wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Gray Coach

2025-06-21T14:10:36Z

76.71.63.66:

{{Short description|Former Canadian commercial intercity bus company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox bus transit
| name = Gray Coach
| logo = Gray Coach logo.svg
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption = Gray Coach logo by [[Allan Fleming]], 1970
| company_slogan =
| parent = [[Toronto Transportation Commission]] 1927–1954 [[Metropolitan Toronto|Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto]] ([[Toronto Transit Commission]]) 1954–1990 [[Stagecoach Group|Stagecoach]] 1990–1992
| founded = 1927
| defunct = 1992
| headquarters = [[Toronto]]
| locale = [[Ontario]]
| service_area = [[Southern Ontario|Southern]] & [[Central Ontario]]
| service_type = intercity, commuter, local sightseeing
| alliance = [[Voyageur Colonial Bus Lines|Voyageur]] to [[Ottawa]] and [[Montreal]] [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] to [[New York City]]
| routes =
| destinations = [[Toronto]], [[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]], [[North Bay, Ontario|North Bay]], [[Barrie]], [[Owen Sound]], [[London, Ontario|London]], [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]], [[Guelph]], [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], [[Niagara Falls, Ontario|Niagara Falls]], [[Buffalo, New York]]
| stops =
| hubs =
| stations = [[Toronto Coach Terminal|Toronto Bus Terminal]] [[Sunnyside Bus Terminal]]
| lounge =
| depots = Davenport Garage 1927-1954 Sherbourne Garage 1954-1980 Lakeshore Garage 1980-1990
| fleet =
| ridership
| annual ridership =
| fuel_type =
| operator =
| ceo =
| leader_type =
| leader =
}}

'''Gray Coach''' was a Canadian inter-city [[bus]] line based in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], from 1927 to 1992. It was founded and initially owned by the [[Toronto Transportation Commission]], until sold to [[Stagecoach Group|Stagecoach]] in 1990. In 1992 the business was sold to [[Greyhound Canada]] and the brand was retired.

==Overview and history==
[[File:CNE Automotive Building TTC Exhibit 1936.jpg|thumb|Gray Coach Lines bus (left) and TTC bus (right), 1936]]
Gray Coach Lines was a suburban bus and sightseeing tour operator founded in 1927 by the [[Toronto Transportation Commission]] (TTC). From 1927 to the 1930s, Gray Coach acquired numerous and smaller competitors in the [[Greater Toronto Area]]. The operator eventually dominated inter-urban bus service by the end of the 1930s, replacing or succeeding many [[Toronto radial lines|Toronto and area interurban radial lines]] that had previously provided interurban transportation by light rail.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Flack |first1=Derek |title=That time when the TTC went to Niagara Falls |url=http://www.blogto.com/city/2014/02/that_time_when_the_ttc_went_to_niagara_falls/ |website=blogTO |access-date=29 August 2018 |language=en |date=26 February 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Gray Coach Lines shield.png|thumb|Gray Coach Lines shield, used until 1972]]
Gray Coach used inter-urban coaches to link Toronto to outlying areas throughout Southern Ontario, such as [[Owen Sound]], [[London, Ontario|London]], [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]], [[Guelph, Ontario|Guelph]], [[Niagara Falls, Ontario|Niagara Falls]], [[Sudbury, Ontario|Sudbury]], [[North Bay, Ontario|North Bay]], [[Barrie, Ontario|Barrie]] and [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]. Gray Coach also offered service to [[Buffalo, New York]] and in a pooling agreement with [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]], to [[New York City]]. In addition, Gray Coach operated sightseeing tour service in and around Toronto, eventually in association with [[Gray Line Worldwide|Gray Line]] tours. Gray Coach Lines also provided one-hour Motor Launch Tours of the lagoons off Toronto's harbour and of the waterfront (used Amsterdam canal style boats with large glass top now run by Toronto Harbour Tours). The main bus terminal was at the [[Toronto Coach Terminal|Toronto Bus Terminal]] on Elizabeth Street, downtown. A secondary terminal for parcel service was operated at the corner of Front and [[Sherbourne Street, Toronto|Sherbourne Street]]s and a secondary bus terminal, the [[Sunnyside Bus Terminal]] was located at Queen Street West and Roncesvalles in Toronto's west end.

Gray Coach was contracted to operate some [[GO Transit]] bus services when the latter was started in 1971. Eventually GO Transit took over some Gray Coach routes were, including the Hamilton, Oshawa and Port Perry runs. The contracting for GO Transit ended in 1985, when GO began to completely operate its own buses.

By the 1980s, Gray Coach faced fierce competition in the Greater Toronto Area. To strengthen its position, Gray Coach bid to acquire inter-urban operator Trentway-Wagar. However, facing budgetary pressure, the TTC decided to focus on its core urban transit service. In October 1990 the TTC sold Gray Coach Lines to [[Stagecoach Group|Stagecoach]] who then sold it to [[Greyhound Canada]] and [[Ontario Northland Motor Coach Services]] in 1992.<ref>{{usurped|1=[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120119170235/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1995/fulltext/371a5.4.pdf Acquisitions by Stagecoach, April 1987 to May 1995]}} [[Competition Commission]]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140702002412/https://www.greyhound.ca/en/about/historicaltimeline.aspx Historical Timeline] Greyhound Canada</ref> Gray Coach's [[Gray Line Worldwide|Gray Line]] franchised sightseeing operations were taken over by Greyhound Canada.

==Livery==
Livery of early buses were gray with the red crest with the words ''Gray Coach Lines''. The crest disappeared and replaced with the full wording with blue strip. The final buses had a white base with black letters ''GC''. A red stripe was added along the belt line on sightseeing, Airport Express, and Hostess Express premium-service buses.

==Stops==
Gray Coach had terminals and agencies at various locations across Toronto:

{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|+'''Facility details'''
|----- bgcolor=#006699
|''' Terminal/Stop '''
|''' Location '''
|''' Notes '''
|-
| (Metro) [[Toronto Coach Terminal]]
| [[Dundas Street (Toronto)|Dundas Street]] West and Elizabeth Street
| [[File:Toronto Coach Terminal 1931.jpg|150px|right]]
Now used by [[Coach Canada]] and [[Ontario Northland]] - terminal owned by the TTC. The TTC managed the station directly until July 8, 2012, when it was leased to its tenants.
|-
| [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]]
| Terminal 1 (former) and 2 - Arrival and Departure levels
| Served by TTC and other private charters at Terminal 1 (new) and 3; formerly served terminal 2
|-
| Downtown hotels
| N/A
| Continued as [[Pacific Western Bus Line]]'s [[Toronto Airport Express]] until 2014.
|-
| [[Islington (TTC)|Islington subway station]]
| [[Islington Avenue]] and [[Bloor Street West]]
| No longer in use; ''TTC Airport Rocket'' Route 192 operating out of Kipling Station
|-
| [[Yorkdale Bus Terminal]]
| [[Yorkdale Shopping Centre]]
| Now used by GO Transit and [[Ontario Northland Motor Coach Services]]; served by Pacific Western Bus Line's Toronto Airport Express from 1993 until 2000.
|-
| [[York Mills (TTC)|York Mills subway station]]
| [[York Mills Road]] and [[Yonge Street]] - old bus platforms
| terminal demolished and replaced by GO Transit terminal within [[York Mills Centre]]; served by Pacific Western Bus Line's Toronto Airport Express from 1993 until 2000.
|-
| [[Jane Loop]]
| [[Jane Street (Toronto)|Jane Street]] and [[Bloor Street]] West
| Demolished, office building stands on site
|-
| Glen Echo Terminal (North Yonge)
| [[Glen Echo Road]] and [[Yonge Street]]
| abandoned upon opening of [[York Mills]], demolished now a [[Loblaws]] supermarket
|-
| [[Finch Bus Terminal]]
| [[Yonge Street]] and [[Bishop Avenue]]
| Now serving GO Transit, Viva, York Region Transit and Brampton Transit; private charters
|-
|[[Sunnyside Bus Terminal]]
|[[Queen Street West]], [[Roncesvalles Avenue]], [[King Street West]], and [[The Queensway]]
|West Toronto ([[Roncesvalles, Toronto|Roncesvalles]]) Pick-up and drop off location at corner of [[Roncesvalles Carhouse]], now a [[McDonald's]]
|}

==City routes==
[[File:Gray Coach Lines bus ticket 785972.jpg|thumb|Gray Coach Lines bus ticket from 1975]]
Gray Coach once operated a number of suburban and extra-fare express routes in Toronto.

===Beach Coach===
Operated from 1947 to 1952 between downtown and the Beaches via Eastern Avenue and Queen Street East.<ref>[https://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/history/beachcoach.html Beach Coach Route History]</ref>

===Hill Coach===
The first city coach route started running in 1925, between Forest Hill and downtown via Forest Hill Road, Poplar Plains Road, Dupont Street, St George Street, University Avenue, Osgoode and Albert Streets. In 1931 it was extended north to Glenview Avenue (later Otter Loop). Service was withdrawn in September 1954 due to opening of the new [[Yonge–University–Spadina|Yonge subway]].<ref>[https://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/history/hillcoach.html Hill Coach Route History]</ref>

===Islington===
In April 1929 Gray Coach Lines acquired Maple Leaf Coach Lines. MCL's ISLINGTON route (via Dundas Street from Runnymede Road to Bloor Street in the town of Islington—now Six Points) was combined with the LAMBTON route and transferred to the [[Toronto Transportation Commission|TTC]]. It was transferred to Gray Coach ''circa'' 1930. As of January 1, 1954 it was included in the new [[Metropolitan Toronto]] operation, and Gray Coaches were replaced by "red" city buses.<ref>[https://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/history/44islington.html 44 Islington Route History]</ref>

===Kingsway Coach===
Inaugurated in November 1945 between Bloor Street & Royal York Road and downtown via (South) Kingsway, Lake Shore Drive, Dowling Avenue and King Street, with an early and late extension to Burnhamthorpe & Holloway Roads via Bloor, Islington and Canning. Withdrawn in April 1946 after only five months of (presumably unsuccessful) operation.<ref>[https://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/history/kingswaycoach.html Kingsway Coach Route History]</ref>

===Lambton===
From Keele Street to Humber ([[Lambton House|Lambton Hotel]]) along Dundas Street. Operated initially by the [[Toronto Transportation Commission|TTC]] for [[York, Toronto|York Township]], it was transferred to Gray Coach ''circa'' 1930. As of January 1, 1954 it was included in the new [[Metropolitan Toronto]] operation, and Gray Coaches were replaced by "red" city buses.<ref>[https://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/history/30lambton.html Lambton Route History]</ref>

===Leaside===
From May 1, 1953 to January 1, 1954 the LEASIDE bus was operated by Gray Coach Lines.<ref>[https://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/history/56leaside.html 56 Leaside Route History]</ref>

===Rosedale Coach===
The ROSEDALE coach ran for just under two years (November 1928 to September 1930) between Summerhill & MacLennan Avenues and downtown via Glen Road, Sherbourne Street, Isabella Street, Jarvis Street and Shuter Street to Yonge Street.<ref>[https://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/history/rosedalecoach.html Rosedale Coach Route History]</ref>

===Woodbridge===
Gray Coach acquired the WOODBRIDGE route when the [[Toronto Transit Commission|TTC]] bought out Roseland Bus Lines. From Lawrence and Weston via Weston Road, Albion Road, Thistletown, Woodbridge Road, Highway 7, 8th Avenue and Pine Street (Woodbridge Avenue) to Pine Grove Road, Woodbridge, with Sunday trips operating through the [[Thistletown]] Hospital (For Disturbed Children) grounds. The route was transferred to the TTC in December 1955 as Islington Bus (as 44 Islington 1956 to 1963 and now as 37 Islington).<ref>[https://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/history/93woodbridge.html 93 Woodbridge Route History]</ref>

==Other Interurban Operators==
A list of independent operators acquired by Gray Coach:

