S-75 Dvina

2025-05-25T03:46:10Z

71.185.250.75: /* Major variants */

{{Redirect|SA-2|the Apollo flight|SA-2 (Apollo)|medical sergeants|United States Army Special Forces selection and training#18D – Medical Sergeant|other uses|SA2 (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = S-75 Desna / V-750 SA-2 Guideline, SA-N-2 Guideline
| image = [[Image:S-75 Dvina.jpg|300px]]
| image_size = 300
| caption = S-75 Dvina in the National Museum of Military History, Sofia, Bulgaria
| origin = Soviet Union
| type = Strategic [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] system
| is_missile = yes
| service = 1957–present
| used_by = See list of [[S-75 Dvina#Operators|present and former operators]]
| wars = {{bulleted list
| [[Vietnam War]]
| [[Six-Day War]]
| [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
| [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| [[Yom Kippur War]]
| [[Iran–Iraq War]]
| [[Gulf War]]
| [[Yugoslav Wars]]
| [[War on Terror]]
| [[War in Abkhazia (1992–93)]]
| [[First Libyan Civil War]]
| [[Syrian Civil War]]
| [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)]]
| [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]
| [[Saudi–Yemeni border conflict (2015–present)]]
| [[Tigray War]]
}}
| designer = [[Raspletin]] [[GSKB Almaz-Antey|KB-1]] (head developer), 
[[Peter Grushin|Grushin]] [[MKB Fakel]] (missile developer), 
[[Lavochkin|Lavochkin OKB]]
| design_date = 1953–1957
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| production_date = 1957
| number = Approx 4,600 launchers produced<ref name="pvo.guns.ru">{{Cite web |date=2005-12-03 |title=Зенитная Ракетная Система С-75 (SA-2 Guideline) |trans-title=S-75 Anti-Aircraft Missile System (SA-2 Guideline) |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/s75/s75.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127100415/http://pvo.guns.ru/s75/s75.htm |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014 |website=Vestnik PVO |language=ru}}</ref>
| variants = SA-75 Dvina, S-75 Desna, S-75M Volkhov/Volga
| spec_label = V-750{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|pages=257−261}}
| weight = {{convert|2300|kg|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|10600|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter = {{convert|700|mm|abbr=on}}
| crew =
| filling = Frag-HE
| filling_weight = {{convert|195|kg|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|pages=257−261}}
| detonation = Command
| yield =
| engine =
| engine_power =
| wingspan =
| propellant = Solid-fuel booster and a storable liquid-fuel upper stage
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|45|km|abbr=on}}
| ceiling =
| altitude = {{convert|25,000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| boost = 5 seconds boost, then 20 seconds sustain
| speed = {{convert|3.5|Mach|altitude_ft=10,000|mph|sigfig=2}}
| guidance = [[Radio control]] [[command guidance]]
| steering =
| accuracy = {{cvt|65|m|ft|-1}}
| launch_platform = Single rail, ground mounted (not mobile)
| transport =
}}

The '''S-75''' (Russian: С-75; [[NATO reporting name]] '''SA-2 Guideline''') is a Soviet-designed, high-altitude air defence system. It is built around a [[surface-to-air missile]] with [[command guidance]]. Following its first deployment in 1957 it became one of the most widely deployed air defence systems in history. It scored the first destruction of an enemy aircraft by a surface-to-air missile, with the shooting down of a [[Taiwan]]ese [[Martin RB-57D Canberra]] over China on 7 October 1959 that was hit by a salvo of three V-750 (1D) missiles at an altitude of {{cvt|20|km|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leone |first=Dario |date=7 October 2020 |title=How a Chinese SA-2 shot down a Taiwanese RB-57D and scored the first ever SAM-Kill |url=https://theaviationgeekclub.com/how-a-chinese-sa-2-shot-down-a-taiwanese-rb-57d-and-scored-the-first-ever-sam-kill/ |website=The Aviation Geek Club}}</ref> This success was credited to Chinese fighter aircraft at the time to keep the S-75 program secret.<ref name="zaloga2007p8">{{harvnb|Zaloga|2007|p=8}}: "On October 7, 1959, one of the Taiwanese RB-57Ds was struck at an altitude of 65,600ft (20km) by a salvo of three V-750 missiles"</ref>

This system first gained international fame when an S-75 battery, using the newer, longer-range, higher-altitude V-750VN (13D) missile was deployed in the [[1960 U-2 incident]], when it shot down the [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] of [[Francis Gary Powers]] overflying the Soviet Union on May 1, 1960.{{sfn|Zaloga|2007|p=9}} The system was also deployed in [[Cuba]] during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], when it shot down another U-2 (piloted by [[Rudolf Anderson]]) overflying Cuba on October 27, 1962, almost precipitating a nuclear war.{{sfn|Zaloga|2007|p=11}} North Vietnamese forces used the S-75 extensively during the [[Vietnam War]] to successfully defend Hanoi and Haiphong against US bombing. It was produced in the [[People's Republic of China]] under the names HQ-1 (under licence) and HQ-2 (modified, named FT-2000A). Egyptian engineers produced a reverse-engineered S-75 with the name ''Tayir-as-Sabah''.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2000 |title=V-75 SA-2 Guideline |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/v-75.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306143717/http://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/v-75.htm |archive-date=2016-03-06 |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]}}</ref>

==History==
===Development===
[[File:S-75 in the National Air and Space Museum.JPG|thumb|left|S-75 Guideline missile on display at the National Air and Space Museum]]

In the early 1950s, the [[United States Air Force]] rapidly accelerated its development of long-range jet bombers carrying nuclear weapons. The USAF program led to the deployment of [[Boeing B-47 Stratojet]] supported by [[aerial refueling]] aircraft to extend its range deep into the Soviet Union. The USAF quickly followed the B-47 with the development of the [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress]], which had greater range and payload than the B-47. The range, speed, and payload of these US bombers posed a significant threat to the Soviet Union in the event of a war between the two countries.

[[File:Rear view of a S-75 missle.JPG|thumb|Rear view showing the solid-propellant booster nozzle, as displayed in [[Imperial War Museum Duxford]] ]]

Consequently, the Soviets initiated the development of improved air defence systems. Although the [[Soviet Air Defence Forces]] had large numbers of anti-aircraft artillery (AAA), including radar-directed batteries, the limitations of guns versus high-altitude jet bombers were obvious. Therefore, the Soviet Air Defence Forces began the development of missile systems to replace the World War II-vintage gun defences.

