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/03/arts/music/london-pirate-radio.html| title=London's Radio Pirates Changed Music. Then Came the Internet|first=Annalisa|last=Quinn|date=3 October 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

== Legal situation ==
The [[Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006]] provides for [[Ofcom]] to issue licences to radio broadcasters for the use of stations and wireless telegraphy apparatus. The Act sets out a number of criminal offences relating to wireless telegraphy, including the establishment or use of a wireless telegraphy station or apparatus for the purpose of making an unlicensed broadcast. The financing or participating in the day-to-day running of unlicensed broadcasting is also a criminal offence, as is the supplying of a sound recording for an unlicensed station and advertising through unlicensed stations.<ref name="ofcom" /> The act allows Ofcom to take a number of actions against individuals committing these offences, including power of entry and search and seizure of equipment. It is a criminal offence to obstruct a person exercising enforcement powers on Ofcom's behalf.<ref name="ofcom" /> Furthermore, the [[Broadcasting Act 1990]] provides that anyone convicted of an unlawful broadcasting offence is disqualified from holding a broadcasting licence for five years.<ref name="ofcom" />

[[Anti-social behaviour order]]s (ASBO) have also been used in the fight against pirate radio.<ref name="asboofcom">{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/asbo-bars-pirate-dj-from-the-rooftops-7173468.html|first=Matheus|last=Sanchez|title=Asbo bars pirate DJ from the rooftops |work=[[Evening Standard]]|date=15 April 2005}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Drama and comedy programmes featuring UK pirate radio:
*A 1966 episode of ''[[Danger Man]]'' entitled "Not So Jolly Roger" was set aboard an offshore pirate radio station.
*In 1966, Season 2 episode 5 of [[Thunderbirds (TV series)|''Thunderbirds'']] featured a pirate radio station orbiting the Earth that later begins to crash back to Earth.
*The 1967 album ''[[The Who Sell Out]]'' by rock band [[The Who]] has jingles from pirate radio station [[Wonderful Radio London]].
*In a 1970 episode of their BBC TV series ''[[The Goodies (TV series)|The Goodies]]'', the British comedy trio ran a pirate radio station named [[Radio Goodies]].
*In 1987, ''[[The Lenny Henry Show]]'' featured a pirate station called the Brixton Broadcasting Corporation (a spoof of the [[BBC]]) run from a café.
*In 1994, the ITV [[police drama]] ''[[The Bill]]'' featured an episode on a pirate radio station named Krush FM that was interfering with police radios.
*In 1994, the ITV fire brigade drama ''[[London's Burning (TV series)|London's Burning]]'' featured an episode on a pirate radio station that was interfering with emergency fire service radios.
*The soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'' featured a pirate radio station broadcasting from Albert Square in 1997.
*In the BBC TV series [[Ideal (TV series)|''Ideal'']] (2005–2011), the brother of Moz, Troy, runs a pirate radio station named Troy FM.
*The 2009 film ''[[The Boat That Rocked]]'' (retitled ''Pirate Radio'' in North America) is about UK pirate radio and loosely based on [[Radio Caroline]].
*The [[BBC Three]] TV mockumentary ''[[People Just Do Nothing]]'' (2014-2018) is based around a Brentford pirate station, Kurupt FM.

Documentaries featuring UK pirate radio:
*In 1982, [[Channel 4]] broadcast a feature on pirate radio on its ''Whatever You Want'' programme, featuring [[Dread Broadcasting Corporation|DBC]] and Breakfast Pirate Radio.
*Also in 1982, [[London Weekend Television]]'s ''The London Programme'' featured [[Radio Invicta (London)|Radio Invicta]] and [[Dread Broadcasting Corporation|DBC]].
*In 1987, Channel 4 broadcast The Black & White Pirate Show, featuring 1980s black pirates [[Dread Broadcasting Corporation|DBC]], JBC, and [[PCRL]].
*In 1993, [[BBC Two]] broadcast the documentary ''Pirates'' directed by [[Nigel Finch]] as part of [[Arena (British TV series)|''Arena'']]'s ''Radio Night''. This featured London's Rush FM.
*In 1994, [[Anglia Television]] broadcast ''Rockin' the Boat'', a documentary about [[offshore radio]] featuring [[Radio Caroline]], and [[Radio City (pirate radio station)|Radio City]].
*In 1995, a [[Discovery Channel]] documentary featured Irie FM, PowerJam, Juice FM, and Transmission 1.
*In 1996, [[BBC South East]] broadcast the documentary ''Radio Renegades'' as part of the ''First Sight'' current affairs series. This featured London's [[Kool FM]] and [[Dream FM (London)|Dream FM]].
*In 1999, the Discovery Channel broadcast ''Making Waves'', featuring Rude FM and Interface.
*In 2000, [[BBC Radio 1]] broadcast ''Last Caller Ring Back'', featuring 1980s and 1990s radio.
*In 2000, the Channel 4 series ''The Other Side'' featured Genesis Radio.
*The [[BBC Three]] documentary ''[[Tower Block Dreams]]'' (2004) follows rivalry between stations in [[Southend]].
*In 2008 ITV Yorkshire broadcast a feature called "Pirates of the airwaves" as part of their current affairs show called "Is it worth it?" The programme went behind the scenes of a popular pirate radio station in [[Leeds]] called Radio Frequency 88.1FM. The show was originally scheduled for broadcast in June 2007 but shortly after filming the station was raided by [[Ofcom]] so the programme was transmitted on 10/07/2008 after a scheduling delay due to an ongoing prosecution.
*In 2010, Wilderness Productions released the Michael Chandler documentary ''Stay Sailing'' on [[Vimeo]], featuring Buzz FM and Itch FM.
*In 2017, [[BBC Four]] first broadcast the documentary ''The Last Pirates: Britain's Rebel DJs'', presented by [[Rodney P]] and featuring 1980s radio especially [[Kiss 100 FM|Kiss FM]] and [[London Weekend Radio]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Radio|United Kingdom}}
* [[Commercial Neutral Broadcasting Company]]
* [[Offshore radio]]
* [[Community radio in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Radio in the United Kingdom]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*John Hind & Steve Mosco, Rebel Radio: Full Story of British Pirate Radio, 1987 Pluto Press
*Keith Skues, Pop Went the Pirates: History of Offshore Radio Stations, 1994 Lambs Meadow Publications
*Paul Harris, When Pirates Ruled The Waves, 2001 Kennedy & Boyd
*Stephen Hebditch, London's Pirates Pioneers, 2015 TX Publications

== External links ==
* [https://www.amfm.org.uk AM/FM / TX Magazine / Radio Today - the eighties London pirate radio site]
* [http://www.thepiratearchive.net The Pirate Archive]
* [http://radio.eric.tripod.com/index.htm Archive of 1960s-1980s land-based pirates]

{{UK Pirate Radio}}
{{Media in the United Kingdom|radio}}

[[Category:Radio in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Pirate radio|United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Youth culture in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Crime in the United Kingdom]]

Notting Hill Carnival

2025-05-13T20:02:33Z

77.86.103.78: Rv edit removing this founder, take to Talk to discuss first

{{Short description|Annual street festival in London}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Notting Hill Carnival
| image = Notting Hill Carnival 2018 (3).jpg
| caption = Mas dancer, Notting Hill Carnival 2018
| frequency = Annually – August Bank Holiday weekend
| location = [[Ladbroke Grove]], [[London]], England
| years_active = 1966–present
| founders = [[Claudia Jones]], [[Rhaune Laslett]], [[Leslie "Teacher" Palmer|Leslie Palmer]], [[Duke Vin]]
| genre = Carnival
| attendance = 2 million attendees, 40,000 volunteers and 9,000 police<ref name=50things>[https://www.timeout.com/london/music/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-notting-hill-carnival "50 things you didn't know about Notting Hill Carnival"], ''Time Out'', 13 July 2016.</ref>
| capacity =
| last = {{start date|2024|8|24|df=y}} – {{end date|2024|8|26|df=y}}
| next = {{start date|2025|8|23|df=y}} – {{end date|2025|8|25|df=y}}
| website = {{url|nhcarnival.org}}
}}

The '''Notting Hill Carnival''' is an annual [[Caribbean Carnival]] event that has taken place in London since 1966<ref name="Enterprises Trust">[http://www.thelondonnottinghillcarnival.com/about.html "About us"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520205326/http://www.thelondonnottinghillcarnival.com/about.html |date=20 May 2015 }}, Notting Hill Carnival '13, London Notting Hill Enterprises Trust.</ref> on the streets of the [[Notting Hill]] area of [[Kensington, London|Kensington]], over the August Bank Holiday weekend.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/blackhistory/years/1965.shtml BBC – 1Xtra – Black History: "What happened in 1965"]. Retrieved 17 March 2012.</ref>

It is led by members of the [[British African-Caribbean people|British Caribbean]] community, and attracts around two million people annually, making it one of the world's largest street festivals, and a significant event in [[British African-Caribbean people|British African Caribbean]] and [[British Indo-Caribbean people|British Indo-Caribbean]] culture.<ref>Shiv Malik, [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/aug/28/notting-hill-carnival-peaceful-start "Notting Hill carnival gets off to a peaceful start"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 28 August 2011.</ref><ref name="culture" /> In 2006, the UK public voted it onto a list of icons of England.<ref>{{cite news|title=New icons of Englishness unveiled|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4952920.stm|work=BBC News|issue=27 April 2006|date=10 June 2015}}</ref>