* Danforth Bus Lines - [[East York]]
* Hollinger Bus Lines - East York
* Roseland Bus Lines - [[Weston, Toronto|Weston]], Ontario
* West York Coach Lines - [[York, Toronto|York]], Ontario
* Maple Leaf Coach Lines - [[Islington–City Centre West|Islington, Ontario]]

==See also==
* [[Toronto Transportation Commission]]
* [[Toronto Transit Commission]]
* [[Greyhound Canada]] - took over Gray Coach routes
* [[GO Transit bus services]] - public interurban bus service in and around the Greater Toronto Area - includes several former Gray Coach routes
* [[Ontario Northland Motor Coach Services]] - public interurban service in northern Ontario and between northern Ontario and Toronto and Ottawa
*[[Toronto Airport Express]] - which succeeded Gray Coach's Airport Express
* [[Gray Line Worldwide]] -unrelated US Tour operator

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/graycoach.html Gray Coach Lines roster] - all-time fleet list
*[https://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/drawings/graycoach.html Gray Coach Lines bus drawings]
{{TTC}}
{{StagecoachGroup}}

[[Category:Bus transport in Ontario]]
[[Category:Companies based in Toronto]]
[[Category:Defunct transport companies of Canada]]
[[Category:Gray Line Worldwide]]
[[Category:Defunct intercity bus companies of Canada]]
[[Category:Stagecoach Group]]
[[Category:Toronto Transit Commission]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1927]]
[[Category:Transport companies disestablished in 1992]]
[[Category:1927 establishments in Ontario]]
[[Category:1992 disestablishments in Ontario]]

Coalition Provisional Authority

2025-06-19T23:23:28Z

76.71.63.66:

{{Short description|2003–2004 transitional government of Iraq}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{lang|ar|جمهورية العراق}} {{small|''{{transliteration|ar|Jumhūriyyat al-ʽIrāq}}''}}
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Iraq
| common_name = Iraq
| status = [[Transitional government]] under [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|international]] [[military occupation]]
| p1 = Ba'athist Iraq{{!}}Ba'athist Iraq
| flag_p1 = Flag of Iraq, 1991-2004.svg
| s1 = Iraqi Interim Government
| flag_s1 = Flag of Iraq (2004–2008).svg
| image_flag = Flag of Iraq (1963–1991).svg
| flag = Flag of Iraq
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Iraq (1965–1991).svg
| coa_size = 70
| other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">
[[File:Seal of the Coalition Provisional Authority Iraq.svg|85px|]]</div>
| other_symbol_type = Seal of the Coalition Provisional Authority
| image_map = Iraq (orthographic projection).svg
| image_map_caption = The CPA exercised its influence over [[Iraq]].
| national_motto = "Security, Liberty, Equality, Justice"
| national_anthem = ''[[Mawtini (L. Zanbaka song)|Mawtini]]'' <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/one-last-chance-002300729--oly.html|title=One last chance|publisher=Yahoo!|work=Yahoo! Sports|first=Dan|last=Wetzel|date=24 August 2004|access-date=4 December 2017|quote=The song is 'My Country.' It is relatively short, contains no words and was composed by a man named Lewis Zanbaka...|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204172033/https://www.yahoo.com/news/one-last-chance-002300729--oly.html|archive-date=4 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Anthem>{{cite web|first1=Edward|last1=Schaffer|first2=Jan|last2=Scotland|first3=Reinhard|last3=Popp|url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/iq-65.htm|title=Iraq (1958-1965, 2003-2004)|date=2017|access-date=30 November 2017|work=National Anthems|quote=Immediately after the fall of the Sadam Hussein government in 2003, 'My Country' was used again for a brief time as an interim anthem until a new one was adopted. (The title of this anthem is identical to the title of the anthem that replaced it in 2004).|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042916/http://www.nationalanthems.info/iq-65.htm|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> ({{langx|en|"My Homeland"}})<ref name=Anthem/> {{center|[[File:Former Iraqi national anthem (1958–1965, 2003–2004).wav]]}}
| capital = [[Baghdad]]
| largest_city = capital
| common_languages = [[Arabic]] [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]
| legislature = [[Iraqi Governing Council]]
| leader_title1 = American Administrator
| leader_title2 = [[Iraqi Governing Council|President of the Governing Council of Iraq]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jay Garner]] (2003) [[Paul Bremer]] (2003–2004)
| leader_name2 = [[Mohammed Bahr al-Uloum]] (2003, 2004) [[Ibrahim al-Jaafari]] (2003) [[Ahmed Chalabi]] (2003) [[Iyad Allawi]] (2003) [[Jalal Talabani]] (2003) [[Abdel-Aziz al-Hakim]] (2003) [[Adnan Pachachi]] (2004) [[Mohsen Abdel Hamid]] (2004) [[Massoud Barzani]] (2004) [[Ezzedine Salim]] (2004) [[Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer]] (2004)
| year_deputy1 = 2003
| year_deputy2 = 2003–2004
| era = Iraq War
| event_pre = [[Saddam Hussein]] and [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|Ba'ath Party]] deposed
| date_pre = 21 April 2003
| event_start = CPA established<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iraqcoalition.org/regulations/REG1.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=iraqcoalition.org |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040223192229/http://iraqcoalition.org/regulations/REG1.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2004 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| date_start = 16 May
| event1 = [[Investment in post-invasion Iraq]]
| date_event1 = 23 October 2003
| year_start = 2003
| event_end = [[Iraqi Interim Government|Interim government]]
| date_end = 28 June
| year_end = 2004
| stat_year1 =
| stat_area1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| currency = [[Iraqi dinar]]
| today =
}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Coalition Provisional Authority ''{{transliteration|ar|Sultat Alaitilaf Almuaqata}}'' {{lang|ar|تحالف السلطة المؤقتة}}
| image = Seal of the Coalition Provisional Authority of Iraq.svg
| image_border =
| size = 
| alt = 
| caption = Seal of the CPA
| map = 
| msize = 
| malt = 
| mcaption = 
| map2 =
| abbreviation = CPA
| motto =
| predecessor = [[Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)|Revolutionary Command Council]] of [[Ba'athist Iraq]]
| successor = [[Iraqi Interim Government]] of [[Iraq]]
| formation = 16 May 2003
| type = [[Provisional government|Provisional authority]]
| purpose = [[Deliberative assembly]] [[deliberative democracy]]
| headquarters = [[Baghdad]]
| location = [[Iraq]]
| region_served =
| membership =
| language = [[Arabic]] [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]
| general = 
| leader_title = American Administrator
| leader_name = [[Jay Garner]] (2003) [[Paul Bremer]] (2003–2004)
| leader_title2 = American Deputy Administrator
| leader_name2 = [[Richard Jones (U.S. diplomat)|Richard Jones]]
| leader_title3 = [[Iraqi Governing Council|President of the Governing Council of Iraq]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mohammed Bahr al-Uloum]] (2003, 2004) [[Ibrahim al-Jaafari]] (2003) [[Ahmed Chalabi]] (2003) [[Iyad Allawi]] (2003) [[Jalal Talabani]] (2003) [[Abdel-Aziz al-Hakim]] (2003) [[Adnan Pachachi]] (2004) [[Mohsen Abdel Hamid]] (2004) [[Massoud Barzani]] (2004) [[Ezzedine Salim]] (2004) [[Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer]] (2004)
| key_people =
| affiliations = 
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}}

The '''Coalition Provisional Authority''' ({{langx|ar|سلطة الائتلاف المؤقتة|translit=Sultat Alaitilaf Almuaqata}}; {{langx|ku|دەسەڵاتی کاتی هاوپەیمانی|translit=Desteya Demkî ya Hevbendiyê}}, {{Small|abbr.}} '''CPA''') was a [[Provisional government|transitional government]] of Iraq established following the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of the country]] on 19 March 2003 by [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|U.S.-led Coalition forces]]. The invasion marked the fall of the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Ba'athist regime]] led by [[Saddam Hussein]].

Citing [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483]] (2003) and the [[Law of war|laws of war]], the CPA was established in May 2003 and vested itself with [[executive (government)|executive]], [[Legislature|legislative]], and [[judiciary]] authority over the Iraqi government from the period of the CPA's inception on 21 April 2003 until its dissolution on 28 June 2004.

The CPA was admonished for its mismanagement of funds allocated to the [[Investment in post-invasion Iraq|reconstruction of post-invasion Iraq]], with over $8 billion of these unaccounted for,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/07/iraq.features11|title = So, Mr Bremer, where did all the money go?|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 6 July 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/news/a77/esq1206bowen-206-1/|title=Stuart Bowen|date=30 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=6 March 2013 |title=Over $8B of the Money You Spent Rebuilding Iraq Was Wasted Outright |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/03/iraq-waste/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517093017/https://www.wired.com/2013/03/iraq-waste/ |archive-date=17 May 2023 |access-date=2024-05-23 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> including over $1.6 billion in cash that emerged in a basement in [[Lebanon]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=12 October 2014 |title=Billions set aside for post-Saddam Iraq turned up in Lebanese bunker |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/12/iraq-bilions-iraq-lebanese-bunker |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

== History of the CPA ==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2012}}

The '''Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance''' ({{Langx|ar|مكتب إعادة الإعمار والمساعدة الإنسانية|translit=Maktab 'ieadat al'iiemar walmusaeadat al'iinsania}}; {{Langx|ku|فەرمانگەی ئاوەدانکردنەوە و هاوکاری مرۆیی|translit=Ofîsa Nûavakirin û Alîkariya Mirovî}}, {{Small|abbr.}} '''ORHA''') was established on 20 January 2003 by the [[United States]] government two months before the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref>[[Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)]] (2006) ''[[Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq]]'': 81</ref> It was intended to act as a [[caretaker government|caretaker]] administration in Iraq until the creation of a [[democracy|democratically]] [[election|elected]] [[civilian control of the military|civilian government]].

Retired [[United States Army]] [[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant General]] [[Jay Garner]] was appointed as the Director of ORHA, along with three deputies, including British [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[Tim Cross]], in 2003. Upon the dissolution of ORHA and the creation of the CPA, he then became the first chief executive of the CPA. Due to his past military experiences in Iraq during [[Gulf War|Operation Desert Storm]] in 1991 and his reconstruction efforts in northern Iraq during [[Operation Provide Comfort]], Garner's credentials and close ties to the U.S. [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]] made him an obvious choice for the task. His term, however, lasted only from 21 April 2003 until he was replaced abruptly less than a month later by [[Paul Bremer]] on 11 May 2003.

Garner's swift dismissal from his post by U.S. authorities came as a surprise to many within the CPA. In an interview with the [[BBC]] program ''[[Newsnight]]'' Garner publicly stated that his preference was to put the Iraqi people in charge as soon as possible and to do it with some form of elections.

Upon assuming the post of chief executive of the CPA in May 2003, [[Paul Bremer]] also assumed the title of U.S. Presidential Envoy and Administrator in Iraq. He was frequently called [[Ambassador]] by numerous media organizations and the [[White House]] because it was the highest government rank he had achieved (Ambassador to Netherlands). But Bremer was not ambassador to Iraq, and there was no U.S. [[diplomatic mission]] in Iraq until June 2004, after the CPA transferred [[sovereignty]] to the [[Iraqi Interim Government]].<ref>[https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/chiefsofmission/iraq Chiefs of Mission: Iraq], US State Department</ref> At the CPA, Bremer moved quickly to install opaque and corruption-prone methods for the withdrawal and transportation of extremely large amounts of cash often transported from the US to Iraq by C-17 transport plane.<ref>{{Cite web|title=War and Occupation in Iraq - Chapter 9 English|url=https://archive.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/occupation/report/9corruption.htm|access-date=27 October 2021|website=archive.globalpolicy.org}}</ref>

[[File:bremer iraqi council.jpg|300px|thumb|Paul Bremer (second from left) and four members of the [[Iraqi Governing Council]]; [[Mowaffak al-Rubaie]], [[Ahmed Chalabi]], [[Adnan Pachachi]], and [[Adil Abdul-Mahdi]]. (Left to Right)]]
[[File:republican palace baghdad iraq.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Iraq's Republican Palace in Baghdad under CPA occupation in August 2003.]]
The CPA was created and funded as a division of the [[United States Department of Defense]], and as Administrator, Bremer reported directly to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]]. Although troops from several of the coalition countries were present in Iraq at this time, the [[United States Central Command]] (USCENTCOM) was the primary military apparatus charged with providing direct combat support to the CPA to enforce its authority during the occupation of Iraq.