In 1953, KB-2 began the development of what became the S-75 under the direction of [[Pyotr Grushin]]. This program focused on producing a missile which could bring down a large, non-maneuvering, high-altitude aircraft. As such it did not need to be highly maneuverable, merely fast and able to resist aircraft counter-measures. For such a pioneering system, development proceeded rapidly, and testing began a few years later. In 1957, the wider public first became aware of the S-75 when the missile was shown at that year's [[May Day]] parade in [[Moscow]].

===Initial deployment===
Wide-scale deployment started in 1957, with various upgrades following over the next few years. The S-75 was never meant to replace the [[S-25 Berkut]] surface-to-air missile sites around [[Moscow]], but it did replace high-altitude anti-aircraft guns, such as the {{cvt|130|mm|in}} [[KS-30]] and {{cvt|100|mm|in}} [[KS-19]]. Between mid-1958 and 1964, US intelligence assets located more than 600 S-75 sites in the USSR. These sites tended to cluster around population centers, industrial complexes, and government control centers. A ring of sites was also located around likely bomber routes into the Soviet heartland. By the mid-1960s, the Soviet Union had ended the deployment of the S-75 with perhaps 1,000 operational sites.

In addition to the Soviet Union, several S-75 batteries were deployed during the 1960s in [[East Germany]] to protect Soviet forces stationed in that country. Later the system was sold to most [[Warsaw Pact]] countries and was provided to China, North Korea, and eventually, North Vietnam.<ref name="Federation of American Scientists" />

===Employment===
[[File:SA-2 Guideline towed by a ZIL-131 truck.JPEG|thumb|The S-75 in transport configuration]]

While the shooting down of Francis Gary Powers' U-2 in 1960 is the first publicized success for the S-75, the first aircraft shot down by the S-75 was a Taiwanese [[Martin RB-57D Canberra]] high-altitude [[reconnaissance aircraft]]. The aircraft was hit by a Chinese-operated S-75 site near [[Beijing]] on October 7, 1959.<ref name="zaloga2007p8"/> Over the next few years, the Taiwanese [[Republic of China Air Force|ROCAF]] would lose several aircraft to the S-75, both RB-57s and various [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]]. On May 1, 1960, Gary Powers' U-2 was [[1960 U-2 incident|shot down]] while flying over the testing site near [[Yekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]]. The first missile destroyed the U-2, and a further 13 were also fired, hitting a pursuing high-altitude MiG-19. The downing of the U-2 led to the U-2 Crisis of 1960. Additionally, Chinese S-75s downed five ROCAF-piloted U-2s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Thornton D. |title=ROCAF U-2 Operations |url=http://area51specialprojects.com/u2_blackcat_taiwan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128042749/http://area51specialprojects.com/u2_blackcat_taiwan.html |archive-date=28 November 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>

During the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], a U-2 piloted by USAF Major [[Rudolf Anderson]] was shot down over Cuba by an S-75 in October 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2007 |title=Cuban Missile Crisis |url=https://www.af.mil/News/story/id/123072896/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807012253/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123072896 |archive-date=2012-08-07 |access-date=10 August 2010 |publisher=[[United States Air Force]]}}</ref>

In 1965, [[North Vietnam]] asked for assistance against American airpower, since their own air-defence system lacked the ability to shoot down aircraft flying at high altitude. After some discussion it was agreed to supply the PAVN with the S-75. The decision was not made lightly, because it greatly increased the chances that one would fall into US hands for study. Site preparation started early in the year, and the US detected the program almost immediately on 5 April 1965.

[[File:Egyptian SA-2 SAM.JPEG|thumb|Egyptian S-75 System in 1985]]
[[File:Flickr - Gaspa - Cairo, museo militare (2).jpg|thumbnail|Egyptian S-75 Dvina in the [[Egyptian National Military Museum]]]]

On 24 July 1965, a [[USAF]] [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4C]] aircraft was shot down by an S-75.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Correll |first=John T. |date=July 2010 |title=Take It Down! The Wild Weasels in Vietnam |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2010/July%202010/0710weasel.pdf |url-status=live |magazine=[[Air Force Magazine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609171440/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2010/July%202010/0710weasel.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2010-11-28}}</ref> Three days later, the US responded with [[Operation Iron Hand]] to attack the other sites before they could become operational. Most of the S-75 were deployed around the [[Hanoi]]-[[Haiphong]] area and were off-limits to attack (as were local airfields) for political reasons.

On 8 September 1965, during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 Indo-Pakistani war]], an [[India]]n S-75 Dvina was fired at an unidentified target believed to have been on a night mission above [[Ghaziabad]] near [[Delhi]] during the height of a paratrooper scare. Subsequent news reports would claim the destruction of a [[Pakistan]]i [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]] west of Delhi, showing a photograph of the wreckage of the self-destructed missile as evidence of airplane wreckage. According to Indian sources, no Pakistani aircraft penetrated so deeply into Indian territory.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Anchit |last2=Pillarisetti |first2=Jagan |date=2018-08-25 |title=The S-75 Dvina - India's first Surface to Air Guided Weapon |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/aircraft/past/949-s75-dvina-sagw.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826132336/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/aircraft/past/949-s75-dvina-sagw.html |archive-date=2018-08-26 |website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>

The missile system was used widely throughout the world, especially in the [[Middle East]], where Egypt and [[Syria]] used them to defend against the [[Israeli Air Force]], with the air defence net accounting for the majority of the downed Israeli aircraft. The last success seems to have occurred during the [[War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)]], when Georgian missiles shot down a Russian [[Sukhoi Su-27]] fighter near Gudauta on March 19, 1993.<ref name="mdb.cast.ru">{{Cite magazine |last=Aminov |first=Said |date=2009 |title=Georgia's Air Defense in the War with South Ossetia |url=http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/3-2008/item3/article3/ |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Moscow Defense Brief]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711165314/http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/3-2008/item3/article3/ |archive-date=11 July 2009 |access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>

