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Holland Patent, New York

2025-08-20T17:40:31Z

71.11.5.2: added citation for Rose Cleveland

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Holland Patent, New York
| settlement_type = [[Village (United States)|Village]]
| nickname =
| motto = 
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_seal = 
| image_map = Oneida County New York incorporated and unincorporated areas Holland Patent highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 260px
| map_caption = Location in [[Oneida County, New York|Oneida County]] and the state of [[New York (state)|New York]]


| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in New York|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Oneida County, New York|Oneida]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name =Thomas C. Furlong
| leader_title1 = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name1 = A. Scott Rosenburgh
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=September 20, 2022}}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 1.32
| area_land_km2 = 1.31
| area_water_km2 = 0.01
| area_total_sq_mi = 0.51
| area_land_sq_mi = 0.51
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.00

| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 416
| population_density_km2 = 317.72
| population_density_sq_mi = 822.13

| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = EDT
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 195
| elevation_ft = 640
| coordinates = {{coord|43|14|31|N|75|15|25|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 13354
| area_code = [[Area code 315|315]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 36-35144
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0952992
| website = {{URL|https://villagehollandpatent.digitaltowpath.org:10039/content|Village website}}
| footnotes =
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_est =
| name =
}}
'''Holland Patent''' is a [[village (New York)|village]] in [[Oneida County, New York]], United States. The population was 416 at the 2020 census. The village is named after a land grant, and is in the western part of the town [[Trenton, New York|Trenton]] at the junction of routes 274, 291, and 365.

== History ==
In 1797, the village of Holland Patent was established by [[Gerrit Boon]], an agent of the [[Holland Land Company]] to help develop and sell land that had been purchased as investments.

The [[Holland Patent Stone Churches Historic District]] was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1991.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref> The [[Holland Patent Railroad Station]] was listed in 2000.<ref name="nris"/>

==Geography==
Holland Patent is located at {{Coord|43|14|31|N|75|15|25|W|type:city}} (43.241819, -75.257057).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the village has a total area of {{convert|0.5|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|0.5|sqmi|km2}} is land and 2.04% is water.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1870= 320
|1880= 401
|1890= 406
|1900= 352
|1910= 337
|1920= 328
|1930= 337
|1940= 388
|1950= 400
|1960= 538
|1970= 556
|1980= 534
|1990= 411
|2000= 461
|2010= 458
|2020= 416
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 461 people, 201 households, and 129 families residing in the village. The population density was {{convert|958.8|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 227 housing units at an average density of {{convert|472.1|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 98.48% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.22% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.22% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.08% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] people of any race were 0.65% of the population.

There were 201 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no male present, and 35.8% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $42,167, and the median income for a family was $51,667. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $27,917 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the village was $21,864. About 3.2% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over.

==Education==
It is in the [[Holland Patent Central School District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36065_oneida/DC20SD_C36065.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Oneida County, NY|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=July 20, 2022}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st36_ny/schooldistrict_maps/c36065_oneida/DC20SD_C36065_SD2MS.txt Text list]</ref>

==Notable person==
First Lady [[Rose Cleveland]] grew up in Holland Patent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hardy |first1=Rob |title=The Passion of Rose Elizabeth Cleveland |journal=New England Review (1990-) |date=2007 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=180–193 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40244938 |issn=1053-1297}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Holland Patent Railroad Station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.village.holland-patent.ny.us Village of Holland Patent, NY]
* [http://www.rworr.net/stations/holland-patent.html RW&O Railroad, Holland Patent, NY]
* [http://nyheritage.nnyln.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/srr_hpfl Holland Patent Free Library and Historic Preservation Center on New York Heritage Digital Collections]

{{Oneida County, New York}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Utica–Rome metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Villages in Oneida County, New York]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1797]]
[[Category:1797 establishments in New York (state)]]

ADX Florence

2025-06-30T21:12:50Z

71.11.5.2: /* Inmate population */ the source only gives McVeigh, Ramzi, and Kaczynski as members of the Bombers Row.

{{Short description|Federal supermax prison located in Fremont County, Colorado, US}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox prison
| name = United States Penitentiary, Administrative Maximum Facility
| image = Florence ADMAX.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| pushpin_map = USA Colorado#USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Colorado, US
| mapframe = yes
| pushpin_relief = yes
| location = {{Nowrap|[[Fremont County, Colorado|Fremont County]], near [[Florence, Colorado]]}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|38|21|23|N|105|05|43|W|scale:3000_type:landmark_region:US-CO|display=inline,title}}
| status = Operational
| classification = Administrative Maximum; colloquially [[Supermax]]
| population = 357 inmates (April 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/population_statistics.jsp |title=BOP: Inmate Population Reports |access-date=April 15, 2024}}</ref>
| warden = Mistelle J. Starr
}}

'''United States Penitentiary, Administrative Maximum Facility''' (abbreviated as '''USP Florence ADMAX'''; commonly known as '''ADX Florence''', '''Florence Supermax''', and the '''Alcatraz of the Rockies''') is a United States federal prison in [[Fremont County, Colorado]], operated by the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]], a division of the [[United States Department of Justice]]. 

ADX Florence, constructed in 1994 and opened one year later, is classed as a [[Supermax prison|supermax]] or "control unit" prison, that provides a higher, more controlled level of custody than a regular [[maximum security prison]] (or "high security", as it is called in the federal prison system).<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Tietjen |first=Grant |title=ADX Florence Facility |date=August 1, 2017 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118845387.wbeoc167 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Corrections |pages=1–4 |editor-last=Kerley |editor-first=Kent R. |access-date=June 23, 2023 |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |doi=10.1002/9781118845387.wbeoc167 |isbn=978-1-118-84538-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ADX Florence forms part of the [[Federal Correctional Complex, Florence]] (FCC Florence), which is situated on {{convert|49|acre|ha|abbr=off|sp=us}} of land and houses different facilities with varying degrees of security, including the adjacent [[United States Penitentiary, Florence High]].

ADX Florence was commissioned when the Federal Bureau of Prisons needed a unit designed specifically for the secure housing of specific prisoners most capable of extreme violence toward staff or other inmates, as well as inmates deemed too high-profile or too great a security risk for even a maximum security prison. The inmates are confined for the most part of the day in single cells with facilities made of poured, [[reinforced concrete]] to deter self-harm, and are under 24-hour supervision, carried out intensively with high staff–inmate ratios.

== Function ==
The institution is unofficially known as ADX Florence or "the [[Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary|Alcatraz]] of the [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]]".<ref name="alcatraz">{{cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Edna |date=May 4, 2006 |title=Supermax prison, the Alcatraz of the Rockies |work=[[The Times]] |location=London |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/supermax-prison-the-alcatraz-of-the-rockies-9dv6rx226kn |access-date=May 31, 2008}}</ref> It is part of the [[Federal Correctional Complex, Florence]], run by the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] under the [[United States Department of Justice]]. The complex includes a minimum-security camp that, {{as of|2019|2|lc=on|post=,}} held more prisoners than the supermax unit. The number of inmates has declined, and as of 2021, two housing units had closed due to low population.<ref name="prea">{{citation |title=Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) Audit Report |url=https://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/flm/flm_prea_210513.pdf |date=April 29, 2021 |access-date=May 16, 2021}}</ref>

Florence houses male inmates in the federal prison system deemed the most dangerous and in need of the tightest control, including prisoners whose escape would pose a serious threat to national security.

Women classified as a "special management concern" due to violence or escape attempts are confined at [[Federal Medical Center, Carswell]] in [[Fort Worth, Texas]].<ref name="Bosworth108">{{cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Mary |author-link=Mary Francesca Bosworth |title=The U.S. Federal Prison System |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2002 |pages=108 |isbn=9780761923046}}</ref>

== History ==
On October 22, 1983, [[Thomas Silverstein]] and [[Clayton Fountain]], members of the [[Aryan Brotherhood]], fatally stabbed correctional officers Merle Clutts and Robert Hoffman at the [[United States Penitentiary, Marion]]. The stabbings took place only a few hours apart and were blamed on inadequate prison design.<ref name="sfgate98">{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Michael |title=The Last Worst Place / The isolation at Colorado's ADX prison is brutal beyond compare. So are the inmates |url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/The-Last-Worst-Place-The-isolation-at-2970596.php |url-status=live |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=December 28, 1998 |access-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224023302/http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/The-Last-Worst-Place-The-isolation-at-2970596.php |archive-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>

Federal Bureau of Prisons director [[Norman Carlson]] proposed a new facility to isolate the most dangerous, uncontrollable inmates for security and safety. Under his leadership, USP Marion was operated in permanent lockdown for 23 years, serving as a model for ADX as a control unit prison.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perkinson |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Perkinson |title=Shackled Justice: Florence Federal Penitentiary and the New Politics of Punishment |url= |journal=Social Justice |publisher=Crime and Social Justice Associates |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=117–132 |date=September 22, 1994 |jstor=29766829}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Richards |first=Stephen C. |title=USP Marion: The First Federal Supermax |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=243734 |journal=[[The Prison Journal]] |publisher=Ncjrs.gov |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=6 to 22 |date=March 2008 |access-date=March 15, 2014 |s2cid=145402046 |doi=10.1177/0032885507310529|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Carlson believed that the prison would hold criminals who were desperate enough to murder corrections officers or other inmates in the hopes of being sentenced to death. He argued that as draconian as these measures were, they were the only way to deal with inmates who have "absolutely no concern for human life".<ref name="sfgate98" />

Florence opened on January 10, 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=#012 AG Reno to Open New Maximum Federal Prison |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/Pre_96/January95/12.txt.html |website=U.S. Department of Justice |access-date=September 19, 2022 |date=January 6, 1995}}</ref> The county already had nine prisons, but the lure of 750 to 900 permanent jobs (plus temporary jobs during the prison's construction) led residents to raise $160,000 to purchase {{convert|600|acre|ha}} for the new prison.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} Hundreds of people attended the groundbreaking for the facility, which was designed by two architecture firms in [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] and cost $60 million to build.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast Facts: Supermax Prison |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |date=May 4, 2006 |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,194306,00.html |access-date=May 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601193242/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,194306,00.html |archive-date=June 1, 2010}}</ref>

==Inmate population==
[[File:Robert Hanssen imprisoned.jpg|thumb|Robert Hanssen in his cell at{{nbsp}}ADX Florence]]
The supermax unit at Florence housed 340 male inmates as of December 20, 2024,<ref>{{cite web |title=USP Florence ADMAX |url=https://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/flm/ |access-date=April 15, 2024 |website=www.bop.gov}}</ref> each assigned to one of six security levels.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wang |first1=Jessica |last2=Moriarty |first2=Dylan |last3=Huth |first3=Lindsay |title=Inside a 'Supermax' Cell |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/inside-a-supermax-cell-11563400898|url-access=subscription |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=July 17, 2019}}</ref> It is designed to house up to 474 inmates<ref name=":0" /> but has never been at full capacity.<ref name="cbc.ca">{{Cite news |last=Hogan |first=Stephanie |date=February 14, 2019 |title=This is where the U.S. could try to keep 2-time jailbreaker El Chapo locked up for life |publisher=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/el-chapo-guzman-prison-adx-florence-1.5017828 |url-status=live |access-date=June 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405120351/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/el-chapo-guzman-prison-adx-florence-1.5017828 |archive-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=((United States Congress)) |title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress |date=March 12, 2009 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=7171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFaPsss3VKQC&pg=PA7171 |volume=155}}</ref>

The facility is best known for housing inmates who have been deemed too dangerous, too high-profile, or too great a security risk for even maximum-security prisons. For example, Joseph Romano was sentenced to life in federal prison for plotting to murder the judge and federal prosecutor who helped sentence him to 15 years in prison for masterminding a coin fraud operation. While in prison, he plotted to murder an undercover officer who had taken part in the investigation. When this came to light, Romano was transferred to Florence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oxygen.com/murder-for-hire/crime-time/long-island-inmate-joseph-romano-plot-murder-judge-prosecutor-bianco-gatz|title=Inmate Plots To Mutilate, Behead Judge And Prosecutor Who Put Him Behind Bars|author1=Aly Vander Hayden|publisher=[[Oxygen (TV channel)|Oxygen]]|date=June 9, 2019}}</ref> Another notable inmate is [[Robert Hanssen]], who spied for the Soviet Union and Russia on and off from 1978 until his arrest in 2001. Hanssen served a life sentence there and died in 2023. He is considered "the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history."

The majority of current inmates, however, have been placed there because each has an extensive history in other prisons of committing violent crimes, including murder, against corrections officers and fellow inmates. These inmates are kept in administrative segregation; they are kept in [[solitary confinement]] for 23 hours a day.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vick |first=Karl |title=Isolating the menace in a sterile 'supermax' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna21043739 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=September 30, 2007 |quote=they are confined to single cells for at least 23 hours a day in sterile isolation and permanent lockdown.}}</ref> During their hour outside the cell, which can occur at any time of day or night, they are kept under restraint (handcuffed, shackled, or both). The hour outside of the cell is for exercise and a phone call if they have earned the privilege. Their diet is restricted to ensure that the food cannot be used to harm themselves or to create unhygienic conditions in their cell. Some cells have showers, which are run on a timer to prevent flooding, further reducing the amount of handling of inmates that correctional officers have to perform.<ref name="cbc.ca"/>

After at least one year, depending on their conduct, inmates are gradually allowed out for longer periods. The long-term goal is to keep them at Florence for no more than three years and then to transfer them to a less restrictive prison to serve the remainder of their sentences. According to a 1998 report in the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', Florence's main purpose is to "try and extract reasonably peaceful behavior from extremely violent career prisoners".<ref name="LastWorst">{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Michael |date=December 28, 1998 |title=The Last Worst Place |work=The [[San Francisco Chronicle]] |url=http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/The-Last-Worst-Place-The-isolation-at-2970596.php |url-status=live |access-date=June 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406134302/https://www.sfgate.com/default/article/The-Last-Worst-Place-The-isolation-at-2970596.php |archive-date=April 6, 2023}}</ref>

One cell block at Florence was once known as "Bombers Row" because five notable terrorists, four of whom are or were domestic terrorists, were held there: [[Timothy McVeigh]], [[Ramzi Yousef]], and [[Ted Kaczynski]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Terror on Trial: Life in Supermax's "Bombers Row" |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2007/US/law/12/17/court.archive.mcveigh4/index.html |url-status=live |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=December 31, 2007 |access-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611003554/https://edition.cnn.com/2007/US/law/12/17/court.archive.mcveigh4/index.html |archive-date=June 11, 2023}}</ref>

==Prison facility==
[[File:ADX prison cell.svg|thumb|Design of a cell at Florence]]
[[File:ADX.CELL.DESIGN.svg|thumb|Artist's view of the cell]]
ADX Florence is a {{convert|37|acre|adj=on}} complex located at 5880 Highway 67, in an [[unincorporated area]],<ref>{{cite map|author=Geography Division|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st08_co/county/c08043_fremont/DC20BLK_C08043.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS – CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Fremont County, CO|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|location=Suitland, Maryland|date=April 14, 2021|access-date=August 13, 2022|page=37 (PDF p. 38/51)|quote=Florence Federal Correctional Complex}}</ref> with a Florence, Colorado, postal address. It is located about {{convert|100|mi}} south of [[Denver]] and {{convert|40|mi}} south of [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]].<ref>Shane, Scott. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/11/us/beyond-guantanamo-bay-a-web-of-federal-prisons.html Beyond Guantánamo, a Web of Prisons for Terrorism Inmates]". ''The New York Times''. December 10, 2011. Retrieved on December 12, 2011.</ref> It is part of the [[Federal Correctional Complex, Florence]] (FCC Florence) which consists of three correctional facilities, each with a different security rating.<ref>[http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/flm/index.jsp USP ADX Florence] – Bureau of Prisons</ref>

The majority of the facility is above ground, with the exception of a subterranean corridor that links cellblocks to the lobby. Each cell contains a desk, stool, and bed, constructed almost entirely of [[poured concrete]], as well as a toilet that shuts off if blocked, a shower that runs on a timer to prevent flooding, and a sink lacking a potentially dangerous tap. Cells are also fitted with polished steel mirrors bolted to the wall, electric lights that can be shut off or dimmed by the inmate,<ref>{{cite web |title=Silverstein v. Federal Bureau of Prisons, 559 F. App'x 739 – CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2675404/silverstein-v-federal-bureau-of-prisons/ |access-date=August 1, 2023 |website=CourtListener |language=en-US}}</ref> a radio, and a television given to inmates for good behavior; {{as of|2018|lc=yes}}, the television system included institution-run channels featuring announcements and educational courses, a number of general and specialty news and entertainment channels, and [[Motion Picture Association film rating system|PG-rated]] films shown through the CCTV system.<ref>{{cite web |title=USP Florence ADMAX Inspection Report and BOP Response – October 31, 2018 {{!}} cic |url=https://cic.dc.gov/node/1365866 |access-date=August 1, 2023 |website=cic.dc.gov}}</ref>

The 4-inch-by-4-foot (10 cm × 1.2 m) windows are designed to prevent inmates from knowing their specific location within the complex. They can see only the sky and roof through them, so it is virtually impossible to plan an escape. Inmates exercise in a concrete pit resembling an empty swimming pool, also designed to prevent them from knowing their location in the facility.<ref name="Survive">{{cite news |last1=Francescani |first1=Chris |last2=Unger |first2=Emily |last3=Carson |first3=Kasi |date=August 2, 2007 |title=How to Survive a Supermax Prison |publisher=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=3435989&page=1 |url-status=live |access-date=June 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205156/https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=3435989&page=1 |archive-date=April 6, 2023}}</ref> The pit is large enough only for a prisoner to walk ten steps in a straight line or thirty-one steps in a circle. Correctional officers generally deliver food to the cells. Inmates transferred to Florence from other prisons may be allowed to eat in a shared dining room.<ref name="LastWorst" />

The prison as a whole contains a multitude of [[motion detector]]s, cameras, and 1,400 [[remote-control]]led steel doors. Officers in the prison's control center monitor inmates twenty-four hours a day and can activate a "[[panic button]]", which immediately closes every door in the facility, should an escape attempt be suspected. [[Pressure detector|Pressure pad]]s and {{convert|12|ft|m|adj=mid|}} [[razor wire|razor-wire]] fences surround the perimeter, which is patrolled by heavily armed officers.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

The facility houses inmates at six differing security levels: General Population Units ("Delta", "Echo", "Fox", and "Golf" Units), the Special Housing Unit (SHU), the Special Security Unit ("H" Unit), the Control Unit, Intermediate/Transitional Units ("Kilo" and "Joker" Units), and Range 13.<ref>{{cite web |last=Montaldo |first=Charles |title=ADX Supermax—Maximum Security Federal Prison |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/adx-supermax-overview-972970 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616183609/https://www.thoughtco.com/adx-supermax-overview-972970 |archive-date=June 16, 2023 |access-date=June 23, 2023 |website=ThoughtCo}}</ref> Many of the security levels at ADX have special purposes or missions for the inmates who occupy them. The Control Unit houses inmates who have committed serious conduct violations or acts of violence at other institutions. It also houses high-level members of organizations deemed as threats, such as [[prison gang]]s. "H" Unit houses inmates who are members of [[terror group]]s so designated by the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] or who have had [[Special administrative measure|special administrative measures (SAMs)]] placed on them.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Prendergast |first=Alan |date=July 3, 2018 |title=At the Federal Supermax, When Does Isolation Become Torture? |url=https://www.westword.com/news/h-unit-at-colorados-federal-supermax-is-a-special-sort-of-hell-10496356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613145333/https://www.westword.com/news/h-unit-at-colorados-federal-supermax-is-a-special-sort-of-hell-10496356 |archive-date=June 13, 2023 |access-date=June 23, 2023 |website=Westword}}</ref> Range 13 is a special four-cell wing within the Special Housing Unit for inmates in need of the tightest control. As of 2022, the only inmates publicly known to have been incarcerated in this unit are [[Ramzi Yousef]] and [[Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Prendergast |first=Alan |date=August 16, 2007 |title=The Caged Life |url=https://www.westword.com/news/the-caged-life-5094837 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406111015/https://www.westword.com/news/the-caged-life-5094837 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=June 23, 2023 |website=Westword}}</ref> The two Intermediate Units house "step-down" inmates, who can earn transfer to another institution if they remain incident-free while housed in the unit. This is the only unit in ADX where inmates secure themselves in their own cells, can walk freely in their range, and associate with other inmates. From there, inmates will typically be transferred to the supermax step-down unit in [[United States Penitentiary, Florence High|USP Florence High]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Worley |first1=Vidisha Barua |last2=Worley |first2=Robert M. |title=American Prisons and Jails: An Encyclopedia of Controversies and Trends [2 volumes] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdB5DwAAQBAJ&dq=usp+florence+high+step+down&pg=PA228 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=December 7, 2018 |isbn=978-1-61069-501-5}}</ref>

The Bureau of Prisons allowed the media to take a guided tour of Florence on September 14, 2007. Attending reporters remarked on "an astonishing and eerie quiet" within the prison, as well as a sense of safety due to the rigorous security measures.<ref>{{cite web |last=Frieden |first=Terry |date=September 14, 2007 |title=Reporters get first look inside mysterious Supermax prison - CNN.com |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2007/US/09/13/supermax.btsc/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513052955/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/US/09/13/supermax.btsc/index.html |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |access-date=June 23, 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> ''[[60 Minutes]]'' producer Henry Schuster said, "A few minutes inside that cell and two hours inside Supermax were enough to remind me why I left high school a year early. The walls close in very fast."<ref>{{cite news |title=My Trip to SuperMax |publisher=CBS News |date=October 14, 2007 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/producers-notebook-my-trip-to-supermax/ |access-date=August 16, 2022}}</ref>

The prison has received far less criticism than comparable facilities at the state level (such as California's [[Pelican Bay State Prison]]) which tend to suffer from over-population, low staff-to-inmate ratios, and security issues. [[Jamie Fellner]] of [[Human Rights Watch]] said after a tour of the facility in 1998, "The Bureau of Prisons has taken a harsh punitive model and implemented it as well as anybody I know."<ref name=LastWorst/>

==Notable incidents==
Despite the extreme security measures to deter disruptive, violent, and dangerous behavior among inmates, there have been murders at ADX.