Carnival traditionally commences on the Saturday with ''Panorama'', a competition between steelpan bands. Sunday is designated family and children's day, with a shorter parade route for young people. The main adult parade takes place on Monday.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nhcarnival.org/carnival-info|title=Carnival Information - Notting Hill Carnival|work=Nhcarnival.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/london/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_8197000/8197974.stm|title=BBC - London - Carnival comes to town|work=[[BBC News]]|date=14 August 2009}}</ref> Notting Hill Carnival represents the 'five disciplines of carnival': [[Masquerade ceremony|masquerade]], [[Calypso music|calypso]], [[Soca music|soca]], [[Steelpan|steelpan]], and [[Sound system (Jamaican)|sound systems]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/07/25/carnival_disciplines_feature.shtml|title=BBC - London - Entertainment - 5 Disciplines Of Carnival|work=[[BBC London]]|date=25 July 2005}}</ref><ref name="nhcarnivalprogramme">{{cite magazine|title=Notting Hill Carnival Official Programme 1994|date=August 1994|publisher=Notting Hill Carnival|url=https://archive.org/details/notting-hill-carnival-official-programme-1994|magazine=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== History ==
The origin of Notting Hill Carnival can be traced to a number of roots.<ref>Jamie Clifton, [https://www.vice.com/en/article/notting-hill-carnival-book-ishmahil-blagrove-214/ "Things You Never Knew About Carnival"], ''Vice'', 21 August 2014.</ref>

A "Caribbean Carnival" was held on 30 January 1959 in [[St Pancras Town Hall]] as a response to the problematic state of [[Racism|race relations]] at the time; the UK's first widespread racial attacks, the [[Notting Hill race riots]] in which 108 people were charged,<ref name="travis">{{cite news|title=After 44 years secret papers reveal truth about five nights of violence in Notting Hill|author=Alan Travis|date=24 August 2002|work=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=29 August 2016|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/aug/24/artsandhumanities.nottinghillcarnival2002}}</ref> had occurred the previous year. This was organised by the Trinidadian journalist and activist [[Claudia Jones]], often described as "the mother of the Notting Hill Carnival"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Onibada |first1=Ade |title=Remembering Claudia Jones |url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/remembering-claudia-jones |access-date=19 February 2019 |work=www.voice-online.co.uk |publisher=The Voice |date=20 August 2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823101128/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/remembering-claudia-jones|archivedate=23 August 2014}}</ref> in her capacity as editor of influential black newspaper ''[[The West Indian Gazette]]'', and directed by [[Edric Connor]]. It showcased elements of a Caribbean carnival in a cabaret style. It featured the [[Mighty Terror]] singing the calypso "Carnival at St Pancras", [[The Southlanders]], [[Cleo Laine]], the Trinidad All Stars and Hi–fi steel bands dance troupe, finishing with a Caribbean Carnival Queen beauty contest and a Grand Finale Jump-Up by West Indians who attended the event.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vague |first1=Tom |title=Getting it Straight in Notting Hill Gate: A West London Psychogeography Report |date=2012 |publisher=Bread and Circuses Publishing |isbn=978-1-62517-202-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2xvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT227 |access-date=19 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The first outside event in Notting Hill was in August 1966, a [[hippie]] [[London Free School]]-inspired [[Free festival|festival]] organised by [[Rhaune Laslett]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oswald |first1=Janelle |title=Notting Hill's carnival roots |url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/notting-hill%E2%80%99s-carnival-roots |access-date=19 February 2019 |work=www.voice-online.co.uk |publisher=The Voice |date=25 August 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Busby |first1=Margaret |title=The Notting Hill carnival has an unsung hero – Rhaune Laslett |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/24/notting-hill-carnival-unsung-hero-rhaune-laslett |website=The Guardian |access-date=19 February 2019 |date=24 August 2014 |quote=In collaboration with the London Free School [..] Laslett was instrumental in bringing about Notting Hill’s first multicultural street festival in 1966}}</ref><ref>Davina Hamilton, [http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/yes-notting-hill-carnivals-50th-year "'Yes, This Is Notting Hill Carnival's 50th Year'"] ("Debora Alleyne De Gazon, creative director of the London Notting Hill Carnival Enterprises Trust, clears up the confusion about the year the event began"), ''The Voice'', 28 August 2016.</ref> who was not aware of the indoor events when she first raised the idea. This festival was a more diverse Notting Hill event to promote cultural unity. A street party for neighbourhood children turned into a carnival procession when [[Russell Henderson]]'s steel band (who had played at the earlier Claudia Jones events) went on a walkabout.<ref name="Younge 2002">{{cite news |last1=Younge |first1=Gary |author-link1=Gary Younge |title=The politics of partying |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/aug/17/nottinghillcarnival2002.nottinghillcarnival |access-date=19 February 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=17 August 2002 |language=en}}</ref> By 1970, "the Notting Hill Carnival consisted of 2 music bands, the Russell Henderson Combo and [[Selwyn Baptiste]]'s Notting Hill Adventure Playground Steelband and 500 dancing spectators."<ref>Michael La Rose, {{Cite web |url=http://www.pan-jumbie.com/uploads/papers/40yearsnhc.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227192143/http://www.pan-jumbie.com/uploads/papers/40yearsnhc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-27 |title=40 Years of the Notting Hill Carnival: An Assessment of the History and the Future }}, July 2004. Submitted to Joseph Charles Media, publishers of ''Soca News'', for August 2004 Notting Hill Carnival edition of ''Carnival Groove''.</ref>

[[Leslie "Teacher" Palmer|Leslie Palmer]], who was director from 1973 to 1975, is credited with "getting sponsorship, recruiting more steel bands, reggae groups and sound systems, introducing generators and extending the route."<ref>Peter Timothy, [http://iafor.org/archives/offprints/ecah2013-offprints/ECAH2013_0169.pdf "Visionaries, Pioneers, Apostles and Healers: The Contribution of Migrants from Trinidad and Tobago to the Development of Black Britain, 1948 to 1986"]. European Conference on Arts & Humanities, 2013, Proceedings, p. 5. Quoting Tom Vague, ''50 Years of Carnival 1959–2009'', London: HISTORY talk, 2009, p. 22.</ref><ref>Bill Tuckey, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/in-the-beginning-174290.html "In the beginning..."], ''[[The Independent]]'', 23 August 2002.</ref><ref>[http://www.portobellofilmfestival.com/talkpics/talk-2008carnival-06.html Portobello Film Festival.]</ref> He encouraged traditional masquerade, and for the first time in 1973 costume bands and steel bands from the various islands took part in the street parade,<ref>Natasha Ofosu, [http://www.socanews.com/articles/article.php?Notting-Hill-Carnival-pioneers-to-be-honoured-655 "Notting Hill Carnival pioneers to be honoured"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222130513/http://www.socanews.com/articles/article.php?Notting-Hill-Carnival-pioneers-to-be-honoured-655 |date=22 December 2015 }}, ''Soca News'', 17 August 2012.</ref> alongside the introduction of stationary sound systems, as distinct from those on moving floats,<ref>Nabeel Zuberi and Jon Stratton (eds), [https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ2dBQAAQBAJ&q=%22leslie+palmer%22+teach+carnival&pg=PA141 ''Black Popular Music in Britain Since 1945''], Ashgate Publishing, 2014, p. 141.</ref><ref>Jamie Clifton, [https://www.vice.com/en/article/notting-hill-carnival-book-ishmahil-blagrove-214/ "Things You Never Knew About Carnival, London's Best Street Party"], ''Vice'', 21 August 2014.</ref> which, as [[Alex Pascall]] has explained, "created the bridge between the two cultures of carnival, reggae and calypso."<ref>''Carnival'' (2014), p. 290.</ref> "Notting Hill Carnival became a major festival in 1975 when it was organised by a young teacher, Leslie Palmer."<ref name=CinE /> The carnival was also popularised by live radio broadcasts by Pascall on his daily ''Black Londoners'' programme for [[BBC Radio London]].