While many of Saddam Hussein's ornate [[Republican Palace, Baghdad|palaces]] were looted in the days immediately following the invasion, most of the physical structures themselves survived relatively intact. It is in these numerous palaces situated throughout the country that the CPA chose to set up office in order to govern. Several of these palaces were retained by the U.S. government even after the transition of power back to the Iraqi people. The administration was centered in a district of [[Baghdad]] known as the [[Green Zone]], which eventually became a highly secure walled-off enclave.

The CPA was also responsible for administering the [[Development Fund for Iraq]] during the year following the invasion. This fund superseded the earlier UN [[Oil-for-Food Programme|Oil-for-food programme]], and provided funding for Iraq's wheat purchase program, the [[currency]] exchange program, the electricity and oil infrastructure programs, equipment for Iraq's security forces, Iraqi [[civil service]] salaries, and the operations of the various government ministries.

The first act of the CPA under Bremer, [[Coalition Provisional Authority Order 1]], was to order the [[de-Ba'athification]] of Iraqi society. On 23 May, [[Coalition Provisional Authority Order 2]] formally disbanded the Iraqi army,<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040701202042/http://iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20030823_CPAORD_2_Dissolution_of_Entities_with_Annex_A.pdf CPA Order number 2 Dissolution of Entities]}} Iraq Coalition.org. Accessed 8 February 2014.</ref> as well as other public servants including nurses and doctors and eventually led to the direct unemployment of more than 500,000 Iraqi citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naomi Klein {{!}} Baghdad Year Zero: Pillaging Iraq in pursuit of a neo-con utopia|url=https://naomiklein.org/baghdad-year-zero-pillaging-iraq-pursuit-neo-con-utopia/|access-date=27 October 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> On 22 July 2003, the CPA formed the [[Iraqi Governing Council]] and appointed its members. The Council membership consisted largely of Iraqi [[Expatriate|expatriates]] who had previously fled the country during the rule of Saddam Hussein and also with many outspoken [[Dissident|dissidents]] who had been persecuted by the former [[Ba'athist Iraq|Ba'athist regime]]. The CPA under Bremer then went on to privatise and sell off publicly owned assets and companies to multinational companies, whilst setting about issuing unilaterally developed decrees such as Order 37 and Order 39, which reduced Iraq's corporation tax from 40% to 15%<ref name="CPA Iraq">{{Cite web|title=CPA Iraq|url=https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/cpa-iraq/regulations/|access-date=27 October 2021|website=govinfo.library.unt.edu}}</ref> and allowed foreign entities to enjoy 100% ownership of Iraqi assets.<ref name="CPA Iraq"/>

Though still subordinate to the CPA, the Iraqi Governing Council had several key responsibilities of its own: appointing representatives to the [[United Nations]], appointing interim [[Minister (government)|ministers]] to Iraq's vacant cabinet positions, and drafting a temporary [[constitution]] known as the [[Transitional Administrative Law (Iraq)|Transitional Administrative Law]] (TAL), which would be used to govern Iraq until a permanent constitution could be written and approved by the general [[electoral district|electorate]].

In the late afternoon of 14 December 2003, the CPA held a [[press conference]] at the Iraqi Forum convention center within Baghdad's [[Green Zone]] to announce that former [[President of Iraq]] [[Saddam Hussein]] had been taken into custody the previous night from a [[defensive fighting position|foxhole]] in a town near Saddam's home town of [[Tikrit]], Iraq. Present at the announcement was Lieutenant General [[Ricardo Sanchez]] of the U.S. Army, Administrator Bremer, members of the [[United Kingdom|British]] and American [[Intelligence agency|intelligence agencies]], several members of the Iraqi Governing Council, and a large room full of [[journalist]]s representing news organizations from around the world.

In order to defeat possible insurgent planning and under pressure from the Bush White House which wanted the occupation to end by the 2004 presidential election, the CPA transferred power to the newly appointed [[Iraqi Interim Government]] at 10:26 AM local time on 28 June 2004. The transfer of power was originally scheduled for 30 June 2004, but because of a concern that the transfer would lead to insurgent attacks the ceremony was held, unannounced, two days ahead of schedule. The transfer took place behind closed doors with little fanfare. With the CPA disbanded, Bremer left Iraq that same day.

The United States hoped that Iraq could be reconstructed and [[democratization|democratized]] in much the same way as [[Japan]] and [[Germany]] were after the [[World War II|Second World War]], using them as "examples or even models of successful military occupations."<ref name="historyandpolicy">{{cite web|url=http://www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-10.html|title=Don't expect democracy this time: Japan and Iraq|last=Dower|first=John|date=April 2003|publisher=History & Policy|access-date=9 December 2010|location=[[United Kingdom]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414124149/http://www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-10.html|archive-date=14 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Structure of the CPA==
The CPA was divided into four geographic regions. CPA North was headquartered in the northern Iraqi city of [[Erbil]], CPA Central in Baghdad at Saddam's former [[Republican Palace (Iraq)|Republican Palace]], CPA South Central in the Iraqi city of [[Hillah]] near the ruins of [[Babylon]] and CPA South in the southern Iraqi city of [[Basra]]. Each region operated semi-autonomously, and all four had the same common goals for reconstruction of the country. Throughout the existence of the CPA, the security situation and levels of [[civil unrest]] throughout the country varied by region, and these variances were reflected in the different levels of program
successes within the CPA divisions.

===Non-government organizations and private charities and the CPA===

====Role of the International Advisory and Monitoring Board (IAMB)====
[[United Nations resolution]] [http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/document/2003/0522resolution.htm 1483] transferred the authority to authorize expenditures from Iraq's oil revenue from the United Nations to the Coalition Provisional Authority—under certain conditions, including:
* The expenditures were made in an open, transparent manner.
* The expenditures were subject to the supervision of a blue ribbon panel of international financial experts, the IAMB.
* Spending decisions were to be made with meaningful Iraqi input.

The International Advisory and Monitoring Board consisted of senior financial experts from the United Nations, the [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[World Bank]] and the [[Arab Fund for Social and Economic Development]].

The IAMB had serious concerns over the CPA's lack of transparency and lack of adequate financial controls, which were never resolved. The IAMB still exists and is playing a role in the investigations into the CPA's financial management.

===The CPA's Program Review Board===
The [[Coalition Provisional Authority Program Review Board|Program Review Board]] (PRB) was an eleven-member board that consisted of ten staff members from the CPA and one member of the Iraqi Governing Council. The chair of the board was also the CPA's senior advisor to the Iraqi Ministry of Finance.

It was the board's responsibility to review and make recommendations to the CPA administrator on which contracts should be awarded. In order to ensure transparency, all key discussions regarding the pros and cons of the programs under consideration were to be made public. The CPA administrator was supposed to make decisions on the awarding of contracts only after receiving a recommendation from this committee.

The Notes on Internal Control from [[KPMG]]'s audit of DFI expenditures was particularly critical of PRB record-keeping's failing to fulfill the CPA's transparency obligation. In particular:
* Meetings were held in which attendance was not recorded.
* Meetings were held in which decisions were made in the absence of quorums.
* The Program Review Board never recorded the motions to approve expenditures, who seconded motions, or which members were for or against those motions.
* In the 43 meetings held in 2003, the single Iraqi member of the board attended only two meetings.
* The minutes failed to contain sufficient detail for readers to understand why programs were approved.
* Program decisions that had been tabled were later approved informally outside the meetings, with no recording of the reasoning behind the decision.
* The board chair refused to certify the accuracy of the Board's bookkeeping.

== Privatization of Iraq's economy ==
{{main|Economic reform of Iraq}}

Prior to US occupation, Iraq had a [[centrally planned economy]].{{Dubious |reason=SOEs and protectionism do not a command economy make.|date=May 2020}} Among other things, it prohibited foreign ownership of Iraqi businesses, ran most large industries as state-owned enterprises, and imposed large [[tariff]]s to keep out foreign goods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/96bf686fe9704cd7c1256dba0036a96e|title=Iraq's economy: Past, present, future|access-date=4 July 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020155415/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/96bf686fe9704cd7c1256dba0036a96e|archive-date=20 October 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> After the invasion of Iraq, the CPA quickly began issuing many binding orders privatizing Iraq's economy and opening it up to [[foreign direct investment|foreign investment]].

[[100 Orders|CPA Order 39]], entitled "Foreign Investment," provided that "A foreign investor shall be entitled to make foreign investments in Iraq on terms no less favorable than those applicable to an Iraqi investor," and that "[t]he amount of foreign participation in newly formed or existing business entities in Iraq shall not be limited...." Additionally, the foreign investor "shall be authorized to... transfer abroad without delay all funds associated with its foreign investment, including shares or profits and dividends....". Critics assert that the CPA drastically altered Iraq's economy, allowing virtually unlimited and unrestricted foreign investment and placing no limitations on the expatriation of profit. These policies were in accord with international standards on [[foreign direct investment]] to which most of the richer countries adhered to at the time.<ref>[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/24/35/2956455.pdf#search='restrictions%20on%20foreign%20ownership%20WTO' oecd.org/~restrictions on foreign ownership WTO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051017142401/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/24/35/2956455.pdf#search='restrictions%20on%20foreign%20ownership%20WTO' |date=17 October 2005 }}. None.</ref><ref>[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/22/53/33776498.pdf Microsoft Word - wp20043.doc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017075449/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/22/53/33776498.pdf |date=17 October 2015 }}. (PDF) .</ref> The order concluded, "Where an [[treaty|international agreement]] to which Iraq is a party provides for more favorable terms with respect to foreign investors undertaking investment activities in Iraq, the more favorable terms under the international agreement shall apply."<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040701202817/http://iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20031220_CPAORD_39_Foreign_Investment_.pdf iraqcoalition.org/regulations/~Foreign_Investment_.pdf]}}. (PDF) .</ref> According to critics, this order was designed to create as favorable an environment for foreign investors as possible, thereby allowing American and multinational corporations to dominate Iraq's economy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whyte |first1=Dave |title=The Crimes of Neo-Liberal Rule in Occupied Iraq |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |date=March 2007 |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=177–195 |doi=10.1093/bjc/azl065 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article/47/2/177/519163 |access-date=18 March 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref> Others argue the CPA considered free market reform essential for Iraq's oil wealth to generate sustainable growth and development, instead of consigning Iraq to a [[Resource curse|resource trap]] by maintaining the laws of the previous totalitarian regime.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=Anne Ellen |title=The Coalition Provisional Authority's Experience with Economic Reconstruction in Iraq: Lessons Learned |date=April 2005 |publisher=United States Institute of Peace |location=1200 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 |page=3 |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/sr138.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429112322/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/sr138.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref>