Silvestre Mayorqui Rivera and Richard Santiago were both charged with the first degree murder of Manuel Torres, a high-level member of the [[Mexican Mafia]]. Left alone with no guard supervision in the prison yard on the morning of April 21, 2005, Rivera and Santiago were videotaped brutally beating and stomping Torres to death. Rivera pleaded not guilty due to self-defense. Prosecutors intended to seek the death penalty against Rivera and Santiago, but they were both given life sentences for the murders. As of 2025, both Rivera and Santiago remained at ADX.<ref>{{cite web |last=Burnstein |first=Scott |date=April 9, 2015 |title=Mexican Mafia Murder Trial Rolling In Rocky Mountains |url=https://gangsterreport.com/mexican-mafia-murder-trial-to-tip-off-next-week/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513062845/https://gangsterreport.com/mexican-mafia-murder-trial-to-tip-off-next-week/ |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |access-date=June 23, 2023 |website=The Gangster Report |language=en-US}}</ref>

On April 10, 2025, [[Pam Bondi|U.S. Attorney General Pam Bondi]] announced the [[United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division|DOJ]] will seek the death penalty for ADX inmate Ishmael Petty after he allegedly strangled inmate Walter Lee Gilbert (listed in the BOP as 'LaMarcus Lee Hillard’) with a bedsheet on September 19, 2020. Petty was serving a life sentence issued in 2002 for murdering his cellmate at [[United States Penitentiary, Pollock]], and an additionally 60-year sentence issued in 2015 for attacking two ADX librarians with an improvised prison [[Shiv (weapon)|shank]]. Gilbert was also serving a life sentence issued by the [[Mississippi|State of Mississippi]] after he murdered a fellow inmate at the [[Mississippi State Penitentiary]] with a weapon fashioned from a mop.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=Office of Public Affairs {{!}} Government Seeks Death Penalty for Federal Inmate Charged with First Degree Murder {{!}} United States Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/government-seeks-death-penalty-federal-inmate-charged-first-degree-murder |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-30 |title=Supermax inmate who attacked librarians asks judge for maximum penalty |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2015/10/30/supermax-inmate-who-attacked-librarians-asks-judge-for-maximum-penalty/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rowe |first=Keisha |title=2 more Mississippi prisoners die, including one in out-of-state facility |url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2020/09/22/mississippi-prison-crisis-2-prisoners-die-separate-facilities/3497088001/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=The Clarion-Ledger |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2012, eleven inmates filed a federal class-action suit against the Bureau of Prisons in ''[[Cunningham v. Federal Bureau of Prisons]]''.<ref>[http://www.supermaxlawsuit.com/Complaint-and-Exhibits-Bacote-v-Federal-Bureau-of-Prisons.pdf Case 1:12-cv-01570 Complaints and Exhibits] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704005314/http://www.supermaxlawsuit.com/Complaint-and-Exhibits-Bacote-v-Federal-Bureau-of-Prisons.pdf |date=July 4, 2012}} The United States District Court for the District of Colorado, retrieved June 20, 2012</ref><ref name=BacoteDismissal>{{cite web|author1=Richard P. Matsch|author-link1=Richard Paul Matsch|title=Harold Cunningham, John v. Federal Bureau of Prisons|url=http://co.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20121126_0007243.DCO.htm/qx|website=Find a Case|access-date=March 29, 2015|date=November 26, 2012|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120930/http://co.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20121126_0007243.DCO.htm/qx}}</ref> The suit alleged chronic abuse and failure to properly diagnose prisoners who are seriously [[mental illness|mentally ill]]. At the time of the lawsuit, at least six inmates had allegedly [[Prisoner suicide|died by suicide]]; a seventh did so after the original lawsuit was filed, and an amended filing added him to the case.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Andrew |date=June 18, 2012 |title=An American Gulag: Descending into Madness at Supermax |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/06/an-american-gulag-descending-into-madness-at-supermax/258323/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406135804/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/06/an-american-gulag-descending-into-madness-at-supermax/258323/ |archive-date=April 6, 2023}}</ref>

Critics claim that the use of extended confinement in solitary cells severely affects prisoners' [[mental health]], a conclusion supported by numerous studies.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 5, 2017 |title=Pulling Back on the Barbaric Use of Solitary Confinement |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/05/opinion/sunday/solitary-confinement-prison-juveniles.html |access-date=July 28, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=August 3, 2015 |title=Solitary Confinement: Punished for Life |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/health/solitary-confinement-mental-illness.html |access-date=July 28, 2023 |last=Goode |first=Erica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Terrible Tommy' spends 27 years in solitary confinement |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/25/colorado.supermax.silverstein.solitary/index.html |access-date=July 28, 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> {{As of|2015|03|post=,}} settlement negotiations were underway with the help of a federal magistrate. Some changes have already been made by the Bureau of Prisons.:<ref name="NYTM032615">{{cite news |last=Binelli |first=Mark |date=March 26, 2015 |title=Inside America's Toughest Federal Prison |work=The New York Times Magazine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/29/magazine/inside-americas-toughest-federal-prison.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606082326/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/29/magazine/inside-americas-toughest-federal-prison.html |archive-date=June 6, 2023}}</ref>

Prisoners held in Unit H are subject to [[special administrative measure]]s that prevent them from communicating with journalists or privately with their own lawyers or family members.<ref name=":1" />

In 2020, a British [[Judiciary of England and Wales#District Judges|District Judge]] refused to extradite [[Julian Assange]] to the United States on espionage charges in part because he would possibly be subjected to solitary confinement and special administrative measures at ADX. On July 7, 2021, the [[High Court of Justice]] for [[England and Wales]] agreed to allow the United States to appeal this decision with the understanding that Assange "will not be subject to SAMs or imprisoned at ADX" if extradited.<ref>{{cite news |author=Buncombe |first=Andrew |date=July 8, 2021 |title=Julian Assange will not be held in supermax prison US assures British government |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/julian-assange-wikileaks-extradition-prison-b1879987.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707183217/https://independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/julian-assange-wikileaks-extradition-prison-b1879987.html |archive-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref>

==Suicides at the prison==
At least eight inmates have died, or are suspected of having died, by suicide at the facility.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Inmate
! Register number !! Date of death !! Age
!Status upon suicide
!Details!! Ref
|-
| Kevin Lee Wilson
|57468-097|| June 17, 1999 || 37
|Was serving a 66-year and 10-month sentence.
| From [[Glendale, California]]; convicted of multiple counts of armed bank robbery, carrying a firearm during a crime of violence, and felon in possession of a firearm. ||
|-
| Gregory Britt
|12546-083|| December 9, 1999 || 43
|Was serving a life sentence.
| Convicted of the murder of a fellow inmate at the [[Lorton Reformatory|Lorton Correctional Complex]] in [[Lorton, Virginia]], on June 19, 1983.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sun |first=Lena H. |title=Five Lorton Inmates Get Life in Stabbing |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/02/18/five-lorton-inmates-get-life-in-stabbing/35f4d711-69d7-4891-b865-4f5c921ddfc4/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 18, 1984 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>||
|-
| Lawrence Klaker
|Unlisted|| November 18, 2002 || 45
|Was serving a life sentence plus five years.
| Convicted in 1986 of escaping a jail in [[New Orleans]], then kidnapping a schoolteacher in [[Alabama]]; later became an enforcer for the [[Aryan Brotherhood]] in federal prison.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 28, 1986 |title=Former Fugitive Sentenced to Life |url=https://apnews.com/article/7ea006d8a3b2c8c3a12d5b917a36665c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518185008/https://apnews.com/article/7ea006d8a3b2c8c3a12d5b917a36665c |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |access-date=June 23, 2023 |website=AP News}}</ref>||
|-
| Lance Vanderstappen
|11099-081|| April 17, 2006 || 26
|Was serving a 25-year sentence.
| Member of the [[Soldiers of Aryan Culture]]; committed various violent assaults in prison, including stabbing a fellow inmate in a courthouse holding cell.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 28, 2005 |title=Supremacist gets 20 years for assault in holding cell |url=https://www.deseret.com/2005/9/28/19914466/supremacist-gets-20-years-for-assault-in-holding-cell |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=Deseret News}}</ref>||
|-
| John Frierson
|99917-555|| May 27, 2008 || 35
|Was serving four consecutive life sentences.
| Sentenced in [[Courts of Mississippi|Mississippi Circuit Court]] after he went on a shooting rampage at the age of 17 that killed his grandparents, brother, and aunt. Frierson was transferred to ADX after killing a fellow inmate at the [[Mississippi State Penitentiary]].<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=October 12, 2008 |title="John Boy" Frierson reportedly hangs himself |url=https://www.picayuneitem.com/2008/10/john-boy-frierson-reportedly-hangs-himself/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512233721/https://www.picayuneitem.com/2008/10/john-boy-frierson-reportedly-hangs-himself/ |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |access-date=June 23, 2023 |website=Picayune Item}}</ref> ||
|-
| Jose Martin Vega
|45189-053|| May 1, 2010 || 35
|Was serving four consecutive life sentences plus 190 years.
| Gang member from New York City; convicted of multiple counts of racketeering and armed drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite web |last=Greene |first=Susan |date=September 18, 2013 |title=Suicide at ADX: The quietest death |url=https://www.coloradoindependent.com/2013/09/18/suicide-at-adx-the-quietest-death/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406042223/https://www.coloradoindependent.com/2013/09/18/suicide-at-adx-the-quietest-death/ |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=June 23, 2023 |website=The Colorado Independent |language=en-US}}</ref>|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/06/death-yes-but-torture-at-supermax/258002/|title=Death, Yes, but Torture at Supermax?|first=Andrew|last=Cohen|date=June 4, 2012|website=The Atlantic}}</ref>
|-
| Robert Gerald Knott
|17508-086|| September 7, 2013 || 48
|Was serving a life sentence.
| Convicted of carrying out a nine-day crime spree across multiple states that included several kidnappings and resulted in the death of a hostage and his accomplice in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |last=Prendergast |first=Alan |date=March 7, 2016 |title=Robert Knott: Feds Pay $175K in Supermax Suicide of Man Portrayed by John Stamos |url=https://www.westword.com/news/robert-knott-feds-pay-175k-in-supermax-suicide-of-man-portrayed-by-john-stamos-7675241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522043620/https://www.westword.com/news/robert-knott-feds-pay-175k-in-supermax-suicide-of-man-portrayed-by-john-stamos-7675241 |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=June 23, 2023 |website=Westword}}</ref>|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.coloradoindependent.com/2013/09/18/suicide-at-adx-the-quietest-death/ |title=Suicide at ADX: The quietest death |first=Susan |last=Greene |date=September 18, 2013 |website=The Colorado Independent}}</ref>
|-
| Jamie Jarold McMahan
|05327-030|| November 13, 2017 || 42
|Was serving a life sentence.
| Sentenced to life in prison alongside his stepbrother, Christopher Kauffman, after they committed a methamphetamine-induced rampage that included two homicides and a bank robbery in [[Oskaloosa, Iowa]], before fleeing with two women to [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Carpentier |first=Megan |date=December 3, 2021 |title=Iowa Stepbrothers Go On Disturbing Crime Rampage That Ends In 2 Murders And A Bank Robbery |url=https://www.oxygen.com/killer-siblings/crime-news/jamie-mcmahan-chris-kaufmann-commit-iowa-murders-bank-robbery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513040108/https://www.oxygen.com/killer-siblings/crime-news/jamie-mcmahan-chris-kaufmann-commit-iowa-murders-bank-robbery |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |access-date=June 23, 2023 |website=Oxygen Official Site |language=en-US}}</ref>|| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keotaeagle.com/content/inmate-dies-20-years-after-rampage |title=Inmate Dies 20 Years After Rampage {{pipe}} The News-Review |website=Keotaeagle.com}}</ref>
|}

==Notable inmates==
{{main|List of current inmates at ADX Florence}}
{{see also|List of former inmates at ADX Florence}}

== In popular culture ==
{{Unsourced|section|date = January 2025}}

In the 2011 novel ''Locked On'' by Tom Clancy and Mark Greaney, "The Emir" is housed in ADX Florence under the highest level of security. His sketches of John Clark and Domingo Chavez, smuggled out through his lawyer, Judith Cochran, play a pivotal role in the plot.

In the 2023 fiction thriller novel ''Only the Dead'' by author and retired US Navy SEAL [[Jack Carr (writer)|Jack Carr]], protagonist James Reece is housed in Range 13 after being suspected of an assassination attempt on a fictitious characterization of the President of the United States.

In the episode "[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit season 9#ep189|Svengali]]" from [[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit|''Law and Order: SVU'']], criminal Robert Morten is transferred to ADX Florence after he masterminded several killings while already incarcerated at a less secure facility.

In the series finale of ''[[Better Call Saul]]'', the title character Jimmy McGill (Saul Goodman) is sentenced to 86 years at a fictionalized version of ADX Florence called ADX Montrose.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Law|United States|Colorado}}
* [[List of United States federal prisons]]
* [[Federal Medical Center, Carswell]], contains an Administrative Unit which is the equivalent to the ADX for federal female inmates. It also houses female federal inmates sentenced to death.
* [[Special Handling Unit]], a [[supermax prison]] operated by [[Corrections Canada]]
* [[HM Prison Belmarsh]], a UK high security prison operated by [[His Majesty's Prison Service]]. A High Security Unit (HSU), akin to a supermax, is contained within the prison grounds.
* [[List of former inmates at ADX Florence]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Vick, Karl. "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/29/AR2007092900928.html?sid=ST2007093000318 Isolating the Menace in a Sterile Supermax]". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Sunday September 30, 2007.

==External links==
{{sister project links|auto=yes}}
* [http://www.bop.gov/ Official website of Federal Bureau of Prisons] and its [http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/flm/ section on ADX Florence]. Information on visiting is on the linked [http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/flm/FLM_visit_hours.pdf PDF]
* "[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/supermax-a-clean-version-of-hell/ Supermax: A Clean Version of Hell]". [[CBS News]]. October 14, 2007. Updated on June 19, 2009.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Florence}}
[[Category:1994 establishments in Colorado]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Fremont County, Colorado]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1994]]
[[Category:Prisons in Colorado]]
[[Category:Supermax prisons]]
[[Category:Towers in Colorado]]
[[Category:United States Penitentiaries]]
[[Category:Prisons completed in the 1990s]]

Aluminium oxide

2025-06-30T17:46:40Z

71.11.5.2: /* History */ removed a reference that seemed to be just an adverisement

{{Short description|Chemical compound with formula Al2O3}}
{{About|aluminium(III) oxide, Al2O3|other uses|Aluminium oxides}}

{{chembox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 477315085
| Name = Aluminium(III) oxide (Aluminium oxide)
| ImageFile = Corundum-3D-balls.png
| ImageClass = bg-transparent
| ImageSize = 250
| ImageFile2 = Aluminium oxide A.jpg
| OtherNames = Dialuminium trioxide
| IUPACName = Aluminium oxide
| SystematicName = Aluminium(III) oxide
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = LMI26O6933
| EC_number = 215-691-6
| ChEMBL = 3707210
| DTXSID = DTXSID1052791
| DrugBank = DB11342
| InChI = 1/2Al.3O/q2*+3;3*-2
| SMILES = [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2]
| InChIKey = PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYAC
| PubChem = 9989226
| SMILES1 = [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3]
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/2Al.3O/q2*+3;3*-2
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 1344-28-1
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID=8164808
| RTECS = BD120000
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Al=2 | O=3
| Appearance = white solid
| Odor = odorless
| Density =3.987 g/cm3
| Solubility = insoluble
| SolubleOther = insoluble in all solvents
| MeltingPtC = 2072
| MeltingPt_ref=<ref>{{cite book| author = Patnaik, P. |title =Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals| publisher = McGraw-Hill| year = 2002| isbn = 978-0-07-049439-8}}</ref>
| BoilingPtC = 2977
| BoilingPt_ref=<ref>{{cite book |author1=Raymond C. Rowe |author2=Paul J. Sheskey |author3=Marian E. Quinn | contribution =Adipic acid |title=Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients |year=2009 |pages = 11–12 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85369-792-3}}</ref>
| ThermalConductivity = 30 W·m−1·K−1<ref name="properties"/>
| RefractIndex = ''n''ω = 1.768–1.772 ''n''ε = 1.760–1.763 [[Birefringence]] 0.008
| MagSus = −37.0×10−6 cm3/mol
| LogP =0.31860<ref name="chemsrc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/1344-28-1_177878.html|title=Aluminum oxide_msds}}</ref>
}}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = [[Trigonal]], [[Pearson symbol|hR30]]
| SpaceGroup = R{{overline|3}}c (No. 167)
| Coordination = [[octahedral]]
| LattConst_a = 478.5 pm
| LattConst_c = 1299.1 pm
}}
| Section4 =
| Section5 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = −1675.7 kJ/mol<ref name=b1>{{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 978-0-618-94690-7}}</ref>
| Entropy = 50.92 J·mol−1·K−1<ref name=b1/>
}}
| Section6 = {{Chembox Pharmacology
| ATCCode_prefix = D10
| ATCCode_suffix = AX04
}}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| PEL = OSHA 15 mg/m3 (total dust) OSHA 5 mg/m3 (respirable fraction) ACGIH/TLV 10 mg/m3
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}
| FlashPt = Non-flammable
| NFPA-H = 0|NFPA-F = 0|NFPA-R = 0
| REL = none<ref name=NIOSH/>
| IDLH = N.D.<ref name=NIOSH>{{PGCH|0021}}</ref>
}}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = [[aluminium hydroxide]] [[aluminium sulfide]] [[aluminium selenide]]
| OtherCations = [[boron trioxide]] [[gallium(III) oxide]] [[indium oxide]] [[thallium(III) oxide]]}}
}}

'''Aluminium oxide''' (or '''aluminium(III) oxide''') is a [[chemical compound]] of [[aluminium]] and [[oxygen]] with the [[chemical formula]] {{chem2|Al2O3}}. It is the most commonly occurring of several [[Aluminium oxide (compounds)|aluminium oxides]], and specifically identified as '''aluminium oxide'''. It is commonly called '''alumina''' and may also be called '''aloxide''', '''aloxite''', '''ALOX''' or '''alundum''' in various forms and applications and alumina is refined from [[bauxite]].<ref name="Myers">{{Cite book|last=Myers|first=Richard L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AnJU-hralEC|title=The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds: A Reference Guide|date=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-33758-1|language=en|pages=24–26|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617093705/https://books.google.com/books?id=0AnJU-hralEC|url-status=live}}</ref> It occurs naturally in its crystalline [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorphic]] [[phase (matter)|phase]] α-Al2O3 as the [[mineral]] [[corundum]], varieties of which form the precious [[gemstone]]s [[ruby]] and [[sapphire]],which have an alumina content approaching 100%.<ref name="Myers" /> Al2O3 is used as feedstock to produce aluminium metal, as an [[abrasive]] owing to its [[hardness]], and as a [[refractory]] material owing to its high melting point.<ref name=azom>{{cite web|title = Alumina (Aluminium Oxide) – The Different Types of Commercially Available Grades|url = http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1389|publisher = The A to Z of Materials|access-date = 2007-10-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071010063029/http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1389|archive-date = 10 October 2007|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all|date = 2002-05-03}}</ref>

==Natural occurrence==
[[Corundum]] is the most common naturally occurring [[crystallinity|crystalline]] form of aluminium oxide.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WyXTae58DgC&q=Corundum+is+the+most+common+naturally+occurring+crystalline+form+of+aluminium+oxide.&pg=PA46|title=Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 6|last=Elam|first=J. W.|date=October 2010|publisher=The Electrochemical Society|isbn=9781566778213|language=en}}</ref> [[ruby|Rubies]] and [[sapphire]]s are gem-quality forms of corundum, which owe their characteristic colours to trace impurities. Rubies are given their characteristic deep red colour and their [[laser]] qualities by traces of [[chromium]]. Sapphires come in different colours given by various other impurities, such as iron and titanium. An extremely rare delta form occurs as the mineral deltalumite.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mindat.org - Deltalumite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-47933.html |website=www.mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/Minlist.htm|title=List of Minerals|date=21 March 2011}}</ref> Although aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust, it must be extracted from bauxite as alumina to produce aluminum metal.<ref name="Myers" />

==History==

The field of aluminium oxide ceramics has a long history. Aluminium salts were widely used in ancient and medieval [[alchemy]]. Several vintage textbooks cover the history of the field.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alumina as a Ceramic Material|publisher=Wiley|year=1970|first=Walter|last=Gitzen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1 = Dorre | first1 = Erhard| last2 = Hubner | first2 = Heinz| title = Alumina, Processing, Properties, and Applications | year = 1984 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin; New York
| pages = 344}}</ref>

==Properties==
[[Image:Oxid hlinitý.PNG|thumb|left|alt=Aluminium oxide in its powdered form|Aluminium oxide in its powdered form]]

Al2O3 is an [[Insulator (electricity)|electrical insulator]] but has a relatively high [[thermal conductivity]] ({{nowrap|30 Wm−1K−1}})<ref name="properties">[http://www.makeitfrom.com/data/?material=Alumina Material Properties Data: Alumina (Aluminum Oxide)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401131344/http://www.makeitfrom.com/data/?material=Alumina |date=2010-04-01 }}. Makeitfrom.com. Retrieved on 2013-04-17.</ref> for a ceramic material. Aluminium oxide is insoluble in water. In its most commonly occurring crystalline form, called [[corundum]] or α-aluminium oxide, its hardness makes it suitable for use as an [[abrasive]] and as a component in [[cutting tools]].<ref name = azom/>

Aluminium oxide is responsible for the resistance of metallic aluminium to [[weathering]]. Metallic aluminium is very reactive with atmospheric oxygen, and a thin [[Passivation (chemistry)|passivation layer]] of aluminium oxide (4 nm thickness) forms on any exposed aluminium surface in a matter of hundreds of picoseconds.{{better source needed|date=September 2019}}<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://cacs.usc.edu/papers/Campbell-nAloxid-PRL99.pdf| doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4866| title=Dynamics of Oxidation of Aluminium Nanoclusters using Variable Charge Molecular-Dynamics Simulations on Parallel Computers| year=1999| author=Campbell, Timothy| journal=Physical Review Letters| volume=82| page=4866| last2=Kalia| first2=Rajiv| last3=Nakano| first3=Aiichiro| last4=Vashishta| first4=Priya| last5=Ogata| first5=Shuji| last6=Rodgers| first6=Stephen| bibcode=1999PhRvL..82.4866C| issue=24| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701230226/http://cacs.usc.edu/papers/Campbell-nAloxid-PRL99.pdf| archive-date=2010-07-01}}</ref> This layer protects the metal from further oxidation. The thickness and properties of this oxide layer can be enhanced using a process called [[anodising]]. A number of [[alloys]], such as [[aluminium bronze]]s, exploit this property by including a proportion of aluminium in the alloy to enhance corrosion resistance. The aluminium oxide generated by anodising is typically [[amorphous]], but discharge-assisted oxidation processes such as [[plasma electrolytic oxidation]] result in a significant proportion of crystalline aluminium oxide in the coating, enhancing its [[hardness]].

Aluminium oxide was taken off the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]'s chemicals lists in 1988. Aluminium oxide is on the EPA's [[Toxics Release Inventory]] list if it is a fibrous form.<ref name=TRI>{{cite web|title=EPCRA Section 313 Chemical List For Reporting Year 2006 |url=http://www.epa.gov/tri/chemical/chemical%20lists/RY2006ChemicalList.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080522232533/http://www.epa.gov/tri/chemical/chemical%20lists/RY2006ChemicalList.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-05-22 |publisher=US EPA |access-date=2008-09-30 }}</ref>

===Amphoteric nature===
Aluminium oxide is an [[amphoteric]] substance, meaning it can react with both [[acids]] and [[base (chemistry)|bases]], such as [[hydrofluoric acid]] and [[sodium hydroxide]], acting as an acid with a base and a base with an acid, neutralising the other and producing a salt.
:Al2O3 + 6 HF → 2 [[Aluminium fluoride|AlF3]] + 3 H2O
:Al2O3 + 2 NaOH + 3 H2O → 2 NaAl(OH)4 ([[sodium aluminate]])

==Structure==
[[Image:Corindon azulEZ.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Corundum from [[Brazil]], size about 2×3 cm.]]

The most common form of crystalline aluminium oxide is known as [[corundum]], which is the thermodynamically stable form.<ref name=Levin>{{cite journal |author=I. Levin |author2=D. Brandon |year=1999
|title=Metastable Alumina Polymorphs: Crystal Structures and Transition Sequences |journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society |volume=81 |issue=8 |pages=1995–2012 |doi=10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02581.x }}</ref> The oxygen ions form a nearly [[Close-packing of equal spheres|hexagonal close-packed]] structure with the aluminium ions filling two-thirds of the octahedral interstices. Each Al3+ center is [[octahedral molecular geometry|octahedral]]. In terms of its [[crystallography]], corundum adopts a [[trigonal]] [[Bravais lattice]] with a [[space group]] of [[Hexagonal crystal family|R{{overline|3}}c]] (number 167 in the International Tables). The [[primitive cell]] contains two formula units of aluminium oxide.

Aluminium oxide also exists in other metastable phases, including the cubic γ and η phases, the monoclinic θ phase, the hexagonal χ phase, the orthorhombic κ phase and the δ phase that can be tetragonal or orthorhombic.<ref name=Levin /><ref name=Paglia>{{cite news| author = Paglia, G. | title =Determination of the Structure of γ-Alumina using Empirical and First Principles Calculations Combined with Supporting Experiments| publisher = Curtin University of Technology, Perth| year = 2004| url = http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au/R?func=search-simple-go&ADJACENT=Y&REQUEST=adt-WCU20040621.123301|format=free download|access-date = 2009-05-05}}</ref> Each has a unique crystal structure and properties. Cubic γ-Al2O3 has important technical applications. The so-called β-Al2O3 proved to be NaAl11O17.<ref name = "Wiberg&Holleman">{{cite book|author1=Wiberg, E. |author2=Holleman, A. F. |year = 2001| title = Inorganic Chemistry| publisher = Elsevier| isbn = 978-0-12-352651-9}}</ref>

Molten aluminium oxide near the melting temperature is roughly 2/3 [[tetrahedral]] (i.e. 2/3 of the Al are surrounded by 4 oxygen neighbors), and 1/3 5-coordinated, with very little (<5%) [[octahedral]] Al-O present.<ref name="Skinner2013">{{cite journal|title=Joint diffraction and modeling approach to the structure of liquid alumina|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.87.024201|year=2013|author=Skinner, L.B.|journal=Phys. Rev. B|volume=87|issue=2|page=024201|bibcode=2013PhRvB..87b4201S|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> Around 80% of the oxygen atoms are shared among three or more Al-O polyhedra, and the majority of inter-polyhedral connections are corner-sharing, with the remaining 10–20% being edge-sharing.<ref name = "Skinner2013"/> The breakdown of octahedra upon melting is accompanied by a relatively large volume increase (~33%), the density of the liquid close to its melting point is 2.93 g/cm3.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Non-Contact Thermophysical Property Measurements of Liquid and Undercooled Alumina |doi=10.1143/JJAP.43.1496|year=2004|author=Paradis, P.-F.|journal= Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. |volume=43|issue=4| pages=1496–1500|bibcode = 2004JaJAP..43.1496P |s2cid=250779901 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> The structure of molten alumina is temperature dependent and the fraction of 5- and 6-fold aluminium increases during cooling (and supercooling), at the expense of tetrahedral AlO4 units, approaching the local structural arrangements found in amorphous alumina.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=C |last2=Alderman |first2=O L G |last3=Berman |first3=D |last4=Du |first4=J |last5=Neuefeind |first5=J |last6=Tamalonis |first6=A |last7=Weber |first7=R |last8=You |first8=J |last9=Benmore |first9=C J |title=The structure of amorphous and deeply supercooled liquid alumina |journal=Frontiers in Materials |date=2019 |volume=6 |issue=38 |pages=38 |doi=10.3389/fmats.2019.00038 |bibcode=2019FrMat...6...38S |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Production==

{{See also|List of countries by aluminium oxide production}}

Aluminium [[hydroxide]] minerals are the main component of [[bauxite]], the principal [[ore]] of [[aluminium]]. A mixture of the minerals comprise bauxite ore, including [[gibbsite]] (Al(OH)3), [[boehmite]] (γ-AlO(OH)), and [[diaspore]] (α-AlO(OH)), along with impurities of [[iron oxide]]s and hydroxides, quartz and [[clay minerals]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bauxite/|publisher = USGS| access-date = 2009-05-05| title = Bauxite and Alumina Statistics and Information| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090506220703/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bauxite/| archive-date= 6 May 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Bauxites are found in [[laterite]]s. Bauxite is typically purified using the [[Bayer process]]:

: Al2O3 + H2O + NaOH → NaAl(OH)4
: Al(OH)3 + NaOH → NaAl(OH)4

Except for SiO2, the other components of bauxite do not dissolve in base. Upon filtering the basic mixture, Fe2O3 is removed. When the Bayer liquor is cooled, Al(OH)3 precipitates, leaving the silicates in solution.