[[Duke Vin]], full name Vincent George Forbes,<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|title=Duke Vin|author=The Telegraph|date=23 November 2012|work=The Telegraph|location=London|access-date=13 October 2021|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/9699576/Duke-Vin.html}}</ref> is credited as being a co-founder of Notting Hill Carnival, having brought the first sound system to the [[United Kingdom]] in 1955 when he was a stowaway on a ship from [[Jamaica]] to the United Kingdom,<ref name="burrell">{{cite news|title=Observations: Duke Vin is the toast of Notting Hill|author=Ian Burrell|date=22 October 2011|work=The Independent|location=London|access-date=13 October 2021|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/observations-duke-vin-is-the-toast-of-notting-hill-1781172.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/observations-duke-vin-is-the-toast-of-notting-hill-1781172.html |archive-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> and brought what is thought to be the very first sound system to the Notting Hill Carnival in 1973, which paved the way for the many sound systems that operate at carnival today.<ref name="hibbert">{{cite news|title=Rocking the carnival rhythms|author=Colette Hibbert|date=29 August 2009|work=BBC|location=London|access-date=13 October 2021|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8228870.stm}}</ref> Duke Vin became a legend in [[Ladbroke Grove]] and had a huge influence on the popularisation of [[reggae]] and [[ska]] in Britain, and played at Notting Hill Carnival with his sound system, "Duke Vin the Tickler's",<ref name="golbach">{{cite news|title=Dub reggae icons of London|author=Jilke Golbach|date=29 July 2020|work=The Museum of London|location=London|access-date=13 October 2021|url=https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/discover/dub-reggae-icons-london}}</ref> every year from the year it was founded until his death in 2012.<ref name="salewicz">{{cite news|title=Duke Vin: 'Soundman' who brought sound systems to Britain|author=[[Chris Salewicz]]|date=21 November 2012|work=The Independent|location=London|access-date=13 October 2021|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/duke-vin-soundman-who-brought-sound-systems-to-britain-8336228.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/duke-vin-soundman-who-brought-sound-systems-britain-8336228.html |archive-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

[[Emslie Horniman's Pleasance]] (in the [[Kensal Green]] district of the area), has been the carnival's traditional starting point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/leisureandlibraries/parksandgardens/yourlocalpark/emsliehornimanspleasance.aspx|title=Emslie Horniman's Pleasance|publisher=The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|access-date=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="unlike.net">{{cite web|url=http://london.unlike.net/locations/302607-Emslie-Horniman-s-Pleasance|publisher=unlike.net|title=Emslie Horniman's Pleasance: Enchanted gardens|access-date=3 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724115812/http://london.unlike.net/locations/302607-Emslie-Horniman-s-Pleasance|archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> Among the early bands to participate were Ebony Steelband and Metronomes Steelband.<ref name=CinE>[http://www.carnivalineducation.com/node/30 "How Carnival was developed in Britain?"], Carnival in Education. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825005447/http://carnivalineducation.com/node/30 |date=25 August 2013 }}.</ref> As the carnival had no permanent staff and head office, the [[Mangrove restaurant]] in Notting Hill, run by another Trinidadian, [[Frank Crichlow]], came to function as an informal communication hub and office address for the carnival's organisers.<ref name="Cohen1993">{{cite book|author=Abner Cohen|title=Masquerade Politics: Explorations in the Structure of Urban Cultural Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Anndpyfilk4C&pg=PA109|access-date=19 August 2011|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07838-3|page=109}}</ref>

The 1976 carnival was marred by riots, in which predominantly Caribbean youths fought with police – a target due to the continuous harassment the population felt they were under.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/5275542.stm |work=BBC News| author=Emma Griffiths | title=Remembering the Notting Hill riot | date=25 August 2006}}</ref> During this period, there was considerable press coverage of the disorder, which some felt took an unfairly negative and one-sided view of the carnival. For a while it looked as if the event would be banned. [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]] was one of the few establishment figures who supported the event.<ref name="Younge 2002" /> [[Leila Hassan]] campaigned for [[Arts Council England]] to recognise the Notting Hill Carnival as an art form.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Revolutionary Black British Women – London Architecture Diary|url=http://architecturediary.org/london/events/12994|access-date=2020-06-06|website=city Architecture Diary|language=en}}</ref> Since 1978 the [[National Panorama Competition (UK)|national Panorama competition]] is held on the Saturday preceding the carnival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2004 UK PANORAMA |url=https://www.carnaval.com/cityguides/london/2004/2004_UK_panorama_.htm |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.carnaval.com}}</ref>

Concerns about the size of the event resulted in London's then mayor, [[Ken Livingstone]], setting up a Carnival Review Group to look into "formulating guidelines to safeguard the future of the Carnival".<ref>[http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/carnival/index.jsp Mayor of London – Notting Hill Carnival Review Group.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129212132/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/carnival/index.jsp |date=29 January 2009 }}</ref> An interim report by the review resulted in a change to the route in 2002. When the full report was published in 2004, it recommended that [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] be used as a "savannah" (an open space to draw crowds away from residential areas),<ref name=GLAReview>[https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/1782_-_strategic_review_2004.pdf ''Notting Hill Carnival: A Strategic Review''], Greater London Authority, June 2004.</ref> though the proposal of such a move attracted concerns, including that the Hyde Park event might overshadow the original street carnival.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.blackbritain.co.uk/news/details.aspx?i=1701&c=uk&h=Caribbean+Showcase+vs+Notting+Hill+Carnival%3F |title=Colourful: Weekday Edition |access-date=1 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015042741/http://blackbritain.co.uk/news/details.aspx?i=1701&c=uk&h=Caribbean+Showcase+vs+Notting+Hill+Carnival%3F |archive-date=15 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Claire Hu, [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/dont-move-carnival-route-6331291.html "'Don't move carnival route'"], ''[[London Evening Standard]]'', 10 January 2002.</ref><ref name=IndyTimeline>Alice-Azania Jarvis, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-timeline-the-notting-hill-carnival-2063203.html "The Timeline: The Notting Hill Carnival"], ''The Independent'', 26 August 2010.</ref>

[[Aswad]]'s performance at the 1983 Carnival was released as an album ''Live and Direct''.

The Carnival further diversified in 1984 with the appearance of the London School of Samba<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.londonschoolofsamba.co.uk/london-school-of-samba-history/|title=London School of Samba History|work=London School of Samba}}</ref> and other samba schools followed in the 1990s.

Sound systems greatly expanded during the 1980s and 1990s, some of the biggest including Channel One, [[Saxon Studio International|Saxon Sound]], [[Mastermind_Herbie|Mastermind Roadshow]], RapAttack, and [[Norman Jay|Good Times]].

In 2003, the Notting Hill Carnival was run by a [[Corporation|limited company]], the Notting Hill Carnival Trust Ltd. A report by the [[London Development Agency]] on the 2002 Carnival estimated that the event contributed around £93 million to the [[Economy of the United Kingdom|London and UK economy]], set against an estimated £6–10 million costs.<ref name=LDA>{{cite web |title=Executive Summary – The economic impact of the Notting Hill carnival |url=http://tfconsultancy.co.uk/reports/nottinghillcarnival.pdf |website=tfconsultancy.co.uk |publisher=London Development Agency – Research | page=9 |access-date=19 February 2019 |date=May 2003}}</ref> However, the 2016 residents' survey commissioned by local Conservative [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) [[Victoria Borwick]] found that while 6% of businesses reported an upturn in trade, many others boarded up their shopfronts and lost business due to closure.<ref name="standard.co.uk" />

In 2015, there was controversy when the Carnival Trust charged journalists £100 to cover the event, and demanded copies of all work produced relating to the event within three weeks of the end of the Carnival.<ref>Dominic Ponsford, [http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/journalists-charged-100-to-cover-notting-hill-carnival-and-told-to-share-work-with-organisers/ "Journalists charged £100 to cover Notting Hill Carnival and told to share work with organisers"], ''[[Press Gazette]]'', 19 August 2015.</ref> The [[National Union of Journalists]] organised a boycott of the event.<ref>Ian Burrell, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/notting-hill-carnival-2015-journalists-to-stage-boycott-over-100-accreditation-fee-10471765.html "Notting Hill Carnival 2015: Journalists to stage boycott over £100 accreditation fee"], ''The Independent'', 25 August 2015.</ref> In 2016 the charge remained; however, in June 2017, the Carnival's new event management team introduced a revised media policy, with no request for any accreditation fees.<ref>[http://www.nottinghillcarnivalguide.com/new-official-media-centre-carnival/ "New Media Policy and Official Media Centre at Carnival"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824051215/http://www.nottinghillcarnivalguide.com/new-official-media-centre-carnival/ |date=24 August 2017 }}, Press release, ''Notting Hill Carnival Guide'', 16 June 2017.</ref><ref>Stephen Spark, [http://socanews.com/news/notting-hill-carnival-promises-a-media-makeover/ "Notting Hill Carnival promises a media makeover"], ''Soca News'', 4 July 2017.</ref>

In 2016, when the Golden Jubilee of Notting Hill Carnival was celebrated,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hamilton |first1=Davina |title='Yes, this is Notting Hill Carnival's 50th year' |url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/yes-notting-hill-carnivals-50th-year |access-date=19 February 2019 |work=www.voice-online.co.uk |publisher=The Voice |date=28 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Notting Hill Carnival celebrates golden jubilee {{!}} Arts Council England |url=http://www.artscouncil.org.uk/news/notting-hill-carnival-celebrates-golden-jubilee |website=www.artscouncil.org.uk |access-date=19 February 2019 |date=24 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In pictures: Fifty years of the Notting Hill Carnival |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-37024463 |access-date=19 February 2019 |publisher=BBC News |date=28 August 2016}}</ref> 42 hours of live video coverage was broadcast by music live-streaming platform [[Boiler Room (music project)|Boiler Room]] from the Rampage, Deviation, Aba Shanti-I, Channel One, Nasty Love, Saxon Sound, King Tubbys, Gladdy Wax and Disya Jeneration soundsystems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.completemusicupdate.com/article/boiler-room-to-broadcast-notting-hill-carnival-livestream/|author=Andy Malt|title=Boiler Room to broadcast Notting Hill Carnival livestream |work= Complete Music Update|date= 18 August 2016|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/aug/13/live-streaming-festivals-notting-hill-carnival|title=No mud but all the music: fans flock to watch festivals online|last=Reidy|first=Tess|date=13 August 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2016/08/29/stream-notting-hill-carnival|title=This Is How You Can Stream Notting Hill Carnival Around The World|website=The FADER|author=David Renshaw|date=29 August 2016|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/weve-teamed-up-with-boiler-room-and-deviation-to-give-you-a-taste-of-notting-hill-carnival/|title=We've Teamed Up with Boiler Room and Deviation to Give You a Taste of Notting Hill Carnival |work= Thump|date=26 August 2016|access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref>