[[CPA Order 17]] granted all foreign contractors operating in Iraq [[Immunity from prosecution|immunity]] from "Iraqi [[legal process]]," effectively granting immunity from any kind of suit, civil or criminal, for actions the contractors engaged in within Iraq.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040701202703/http://iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20040627_CPAORD_17_Status_of_Coalition__Rev__with_Annex_A.pdf iraqcoalition.org/~Status_of_Coalition_Rev_with_Annex_A.pdf]}}. (PDF) .</ref> CPA Order 49 provided a tax cut for corporations operating within Iraq. It reduced the rate from a maximum of 40% to a maximum of 15% on income. Corporations working with the CPA were exempted from owing any tax.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165636/http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20040220_CPAORD_49_Tax_Strategy_of_2004_with_Annex_and_Ex_Note.pdf iraqcoalition.org/~Tax_Strategy_of_2004_with_Annex_and_Ex_Note.pdf]}}. (PDF) .</ref> CPA Order 12, amended by Order 54, suspended all tariffs, thus removing the advantage that domestic Iraqi producers had over foreign producers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/CPAORD12.pdf|title=Account Suspended|website=www.iraqcoalition.org|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924032048/http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/CPAORD12.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2013|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202604/http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20040404_CPAORD54_Trade_Liberlization_Policy_2004_with_Annex_A.pdf iraqcoalition.org/~Trade_Liberlization_Policy_2004_with_Annex_A.pdf]}}. (PDF) .</ref> However, a 5% "reconstruction levy" on all imported goods was later reimposed to help finance Iraqi-initiated reconstruction projects.<ref>[http://www.trade.gov/iraq/ Iraq Investment and Reconstruction Task Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918072314/http://www.trade.gov/iraq/ |date=18 September 2016 }}. Trade.gov.</ref>

[[100 Orders|CPA Order 57]] provided for the appointment of "Inspectors General" to operate within each Iraqi government ministry, for the purposes of rooting out corruption. These Inspectors General were to be "appointed to a 5-year term by the Administrator [Paul Bremer]," and were given sweeping powers "to conduct investigations, audits, evaluations, inspections, and other reviews...."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20040212_CPAORD57.pdf|title=Account Suspended|website=www.iraqcoalition.org|access-date=1 July 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050628222602/http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20040212_CPAORD57.pdf|archive-date=28 June 2005|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
Critics contend this is a mechanism for ensuring continuing American influence in Iraqi governance even after the transfer of all [[sovereignty]] to the country.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Imogen |title=Neoliberalism and neo-jihadism: Propaganda and finance in Al Qaeda and Islamic State |date=2020 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1526143228}}</ref>

=== Legitimacy under international law ===

Critics contend that the controversial policies are fundamentally anti-democratic, or illegal under international law,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/nov/07/iraq.comment|title=Pillage is forbidden|last=Mate|first=Aaron|date=7 November 2003|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321192614/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/nov/07/iraq.comment|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> because significant economic reform can only be legitimate if passed initially by an elected Iraqi government free of foreign occupation and domination,<ref>[http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=15&ItemID=5916 WAR: TRADE BY OTHER MEANS: How the US is getting a free trade agreement minus the negotiations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122753/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=15&ItemID=5916 |date=29 September 2007 }}. Zmag.org.</ref> and because an occupying power is prohibited from rewriting the laws of the occupied country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde14/089/2003/en/ |title=Iraq: Responsibilities of the occupying powers |date=15 April 2003 |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122061406/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde14/089/2003/en/ |archive-date=22 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The CPA argued that imposing Order 39 was permitted under Resolution 1483,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ho |first1=James C |title=International law and the Liberation of Iraq |journal=Tex. Rev. Law & Pol. |date=2003 |volume=79 |issue=83}}</ref> because it required the CPA to "promote the welfare of the Iraqi people through the effective administration of the territory," and to create "conditions in which the Iraqi people can freely determine their own political future."<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolution 1483 |url=http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/1483 |website=United Nations Security Council |access-date=18 March 2022 |date=22 May 2003}}</ref> Proponents of this position state Resolution 1483 necessarily requires radical economic restructuring, so it allowed an exception to international law regarding occupation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grant |first1=Thomas D |title=Iraq: How to reconcile conflicting obligations of occupation and reform |journal=ASIL Insight |date=June 2003}}</ref> However, others point out that Resolution 1483 "calls upon all concerned to comply with international law including in particular the Geneva Conventions of 1949",<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolution 1483 |url=http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/1483 |website=United Nations Security Council |access-date=18 March 2022 |date=22 May 2003}}</ref> which would require an occupying force to respect the laws in force in the country unless absolutely prevented.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=ZWANENBURG |first1=MARTEN |title=Existentialism in Iraq: Security Council Resolution 1483 and the law of occupation |journal=International Review of the Red Cross |date=December 2004 |volume=86 |page=750 |url=https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/irrc_856.pdf |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref>

== Criticism of financial management ==

{{Quote box
|quote = The numbers are so large that it doesn't seem possible that they're true. Who in their right mind would send 363 tonnes of cash into a war zone?
|source = -[[Henry Waxman]]<ref name="Pallister2007"/>
|width=25% |align=right |quoted=1 |bgcolor=#F5DEB3
}}
In May 2003, the CPA took over the responsibility for administering the [[Development Fund for Iraq]] (DFI). Established from the earlier UN oil-for-food program, the CPA was authorized to manage the DFI, which took in approximately $20 billion in the year after the invasion. The CPA also administered $18.4 billion that the [[United States Congress]] allocated for Iraqi reconstruction in November 2003, known as the [[Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund]] (IRRF).
By June 2004, the CPA had spent, or allocated, $19.1 billion of the DFI funds—while spending only $400 million from the IRRF. Critics suggest that Bremer selectively spent from the DFI because it was more free from accounting oversight by the [[Government Accountability Office]] (GAO).

This balance between DFI and IRRF expenditures might be justifiable by the argument that the IRRF was not intended to finance the Iraqi government ministries or the Public Distribution System (state food rations from the Oil-for-food program), which the DFI was intended to cover. The $18.4 billion authorized by the U.S. congress was intended to finance large reconstruction projects such as power and sewage plants, not to provide the day-to-day operating expenses of the Iraqi government. Expenditure on the IRRF projects could be seen as delayed by the projects being in their planning and early site preparation stages and it could be said that it is not surprising that little money had been disbursed at that point, or that so much of the [[Development Fund for Iraq]] had been expended as that fund was the primary source of revenue the Iraqi government had. However, by reviewing reports from Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction (SIGIR) and other reviews and audits, it becomes clear that DFI funds were expended on projects that clearly would have been appropriate for management under IRRF. What has been troubling to auditors and inspectors general is that large amounts of DFI funding is as yet unaccounted for and was expended in reconstruction projects that failed to provide a return on investment for the Iraqi people. By funding projects under DFI the CPA avoided legal requirements to comply with US Federal Acquisition Regulations (USFARS) as required for the administration of IRRF and other US taxpayer provided funding. It is also pertinent that expenditures under IRRF were also not administered strictly according to USFARS thereby causing severe waste, fraud and abuse as documented by SIGIR and other auditing agencies.

===Audits of the CPA's expenditures of Iraqi funds===
{{wikisource|Contracts Awarded by the CPA}}
When authority to manage the revenue from Iraq's oil on behalf of the Iraqi people through [[United Nations resolution]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/document/2003/0522resolution.htm|title=Resolution 1483|author=Administrator|access-date=6 July 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050708001515/http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/document/2003/0522resolution.htm|archive-date=8 July 2005|url-status=live}}</ref> that authority was transferred under certain conditions.
* The funds were to be managed in an open, transparent fashion.
* The CPA was to submit to oversight from the [[International Advisory and Monitoring Board]], a blue ribbon panel of senior international banking experts.

The IAMB tried to insist on certain financial controls, with limited success.

With input from the IAMB accounting firm [[KPMG]] was appointed to [[KPMG audit of the Development Fund for Iraq|audit the CPA's expenditures from the DFI]].<ref>[http://www.iamb.info/auditrep/r052203a.pdf Development Fund for Iraq Statement of Cash Receipts and Payments For the period from 22 May 2003 to 31 December 2003 (with Independent Auditors' Report)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051017142403/http://www.iamb.info/auditrep/r052203a.pdf |date=17 October 2005 }}. (PDF) .</ref>

On 20 June 2005 the staff of the Committee on Government Reform prepared a report for Congressman [[Henry Waxman]] on the CPA's expenditures from the DFI that raised additional causes for concern.<ref name="Waxman2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.democrats.reform.house.gov/story.asp?ID=873&Issue=Iraq+Reconstruction |title=U.S. Mismanaged Iraqi Funds |work=[[United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]] |access-date=8 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227183442/http://www.democrats.reform.house.gov/story.asp?ID=873&Issue=Iraq+Reconstruction |archive-date=27 December 2006}}</ref> Further criticism was leveled at the CPA when it was revealed that $12 billion of cash had been delivered by [[C-130 Hercules|C-130 plane]]s on shrinkwrapped [[pallet]]s of $100 bills.<ref name="Pallister2007">{{cite news |date=8 February 2007 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,,2008189,00.html |title=How the US sent $12bn in cash to Iraq. And watched it vanish |work=The Guardian|access-date=8 February 2007 |author=[[David Pallister]] |location=London}}</ref> The cash deliveries were described in a memo prepared for the [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]], which concluded that "Many of the funds appear to have been lost to corruption and waste.... Some of the funds could have enriched both criminals and insurgents...." Henry Waxman, the chair of the House committee commented, "Who in their right mind would send 363 tons of cash into a war zone?" A single flight to Iraq on 12 December 2003 which contained $1.5 billion in cash is said to be the largest single Federal Reserve payout in US history according to Henry Waxman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article720217.ece|title=How US lost billions in Wild West gamble to rebuild Iraq - Times Online|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=16 April 2011|location=London|first=Sadie|last=Gray|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218050143/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article720217.ece|archive-date=18 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2011, a new American audit found that almost all of the missing $6.6 billion had been transferred to the [[Central Bank of Iraq]]. [[Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction]] [[Stuart Bowen]] said that "Any doubts about how the money was handled after it left U.S. control is an Iraqi -- not U.S. government -- question".<ref>[http://dinarrvnews.blogspot.com/p/iraq-wars-missing-66-billion-is.html "Iraq War’s ’Missing’ $6.6 Billion Is Discovered in Central Bank."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202235814/http://dinarrvnews.blogspot.com/p/iraq-wars-missing-66-billion-is.html |date=2 December 2016 }} ''Bloomberg News'', 26 October 2011.</ref>

== Reconstruction ==
[[File:Proposed flag of Iraq (Coalition Provisional Authority, 2004).svg|thumb|200px|right|New [[Flag of Iraq|Iraqi flag]] proposed by the Iraqi Governing Council in 2004. It was abandoned after widespread criticism that its colors and motifs resembled those of the [[flag of Israel]] too closely.]]
{{main|Investment in post-invasion Iraq{{!}}Reconstruction of Iraq}}

Although the CPA awarded contracts for essential reconstruction to American firms, some critics claim those firms did relatively little work. [[Bechtel Corporation|Bechtel]], for instance, was awarded the contract to repair the Iraqi [[sewage]] and drinking water plants. Yet today{{when| date= May 2017}} many Iraqis remain without safe drinking water or adequate supplies of electricity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/iraq_43232.html|title=Iraq's water and sanitation crisis adds to dangers faced by children and families|website=UNICEF|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301074442/https://www.unicef.org/wash/iraq_43232.html|archive-date=1 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Coalition military forces were too heavily tasked to provide requisite security for all contractors in Iraq. Contract funds therefore had to be partially shifted from reconstruction activities to meet security requirements that had not been envisioned when the contracts were initially let. Moreover, progress in reconstruction frequently faced setbacks due to insurgency activities designed to disrupt rebuilding of the infrastructure. This insurgent activity significantly slowed reconstruction and required adjustment of project goals due to funds consumed by providing necessary security in excess of that originally planned.