: NaAl(OH)4 → NaOH + Al(OH)3

The solid Al(OH)3 [[Gibbsite]] is then [[calcined]] (heated to over 1100 °C) to give aluminium oxide:<ref name = azom/>

: 2 Al(OH)3 → Al2O3 + 3 H2O

The product aluminium oxide tends to be multi-phase, i.e., consisting of several phases of aluminium oxide rather than solely [[corundum]].<ref name=Paglia/> The production process can therefore be optimized to produce a tailored product. The type of phases present affects, for example, the solubility and pore structure of the aluminium oxide product which, in turn, affects the cost of aluminium production and pollution control.<ref name=Paglia/>

=== Sintering Process ===
The Sintering Process is a high-temperature method primarily used when the Bayer Process is not suitable, especially for [[ores]] with high [[silica]] content or when a more controlled product morphology is required.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alton T. Tabereaux, Ray D. Peterson |year=2014 |title=Treatise on Process Metallurgy |publisher=Elsevier |editor=Seshadri Seetharaman |chapter=Chapter 2.5 - Aluminum Production |pages=839–917 |isbn=9780080969886}}</ref> Firstly, [[Bauxite]] is mixed with additives like [[limestone]] and soda ash, then heating the mixture at high temperatures (1200 °C to 1500 °C) to form [[sodium aluminate]] and [[calcium silicate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bordboland |first1=Reza |last2=Azizi |first2=Asghar |last3=Khani |first3=Mohammad |year=2024 |title=Extracting Alumina from a Low-grade (Shale) Bauxite Ore using a Sintering Process with Lime-soda followed by Alkali Leaching |journal=Journal of Mining and Environment |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=1131–1148 |doi=10.22044/jme.2024.13905.2588}}</ref> After sintering, the material is leached with water to dissolve the [[sodium aluminate]], leaving behind impurities. Sodium aluminate is then precipitated from the solution and calcined at around 1000 °C to produce alumina.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Yue |last2=Pan |first2=Aifang |year=2023 |title=Extraction of alumina and silica from high-silica bauxite by sintering with sodium carbonate followed by two-step leaching with water and sulfuric acid |journal=RSC Advances |volume=13 |issue=33 |pages=23254–23266|doi=10.1039/D3RA03362G |pmid=37538514 |bibcode=2023RSCAd..1323254S |pmc=10394738 }}</ref> This method is useful for the production of complex shapes and can be used to create porous or dense materials.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.preciseceramic.com/blog/several-production-methods-of-alumina-and-their-advantages.html |title=Several Production Methods of Alumina and Their Advantages |date=Apr 3, 2024 |website=Precise Ceramics |access-date=Aug 19, 2024}}</ref>

==Applications==
[[Image:2005alumina.PNG|thumb|upright=1.3|Aluminium oxide output in 2005]]
Known as ''alpha alumina'' in [[materials science]], and as ''alundum'' (in fused form) or ''aloxite''<ref name="CI14835">{{cite news| url = http://www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/14835.html| title = Aloxite| publisher = ChemIndustry.com database| access-date = 24 February 2007| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070625100844/http://www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/14835.html| archive-date = 25 June 2007}}</ref> in [[mining]] and [[ceramic]] communities, aluminium oxide finds wide use. Annual global production of aluminium oxide in 2015 was approximately 115 million [[tonne]]s, over 90% of which was used in the manufacture of aluminium metal.<ref name="azom" /> The major uses of speciality aluminium oxides are in refractories, ceramics, polishing and abrasive applications. Large tonnages of aluminium hydroxide, from which alumina is derived, are used in the manufacture of [[zeolites]], coating [[Titanium dioxide|titania]] pigments, and as a fire retardant/smoke suppressant.

Over 90% of aluminium oxide, termed ''smelter grade alumina'' (SGA), is consumed for the production of aluminium, usually by the [[Hall–Héroult process]]. The remainder, termed ''specialty alumina'', is used in a wide variety of applications which take advantage of its inertness, temperature resistance and electrical resistance.<ref>{{cite book|chapter = Properties and uses of aluminium oxides and aluminium hydroxides|first = K. A.|last = Evans|title = The Chemistry of Aluminium, Indium and Gallium|editor-first = A. J.|editor-last = Downs|publisher = Blackie Academic|year = 1993|isbn = 978-0751401035}}</ref>

===Fillers===
Being fairly chemically inert and white, aluminium oxide is commonly used as a filler for plastics. Aluminium oxide is a common ingredient in [[sunscreen]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumina |url=https://incidecoder.com/ingredients/alumina |website=INCI Decoder |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205144849/https://incidecoder.com/ingredients/alumina |archive-date=5 February 2023}}</ref> and is often also present in cosmetics such as blush, lipstick, and nail polish.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumina (Ingredient Explained + Products) |url=https://skinsort.com/ingredients/alumina |website=SkinSort |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015122803/https://skinsort.com/ingredients/alumina |archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref>

===Glass===
Many formulations of [[glass]] have aluminium oxide as an ingredient.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2_LBQAAQBAJ&q=some+glass+contain+aluminum+oxide&pg=PA73|title=Sterile Drug Products: Formulation, Packaging, Manufacturing and Quality|last=Akers|first=Michael J.|date=2016-04-19|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781420020564|language=en}}</ref> Aluminosilicate glass is a commonly used type of glass that often contains 5% to 10% alumina.

===Catalysis===
Aluminium oxide catalyses a variety of reactions that are useful industrially. In its largest scale application, aluminium oxide is the catalyst in the [[Claus process]] for converting hydrogen sulfide waste gases into elemental sulfur in refineries. It is also useful for [[Dehydration reaction|dehydration]] of [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]s to [[alkene]]s.

Aluminium oxide serves as a [[catalyst support]] for many industrial catalysts, such as those used in [[hydrodesulfurization]] and some [[Ziegler–Natta]] polymerizations.

===Gas purification===
Aluminium oxide is widely used to remove water from gas streams.<ref>Hudson, L. Keith; Misra, Chanakya; Perrotta, Anthony J.; Wefers, Karl and Williams, F. S. (2002) "Aluminum Oxide" in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'', Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a01_557}}.</ref>

===Abrasion===
Aluminium oxide is used for its hardness and strength. Its naturally occurring form, [[corundum]], is a 9 on the [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness]] (just below diamond). It is widely used as an [[abrasive]], including as a much less expensive substitute for [[industrial diamond]]. Many types of [[sandpaper]] use aluminium oxide crystals. In addition, its low heat retention and low [[specific heat]] make it widely used in grinding operations, particularly [[metalworking|cutoff]] tools. As the powdery abrasive mineral [[aloxite]], it is a major component, along with [[silica]], of the [[Cue stick|cue tip]] "chalk" used in [[Cue sports|billiards]]. Aluminium oxide powder is used in some [[Compact disc|CD]]/[[DVD]] [[polishing]] and scratch-repair kits. Its polishing qualities are also behind its use in toothpaste. It is also used in [[microdermabrasion]], both in the machine process available through dermatologists and estheticians, and as a manual dermal abrasive used according to manufacturer directions.

===Paint===
{{Main|Alumina effect pigment}}
Aluminium oxide flakes are used in paint for reflective decorative effects, such as in the automotive or cosmetic industries.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

===Biomedical applications===
Aluminium oxide is a representative of bioinert ceramics.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ishikawa|first1=K. |last2=Matsuya |first2= S. |date=2003 |title=Comprehensive Structural Integrity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780080437491/comprehensive-structural-integrity |publisher=Elsevier Science |volume=9 |pages=169–214 |isbn=978-0-08-043749-1 |access-date=May 27, 2024}}</ref> Due to its excellent biocompatibility, high strength, and wear resistance, alumina ceramics are used in medical applications to manufacture artificial bones and joints.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.preciseceramic.com/products/alumina-al2o3.html |title=Alumina (Al2O3), Aluminum Oxide |website=Precise Ceramic |access-date=May 27, 2024}}</ref> In this case, aluminium oxide is used to coat the surfaces of medical implants to give biocompatibility and corrosion resistance.<ref>[https://powder.samaterials.com/aluminum-oxide-game-changer-in-optical-coating-technology.html Aluminum Oxide: A Game Changer in Optical Coating Technology], Stanford Advanced Materials.</ref> It is also used for manufacturing dental implants, joint replacements, and other medical devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/metals-and-minerals-medical-implants|title=Metals and Minerals in Medical Implants |website=USGS |date=15 March 2021 |access-date=May 27, 2024}}</ref>

===Composite fiber===
Aluminium oxide has been used in a few experimental and commercial fiber materials for high-performance applications (e.g., Fiber FP, Nextel 610, Nextel 720).<ref name=mallick>{{cite book|last=Mallick|first=P.K.|title=Fiber-reinforced composites materials, manufacturing, and design|year=2008|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-4205-9|pages=Ch.2.1.7|edition=3rd ed., [expanded and rev. ed.]}}</ref> Alumina [[nanofibers]] in particular have become a research field of interest.

===Armor===
Some body armors utilize alumina ceramic plates, usually in combination with aramid or UHMWPE backing to achieve effectiveness against most rifle threats. Alumina ceramic armor is readily available to most civilians in jurisdictions where it is legal, but is not considered military grade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/223054.pdf |website=US Department of Justice |publisher=NIJ |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

===Abrasion protection===
An aluminium oxide layer can be grown as a protective coating on aluminium by [[anodizing]] or by [[plasma electrolytic oxidation]] (see the "Properties" above). Both the [[hardness]] and abrasion-resistant characteristics of the coating originate from the high strength of aluminium oxide, yet the porous coating layer produced with conventional direct current anodizing procedures is within a 60–70 Rockwell hardness C range<ref>{{cite web|first=Joseph H.|last=Osborn|title=understanding and specifying anodizing: what a manufacturer needs to know|url=http://www.omwcorp.com/understandingano/anoindex.html|website=OMW Corporation|year=2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120010024/http://www.omwcorp.com/understandingano/anoindex.html|archive-date=2016-11-20|access-date=2018-06-02}}</ref> which is comparable only to hardened carbon steel alloys, but considerably inferior to the hardness of natural and synthetic corundum. Instead, with [[plasma electrolytic oxidation]], the coating is porous only on the surface oxide layer while the lower oxide layers are much more compact than with standard DC anodizing procedures and present a higher crystallinity due to the oxide layers being remelted and densified to obtain α-Al2O3 clusters with much higher coating hardness values circa 2000 Vickers hardness.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to content from predatory publisher}}

Alumina is used to manufacture tiles which are attached inside pulverized fuel lines and flue gas ducting on coal fired power stations to protect high wear areas. They are not suitable for areas with high impact forces as these tiles are brittle and susceptible to breakage.

===Electrical insulation===
Aluminium oxide is an electrical [[insulator (electricity)|insulator]] used as a substrate ([[silicon on sapphire]]) for [[integrated circuits]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butterfield |first1=Andrew |last2=Szymanski |first2=John |year=2018 |title=Dictionary of Electronics and Electrical Engineering |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UV9gDwAAQBAJ&dq=Aluminium+oxide+is+an+electrical+insulator+used+as+a+substrate+for+integrated+circuits&pg=PT922 |access-date=Sep 7, 2024 |isbn=9780198725725}}</ref> but also as a [[quantum tunneling|tunnel barrier]] for the fabrication of [[superconducting]] devices such as [[single-electron transistor]]s, superconducting quantum interference devices ([[SQUID]]s) and [[Superconducting quantum computing|superconducting qubits]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.preciseceramic.com/blog/why-aluminum-oxide-is-used-in-tools.html |title=Why Aluminum Oxide is Used in Tools? |date=Jan 31, 2024 |last=Ross |first=Lisa |website=Advanced Ceramic Materials |access-date=Sep 7, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-09-materials-superconducting-qubits.html |title=Materials for superconducting qubits |first=Thamarasee |last=Jeewandara |date=Sep 2, 2021 |website=Phys |access-date=Sep 7, 2024}}</ref>

For its application as an electrical insulator in integrated circuits, where the conformal growth of a thin film is a prerequisite and the preferred growth mode is [[atomic layer deposition]], Al2O3 films can be prepared by the chemical exchange between [[trimethylaluminium]] (Al(CH3)3) and H2O:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Higashi GS, Fleming |title= Sequential surface chemical reaction limited growth of high quality Al2O3 dielectrics |journal=Appl. Phys. Lett.|volume=55 |issue= 19|pages=1963–65 |year=1989 |doi=10.1063/1.102337|bibcode = 1989ApPhL..55.1963H }}</ref>

:2 Al(CH3)3 + 3 H2O → Al2O3 + 6 CH4

H2O in the above reaction can be replaced by [[ozone]] (O3) as the active oxidant and the following reaction then takes place:<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Kim JB |author2=Kwon DR |author3=Chakrabarti K |author4=Lee Chongmu |author5=Oh KY |author6=Lee JH |title= Improvement in Al2O3 dielectric behavior by using ozone as an oxidant for the atomic layer deposition technique
| journal=J. Appl. Phys. |volume=92 |issue= 11| pages=6739–42 |year=2002 |doi=10.1063/1.1515951|bibcode = 2002JAP....92.6739K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Kim, Jaebum |author2=Chakrabarti, Kuntal |author3=Lee, Jinho |author4=Oh, Ki-Young |author5=Lee, Chongmu |title= Effects of ozone as an oxygen source on the properties of the Al2O3 thin films prepared by atomic layer deposition |journal=Mater Chem Phys |volume=78 |issue= 3| pages=733–38 |year=2003 |doi=10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00375-9}}</ref>

:2 Al(CH3)3 + O3 → Al2O3 + 3 C2H6

The Al2O3 films prepared using O3 show 10–100 times lower leakage current density compared with those prepared by H2O.

Aluminium oxide, being a dielectric with relatively large [[band gap]], is used as an insulating barrier in [[capacitors]].<ref name="Belkin">{{cite journal |last1=Belkin |first1=A. |last2=Bezryadin |first2=A. |last3=Hendren |first3=L. |last4=Hubler |first4=A. |title=Recovery of Alumina Nanocapacitors after High Voltage Breakdown |journal=Scientific Reports |date=20 April 2017 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=932 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-01007-9|pmid=28428625 |pmc=5430567 |bibcode=2017NatSR...7..932B }}</ref>

===Other===
[[File:Aluminum Oxide Ice Cream IMG20250316190022.jpg|thumb|Aluminium residue from a '50s vintage ice cream scoop.]]

Before the advent of domestic [[plastics]], aluminium [[ice cream scoop]]s would, with wear and tear, leave aluminium residue.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.budget101.com/tips-n-tricks/4128-how-to-fix-oxidized-kitchen-utensils/ | title=How to Fix Oxidized Kitchen Utensils - by Budget101 | date=22 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmc=5388732 | date=2017 | last1=Stahl | first1=T. | last2=Falk | first2=S. | last3=Rohrbeck | first3=A. | last4=Georgii | first4=S. | last5=Herzog | first5=C. | last6=Wiegand | first6=A. | last7=Hotz | first7=S. | last8=Boschek | first8=B. | last9=Zorn | first9=H. | last10=Brunn | first10=H. | title=Migration of aluminum from food contact materials to food—a health risk for consumers? Part I of III: Exposure to aluminum, release of aluminum, tolerable weekly intake (TWI), toxicological effects of aluminum, study design, and methods | journal=Environmental Sciences Europe | volume=29 | issue=1 | page=19 | doi=10.1186/s12302-017-0116-y | doi-access=free | pmid=28458989 }}</ref>

In lighting, translucent aluminium oxide is used in some [[sodium vapor lamp]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ge.com/innovation/timeline/eras/science_and_research.html|title=GE Innovation Timeline 1957–1970|access-date=2009-01-12| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090216233917/http://www.ge.com/innovation/timeline/eras/science_and_research.html| archive-date= 16 February 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Aluminium oxide is also used in preparation of coating suspensions in [[compact fluorescent lamp]]s.

In chemistry laboratories, aluminium oxide is a medium for [[chromatography]], available in [[Base (chemistry)|basic]] (pH 9.5), [[acid]]ic (pH 4.5 when in water), and neutral formulations. Additionally, small pieces of aluminium oxide are often used as [[boiling chips]].

Health and medical applications include it as a material in [[hip replacement]]s<ref name="azom" /> and [[Oral contraceptive pill|birth-control pills]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=75bb0024-8f1a-4036-9acd-006ea430f3b7#|title=DailyMed - JUNEL FE 1/20- norethindrone acetate and ethinyl estradiol, and ferrous fumarate|website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-03-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313130132/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=75bb0024-8f1a-4036-9acd-006ea430f3b7|archive-date=2017-03-13}}</ref>

It is used as a [[scintillator]]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=V.B. Mikhailik, H. Kraus |title= Low-temperature spectroscopic and scintillation characterisation of Ti-doped Al2O3|journal=Nucl. Instr. Phys. Res. A|volume=546 |issue= 3|pages=523–534 |year=2005 |doi=10.1016/j.nima.2005.02.033|bibcode= 2005NIMPA.546..523M}}</ref> and [[dosimeter]] for radiation protection and therapy applications for its [[optically stimulated luminescence]] properties.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

Insulation for high-temperature furnaces is often manufactured from aluminium oxide. Sometimes the insulation contains a percentage of [[Silicon dioxide|silica]] depending on the temperature rating of the material. The insulation can be made in blanket, board, brick, and loose fiber forms for various application requirements.

It is also used to make [[spark plug|spark-plug]] [[insulator (electricity)|insulator]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/aluminiumtheeleme00john|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/aluminiumtheeleme00john/page/19 19]|quote=Aluminium oxide is also used to make spark plug insulators.|title=Aluminium|last=Farndon|first=John|date=2001|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=9780761409472|language=en}}</ref>

Using a [[Plasma spraying|plasma-spray]] process and mixed with [[Titanium dioxide|titania]], it is coated onto the braking surface of some [[bicycle]] rims to provide abrasion and wear resistance.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Most ceramic eyes on fishing rods are circular rings made from aluminium oxide.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

In its finest powdered (white) form, called diamantine, aluminium oxide is used as a superior polishing abrasive in [[watchmaking]] and [[clockmaking]].<ref>{{Cite book | title=Practical Watch Repair|pages=164 | last=de Carle|first=Donald|publisher=N.A.G. Press Ltd.|isbn=0719800307|language=en|year=1969 }}</ref>

Aluminium oxide is also used in the coating of [[Stanchion|stanchions]] in the motocross and mountain-bike industries. This coating is combined with [[molybdenum disulfide]] to provide long-term lubrication of the surface.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashima-coat.com/global/service/kashima-coat/|title = Kashima Coat - Products / Services | Next-generation anodize boasting light weight, high lubrication, and superb wear resistance. The answer is Miyaki's Kashima Coat}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Aluminium oxide nanoparticle]]
* [[Bauxite tailings]]
* [[Beta-alumina solid electrolyte]], a [[fast ion conductor]]
* [[Charged Aerosol Release Experiment]] (CARE)
* [[List of alumina refineries]]
* [[Micro-pulling-down]]
* [[Transparent alumina]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aluminium oxide}}
* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0021.html CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]

{{Aluminium compounds}}
{{Oxides}}
{{oxygen compounds}}



{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aluminium Oxide}}
[[Category:Acid catalysts]]
[[Category:Abrasives]]
[[Category:Aluminium compounds]]
[[Category:Amphoteric compounds]]
[[Category:Biomaterials]]
[[Category:Ceramic materials]]
[[Category:Oxides]]
[[Category:Refractory materials]]
[[Category:Sesquioxides]]

Template:Socialism

2025-06-25T20:55:17Z

71.11.5.2: added Hasan Piker to 21st century list, perhaps the largest social media socialist out there

{{Navbox
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| name = Socialism
| title = [[Socialism]]
| titlestyle =
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| above =
[[History of socialism|History]] - [[Outline of socialism|Outline]]

| group1 = [[Types of socialism|Schools of thought]]
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{{Navbox|subgroup
| group1 = [[Libertarian socialism|Libertarian]] ([[Hal Draper|from below]])
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| group2 = [[Authoritarian socialism|Authoritarian]] ([[Authoritarian socialism#Socialism from above|from above]])
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| group3 = [[Religious socialism|Religious]]
| list3 =
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| group4 = Regional variants
| list4 =
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}}
| group2 = Key topics and issues
| list2 =
* [[Anti-revisionism (Marxism–Leninism)|Anti-revisionism]]
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* [[Land reform]]
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* [[Mode of production]]
* [[Nanosocialism]]
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* [[Planned economy]]
* [[Post-capitalism]]
* [[Proletarian revolution]]
* [[Reformism]]
* [[Revisionism (Marxism)|Revisionism]]
* [[Social ownership|Socialisation of production]]
* [[Socialist economics]]
* [[Socialist market economy]]
* [[Socialist state]]
* [[State capitalism]]
* [[State-owned enterprise]]
* [[Trade union]]
* [[Welfare state]]
* [[Workers' council]]
| group3 = Concepts
| list3 =
* [[Adhocracy]]
* [[Universal basic income|Basic income]]
* [[Calculation in kind]]
* [[Common ownership]]
* [[Cooperative|Cooperative ownership]]
* [[Planned economy#Decentralized planning|Decentralized planning]]
* [[Direct democracy]]
* [[Economic democracy]]
* [[Economic planning]]
* [[Equal opportunity]]
* [[Free association of producers]]
* [[Industrial democracy]]
* [[Labor-time calculation]]
* [[Labour voucher]]
* [[Workers' self-management|Organizational self-management]]
* [[Production for use]]
* [[State ownership|Public ownership]]
* [[Social dividend]]
* [[Socialist mode of production]]
* [[Technocracy]]
* [[Workplace democracy]]
| group4 = [[:Category:Socialists|People]]
| list4 =

{{Navbox|subgroup
| group1 = 16th {{abbr|c.|century}}
| list1 =
* [[Tommaso Campanella]]
* [[Thomas More]]
| group2 = 18th {{abbr|c.|century}}
| list2 =
* [[François-Noël Babeuf|Gracchus Babeuf]]
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* [[Gabriel Bonnot de Mably]]
* [[Sylvain Maréchal]]
* [[Étienne-Gabriel Morelly]]
| group3 = 19th {{abbr|c.|century}}
| list3 =
* [[Stephen Pearl Andrews]]
* [[Mikhail Bakunin]]
* [[John Goodwyn Barmby]]
* [[Enrico Barone]]
* [[August Bebel]]
* [[Edward Bellamy]]
* [[Eduard Bernstein]]
* [[Louis Blanc]]
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* [[Francisco Largo Caballero]]
* [[Étienne Cabet]]
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* [[Pierre Leroux]]
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* [[William Morris]]
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* [[Antonie Pannekoek]]
* [[Giovanni Pascoli]]
* [[Constantin Pecqueur]]
* [[Georgi Plekhanov]]
* [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]]
* [[Luis Emilio Recabarren]]
* [[Henri de Saint-Simon]]
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* [[George Sand]]
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* [[Eugène Sue]]
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| group4 = 20th {{abbr|c.|century}}
| list4 =
* [[Tariq Ali]]
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* [[Clement Attlee]]
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* [[Aristide Briand]]
* [[Nikolai Bukharin]]
* [[Cornelius Castoriadis]]
* [[Noam Chomsky]]
* [[M. N. Roy]]
* [[G. D. H. Cole]]
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* [[Alexandra Kollontai]]
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* [[Imre Nagy]]
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* [[Bertrand Russell]]
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* [[Bernie Sanders]]
* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
* [[Arthur Scargill]]
* [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]]
* [[George Bernard Shaw]]
* [[Sukarno]]
* [[Sun Yat-sen]]
* [[R. H. Tawney]]
* [[E. P. Thompson]]
* [[Ernst Toller]]
* [[Leon Trotsky]]
* [[Ram Manohar Lohia]]
* [[H. G. Wells]]
* [[Cornel West]]
* [[Clara Zetkin]]
* [[Howard Zinn]]
* [[J. Posadas]]
| group5 = 21st {{abbr|c.|century}}
| list5 =
* [[Pedro Castillo]]
* [[Hugo Chávez]]
* [[Bob Crow]]
* [[Hu Jintao]]
* [[Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu]]
* [[Kim Jong Un]]
* [[Hasan Piker]]
* [[Lula da Silva]]
* [[Evo Morales]]
* [[Yanis Varoufakis]]
* [[Xi Jinping]]
* [[Vaush]]
}}
| group6 = [[:Category:Socialist organizations|Organizations]]
| list6 =
* {{c|International socialist organizations}}
* {{c|Socialist parties}}
| group7 = See also
| list7 =
* [[Economic calculation problem]]
* [[Marxist philosophy]]
* [[New Left]]
* [[Old Left]]
* [[Template:Socialism by state|Socialism by country]]
* [[Socialist calculation debate]]

| belowclass = hlist
| below =
* {{icon|Category}} '''[[:Category:Socialism|Categories]]'''
* {{Icon|WikiProject}} '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism|Socialism WikiProject]]'''
* {{portal-inline|size=tiny|Socialism}}
* {{portal-inline|size=tiny|Communism}}
* {{portal-inline|size=tiny|Organized Labour}}

}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Freemasonry in France

2025-06-25T19:41:24Z

71.11.5.2: copy edits, removed copy edit tag

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2024}}
}}
{{Freemasonry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

'''Freemasonry in France''' ({{langx|fr|Franc-maçonnerie}}) has been influential on the worldwide Masonic movement due to its founding of [[Continental Freemasonry]].<ref>[http://www.godf.org/foreign/uk/edito_uk.html Grand Orient de France] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415160116/http://www.godf.org/foreign/uk/edito_uk.html |date=2008-04-15 }}</ref>

There are many and varied Masonic rites and obediences in France. The main male-only masonic organisations are the [[Grande Loge de France]] and the [[Grande Loge Nationale Française]], the main female-only organisation is the [[Women's Grand Lodge Of France]], and the main mixed organisations are now the [[Grand Orient de France]] and [[Le Droit Humain]]. In addition, organisations like the [[SRIA]] also operate in France, with colleges across the country.