During the [[siege of Bihac]], in the [[Bosnian War|Bosnian War (1992-1995)]], [[Serbian Army of Krajina|Serb forces from Krajina]] fired at least three S-75 in the ground-to-ground mode at the Bosnian city of [[Cazin]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUS8--YFrlYC&q=%22SA-2%22+%22ground-to-ground%22+Serbs&pg=PA261 |title=Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990-1995 |date=2002 |publisher=[[Office of Russian and European Analysis|Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis]] |isbn=9780160664724 |pages=251}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 1994 |title=Bosnia-Hercegovina: U.N. Pledges Support For Bangladeshis in Bihac |publisher=[[Inter Press Service]] |url=https://www.ipsnews.net/1994/11/bosnia-hercegovina-un-pledges-support-for-bangladeshis-in-bihac/ |access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref> In the [[Yemeni Civil War (2015-present)]], [[Houthis]] modified some of their S-75 into [[surface-to-surface]] [[ballistic missiles]] to attack Saudi bases with them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-14 |title=Yemen modified S 75 missiles into unguided rockets, launched them into Saudi Arabia |url=http://alert5.com/2015/12/14/yemen-modified-s-75-missiles-into-unguided-rockets-launched-them-into-saudi-arabia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709115023/http://alert5.com/2015/12/14/yemen-modified-s-75-missiles-into-unguided-rockets-launched-them-into-saudi-arabia/ |archive-date=2017-07-09 |access-date=2017-06-14 |website=Alert 5}}</ref>

===War in Vietnam: Countermeasures and counter-countermeasures===
[[File:Зенитный ракетный комплекс С-75.jpg|alt=Anti-aircraft missile system S-75|thumb|Anti-aircraft missile system S-75]]
[[File:F-105 hit by SA-2 over Vietnam.jpg|thumb|An F-105D hit by an S-75 missile]]

Between 1964 and early 1965 the Vietnamese had nothing to threaten American pilots in the air. U.S aircraft flew at an altitude of {{convert|4|to|5|km|ft}}, and the Vietnamese anti-aircraft guns were unable to reach them. However, after an S-75 shot down a US F-4 Phantom aircraft, the US bombers began to descend below {{convert|3|km|ft|sigfig=1}}, below the minimum operational height of the Dvina. This brought them within the reach of Vietnamese anti-aircraft guns.<ref name="svpressa.ru">{{Cite news |last=Tuchkov |first=Vladimir |date=14 October 2018 |title=Русская «Двина», сбив сотни «Фантомов», довела американцев до психоза |language=ru |trans-title=The Russian 'Dvina', having shot down hundreds of 'Phantoms', brought the Americans to psychosis |work=Свободная Пресса |url=https://svpressa.ru/post/article/213039/ |url-status=live |access-date=2018-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327233451/https://svpressa.ru/post/article/213039/ |archive-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>

On July 24, 1965, four US Air Force McDonnell [[F-4 Phantom|F-4C Phantoms]] took part in an airstrike against the [[Điện Biên Phủ]] munitions storage depot and the Lang Chi munitions factory west of Hanoi. One was shot down and three damaged by S-75s. This was the first time US aircraft were attacked by SAMs.<ref name="thuds">{{Cite web |last=Carlson |first=Mark |date=2019-10-23 |title=Operation Spring High: Thuds vs. SAMs |url=https://www.historynet.com/operation-spring-high-thuds-vs-sams.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201171855/https://www.historynet.com/operation-spring-high-thuds-vs-sams.htm |archive-date=2019-02-01 |access-date=2019-02-01 |website=[[HistoryNet]]}}</ref>

Two days later President Johnson gave the order to attack known S-75 positions outside the {{convert|30|mi|km|order=flip|adj=on}} exclusion zone. On the morning of July 27, 48 [[F-105]]s participated in the strike, [[Operation Spring High]]. The Vietnamese knew US aircraft were coming, and set up many {{cvt|23|mm|in}} and {{cvt|37|mm|in}} anti-aircraft guns at the two SAM sites. These anti-aircraft guns were lethal at close range. The Vietnamese shot down six aircraft and more than half of the remaining US aircraft suffered damage from ground fire. However, the Vietnamese had replaced the SAMs with white-painted bundles of [[bamboo]]. Operation Spring High had destroyed two decoy targets for the loss of six aircraft and five pilots.<ref name="thuds" />

Between 1965 and 1966 the US developed countermeasures to the S-75 threat. The Navy soon had the [[AGM-45 Shrike]] anti-radiation air-to-surface missile in service and mounted their first offensive strike on a site in October 1965. The Air Force fitted [[Douglas B-66 Destroyer|B-66]] bombers with powerful jammers (which blinded the early warning radars) and developed smaller jamming pods for fighters (which denied range information to enemy radars). Later developments included the [[Wild Weasel]] aircraft, which were fitted with AGM-45 Shrike missile systems made to home in on the radar from the threat.

The Soviets and Vietnamese were able to adapt to some of these tactics. The USSR upgraded the radar several times to improve [[electronic countermeasure]] (ECM) resistance. They also introduced a passive guidance mode, whereby the tracking radar could lock onto the jamming signal itself and guide missiles directly towards the jamming source. This also meant the SAM site's tracking radar could be turned off, which prevented Shrikes from homing in on it. New tactics were developed to combat the Shrike. One of them was to point the radar to the side and then turn it off briefly. Since the Shrike was a relatively primitive anti-radiation missile, it would follow the beam away from the radar and then simply crash when it lost the signal (after the radar was turned off). SAM crews could briefly illuminate a hostile aircraft to see if the target was equipped with a Shrike. If the aircraft fired a missile, the Shrike could be neutralized with the side-pointing technique without sacrificing any S-75s. Another tactic was a "false launch" in which missile guidance signals were transmitted without a missile being launched. This could distract enemy pilots, or even occasionally cause them to drop ordnance prematurely to lighten their aircraft enough to dodge the nonexistent missile.

At the same time, evasive maneuvers were used, and intensive bombardments of identified SAM firing positions were organized. Under these conditions, camouflage and radio silence became especially important. After combat launches, an anti-aircraft missile division was to leave the area immediately, otherwise it would be destroyed by a bombing attack. Until December 1965, according to American data, eight S-75M systems were destroyed, although sometimes American aircraft bombed dummy positions equipped with decoy missiles made of [[bamboo]]. Soviet and Vietnamese calculations claimed the destruction of 31 aircraft; the Americans acknowledged the loss of 13 aircraft. According to the memoirs of Soviet advisers, on average an anti-aircraft missile unit destroyed 5-6 American aircraft before being put out of action.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Despite these advances, the US was able to come up with effective ECM packages for the B-52E and later models. When the B-52s flew large-scale raids against Hanoi and Haiphong over an eleven-day period in December 1972, 266 S-75 missiles were fired,{{sfn|Zaloga|2007|p=22}} resulting in the loss of 15 of the bombers and damage to numerous others. The ECM proved to be generally effective, but repetitive USAF flight tactics early in the bombing campaign increased the vulnerability of the bombers and the North Vietnamese missile crews adopted a practice of firing large S-75 salvos to overwhelm the planes' defensive countermeasures (see [[Operation Linebacker II]]). By the conclusion of the Linebacker II campaign, the shootdown rate of the S-75 against the B-52s was 7.52% (15 B-52s were shot down, 5 B-52s were heavily damaged for 266 missiles{{sfn|Zaloga|2007|p=22}}).