According to USAID, as of October 2003, peak electrical generation had reached pre-war levels of 4,500 MW, and they were then collaborating with Bechtel as well as the Iraqi Interior Ministry and others on some 2,000 MW of projected capacity. The CPA set a goal of 6,000 MW generation capacity for the summer of 2004, which has never been reached. Peak generation capacity of 5,365 MW was achieved in August 2004, six weeks after the transfer of sovereignty. Current generation stands at approximately 13,000 MW.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050508094807/http://www.export.gov/Iraq/pdf/electrical.pdf About]. Export.gov.</ref> Weekly updates and financial summaries are provided by USAID's Iraq homepage as currently as is possible.<ref>[http://www.usaid.gov/iraq/ Official website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050628212425/http://www.usaid.gov/iraq/ |date=28 June 2005 }}</ref>

== Administrators of the CPA ==
{{anchor|Administrators}}
*[[Jay Garner]] (21 April 2003 – 12 May 2003) as Director of the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance
*[[Paul Bremer]] (12 May 2003 – 28 June 2004)
**[[Richard Jones (U.S. diplomat)]], Deputy Administrator
**Rear Admiral David J. Nash, U.S. Navy (ret.), Director of the Program Management Office
**Major General Ronald L. Johnson, U.S. Army, Deputy Director of the Program Management Office
**Lawrence Crandall, U.S. Agency for International Development, Deputy Director of the Program Management Office
**Stuart W. Bowen Jr., Inspector General of the Program Management Office
**Rear Admiral Larry L. Poe, U.S. Navy (ret.), Deputy Inspector General of the Program Management Office

== See also ==
{{commons category|Coalition Provisional Authority}}
* [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483]]
* [[Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund]]
* [[Reconstruction of Iraq]]
* [[Provisional government]]s
* [[Development Fund for Iraq]]
* [[Coalition Provisional Authority Program Review Board]]
* [[International Advisory and Monitoring Board]]
* [[KPMG audit of the Development Fund for Iraq]]
* [[Syrian caretaker government|Syrian transitional government]], the current transitional government in post-Ba'athist [[Syria]] since 2024

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220104657/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2003/0312.whoswho.html Who's Who in the Coalition Provisional Authority], ''[[The Washington Monthly]]'', December 2003.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100712083422/http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ Coalition Provisional Authority] Archived site carrying CPA news releases, mission statements and budgets.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030323224840/http://www.usaid.gov/iraq/ USAID Assistance for Iraq Homepage] (See right column for weekly updates.)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160917051758/http://globalcurrencyreset.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Overview-of-CPA-Orders-Affecting-Iraqs-Commercial-Law.pdf Overview of CPA Orders Affecting Iraq's Commercial Law]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100309195638/http://www.cpa-iraq.org/budget/DFI_intro1.html Coalition Provisional Authority - Development Fund for Iraq Introduction], 12 July 2010.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118065651/http://www.rebuilding-iraq.net/portal/page?_pageid=75%2C80077&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL Iraq Project and Contracting Office Website]
* [http://www.gjpi.org Global Justice Project: Iraq]
* [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/96bf686fe9704cd7c1256dba0036a96e Iraq's Economy Past, Present and Future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020155415/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/96bf686fe9704cd7c1256dba0036a96e |date=20 October 2006 }}
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A61044-2003Sep24&notFound=true Crossed Wires Deprived Iraqis of Electric Power: War Plans Ignored Worn Infrastructure]{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 23 September 2003.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070219005251/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/iz00t___.html Iraq - Transitional Administrative Law], an English translation of Iraq's Interim Constitution.
* [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/24/35/2956455.pdf#search='restrictions%20on%20foreign%20ownership%20WTO' Foreign Direct Investment Restrictions in OECD Countries], an explanation of current common national practices regarding foreign direct investment and foreign ownership in OECD nations, including WTO regulations.
* [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/22/53/33776498.pdf Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard in International Investment Law], OECD, 2004.
* [http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/occupation/2004/0513usgrip.htm U.S. Tightens Grip On Iraq's Future]: the ''Wall St Journal'' on Iraq's looming "independence". (13 May 2004).
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48543-2004May22.html In Iraq, the Job Opportunity of a Lifetime: Managing a $13 Billion Budget With No Experience] ''The Washington Post'', 22 May 2004.
* [http://www.cfmconcepts.com/coalition-provisional-authority-u-s-officials-stuffed-cash-around-baghdad/ Boston Globe article that recounts questionable fiscal management on the part of the CPA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120003532/http://www.cfmconcepts.com/coalition-provisional-authority-u-s-officials-stuffed-cash-around-baghdad/ |date=20 November 2016 }}.
* [http://uslaboragainstwar.org/Article/4568/u-s-funds-for-iraq-are-largely-unspent U.S. Funds for Iraq Are Largely Unspent] ''The Washington Post'', 4 July 2004.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100309034236/http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ A Historic Review of CPA Accomplishments] (to 30 June 2006).
* [http://globalcurrencyreset.net/iraq/coalition-politics-university-illinois/ Video Seminar on Iraq Coalition Politics]: 20 April 2005, sponsored by the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security at the University of Illinois.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050525203106/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-lastdays20may20,0,2663283,print.story?coll=la-home-headlines Rules and Cash Flew Out the Window] ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 20 May 2005.
* [https://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20050605/wl_nm/iraq_economy_dc_1 Iraq too dependent on Oil Revenue - govt], Reuters, 5 June 2005.
* [http://www.iraqld.com/iraq/economy/iraqis-look-cuts-payroll/ Iraqis Look at Cuts in Payroll] ''Los Angeles Times'', 6 June 2005.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107115401/http://www.bechtel.com/iraq.htm Bechtel Iraq Reconstruction Contracts Page]
* [http://www.citizen.org/documents/bechteliniraq.pdf Bechtel's Dry Run (.pdf)], an independent review of the Bechtel water rehabilitation work.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1522983,00.html So, Mr Bremer, where did all the money go?], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 7 July 2005.
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14044-2004Jul25.html U.S. Using Cash as a Defensive Weapon], ''The Washington Post'', 26 July 2004.
* [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/12/20051212-4.html U.S. Presidential Discussion of War on Terror and Upcoming Iraqi Election], 12 December 2005.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081003035422/http://www.sodaro.org/blog Tony Sodaro's "Iraqi Blog" after CPA, 03 October 2008]
* Chandrasekaran, Rajiv, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/16/AR2006091600193_pf.html Ties to GOP Trumped Know-How Among Staff Sent to Rebuild Iraq], ''The Washington Post'', 17 September 2006.
* [https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/.../RAND_MG847.pdf Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The RAND Corporation, 2009. By James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Benjamin Runkle, Sidd harth Mohandas.
* Rathmell, Andrew, Olga Oliker, Terrence K. Kelly, David Brannan, and Keith Crane, eds. Developing Iraq’s Security Sector: The Coalition Provisional Authority’s Experience. MG-365-OSD. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2005.

== External links ==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031103023830/http://www.iraqcoalition.org/ Official Web Page of the Coalition Provisional Authority]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040301034521/http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/index.html#Regulations CPA Changes to Iraqi Law imposed after 2003 invasion]}}
{{Iraq War}}
{{Iraqi governments}}
{{Iraq topics}}
{{United States topics}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Saddam Hussein]] President
| title=[[President of Iraq|Presidency of Iraq]]
| years=9 April 2003 – 28 June 2004
| after=[[Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer]] Interim President}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Saddam Hussein|Government of Saddam Hussein]]
| title=Government of Iraq |with = [[Iraqi Governing Council]]
| years=21 April 2003 – 28 June 2004
| after=[[Iraqi Interim Government]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{coord|33|20|N|44|23|E|type:country_source:kolossus-eswiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Coalition Provisional Authority| ]]
[[Category:United States Department of Defense agencies]]
[[Category:George W. Bush administration controversies]]
[[Category:Former regions and territories of the United States]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Iraq]]
[[Category:2004 disestablishments in Iraq]]
[[Category:Provisional governments]]

Mea Shearim

2025-06-18T23:49:39Z

76.71.63.66:

{{Short description|Ultra-Orthodox Jewish neighbourhood in Jerusalem}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mea Shearim
| native_name = מאה שערים
| native_name_lang = he
| settlement_type = Neighborhood
| image_skyline = Small100shearim.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Jerusalem
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jerusalem
| coordinates = {{Coord|31|47|13|N|35|13|20|E|display=title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Administered by
| subdivision_name = [[Israel]]
| subdivision_type1 = Claimed by
| subdivision_name1 = Israel and [[Palestine]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Israel|Israeli District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jerusalem District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Israeli Municipality
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jerusalem]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1874
| founder =
| unit_pref = Metric
}}

[[File:Jerusalem Mea Shearim posters.jpg|thumb|upright|A wall plastered with [[Pashkvil|pashkevilin]] (announcements) in Mea Shearim]]
'''Mea Shearim''' ({{langx|he|מאה שערים}}, lit., "hundred gates"; contextually, "a hundred fold", [[Ashkenazi Hebrew]] and [[Yiddish]] pronunciation: '''Meye Shorim''') is a neighborhood in [[West Jerusalem]]. It is one of the oldest Ashkenazi neighborhoods in [[Jerusalem]] outside of the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]]. It is populated by [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jews]], and was built by members of the [[Old Yishuv]].

==Name==
The name ''Mea Shearim'' is derived from a verse from [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]], which happened to be part of the [[weekly Torah portion]] that was read the week the settlement was founded: "[[Isaac]] sowed in that land, and in that year, he reaped a hundredfold ({{Script/Hebrew|מאה שערים}}, ''mea shearim''); God had blessed him" ({{bibleverse|Genesis|26:12}}). According to a tradition, the community originally had 100 gates, another meaning of ''Mea Shearim''.<ref name="eisenberg">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yqXXD_74yAEC&q=me%27a+she%27 |title=The Streets of Jerusalem: Who, what, why |last=Eisenberg |first=Ronald L. |page=250 |publisher=Devora Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=1-932687-54-8}}</ref>

==History==
[[Meir Auerbach]], the chief Ashkenazi rabbi of Jerusalem, was one of the founders of the neighborhood.<ref>Encyclopedia Judaica, vol. 3, p. 848, Meir Ben Isaac Auerbach</ref> [[Conrad Schick]], a German Protestant architect, drew up the first blueprint for Mea Shearim in 1846. Mea Shearim, one of the earliest Jewish settlements outside the walls of the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]], was established in 1874 by a building society of 100 shareholders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eyecomvisual.com/illusisrael/01/Meah-Shearim.htm|title=About Meah Shearim|publisher=Illustrated Israel|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613210514/http://www.eyecomvisual.com/illusisrael/01/Meah-Shearim.htm|archive-date=2007-06-13}}</ref> Pooling their resources, the society members purchased a tract of land outside the walled city, which was severely over-crowded and plagued by poor sanitation, and built a new neighborhood with the goal of improving their standards of living.