==Historiography==
[[File:LaFayetteMasonicSword.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|Masonic symbols (sword of [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]]).]]
In the 18th century, [[Paris]] and [[Lyon]] were the two major centers of French Freemasonry. Each of them hosted more than 20 lodges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiospada.org/2014/09/mappa-delle-logge-massoniche-francesi-nel-1789/|title=Map of the French Masonic Lodges in 1789|date=11 September 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141014175250/https://www.radiospada.org/2014/09/mappa-delle-logge-massoniche-francesi-nel-1789/|archive-date=14 October 2014|url-status=live|access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref>

Until the mid-20th century, the history of Freemasonry was excluded from classic-style history syllabi in universities. Particularly in France, Masonic historiography was thus almost entirely divided between authors who were vehemently pro- or anti-Freemasonry (with the former often being masons themselves).<ref name="Dachez2003_3_11">{{Harv|Dachez|2003|pp=8–11}}</ref> Since then, Freemasonry's political influence has diminished, and its historical conflict with France's Roman Catholic church (also now less politically powerful) has been if not resolved then at least appeased. This climate has been more favourable to the application of classic historical principles and methods to Masonic historiography, allowing it to develop and form a discipline of its own, "Masonology",<ref name="Dachez2003_3_11"/> devoted to a wider and more neutral study of the highly varied cultural and intellectual universe formed by European Freemasonry in general and French Freemasonry in particular.

French Freemasonry offers the historian several documents (manuscripts, diplomas, engravings, caricatures, journal articles and other printed material) as well as a large number of objects relating to both ritual (Masonic aprons, tablets, vessels, medals) and everyday life (pipes, clocks, tobacco boxes and faience decorative art) that have been put on show in many museums and permanent exhibitions. However, the main sources in this area remain the manuscripts, especially the manuscripts cabinet at the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] and the municipal library of [[Lyon]]. In 2001, the Russian government repatriated (among other things) all the Masonic archives which had been confiscated by the Nazis during their occupation of Europe - these had been held at Moscow since 1945.<ref name="Dachez2003_3_11"/>

==Course==

===Ancien Régime===

====Origins====
According to a tradition dating to 1777, the first Masonic lodge in France was founded in 1688 by the Royal Irish Regiment of Foot Guards, (later known as the Regiment of Walsh of the famed Irish Brigade of France){{citation needed|date=February 2022}} which followed [[James II of England]] into exile, under the name "La Parfaite Égalité" of [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]. Historians believe this to be probable, but it has never been proven conclusively.<ref>{{Harv|Dachez|2003|p=44}}</ref> The same can be said of the first lodge of English origin, "Amitié et Fraternité", founded in 1721 at [[Dunkirk]].<ref>{{Harv|Naudon|1981|p=66}}</ref> The first lodge whose existence is historically certain<ref>''Mémoire historique sur la maçonnerie'', supplement to the ''Encyclopédie'', 1773</ref> was founded by some Englishmen in Paris "around the year 1725". It met at the house of the [[Traiteur (culinary profession)|traiteur]] Huré on rue des Boucheries, "in the manner of English societies", and mainly brought together Irishmen and Jacobite exiles. It is quite probable that it was this lodge that in 1732 received official patents from the Grand Lodge of London under the lodge-name "Saint Thomas", meeting at the sign of the "Louis d'Argent", still on the rue des Boucheries.

In 1728, the Freemasons decided to recognise [[Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton]] (1698–1731) as "[[Grand Master (Masonic)|Grand Master]] of the Freemasons in France". Wharton lived in Paris and Lyon from 1728 to 1729, and had already been Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of London in 1723.<ref>{{Harv|Daniel Ligou et al.|2000|pp=40–41}}</ref> His appointment as French Grand Master, which was before the transformation of the "Grand Lodge of London" into the "Grand Lodge of England in 1738", is considered by some historians to be the point of departure for French Freemasonry and a declaration of its independence from British Freemasonry. Wharton was succeeded as Grand Master of the French Freemasons by the Jacobites James Hector MacLean (1703–1750) and then [[Charles Radclyffe|Charles Radcliffe, Earl of Derwentwater]] (1693–1746).

While the existence of a Grand Master in France was attested to as early as 1728, it took another ten years for a true assembly of representatives from all the "English" and "Scottish" lodges<ref>{{harv|Naudon|1981|p=72}} - however, the existence of this gathering is not confirmed by more recent authors (see [[:fr:Discuter:Grande Loge de France|Talk:Grand Lodge of France]]).</ref> to form the first [[Grande Loge de France]] on 24 June 1738 and establish [[Louis de Pardaillan de Gondrin (1707–1743)|Louis de Pardaillan de Gondrin]] (1707–1743), second Duke of Antin, as "general and perpetual Grand Master in the kingdom of France". It was this Grand Lodge that gave birth to the French Masonic jurisdictions that still exist today.

====1730s====
In December 1736, the [[Andrew Michael Ramsay|chevalier de Ramsay]] pronounced a discourse in which he propounded the idea of a [[chivalric]] origin for Freemasonry.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Discours_de_Ramsay Full text of the discourse].</ref> This idea later had a definite influence on the instigation in French Freemasonry from 1740 to 1770 of a large number of Masonic Upper Degrees, which later regrouped around different [[:Category:Masonic rites|Masonic rites]].

[[File:Plat maçonnique.jpg|thumb|left|18th century Masonic plate from France.]]
The first revelation of Masonic secrets to the French public dates to 1737, and the following year these were published in the ''La Gazette de Hollande'' under the title ''La réception d'un frey-maçon'' ("The reception of a Freemason"), drawing on investigations by [[René Hérault]], lieutenant of police, and the testimony of a Miss Carton, a dancer at the Opéra, to whom a Mason had told the secrets. The police interest reflects the absolute monarchy's fears of the dangers it could incur from a "society admitting people of all [[Estates of the realm|estates]], conditions, religions, and in which may be found a large number of foreigners". It therefore forbade "all traiteurs, cabaretiers, aubergistes and others from receiving the aforesaid assemblies of ''freys-maçons''". However, this did not stop them from meeting, under the protection of figures from the high nobility, such as the duke of Antin. Other investigations occurred from 1740 to 1745, giving rise to highly detailed police reports that now constitute a precious source for historians of Freemasonry. These investigations were also accompanied by arrests and light sentences, until Freemasonry definitively became part of French social life, with condemnations and sentences emanating from the monarchy ending around the end of the 18th century.<ref>{{Harv|Dachez|2003|p=52}}</ref>

[[File:Philippe d'Orléans en grand-maitre du GOF.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Philippe d'Orléans as Grand Master of the Grand Orient de France.]]
The year 1738 also saw the condemnation of Freemasonry in the papal bull [[In eminenti apostolatus]] of [[Pope Clement XII]]. This was the signal for a wave of anti-Masonic persecutions across European countries more loyal to the see of Rome, but not in France, where the bull was refused registration by the [[Parlement of Paris]] for political reasons.<ref>{{Harv|Dachez|2003|p=53}}</ref> French Freemasonry was mainly Catholic in composition, including several priests,<ref>{{harv|Mitterrand|Hutin|Guichard|1992|p=935a}}</ref> and remained so until the [[French Revolution]].

====1740 to 1788====
In the 1740s, an original and mixed-sex form of Freemasonry, known as "[[rite of adoption|Masonry of Adoption]]" arose among the high French aristocracy, of which the duchess of Bourbon-Condé, sister of the duke of Chartres,{{Clarify|date=April 2011}} was Grand Mistress. In 1743, after the death of the duke of Antin, [[Louis de Bourbon-Condé (1709-1771)]], count of Clermont, prince of the blood and future member of the [[Académie française]], succeeded him as "Grand Master of all [[Masonic Regularity|regular]] lodges in France". He remained in office until he died in 1771. Around 1744, there were around 20 lodges in Paris and 20 in the provinces.<ref>(Mitterrand 1992) counts "a dozen in Paris and fifteen in the provinces", "around 1740"</ref> Lodges in the provinces were most often founded by Masons out of Paris on business or via the intermediary of military lodges in regiments passing through a region - where a regiment with a military lodge left its winter quarters, it was common for it to leave behind the embryo of a new civil lodge there. The many expressions of military origin still used in Masonic banquets of today date to this time, such as the famous "canon" (cannon, meaning a glass) or "poudre forte" (strong gunpowder, meaning the wine).
[[File:Château de Mongenan Temple maçonnique.JPG|thumb|18th century [[Masonic temple]] at the [[Château de Mongenan]] ([[Portets]], [[Gironde]]).]]
In 1771, [[Louis Philippe d'Orléans (1747-1793)]] succeeded the comte de Clermont as grandmaster. Under his authority and with the support of the provincial lodges for action against the hegemony of the lodges in Paris, the Grande Loge de France was reorganised and in 1773 changed its name to the [[Grand Orient de France]], which accounted for 600 lodges. Only some "Vénérables", mainly Parisians, refused to give up being president-for-life of their lodges, resisting this reform by forming a "Grand Lodge of Clermont" which lasted until May 1799.

===1789 to 1815===

====Revolution====
[[File:FranceFM1789.svg|thumb|250px|right|Lodges in France in 1789.<ref>L'histoire 2001, p. 23</ref>]]
[[File:Les trois ordres 6986.jpg|thumb|left|'''Nicolas Perseval''', The Union of the Three Orders, c. 1789 - The painter has depicted the union of the orders taking place in front of the entrance to a [[Masonic Temple]].]]
[[File:LogeBonaparte.png|thumb|right|Table of the "Bonaparte" lodge, c.1810.]]
After the French Revolution, the Jesuit [[Augustin Barruel]] wrote that Freemasons had actively prepared the 1789 revolution, which has been used to back theories of a [[Masonic conspiracy theories|Masonic plot]]. This thesis was often reprised later, notably during the [[French Third Republic]], by Catholic authors (using it to oppose both the Republic and Freemasonry) and by Freemasons (to reinforce their pro-Republican stance and their positive image with the Republican government). In reality, there were Freemasons in both the Republican and monarchical camps. [[Anne-Charles-Sigismond de Montmorency-Luxembourg|The Duke of Luxembourg]], right-hand man to the Grand Master and moving-force behind the creation of the Grand Orient de France, emigrated in July 1789 and an aristocratic lodge known as "La Concorde" fled from [[Dijon]] as early as August 1789.<ref>{{harv|D. Ligou et al.|2000|p=200}}</ref> Having become "[[Louis Philippe d'Orléans (1747-1793)|Philippe-Égalité]]", the Grand Master of the Grand Orient himself publicly renounced Freemasonry{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} in 1793 shortly before being executed by [[guillotine]].

Even though the Grand Orient proclaimed its attachment to the democratic form of government from January 1789 onwards, it was forced to cease its activities by the [[Reign of Terror|Terror]] between 1793 and 1796, and of the nearly 1000 lodges active on the eve of the Revolution only 75 were in a fit state to resume their activities in 1800.<ref>{{Harv|Dachez|2003|p=79}}</ref> Nevertheless, by their functioning in the years before the Revolution, these lodges had assumed a certain independence from the State and the Church, probably giving rise to new aspirations. Among active Freemasons in the Revolutionary period were [[Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau|Mirabeau]], [[Pierre Choderlos de Laclos|Choderlos de Laclos]], and [[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle|Rouget de l'Isle]], writer of the national anthem "[[La Marseillaise]]". In the French [[Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination|Egyptomania]] which followed their [[French invasion of Egypt (1798)|invasion of Egypt]] in 1799, around 1810 the [[Rite of Memphis-Misraim|Rite of Misraïm]] and "Egyptian" Freemasonry appeared among French troops based in Italy, later spreading to France in 1814.

====First Empire====
The plebiscite of 6 November 1804 legitimized the [[First French Empire]] of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]]. In the following days, Masons learned that his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte]] had been named Grand Master of the Grand Orient de France, with its administration effectively placed in the hands of [[Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès]]. One legend states that Napoleon himself had been a Mason, but comments he made on [[Saint Helena]] seem clear proof of the opposite:
{{cquote|[Freemasonry is] a pile of imbeciles who assemble for good cheer and the execution of many ridiculous follies. Nevertheless, they carried out good actions from time to time.<ref>{{Harv|Dachez|2003|p=81}}</ref>}}

[[File:LogeAdoption.jpg|thumb|left|A young woman received into a [[Rite of adoption|lodge of adoption]] during the [[First French Empire]].]]
During the First Empire, the Grand Orient de France was under strict control from the political authorities<ref name="Mitterrand_1992_935c"/> and little by little gathered almost all of French Freemasonry (which had newly developed and quickly reached 1,200 lodges, mainly military ones) under its aegis.<ref name="Mitterrand_1992_935c">{{harv|Mitterrand|Hutin|Guichard|1992|p=935c}}</ref> Nevertheless, in 1804 count Alexandre de Grasse-Tilly (1765–1845) came to France from his birthplace in the [[Antilles]] with powers assigned him by the [[Mother Supreme Council of the World|Supreme Council]] of Charleston, founded in 1802. He established a Supreme Council of France and contributed to the creation of a "General Scottish Grand Lodge of France", under the protection of [[François Christophe Kellermann|Kellerman]]. State centralism demanded the merger of these two institutions, which happened some years later.

===1815 to 1850===
[[File:BanquetFM.jpg|thumb|right|Masonic banquet around 1840.]]
In 1814, at the start of the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], the count of Grasse-Tilly reawakened the conflict between the Grand Orient de France (wanting to be the unified centre of all French Freemasonry) and the Supreme Council of France (jealous of the independence of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite) which then lasted until the end of the century. The First Empire's final fall the following year majorly weakened French Freemasonry, which had been one of the Empire's key pillars,<ref>{{Harv|D. Ligou et al.|2000|p=15}}</ref> with the number of lodges falling to 300 around the end of the year 1820.<ref>{{Harv|Dachez|2003|p=88}}</ref>

Throughout the 19th century French Freemasonry little by little made itself more democratic and more politicised - several Freemasons were among the revolutionaries of the [[July Revolution]] and, with the exceptions of [[Alphonse de Lamartine|Lamartine]] and [[Ledru-Rollin]], all the members of the [[French Second Republic|provisional government]] of [[French Revolution of 1848|1848]] were also Freemasons.<ref>{{Harv|D. Ligou et al.|2000|p=41}}</ref> Lodges also became more and more [[anticlerical]] as Catholics left them in the wake of repeated papal excommunications (these had come into force in France through Napoleon's 1801 [[Concordat of 1801|concordat]]).

===Second Empire===
{{main|Freemasonry under the Second French Empire}}
In 1851, [[Napoleon III]] put an end to the [[Second French Republic]] and initiated the [[Second French Empire]]. As his uncle had done before him, he offered his protection to French Freemasonry.<ref name="Mitterrand_1992_935c"/> He got the Grand Orient de France to agree to elect [[Prince Napoleon Lucien Charles Murat|Prince Murat]] as its Grand Master but it did not wish to be represented by Murat. In 1862 they gained permission to elect a different representative and Napoleon III decided to name his successor himself - this was [[Bernard Pierre Magnan|Maréchal Magnan]], who was not already a Mason and so had to go through all 33 ranks of Scottish Rite Freemasonry in rapid succession to take up the post. The imperial decree had forgotten to mention the other French Masonic Rite, and so the "Scottish Rite",<ref>This simplified appelation by which it is generally known in this era was then in fact known as the "Central Grand Lodge" of the Supreme Council of France</ref> under the academician [[Jean-Pons-Guillaume Viennet|Jean Viennet]] (1777–1868), only just managed to maintain its independence.

Two years later, the emperor newly authorised the Grand Orient to elect its Grand Master. Magnan was elected and remained Grand Master until he died in 1865 (the [[archbishop of Paris]] gave Magnan's absolution before his coffin, which was draped with Masonic insignia, for which he was criticised by the Pope). Learning its lesson from this authoritarian period, the Grand Orient suppressed the role of Grand Master at the end of the Second Empire, putting its leadership instead in the hands of a "President of the Council of the Order".

In 1869, there was a dispute between the Grand Orient and the Grand Lodge of Louisiana in the United States over recognizing a Lodge that the GLL did not recognize. This was a prelude to the [[Continental Freemasonry#History of the schism|schism of Continental Freemasonry]].

===Paris Commune===

[[File:La Commune de Paris - Les francs-maçons plantant leurs bannières sur les fortifications à Porte Maillot (1871).jpg|thumb|On April 29, 1871, the Freemasons demonstrated peacefully and planted their banners on the fortifications at Porte Maillot, in order to ask the Versailles troops to stop the bombardments of Paris and to negotiate.]]

In 1870, the Grand Orient de France numbered around 18,000 Freemasons and the Scottish Rite around 6,000.<ref>{{Harv|D. Ligou et al.|2000|p=76}}</ref> March 1871 saw the start of the [[Paris Commune]], in which Parisian Freemasons were heavily involved. Thirifocq, a militant socialist and member of the "le libre Examen" lodge of the Supreme Council of France, demanded that Masonic banners be set up on Paris's ramparts and that they should be "avenged" should they be torn by the bullets of the anti-Commune forces. Many Freemasons figured among the revolutionaries, including [[Jules Vallès]] and [[Élisée Reclus]].

On 29 April 1871, several thousand Freemasons of both obediences gathered behind dozens of banners for a large demonstration before the Versailles forces. This demonstration was followed by a meeting between two emissaries of the Commune (including Thirifocq) and [[Adolphe Thiers]], which failed, and in the crushing of the Commune by the Versaillans. Unlike the Parisian lodges, those in the provinces did not support the Commune, on whose fall the Grand Orient officially disavowed the action of the Parisian lodges and rallied to Thiers and the [[French Third Republic]], in which it was to play a leading role.

===1875–1899===
[[File:Marianne maçonnique.jpg|thumb|right|'''[[Jacques France]]''' (1879), ''Masonic [[Marianne]]''.]]{{See also|Freemasonry in the French Third Republic}}
On 8 July 1875, [[Jules Ferry]] (future minister of public education of the republic) and [[Émile Littré]] (author of the eponymous dictionary) were initiated in the "[[la Clémente Amitié]]" lodge. The French Republic wished to open secular schools throughout its territory and so entered into an open conflict with the Catholic Church, which opposed the opening of secular schools. It was in this context that the Grand Orient, which at this time made its support for the Republic official, decided in 1877 to abolish its requirement that its members believe in the existence of God and the immortality of the soul and for its lodges to work "for the Glory of the Great Architect of the Universe". In theory each lodge remained free to choose whether or not to continue respecting this former ''[[Masonic Regularity|landmark]]'' of Freemasonry, but (in a climate poisoned by 30 years of open conflict between the Republic and the former state religion of Catholicism) in practice all references to religion would be phased out of the rituals of the Grand Orient.

The decision to admit Atheists was not universally approved in France and led, in 1894, to a schism in French Freemasonry. The lodges wishing to require a belief in Deity broke off from the Grand Orient and formed Grande Loge de France (the second organization of that name).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gldf.org/index.php. |title=Grande Loge de France website |access-date=27 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000431/http://www.gldf.org/index.php. |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

As for the Scottish Rite of the Supreme Council of France, the traditional obligation was not suppressed, but Grand Commander Crémieux in 1876 brought back into force that his jurisdiction should not impose "any form to the Grand Architect of the Universe".{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} The Supreme Council also faced a secession by lodges of the three upper degrees, which intended to move out from under its patronage. In the end, it granted them their independence, merging them into the Grande Loge de France.

From 1893 to 1899, France saw the formation of the first mixed-sex mainstream Masonic obedience, which rapidly became international - the [[Le Droit Humain|Ordre mixte international du Droit humain]], which also adopted the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite.

===1900–present===

====1900–1918====
French Freemasonry began the 20th century with the [[Affaire Des Fiches]], a scandal that left lasting traces and which bore witness to its implication in the politics of the era. It began in 1901 when [[Louis André|general André]], minister for war and Freemason, asked for the philosophical and religious convictions of some 27,000 officers, to help their advancement. Hundreds of Freemasons across the country sent in this information. In 1904, the press seized on the affair, causing a huge scandal and leading to the dismissal of General André.<ref>{{Harv|Dachez|2003|p=104}}</ref>

In 1913 two lodges ("le Centre des Amis" and the "Loge Anglaise 204") left the Grand Orient and founded the "National Independent and Regular Grand Lodge", which was immediately recognised by the [[United Grand Lodge of England]] and until the 1960s remained mainly driven by Englishmen or Americans resident in France. In 1948 changed its name to the [[Grande Loge Nationale Française]], which it still bears today.

Though the pacifist current, which appeared in France before World War I, also manifested itself in Freemasonry, as in other countries, this current disappeared with the start of the war, and the first cabinet of the "[[Union sacrée]]" included 9 Freemasons. An international conference in January 1917 held at the Grande Loge de France included many European obediences. It launched an appeal for the creation of the [[League of Nations]], and a similar conference in June that same year, representatives from 16 Allied or neutral obediences at the Grand Orient de France had the same objectives.<ref name="Ligou_2000_109_124">{{Harv|D. Ligou et al.|2000|p=112}}</ref>

====1918–1945====
After losses in the First World War, Freemasonry resumed its growth - the Grand Orient de France rose from 23,000 members in 1919 to 33,000 in the 1930s, whilst the Grande Loge de France rose from 6300 members to 16,000 in the same period.<ref name="Ligou_2000_109_124"/>

Although a request by [[Antonio Graziadei]] to specifically forbid members of the [[Communist party]] from also being Freemasons had been rejected as the condition seemed "too obvious", the continued masonic connections of many French communists led to a specific condemnation by [[Leon Trotsky]] in 1922, and an ultimatum that they should publicly sever such links by the new year.<ref>Jane Degras (ed), ''The Communist International 1919-1943 Documents'', vol 1, 1919-1922, The French Question, pp403-405</ref> Most socialist Freemasons who had chosen the [[French Communist Party]] after the split at the [[congress of Tours]] then left the party. Some of the lodges closed down in Russia by the Bolsheviks were re-formed in France by Russian refugees - "Astrée" within the Grande Loge, "l'étoile du Nord" and "la Russie libre" within the Grand Orient.<ref name="Ligou_2000_109_124"/>

In the inter-war period, French Freemasonry occupied a major place in the political appearance of the Republic and was strongly implicated in its struggles. It was thus particularly affected by the Republic's fall during the [[Battle of France]] in 1940. The [[Vichy regime]] and the German occupying forces united in October 1940 to organise an important anti-Masonic exhibition which toured throughout France. Its general theme affirmed the existence of a plot against France which had led to the country's fall and which, according to the theses of the [[Action française]] had been organised by "the Jew, the Protestant, the Mason and the Foreigner". A secret-societies service was set up in 1941, which studied articles confiscated from such societies and published "Les documents maçonniques", a review which saw in Freemasonry one of the principal causes of France's defeat. A law of 1941 also applied the "statute on the Jews" to Freemasons. An anti-Masonic film, titled "[[Forces occultes]]", was produced and shown in Paris in 1943.<ref>{{Harv|D. Ligou et al.|2000|pp=163–168}}</ref>

[[File:DiplomeMaçonnique1945.png|thumbnail|150px|right|Flyleaf of a Masonic diploma witnessing to a purge, 1945.]]
A thousand French Freemasons were also deported or killed during the Second World War, mostly for involvement in [[French Resistance]] activities or due to their Jewish origins, with [[Masonic Temple]]s pillaged and their archives confiscated. However, fellow-feeling that arose between Gaullists, Communists, and Freemasons working in the Resistance against a common enemy meant that, in the post-war period, the Communist condemnation of Freemasonry diminished considerably in France.

When lodges revived after France's liberation, purge committees were often spontaneously put in place. However, the total number of active French Freemasons had fallen by two-thirds<ref>{{Harv|D. Ligou et al.|2000|p=175}}</ref> and French Freemasonry took twenty years to regain its pre-war numbers and never recovered the political and social influence it had had under the First Empire, during the 1848 Revolution and under the Third Republic, preferring instead to turn to philosophical reflections that became ever more spiritual in nature.<ref>{{Harv|Dachez|2003|p=115}}</ref> Also in 1945, the Freemasons of the lodges of adoption within the Grande Loge de France formed a "Women's Masonic Union of France" ("Union maçonnique féminine de France"), which in 1952 became the [[Grande Loge féminine de France]]. In 1959, this obedience abandoned the [[rite of adoption]] in favour of the Scottish Rite.

====Postwar splits and unifications====
In 1958, some brothers of the Grande Loge nationale française disagreed with its non-recognition of other French obediences and split to form the "Grande Loge nationale française dite « Opéra »", which has since then become the [[Grande Loge traditionnelle et symbolique Opéra]] (GLTSO). In 1964, the Grande Loge de France signed an accord with the Grand Orient de France, which provoked a break within itself and within the Supreme Council ''of'' France. Grand Commander Charles Riandey, accompanied by hundreds of brothers, thus left the Supreme Council to form another under the aegis of the Grande Loge nationale française, known as the "Supreme Council ''for'' France".