However, some of the U.S aircraft which "crashed in flight accidents" in fact were lost due to S-75 missiles. When landing at an airfield in Thailand, one B-52 that had been heavily damaged by a SAM rolled off the runway and exploded on mines installed around the airfield to protect from the guerrillas; only one crewman survived. Subsequently, this B-52 was counted as "crashed in flight accidents".{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} According to [[Dana Drenkowski]] and [[Lester W. Grau]], the number of US aircraft confirmed by themselves as lost is uncorroborated since the US figures are also suspect. If a plane was badly damaged but managed to land, the USAF did not count as a loss even if it was too damaged to fly again.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drenkowski |first1=Dana |last2=Grau |first2=Lester W. |author-link2=Lester W. Grau |date=2007 |title=Patterns and Predictability: The Soviet Evaluation of Operation Linebacker II |journal=[[The Journal of Slavic Military Studies]] |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=559–607|doi=10.1080/13518040701703096 }}</ref>

During the Vietnam war, the Soviet Union delivered 95 S-75 systems and 7,658 missiles to the Vietnamese. 6,806 missiles were launched or removed by outdating. According to the Vietnamese, the S-75 shot down 1,046 aircraft, or 31% of all downed US aircraft. By comparison, air-defense guns brought down 60% and 9% were shot down by MiG fighters. The higher rate of anti-aircraft artillery is partially caused by the fact that gun units received data from the S-75 radar stations that significantly improved their effectiveness.<ref name="svpressa.ru" />

===Replacement systems===
[[Soviet Air Defence Forces]] started to replace the S-75 with the vastly superior [[S-300 (missile)|S-300]] system in the 1980s. The S-75 remains in widespread service throughout the world, with some level of operational ability in 35 countries. In the 2000s, Vietnam and Egypt are tied for the largest deployments at 280 missiles each, while North Korea has 270. The Chinese also deploy the HQ-2, an upgrade of the S-75, in relatively large numbers.

==Description==
===Soviet doctrinal organization===
The Soviet Union used a fairly standard organizational structure for S-75 units. Other countries that have employed the S-75 may have modified this structure. Typically, the S-75 is organized into a regimental structure with three subordinate battalions. The regimental headquarters will control the early-warning [[radar]]s and coordinate battalion actions. The battalions will contain several batteries with their associated acquisition and targeting radars.

[[File:North vietnamese S-75 SAM site.JPG|thumb|[[North Vietnam]]ese S-75 site. The typical hexagonal pattern made the sites easy to spot from the air. The Vietnamese later abandoned the layout for this reason.]]

===Site layout===
Each battalion will typically have six, semi-fixed, single-rail launchers for their V-750 missiles positioned approximately {{convert|60|to|100|m|abbr=on}} apart from each other in a hexagonal "flower" pattern, with radars and guidance systems placed in the center. This unique "flower" shape led to the sites being easily recognizable in reconnaissance photos. Typically another six missiles are stored on [[Semi-trailer truck|tractor-trailers]] near the center of the site.

===Missile===
[[File:SA-2 Guideline-S-75 Dvina-IMG 6382-white.jpg|thumb|Second stage of an S-75]]
The V-750 is a [[Multistage rocket|two-stage]] missile consisting of a solid-fuel booster and a storable liquid-fuel upper stage, which burns AK-20 (based on [[red fuming nitric acid]]) as the oxidizer and [[Tonka (fuel)|TG-02]] (toxic mixture of 50-52% [[triethylamine]] and 48-50% isomeric [[xylidine]]) as the fuel.<ref name="pvo.guns.ru" /> The booster fires for about 4–5 seconds and the main engine for about 22 seconds, by which time the missile is traveling at about {{convert|3|Mach|altitude_ft=10,000|mph|sigfig=2}}. The booster mounts four large, cropped-[[delta wing]] fins that have small control surfaces in their trailing edges to control [[Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)|roll]]. The upper stage has smaller cropped-deltas near the middle of the airframe, with a smaller set of control surfaces at the extreme rear and (in most models) much smaller fins on the nose.
[[File:SA-2-north-vietnam.jpg|alt=North Vietnamese SAM-2 missile pepare to fire at American aircraft|thumb|North Vietnamese S-75 missile prepare to fire at American aircraft]]
The missiles are guided using [[radio control]] signals (sent on one of three channels) from the guidance computers at the site. The earlier S-75 models received their commands via two sets of four small [[Antenna (radio)|antennas]] in front of the forward [[fin]]s while the D model and later models used four much larger strip antennas running between the forward and middle fins. The guidance system at an S-75 site can handle only one target at a time, but it can direct three missiles against it. Additional missiles could be fired against the same target after one or more missiles of the first [[salvo]] had completed their run, freeing the radio channel.

The missile typically mounts a {{convert|195|kg|abbr=on}} [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]] warhead, with proximity, contact, and command [[Fuse (explosives)|fusing]]. The warhead has a lethal radius of about {{convert|65|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} at lower altitudes, but at higher altitudes the thinner atmosphere allows for a wider radius of up to {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}. The missile itself is accurate to about {{convert|75|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, which explains why two were typically fired in a salvo. One version, the S-75AK, mounted a {{convert|295|kg|abbr=on}} [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear]] warhead of an estimated 15 [[TNT equivalent|kiloton]] yield or a conventional [[warhead]] of similar weight.

Typical range for the missile is about {{convert|45|km|abbr=on}}, with a maximum altitude around {{convert|20000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The radar and [[guidance system]] imposed a fairly long short-range cutoff of about {{convert|500|to|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}, making them fairly safe for engagements at low level.