[[Yosef Rivlin]], one of the heads of the Jewish community in Jerusalem, and a Christian Arab from [[Bethlehem]] were the contractors. The work was carried out by both Jewish and non-Jewish workers.<ref name="library">
{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Archaeology/jerott.html |title=Jerusalem: Architecture in the late Ottoman Period |last=Eylon |first=Lili |year=2011 |access-date=28 August 2011 |publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717052740/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Archaeology/jerott.html |archive-date=2011-07-17 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

[[File:MeaShearim.png|thumb|230px|Street plan in 1927]]
Mea Shearim was structured as a [[courtyard neighborhood]]. It was surrounded by a wall, with gates that were locked every evening. By October 1880, 100 apartments were ready for occupancy, and a lottery was held to assign them to families. By the turn of the century, there were 300 houses, a flour mill, and a bakery. Conrad Schick planned for open green space in each courtyard, but cowsheds were built instead. Mea Shearim was the first quarter in Jerusalem to have street lights.<ref name="library"/>

==Haredi lifestyle==
Today, Mea Shearim remains an insular neighbourhood in the heart of [[Jerusalem]].<ref name="library"/> With its [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]], and overwhelmingly [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]], population, the streets retain the characteristics of a pre-war [[Eastern Europe|Eastern European]] [[shtetl]].<ref name="eisenberg"/> Life revolves around strict adherence to [[Halakha|Jewish law]], [[Jewish prayer|prayer]], and the study of [[Sifrei Kodesh|Jewish religious texts]]. Traditions in dress include black frock coats and black hats for men (although there are some other clothing styles, depending on the religious sub-group to which they belong), and long-sleeved, modest clothing for women. In some Hasidic groups, the women wear thick black stockings all year long, even in summer. Married women wear a variety of hair coverings, from wigs to scarves, [[snood (headgear)|snoods]], hats, and berets. The men have [[beard]]s, and many grow long sidecurls, called [[payot|peyos]]. Many residents speak [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] in their daily lives, and use [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] only for prayer and religious study, as they believe Hebrew to be a sacred language, only to be used for religious purposes.<ref>
[http://www.orianit.edu-negev.gov.il/shafamcm/cp/homepage/PSHONOTAnat17kern.htm ?למה החרדים במאה שערים מדברים אידיש] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010019/http://www.orianit.edu-negev.gov.il/shafamcm/cp/homepage/PSHONOTAnat17kern.htm |date=2013-10-05 }} {{in lang|he}}
</ref>
[[File:Bezoekers van een markt op straat, Bestanddeelnr 255-2485.jpg|The Mea Shearim shuk in the 1960s.|thumb]]
[[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] groups with a large number of followers in Mea Shearim include: [[Breslov (Hasidic group)|Breslov]], [[Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)|Slonim]], [[Toldos Aharon]], [[Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok (Hasidic dynasty)|Toldos Avraham Yitzhak]], [[Mishkenos HoRoim]], and [[Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)|Satmar]]. The Pinsk-Karlin dynasty also has its center here. The [[Edah HaChareidis]], which supervises [[kashrut]] certification and runs a Jewish religious court, has its headquarters at the western end of Mea Shearim. Mea Shearim is the stronghold of both factions of the [[Neturei Karta]] movement, which opposes [[Zionism]], as well as the movement from whence they sprang – the descendants of the original [[Perushim]] community, also known as "Yerushalmis". Some Neturei Karta members have asked to live under Arab rule.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Jerusalem Quarterly, Issues 17-20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MFVAAAAYAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Middle East Institute|page=58|quote=On the other hand, the leaders of the sect have recently published a manifesto calling for "the laws of the autonomy in Arab territories to be applied in our neighbourhood (Me'a Shearim) too, without dependence on the Zionist regime".}}</ref> The late Rabbi [[Yosef Shalom Eliashiv]], the leading [[posek]] of [[Lithuanian Jews|Litvish]] / [[Yeshiva|Yeshivish]] Jewry, made his home here.

The oldest Sephardic Haredi dynasty, Levi Kahana of Spain, has a religious cultural center in the neighborhood.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Neighborhood regulations==
[[File:Panneau mea shearim.jpg|thumb|[[Modesty]] sign in Mea Shearim]]
[[File:אישור ועדת איכלוס.jpg|A certificate for a building in the neighborhood, confirming that its residents have been inspected and found suitable for the neighborhood's character.|thumb]]
"Modesty" posters in Hebrew and English are hung at every entrance to Mea Shearim. When visiting the neighborhood, women and girls are urged to wear what is deemed to be modest dress (knee-length skirts or longer, no plunging necklines or midriff tops, no sleeveless or short-sleeved blouses or bare shoulders); men and boys are urged to avoid wearing shorts and sleeveless shirts; tourists are requested not to arrive in large, conspicuous groups; and in some of the older signs, even non-Jewish men are requested to wear [[Kippah|kippas]]. During [[Shabbat]] (from Friday night at sundown to Saturday night at sundown), visitors are asked to refrain from smoking, photography, driving, or using mobile phones. When entering synagogues, men are asked to cover their heads.<ref name="ynet">
{{cite web |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3340111,00.html |title=A step away, another world |work=[[Ynetnews]] |last=Sapir-Witz |first=Karmit |date=17 December 2006 |access-date=28 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901094601/http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3340111,00.html |archive-date=2010-09-01 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

===Incidents in the neighborhood===
[[File:Toldos Aharon kids prepare for Shabbat, Mea Shearim, Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|[[Toldos Aharon (Hasidic dynasty)|Toldos Aharon]] children in Mea Shearim, 2007]]
Some residents have been criticized for attacking police, and other government officials entering the area, with stones, and blocking the streets, or setting fire to rubbish when they try to do so (otherwise known as Hafganahs).<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/the-mea-she-arim-mob-1.289570 |title=The Mea She'arim mob |work=Haaretz |author=Shahar Ilan |date=May 11, 2010 |access-date=2012-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226095325/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/the-mea-she-arim-mob-1.289570 |archive-date=2012-12-26 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

A small, violent group called "[[Sikrikim|The Sikrikim]]", of less than 100 families, enforce censorship on bookshops, causing over 250,000 NIS damage to a shop that resisted their demands.<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=247516 |title=Mea She'arim shop accedes to vandalist demands |newspaper=JPost |author=Melanie Lidman |date=November 30, 2011 |access-date=2012-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928173049/http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=247516 |archive-date=2012-09-28 |url-status=live }}
</ref>
[[File:1940 מאה שערים - iדגניi btm11920.jpeg|A Meah Shearim courtyard in the 1940s|thumb]]
On 24 June 2010, politicians [[Uri Maklev]] and [[Moshe Gafni]] of the Haredi party [[United Torah Judaism]] were attacked in Mea Shearim, after they had visited the [[Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)|Slonim]] rabbi and had entered his synagogue to pray. When they emerged, they were set upon by young men affiliated with [[Neturei Karta]] who spat at them and physically assaulted them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Haredi MKs attacked in Mea Shearim|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Haredi-MKs-attacked-in-Mea-Shearim|date=24 June 2010|access-date=1 November 2019|publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref>

In April 2015, an [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] officer was attacked by men and women of Mea Shearim who allegedly threatened to kill him, while children blocked his exit. The incident received national attention. The attack was condemned by Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] as "outrageous", and by [[Shas]] leader [[Aryeh Deri]] as "an act of terror".<ref>
[http://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-officer-attacked-in-jerusalem-ultra-orthodox-neighborhood/ IDF officer attacked in Jerusalem’s Mea Shearim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425124240/http://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-officer-attacked-in-jerusalem-ultra-orthodox-neighborhood/ |date=2015-04-25 }} The Times of Israel, 24 April 2015
</ref>

==See also==
*[[Batei Warsaw]]
*[[Meah Shearim Yeshiva and Talmud Torah]]
*[[Expansion of Jerusalem in the 19th century]]

==Further reading==
*Yosef Yoel Rivlin, Mea Shearim, Jerusalem: The Department of Youth Affairs - The Religious Section of the Zionist Organization, 1947 (Hebrew).
*Gabriel Barkay and Eli Schiller (eds.), Mea Shearim and Its Surroundings, Ariel, 163-164, 2004, pp. 121–135 (Hebrew).
*Binyamin Kluger, My Mea Shearim, 2016 (Hebrew).
*Binyamin Kluger, Mea Shearim and Its Neighboring Quarters: The Neighborhoods That Built New Jerusalem, published by HaModia, 2016 (Hebrew).
*Binyamin Kluger, Mea Shearim – Its Establishment and Development, published by HaModia, 2022 (Hebrew).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Halper|first=Jeff|title=Between Redemption and Revival: The Jewish Yishuv of Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century|publisher=Westview Press|year=1991|isbn=0-8133-7855-9}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.gojerusalem.com/items/268/meah-shearim/ Go Jerusalem's Information on Mea Shearim]

{{Neighborhoods of Jerusalem}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mea Shearim| ]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Haredi Judaism in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Orthodox Jewish communities in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Ottoman Palestine]]
[[Category:Orthodox Jews in Mandatory Palestine]]
[[Category:1874 establishments in Ottoman Syria]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1874]]

Tatsuya Ishihara

2025-06-11T00:37:08Z

76.71.63.66: /* As series director */

{{Short description|Japanese anime director}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tatsuya Ishihara
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|7|31}}
| birth_place = [[Maizuru]], [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]], Japan
| disappeared_status =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| nationality = Japanese
| occupation = {{Hlist|Animator|director|storyboard artist}}
| years_active = 1987–present
| alma_mater =
| employer = [[Kyoto Animation]]
| known_for =
| spouse =
| website =
}}
{{Nihongo|'''Tatsuya Ishihara'''|石原立也|Ishihara Tatsuya|born July 31, 1966|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[animator]], [[television director|television]] and [[film director]]. Working for [[Kyoto Animation]] since 1988,<ref>"The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya". (May 2007) ''Newtype USA''. pp. 48–49.</ref> he has directed ''[[Haruhi Suzumiya|The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya]]'', ''[[Clannad (video game)|Clannad]]'', ''[[Nichijou]]'', ''[[Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions (TV series)|Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions]]'' and ''[[Sound! Euphonium]]''.

==Early life and education==
{{Expand section|date=July 2019}}
Ishihara graduated from {{Interlanguage link multi|Osaka Designer College|ja|大阪デザイナー専門学校}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=森宏樹|title=大阪デザイナー専門学校アニメーション学科卒業生の活躍情報|url=http://odcanime.blog40.fc2.com/blog-entry-258.html|website=キャニメーションの森|accessdate=20 July 2019|language=Japanese|date=9 November 2008}}</ref>

==Career==
His first credit as an episode director was for the 1995 episode of ''[[Tenchi Universe]]'' titled "No Need for Worries!". In 2021, he replaced [[Yasuhiro Takemoto]] as the director for ''[[Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid|Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid S]]'', following the latter's death during the [[Kyoto Animation arson attack]].

==Filmography==
===Television===
====As series director====
*''[[Air (video game)|Air]]'' (2005)
*''[[Kanon (visual novel)|Kanon]]'' (2006)
*''[[Clannad (video game)|Clannad]]'' (2007)
*''[[Clannad (video game)|Clannad After Story]]'' (2008)
*''[[Haruhi Suzumiya|The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya]]'' (2006, 2009)
*''[[Nichijou]]'' (2011)
*''[[Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions (TV series)|Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions]]'' (2012)<ref>{{cite web|last=Loo|first=Egan|title=KyoAni's Chūnibyō Demo Koi ga Shitai! Staff Confirmed|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-07-10/kyoani-chunibyo-demo-koi-ga-shitai-staff-confirmed|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=July 10, 2012|access-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions (TV series)|Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions -Heart Throb-]]'' (2014)
*''[[Sound! Euphonium]]'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web|last=Loo|first=Egan|title=Kyoto Animation Streams Sound! Euphonism Anime's Promo|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-12-27/kyoto-animation-streams-sound-euphonism-anime-promo/.82680|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=December 27, 2014|access-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Myriad Colors Phantom World]]'' (2016)<ref>{{cite web|last=Loo|first=Egan|title=Kyoto Animation's Myriad Colors Phantom World Anime Casts Sumire Uesaka|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-08-28/kyoto-animation-myriad-colors-phantom-world-anime-casts-sumire-uesaka/.92238|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=August 28, 2015|access-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Sound! Euphonium|Sound! Euphonium 2]]'' (2016)<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:吹奏楽に青春を懸けるアニメ「響け！ユーフォニアム2」キービジュアル公開|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/196593|website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|date=August 1, 2016|access-date=December 27, 2022|language=ja}}</ref>
*''[[Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid|Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid S]]'' (2021)<ref>{{cite web|last=Mateo|first=Alex|title=Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid S Anime's 1st Promo Video Unveils Cast, Staff|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-02-23/miss-kobayashi-dragon-maid-s-anime-1st-promo-video-unveils-cast-staff/.169869|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=February 23, 2021|access-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Sound! Euphonium|Sound! Euphonium 3]]'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web|last=Hodgkins|first=Crystalyn|title=Sound! Euphonium Anime's 3rd Season Premieres in April 2024|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-08-04/sound-euphonium-anime-3rd-season-premieres-in-april-2024/.200981|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=August 4, 2023|access-date=August 4, 2023}}</ref>

====As episode director only====
*''[[Tenchi Universe]]'' (1995)
*''[[Fushigi Yûgi]]'' (1995)
*''[[Baby & Me]]'' (1996)
*''[[Super Milk Chan]]'' (2000)
*''[[Inuyasha]]'' (2000–2002)
*''[[Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu]]'' (2003)
*''[[Lucky Star (manga)|Lucky Star]]'' (2007)
*''[[K-On!]]'' (2009)
*''[[K-On!|K-On!!]]'' (2010)
*''[[Tamako Market]]'' (2013)
*''[[Amagi Brilliant Park]]'' (2014)
*''[[Free! (TV series)|Free! – Dive to the Future]]'' (2018)