Since the 1970s, there have been several splits which have given rise to many small obediences, as well as many micro-obediences and independent lodges. Though the seriousness of some of them is unanimously recognised, others' conformity to Masonic traditions is not always well-established. Some authors<ref>for example {{Harv|Dachez|2003|p=118}}</ref> see in this tendency a reflection of the individualist atomisation and rejection of institutions which (according to them) now characterise modern-day French society. On 20 February 2002 the Grand Masters, Grand Mistresses and Presidents of nine Masonic obediences<ref>These were the 9 obediences mentioned in Freemasonry in France.</ref> met in Paris to sign the founding text of "French Freemasonry" ("Maçonnerie française"), an expression originated as a 'brandname' by the Grand Orient de France. Its text went as follows:

{{cquote|
[...]
Away from partisan controversies, engaged in an initiatory journey that emancipates consciences, the French Masonic obediences together affirm :

* The primacy of a balanced equilibrium on the initiatory journey, the practice of a symbolic method, and engagement in society as a citizen ;
* The rejection of all dogmatism and all segregation ;
* The refusal of all [[integrism]]s and all extremisms ;
* The will to work for the betterment of the human condition, to the progress of individual and collective liberties ;
* The defence and promotion of absolute liberty of conscience, thought, expression, and communication ;
* The defence and promotion of [[Laïcité|secularism]], an essential liberty which allows all others ;
* Research into dialogue for peace, fraternity, and development

They decide to work together for the betterment of Man and Society.
}}{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}

In October 2002, this collection of obediences created the ''Masonic Institute of France'' (''Institut maçonnique de France'', or ''IMF''), with the aim of "promoting the cultural image of French Freemasonry across the historic, literary and artistic inheritance and its diversity" and of "rediscovering, deepening and making better-known to all interested members of the public the cultural and ethical values of Freemasonry". The IMF is both a foundation for Masonic culture and a study and research centre. It organises an annual salon on Mason books and awards a literary prize to an author who is not a Mason but defends ideas and values close to those of Freemasonry. However, in July 2006, the Grande Loge de France decided to leave the association formed in 2002, and the [[Grand Orient de France]] decided to annul the 'brand name' "Maçonnerie Française" with the [[INPI (France)|INPI]].

In France, there are some 11 Grand Lodges, few of which officially recognize the legitimacy of the others. However, in June 2005, the [[Grande Loge Nationale Française]] and the [[Grande Loge de France]] took steps to improve their fraternal working relations by signing a "Protocole Administratif", allowing them to cooperate at a level below official recognition.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

== Obediences ==
*[[Grand Orient de France]]
*[[Grande Loge de France]]
*[[Grande Loge Nationale Française]]
*[[Grand Lodge Mondial of Misraïm]]
*[[Women's Grand Lodge Of France]]
*[[Le Droit Humain]]
*[[Universal Mixed Grand Lodge]]
*[[Mixed Grand Lodge of France]]
*Grand Loge Ecossaise de France<ref>https://glef.fr/</ref>
*Grande Loge Traditionnelle et Symbolique Opéra ([[:fr:Grande Loge traditionnelle et symbolique Opéra|French Wiki]])
*Loge Nationale Française ([[:fr:Loge nationale française|French Wiki]])
*Grande Loge Unie de France<ref>http://www.gluf.org/</ref><ref>[[:fr:Grande Loge unie de France]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}

== Critiques and scandals ==
In the 18th century, the [[Papal ban of Freemasonry|Pope banned Freemasonry]], for reasons linked to the situation in Tuscany that were more political than religious.<ref>([[Roger Dachez|Dachez]] 2003, p. 52)</ref> The relevant bull, ''[[In eminenti apostolatus]]'' was not however registered by the [[parliament of Paris]] and was never enacted in France. At the end of the 19th century, in the struggle between the French Republic and the Catholic Church, Freemasonry and its then-powerful networks definitively backed the state, leading to the [[Affaire Des Fiches]], and even came to be called "the church of the Republic".<ref>(D. Ligou et al. 2000, p. 89-95)</ref>


==See also==
*[[Taxil hoax]]
*[[Freemasonry under the Second French Empire]]
*[[Grand Priory of the Gauls]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

=== Works used in this article ===
* {{cite book|last=Dachez|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Dachez|title=Histoire de la franc-maçonnerie française|publisher=PUF|series=Que sais-je?|year=2003|isbn=2-13-053539-9}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |author-link1=Jacques Mitterrand (Freemason) |first1=Jacques |last1=Mitterrand |author-link2=Serge Hutin |first2=Serge |last2=Hutin |first3=Alain |last3=Guichard |title=Franc-maçonnerie |encyclopedia=Encyclopédie Universalis |volume=9 |year=1992 |isbn=2-85229-287-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Naudon|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Naudon|title=Histoire générale de la franc-maçonnerie|publisher=PUF|year=1981|isbn=2-13-037281-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Franc-maçonnerie, avenir d'une tradition|publisher=Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours|year=1997|isbn=2-84099-061-X}}
* {{cite book|title=Histoire des Francs-Maçons en France|volume=1|publisher=private publisher|year=2000|isbn=2-7089-6838-6|author=sous la direction de Daniel Ligou.|ref={{harvid|Daniel Ligou et al.|2000}}}}
* {{cite book|title=Histoire des Francs-Maçons en France|volume=2|publisher=private publisher|year=2000|isbn=2-7089-6839-4|author=sous la direction de Daniel Ligou.|ref={{harvid|D. Ligou et al.|2000}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Garibal|first=Gilbert|title=Être franc-maçon aujourd'hui|volume=2|publisher=Marabout|year=1994|isbn=2-501-02029-4}}
* {{cite journal|title=Les francs-maçons|journal=Historia|date=1997|volume=48|issn=0018-2281|author1=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.>}}
* {{cite book|last=Christian Guigue|title=La Formation Maçonnique|publisher=Christian Guigue|year=2013|isbn=978-2-9506708-9-2}}
* {{cite journal|title=Les francs-maçons|journal=L'Histoire|year=2001|volume=256|issn=0182-2411}}

=== Documentaries ===
*''Grand Orient les frères invisibles'' - script by Alain Moreau, directed by Patrick Cabouat, produced by France 5 / Program 33.

=== Other authorities in this area ===
* Cumming, Ian. "Freemasonry and Education in Eighteenth Century France." ''History of Education Journal'' (1954): 118–123. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3659171 online]
* {{cite book|last1=Gould|first1=Robert Freke|title=Gould's History of Freemasonry Throughout the World, Volume III|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|date=1887|isbn=}}
* Halpern, Avner. "Freemasonry and party building in late 19th-Century France." ''Modern & Contemporary France'' 10.2 (2002): 197–210.
* Jacob, Margaret C. ''Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe'' (1991) [https://www.amazon.com/Living-Enlightenment-Freemasonry-Politics-Eighteenth-Century/dp/0195070518/ excerpt]
* Jacob, Margaret C. ''The Origins of Freemasonry: Facts and Fictions'' (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2007).
* Jacob, Margaret, and Matthew Crow. "Freemasonry and the Enlightenment." in ''Handbook of Freemasonry'' (Brill, 2014) pp. 100–116. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210503104652/http://milwaukeefreemasonryformenandwomen.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Handbook-of-Freemasonry-Henrik-Bogdan-Jan-A.-M.-Snoek.pdf#page%3D121 online]}}
* Jacob, Margaret. "The Radical Enlightenment and Freemasonry: where we are now." ''REHMLAC: Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña'' 1 (2013): 11–25.[https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5285155.pdf online].
* Jaunaux, Laurent/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20081113051840/http://www.fm-fr.org/fr/spip.php?article61 ''Concise History of the French Regular Freemasonry''], Philalethe Society, 2001
* Loiselle, Kenneth. "Freemasonry and the Catholic Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century France." ''Journal of Modern History'' 94.3 (2022): 499–536. [https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1060&context=hist_faculty online]
* Loiselle, Kenneth. "Living the Enlightenment in an Age of Revolution: Freemasonry in Bordeaux 1788-1794." ''French History'' 24.1 (2010): 60–81. [https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1060&context=hist_faculty online]
* Snoek Jan A.M. and Henrik Bogdan. "The History of Freemasonry: An Overview" in Bogdan and Snoek, eds. ''Handbook of Freemasonry'' (Brill, 2014) ch. 2 pp 13–32. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210503104652/http://milwaukeefreemasonryformenandwomen.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Handbook-of-Freemasonry-Henrik-Bogdan-Jan-A.-M.-Snoek.pdf#page=34 online]}}

====In French====
* Pierre Chevallier, ''Histoire de la franc-maçonnerie française'', 3 volumes, Fayard, 1974.

{{Freemasonry footer}}
{{Grand Orient de France}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freemasonry In France}}
[[Category:Freemasonry in France| ]]
[[Category:Masonic organizations]]

Ya Ho Wha 13

2025-06-25T19:14:05Z

71.11.5.2: copy edits, removed copy edit tag

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
{{Tone|date=November 2023}}
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| background = group_or_band
| name = Ya Ho Wha 13
| image = Ya Ho Wha 13 and Source Family Commune.jpg
| image_size = 275px
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Ya Ho Wha 13 and The Source Family
| alias = Ya Ho Wa 13, Yahowa13
| origin = [[Hollywood Hills]], [[Los Angeles]], California, U.S.
| genre = [[Psychedelic rock]], [[experimental rock]], [[jam band]]
| years_active = 1970s–present
| label = Higher Key, Swordfish Records, [[Drag City Records]], [[Captain Trip Records]]
| spinoffs =
| spinoff_of =
| current_members =
| past_members =
| website = {{URL|https://yahowha.org/}}
}}
'''Ya Ho Wha 13''', otherwise known as '''Ya Ho Wa 13''' or '''Yahowha 13''', is a [[psychedelic rock]] band fronted by [[Father Yod]] ({{IPAc-en|j|oʊ|d}} {{respell|YOHD}}), spiritual leader of a religious [[Commune (intentional community)|commune]] called the [[Source Family]], based in [[Los Angeles]]. (Without the vowels and spaces, Ya Ho Wha can be abbreviated to "YHWH", the [[tetragrammaton]]). The band has released nine LPs of [[Psychedelic music|psychedelic]] music, with tribal drums and distorted guitars. Some were unrehearsed jam sessions, and others were conventional rock music.

==Formation==
In the early 1970s, members of The Source Family, who lived in the former [[Harry Chandler]] mansion in [[Los Feliz, Los Angeles|Los Feliz]] in the [[Hollywood Hills]], formed an improvisational, [[psychedelic music]] group.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balmont |first=James |date=2022-12-21 |title=Father Yod: the 1970s cult leader whose wild psychedelia was more suited to Disneyland than dive bars |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/dec/21/father-yod-the-1970s-cult-leader-whose-wild-psychedelia-was-more-suited-to-disneyland-than-dive-bars |access-date=2024-06-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In 1973 they began recording LPs in a studio in a garage at the family's communal residence.

All the records made with Father Yod's participation were improvised, with no rehearsals or overdubs. {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} Most were pressed in small runs of 500 to 1000 copies on the Higher Key label and sold to the public in [[Father Yod]]'s [[vegetarian]] restaurant.

Nine LPs were produced and released, but more than 65 albums were thought to have been recorded by the group and then lost over the years. The group's historian and archivist later found unreleased music tapes in the archives, and it was planned to remaster and release them through [[Drag City Records]] of Chicago and the group's website.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last= |first= |date=2012-03-19 |title=Billy Corgan Talks — and Talks — About 'The Source' Film, Ya Ho Wha 13 and How a Drum Circle Changed His Thinking |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/billy-corgan-talks-and-talks-about-the-source-film-ya-ho-wha-13-1098364/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>

The band changed members and its name occasionally, from Father Yod and the Spirit of ’76 to Ya Ho Wha 13 to The Savage Sons of Ya Ho Wha, Yodship, and Fire Water Air. The key players were always the same: Djin Aquarian on guitar, Octavius Aquarian on drums, and Sunflower Aquarian on bass. Other family musicians were Lovely Aquarian, Zoroaster Aquarian, Hom Aquarian, Rhythm Aquarian, Pythias Aquarian, Aquariana Aquarian, Ahom Aquarian, and Electron Aquarian.

Father Yod does not appear on all album releases, but on those on which he participates, he handles lead vocals and percussion on a kettle drum. Yahowha 13 was Father Yod's signature band. He intended that its music and lyrics should continue his teaching after he was gone.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} [[Sky Saxon]] of [[The Seeds]] joined the Source Family in 1973 and also appeared on the band's recordings.

==Discography==

===Father Yod and the Spirit of ‘76===
* ''Kohoutek'' (1973)
* ''Contraction'' (1974)
* ''Expansion'' (1974)
* ''All or Nothing at All'' (1974)

Father Yod does not participate on ''All or Nothing at All'', unlike the previous three albums released under this incarnation, in which his chanting and singing vocals are prominent.<ref name="homestead">[http://progressive.homestead.com/YAHOWA.html// Father Yod/Ya Ho Wha 13]. {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130145703/http://progressive.homestead.com/YAHOWA.html//|date=2009-01-30}}</ref>

===Ya Ho Wa 13===
* ''Ya Ho Wa 13'' (1974), recorded at the Father House garage.
* ''Savage Sons of Ya Ho Wa'' (1974), recorded at the Father House garage.
* ''Penetration: An Aquarian Symphony'' (1974), recorded at the Father House garage, is the band's most popular recording and has been reissued several times.
* ''I'm Gonna Take You Home'' (1974), also called The Lovers, was recorded at the Father House garage.
* ''To the Principles, For the Children'' (1974), recorded at the Father House garage.
* ''The Operetta'' (1975), not released until the 2000s.

By the end of 1974, the Source Family had tried to move to [[Hawaii]] but were met with hostility, which forced them to temporarily relocate to [[Northern California]] before eventually returning. This album{{Clarify|date=November 2023}} was recorded during that time, and the tension is apparent. It has been described as “a more personalized, painfully vulnerable”<ref name = "homestead"/> collection of songs. This long-lost final album of Ya Ho Wha with Father's participation was recently{{when|date=November 2023}} released by Swordfish Records. It was recorded in the spring of 1975, just after Ya Ho Wha's spontaneous visit to India, which culminated in his initiation in the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] on [[Easter Sunday]]. He was en route to the US via France when the plane was rerouted due to a storm and forced to land in Cairo, Egypt. Upon arrival, the group (there were four traveling) hailed a taxi, and the taxi driver suggested they stay at his brother's house. The next morning at 4 am, they proceeded to the Great Pyramids. Upon arrival, they were greeted by a mysterious man who escorted them through the Great Pyramid. This LP represents the first recording Ya Ho Wha made after his "resurrection" in the Great Pyramid, and is also his last full collaboration with the band.<ref name="homestead"/>

* ''Sonic Portation'', the first record release of the remaining members of YaHoWha13 in over 33 years through ProphaseMusic. The band released two more albums called 2013.

==Music after Father's death==
After [[Father Yod]] / Ya Ho Wha's [[hang-gliding]] accident and death in Hawaii in 1975, the original Yahowa 13 band dissolved, though many of the members continue to make music.

* ''Golden Sunrise'' (Fire Water Air, 1977), the first recording after [[Father Yod]]'s death and the first featured appearance of [[Sky Saxon]] of [[The Seeds]].<ref name = "saxon">[[Patrick Lundborg]], [http://www.lysergia.com/LamaWorkshop/lamaSkySaxon.htm/ "The Lama Workshop"], 2009</ref>
* ''Yodship Suite'' (1977) was a private pressing, and, except for Sky Saxon, the specific family members involved are unknown. The sound takes on a softer, less [[acid rock]] tone with flutes and acoustic guitars, and most of the songs are [[lament]]s about Father's death.<ref name="saxon"/>
* ''Yodship Suite, Part 3'' ({{circa|1977}}), the last Ya Ho Wha-related album to be released. This poorly documented album features recordings from 1973 featuring the Spirit of '76 band, but with Sky Saxon on vocals instead of Father Yod. It's a one-sided LP with about 15 minutes of music, containing two different tracks spliced together. The music is considerably more aggressive than the preceding Yod Ship Suite. Only 2–3 copies of this album are known to exist.<ref name = "The Acid Archives">The Acid Archives, book by [[Patrick Lundborg]] 2006</ref>

==Legacy==

The original LP pressings of all incarnations of Ya Ho Wha 13 are now very rare and valued highly by music collectors; the albums ''Contraction'' and ''Expansion'' are especially sought-after. ''All or Nothing at All'' and ''Yodship'' are possibly the rarest, though considered somewhat less musically accessible.<ref name="head heritage">[http://www.headheritage.co.uk/unsung/review/25 / Julian Cope Presents Head Heritage. Reviews, Yahowha 13] 2000.</ref>

[[Sky Saxon]], singer of the seminal garage band [[The Seeds]] collaborated with Japanese label [[Captain Trip Records]] in 1998 to produce a deluxe 13-CD box set entitled ''God and Hair'', including CD reissues of the original Source Family records and some unreleased material.<ref name="head heritage"/>
In 2002, The Source Foundation Corp LLC/Source.Org was created, and is currently not affiliated with the remaining members of YaHoWha13, nor involved with present musical endeavors.

Swordfish Records in the UK, in collaboration with The Source Foundation Corp LLC, remastered and released some of the Higher Key Record Catalog as both limited pressing LPs and CDs. This includes, ''Penetration'', ''I'm Going to Take You Home'' (Lovers/Chariot), and ''To the Principles for the Children''.<ref name = "homestead"/> In the summer of 2009, Drag City Records released ''Magnificence in the Memory'', rare cuts of YaHoWha13 from the archives of the Source Foundation.

In 2007, the three surviving members of YaHoWha13 (Sunflower, Octavius, and Djin) were invited by Isis Aquarian and Jodi Wille of Process to play in Los Angeles for their Source Book coming out event, the untold story of "Father Yod, Ya Ho Wha 13 and the Source Family". This was the first time they had played together in 33 years. This led to their first recording of ''Sonic Portation'' (Prophase Music). YaHoWha13 made several appearances in Los Angeles and San Francisco.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

In 2009, Ya Ho Wha 13 played on the East Coast and in Canada. They are currently working on their new live/studio album{{update inline|date=May 2023}}, and appeared at [[South by Southwest Music Festival|The South by SouthWest Music Festival]] in Austin, Texas, in Spring of 2010 - playing with experimental psychedelic bands [[Acid Mothers Temple|The Acid Mothers Temple]] and [[Plastic Crimewave|Plastic Crimewave Sound]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==See also==
*[[Father Yod]]
*[[Tom Stone (photographer)|Tom Stone]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| last = Aquarian
| first = Isis & Electricity Aquarian
| title = The Source: The Untold Story of Father Yod, Ya Ho Wha 13 and The Source Family
| publisher = [[Process Media]]
| year = 2007
| isbn = 978-0-9760822-9-3 }}

* {{cite book
| last = Allen
| first = Steve
| title = Beloved Son: A Story of the Jesus Cults
| publisher = Bobbs-Merrill
| year = 1982
| isbn = 0-672-52678-6 }}

* {{cite book
| last = Miller
| first = Timothy
| title = The 60s Communes: Hippies and Beyond
| publisher = [[Syracuse University Press]]
| year = 2000
| isbn = 0-8156-0601-X }}

==External links==
* [http://www.yahowha.org/ Ya Ho Wha.org] (website for The Source Foundation)
* [http://www.furious.com/PERFECT/yahowa13.html "The Ya Ho Wa 13 Interview"] (June 2002) by Gary Bearman at [http://www.furious.com/PERFECT/ Perfect Sound Forever]
* [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-aug-19-ca-source19-story.html "A Home Unlike All Others"] (8/19/07) [https://www.latimes.com/ Los Angeles Times] article about The Source Family
* [http://www.laweekly.com/2007-08-30/news/father-yod-knew-best/ "Father Yod Knew Best"] Doug Harvey's LA Weekly cover story on the Source Family (August 30, 2007)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Musical collectives]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Psychedelic rock music groups from California]]

Shrinathji

2025-06-24T21:11:07Z

71.11.5.2: actually removed the copy edit tag...

{{short description|Form of Krishna, manifest as a seven-year-old child}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{POV|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Shrinathji
| image = Sri nathji.jpg
| caption = Painting of Shrinathji
| affiliation = [[Krishnaism]]-[[Vaishnavism]]
| region = Nathdwara
| venerated_in = [[Pushtimarg]]
| temple = Shrinathji Temple
}}

'''Shrinathji''' is a form of [[Krishna]], manifested as a seven-year-old child.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/1464465|title=Book Review: "Krishna as Shrinathji: Rajasthani Paintings from Nathdvara" by Amit Ambalal, for Journal of the American Academy of Religion, June, 1988|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |date=1988 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=765–767 |jstor=1464465 |last1=Lutzker |first1=Mary-Ann |doi=10.1093/jaarel/LVI.4.765 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The principal shrine of Shrinathji is the [[Shrinathji Temple]] in the temple city of [[Nathdwara]], 48 kilometres north-east of [[Udaipur, Rajasthan|Udaipur city]] in [[Rajasthan]], India. Shrinathji is the central presiding deity of the [[Vaishnava]] sect known as [[Pushtimarg]] (''the way of grace'') or the Vallabha Sampradaya, established by [[Vallabhacharya]].

Shrinathji is worshipped mainly by followers of [[Bhakti Yoga]] and the Vaishnavas in [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mewar Encyclopedia |url=http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=Nathdwara |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726164023/http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=Nathdwara |archivedate=26 July 2011}}</ref> as well as the [[Bhatia (caste)|Bhatias]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhatia Community Mission Foundation (Bhatia Community All Clicks) |url=http://bhatiacommunity.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628172717/http://www.bhatiacommunity.org/ |archive-date=28 June 2019 |access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> among others.

[[Vitthal Nathji]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA245|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|first=Amaresh|last=Datta|date=14 April 1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |via=Google Books}}</ref> son of [[Vallabha Acharya|Vallabhacharya]] institutionalised the worship of Shrinathji at Nathdwara.<ref name="blessingsonthenet_com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.blessingsonthenet.com/travel/showplace4.asp?place=Nathdwara|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929162317/http://www.blessingsonthenet.com/travel/showplace4.asp?place=Nathdwara|url-status=dead|title=Blessingsonthenet|archivedate=29 September 2011|website=www.blessingsonthenet.com}}</ref> On account of the popularity of Shrinathji, Nathdwara city itself is referred to as ‘Shrinathji’.<ref>[https://www.vnvtours.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-visit-shrinathji-temple-nathdwara/ Shrinathji Temple Nathdwara] </ref> People also call it Bava's (Shreenathji Bava) Nagri. Initially, the child Krishna deity was referred to as Devadāman ("''the conqueror of Gods''", referring to the overpowering of [[Indra]] by Krishna in the lifting of Govardhan hill).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWqPwWpkhg0C&pg=PA183|title=Yatra 2 Yatra|date=14 April 2009|publisher=Yatra2Yatra|via=Google Books}}</ref> Vallabhacharya named him as [[Gopala]] and the place of his worship as ‘Gopalpur’. Later, Vitthal Nathji named the deity as Shrinathji. Shrinathji's seva is performed in 8 parts of the day.

==History==

According to the legend, the icon of Shrinathji [[Svayambhu|self-manifested]] from stone and emerged from [[Govardhan Hill]]. Historically, the image of Shrinathji was first worshipped at Govardhan hill, near [[Mathura]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmcLLEBmPHwC&pg=PA45|title=Art and Artists of Rajasthan: A Study on the Art & Artists of Mewar with Reference to Western Indian School of Painting|first=Rādhākr̥shṇa|last=Vaśishṭha|date=14 April 1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-284-0 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The image was initially shifted from Mathura in 1672 A.D. along river [[Yamuna]] and was retained at [[Agra]] for almost six months, to safeguard it from, according to legend, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] ruler [[Aurangzeb]], who wanted to destroy the idol.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA178|title=The Mughal Empire|first=John F.|last=Richards|date=14 April 1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Subsequently, the image was transferred further south on a chariot to a safer place to protect it from the iconoclasm of Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA238|title=The Rough Guide to India|first1=David|last1=Abram|first2=Rough|last2=Guides (Firm)|date=14 April 2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-089-3 |via=Google Books}}</ref> When the icon reached the spot at village Sihad or Sinhad in [[Mewar]], the wheels of the chariot are said to have sunken into the mud and could not be moved any further. The accompanying priests realized that the place was the Shrinathji's chosen spot and, accordingly, the icon was installed in a temple there under the rule and protection of the then Maharana [[Raj Singh I|Raj Singh]] of Mewar. No other Hindu ruler was ready to take the image into his kingdom, as it would mean opposing Aurangzeb, who was the most intolerant man in India at that time.<ref>Maharana Raj Singh and His Times pg 29</ref>

In the anomical environment of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the temple of Shrinathji was attacked by the Medas and the [[Pindari]]s. Accordingly, the icon was shifted again and was protected at Udaipur and Ghasiyar under the patronage of Maharana Bheem Singh of Mewar.

==Nathdwara Temple or Haveli==
{{main|Shrinathji Temple}}
[[File:Gateway To Temple, Nathdwara.jpg|thumb|right|Gate of the [[Shrinathji Temple]]]]
The Nathdwara temple was built in the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/temples/nathdwara-temple.html|title=Nathdwara Temple- Shrinathji Temple Nathdwara, Shrinathji Temple Nathdwara Rajasthan, Shrinathji Temple India|website=www.udaipur.org.uk}}</ref> The temple is popularly called ''Shrinathji ki [[Haveli]]'' (House of Shrinathji). Like a regular mansion, it has a chariot for movement (the original chariot in which Shrinathji was brought to Singhar), a store room for milk (''Doodhghar''), a store room for betel (''Paanghar''), a store room for sugar and sweets (''Mishrighar'' and ''Pedaghar''), a store room for flowers (''Phoolghar''), a functional kitchen (''Rasoighar''), a jewellery chamber (''Gahnaghar''), a treasury (''Kharcha bhandaar''), a stable for horses of the chariot (''Ashvashala''), a drawing room (''Baithak''), a gold and silver grinding wheel (''Chakki'').

Nathdwara is known as the "[[Braj|Vraj]]" of western India. Over 100,000 Hindus visit Nathdwara in a year.{{Fact|date=May 2024}}

==Icon at Nathdwara==
[[File:Nathdwara srinathji.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nathdwara]] Srinathji at representing the autumn Annakuta Festival. Late 18th century.]]