=== Table of SA-2 / S-75 missiles ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''S-75 missiles and variants'''
|-
! style=width:100px | Missile
! Factory index
! Description
|-
| V-750
| 1D
| Firing range {{cvt|7|–|29|km|mi|sigfig=1}}; Firing altitude {{cvt|3,000|–|23,000|m|ft|-3}}
|-
| V-750V
| 11D
| Firing range {{cvt|7|–|29|km|mi|sigfig=1}}; Firing altitude {{cvt|3,000|–|25,000|m|ft|-3}}; Weight {{cvt|2,163|kg|lb}}; Length {{cvt|10,726|mm|ftin}}; Warhead weight {{cvt|190|kg|lb}}; Diameter {{cvt|500|mm|in}} / {{cvt|654|mm|in}}
|-
| V-750VK
| 11D
| Modernized missile
|-
| V-750VM
| 11DM
| Missile for firing to aircraft - jammer
|-
| V-750VM
| 11DU
| Modernized missile
|-
| V-750VM
| 11DА
| Modernized missile
|-
| V-750M
| 20ТD
| No specific information available
|-
| V-750SM
| -
| No specific information available
|-
| V-750VN
| 13D
| Firing range {{cvt|7|–|29|km|mi}} / {{cvt|7|–|34|km|mi}}; Firing altitude {{cvt|3,000|–|25,000|m|ft|-3}} / {{cvt|3,000|–|27,000|m|ft|-3}}; Length {{cvt|10,841|mm|ftin}}
|-
| -
| 13DА
| Missile with new warhead weight {{cvt|191|kg|lb}}
|-
| V-750АK
| -
| No specific information available
|-
| V-753
| 13DM
| Missile from naval SAM system M-2 Volkhov-M (SA-N-2 Guideline)
|-
| V-755
| 20D
| Firing range {{cvt|7|–|43|km|mi|0}}; Firing altitude {{cvt|3,000|–|30,000|m|ft|-3}}; Weight {{cvt|2,360|–|2,396|kg|lb}}; Length {{cvt|10,778|mm|ftin}}; Warhead weight {{cvt|196|kg|lb}}
|-
| V-755
| 20DP
| Missile for firing on passive flight-line, Firing range {{cvt|7|–|45|km|mi|0}} active, {{cvt|7|–|56|km|mi|0}} passive; Firing altitude {{cvt|300|–|30,000|m|ft|-3}} / {{cvt|300|–|35,000|m|ft|-3}}
|-
| V-755
| 20DА
| Missile with expired guarantee period and remodeled to 20DS
|-
| V-755OV
| 20DO
| Missile for taking air samples
|-
|V-755U
| 20DS
| Missile with selective block for firing to target in low altitude (under {{cvt|200|m|ft|disp=or}}); Firing altitude {{cvt|100|–|30,000|m|ft|-2}} / {{cvt|100|–|35,000|m|ft|-2}}
|-
| V-755U
| 20DSU
| Missile with selective block for firing to target in low altitude (under {{cvt|200|m|ft|disp=or}}) and shortening time preparation missile to fire; Firing altitude {{cvt|100|–|30,000|m|ft|-2}} / {{cvt|100|–|35,000|m|ft|-2}}
|-
| V-755U
| 20DU
| Missile with shortening time preparation missile to fire
|-
| V-759
| 5Ja23 (5V23)
| Firing range {{cvt|6|–|56|km|mi|0}} / {{cvt|6|–|60|km|mi|0}} / {{cvt|6|–|66|km|mi|0}}; Firing altitude {{cvt|100|–|30,000|m|ft|-2}} / {{cvt|100|–|35,000|m|ft|-2}}; Weight {{cvt|2,406|kg|lb}}; Length {{cvt|10,806|mm|ftin}}; Warhead weight {{cvt|197|–|201|kg|lb}}
|-
|V-760
| 15D
| Missile with nuclear warhead
|-
|V-760V
| 5V29
| Missile with nuclear warhead
|-
| V-750IR
| -
| Missile with pulse radiofuse
|-
| V-750N
| -
| Test missile
|-
| V-750P
| -
| Experimental missile - with rotate wings
|-
| V-751
| KM
| Experimental missile - flying laboratory
|-
| V-752
| -
| Experimental missile - boosters at the sides
|-
| V-754
| -
| Experimental missile - with semi-active homing head
|-
| V-757
| 17D
| Experimental Missile - with scramjet
|-
| -
| 18D
| Experimental Missile - with scramjet<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wade |first=Mark |year=2008 |title=18D |url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/18d.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223015951/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/18d.htm |archive-date=February 23, 2010 |access-date=May 24, 2010 |website=[[Encyclopedia Astronautica]]}}</ref>
|-
| V-757Kr
| 3M10
| Experimental Missile - version for 2K11 Krug (SA-4 Ganef)
|-
| V-758 (5 JaGG)
| 22D
| Experimental Missile - three-stage missile; Weight {{cvt|3,200|kg|lb}}; Speed {{convert|4.8|Mach|altitude_ft=10,000|mph|sigfig=2}}
|-
| Korshun
| -
| Target missile
|-
| RM-75MV
| -
| Target missile - for low altitude
|-
| RM-75V
| -
| Target missile - for high altitude
|-
| Sinitsa-23
| 5Ja23
| Target missile
|-
| [[Qaher-1]]
| -
| Modified surface-to-surface ballistic missile version developed by [[Houthis]]
|-
|}

===Radar===
[[File:Antloppk.jpg|thumb|Fan Song radar (left) and a Low Blow to the right]]

The S-75 typically uses the [[P-12 radar|P-12 early warning radar]] (also known by its NATO codename, "Spoon Rest"), which has a range of about {{convert|275|km|abbr=on}}. The P-12 provides early detection of incoming aircraft, which are then handed off to the acquisition [[Fan Song]] radar. These radars, having a range of about {{convert|65|km|abbr=on}}, are used to refine the location, altitude, and speed of the hostile aircraft. The Fan Song system consists of two antennas operating on different frequencies, one providing elevation (altitude) information and the other [[azimuth]] (bearing) information. Regimental headquarters also include a Spoon Rest, as well as a [[P-15 radar|Flat Face]] long-range [[C band (NATO)|C-band]] radar and [[PRV-11 radar|Side Net]] height-finder. Information from these radars is sent from the regiment down to the battalion Spoon Rest operators to allow them to coordinate their searches. Earlier S-75 versions used a targeting radar known as Knife Rest, which was replaced in Soviet use, but can still be found in older installations.