The 2020 carnival was cancelled due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52577957 |title=Coronavirus: Notting Hill Carnival cancelled due to Covid-19|publisher=BBC News|date=7 May 2020|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> although free live-streamed events were shown online across four channels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jul/16/notting-hill-carnival-2020-details-announced-for-online-version|title=Notting Hill Carnival 2020 details announced for online version|author=Ben Beaumont-Thomas|newspaper=The Guardian|date=16 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How to watch the virtual Notting Hill Carnival 2020|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/notting-hill-carnival-2020-virtual-online-how-watch-bank-holiday-lineup-a9693681.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/notting-hill-carnival-2020-virtual-online-how-watch-bank-holiday-lineup-a9693681.html |archive-date=21 June 2022|access-date=2020-09-08|website=www.independent.co.uk|date=30 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> On 18 June 2021, it was announced that the 2021 Carnival would not take place either, due to "ongoing uncertainty and Covid-19 risk".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/notting-hill-carnival-won-t-take-place-on-streets-covid-lockdown-virtual-b941330.html|title=Notting Hill Carnival 2021: Event will not take place on streets due to 'ongoing uncertainty and Covid-19 risk'|date=18 June 2021|work=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/news/2021/06/18/notting-hill-carnival-cancelled-for-second-year-in-a-row-due-to-covid-says-organisers/|title=Notting Hill Carnival cancelled for second year in a row due to COVID, says organisers |work=The Voice|date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

In 2022, Notting Hill Carnival returned after a two-year hiatus. It started with a run to remember 72 victims of the [[Grenfell Tower fire]] from 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-62689586 | title=Notting Hill Carnival returns after two-year absence | date=28 August 2022 | publisher=BBC News |access-date=30 August 2022 }}</ref> The 2023 carnival ran from 27–28 August.<ref name="Altenberg">{{cite web |last1=Altenberg |first1=Michelle |title=Notting Hill Carnival 2023: Everything you need to know |url=https://michellealtenberg.com/london/notting-hill-carnival-2023 |publisher=michellealtenberg.com |access-date=24 August 2023}}</ref>

In 2023, Notting Hill Carnival was included in the Vision:2025 programme, a Green Events Code of Practice.<ref>[https://nhcarnival.org/updates/vision-2025 Notting Hill Carnival is happy to announce its inclusion in Vision 2025], in ''Nhcarnival.org'', 19 July 2023.</ref>

== Culture of the carnival ==
Professor [[David Dabydeen]] has stated:
<blockquote>
"Carnival is not alien to British culture. [[Bartholomew Fair]] and [[Southwark Fair]] in the 18th century were moments of great festivity and release. There was juggling, pickpocketing, whoring, drinking, masquerade – people dressed up as the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] and indulged in vulgar acts. It allowed people a space to free-up but it was banned for moral reasons and for the anti-authoritarian behaviour that went on like stoning of constables. Carnival allowed people to dramatise their grievances against the authorities on the street... Notting Hill Carnival single-handedly revived this tradition and is a great contribution to [[British culture|British cultural life]]."<ref name="culture">Professor David Dabydeen (August 2010), [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/knowledge/arts/nottinghill "Notting Hill Carnival"], Yesu Persaud Centre for Caribbean Studies, [[University of Warwick]]. Retrieved 30 August 2015.</ref>
</blockquote>

This huge street festival attracts around one million people every year to Notting Hill and highlights Caribbean and Black diasporic cultures. Carnival uses influences from many other festivals around the world. Authors [[Julian Henriques]] and Beatrice Ferrara claim the festival draws mainly on the [[Trinidad Carnival]] as well as [[Crop Over]], Canadian [[Caribana]] in Toronto and the US [[West Indian Day Parade|Labor Day Festival]] in Brooklyn. They also explain that Notting Hill Carnival is dually influenced by its diasporic cultures and its own country's influences. Henriques and Ferrara claim: "Carnival also has an explosive auditory impact due to its cacophony of sounds, in which [[Soca music|soca]], steel bands, calypso floats and sound systems mix and mingle in a multi-media and multi-sensory event" (Ferrara 132).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Henriques |first1=Julian |author2=Beatrice Ferrara |title=Black Popular Music in Britain Since 1945}}</ref>

This mixture of percussion, with emphasis on the beat and rhythm, leads to the extreme dancing in the streets for which Carnival is known, with citizens participating to the beat of the music, using mud and paint, dancing with the lower parts of the body. Henriques and Ferrara explain that people emphasize the "baseness" of the music, with everything being about the "bottom": the ground, the bottom of the body, and the bottom of the beat. The festival uses influences from the Jamaican dancehalls and British clubs, and the music is made loud enough for participants to feel the beat. The vibrations from the speakers allow people to better connect with the ground and bring their experience to another level.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Henriques |first1=Julian |author2=Beatrice Ferrara |title=Black Popular Music in Britain Since 1945}}</ref>

The authors of the same article further explain how Notting Hill Carnival also creates "territory". The parade route portion of the Carnival is where carnival floats play both recorded and live music and circulate the street, visualizing the boundaries of Carnival and marking its territory. The circulating movement of the Carnival parade is also an extending of space through sound. Territorializing the space through sounds of African beats, such as the pan, fosters a sense of identity and unity for the overall Carnival.<ref name="The Sounding">Henriques, Julian, and Beatrice Ferrara, "The Sounding of Notting Hill Carnival: Music as Space, Place and Territory."</ref>

== Artists ==
Many carnival artists who created costumes and floats for bands and Samba Schools have left their mark, among them: Clary Salandy of Mohogany Carnival,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-66618217 | title=Notting Hill Carnival 2023: Behind the scenes with the top costume makers | work=BBC News | date=27 August 2023 }}</ref> Carl Gabriel<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-101/carl-gabriel-mas-band-museum#axzz8bXxqSuE8 | title=Carl Gabriel: From mas band to museum |magazine=[[Caribbean Beat]]|issue=101|author=David Katz| date=January–February 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘I am known as a wire man’: Meet pioneering Notting Hill Carnival sculptor Carl Gabriel |url=https://www.timeout.com/london/news/i-am-known-as-a-wire-man-meet-pioneering-notting-hill-carnival-sculptor-carl-gabriel-082820 |work=Time Out|author=Katie McCabe|date=28 August 2020|access-date=2024-10-25}}</ref> and Ray Mahabir.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1356201/call-the-rain-costume-design-ali-pretty/ | title=Call the Rain |website=V&A| date=1998 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=London's Notting Hill carnival gears up for return amid surging cost of living |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/londons-notting-hill-carnival-gears-up-return-amid-surging-cost-living-2022-08-26/|author=Farouq Suleiman|author2=Natalie Thomas|date=26 August 2022 |access-date=2024-10-25|agency=Reuters}}</ref>

== Media coverage ==
Compared to other major music and art events such as [[Glastonbury Festival]], Notting Hill Carnival has historically struggled to gain any live coverage outside of local media. The majority of carnival live broadcasts have been traditionally on [[BBC London]] [[radio]] (hitting a peak of coverage in the years of 2003 and 2004), <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/07_july/24/carnival.shtml|title=BBC – Press Office – Notting Hill Carnival|work=[[BBC]]|date=24 July 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/carnival/|title=BBC – London – Carnival 2004|work=[[BBC]]|date=31 August 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040831024955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/carnival/|archive-date=31 August 2004}}</ref> and on [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] in more recent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/summer/2010/|title=BBC – Radio 1Xtra – Summer – Home|work=[[BBC]]|date=31 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07lbtn4|title=BBC – 1Xtra Summer at Notting Hill Carnival|work=[[BBC]]|date=26 August 2019}}</ref>

== Public order ==
Since the carnival did not have local authority permission, initial police involvement was aimed at preventing it taking place at all, which resulted in regular confrontation and riots. In 1976, the police had been expecting hostility due to what they deemed as trouble the year before. Consequently, after discovering pickpockets in the crowd, police took a heavy-handed approach against the large congregation of black people and it became "no-man's land". The 1600-strong police force violently broke up the carnival, with the arrest of 60 people. In the aftermath of the event, the carnival was portrayed in a very pointed way, with those aiding the riots lumped together as the "trouble-makers" responsible.<ref>Sarah Phillips, [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/mar/13/robert-golden-best-photograph "Robert Golden's best photograph: the 1976 Notting Hill carnival riots"], ''The Guardian'', 13 March 2013.</ref>

After the 1976 Notting Hill Carnival the [[Police Federation of England and Wales|Police Federation]] pressed for the introduction of riot shields to protect police from objects thrown at them, although the shields also had the potential for aggressive use, as in 1977.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rj7TrpWFVjQC&dq=notting+hill+carnival&pg=PA739 "Riot shields – protective or aggressive?"], ''[[New Scientist]]'' (Vol. 75, No. 1070), 22 September 1977, p. 739.</ref><ref>Roger Fowler,
[https://books.google.com/books?id=bX5GAQAAQBAJ&dq=notting+hill+carnival&pg=PA248 ''Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press''], Routledge, 2013, p. 248.</ref><ref>Tony Moore, ''Policing Notting Hill: Fifty Years of Turbulence'', Waterside Press, 2013, p. 195.</ref>
A change of policy came after a confrontation in 1987, when the carnival was allowed to take place with police adopting a more conciliatory approach. During the 2000 Carnival, two men were murdered; and future policing, while conciliatory, resulted in police deployment in large numbers: upwards of 11,000.