The icon is carved in [[bas-relief]] out of a monolithic black [[marble]] stone,<ref name="blessingsonthenet_com" /> with images of two cows, one lion, one snake, two peacocks, and one parrot engraved on it and three sages placed near it. The icon of Shrinathji wears exquisitely worked jewels, some dating back to the pre-Mughal period.<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ieypjy0k2TsC&pg=PA6254|title=Indian Encyclopaedia|first=Subodh|last=Kapoor|date=14 April 2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

Shrinathji is adorned with intricately woven ''shaneels'' and silk clothes having original ''[[zari]]'' and embroidery works. The icon changes its clothes (''vastra'') eight times a day. During festive days like [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtmi]], [[Holi]], and [[Diwali]], the icon wears dresses which are woven with gold wires and diamond-studded embroidery. Once worn, the clothes are not reused, but given to devotees.

==Festivals and rituals at the temple==
The Shrinathji temple at Nathdwara celebrates, on average, three festivals in a week.<ref name="books.google.co.in"/> As regards to daily routine, the inner sanctum is opened 8 times a day for devotees to undertake sacred darshan of the deity.
Very elaborate and complex rituals have emerged around the worship of Shrinathji due to confluence and inter-mixing of bhakti of Krishna as well as that of Pushti Margi Shri Vallabhacharya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&pg=PA142|title=Hindu Art|first=T. Richard|last=Blurton|date=14 April 1993|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-39189-5 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

The main attractions of Shrinathji are the [[Aarti]]s and the ''Shringar'', i.e., the dressing and beautifying of the icon of Shrinathji, treating it as a living child, adorning it with the appropriate dresses commensurate with the time of day or night. The formal prayers are offered with ''diya'', flowers, fruit, and other offerings, with local instruments and devotional songs of the Shrinathji, according to the demand of the time and occasion. The view of the icon after the ''parda'' (curtain) is removed is called ''jhakhi''.

The gadipatis and acharyas in the Havelis of Shrinathji are believed to be from the ''kul'' (descendants) of Shri Mahaprabhuji, [[Vallabhacharya]], the founder of this deity's icon at Govardhan hill, near [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]. Presently, Shrinathji is worshipped by priests from this ''kul'' (genealogical descendants) of Vallabh Acharya. In the rest of the world, a [[Gurjar]] of a special sect who has initiation and agya (permission) performs the worship of Shrinathji.

Devotees throng to the shrine in large numbers during occasions of [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Radhashtami]], [[Sharad Purnima]], [[Holi]], and [[Diwali]]. The deity is treated like a living image, and is attended with daily normal functions, like bathing, dressing, meals called "Prasad", and resting times in regular intervals. Since the deity is believed to be a child form of Krishna, special care is taken and attention is given to the deity, in the same way a mother would to her child.

[[Krishna Janmashtami|Shrikrishna Janmashtami]], the birth anniversary of Krishna, is celebrated with the salute of cannons and guns at Nathdwara temple of Shrinathji in Rajasthan.

People not only from the internal regions of Rajasthan but also from Gujarat and Maharashtra visit Nathdwara to witness Krishna's seraphic festival. Here, important arrangements are made by the temple trust for security at the police and administrative levels. The temple is decorated with attractive lighting for the festival. The entire city of Nathdwara reverberates owing to the melodious sound of the drum, trumpet, and clarinet at the main entrance of the temple. A series of congratulatory exchanges began pouring in a month earlier, from the Ashtami of Shravan of the Krishna.
According to the confirmation order, Shri Krishna Janmotsav is not celebrated as a public exhibition at night, but on the second day, as the Nandamahotsav, that is, by affirming 'Nand Gher Anand Bhayo, Jai Kanhaiya Lal ki’ in the presence of Tilakayat Maharaj Shree and his family, Brajvasi Sevakgan (Brigadian staff), Mukhiyaji (Headman), and Shrinathji along with spattering of milk and curd while dancing in front of them.

===Daily ritual of 8 darshans===

====Legend====
The [[gopi]]es of Vraj used to love the Lord so much, they would be at Yashoda's door at all hours, finding any excuse to see their beloved Nanda Gopal. Mother [[Yashoda]] was very protective of her darling child. Concerned that with all these adoring gopis hanging around her house at all hours of the day, her darling child will never get any time to rest or play properly with his friends. So she decided that all those who wish to visit her beloved Bala Gopal could do so after He had finished a snack or a meal, and was resting before going out again.

====Ritual====
Taking a legend as his cue, Mahaprabhu [[Vallabhacharya]] decided to open the haveli, his own version of the Nandalay (House / Palace of Nanda, foster father of Krishna), at specific times of the day only. Acharya set aside eight times of the day when the doors of the inner sanctum would be left open for the people to catch a glimpse ("jakhi") of the Lord. The rest of the time, the Lord was allowed to go out and play with His friends—gopas and gopies of Vraj.

The sequence of '''eight darshans''' is set out below.
# '''Mangala''': First darshan of the day. Lord, having woken up, has just had His breakfast and greets his devotees with the most "auspicious" darshan of the day. This darshan usually occurs at dawn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.singerasifjeriya.com/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE/|title=मंगला दर्शन की भावना {{!}} Singer Asif Jeriya|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-01|archive-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030022047/http://www.singerasifjeriya.com/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# '''Shringar''': Having bathed and dressed her little darling, Mother Yashoda allows everyone to adore her baby. After this darshan, the Lord goes out to play with His friends.
# '''Gval''': Having had his mid-morning snack, the Lord is about to go out to herd the cows of Nandaji. Lord is worshipped by reciting His thousand names, and the sacred tulsi (basil) leaves are offered with each Name.
# '''Rajbhog''': After His mid-day meal, the Lord is resting in the comfort of Nanadalay. Lord is often most regal and resplendent for this darshan. Fresh garlands and lotuses are offered to the Lord. During the arti, the Lord plays chopat, an ancient board game or version of chess to while away the hot afternoon.
# '''Utthanpan''': The Lord has just woken up from His afternoon nap.
# '''Bhog''': Having had His afternoon snack, the Lord is about to go out to play again.
# '''Sandhya''': As the sun dips over the western horizon, the Lord returns with the herds of Nandaji, and the gopis come to see their beloved. Mother Yashoda wards off any evil that may have befallen her darling in the woods of Vraj, by doing an art,i and the Lord bathes for the evening meal.
# '''Shayan''': Having had His dinner, the Lord is about to go off to his bedchamber. This is the last public darshan of the day.

The outline of darshans given above is a general layout. Over the centuries, different Goswamis have interpreted the "bhavas" and "lilas" differently, resulting in a mixture of oral and ritual traditions followed by the various havelies of Pushti Marg. For example, Shrinathji, having left His beloved Vraj, misses it so dearly that for six months of the year, He runs back to Vraj for the shayan darshan. So, from Mangala to Sandhya arti, the Lord is reckoned to be in Nathadwara. After the arti, He rushes over, in His spiritual form, to play with the gopis of Vraj. Hence, Shayan arti takes place at Mount Govardhan for the warm half of the year. During the cold months, running over to Vraj is not such a practical option, and hence the shayan darshan takes place at Nathadwara. Here, the bhava of Gopijan's viraha and Raasa-Rasika's unique lila are of paramount importance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pushti-marg.net/daily.htm|title=Daily|website=www.pushti-marg.net}}</ref>

==In art and culture==
Shrinathji followers have a significant influence on Hindu art in the form of the [[Pichhwai]]s, which are intricate and colourful paintings on cloth, paper, walls, and temple hangings that portray Shrinathji. These are devotional textiles that centre on the image of Shrinathji. Nathdwara is the hub of the pichhwai art, [[Nathdwara Painting]]s.

Nathdwara is known for the Rajasthani style of the city, which is called "pichhwai Paintings." These pichhwai paintings have been painted on the wall around the Nathdwara temple by famous contemporary artists of Nathdwara.

==Worship at other places==
Preachers have founded Shrinathji temples in present-day Pakistan (Dera Ghazi Khan), earlier a part of undivided India and not far from Nathdwara. This was done by Shri Lalji Maharaj, who was sent to Sindh by Shri Vithalnathji to spread Pushti Marg. Shrinathji is also worshipped at [[Russia]] (in the lower [[Volga]] region) and other places on the Central Asian trade routes. In the [[United States]], there are eleven Shrinathji temples; [[New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], [[Parlin, New Jersey]], [[Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]], one in the midwest, Florida and [http://bayvp.org California], Houston ( Texas), [[Lowell, Massachusetts]] [[Atlanta, Georgia]] [[Charlotte, North Carolina]] [[Baltimore, Maryland]] , Dallas(Texas) [https://dallashaveli.org/ Shreenath Dham Haveli].

In 2013, the first Shrinathji haveli was inaugurated under the guidance of Shri Dwarkeshlalji (Kadi Kalol) in Melbourne, Australia. Vrajdham Haveli, located in Margao, Goa, was inaugurated in 2013 for the benefit of all the Vaishnavas residing in Goa.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shrinathjihavelinewhaven.com/index.html |title=ShriNathji Haveli |access-date=21 May 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412004959/http://shrinathjihavelinewhaven.com/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vraj.org/|title=Vraj|website=www.vraj.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=DWARKADHISH TEMPLE | url=http://www.dwarkadhishtemple.org | access-date=2024-12-29 | website=www.dwarkadhishtemple.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vsaz.org/|title=IIS Windows Server|website=www.vsaz.org}}</ref>

There is a [[Shrinathji Temple, Bahrain|Shrinathji Temple in Bahrain]], which was constructed in 1817 and is used by the Hindu community of Bahrain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/external-affairs-minister-jaishankar-visits-200-year-old-hindu-temple-in-bahrain-345224/amp|title=External affairs minister Jaishankar visits 200-year-old Hindu temple in Bahrain|newspaper=Wion|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref>

There is a shrine dedicated to Shrinathji in the Hindu Temple complex in [[Dubai]], [[UAE]].

==See also==
*[[Dwarkadhish Kankroli|Dwarkadhish Ji]]
*[[Charbhuja]]
*[[Kankroli]]
*[[Sanwaliaji]]

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Ambalal, Amit: Krishna as Shrinathji: Rajasthan Paintings from Nathdwara, Mapin, Ahmedabad (1987)
*Gaston, Anne-Marie: Krishna's Musicians: Musicians and Music making in the Temples of Nathdvara, Rajasthan, Manohar, New Delhi (1997)
*Jindel, Rajendra: Culture of a sacred town: a sociological study of Nathdwara, Popular Prakashan, Bombay (1976).
*Jones, Constance & James D. Ryan: Encyclopedia of Hinduism [https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC&pg=PA422 Critical Companion to George Orwell]
*Lyons, Tryna: The artists of Nathadwara: The practice of painting in Rajasthan, Indiana University Press (2004)
* [https://pushtirang.com PushtiRang.com - Spread Pushtimargiya Articles around the globe via online medium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103173602/https://pushtirang.com/ |date=3 January 2021 }}

{{Krishna|state=autocollapse}}
{{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}
{{Udaipur}}
{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Religion in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Titles and names of Krishna]]
[[Category:Forms of Krishna]]

Arrow (missile family)

2025-06-18T13:33:29Z

71.11.5.2: copy edits

{{Short description|Israeli anti-ballistic missile family}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Arrow
| image = Arrow anti-ballistic missile launch.jpg
| alt = Arrow 2 launch on July 29, 2004, in Naval Air Station Point Mugu Missile Test Center, during AST USFT#1
| caption = Arrow 2 launch on July 29, 2004, at the [[Naval Air Station Point Mugu]] Missile Test Center, during AST USFT#1.
| type = [[Anti-ballistic missile]]
| origin = [[Israel]] [[United States]]<ref>{{Citation | first = Uzi | last = Rubin | author-link = Uzi Rubin | url = http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp493.htm | publisher = JCPA | newspaper = Jerusalem Letter / Viewpoints | number = 493 | date = March 2, 2003 | title = Beyond Iraq: Missile Proliferation in the Middle East | quote = The Arrow program used practically no U.S. technology, just U.S. money. It was almost entirely based on Israeli technology, though we bought some components in the U.S. because they were cheaper. | access-date = September 10, 2009 | archive-date = February 11, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023003/https://jcpa.org/jl/vp493.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| is_missile = yes
| service = 2000–present
| used_by = Israel
| wars = *[[March 2017 Israel–Syria incident]]
*[[Gaza war]]
*[[2024 Israel–Iran conflict]]
| designer = [[Israel Aerospace Industries]], [[Boeing]]
| design_date = 1994–present
| manufacturer = [[Israel Aerospace Industries]], [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security]]
| unit_cost = US$3 million (as of 2003<ref>{{cite web |title =Transferring production to Boeing won't make Arrow cheaper | first = Dror |last= Marom |url = https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-669960| work = [[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]] | place = [[Israel|IL]] | date = March 10, 2003 | access-date = September 21, 2009}}</ref>)
| production_date = 1994–present
| mass = * {{convert|1300|kg|abbr= on}}<ref name= Bar-Joseph /> – "missile itself"
* {{convert|2800|kg|abbr= on}}<ref name = iafkg /> – officially
* {{convert|3500|kg|abbr= on}}<ref name = "Egozi2" /> – sealed canister
| length = {{convert|6.8|m|ft|abbr = on}}<ref name = astro/> – {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr = on}}<ref name =armytec /><ref name =iafkg />
* {{convert|3.45|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name = nti2 /> – booster section
* {{convert|0.75|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name = nti2 /> – sustainer section
* {{convert|2.75|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name = nti2 /> – kill vehicle section
| diameter = By stage:
* {{convert|800|mm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name = armytec /><ref name=nti2/> – 1st stage
* {{convert|500|mm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name = astro /> – 2nd stage
| filling = [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|Directed high explosive fragmentation]]<ref name =nti2 />
| filling_weight = {{convert |150|kg|abbr = on}}<ref name= warw>{{cite book| last = Krueger | first = Mathew | title = World of Chronos guidebook | publisher = Blitzprint | year = 2008 | page = 192 | isbn = 978-0-7795-0262-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh4O1xl0c28C |access-date= September 20, 2009}}</ref>
| detonation = [[Proximity fuze]]<ref name = armytec /><ref name=nti2 />
| engine = Two-stage<ref name= armytec /><ref name = nti2 />
| vehicle_range = {{convert|90|km|mi|abbr = on}}<ref name = armytec /><ref name = nti2 /> – {{convert |150|km|mi|abbr= on}}<ref name = astro />
| speed = Arrow 2: [[Mach number|Mach]] 9, means {{convert |3|km/s|1|abbr=on}}<ref name = armytec /><ref name=nti2 />, Arrow 3: classified, [[mach]] 12-17
| guidance = Dual mode: [[infrared homing|passive infrared seeker]] and [[active radar homing|active radar seeker]]<ref name = armytec /><ref name=nti2 />
| steering = [[Thrust vectoring]] and four aerodynamic control moving [[fin]]s<ref name = nti2 />
| wingspan = {{convert|820|mm|in|abbr= on}}<ref name=astro />
| propellant = Solid propellant<ref name = armytec /><ref name=nti2 />
| ceiling = Endo-exo atmospheric<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiRu3Ew-7D0 "Endo and exo-atmospheric altitudes", on the sing</ref><ref>http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/files/0/34770.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217023957/http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/files/0/34770.pdf |date=February 17, 2018 }} A presentation of the company itself. "end&exo atmospheric interception capability" page 15</ref>
| accuracy = Within {{convert |4|m|ft| abbr = on}} of the target<ref name=armytec /><ref name="gpj2" />
| launch_platform = Six canisters per trailer-mounted erector–launcher<ref name=armytec /><ref name=nti2 />
}}

The '''Arrow''' or '''''Hetz''''' ({{langx |he|חֵץ}}, {{IPA|he|ˈχet͡s|pron}} or {{IPA|he|ˈħet͡s|pron}}) is a family of [[anti-ballistic missile]]s designed to fulfill an Israeli requirement for a [[missile defense|missile defense system]] that would be more effective against [[ballistic missile]]s than the [[MIM-104 Patriot]] [[surface-to-air missile]]. Jointly funded and produced by Israel and the United States, development of the system began in 1986 and has continued since. Undertaken by the MALAM division of the [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI) and [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security|Boeing]], it is overseen by the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Israeli Ministry of Defense]]'s "''Homa''{{-"}} ({{langx|he|חומה}}, {{IPA|he|χoma|pron}}, "[[Defensive wall|rampart]]") administration and the U.S. [[Missile Defense Agency]]. It forms the long-range layer of Israel's multi-tiered missile defence system, along with [[David's Sling]] (at medium-to-long range) and [[Iron Dome]] and [[Iron Beam]] [experimental] (at short ranges).<ref>{{cite news | title=Israel successfully tests Arrow 3 missile interceptor | work=[[BBC News]] | date=February 25, 2013 | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-21571422}}</ref>

The Arrow system consists of the joint production supersonic Arrow anti-missile interceptors, Arrow 2 and Arrow 3, the [[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2080 Green Pine|EL/M-2080 "Green Pine"]] and "Great Pine" [[Early warning radar|early-warning]] [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] [[radar]]s, the [[Elisra]] "Golden Citron" ("Citron Tree") [[C4ISTAR|C3I]] center, and the Israel Aerospace Industries "Brown Hazelnut" ("Hazelnut Tree") launch control center. The system is mobile and can be moved to other prepared sites.

In recognition of its strategic importance and technological achievement, the Arrow system was awarded the Israel Defense Prize in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 July 2003 |title=An Arrow to the heart |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2003-07-01/ty-article/an-arrow-to-the-heart/0000017f-f033-d497-a1ff-f2b31df10000 |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=Haaretz}}</ref>

Following the construction and testing of the Arrow 1 technology demonstrator, production and deployment began with the Arrow 2 version of the missile. The Arrow is considered one of the most advanced missile defense programs in existence.<ref name=mstrt>{{cite web|url=http://missilethreat.com/missiledefensesystems/id.10/system_detail.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830191459/http://www.missilethreat.com/missiledefensesystems/id.10/system_detail.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 30, 2007 |publisher=[[Claremont Institute]] |work=Missile Threat |title=Missile defense systems: Arrow |access-date=August 19, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Jewish">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/Arrow.html |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] | title = The Arrow missile program | access-date = August 21, 2009}}</ref> It is the first operational missile defense system specifically designed and built to intercept and destroy ballistic missiles.<ref name=nti>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Israel/Missile/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070704194800/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Israel/Missile/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 4, 2007 |publisher=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] |title=Israel profile: missile overview: Arrow anti-ballistic missile defense system |date=October 2008 |access-date=August 19, 2009 }}</ref><ref name = aipac>{{cite web | url= http://www.aipac.org/~/media/Publications/Policy%20and%20Politics/AIPAC%20Analyses/Issue%20Memos/2006/12/U_S_Israel_Missile_Defense_Cooperation.pdf |publisher= [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]] |title = U.S.–Israel missile defense cooperation | date = December 21, 2006 | access-date = August 4, 2011}}</ref> The first Arrow battery was declared fully operational in October 2000 and is operated by the Protective Sword unit under the [[Israeli Air Defense Command|Air Defense Command]] of the [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF). Although several of its components have been exported, the Air Defense Command is the sole user of the complete Arrow system.

The [[spaceflight]] upper-tier portion of Israel's missile defense, [[Arrow 3]], was declared operational on January 18, 2017.<ref name=a3swr/> Arrow 3 operates at greater speeds,<ref name="fas2006-10">{{cite web |first=Jeremy M. |last=Sharp |title=CRS report for Congress: U.S. foreign aid to Israel |publisher=www.everycrsreport.com |date=December 22, 2016 |access-date=March 3, 2018 |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20161222_RL33222_38d8a59f2caabdc9af8a6cdabfabb963ae8b63ae.pdf }}</ref> greater range and at greater altitudes than Arrow 2, intercepting ballistic missiles during the space-flight portion of their trajectory. According to the chairman of the [[Israel Space Agency|Israeli Space Agency]], Arrow 3 may serve as an [[anti-satellite weapon]], which would make Israel one of the world's few countries capable of shooting down satellites.<ref name=a3asat>{{cite journal|last=Opall-Rome|first=Barbara|title=Israeli experts: Arrow-3 could be adapted for anti-satellite role|page=16|date=November 9, 2009|url=https://spacenews.com/israeli-experts-arrow-3-could-be-adapted-anti-satellite%e2%80%82role/ |journal=[[SpaceNews]] |access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref>

==Background==
{{See also|Arab–Israeli conflict}}
The Arrow program was launched in light of the acquisition by [[Arab League|Arab states]] of long-range [[surface-to-surface missile]]s.<ref name=iafkg>{{cite web | publisher = [[Israeli Air Force]] | title= Israel Aircraft Industries 'Arrow' ('Hetz') | url = http://www.iaf.org.il/907-18137-EN/IAF.aspx | access-date = August 1, 2010}}</ref><ref name=dtic /> It was chosen over [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|RAFAEL Armament Development Authority]]'s AB-10 missile defense system since the Arrow was judged to be a more complete concept and have greater range. The AB-10 system was criticized as being merely an improved [[MIM-23 Hawk]], rather than a system designed from the outset for missile interception.<ref name=nti0>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/db/missile/1998/m9808247.htm |publisher=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] |title=The big arrow In Israel's quiver |date=October 5, 1998 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727133602/http://www.nti.org/db/missile/1998/m9808247.htm |archive-date=July 27, 2011 }}</ref>

The United States and Israel signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] to co-fund the Arrow program on May 6, 1986,<ref name="global" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/crs_israeli-us_relations.shtml |last=Clyde |first=Mark R. |work=Almanac of Policy Issues |title=Israeli–United States relations|date=October 17, 2002|access-date=August 19, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021104204721/http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/crs_israeli-us_relations.shtml |archive-date=November 4, 2002 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in 1988 the [[United States Department of Defense]] [[Strategic Defense Initiative|Strategic Defense Initiative Organization]] (SDIO) placed an order with Israel Aircraft Industries for the Arrow 1 technology demonstrator.<ref name="armytec">{{cite web | work = Army technology | title = Arrow 2 theater ballistic missile defense system, Israel | url = http://www.army-technology.com/projects/arrow2/ | access-date= August 19, 2009}}</ref><ref name=global/><ref name=tests/><ref group="Note">Over the years SDIO was renamed to [[Ballistic Missile Defense Organization]] (BMDO), and later to Missile Defense Agency (MDA), while Israel Aircraft Industries was renamed to [[Israel Aerospace Industries]].</ref> The [[Gulf War]], which exposed the controversial performance<ref name="fas_patriot">{{Cite journal|url=https://fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992_h/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030115043508/http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992_h/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 15, 2003 |title=The performance of the Patriot missile in the Gulf |journal=Star Wars Hearings in Congress 1992 |author1-link=Theodore Postol |first1=Theodore |last1=Postol |first2=Reuven |last2=Pedatzur |first3=Charles |last3=Zraket |author4-link=Peter Zimmerman |first4=Peter |last4=Zimmerman |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |date=April 7, 1992 }}. Retrieved October 9, 2009.</ref> of the [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot missile]] against [[Iraq]]i "[[Al Hussein (missile)|Al Hussein]]" missiles, gave further impetus to the development of the Arrow.<ref name=iafkg/> It was initially designed to intercept missiles such as the [[Scud|SS-1 "Scud"]], its "Al Hussein" derivative, the [[OTR-21 Tochka|SS-21 "Scarab"]] operated by [[Syria]], and the [[Dongfeng (missile)#Dongfeng 3 (CSS-2)|CSS-2]] operated by [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name=dtic /> The Arrow evolved also with an eye on the advanced missile programs of [[Iran]]. [[Yitzhak Rabin]], then [[Yitzhak Rabin#Opposition Knesset member and Minister of Defense|Defense Minister of Israel]], viewed the emerging missile threat as one of the most dangerous future threats on Israel's security.<ref name="inss" /> He said of the program that:
{{cquote|I had the honor, during my term of office as Minister of Defense, in the [[National Unity Government#Israel|National Unity Government]], to vote in favor of Israel's participation in the Strategic Defense Initiative... introduced by [[Ronald Reagan|President Reagan]]...<ref name="tests" />}}
The Israeli [[Administration for the Development of Weapons and Technological Infrastructure]], part of the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Israeli Ministry of Defense]], runs the Arrow development project under the ''"Homa"'' administration. The ''"Homa"'' administration, which is also commonly referred to as the IMDO – [[Israel Missile Defense Organization]], is responsible for coordinating industrial activities of Israel's different defense companies involved in the development of the Arrow system.<ref name="tests"/><ref name="haalong"/>