===Major variants===
Upgrades to anti-aircraft missile systems typically combine improved missiles, radars, and operator consoles. Usually missile upgrades drive changes to other components to take advantage of the missile's improved performance. Therefore, when the Soviets introduced a new S-75, it was paired with an improved radar to match the missile's greater range and altitude.
* S-75 Dvina ({{lang|ru|Двина}}) (NATO codename SA-2) with Fan Song-A guidance radar and V-750 or V-750V missiles. Initial deployment began in 1957. The combined missile and booster was {{convert|10.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} long, with a booster having a diameter of {{convert|0.65|m|in|abbr=on}}, and the missile a diameter of {{convert|0.5|m|in|abbr=on}}. Launch weight is {{convert|2,287|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The missile has a maximum effective range of {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}}, a minimum range of {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and an intercept altitude envelope of between {{convert|450|and|25000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.
* S-75M-2 Volkhov-M (Russian {{lang|ru|Волхов}} - [[Volkhov River]]) (NATO codename SA-N-2A): Naval version of the A model fitted to the Sverdlov Class cruiser ''Dzerzhinski''. Generally considered unsuccessful and not fitted to any other ships.
* S-75 Desna (Russian {{lang|ru|Десна}} - [[Desna River]]) (NATO codename SA-2B). This version featured upgraded Fan Song-B radars with V-750VK and V-750VN missiles. This second deployment version entered service in 1959. The missiles were slightly longer than the A versions, at {{convert|10800|mm|ft|abbr=on}}, due to a more powerful booster. The Desna could engage targets at altitudes between {{convert|500|and|30000|m|ft|abbr=on}} and ranges up to {{convert|34|km|mi|abbr=on}}.

[[File:S-75 SAM on a transporter.jpg|thumb|right|V-750 missile in transit]]
* S-75M Volkhov (NATO codename SA-2C). Once again, the new model featured an upgraded radar, the Fan Song-C, mated to an improved V-750M missile. The improved Volkhov was deployed in 1961. The V-750M was externally identical to the V-750VK/V-750VN, but it had improved performance for range up to {{convert|43|km|mi|abbr=on}} and reduced lower altitude limits of {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}}.
* S-75SM (NATO codename SA-2D); Fan Song-E radar and V-750SM missiles. The V-750SM differed significantly from previous versions in having new antennas and a longer barometric nose probe. Several other differences were associated with the sustainer motor casing. The missile is {{convert|10800|mm|ft|abbr=on}} long and has the same body diameters and warhead as the V-75M, but the weight is increased to {{convert|2,450|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The effective maximum range is {{convert|43|km|mi|abbr=on}}, the minimum range is {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and the intercept altitude envelope is between {{convert|250|and|25000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Improved aircraft counter measures led to the development of the Fan Song-E with its better antennas which could cut through heavy jamming.
* S-75AK (NATO codename SA-2E): Fan Song-E radar and V-750AK missiles. Similar rocket to the V-750SM, but with a bulbous warhead section lacking the older missile's forward fins. The S-75AK is {{convert|11200|mm|ft|abbr=on}} long, has a body diameter of {{convert|500|mm|in|abbr=on}}, and weighs {{convert|2450|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at launch. The missile can be fitted with either a command-detonated 15 [[kiloton|kt]] nuclear warhead or a {{convert|295|kg|lb|abbr=on}} conventional HE warhead.
* S-75SM (NATO codename SA-2F): Fan Song-F radar and V-750SM missiles. After watching jamming in Vietnam and the [[Six-Day War]] render the S-75 completely ineffective, the existing systems were quickly upgraded with a new radar system designed to help ignore wide-band [[scintillation (radar)|scintillation]] jamming. The command system also included a home-on-jam mode to attack aircraft carrying strobe jammers, as well as a completely optical system (of limited use) when these failed. Fs were developed starting in 1968 and deployed in the USSR later that year, while shipments to Vietnam started in late 1970.
* SA-2 FC: Latest Chinese version. It can track six targets simultaneously and is able to control 3 missiles simultaneously.
* S-75M Volga (Russian {{lang|ru|С-75М Волга}} - [[Volga River]]). Version from 1995.
* ''Volkhov M-2'' (NATO codename SA-N-2) naval variant
* ''M-3'' (NATO codename SA-NX-2) (missile V-800, V-760/755) experimental variant with four short wrap-around boosters forward, like the Seaslug system from the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-22 |title=Корабе́льный ЗРК М-3. ЗУР В-800 (проект) |trans-title=Ship SAM M-3. SAM V-800 (project) |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/naval/m3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703152441/http://pvo.guns.ru/naval/m3.htm |archive-date=2018-07-03 |access-date=2018-07-12 |website=Vestnik PVO |language=ru}}</ref>

As previously mentioned, most nations with S-75s have matched parts from different versions or third-party missile systems, or they have added locally produced components. This has created a wide variety of S-75 systems which meet local needs.

[[File:Pakistani HQ-2 Black Arrow.jpg|thumb|HQ-2B "Black Arrow" of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] now on display at [[Rawalpindi]]]]