===Film===
*''[[The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya]]'' (as chief director, 2010)
*''[[Sound! Euphonium: The Movie – Welcome to the Kitauji High School Concert Band]]'' (2016)
*''[[Sound! Euphonium: The Movie – May the Melody Reach You!]]'' (as chief director, 2017)<ref>{{cite web|last=Hodgkins|first=Crystalyn|title=Sound! Euphonium: Todoketai Melody Film's Teaser Video, Visual, September 30 Debut Revealed|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-06-04/sound-euphonium-todoketai-melody-film-teaser-video-visual-september-30-debut-revealed/.117005|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=June 4, 2017|access-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Take on Me]]'' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|last=Hodgkins|first=Crystalyn|title=Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Gets New Anime Film on January 6|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-05-19/love-chunibyo-and-other-delusions-gets-new-anime-film-on-january-6/.116313|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=May 19, 2017|access-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Sound! Euphonium: The Movie – Our Promise: A Brand New Day]]'' (2019)<ref>{{cite web|last=Pineda|first=Rafael Antonio|title=Sound! Euphonium Chikai no Finale Film's Teaser Video Reveals April 19 Opening|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-09-28/sound-euphonium-chikai-no-finale-film-teaser-video-reveals-april-19-opening/.137420|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=September 28, 2018|access-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid|Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid: A Lonely Dragon Wants to Be Loved]]'' (2025)<ref>{{cite web|last=Hodgkins|first=Crystalyn|title=Kyoto Animation Reveals Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid Film for 2025|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-09-21/kyoto-animation-reveals-miss-kobayashi-dragon-maid-film-for-2025/.215842|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=September 21, 2024|access-date=September 21, 2024}}</ref>

===Original video animation===
*''Shiawasette Naani'' (1991)
*''[[Nichijou|Nichijou Episode 0]]'' (2011)
*''[[Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions|Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions: Depth of Field – Love and Hate Theater]]'' (2012–2013)
*''[[Sound! Euphonium|Sound! Euphonium: Ensemble Contest]]'' (2023)<ref>{{cite web|last=Hodgkins|first=Crystalyn|title=Sound! Euphonium: Ensemble Contest Theatrical Anime's Video Reveals Summer 2023 Debut|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-12-27/sound-euphonium-ensemble-contest-theatrical-anime-video-reveals-summer-2023-debut/.193399|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=December 27, 2022|access-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref>

===Original net animation===
*''[[Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions|Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Lite]]'' (2012)
*''[[Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions|Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Ren Lite]]'' (2013–2014)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2128776}}
*{{ann|people|9087}}

{{Tatsuya Ishihara}}
{{Kyoto Animation}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ishihara, Tatsuya}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Anime directors]]
[[Category:Japanese film directors]]
[[Category:Japanese television directors]]
[[Category:Kyoto Animation people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Maizuru]]

{{Japan-film-director-stub}}
{{Anime-bio-stub}}

Tweeter (store)

2025-06-09T20:04:18Z

76.71.63.66: /* TWTR Inc. */SEC filings that the company ceased to exist in 2014

{{Short description|Defunct electronics retail chain in the United States}}
{{About|the defunct retail chain|the loudspeaker driver|Tweeter|social networking site of similar name9|Twitter|other uses|Tweeter (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Douglas TV|TV topics "Douglas"|Douglas (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = TWTR Inc.
| logo = Tweeterlogo.png
| type = [[Limited liability company]] (Tweeter Opco) [[Corporation]] (TWTR Inc.)
| former_names = Tweeter Opco Tweeter Home Entertainment Inc.
| founded = {{Start date and age|1972|5|1}} ([[Boston]])
| founder = Sandy Bloomberg, Michael Bloomberg
| fate = [[Chapter 11]] [[Bankruptcy]] And [[Liquidation]]
| defunct = {{End date and age|2014|4|23}}
| location = [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton, MA]]
| locations = 100 (at the time of closure)
| key_people =
| industry = [[Consumer electronics]] [[retail]]
}}
[[Image:2008-08-11 Tweeter store in Durham.jpg|thumb|308px|right|Tweeter store in [[Durham, North Carolina]].]]

'''Tweeter''', formerly '''Tweeter Etc.''' and '''Tweeter Home Entertainment''', was a specialty consumer electronics retailer providing mid and high end electronic equipment, including [[flat panel display|flat panel TV]]s, [[plasma TV]]s, [[car radio]]s, [[home theater systems]], [[GPS]]s and more. It also focused much of its business on custom installation of electronics for homes and automobiles.

The company had more than 100 stores in 18 U.S. states, mostly along the east coast, but also including [[Illinois]], [[Texas]], [[California]], [[Nevada]] and [[Arizona]], operating under the names Tweeter, HiFi Buys, [[Showcase Home Entertainment]] and Sound Advice.

The company was founded by Sandy and Michael Bloomberg who opened the first store in the [[Boston]] area in 1972, and the company quickly expanded throughout [[New England]].<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011171400/http://www.tweeter.com/aboutus/ |title=Archived Company "About Us" Page |archivedate=October 11, 2007 |url=http://www.tweeter.com/aboutus/ |date= |author=}}</ref>

Tweeter continued expanding largely through acquisitions, the first of these being Bryn Mawr Stereo in 1996.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18176283.html |title=Tweeter Etc. Purchasing Bryn Mawr Stereo |newspaper=HFN The Weekly Newspaper for the Home FurnishingNetwork |via=[[HighBeam Research]] |date=April 8, 1996}}{{Dead link|date=November 2014}}</ref><ref name=pdn-1996may17>{{cite news |url=http://articles.philly.com/1996-05-17/business/25626203_1_bryn-mawr-stereo-radio-shack-wiz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121170319/http://articles.philly.com/1996-05-17/business/25626203_1_bryn-mawr-stereo-radio-shack-wiz |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 21, 2016 |title=Bryn Mawr Stereo Stores Sold |newspaper=[[Philadelphia Daily News]] |date=May 17, 1996 |first=Rose |last=DeWolf}}</ref> It then added Atlanta-based HiFi Buys in 1997,<ref name=abj-1997mar17>{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/1997/03/17/story3.html?page=all |title=Boston chain's HiFi buy may be sealed in spring |work=[[Atlanta Business Journal]] |date=March 17, 1997 |first=Brendan |last=Murray}}</ref><ref name=bbj-1997mar17>{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/1997/03/17/story5.html?page=all |title=Tweeter etc. parent company acquires Atlanta-based HiFi Buys |work=[[Boston Business Journal]] |date=March 17, 1997 |first=Andrew P. |last=Mccloy}}</ref> San Diego based DOW Stereo/Video in 1999,<ref name=stereophile-1999may23>{{cite news |url=http://www.stereophile.com/news/10450/ |title=Tweeter to Acquire DOW Stereo/Video |magazine=[[Stereophile]] |date=May 23, 1999 |author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tweeter+Home+Entertainment+Group+Announces+an+Agreement+to+Acquire...-a054665586 |title=Tweeter Home Entertainment Group Announces an Agreement to Acquire DOW Stereo/Video, Inc. in San Diego, California |date=May 18, 1999 |work=Business Wire |via=[[The Free Library]] |author= |access-date=December 2, 2014 |archive-date=December 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220225730/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tweeter+Home+Entertainment+Group+Announces+an+Agreement+to+Acquire...-a054665586 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chicago-based United Audio Center<ref name=stereophile-2000jan23>{{cite news|url=http://beta.stereophile.com/news/10659/index.html |title=Tweeter to Acquire United Audio Centers in Chicago |magazine=[[Stereophile]] |date=January 23, 2000 |first=Jon |last=Iverson |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220230625/http://beta.stereophile.com/news/10659/index.html |archivedate=December 20, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=cscb-2000feb07>{{cite news |url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20000205/ISSUE01/100013692/new-owner-likely-to-grow-united-audio |title=New owner likely to grow United Audio |newspaper=[[Crain's Chicago Business]] |date=February 7, 2000 |first=Eddie |last=Baeb}}</ref> and Douglas TV stores<ref name=ct-2000aug04>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2000/08/04/douglas-tv-purchased-for-57-million/ |title=Douglas TV Purchased For $5.7 Million |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=August 4, 2000 |author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.twice.com/retailing/retailing/tweeter-completes-douglas-tv-purchase/20685 |title=Tweeter Completes Douglas TV Purchase |newspaper=[[Twice (magazine)|TWICE]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927210110/http://www.twice.com/retailing/retailing/tweeter-completes-douglas-tv-purchase/20685 |archivedate=September 27, 2013 |author= |date=October 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tweeter+Home+Entertainment+Group+Announces+an+Agreement+in+Principle...-a063848962 |title=Tweeter Home Entertainment Group Announces an Agreement in Principle to Acquire Douglas TV, the Big Screen Store, A Four-Store Chain Located in Chicago |work=[[Business Wire]] |date=August 3, 2000 |via=[[The Free Library]] |author= |access-date=December 2, 2014 |archive-date=December 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220230644/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tweeter+Home+Entertainment+Group+Announces+an+Agreement+in+Principle...-a063848962 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in 2000 and Florida-based Sound Advice in 2001.<ref name=sfss-2001jun05>{{cite news |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2001-06-05/business/0106040722_1_sound-advice-beshouri-tweeter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220230751/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2001-06-05/business/0106040722_1_sound-advice-beshouri-tweeter |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 20, 2014 |title=Sound Advice Agrees To Buyout |newspaper=[[Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel]] |date=June 5, 2001 |first=Marcia Heroux |last=Pounds}}</ref><ref name=twice-2001jun11>{{cite news |url=http://www.twice.com/news/news/tweeter-group-acquire-sound-advice/27290 |title=Tweeter Group To Acquire Sound Advice |magazine=[[Twice (magazine)|TWICE]] |date=June 11, 2001 |first=Alan |last=Wolf}}</ref> These acquisitions gave Tweeter an instant presence in the Southeast and Midwest during a booming housing market.

In March 2007, Tweeter announced the closing of 49 stores and the layoffs of 650 employees, and shuttered all of its stores in California and most of its stores in the Southeast.<ref>{{cite news |last=Del Colliano |first=Jerry |url=http://www.avrev.com/news/0307/26.tweeter036.shtml |title=Tweeter To Close 49 Locations |magazine=Audio|Video Revolution |date=March 26, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012204058/http://avrev.com/news/0307/26.tweeter036.shtml |archivedate=October 12, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In June 2007 Tweeter Home Entertainment filed for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] protection and its assets were purchased by Schultze Asset Management at auction on July 13, 2007, after a failed reorganization plan.<ref name="pardy">{{cite news |last=Pardy |first=Sasha M. |url=http://www.costar.com/News/Article.aspx?id=59AEC856EF5402DB7FDF8481F348C278 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722215601/http://www.costar.com/News/Article.aspx?id=59AEC856EF5402DB7FDF8481F348C278 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 22, 2012 |title=Tweeter Files Bankruptcy Again, Closing 94 Stores |newspaper=CoStar Retail News |date=November 7, 2008 }}</ref> Schultze reformed the company as Tweeter Opco LLC.