===Funding===
{{See also|Israel–United States military relations}}
The multibillion-dollar development program of the Arrow is undertaken in Israel with the financial support of the United States. When the development program began, the projection for the total cost of its development and manufacture, including the initial production of missiles, was an estimated $1.6 billion.<ref name="haalong" /> The price of a single Arrow missile was estimated at $3 million.<ref name="haalong" /> Between 1989 and 2007 some $2.4 billion had been reportedly invested in the Arrow program, 50–80<ref name="a3-80">{{cite web|url=http://defense-update.com/newscast/0808/0709_arrow-3.html |publisher=Defense update |title=Israel asks U.S. to support Arrow-3 | access-date=August 19, 2009}}</ref> percent of which was funded by the [[federal government of the United States|United States]].<ref name="defup">{{cite web | title = Israel's strategic defense programs | publisher = Defense update | date = March 1, 2007 | access-date = August 19, 2009 | url=http://www.defense-update.com/features/du-2-06/feature-ILmissiledefense.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090820011033/http://www.defense-update.com/features/du-2-06/feature-ILmissiledefense.htm | archive-date = August 20, 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Israel contributes approximately $65 million annually.<ref name="haalong">{{cite news | title = An Arrow to the heart | newspaper = [[Haaretz]] | first=Amnon |last= Barzilai | access-date=September 18, 2009 | url = http://www.haaretz.com/misc/article-print-page/an-arrow-to-the-heart-1.28321?trailingPath=2.169%2C}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; width:75%; margin: 1em auto;"
|-
! colspan="10"|U.S. contributions to Arrow 2 program by [[fiscal year]]. Figures in millions of U.S. dollars.
|-
! style="background:#acc;"|1990
! style="background:#acc;"|1991
! style="background:#acc;"|1992
! style="background:#acc;"|1993
! style="background:#acc;"|1994
! style="background:#acc;"|1995
! style="background:#acc;"|1996
! style="background:#acc;"|1997
! style="background:#acc;"|1998
! style="background:#acc;"|1999
|-
| 52<ref name="CRS">{{cite web | first=Jeremy M. |last= Sharp |title = CRS report for Congress: U.S. foreign aid to Israel | publisher = www.everycrsreport.com | date = January 5, 2006 | access-date=March 9, 2018 | url = https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20060105_RL33222_da0d42e940692039bff20562bd3c8ab972fc388e.pdf }}</ref>
| 42<ref name="CRS" />
| 54.4<ref name="CRS" />
| 57.76<ref name="CRS" />
| 56.4<ref name="CRS" />
| 47.4<ref name="CRS" />
| 59.352<ref name="CRS" />
| 35<ref name="CRS" />
| 94.874<ref name="CRS" />
| 46.924<ref name="CRS" />
|-
! style="background:#acc;"|2000
! style="background:#acc;"|2001
! style="background:#acc;"|2002
! style="background:#acc;"|2003
! style="background:#acc;"|2004
! style="background:#acc;"|2005
! style="background:#acc;"|2006
! style="background:#acc;"|2007
! style="background:#acc;"|2008
! style="background:#acc;"|2009
|-
| 79.985<ref name="CRS" />
| 92.025<ref name="CRS" />
| 126.395<ref name="CRS" />
| 124.594<ref name="CRS" />
| 135.644<ref name="CRS" />
| 152.048<ref name="CRS" />
| 122.866<ref name="fas2006-10" />
| 117.494<ref name="fas2006-10" />
| 98.572<ref name="fas2006-10" />
| 74.342<ref name="fas2006-10" />
|-
! style="background:#acc;"|2010
! style="background:#acc;"|2011
! style="background:#acc;"|2012
! style="background:#acc;"|2013
! style="background:#acc;"|2014
! style="background:#acc;"|2015
! style="background:#acc;"|2016
! style="background:#acc;"|2017
! style="background:#acc;"|2018
! style="background:#acc;"|2019
|-
| 72.306<ref name="fas2006-10" />
| 66.427<ref name="fas2006-10" />
| 58.995<ref name="fas2006-10" />
| 40.800<ref name="fas2006-10" />
| 44.363<ref name="fas2006-10" />
| 56.201<ref name="fas2006-10" />
| 56.519<ref name="fas2006-10" />
| 67.331<ref name="newfas" />
| 82.300<ref name="newfas">{{cite web |first=Jeremy M. |last=Sharp |title=CRS report for Congress: U.S. foreign aid to Israel |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |date=November 16, 2020 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf }}</ref>
| 163.000<ref name="newfas" />
|-
! style="background:#acc;"|2020
! style="background:#acc;"|2021
! style="background:#acc;"|2022
! style="background:#acc;"|2023
! style="background:#acc;"|2024
! style="background:#acc;"|2025
! style="background:#acc;"|2026
! style="background:#acc;"|2027
! style="background:#acc;"|2028
! style="background:#acc;"|2029
|-
| 159.000<ref name="newfas" />
| 173.000<ref name="newfas" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Criticism and opposition===
The Arrow program encountered opposition from the [[Israeli Air Force]], whose traditional doctrine of [[deterrence theory|deterrence]] and use of [[preemptive strike]]s stand in sharp contrast with the nature of the missile. In addition, the IAF feared that the procurement of the costly missiles would diminish the resources allocated towards offensive projects such as fighter aircraft.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Duncan L.|last=Clarke|jstor=4328717 |title=The Arrow Missile: The United States, Israel and Strategic Cooperation |journal=Middle East Journal |publisher=Middle East Institute |volume=48 |issue=3 |page=478 |date=Summer 1994 }}</ref>

A criticism of the concept of missile defense for Israel was aired by [[Reuven Pedatzur]] in a comprehensive study<ref name="peda">{{Cite book |isbn=965-459-005-0 |publisher= Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies |place = [[Tel Aviv University]] |title=The Arrow project and active defense – challenges and questions | type = paper | number =42 |first= Reuven |last=Pedatzur |date=October 1993}}</ref> published in 1993 by the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies.<ref group="Note">Forerunner of the [[Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)|Institute for National Security Studies]] (INSS).</ref> The arguments made in the study conformed to the opinions of numerous defense officials and analysts, and echoed many of the arguments made by the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] critics in the United States.<ref name="inss">{{cite web | place = IL | url = http://www.inss.org.il/upload/%28FILE%291216205936.pdf | pages = 67–69, 75–77 |publisher=[[Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)|Institute for National Security Studies]] |title = Missile defense and Israel's deterrence against a nuclear Iran |first=Uzi |last=Rubin |author-link= Uzi Rubin |year=2008 |access-date = August 25, 2009}}</ref>

Pedatzur argued that it was exceedingly simple to fool an Arrow-type defensive system with simple, cheap, and easily installed countermeasures, which would render the Arrow system ineffective. He doubted Israel's defense industries could rise to the challenge of such a complex system, citing anonymous experts in the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) who predicted that the system would not be available before 2010. He envisaged enormous costs, around $10 billion,<ref name = "haalong" /> that would distort budgeting priorities and divert funds from the vital enhancement of the IDF's warfighting capability, thus forcing a profound revision of Israel's national security doctrine. He further argued that even if effective against missiles with [[conventional warfare|conventional]], [[Chemical warfare|chemical]] or [[Biological warfare|biological]] [[warhead]]s, the Arrow would not be relevant against future threats of missiles with [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear]] warheads, since it would never be able to supply hermetic defense and the impact of even a single nuclear warhead in Israel's [[Population density|densely populated]] [[urban area]] would be an existential threat to Israel.<ref name=dtic /><ref name="inss" />

At the same time, [[John E. Pike]], who worked then with the [[Federation of American Scientists]], stated that "given technical problems with the systems radar and command system, coupled with its high development cost, the Arrow program may soon fall by the wayside".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pike |first1=John E |last2=Bolkcom |first2=Christopher |title=3. Air defense effectiveness |website=fas.org|publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |date=1993–1996|url=https://fas.org/spp/aircraft/part03.htm |access-date=February 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220212702/http://www.fas.org/spp/aircraft/part03.htm |archive-date=February 20, 2015 }}</ref> Victoria Samson, a [[research associate]] of the [[Center for Defense Information]], also stated in October 2002 that the Arrow system cannot track an incoming missile that has split its warhead into [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|submunitions]].<ref name="cdi">{{cite web|url=http://www.cdi.org/missile-defense/arrow.cfm |publisher=[[Center for Defense Information]] |title=Israel's Arrow missile defense: not ready for prime time |first=Victoria |last=Samson |date=October 9, 2002 |access-date=October 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906184042/http://www.cdi.org/missile-defense/arrow.cfm |archive-date=September 6, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In June 2003 a group of Israeli chief engineers, co-inventors, and project managers of IAI and subcontractors were awarded the [[Israel Defense Prize]] for the development and production of the Arrow system.<ref name="prize">{{cite web |url=http://www.iai.co.il/28973-25365-he/default.aspx?PageNum=4 |publisher=[[Israel Aerospace Industries]] |trans-title=Israel Defense Prize for 2003 to developers and directors of the Arrow weapon system | script-title=he:פרס ביטחון ישראל לשנת 2003 למפתחי ומנהלי מערכת נשק חץ |language= he |access-date=March 20, 2010 |date = July 3, 2003}}</ref>

According to [[Uzi Rubin]], the first Director of IMDO, over time, most of the pessimistic predictions have proven to be unfounded. Israel's defense industries overcame the technical challenge, the system's development was completed a full decade ahead of what was predicted, and there are no indications that the expenditures for the Arrow harmed other IDF procurement plans to any degree whatsoever.<ref name="inss" /> Rubin insists that Israel's missile defense is now an established fact and that most of the warnings issued by critics have failed to materialize.<ref name="inss" /> Pedatzur, however, remained unconvinced.<ref name = "peda3" /><ref name="peda2">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1065134.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219193417/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1065134.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 19, 2009 |work=Haaretz |title=It's possible to live with Iran |first=Reuven |last=Pedatzur |date=February 18, 2009 |access-date=August 25, 2009 }}</ref>

==Development==
[[File:Arrow Missile Model II.JPG|thumb|upright|right|alt=A mockup of the Arrow 1, at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. |A [[mockup]] of the Arrow 1, near the [[Technion – Israel Institute of Technology|Technion's]] [[Technion Faculty of Aerospace Engineering|Faculty of Aerospace Engineering]].]]

===Arrow 1===
The first launch of the Arrow interceptor took place on August 9, 1990, designed to test the missile's control and guidance systems. The test came to a halt seconds after takeoff, and the missile was intentionally destroyed due to fears it might go off track and hit a settled location. This was caused by the failure of the ground tracking radars to track the missile's [[trajectory]].<ref name=iafkg/> Test number two took place on March 25, 1991. Designed to check missile components during launch, it was conducted from a ship at sea. Once again, a missile malfunction resulted in the aborting of the experiment.<ref name=iafkg/> A third test, designed to examine the Arrow's interception capabilities, was conducted on October 31, 1991. The missile was once again launched from a ship at sea, and was once more aborted because of a repeat of previous malfunctions.<ref name=iafkg/>

On September 23, 1992, in another test of the missile components during launch, the systems finally operated as planned, and the Arrow reached its designated point in the sky, 45 seconds after launch. As planned, the missile was then destroyed. This successful experiment ended the system's preliminary testing phase.<ref name=iafkg/> The fifth, sixth, and seventh tests took place on February 28, July 14, and October 14, 1993, respectively. During these, the Arrow managed to pass close to the target missiles, thereby proving its ability to intercept surface-to-surface missiles.<ref name=iafkg/> During test number eight on March 1, 1994, the missile was not launched due to a ground computer failure.<ref name=iafkg/> The ninth test launch on June 12, 1994, also known as ATD#1 (Arrow Demonstration Test 1), saw an Arrow 1 successfully intercepting a target missile launched from a ship anchored in the middle of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]].<ref name=iafkg/><ref name=tests>{{cite web|publisher=Israel Missile Defense Organization |title=Story of the Arrow weapon system|url=http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/bg.htm |access-date=August 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908222327/http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/bg.htm |archive-date=September 8, 2009 }}</ref>

The Arrow 1 was reportedly a two-stage [[solid propellant]] missile, with an overall length of {{convert|7.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}, a body diameter of {{convert|1200|mm|in|abbr=on}}, and a launch weight of around {{convert|2000|kg|abbr=on}}. It was estimated that the second stage had a length of {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and that it had [[Inertial navigation system|inertial]] and [[Missile guidance#Command off line-of-sight|command update mid-course]] guidance, with a terminal [[Infrared homing|infrared]] [[focal plane]] array. The missile was described as being relatively high-speed and maneuverable, with [[thrust vectoring]] in both stages. The range capability has been described as around {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=nti2>{{cite web |url=http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/israel_missile.pdf?_=1316466791 |publisher=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] |title=Israel profile: Missile overview: Missile Chronology |format=PDF |date=January 2010 |access-date=April 3, 2012}}</ref> On the other hand, the Arrow 1 could be a single stage missile.<ref name="stav" /> Development of the "big and cumbersome"<ref name="uzi" /> Arrow 1 then ceased and further research continued with the "smaller, faster and more lethal" Arrow 2.<ref name=iafkg/><ref name=tests/>

===Arrow 2===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Arrow2 96feb.jpg
| width1 = 320
| alt1 = Arrow 2 launch in February 1996.
| caption1 = Arrow 2 launch in February 1996.
| image2 = Arrow2 96aug.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 = Arrow 2 launch in August 1996.
| caption2 = Arrow 2 launch in August 1996.
| footer =
}}
Two successful tests (designated IIT#21 and IIT#22) of the steering, control, and cruising systems were conducted without target missiles on July 30, 1995, and February 20, 1996.<ref name=iafkg/><ref name=tests/> Two successful interceptions took place on August 20, 1996, and March 11, 1997, and were designated AIT#21 and AIT#22.<ref name=iafkg/><ref name=tests/>
Another interception test (AIT#23) was conducted on August 20, 1997, but the missile was destroyed when its steering system malfunctioned.<ref name="iafkg" /><ref name="tests" /> The fault was corrected in time to ensure the success of AST#3,<ref name=iafkg/><ref name=tests/> the first comprehensive test of the entire system. On September 14, 1998, all system components successfully countered a computer-simulated threat.<ref name=iafkg/><ref name=tests/> On November 29, 1998, Israel Aerospace Industries delivered the first operational Arrow 2 interceptor to the Israeli Ministry of Defense.<ref name="tests" />

A full system interception test (AST#4) was held on November 1, 1999. During this test, the Arrow system located, tracked, and intercepted a TM-91C target missile simulating a "Scud" missile, launched on a very steep trajectory from a ship located offshore.<ref name=tests/><ref name=AST4-5-8-10/> The IAI TM-91C target missile was itself based on the Arrow 1 interceptor.<ref name=targets/> On March 14, 2000, the first complete Arrow 2 battery was rolled out in a ceremony at [[Palmachim Airbase]].<ref name=tests/> In his speech, then IAF commander [[Aluf]] [[Eitan Ben Eliyahu]] said:
{{cquote |This is a great day for the Air Defense Forces, for the Air Force, the defense establishment and, I would say, for the State of Israel. As of today, we have completed the acceptance of the only weapon system of its kind in the entire world. We are the first to succeed in developing, building and operating a defense system against ballistic missiles.<ref name="tests" />}}

Another Arrow 2 test (AST#5) took place on September 14, 2000, this time with a new target missile, the [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]] "[[Sparrow target missile|Black Sparrow]]".<ref name="rafspar" /> This airborne ballistic target missile, launched by an IAF [[F-15 Eagle|F-15]] towards Israel's coastline at a ballistic trajectory simulating an aggressor "Scud", was intercepted and destroyed.<ref name="iafkg" /><ref name = AST4-5-8-10 /> Consequently, the following month saw the Palmachim Arrow battery declared operational by the Israeli Air Defense Command.<ref name=tests/> The "Black Sparrow" has since been used as the aggressor target in the AST#6, AST#9, and AST#10 tests.<ref name=targets>{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/tm91c.htm |title=TM-91C target missile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905134036/http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/tm91c.htm |archive-date=September 5, 2009 }} {{cite web|url=http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/blackSp.htm |publisher=Israel Missile Defense Organization |title="Black Sparrow" target missile|access-date=August 19, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905134016/http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/blackSp.htm |archive-date=September 5, 2009 }}</ref> Reportedly, in June 2001 Arrow missiles were test-fired in the course of a joint American-Israeli-Turkish exercise code-named [[Anatolian Eagle]], in the southeast of Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca-c.org/online/2004/journal_eng/cac-01/1%2825%29.2004.pdf | publisher =Center for Social and Political Studies |title=Central Asia and the Caucasus: Journal of Social and Political Studies| page=64 |date=January 2004 |access-date=November 21, 2011}}</ref> On August 27, 2001 (AST#6), the Arrow system successfully intercepted its target at some {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} from shore, the highest and farthest that the Arrow 2 had been tested to date.<ref name=iafkg/><ref name = global>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/arrow.htm |first= John E |last= Pike | work = Global Security |title=Arrow theater missile defense |access-date=August 19, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090805232642/http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/arrow.htm| archive-date= August 5, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> In October 2002 the second battery was declared operational.<ref name=tests/>

In June 2003, a team of senior engineers, co-inventors, and project managers from Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and its subcontractors were awarded the Israel Defense Prize for the development and production of the Arrow missile defense system.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 July 2003 |title=An Arrow to the heart |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2003-07-01/ty-article/an-arrow-to-the-heart/0000017f-f033-d497-a1ff-f2b31df10000 |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=Haaretz}}</ref>

====Block-2====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Arrow anti-ballistic missile launch4.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 = Arrow 2 launch on August 26, 2004, during AST USFT#2.
| caption1 =
| image2 = Arrow anti-ballistic missile launch3.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 = Arrow 2 launch on August 26, 2004, during AST USFT#2.
| caption2 =
| image3 = Arrow anti-ballistic missile launch2.jpg
| width3 = 200
| alt3 = Arrow 2 launch on August 26, 2004, during AST USFT#2.
| caption3 =
| footer = Arrow 2 launch on August 26, 2004, during AST USFT#2.
}}
A successful test of the Arrow 2 Block-2 took place on January 5, 2003 (AST#8). Four missiles were launched towards four simulated targets in order to examine the interceptor's performance during special flight conditions as well as system performance during a sequence of launches.<ref name= iafkg/><ref name=AST4-5-8-10 /> The test did not include actual interceptions.<ref name= iafkg /> Another successful test held on December 16, 2003 (AST#9), examined the system's ability to intercept and destroy incoming missiles at significantly high altitudes,<ref name=tests/> around {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=mstrt /> Reportedly, AST#8 and AST#9 also tested integration of the Arrow with Patriot batteries.<ref name=iafkg/><ref name=tests />

On July 29, 2004, Israel and the United States carried out a joint test at the [[Naval Air Station Point Mugu]] (NAS [[Point Mugu]]) Missile Test Center in [[California]], in which the Arrow interceptor was launched against a real "Scud-B" missile. The test represented a realistic scenario that could not have been tested in Israel due to test-field safety restrictions.<ref name=global /> To enable the test a full battery was shipped to Point Mugu. The "Green Pine" radar and [[Command and control (military)|command-and-control]] systems were deployed at the base, while the Arrow launcher was installed {{convert |100|km|mi|abbr = on}} offshore on an island that forms part of the test range.<ref name = "Egozi">{{cite web| url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2004/08/03/185346/arrow-destroys-scud-b-target-in-us-ballistic-missile-test.html | work = [[Flightglobal.com|Flight global]] |title=Arrow destroys Scud-B target in US ballistic-missile test |first=Arie |last= Egozi |date = August 3, 2004 |access-date = September 12, 2009}}</ref> The test was a success, with the interceptor destroying the "Scud" that flew a {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}} trajectory<ref name="Egozi" /> at an altitude of {{convert |40|km|mi| abbr=on}},<ref name= armytec/><ref name=astro>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopedia Astronautica]] | title= Arrow | url = http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/arrow.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830022934/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/arrow.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = August 30, 2008 | access-date=September 21, 2009}}</ref><ref name="mdaa2"/> west of [[San Nicolas Island]].<ref name="mdalink">{{cite web|url=http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/04fyi0013.pdf |publisher=Missile Defense Agency |date=June 29, 2004 |title=MDA/Israeli Arrow flight test successful|access-date=November 4, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207090300/http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/04fyi0013.pdf |archive-date=December 7, 2010 }}</ref> This was the twelfth Arrow interceptor test and the seventh test of the complete system, the first interception of a real "Scud".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/testUS1.htm |publisher=Israel Missile Defense Organization |title=Arrow system test USFT#1 |access-date=August 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906235806/http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/testUS1.htm |archive-date=September 6, 2009 }}</ref> This significant test became known as the AST USFT#1.<ref name="tests" /> Following this test, then [[Defense Minister of Israel]], [[Shaul Mofaz]], said:
{{cquote|We are in an age of uncertainty. Countries in the 'third circle' [Iran] are continuing their efforts to acquire non-conventional capabilities along with long-ranged launch capabilities. The Arrow is the best missile system of its kind in the world, and represents a force multiplier for our future force.<ref name="ido">{{cite web|url=http://www.isracast.com/article.aspx?id=100 |title=The Arrow missile scores a direct hit|work=Isracast|date=2004-08-10|access-date=2009-08-19|first=Iddo|last=Genuth|archive-date=2011-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610170417/http://www.isracast.com/article.aspx?id=100 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

AST USFT#2 was conducted at NAS Point Mugu a month later, on August 26. This test was aimed at examining the Arrow's ability to detect a splitting warhead of a separating ballistic missile.<ref name=armytec/><ref name="mdaa2">{{cite web|url=http://www.missiledefenseadvocacy.org/web/page/746/sectionid/557/pagelevel/4/interior.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531024938/http://www.missiledefenseadvocacy.org/web/page/746/sectionid/557/pagelevel/4/interior.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 31, 2008 |publisher=[[Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance]] |title=Ground based interceptor Arrow-2 |access-date=October 12, 2009 }}</ref> It detected the true target, but a technical malfunction reportedly prevented it from maneuvering to strike it,<ref name="passes">{{cite web |url=http://www.jinsa.org/node/565 |publisher=[[Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs]] |title=Arrow passes toughest test yet|access-date=August 19, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707005024/http://www.jinsa.org/node/565 |archive-date=July 7, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> leading to a suspension of testing.<ref name="armytec" /><ref name="mdaa2"/> In March–April 2005 the ability of "Green Pine" and "Golden Citron" to work with Patriot system elements operated by [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] was successfully tested against simulated "Scud"-type targets during regular series of U.S.–Israeli biennial exercises code-named "[[Juniper Cobra]]".<ref name= tests /><ref name=opalrome>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacenews.com/archive/archive05/IsraelMD_031405.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202154121/http://www.spacenews.com/archive/archive05/IsraelMD_031405.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 2, 2013 |publisher=[[Imaginova]] |work=Space News |title=Israel, U.S. test compatibility of Arrow-Patriot interceptors |first=Barbara |last=Opall-Rome |date=March 14, 2005 |access-date=October 10, 2009 }}</ref> Actual testing of the complete Arrow system was resumed in December 2005, when the system successfully intercepted a target at an unspecified but reported record low altitude.<ref name=armytec/><ref name="mdaa2"/> This test (AST#10) was the fourteenth test of the Arrow missile and the ninth test of the complete system.<ref name=AST4-5-8-10>{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/at.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113142024/http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/at.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 13, 2007 |title=Arrow system test #4 }} {{cite web|url=http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/test05.htm |title=Arrow system test #5 }} {{cite web|url=http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/test08.htm |title=Arrow system test #8 }} {{cite web|url=http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/test10.htm |publisher=Israel Missile Defense Organization |title=Arrow system test #10 |access-date=August 19, 2009 }}</ref>

====Block-3====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Arrow2launcher.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 = Arrow 2 launcher. Circa 2006–2007.
| caption1 = Arrow 2 launcher. Circa 2006–2007.
| image2 = Arrow Missile Exhibition II.jpg
| width2 = 224
| alt2 = Arrow 2 on display at Rishon LeZion in September 2008
| caption2 = Arrow 2 on display at [[Rishon LeZion]] in September 2008
| footer =
}}
On February 11, 2007, an Arrow 2 block-3<ref name=sipri>{{cite book| author=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute| title =SIPRI yearbook 2008: armaments, disarmament, and international security | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]| year = 2008 |page= 413 | isbn = 978-0-19-954895-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EAyQ9KCJE2gC |access-date=September 12, 2009| author-link =Stockholm International Peace Research Institute }}</ref> successfully intercepted and destroyed a "Black Sparrow" target missile simulating a ballistic missile at high altitude.<ref name=armytec/><ref name="mdaa2"/> It was the first so-called distributed weapon system test conducted in Israel, which required two Arrow units deployed some {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} apart to share data on incoming threats and coordinate launching assignments. It was also the first time the [[Link 16]] data distribution system was used to connect two Arrow units, although the system had been used in previous tests to connect Arrow and Patriot batteries.<ref name="passes"/> Furthermore, an improved launcher was used.<ref name="mda2" /> Another "Juniper Cobra" exercise ran from March 10 to 20, 2007. The computer simulation used for "Juniper Cobra 2007" was similar to the computer simulation used in "Juniper Cobra 2005".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/2349/usareur-units-participate-in-juniper-cobra-2007/ |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |first=John |last= Queen |title=USAREUR units participate in Juniper Cobra 2007 |date=March 21, 2007 |access-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref>

A precursor of the next block was launched without a target on March 26, 2007, to gather information on its flight and performance,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/842111.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122013847/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/842111.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 22, 2008 |newspaper=Haaretz |first=Amos |last= Harel |title=Anti-missile exercise tests electronics of Arrow system |date=March 26, 2007 |access-date=August 19, 2009}}</ref> introducing unspecified modifications to its hardware and [[electronics]] and reduced manufacturing costs by some 20 percent.<ref name="blk4">{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=56027 |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |title=IAF launches new 'cheap' Arrow |first=Yaakov |last= Katz |date=March 26, 2007 |access-date=July 27, 2010}}</ref> [[Arieh Herzog]], then Director of IMDO, has said: "Our Arrow operational system can without a doubt deal with all of the operational threats in the [[Middle East]], particularly in Iran and Syria."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=56544 |first=Yaakov |last= Katz |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |title=Arrow can fully protect against Iran |date=March 30, 2007 |access-date=July 27, 2010}}</ref>