[[File:HQ-2 SAM MW.JPG|thumb|An HQ-2 on display at [[Minsk World]] in [[Shenzhen]], China]]
* HQ-1 (Hong Qi, Red Flag): Chinese variant with additional ECCM electronics to counter the System-12 [[Electronic countermeasures|ECM]] aboard U-2s flown by the [[Republic of China Air Force]] [[Black Cat Squadron]].
* [[HQ-2J|HQ-2]]: Upgraded HQ-1 with additional ECCM capability to counter the System-13 ECM aboard U-2s flown by Republic of China Air Force Black Cat Squadron. Upgraded HQ-2s remain in service today, and the latest version utilizes [[Passive electronically scanned array]] radar designated SJ-202, which is able to simultaneously track and engage multiple targets at {{convert|115|km|abbr=on}} and {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}, respectively. The adoption of multifunction SJ-202 radar has eliminated the need to have multiple, single-function radars, and thus greatly improved the overall effectiveness of the HQ-2 air defence system. A target drone version is designated BA-6.
* HQ-3: Development of HQ-2 with maximum ceiling increased to {{cvt|30|km|mi}}, specifically targeted for high altitude and high speed spy planes like SR-71. Maximum range is {{cvt|42|km|mi}} and launching weight is around 1 ton, and maximum speed is {{convert|3.5|Mach|altitude_ft=10,000|mph|sigfig=2}}. A total of 150 built before the program ended and the subsequent withdraw of HQ-3 from active service, and the knowledge gained from HQ-3 was used to develop later version of HQ-2.<ref name="HQ-3/4">{{Cite web |date=2010-06-17 |title=神秘的中国远程防空导弹：红旗4导弹揭秘 |trans-title=Mysterious Chinese long-range anti-aircraft missile: Hongqi 4 missile revealed |url=http://military.china.com/zh_cn/history4/62/20100617/15982196.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620165613/http://military.china.com/zh_cn/history4/62/20100617/15982196.html |archive-date=2010-06-20 |access-date=2010-06-17 |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-07-11 |title=红旗-3号（HQ-3）地空导弹 |trans-title=Hongqi-3 (HQ-3) surface-to-air missile |url=http://www.zgjunshi.com/Article/Class38/Class89/Class91/200407/20040711101009.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015123429/http://www.zgjunshi.com/Article/Class38/Class89/Class91/200407/20040711101009.html |archive-date=2013-10-15 |access-date=2013-05-23 |language=zh}}</ref>
* HQ-4: Further development of HQ-2 from HQ-3, with solid rocket engines, resulting in a two-thirds reduction of logistic vehicles needed for a typical SAM battalion with six launchers: from the original more than 60 vehicles for HQ-1/2/3 to just slightly over 20 vehicles for HQ-4. After 33 missiles were built (5 from batch 01, 16 from batch 02, and 12 from batch 03), the program was cancelled, but most of the technologies were continued as separate independent research programs, and these technologies were later used on later Chinese SAMs upgrades and developments such as HQ-2 and [[HQ-9]].<ref name="HQ-3/4"/>
* [[Sayyad-1]]: Iranian upgraded version of HQ-2 SAM differ with the Chinese versions in guidance and control subsystems. Sayyad-1 equipped with an about {{cvt|200|kg|lb}} warhead and has speed of {{cvt|1,200|m/s|mph}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-09-27 |title=برای شکار جنگنده های دشمن هم صیاد داریم هم شاهین |language=fa |publisher=[[Mashregh News]] |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/64468 |url-status=live |access-date=2015-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080008/http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/64468 |archive-date=2015-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=صیاد 2» زنجیره شکارچیان ایرانی را ک«مل کرد» |date=8 June 2014 |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/316229 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520230830/http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/316229/ |archive-date=2015-05-20 |access-date=2015-05-19 |publisher=[[Mashregh News]] |language=fa}}</ref>

====DF-7====
* '''DF-7/Dongfeng 7/M-7/Project 8610/CSS-8''': Chinese [[surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[tactical ballistic missile]] converted from HQ-1/2/3/4. M-7 missile is the only Chinese ballistic missile that can be launched at a slant angle. It carries a {{cvt|500|kg|lb}} warhead and have a maximum range of {{cvt|180|km|mi}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=罕见的国产M7导弹 |trans-title=Rare domestic M7 missile |url=http://military.china.com/zh_cn/bbs2/11018521/20040617/11735607.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116090312/http://military.china.com/zh_cn/bbs2/11018521/20040617/11735607.html |archive-date=16 November 2012 |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=china.com |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=M-7 / 8610 - China Nuclear Forces |url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/china/theater/m-7.htm |website=nuke.fas.org |access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref> In 1989, Iran reportedly purchased 200 M-7 missiles with [[Transporter-erector-launcher|TEL]]s, and officially put them into service as the [[Tondar-69]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tondar 69 |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/tondar-69/ |website=Missile Threat |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref>

====Qaher-1====
*The [[Qaher-1]] ({{langx|ar|قاهر-1}}, meaning "Subduer-1") is originally a Soviet '''S-75''' missile that was developed locally by the [[Houthis]] to be a [[surface to surface missile]] that works on two stages, liquid fuel and solid fuel.<ref name="FARS">{{Cite news |date=2015-12-13 |title=Yemen's New Qaher-I Missile Hits Saudi Air Bases in Asir Province |publisher=[[Fars News Agency]] |url=http://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13940922000452 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216062824/http://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13940922000452 |archive-date=2015-12-16}}</ref> It was unveiled in December 2015.<ref name="janes-20170707">{{Cite journal |date=7 July 2017 |title=Yemeni rebels enhance ballistic missile campaign |url=http://www.janes.com/images/assets/330/72330/Yemeni_rebels_enhance_ballistic_missile_campaign.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Jane's Intelligence Review]] |publisher=[[Janes Information Services]] |page=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208164531/http://www.janes.com/images/assets/330/72330/Yemeni_rebels_enhance_ballistic_missile_campaign.pdf |archive-date=2017-12-08 |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> The Houthis have fired many Qaher-1s into Saudi Arabia during the course of the [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemeni Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winter |first=Lucas |date=2017-06-30 |title=Yemen's Houthi Missiles Keep Saudi Arabia Mired in Conflict |url=https://jamestown.org/program/yemens-houthi-missiles-keep-saudi-arabia-mired-conflict/ |access-date=2020-12-09 |publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Operators==
{{Citations needed section|date=June 2021}}

[[File:S-75 operators.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Operators {{legend|#0a57c0|Current}}{{legend|#dc0023|Former}}]]
[[File:SA-2 Guideline.JPG|thumb|A pair of S-75 launchers]]
[[File:Romanian SA-2 Volhov missile launch.jpg|thumb|Romanian S-75M3 "Volhov" launching a 5Ia23 missile at Capu Midia firing range.]]
[[File:Peluru-Kendali-SA-75.jpg|thumb|Indonesian S-75 Dvina (SA-2) [[Surface-to-air missile]] system at [[Dirgantara Mandala Museum]]]]

===Current===
* {{ANG}} - 40{{sfn|IISS|2022|p=449}}
* {{ARM}} – 79 Launchers{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
* {{AZE}} – 25{{sfn|IISS|2022|p=184}}
* {{CUB}} - Some mounted on T-55 tank chassis{{sfn|IISS|2022|p=411}}
* {{EGY}} – ~210 S-75M Volkhov{{sfn|IISS|2022|p=340}}
* {{ETH}} – Some developed into self-propelled systems<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Binnie |first=Jeremy |date=2016-05-05 |title=Ethiopia turns S-75 SAMs into self-propelled systems |url=http://www.janes.com/article/59987/ethiopia-turns-s-75-sams-into-self-propelled-systems |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505222556/http://www.janes.com/article/59987/ethiopia-turns-s-75-sams-into-self-propelled-systems |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=4 May 2016}}</ref>
* {{IRN}} – 9 HQ-2{{sfn|IISS|2022|p=344}}
* {{KAZ}} - 12 S-75M Volkhov{{sfn|IISS|2022|p=189}}
* {{KGZ}} – 6 S-75M3 Dvina{{sfn|IISS|2022|p=191}}
* {{MYA}} – 48 next 250 in 2008{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
* {{PRK}} – 179+{{sfn|IISS|2022|p=282}}
* {{PAK}} – HQ-2B in service with the [[Pakistan Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapila |first=Viney |title=The Indian Air Force: A Balanced Strategic and Tactical Application |publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]] |year=2002 |isbn=9788187100997}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2023}}{{sfn|Zaloga|2007|p=40}}
* {{ROU}} - 5 S-75M3 Volkhov{{sfn|IISS|2022|p=141}}
* {{SYR}} – 36+{{sfn|IISS|2022|p=371}}
* {{VIE}} – ~25{{sfn|IISS|2022|p=317}}
* {{YEM}}<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|2018|p=14}}</ref>