The [[Mayor of London]]'s Carnival Review Group's report (published in 2004,<ref name=GLAReview />) led to the parades taking a circular rather than linear route, but a recommendation to relocate the event in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] has been resisted.<ref>Chirag Trivedi, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3593612.stm "Carnival's route to success"], BBC News, 27 August 2004.</ref><ref name=IndyTimeline /> Some crimes associated with the carnival have taken place on its periphery: in 2007, two teenagers were wounded in separate shooting incidents just outside the carnival area on the Monday evening;<ref>Martina Smit, [http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/news/1646148.Teen_shootings_mar_Notting_Hill_Carnival/ "Teen shootings mar Notting Hill Carnival"], ''Guardian Series'', 28 August 2007.</ref> however, police said there had been a decline in the number of carnival-linked arrests in comparison with the previous year.<ref>Matthew Moore and agencies, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1561485/Notting-Hill-Carnival-ends-with-boys-shooting.html "Notting Hill Carnival ends with boy's shooting"], ''The Telegraph'', 28 August 2017.</ref>

The 2008 Carnival was marred by rioting at the very end of the weekend, involving about 40 youths battling with police, and more than 300 people were arrested.<ref>James Orr and agencies, [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/aug/26/ukcrime.nottinghillcarnival "Notting Hill carnival ends with police battling troublemakers"], ''The Guardian'', 26 August 2008.</ref> The carnival has come under criticism for its cost to the London taxpayer, with the cost of policing the event more than £6,000,000; however, it is argued that this should be put into context since the carnival is estimated to bring approximately £93,000,000 into the local economy.<ref name=LDA /><ref>Pav Akhtar,
[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1439378/London-cashes-in-on-the-carnival.html "London cashes in on the carnival"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 21 August 2003,</ref>

Although the 2011 Carnival was at risk of being cancelled in the wake of the early [[2011 England riots|August riots in the UK that year]],<ref>[[Lloyd Bradley]], [http://www.u.tv/articles/article.aspx?cat=news&guid=504fd1e4-3f96-40c9-a235-21258b0c1518 "Don't confuse Notting Hill carnival with the riots"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070531/http://www.u.tv/articles/article.aspx?cat=news&guid=504fd1e4-3f96-40c9-a235-21258b0c1518 |date=7 April 2014 }}, U TV, 25 August 2011.</ref> it was seen as being relatively peaceful. Five people were arrested for a stabbing at [[Ladbroke Grove]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/30/notting-hill-carnival-arrested-stabbing | location=London | work=The Guardian| author=Caroline Davies | title=Notting Hill carnival: 16-year-old arrested after stabbing | date=30 August 2011}}</ref> The victim was one of 86 people who were taken to hospital. In total 245 people were detained by police over the two days of the carnival.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14716306 |work=BBC News| title=Notting Hill Carnival stabbing: Boy among five arrested | date=30 August 2011}}</ref>

In recent years, there has been much less serious trouble, and it is generally viewed very positively by the authorities as a dynamic celebration of London's multicultural diversity, though dominated by the Caribbean culture. {{citation needed|date=September 2024}} However, there has been controversy over the public safety aspects of holding such a well-attended event in narrow streets in a small area of London. In 2017, local [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] MP [[Victoria Borwick]] commissioned a survey of [[Kensington and Chelsea (UK Parliament constituency)|Kensington and Chelsea]] residents, with the [[Evening Standard]] reporting that "Nine out of ten residents living along the route of the Notting Hill Carnival flee their homes to escape the 'frightening and intimidating' event."<ref name="standard.co.uk">Pippa Crerar, [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/frightening-notting-hill-carnival-drives-residents-from-their-homes-a3287866.html "Notting Hill Carnival is 'frightening and drives residents from their homes'"], ''London Evening Standard'', 5 July 2016.</ref>

In 2016 there were over 450 arrests, and five people were hurt in four knife attacks; however, the commander in charge of policing carnival, David Musker, said that the number of arrests had been inflated by the new [[Psychoactive Substances Act 2016]].<ref name="Gayle2016">{{cite web|author=Damien Gayle|title=Notting Hill carnival arrests hit record high|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/aug/30/notting-hill-carnival-arrests-hit-record-high|website=The Guardian|access-date=30 August 2016|date=30 August 2016}}</ref> Based on relative attendance figures, it has been said that crime rates for the Notting Hill Carnival and for [[Glastonbury Festival|Glastonbury]] or other music festivals are comparable,<ref>Greg Hurst, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/glastonbury-festival-has-worse-crime-rate-5369222.html "Glastonbury Festival has worse crime rate"], ''The Independent'', 1 September 2000.</ref> and Ishmahil Blagrove, co-author of the book ''Carnival: A Photographic and Testimonial History of the Notting Hill Carnival'', states: "Notting Hill Carnival, compared to [[Trinidad and Tobago carnival|Trinidad]] or [[Brazilian Carnival|Brazil]], is one of the safest in the world."<ref name="Gayle2016" />

A report in 2004 by the GLA Policing Policy Director, [[Lee Jasper]], criticised authorities for not addressing safety issues involved in over a million people attending a small inner-city residential area, quoting the Met Police spokesman Dave Musker, who in November 2016 said: "Each year … we come exceptionally close to a major catastrophic failure of public safety where members of the public will suffer serious injury."<ref>Lee Jasper,
[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/25/grenfell-warnings-notting-hill-carnival-safety-ignored "Notting Hill carnival is unsafe. But, like Grenfell, authorities ignore the warnings"], ''The Guardian'', 25 August 2017.</ref>

In the three weeks running up to the 2017 event, the police made 656 arrests, a pre-emptive crackdown.<ref name=Grierson>Jamie Grierson and Damien Gayle, [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/aug/29/notting-hill-carnival-arrests-down-after-controversial-crackdown "Notting Hill carnival arrests down after controversial crackdown"], ''The Guardian'', 29 August 2017.</ref> There were 313 arrests during the two days of the 2017 Carnival, compared with 454 the previous year.<ref name=Grierson /> On both days, a minute's silence in tribute to the victims of the [[Grenfell Tower fire]] was observed at 3 pm by the Carnival-goers, many of whom wore "green for Grenfell".<ref>Jemma Crew, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/notting-hill-carnival-grenfell-fire-minute-silence-video-victims-tribute-a7917391.html "Notting Hill Carnival pays tribute to Grenfell fire victims with emotional minute silence"], ''The Independent'', 29 August 2017.</ref><ref>Lauren Pilat and Natasha Salmon, [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/notting-hill-carnivalgoers-praised-for-grenfell-disaster-response-a3621871.html "Notting Hill Carnival-goers praised for Grenfell disaster response"], ''London Evening Standard'', 29 August 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-41072954 "Notting Hill Carnival: Thousands enjoy sound, samba and sun"], BBC News, 29 August 2017.</ref>

During the 2018 event, due to the rising levels of violent crime in London, police deployed metal detectors to prevent weapons being brought to the event. During the event, 30 police officers were injured in the line of duty, 36 weapons were confiscated and 373 arrests were made by the [[Metropolitan Police Service]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.met.police.uk/news/met-officers-thank-londoners-for-spectacular-notting-hill-carnival-319222|title=Met officers thank Londoners for spectacular Notting Hill Carnival|publisher=Metropolitan Police|access-date=28 August 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/notting-hill-carnival-grenfell-silence-tribute-2018-tower-fire-honour-victims-a8510331.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/notting-hill-carnival-grenfell-silence-tribute-2018-tower-fire-honour-victims-a8510331.html |archive-date=21 June 2022|title=Over 370 arrests were made at Notting Hill Carnival and one person was stabbed|work=The Independent|author=Tom Barnes|date=27 August 2018|access-date=28 August 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/notting-hill-carnival-2018-police-to-use-stop-and-search-powers-in-violence-crackdown-11482561|title=Notting Hill Carnival 2018: Police to use stop and search powers in violence crackdown|first=Lucia|last= Binding|work=Sky News|date=26 August 2018|access-date=28 August 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Since 1987 there have been eight deaths related to violence at carnival: Michael Augustine Galvin (23) on 30 August 1987,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/police-informer-is-jailed-for-perjury-over-knife-murder-testimony-led-to-mans-life-sentence-for-killing-of-stallholder-at-1987-notting-hill-carnival-1482349.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/police-informer-is-jailed-for-perjury-over-knife-murder-testimony-led-to-mans-life-sentence-for-killing-of-stallholder-at-1987-notting-hill-carnival-1482349.html |archive-date=21 June 2022|location=London |work=The Independent |title=Police informer is jailed for perjury over knife murder: Testimony led to man's life sentence for killing of stallholder at 1987 Notting Hill Carnival | date=2 July 1993}}</ref> Nicholas John Hanscomb (38) on 26 August 1991,<ref>[http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/archive/2001/08/25/6012706.Carnival_victim_s_killer_still_being_hunted/ "Carnival victim's killer still being hunted"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422025800/http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/archive/2001/08/25/6012706.Carnival_victim_s_killer_still_being_hunted/ |date=22 April 2014 }}, This Is Lancashire, 25 August 2001.</ref> Greg Fitzgerald Watson (21) on 28 August 2000,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/967787.stm "Carnival murder footage released"], BBC News, 11 October 2000.</ref> Abdul Munam Bhatti (28) on 28 August 2000,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/911242.stm "'Racial motive' for carnival murder"], BBC News, 5 September 2000.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Cheston|title=Gang jailed for carnival rampage|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/gang-jailed-for-carnival-rampage-6303924.html|website=London Evening Standard|access-date=31 August 2016|date=2 May 2002}}</ref> Lee Christopher Surbaran (27) on 30 August 2004,<ref>Alex Galbinski, [http://www.times-series.co.uk/news/619004.gang_trio_jailed_for_murder/ "Gang trio jailed for murder"], ''The Times Series'' (Newsquest), 2 August 2005.</ref> Takayo Nembhard (also known as rapper TKorStretch, 21) on 29 August 2022 and two deaths during NHC 2024 - a 32-year-old female who was stabbed and a 41-year-old male who was assaulted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notting Hill Carnival: Man, 21, dies after being stabbed in crowd in 'night of violence' |date=30 August 2022 |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/breaking-notting-hill-carnival-man-27862438 |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=Mirror UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62719530 | title=Notting Hill Carnival: Rapper Takayo Nembhard stabbed to death | date=30 August 2022 | publisher=BBC News |access-date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