After an attempt to revive the company, Tweeter Opco filed for Chapter 11 on November 5, 2008.<ref name="pardy" /> Prior to filing the company had started [[business failure|going out of business]] sales in anticipation of the holiday season. However, a dispute among creditors regarding operating cash to continue the sales forced the closure of all stores on December 3, 2008, the firing of all 600 employees and the company filed a conversion of its Chapter 11 reorganization to a [[Chapter 7, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 7]] [[liquidation]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sawczuk |first=Maria Aprile |url=http://www.turnaround.org/Publications/Articles.aspx?objectId=10642 |title=Are the Days of Knights Over? Lack of Liquidity Stymies Chapter 11 Cases |journal=The Journal of Corporate Renewal |publisher=Turnaround Management Association |date=February 19, 2009}}</ref> Customers reported paid goods and deposits were part of frozen assets<ref>{{cite news |url=http://wbztv.com/local/tweeter.shuts.down.2.878637.html |title=Tweeter Closes Suddenly, Stuns Workers, Customers |website=[[WBZ-TV]] |location=Boston |date=December 3, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204234142/http://wbztv.com/local/tweeter.shuts.down.2.878637.html |archivedate=December 4, 2008 |author=}}</ref> which eventually forced them to file as creditors in the [[liquidation]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Reidy |first=Chris |url=http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2008/12/bankruptcy_trus.html |title=Bankruptcy trustee: Tweeter stores won't reopen |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=December 18, 2008}}</ref>

==TWTR Inc.==
Following the original 2007 Chapter 11 filing and sale of assets to Schultze, the original Tweeter company (now a [[shell company]]) remained active, having been renamed TWTR Inc..<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1060390/000134100408000549/tweeter8k.htm |title=Current Report (Form 8-K) |work=TWTR Inc. |publisher=[[Securities and Exchange Commission]] |date=February 8, 2008 |accessdate=October 5, 2013 |author=}}</ref>

On October 4, 2013, more than six years after selling its assets (and almost five years after the Tweeter chain shut down for good), shares of TWTR Inc. (at that point still listed under "TWTRQ") were trading for as much as 1 500% above the previous day's closing price ([[US$]]0.15 vs $0.007). It ultimately closed at $0.051 (a gain of over 684%), after trading was halted at 12:42pm [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]. [[Twitter, Inc.]] had released its preliminary [[initial public offering]] filings the previous day which revealed it was planning to use the ticker symbol "TWTR" (Tweeter's ticker symbol before its original bankruptcy filing), which apparently led to confusion among some investors.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kovach |first=Steve |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/twtr-stock-up-1500-percent-2013-10 |title=A Stock Called 'TWTRQ' Was Up As Much As 1,500% Because People Thought It Was Twitter |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=October 4, 2013 |accessdate=October 4, 2013}}</ref> Shortly after the incident, the company's ticker symbol was changed to "THEGQ". The company ceased to exist on April 23, 2014.<ref>https://www.sec.gov/files/litigation/admin/2014/34-71996.pdf</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Economic Crisis|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tweeter (Store)}}
[[Category:Defunct consumer electronics retailers of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct retail companies of the United States]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1972]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1972]]
[[Category:Retail companies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Companies that have filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy]]
[[Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2007]]
[[Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2008]]
[[Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2008]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in Massachusetts]]

Tartus Governorate

2025-06-08T22:41:28Z

76.71.63.66:

{{Infobox settlement

| name = Tartus Governorate
| native_name = مُحافظة طرطوس
| native_name_lang = ar
| settlement_type = [[Governorates of Syria|Governorate]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Tartus in Syria (+Golan hatched).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of Syria with Tartus highlighted
| coordinates = {{coord|35|36|type:adm1st_region:SY|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = [[Tartus]]
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg}} [[Syria]]
| subdivision_type1 = Control
| subdivision_name1 =
| parts_type = [[Mintaqah|Manatiq (Districts)]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 5
| established_title = Part of [[Alawite State]]
| established_date = 1920–1936
| established_title1 = Separated from [[Latakia Governorate]]
| established_date1 = 1972
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Tartus]]
| leader_title = Governor
| leader_name = [[Ahmad al-Shami]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1892
| area_note = Estimates range between 1,890 km2 and 1,892 km2
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 797,000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Syria#Languages|Main language(s)]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| timezone1 = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset1 = +2
| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +3
| iso_code = SY-TA
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tartus Governorate''', also transliterated as '''Tartous Governorate''' ({{langx|ar|مُحافظة طرطوس}} / [[ALA-LC]]: ''Muḥāfaẓat Ṭarṭūs''), is one of the 14 [[Governorates of Syria|governorates]] of [[Syria]]. It is situated in western Syria, bordering [[Latakia Governorate]] to the north, [[Homs Governorate|Homs]] and [[Hama Governorate]]s to the east, [[Lebanon]] to the south, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the west. It is one of the few governorates in Syria that has an [[Alawites|Alawite]] majority. Sources list the area as 1,890 km2<ref name="Statoids">{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/usy.html|title=Syria Provinces|website=www.statoids.com}}</ref> or 1,892 km2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Syria.html|title=Syria: Governorates, Major Cities & Localities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> with its capital being [[Tartus]].

==History==
The present day Tartus Governorate was part of the [[Alawite State]], which existed from 1920 to 1936.<ref name= "L">Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley. "Syria and Lebanon Under French Mandate." London: Oxford University Press, 1958.</ref> In 1972, the [[Ba'athist Syria|Ba'athist administration]] had established Tartus Governorate, effectively detaching it from [[Latakia Governorate]].<ref name="Statoids"/>

== Archeological sites ==
* [[Al-Kahf Castle]] – Isma'ili castle
* [[Hosn Suleiman|Hosn Sulaiman]]
* [[Aleika Castle]] – Isma'ili castle
* [[Amrit]] – Phoenician city
* [[Chastel Rouge]] (Qal’at Yahmur) – Crusader castle
* [[Hosn Suleiman]]
* [[Margat]] – Crusader castle
* [[Arwad|Citadel of Arwad]]
* [[Tell Kazel]] – Bronze age site (possibly the ancient city of Sumur)
* [[Carne, Phoenicia|Carne]] – Phoenician city
* [[Chastel Blanc]]
* [[Citadel of Tartus]]
* {{ill|Burj Al-Sabi|fr}}

== Geography ==
Tartus comprises roughly half of Syria's Mediterranean coastline; offshore lie five small [[List of islands of Syria|islands]], the largest of which is [[Arwad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Arwad, Fortress at Sea |url=http://www.aramcoworld.com/en-US/Articles/January-2016/Arwad-Fortress-at-Sea |publisher=Aramco World |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref> Inland the terrain is mountainous, comprising a section of the [[Syrian Coastal Mountain Range]] (Nusayriyah Mountains).<ref name="Syria-profile">Federal Research Division, Library of Congress (2005) [http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Syria.pdf "Country Profile: Syria"] page 5</ref> The [[Nahr al-Kabir]] river forms the [[Lebanon–Syria border|border]] with Lebanon to the south.<ref>[[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia]] ''et al.'', "Nahr el Kabir Basin", ''Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia'' '''8''' [https://waterinventory.org/sites/waterinventory.org/files/chapters/Chapter-08-Nahr-el-Kabir-Basin-web.pdf PDF]</ref>

===Settlements===
[[Tartus]] is the regional capital; other major settlements include [[Al-Hamidiyah]], Al Qadmus, [[Al-Sawda]], Ayn ash Shams, [[Baniyas]], Qusaybah and [[Safita]].

=== Districts ===
{{Tartus Labelled Map|float=right}}

The governorate is divided into five [[Districts of Syria|districts]] ([[manatiq]]). The districts are further divided into 27 sub-districts ([[Nahiya|nawahi]]):{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

{{col-begin|width=50%}}
{{col-break}}
* '''[[Tartus District]]''' (7 sub-districts)
** [[Tartus|Tartus Subdistrict]]
** [[Arwad|Arwad Subdistrict]]
** [[Al-Hamidiyah|Al-Hamidiyah Subdistrict]]
** [[Khirbet al-Maazah|Khirbet al-Maazah Subdistrict]]
** [[Al-Sawda|Al-Sawda Subdistrict]]
** [[Al-Karimah|Al-Karimah Subdistrict]]
** [[Al-Safsafah|Al-Safsafah Subdistrict]]
* [[Baniyas District]] (7 sub-districts)
** [[Baniyas|Baniyas Subdistrict]]
** [[Al-Rawda, Tartus|Al-Rawda Subdistrict]]
** [[Al-Annazah|Al-Annazah Subdistrict]]
** [[Al-Qadmus|Al-Qadmus Subdistrict]]
** [[Hammam Wasel|Hammam Wasel Subdistrict]]
** [[Al-Tawahin|Al-Tawahin Subdistrict]]
** [[Talin, Syria|Talin Subdistrict]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Duraykish District]] (4 sub-districts)
** [[Duraykish|Duraykish Subdistrict]]
** [[Junaynet Ruslan|Junaynet Ruslan Subdistrict]]
** [[Hamin, Syria|Hamin Subdistrict]]
** [[Dweir Ruslan|Dweir Ruslan Subdistrict]]
* [[Safita District]] (6 sub-districts)
** [[Safita|Safita Subdistrict]]
** [[Mashta al-Helu|Mashta al-Helu Subdistrict]]
** [[Al-Bariqiyah|Al-Bariqiyah Subdistrict]]
** [[Sebei, Syria|Sebei Subdistrict]]
** [[Al-Sisiniyah|Al-Sisiniyah Subdistrict]]
** [[Ras al-Khashufah|Ras al-Khashufah Subdistrict]]
* [[Al-Shaykh Badr District]] (3 sub-districts)
** [[Al-Shaykh Badr|Al-Shaykh Badr Subdistrict]]
** [[Brummanet al-Mashayekh|Brummanet al-Mashayekh Subdistrict]]
** [[Al-Qamsiyah|Al-Qamsiyah Subdistrict]]
{{col-end}}

== Demographics ==

As per the 2004 Syrian census the population was 701,400.<ref name="Statoids"/> A 2011 [[UNOCHA]] estimate put the population at 797,000, an estimate preceding the [[Syrian Civil War]] which caused a large population decline and socioeconomic devastation.<ref>{{citation |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Syria%20governorate%20profiles%206%20August%202014.pdf|publisher= UNOCHA |title= Syrian Arab Republic – Governorates profile|date=June 2014|access-date= 20 March 2020}}</ref>

{{Bar box
| title=Religious composition of Tartus Governorate (2011)
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Alawites]]|Red|69}}
{{Bar percent|[[Sunni]]s|Green|18}}
{{Bar percent|[[Ismaili]]s|Orange|7}}
{{Bar percent|[[Christianity in Syria|Christians]]|Blue|6}}
}}

The estimated population of 797,000 represented roughly 4% of Syria's population at the time. The population was almost entirely ethnic [[Arabs]]; these were [[Alawite]]s at 69%, 18% [[Sunni Muslim]]s, 7% [[Ismaili Muslim]]s, and 6% were [[Christianity in Syria|Christians]] (mostly [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch|Greek Orthodox]]).<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.kfcris.com/pdf/5e43a7813784133606d70cc8b52d433b5909a9623e8c2.pdf|publisher= King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies |title= "Useful Syria" and Demographic Changes in Syria|author=Hussain Ibrahim Qutrib|date=2016|access-date= 20 March 2020}}</ref> There was a small [[Cretan Muslims|Cretan Greek]] community concentrated in [[Al-Hamidiyah]], the descendants of refugees who fled the [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)|Greco-Turkish War]] of 1897.<ref name="gsels">[http://webs.uvigo.es/ssl/actas2002/05/08.%20Roula%20Tsokalidou.pdf Greek-Speaking Enclaves of Lebanon and Syria] by Roula Tsokalidou. Proceedings ''II Simposio Internacional Bilingüismo''. Retrieved 4 December 2006</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Tartus_governorate_-_physical_map.png|Map of Tartus governorate
File:Safita overview.jpg|Safita
File:Kaf Aljaa.jpg|Mountains near Kaff al-Jaa
File:Marqab2.jpg|Margat Castle
File:Al-Kafroun (Arabic الكفرون).jpg|Al Kafrun
File:Arwad Castle 阿瓦德古堡 - panoramio.jpg|Arwad Castle
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Alawite State]]
== References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.esyria.sy/etartus/ etartus] The First Complete website for Tartus news and services

{{Governorates of Syria}}
{{Tartus Governorate}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tartus Governorate| ]]
[[Category:Governorates of Syria]]