===Former===

*{{flag|Afghanistan|1992}} − 18 launchers in 1992{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=261}}
*{{flaglist|Albania|1946}} − 24 launchers in 1992 including HQ-1 and HQ-2 systems{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=261}}
*{{ANG}} − 18 launchers in 2002{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{BLR}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{BIH}} − Used by the [[Army of Republika Srpska]]{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{BUL}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{CHN}} − Mostly HQ-2 systems{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{CZS}} − 120 launchers in 1992.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=261}} Passed on to successor states{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{CZE}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{DDR}}{{sfn|IISS|1989|page=48}}
*{{GEO}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{HUN}} − 96 launchers in 2002{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{IND}} − 150 launchers in 1992{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=261}}
*{{INA}} – under [[Paskhas]], [[Indonesian Air Force]] and [[Indonesian National Air Defense Forces Command]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=McBeth |first=John |date=2021-03-27 |title=How a CIA operation in Indonesia turned the Vietnam War |url=https://asiatimes.com/2021/03/how-a-cia-operation-in-indonesia-turned-the-vietnam-war/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DJAKARTA SAM SITE B17-2 INDONESIA {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp78b04560a001900010071-0 |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref>
*{{flag|Iraq|1963}} − 120 launchers in 1989{{sfn|IISS|1989|page=101}}
*{{flaglist|Islamic State}} − Captured some S-75 missiles from the Syrian Army in 2014, but no launchers<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Fighting The Tide: The Islamic State’s Desperate Attempts to Combat Coalition Airpower |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2020/09/the-islamic-states-desperate-attempts.html |website=Oryx |access-date=19 August 2024 |date=8 April 2021}}</ref>
*{{flag|Libya|1977}} − 108 launchers in 2002{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{MNG}} − 6 launchers in 1992{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=261}}
*{{MOZ}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{flag|North Vietnam}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freed |first1=David |title=The Missile Men of North Vietnam |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/missile-men-north-vietnam-180953375/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=19 August 2024 |language=en |date=December 2014}}</ref>
*{{flag|North Yemen}}<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|2018|p=40}}</ref>
*{{POL}} − 240 launchers in 2002{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{RUS}} − 150 launchers in 2002{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}} − 24 launchers in 2002{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{SVK}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{SOM}} − 42 launchers in 1991{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=261}}
*{{SDN}} − 18 S-75M launchers, non-operational{{sfn|IISS|2022|page=498}}
*{{flag|South Yemen}}<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|2018|p=39}}</ref>
*{{URS}} − 2,400 launchers in 1991,{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=261}} passed on to successor states{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{TJK}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Tigray People's Liberation Front.svg}} [[Tigray People's Liberation Front]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |date=14 September 2021 |title=Tigray Defence Forces Display Surface-To-Air Missiles |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/09/tigray-defence-forces-display-surface.html |publisher=[[Oryx (website)|Oryx]]}}</ref>
*{{UKR}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{UZB}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}
*{{YUG}} − 48 launchers in 1992,{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=261}} passed on to successor states{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=288}}

==See also==
* [[Project Nike]] - similar US medium-high altitude anti-air missile system
* [[Bristol Bloodhound]] - the UK equivalent

==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
*{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |title=Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994 |date=2017 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Solihull, UK |isbn=978-1-912174-23-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |title=Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 2: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1994-2017 |date=2018 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Warwick, UK |isbn=978-1-911628-18-7}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Cullen |editor1-first=Tony |editor2-last=Foss |editor2-first=Christopher F. |editor2-link=Christopher F Foss |title=Jane's Land-Based Air Defence: 1992-93 |date=1992 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Surrey |isbn=978-0-7106-0979-3 |edition=5th |url=https://ftp.idu.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/ebook/tdg/ADNVANCED%20MILITARY%20PLATFORM%20DESIGN/Janes%20Land-Based%20Air%20Defence%201992-93%20by%20Tony%20Cullen,%20Christopher%20F.%20Foss%20(z-lib.org).pdf |access-date=14 July 2024 |language=en}}
*{{Cite report |title=The Military Balance 1989–1990 |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=1989 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=9780080375694 |issn=0459-7222 |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|1989}}}}
*{{Cite report |title=The Military Balance 1991–1992 |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=1991 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=9780080413259 |issn=0459-7222 |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|1991}}}}
*{{Cite report |title=The Military Balance 2022 |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781032279008 |issn=0459-7222 |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |ref={{harvid|IISS|2022}}}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=O'Halloran |editor1-first=James C. |editor2-last=Foss |editor2-first=Christopher F. |title=Jane's Land-Based Air Defense 2002-2003 |date=2002 |publisher=Janes Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-2437-6 |edition=15th}}
*{{cite book |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven J. |title=Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile |date=2007 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-84603-062-8 |author-link=Steven Zaloga}}

==External links==
{{Commons|S-75}}
{{Wikisourcecat|Vietnam War|Audio recordings and transcripts with comments of actual Wild Weasel combat missions over Vietnam}}
* [http://pvo.guns.ru/s75/s75.htm Russian site on the S-75 from Said Aminov "Vestnik PVO"] {{in lang|ru}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070502060009/http://www.militaryparitet.com/nomen/russia/rocket/rocketcomplex/data/ic_nomenrussiarocketrocketcomplex/5/ Russian site on the S-75 from Vitaly Kuzmin "Military Paritet"]}} {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home S-75M3 Volkhov (SA-2e Guideline) Simulator]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noYxsLqSMjI Detailed presentation of the S-75M Volkhov and S-75 Desna]
* [http://historykpvo.narod2.ru/ Declassified original Soviet sources]

{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SAM}}
{{Lavochkin aircraft}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Lavochkin]]
[[Category:Nuclear anti-aircraft weapons]]
[[Category:Science and technology in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union|S-075]]
[[Category:Almaz-Antey products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1950s]]

wiki143 - User contributions [en]

S-75 Dvina