During the 2024 Festival, 334 people were arrested and eight people were stabbed, with three left with life-threatening conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-27 |title=Eight people including mother stabbed at Notting Hill Carnival with 334 arrested |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/notting-hill-carnival-stabbing-met-police-london-b2602290.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Two people died following two separate attacks during the carnival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notting Hill Carnival: Mum and chef die after separate attacks |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c70jd57rx8jo |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB|author=Thomas Mackintosh|date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

Despite its reputation for crime, Notting Hill Carnival arrests as a proportion of attendance is comparable to many other large events and festivals in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/notting-hill-carnival-arrest-rates-same-as-glastonbury_uk_5d5d1d18e4b063487e9519d5|title=Notting Hill Carnival: New Data Reveals Crime Should Not Be The Story Of The Weekend|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=24 August 2019|author=Emma Youle}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Transport for London run special limited-stop bus services from South London to the Carnival area:
*2X from West Norwood and Brixton
*36X from Peckham and Camberwell
*436X from Peckham and Camberwell

Some London Underground stations are closed or are exit-only to ease congestion.

== Image gallery ==

<gallery>
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2005 012.jpg|Mas parade, Carnival 2005
File:DSF3911 (226577260).jpg|Mas parade, Carnival 2006
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2006 006.jpg|Crowds on Ladbroke Grove, Carnival 2006
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2007 004.jpg|Steel pan drums on float, Carnival 2007
File:Notting Hill Carnival (7883238816).jpg|Carnival goers on the main drag, Carnival 2012
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2013.jpg|Mas parade, Carnival 2013
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2015 (20408408623).jpg|Setting up a sound system, Carnival 2014
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2015 (20445611334).jpg|Jerk chicken and corn street food, Carnival 2015
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2015 (21029459705).jpg|Float parade, Carnival 2015
File:Notting Hill Carnival (29319282205).jpg|Mas dancer, Carnival 2016
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2017 (3).jpg|Mas parade, Carnival 2017
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2019 (6).jpg|Mas dancer, Carnival 2019
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Leeds West Indian Carnival]] (also known as the "Chapeltown Carnival")
* [[St Pauls Carnival]], Bristol
* [[Culture of London]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Abner Cohen, "Drama and Politics in the Development of a London Carnival", in [[Ronald Frankenberg]] (ed.), ''Custom and Conflict in British Society'', Manchester University Press, 1982, pp. 313–44.
* Kwesi Owusu and Jacob Ross, ''Behind the Masquerade: Story of Notting Hill Carnival'', Arts Media Group, London, 1988.
* Leslie Wills and Marcel Knobil, ''Images of the Carnival: Official Lilt Notting Hill Carnival Book'', Superbrands, London, 1996.
* Ishmahil Blagrove and [[Margaret Busby]] (eds), ''Carnival: A Photographic and Testimonial History of the Notting Hill Carnival'', Rice N Peas Books, London, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0954529321}}.
* Peter Anderson, ''Notting Hill Carnival 1983'', Cafe Royal Books, UK, 2023.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Notting Hill Carnival}}
* {{Official website|https://nhcarnival.org/}}

{{Carnival around the world}}
{{coord|51.5132|-0.2043|type:event_dim:2000_region:GB-KEC|display=title}}

[[Category:Notting Hill|Carnival]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Afro-Caribbean culture in London]]
[[Category:Annual events in London]]
[[Category:August]]
[[Category:Black British culture in London]]
[[Category:Carnivals in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Festivals in London]]
[[Category:Festivals of Caribbean culture abroad]]
[[Category:Festivals of multiculturalism]]
[[Category:Multiculturalism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Music festivals established in 1966]]
[[Category:Parades in London]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1965]]
[[Category:Summer in England]]

Valley of the Shadows

2025-04-06T07:34:05Z

77.86.103.78: Save dead url with archive version, move Dailymotion to ref, add discogs link

{{distinguish|Valley of the Shadow|Valley of Shadows (disambiguation)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{use British English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Valley of the Shadows
| cover = OriginUnknown.jpg
| alt =
| caption = 1996 vinyl release label
| type = single
| artist = [[Origin Unknown]]
| album =
| A-side = "The Touch"
| released = 1993
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = * [[Darkcore]]
*[[hardcore jungle]]
| length = 4:33
| label = [[RAM Records|RAM]]
| writer = * [[Andy C]]
* Ant Miles
| producer = * Andy C
* Ant Miles
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Origin Unknown]]
| type = single
| title = The Touch" / "Valley of the Shadows
| year = 1993
| next_title = Truly One" / "Mission Control
| next_year = 1995}}
}}
'''"Valley of the Shadows"''' is a song by English [[drum and bass]] duo [[Origin Unknown]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RA: Andy C Biography|work=[[Resident Advisor]]|url=https://www.residentadvisor.net/dj/andyc/biography|accessdate=2 April 2019}}</ref> Considered to be a highly influential [[jungle (music)|jungle]] track, it was originally released as the [[A-side and B-side|B-side]] of "The Touch" before its re-release as a standalone single in 1996, both released on [[RAM Records]]. "Valley of the Shadows" proved a lot more popular than the A-side, "The Touch", and the single went on to become one of the label's best-selling releases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6ie7j1|title=Origin Unknown 'Valley Of The Shadows' (Game Changer)|website=[[Dailymotion]]}}</ref>

==Background==
Two vocal samples are used extensively throughout the track. The phrase "Felt that I was in this long dark tunnel" was sampled from an episode of the BBC documentary series ''[[Q.E.D. (BBC TV series)|Q.E.D.]]'', first shown in 1988, concerning [[out-of-body experience]]s. Most of the drum sounds were sampled from the free CD from the first issues of the magazine ''Future Music'' in the UK in February 1993. The track was recorded in four hours, and despite being placed on the B-side as it didn't fit the mould of most [[breakbeat hardcore]] tracks at the time, it became one of the biggest-selling and most enduring releases on the label.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224230945/https://dontbeafraidrecordings.co.uk/magazine/in-conversation-ant-miles/|archivedate=24 February 2020|url=https://dontbeafraidrecordings.co.uk/magazine/in-conversation-ant-miles/|title=In Conversation: Ant Miles|work=Don't Be Afraid|date=15 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://djmag.com/content/andy-c-horns|title=Andy C: By The Horns|work=DJ Magazine|date=22 May 2014}}</ref>

==Formats and track listings==
{{Track listing
| headline = Vinyl (1993) – "The Touch" / "Valley of the Shadows"<ref>{{cite AV media notes|others=[[Origin Unknown]]|title="The Touch" / "Valley of the Shadows"|year=1993|type=Liner Notes|publisher=[[RAM Records]]}} RAMM 004</ref>
| title1 = The Touch
| length1 = 4:38

| title2 = Valley of the Shadows
| length2 = 4:40
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Vinyl (1996)<ref>{{cite AV media notes|others=[[Origin Unknown]]|title="Valley of the Shadows"|year=1993|type=Liner Notes|publisher=[[RAM Records]]}} RAMM 16</ref>
| title1 = Valley of the Shadows
| note1 = original mix
| length1 = 4:33

| title2 = Valley of the Shadows
| note2 = Awake 96 remix
| length2 = 6:16
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = CD (1996)<ref>{{cite AV media notes|others=[[Origin Unknown]]|title="Valley of the Shadows"|year=1993|type=Liner Notes|publisher=[[RAM Records]]}} RAMM16CD</ref>
| title1 = Valley of the Shadows
| note1 = edit mix
| length1 = 3:46

| title2 = Valley of the Shadows
| note2 = original mix
| length2 = 4:33

| title3 = Valley of the Shadows
| note3 = Awake 96 remix
| length3 = 6:16
}}

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (1996)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
{{single chart|UK|60|artist=Origin Unknown|song=Valley of the Shadows|rowheader=true|date=19960713|accessdate=5 April 2019}}
|-
{{single chart|UKdance|3|artist=Origin Unknown|song=Valley of the Shadows|rowheader=true|date=19960713|accessdate=5 April 2019}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{discogs release|17714|type=single}}

[[Category:1993 songs]]
[[Category:RAM Records singles]]

Beverley Folk Festival

2025-03-22T20:41:35Z

77.86.103.78: Tidy

{{Short description|Festival in Beverley, Yorkshire, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name =
| logo = Beverley_Folk_Festival_Logo.jpg
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| status = Active
| genre = Music festival
| frequency = Annually (second weekend of June)
| location = [[Beverley]], England
| coordinates =
| years_active = {{age|1984|0|0|df=y}} years
| first =
| founder_name =
| last = 21-23 June 2024
| next = 20-22 June 2025
| participants =
| attendance =
| capacity =
| area =
| budget =
| activity =
| leader_name =
| patron =
| organised =
| filing =
| people =
| member =
| sponsor =
| website = {{URL|https://www.beverleyfolk.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Beverley Folk Festival''' is a three-day celebration of [[folk music]], art, comedy and spoken word held in [[Beverley]], [[East Riding of Yorkshire]], England. It was first organised in 1983 by the White Horse Folk Club and grew considerably over thirty years, being located both at Beverley Leisure Centre and at local venues in the town. In 2013, it moved to [[Beverley Racecourse]] and ran until 2018 when it fell into liquidation, resulting in a smaller programme of events being hosted in the town as '''Beverley Fringe Festival''' that year. In 2022, it returned as the Beverley Folk Festival.

==History==
Beverley has always had a vibrant local music scene, and particularly acoustic/folk; much of which can be attributed to the long-standing annual Folk festival..

Established in 1983, the festival was originally organised by the White Horse Folk Club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/beverley-folk-festival-various-venues-7827458.html|title=Beverley Folk Festival, various venues|date=8 June 2012|work= The Independent}}</ref> Over the years it grew steadily in size and became based at Beverley Leisure Centre, with the venue hosting the main stage, with further music and craft tents on the adjacent site along with the campsite. Nearby pubs in the town including the Sun Inn and Tiger Inn also hosted live music, and the town centre various fringe events. Songwriter and radio broadcaster [[Mike Harding]], and playwright and dramatist [[John Godber]] are among the festival patrons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justbeverley.co.uk/articles/1356/mike-harding-and-john-godber-encourage-music-lovers-to-support-beverley-folk-festival|title=Mike Harding and John Godber Encourage Music Lovers to support Beverley Folk Festival|date=30 May 2017|work= Just Beverley}}</ref>

Past line-ups have ranged from folk legends such as [[The Watersons]], [[Steeleye Span]], [[Oysterband]], [[Ralph McTell]], [[Lindisfarne (band)|Lindisfarne]], and the [[Peatbog Faeries]], to [[Billy Bragg]], [[Barbara Dickson]] and [[The Proclaimers]]. Contemporary performers have included [[Levellers (band)|Levellers]], [[Chumbawamba]], [[Seth Lakeman]], [[Bellowhead]], [[Eliza Carthy]] and [[Blackbeard's Tea Party]]. Outside the realms of mainstream folk music, headliners have ranged from [[Joe Brown (singer)|Joe Brown]] to [[Paul Carrack]].

The festival was run on a [[not-for-profit]] basis and managed by a board of volunteer directors with volunteers involved across all areas of the festival.

==Racecourse (2013–2018)==
In 2013, the festival moved to [[Beverley Racecourse]] and expanded during the next five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beverley-racecourse.co.uk/news/new-music-festival-moves-to-the-racecourse|title=Music festival moves to the Racecourse|date=25 February 2013|work=Beverley Racecourse}}</ref> The Racecourse site included: ''The Festival Village'' (food and craft stalls and open-air performances), ''Main Stage Marquee (The Big Top)'' (large marquee hosting festival headliners, with a capacity of over 1000), ''Concert Marquee (The Little Top)'' (smaller marquee showcasing new and old artists), ''The Atom'' (venue hosting the Late Night and Moonbeams Sessions, beer tent and improvised music), ''The Racecourse Rooms'' (main Grandstand function rooms/bars hosting talks, open music sessions, The Westwood Sessions and comedy, drama and talks), and ''Children’s Marquee'' (running arts, crafts and music for children).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beverleyfestival.com/|work=Beverleyfestival.com|title=Home - Beverley Folk Festival|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111064759/http://www.beverleyfestival.com/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Alongside the Racecourse site continued the ''Fringe Festival'', in and around Beverley Market Place and pubs.

In April 2018, it was suddenly announced that the years festival would be cancelled,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-43867140|title=Long-running Beverley Folk Festival cancelled|date=23 April 2018|work=BBC News}}</ref> citing the loss of its primary source of funding as the reason for its cancellation. The company was placed into immediate voluntary liquidation.

==Fringe festival (2018)==

Within hours of the news emerging of the cancellation of the 2018 festival, organisers involved in Fringe Festival events announced their intention to host an enlarged fringe to fill the void.

Reflecting very much the festival origins and roots, a reformed and expanded Fringe Festival ran over the planned three days with performances at venues including The Tiger, Sun Inn and Monks Walk public houses, Memorial Hall, East Riding Theatre, as well in and around the town centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justbeverley.co.uk/articles/1960/beverley-fringe-expands-to-fill-folk-festival-hole-on-june-15-17|title=Beverley Fringe Expands to fill Folk-Festival hole|date=30 May 2018|work= Just Beverley}}</ref>

==Return of the folk festival (2022-)==

The festival returned in 2022, with performances at venues across the town including St Mary's Church, [[East Riding Theatre]], Memorial Hall, The Sun Inn, The Monks Walk, St Nicholas Church, and the streets of Beverley. Headline acts have included The Trials of Cato, The Brothers Gillespie, Iona Lane, and Henry Parker.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://justbeverley.co.uk/articles/4647/the-beverley-folk-festival-once-again-returns-to-beverley-from-the-16th-to-19th-of-june-2022|title=The Beverley Folk Festival once again returns to Beverley|work=Just Beverley|date=18 February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://www.beverleyfolk.com/ Beverley Folk Festival website]

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[[Category:Beverley]]
[[Category:Music festivals in the East Riding of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Folk festivals in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Music festivals established in 1983]]

Davey Winder

2024-11-29T22:34:33Z

77.86.103.78: Rv, correct information removed, but added Forbes

{{Short description|British internet personality}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Davey Winder
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = David Winder
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
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| monuments =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| education =
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| occupation = Journalist, writer
| years_active = 1991-present
| employer =
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| agent =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| television =
| spouse =
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| awards = IT Security Journalist of the Year (UK) (2006, 2008, 2010)
| website = https://happygeek.com
}}
'''David Winder''', commonly known as '''Davey Winder''', is an [[English people|English]] [[Information technology|IT]] and [[Information Security]] freelance consultant, writer and journalist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theclockend.com/the-life-and-career-of-davey-winder/|title=The Life and Career of Davey Winder|work=Theclockend.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eclat.co.uk/journalist-qa-davey-winder-part-1/|title=Journalist Q&A: Davey Winder – Part 1|work=Eclat.co.uk}}</ref> He was the 'IT Security Journalist of the Year (UK)' three times, in 2006, 2008 and 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alphr.com/news/security/361390/davey-winder-nominated-as-security-journalist-of-the-year|title=Davey Winder nominated as Security Journalist of the Year|website=Alphr|language=en|access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Biography==
After viral [[encephalitis]] left him severely disabled, he first got a computer to use video games to improve the coordination in the remaining arm in which he had the power of movement. He then used a word processor to learn how to read and write again. After experiments with [[Prestel]], he found an early British online community, [[CIX (website)|CIX]], in the late 1980s, before direct connections to the internet were cheaply available outside academia, and this provided him with a new social and business life. Winder was contacted through CIX email over the internet by technological culture writer [[Howard Rheingold]], a habitué of [[WELL (virtual community)|The Well]], another early online community-based in the [[United States]], and eventually the two met in person at Winder's home; the meeting is described in Rheingold's book, ''[[The Virtual Community]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/8.html|title=howard rheingold's the virtual community: chapter 8|author=[[Howard Rheingold]]|work=Rheingold.com}}</ref>

A prolific author himself, Winder has had more than 20 books published. The most recent, Being Virtual, in conjunction with the [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]], in London which explores the realm of virtual identity and is part auto-biographical in nature. Winder is now fully recovered and no longer needs a wheelchair.

Winder has contributed regularly to newspapers and magazines including ''[[Computer Weekly]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[.net (magazine)|.net]]'', ''[[PC Pro]]'', and ''[[Forbes.com]]''.

==Publications==
* [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38504990 "All you need to know about using the net."] [[Future plc|Future Publishing]], 1994.
* [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/223777100 "All you need to know about business on-line."] Future Publishing, 1995.
* [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52978332 "Inside the Internet: getting the most from the Net."] Future Publishing, 1995.
* [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35317851 "Sex and the Internet."] Future Publishing, 1996.
* [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/190777178 "Being virtual: who you really are online."] [[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]], 2008

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
* [https://happygeek.com/ Personal website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winder, Davey}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century British journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century British journalists]]

Normski

2024-10-23T21:12:37Z

77.86.103.78: Tidy

{{Short description|British broadcaster, photographer, DJ and rapper (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Normski
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Norman Anderson
| birth_date = 1966
| birth_place = [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], London, England
| education =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Broadcaster, photographer, DJ
| website = http://www.normskiphotography.com/
}}

'''Norman Anderson''' (born 1966), better known as '''Normski''', is a British broadcaster, photographer, and DJ.<ref name="Buru">{{cite web|url=https://www.buru.org.uk/contributor/normski|title=Ben Uri Research Unit|work=Buru.org.uk}}</ref>

==Early life==
Anderson was born in [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], [[London]].<ref name="Buru"/> He was given his first camera at the age of nine, and was inspired by photographer [[Horace Ové]], whose son was a friend.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://djhistory.com/read/normski-shot-the-stars/|title=Normski shot the stars|author=Bill Brewster|work=DJ History}}</ref>

==Career==
Anderson established himself within London's [[hip-hop]] scene in the 1980s, photographing the fashion associated with the scene for magazines including ''[[The Face (magazine)|The Face]]'' and ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''. He also became a fashion designer, using patterns associated with [[Black British people|black African cultural heritage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-d.co/article/normski-hip-hop-photography/|title=Memories of documenting the 90s hip-hop scene|work=[[i-D]]}}</ref> Anderson has photographed the likes of [[Public Enemy]], [[De La Soul]], [[Ice Cube]], and [[Queen Latifah]].

Described as "larger than life and effusive",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/home/normskis-inside-view-7436287.html|work=[[Evening Standard]]|title=Normski's inside view|date=5 April 2012|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> he came into wider public attention as Normski when he fronted [[BBC]] television's ''[[DEF II]]'' and ''Dance Energy'', flagship "youth" shows on [[BBC2]] in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{cite episode|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07r348d|network=[[BBC]]|station=[[BBC Radio 1Xtra|Radio 1Xtra]]|series=Ace|title=UK legend Normski talks about his classic music TV show 'Dance Energy' for Black History Month 2019|date=15 October 2019|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.lexiconmag.co.uk/issue005/normski.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106140521/http://www.lexiconmag.co.uk/issue005/normski.html|archive-date=6 November 2009|work=Lexicon magazine|issue=5|title=normski - break from the norm}}</ref> Anderson has also appeared on various TV shows and documentaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1551011/|title=Normski - IMDb|work=[[IMDB]]}}</ref>

His photography on the theme of the "Black British experience" has been exhibited at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/45fKwWl8klXrBfcHpqH7kVc/staying-power-photographs-of-black-british-experience-1950s-1990s|publisher=BBC|work=Arts|title=Staying Power: Photographs of Black British Experience, 1950s-1990s|date=16 February 2015|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/staying-power-photographs-of-black-british-experience|title=Staying Power: Photographs of Black British Experience|work=[[V&A]]}}</ref>

On the radio, he has appeared on [[BBC Radio 1]], [[Kiss 100]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://internationalradiofaces.com/portfolio/normski/|title=Normski - International Radio Faces|work=Internationalradiofaces.com}}</ref> and with regular shows on Push FM<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiocafe.co.uk/zold/rad_pushfm.htm|work=Radiocafe|title=RADIO STATION PROFILE {{!}} Push FM|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> and [[Flex FM]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://flexfm.co.uk/artist/normski/|title=Normski - FLEX FM 101.4FM|work=Flexfm.co.uk}}</ref>

His fanzine ''Darker Shade of White'' captures images from the 1980s [[UK hip-hop]] culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/photography/article/32286/1/normski-s-photographs-from-the-uk-s-golden-age-of-hip-hop-80-s|work=[[Dazed]]|title=Photographs from the UK's golden age of hip hop|first=Jessie|last=Pink|date=2 August 2016|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>

In September 2023, he released the book ''Man With The Golden Shutter'', a selection of his photography.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whynow.co.uk/read/normski-interview|title=Normski: 'Being Black has been my meal ticket in life'|work=Whynow.co.uk|date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

==Publications==
*''Man With The Golden Shutter.'' UK: ACC Art Books, 2023. {{ISBN|9781788842341}}.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.normskiphotography.com/ Normski official photography site]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Black British radio presenters]]
[[Category:British photographers]]
[[Category:British radio presenters]]
[[Category:British television presenters]]
[[Category:English people of Jamaican descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UK-singer-stub}}

Dubplate

2024-05-12T18:59:13Z

77.86.103.78: Rv, theyre called acetates even if not technically acetate compound.

{{Short description|Acetate recording disc}}
[[File:Dubplate Acetates.jpg|thumb|right|300px|10" dubplates.]]
A '''dubplate''' is an [[acetate disc]] usually of 10 inches diameter, traditionally used by [[Recording studio|studios]] to test recordings prior to [[Audio mastering|mastering]] for the subsequent pressing of a [[vinyl record]], but pioneered by [[reggae]] [[Reggae sound system|sound systems]] as a way to play exclusive music. They would later become an important facet of the [[jungle music|jungle]]/[[drum and bass]], [[UK garage]], [[Grime (music genre)|grime]] and [[dubstep]] music scenes.

== History ==
[[File:Dubplate cutting.jpg|thumb|right|Dubplate cutting at a cutting house]]
The first use of dubplates is commonly attributed to [[sound engineer]] [[King Tubby]] and [[reggae]] [[reggae sound system|sound systems]] such as [[Lloyd Coxsone]] and [[Killamanjaro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/a-brief-history-of-jamaican-soundsystem-culture|title=How Jamaican soundsystem culture conquered music|author=Chris Parkin|date=10 August 2017|website=Red Bull Music Academy|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190404183820/https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/a-brief-history-of-jamaican-soundsystem-culture|archivedate=4 April 2019|access-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Special and one-off versions would be cut to [[acetate disc|acetate]] for competing in a [[sound clash]], utilising vocals specially recorded to namecheck the sound system. As such, these would become known as "dubplate specials" often remarking on the prowess of the sound system playing it, in a bid to win the clash.

In the UK, the earliest place to cut reggae dubplates would also be one of the most unlikely. John Hassell and his wife ran a recording studio from their suburban house in [[Barnes, London|Barnes]], South West [[London]], but would become key to [[United Kingdom|British]] sound systems and artists such as [[Dennis Bovell]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundofthehound.com/2011/06/25/the-strange-origin-of-the-uk-reggae-big-bass-sound-john-hassell-recordings-barnes/|title=The strange origin of the UK Reggae big bass sound: John Hassell Recordings, Barnes|website=Soundofthehound.com|date=25 June 2011}}</ref> Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Music House in [[North London]] and JTS Studio in [[East London]] would become the two most prominent "cutting houses".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Warren|first=Emma|title=The First Cut is the Deepest|issue=4|magazine=Woofah Magazine|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dub-stuy.com/music-house/|title=Music House Studio Inside one of London’s legendary dubplate studios|work=Dub-stuy.com|date=25 November 2018}}</ref>

Whilst acetates have been used in the [[music industry]] for many years, especially in [[Electronic dance music|dance music]], dubplates would become a particularly important part of the [[jungle music|jungle]]/[[drum and bass]] scene throughout the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2014/10/dubplate-culture-feature|title=Dubplate Culture: Analogue Islands in the Digital Stream|author=Matthew Bennett|date=30 October 2014|website=Red Bull Music Academy Daily|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190404184019/http://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2014/10/dubplate-culture-feature|archivedate=4 April 2019|access-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> This would be followed through its descendants [[UK garage]], [[Grime (music genre)|grime]] and [[dubstep]], and cutting houses such as Transition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonafidemag.com/dreams-rendered-metal-dubplate-culture/|title=Dreams rendered in metal: A look into dubplate culture|author=Alex Nagshineh|date=13 May 2015|website=Bonafide Magazine| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716172832/http://www.bonafidemag.com/dreams-rendered-metal-dubplate-culture/|archivedate=16 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/nuff-wheel-ups-exploring-dubplate-culture|title=Nuff Wheel Ups: Exploring Dubplate Culture|author=Will Pritchard|website=Clash Music|date=8 September 2016}}</ref> New music would regularly be composed and recorded onto [[Digital Audio Tape|DAT tape]] in order for it to be cut onto dubplate, often so that it could be played that weekend (or even that night).

Despite the shift to DJing on digital mediums such as [[CDJ|CDJs]] and [[DJ controller|DJ controllers]], dubplates continue to be used for playing exclusive music and have also gained a specialist market in recent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thevinylfactory.com/features/studios-dubplates-culture-alive/|title=Meet the studios keeping dubplate culture alive|author=Oli Warwick|work=The Vinyl Factory|date=28 August 2017}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
According to David Toop, the "[[Dubbing (music)|dub]]" in dubplate is an allusion to the dubplate's use in "dubbing" or "doubling" the original version of a track.<ref>{{cite book |last=Toop |first=David |author-link=David Toop |title=Ocean of Sound |year=1995 |page=117| publisher=Serpent's Tail}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Acetate disc]]
*[[Reggae sound system]]

== References ==
{{Wiktionary}}

{{refs}}

[[Category:Audio storage]]
[[Category:Jungle music]]
[[Category:Reggae culture]]

Loughborough Campus Radio

2021-12-22T22:33:33Z

77.86.103.78: Remove categories from redirect

#REDIRECT [[Loughborough Students' Union#Media]]

{{R to section}}