====Block-4====
On April 15, 2008, the Arrow weapon system successfully detected and made a simulated intercept of a new target missile,<ref name= armytec /><ref name= blues1 /> the "[[Sparrow target missile|Blue Sparrow]]", a successor of the "Black Sparrow" capable of simulating "Scud-C/D" missiles<ref name="rafspar">{{cite web|url=http://www.rafael.co.il/marketing/SIP_STORAGE/FILES/2/622.pdf |publisher=[[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]] |title=Sparrow targets brochure|access-date=August 19, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718130135/http://www.rafael.co.il/marketing/SIP_STORAGE/FILES/2/622.pdf |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and reportedly the [[Iran]]ian [[Shahab-3]] as well.<ref name= armytec /><ref name = blues1 /> During the test, a target missile was launched from an IAF F-15 at a height of 90,000 feet (27.5 km). The missile split into [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|multiple warheads]], making it harder to intercept.<ref name= blues1 /> Nevertheless, "Green Pine" tracked the warhead, simulating an intercept.<ref name=blues1>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/975269.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419055419/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/975269.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 19, 2008 |first=Amos |last=Harel |work=Haaretz |title=Arrow successfully simulates intercept of mock Shihab missile |date=April 15, 2008 |access-date=August 26, 2009 }}</ref> In September 2008 the IDF attempted a test of actual Arrow 2 block-4 missile against the "Blue Sparrow". The drill had to be aborted, however, when the target missile malfunctioned shortly after launch.<ref name=fox>{{cite news | url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,512970,00.html | publisher = [[Fox News]] | agency = [[Associated Press]] | title = Israel successfully tests anti-missile system to protect against Iran | date = April 7, 2009 | access-date = August 19, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410171309/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,512970,00.html | archive-date = April 10, 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Eventually the Arrow 2 block-4 was successfully tested against the "Blue Sparrow" on April 7, 2009.<ref name=fox/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iai.co.il/32981-39454-en/ |publisher= [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] |title=Improved Arrow missile destroys target in latest test of the system |date = April 7, 2009 | access-date =August 19, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=138494 | first = Yaakov |last= Katz | work = [[The Jerusalem Post]] |title = Israel successfully tests Arrow 2 defense system | date =April 7, 2009 |access-date= July 27, 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Arrow2 2011feb 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Arrow 2 launch in February 2011.|alt=Arrow 2 launch in February 2011.]]
A July 22, 2009, joint test of the Arrow 2 block-4 against an airborne target missile with a range of over {{convert |1000|km|mi|abbr=on}} once again at the NAS Point Mugu,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN14292699 |work=Reuters |first= David |last= Morgan |title= Israel to test Arrow missile on U.S. Pacific range |access-date= August 19, 2009 |date= July 14, 2009}}</ref> was reportedly aborted in the final second before launch after the missile failed to establish a communications link.<ref name="last">{{cite web | url = http://www.defense-update.com/newscast/0709/news/arrow_2_test_230709.html | work = Defense Update | title = Arrow-II aborts long-range intercept Test | date = July 23, 2009 | access-date = August 19, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726114202/http://www.defense-update.com/newscast/0709/news/arrow_2_test_230709.html | archive-date = July 26, 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=opalrome2/> A target had been released from a [[C-17 Globemaster III]] aircraft,<ref name="mdaa" /><ref name="mda" /> the radar detected the target and transferred its tracks,<ref name="last" /> but the interceptor was not launched.<ref name="mdaa">{{cite web|url=http://missiledefense.wordpress.com/2009/07/23/arrow-missile-defense-fails-test/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718102656/http://missiledefense.wordpress.com/2009/07/23/arrow-missile-defense-fails-test/ |url-status = dead |archive-date = July 18, 2011 |publisher=[[Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance]] |title=Arrow missile defense fails test |date=July 23, 2009 |access-date=August 25, 2009}}</ref> "Tracking of the target worked well, but tracking trajectory information that the radar transferred to the battle management center erroneously showed we would be out of the prescribed safety range, so the mission was aborted," a program source said.<ref name=block5>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4548013&c=FEA&s=SPE |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130121114610/http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4548013&c=FEA&s=SPE |url-status = dead |archive-date = January 21, 2013 | work = [[Defense News]] |title= Iran threat speeds Arrow-3 effort |first = Barbara |last = Opall-Rome | date =March 22, 2010 |access-date=March 22, 2010}}</ref> The aborted interception came after two earlier setbacks in the planned test, initially scheduled for July 17. The first try was scuttled due to a technical glitch in the C-17 aircraft, and a planned July 20 attempt was scrubbed due to a malfunctioning [[Battery (electricity)|electric battery]] that was not providing enough power to a key element of the Arrow system.<ref name =opalrome2>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacenews.com/archive/archive09/arrowtest_0727.html | publisher = Imaginova | work = Space News |title= Aborted Arrow intercept test may postpone August demo | first= Barbara | last = Opall-Rome |date=July 29, 2009 |access-date=October 10, 2009}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The test was widely referred to as a failure,<ref name="peda3">{{cite web |url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1103395.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125015413/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1103395.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = January 25, 2013 | work = Haaretz | title = Even if the Hetz succeeds |first= Reuven |last= Pedatzur |access-date=August 25, 2009}}</ref><ref name="mdaa" /> however objectives of interoperability with other ballistic missile defense systems were achieved.<ref name="mda">{{cite web|url=http://www.mda.mil/news/09news0014.html |publisher=Missile Defense Agency |title=Missile defense test conducted |date=November 4, 2009 |access-date=August 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223201922/http://www.mda.mil/news/09news0014.html |archive-date=February 23, 2010 }}</ref>

On February 22, 2011, the Arrow system successfully intercepted a long-range<ref name=block4-2011/> ballistic target missile during a flight test conducted at NAS Point Mugu. The target missile was launched from a mobile launch platform off the coast of California, within the Point Mugu test range.<ref name="mda2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.mda.mil/news/11news0002.html |publisher=Missile Defense Agency |title=Joint U.S.-Israel Arrow weapon system intercepts target during successful missile defense test|date=February 22, 2011|access-date=February 22, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226113452/http://www.mda.mil/news/11news0002.html |archive-date=February 26, 2011 }}</ref> The test validated new block-4 versions designed to improve discriminating capabilities of the Arrow 2 interceptor.<ref name=block4-2011>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=5777664 | work = [[Defense News]] |title=Arrow test hits target, validates new software |first=Barbara |last= Opall-Rome |date = February 25, 2011 | access-date = April 18, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It was a body-to-body impact that completely destroyed the target.<ref name=block4-2011 />

On February 10, 2012, developers successfully conducted the final target-tracking test before the delivery of the Block-4 Arrow system. The Blue Sparrow target missile was detected and tracked by the radar, the intercept solutions were plotted by the battle management controller, and transferred to the launch units.<ref name="bl4">{{cite web | url = http://defense-update.com/20120210_super_gereen_pine_bms_test-2.html | work = Defense Update |first= Tamir |last=Eshel |title=Israel tests Arrow 2 block 4 ATBM with Super Green Pine radar |date=February 10, 2012 |access-date= February 11, 2012}}</ref>

According to [[Arieh Herzog]], block-4 upgrades "improve the process of discrimination of what happens in the sky and the transmission of target data for much better situational control."<ref name= block4-2011 /> Block-4 upgrades also refine midcourse guidance, which, when coupled with improved target identification and discrimination capabilities, improves lethality.<ref name=block4-2011 />

Block-4.1 is expected to include a new Battle Management Center, armored launchers with high shooting availability, better communication with other missile systems, and wider ranges of interceptions.<ref name = blk4.1>{{cite web | publisher = [[Israeli Air Force]] | title= Arrow missiles to undergo major overhaul | url=http://www.iaf.org.il/4392-40415-en/IAF.aspx | date=February 4, 2013 |access-date= February 4, 2013}}</ref> On September 9, 2014, an intercept test was conducted over the Mediterranean Sea with block-4.1 versions of the operational system. The outcome was inconclusive and remained so until the data was fully analyzed.<ref name=block4.1>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014309090032|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140913045746/http://www.defensenews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014309090032 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 13, 2014 |work=[[Defense News]] |title=Arrow-2 intercept test inconclusive, Israel says. Will take days to review data |first=Barbara |last=Opall-Rome |date=September 9, 2014 |access-date=September 14, 2014 }}</ref> In February 2015, an official at the IMDO acknowledged that a test was successfully acquired, but narrowly missed its target.<ref name = block4.1feb/> The exact reason behind the failure was not provided, but officials initially attributed the glitch to easily correctable software issues.<ref name = block4.1feb>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/land/weapons/2015/02/25/israel-arrow-intercept-target-miss-imdo/24020425/ | work = [[Defense News]] |title= Israel DM: glitch in Arrow 2 missile fixed |first = Noa |last = Amouyal | date =February 25, 2015 | access-date=February 27, 2015}}</ref>

====Block-5====
[[File:AST-18a 01.jpg|thumb|upright|Arrow 2 launch in August 2020.|alt=Arrow 2 launch in August 2020.]]
By April 2011, IMDO launched the initial definition of a new Block-5 upgrade to the complete Arrow system that will merge the lower-tier Arrow 2 and exoatmospheric Arrow 3 into a single national missile defense system. According to Arieh Herzog, the planned block-5 will include new ground- and airborne sensors, a [[command and control]] system, and a new target missile – the [[Sparrow target missile|Silver Sparrow]]<ref name=Silver-b5 /> – to simulate potentially nuclear-capable delivery vehicles developed by Iran.<ref name=block5 /> According to the U.S. Missile Defense Agency, block-5 is expected to be able to deal with "more stressing regional threats" by increasing total defended area by some 50 percent.<ref name= Silver-b5>{{cite web | format = Flickr | url=http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5068/5675446608_9a641ccd74_b.jpg |publisher=[[Imaginova]] | work = Space News |title= Israel to develop new Silver Sparrow air-launch target missile | first =Barbara |last= Opall-Rome |date = April 11, 2011 |access-date= May 1, 2011}}</ref>

The planned Block-5 will optimize the existing Super Green Pine radar to operate with the AN/TPY-2 radar as well as with radars commanding anti-ballistic missiles aboard [[United States Navy]] [[destroyer]]s. U.S. radars will be used to support [[Feedback controller|closed-loop]] operations if Israel and U.S. targets in the region come under attack.<ref name=block5 />

Another successful Arrow 2 test (AST#18a) took place on August 12, 2020, over the Mediterranean Sea.<ref name="mda2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.mda.mil/news/gallery_internationalcoop_arrow.html |publisher=Missile Defense Agency |title=Aug. 12, 2020 |date=August 12, 2020 |access-date=August 14, 2020 }}</ref>

===Arrow 3===
{{main|Arrow 3}}

By August 2008, the United States and Israeli governments had initiated development of an upper-tier component to the Israeli Air Defense Command, known as Arrow 3. The development is based on an architecture definition study conducted in 2006–2007, determining the need for the upper-tier component to be integrated into Israel's ballistic missile defense system. According to Arieh Herzog, the main element of this upper tier will be an exoatmospheric interceptor, to be jointly developed by [[Israel Aerospace Industries|IAI]] and [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security|Boeing]].<ref name=dua3>{{cite web|url=http://defense-update.com/products/a/arrow3.html |work=Defense Update|title=Israel, U.S. to embark on collaborative 'upper-tier' missile intercept program to include Arrow 3 and land-based SM-3 missiles |access-date=August 19, 2009}}</ref> Arrow 3 was declared operational on January 18, 2017.<ref name=a3swr>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-missiles-idUSKBN15229U |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Israel deploys 'Star Wars' missile killer system |date=January 18, 2017 |access-date=January 18, 2017}}</ref>

Arrow 3 operates at greater speeds,<ref name="fas2006-10" /> greater range, and at greater altitudes than Arrow 2, intercepting ballistic missiles during the space-flight portion of their trajectory. According to the chairman of the [[Israel Space Agency|Israeli Space Agency]], Arrow 3 may serve as an [[anti-satellite weapon]], which would make Israel one of the world's few countries capable of shooting down satellites.<ref name=a3asat/>

===Arrow 4===
Israel's Defense Ministry and industry developers have begun early work on what could evolve into the Arrow 4, an endo-exo missile which can intercept hostile missiles both in and out of the atmosphere, a new missile-intercepting system to defend against much more sophisticated future threats. In 2017, Boaz Levy, IAI executive vice president, said it was probably too early to call the effort Arrow 4. Nevertheless, he acknowledged that ongoing design studies are aimed at a future interceptor that will extend capabilities beyond Arrow 2 and Arrow 3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/smr/space-missile-defense/2017/08/02/israel-begins-concept-work-on-arrow-4-defender/ | work = [[Defense News]] |title=Israel begins concept work on Arrow-4 defender |first=Barbara |last= Opall-Rome |date = August 2, 2017 | access-date = August 3, 2017}}</ref>

In early 2021, Israel revealed that the development of the Arrow 4 interceptor was ongoing and that the system was targeting the interception of hypersonic threats such as [[Cruise missile|hypersonic cruise missiles]] and [[hypersonic glide vehicle]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McLeary|first=Paul|title=Israel, US Unveil Arrow 4, Missile Defense With Eye On Hypersonic Threats|url=https://breakingdefense.com/2021/02/israel-us-unveil-arrow-4-missile-defense-with-eye-on-hypersonic-threats/|access-date=March 13, 2021|website=Breaking Defense|date=February 19, 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> Efforts to counter hypersonic threats took on new urgency following a November 2022 announcement by Iran that they had tested a hypersonic missile. Which can reach Israel within four minutes<ref>[https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/israel-accelerating-arrow-4-sensor-development-due-to-iranian-hypersonic-threat/ Israel accelerating Arrow-4, sensor development due to Iranian hypersonic threat]. ''Breaking Defense''. November 15, 2022.</ref>

=== Arrow 5 ===
According to CEO Boaz Levy, Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) is working on the Arrow 5. The Arrow 5 is rumored to be more advanced than ARROW 4 and may be able to destroy hypersonic nuclear missiles, though whether or not this capability exists is presumed classified {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}.

==Specifications==
[[File:Arrow missile interceptor cropped.jpg|upright=0.54|thumb|alt=Arrow 2 at the Paris Air Show. |Arrow 2 at the Paris Air Show.]]
The Arrow system was originally designed and optimized to intercept short and medium-range ballistic missiles with ranges above {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="cdi2">{{cite web |url= http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=3596 |publisher=[[Center for Defense Information]] |title= Israel's missile defense systems: MIA |first=Victoria |last= Samson |date=July 19, 2006 |access-date=October 13, 2009}}{{dead link|date=February 2017}}</ref> It is not intended to intercept either [[military aircraft]] or [[Rocket artillery|artillery rockets]], the second of which are relatively small and short ranged.<ref name="cdi2"/> In contrast to [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense|THAAD]], [[RIM-161 Standard Missile 3]], and [[MIM-104 Patriot#PAC-3|MIM-104 Patriot PAC-3]], that use kinetic, direct impact to destroy the target ("hit-to-kill") the Arrow 2 relies on explosive detonation.<ref name = mstrt /> Arrow 2 can intercept its targets above the [[stratosphere]], high enough so that any nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons do not scatter over Israel.<ref name = mstrt /> The developers intended to perform the destruction sequence away from populated locations.<ref name=iafkg/> According to Dr. Uzi Rubin, the missile was tested to determine whether chemical warfare agents would reach the ground should such a warhead be intercepted. The conclusion was that nothing would reach the ground if the warhead is destroyed above the [[jet stream]], which flows from west to east and would therefore blow any chemical residue.<ref group = "Note">Israel borders [[Jordan]] and the [[West Bank]] in the east, and [[Syria]] in the northeast.</ref><ref name = "uzi">{{cite web | url = http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp493.htm | publisher = [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]] | first = Uzi | last = Rubin | author-link = Uzi Rubin | title = Beyond Iraq: missile proliferation in the Middle East | date = March 2, 2003 | access-date = September 10, 2009 | archive-date = February 11, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023003/https://jcpa.org/jl/vp493.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Nevertheless, Arrow is also capable of low altitude interception, as well as multi-tactical ballistic missiles interception.<ref name="iaibr" />

The two-stage missile is equipped with [[solid propellant]] [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]] and sustainer rocket motors.<ref name=armytec/><ref name=nti2/><ref name="mdaa2"/> The missile uses an initial burn to carry out a vertical hot launch from the container and a secondary burn to sustain the missile's trajectory towards the target at a speed of [[Mach number|Mach]] 9, or {{convert|2.5|km/s|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name=armytec/><ref name = nti2 /><ref name = "mdaa2" /> Thrust vector control is used in the boost and sustainer phases of flight.<ref name = armytec /><ref name=nti2/><ref name="mdaa2"/> At the ignition of the second stage sustainer motor, the first stage assembly separates.<ref name=armytec/><ref name=nti2/><ref name="mdaa2"/> The Arrow missile is launched before the threat missile's trajectory and intercept point are accurately known.<ref name=armytec/><ref name = "mdaa2" /> As more trajectory data becomes available, the optimum intercept point is more precisely defined, towards which the missiles is then guided.<ref name=armytec/><ref name="mdaa2"/> The {{convert |500|kg| abbr = on}} [[kill vehicle]] section of the missile, containing the warhead, fusing and the terminal seeker, is equipped with four moving delta aerodynamic control [[fin]]s to give low altitude interception capability.<ref name= nti2 /> The dual mode missile seeker has a passive infrared seeker for the acquisition and tracking of tactical ballistic missiles and an active radar seeker used to home on air-breathing targets at low altitudes.<ref name = armytec/><ref name= nti2/><ref name="mdaa2" /> The [[infrared seeker]] is an [[indium antimonide]] [[focal plane]] array.<ref name= armytec/><ref name=nti2/><ref name="mdaa2"/> The kill vehicle is designed to achieve a hit-to-kill interception, but if this is not achieved, the [[proximity fuze]] will direct the warhead fragments at the target shortly before reaching the closest point to the target.<ref name=nti2/> The high explosive directed blast fragmentation warhead is capable of destroying a target within a {{convert|40|-|50|m|ft|abbr= on}} radius.<ref name=global/> In this manner, Arrow also differs from Patriot PAC-3, THAAD, and Standard Missile 3, which rely purely on hit-to-kill technology in which the [[Kinetic energy|kinetic force]] of a precise impact causes the destruction of the threat.<ref name=mstrt />

According to [[Dov Raviv]], a senior developer dubbed "the father of the Arrow anti-ballistic missile",<ref group = "Note">As is Dr. Uzi Rubin: {{Citation | url = http://www.jinsa.org/node/596 | title = Dr. Uzi Rubin, "father" of Israel's Arrow Ballistic Missile Defense System, speaking | publisher = Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs Conference | access-date = August 24, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105203427/http://www.jinsa.org/node/596 | archive-date = January 5, 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="father">{{cite web|url=http://archive.globes.co.il/searchgl/Father%20of%20the%20%EF%BF%BDArrow%EF%BF%BD%20missile%20Dov%20Raviv%20believes%20he_s_hd_1L3auD30oN34mC30nDp4vDJCkQ7HjR000.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721095749/http://archive.globes.co.il/searchgl/Father%20of%20the%20%EF%BF%BDArrow%EF%BF%BD%20missile%20Dov%20Raviv%20believes%20he_s_hd_1L3auD30oN34mC30nDp4vDJCkQ7HjR000.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= July 21, 2011 | work = [[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]] | title = Father of the 'Arrow' missile Dov Raviv believes he has the answer to Hizbullah's Katushyas | first = Amnon | last = Barzilai |access-date=August 23, 2009 |date=November 1, 2007}}</ref><ref name="father2">{{cite web |url = http://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=8148 | work = [[The Jerusalem Post]] | title = Storm clouds gathering | first=Erik |last= Schechter |access-date=February 25, 2011 |date= December 22, 2005}}</ref> a single Arrow interceptor has a 90 percent probability of destroying a target missile at the highest altitude possible.<ref name = "inss" /><ref name = "stav">{{Harvnb | Stav | 2004 | pp = 38, 40}}</ref><ref name="dov" /> In case of failure two more interceptors can be launched towards the target at short time intervals.<ref name= mstrt /><ref name="inss" /><ref name="stav" /> If the first of these destroys the target, the second can be directed to another target.<ref name="dov">{{cite web|url=http://www.elec.co.il/Articles/Item.asp?CategoryID=227&ArticleID=3385&VolumeID=15 |work=Electronica |first=Dov |last=Raviv |trans-title=The nuclear threat on Israel – and the Arrow |script-title=he:האיום הגרעיני על ישראל – והחץ|language=he|access-date=August 19, 2009|date=October 12, 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041124051331/http://www.elec.co.il/Articles/Item.asp?CategoryID=227&ArticleID=3385&VolumeID=15 |archive-date=November 24, 2004 }}</ref> Using this technique, three independent interception possibilities are provided which raise the interception probability from 90 percent to 99.9 percent, thus satisfying the leakage rate requirement.<ref name="stav" /><ref name="dov" /> The Arrow can also simultaneously intercept a salvo of more than five incoming missiles, with the target missiles arriving within 30 seconds.<ref name="father2"/> Such capability is currently possessed only by the United States and Russia.<ref name = "father2" /> According to Raviv, the Arrow can discriminate between a warhead and a [[decoy]].<ref name="father2" />

Each Arrow battery is equipped with typically four to eight erectors–launchers,<ref name=nti2/> its manning requires about 100 personnel.<ref>{{cite book| last = Cordesman | first = Anthony H. |author-link= Anthony Cordesman | title =Strategic threats and national missile defenses: defending the U.S. homeland |page=359 | publisher = [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |location= [[Washington, D.C.]] | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-275-97425-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VsylMAAB2poC |access-date=September 12, 2009}}</ref> Each [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]]-mounted erector–launcher weighs {{convert |35|t|lb}}<ref name = "Egozi2">{{cite web | url =http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2003/07/29/169425/arrow-in-waiting.html | work = [[Flightglobal.com|Flight global]] |title=Arrow in waiting |first=Arie |last= Egozi |date=July 29, 2003 | access-date = September 12, 2009}} See also weight overprint on each canister: [https://archive.today/20130124200111/http://picasaweb.google.com/avigolden/2005_12_29MisdarKnafaimInBeerShevaWithAssaf%235337302703676775858 #1], [https://archive.today/20130125002110/http://picasaweb.google.com/avigolden/2005_12_29MisdarKnafaimInBeerShevaWithAssaf%235337302715540310706 #2].</ref> when loaded with six launch tubes with ready-to-fire missiles.<ref name=armytec/><ref name=nti2/> After firing the launchers can be reloaded in an hour.<ref name=armytec/><ref name="mdaa2"/> The system is transportable rather than mobile, as it can be moved to other prepared sites, but cannot be set up just anywhere.<ref name="Egozi2"/>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="margin:auto; width:87%;"
|-
!Image of Arrow missile battery notional model.<ref name=dtic />
|-
|[[File:Arrow toys.JPG|alt=Image of Arrow missile battery notional model, including: 1. Single Arrow launcher (6 canisters). 2. "Golden Citron". 3. Communications center. 4. "Brown Hazelnut". 5. "Green Pine" radar antenna. 6. Radar control center. 7. Radar power unit. 8. Radar cooling unit.]]
|-
|{{smalldiv|'''1.''' Single Arrow launcher (6 canisters).  '''2.''' "Golden Citron".  '''3.''' Communications center.  '''4.''' "Brown Hazelnut".  '''5.''' "Green Pine" radar antenna.  '''6.''' Radar control center.  '''7.''' Radar power unit.  '''8.''' Radar cooling unit.}}
|}

===Green Pine===
{{main|EL/M-2080 Green Pine}}
[[File:EL-M-2080 Super Green Pine.gif|thumb|"Super Green Pine" radar antenna.|alt="Super Green Pine" radar antenna.]]
[[File:Arrow system.jpg|upright=1.85|thumb|Stages of missile interception by the Arrow system. The picture shows a hostile missile trajectory and that of the "[[Sparrow target missile|Black Sparrow]]" air-launched target missile used in firing tests.|alt=Stages of missile interception by the Arrow system. The picture shows a hostile missile trajectory and that of the "Black Sparrow" air-launched target missile used in firing tests.]]
The "Green Pine" is an [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) solid state radar operating at [[L band]] in the range 500 [[MHz]] to 1,000 MHz,<ref name= armytec/><ref name= Bar-Joseph>{{Harvnb | Bar-Joseph | 2001 | pp = 153–54}}</ref><ref name="elta">{{cite web |publisher =[[Israel Aerospace Industries]] |access-date = August 4, 2012 |url= http://www.iai.co.il/17660-27136-en/BusinessAreas_Elta_SpaceSystems_GreenPine.aspx |title= EL/M-2080 "Green Pine" radar system}}</ref> or 1,000 MHz to 2,000 MHz.<ref name="gpj">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Radar-and-Electronic-Warfare-Systems/EL-M2080-Green-Pine-Israel.html |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |title=EL/M-2080 'Green Pine' (Israel), battlefield, missile control and ground surveillance radar systems |date=October 30, 2009 |access-date=August 26, 2009}}</ref> It operates in search, detection, tracking, and missile guidance modes simultaneously.<ref name=armytec/><ref name="gpj"/> It is capable of detecting targets at ranges of up to about {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}} and is able to track more than 30 targets at speeds over {{convert|3000|m/s|-3|abbr=on}}.<ref name=armytec/><ref name=aw-2012-a3>{{cite magazine|first=David|last=Fulghum|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_09_03_2012_p40-490727.xml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501211549/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2FAW_09_03_2012_p40-490727.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 1, 2013 |magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]] |title=Higher-altitude Arrow design to show its potential |date=September 3, 2012 |access-date=September 3, 2012 }}</ref> The radar illuminates the target and guides the Arrow missile to within {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} of the target.<ref name=armytec/><ref name="gpj2">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Electronic-Mission-Aircraft/EL-M2083-Israel.html |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |title=EL/M-2083 (Israel), payloads |date=April 9, 2009 |access-date=October 12, 2009}}</ref>

;Super Green Pine
An advanced version of the radar, called "Super Green Pine",<ref name="iaia3">{{cite web|url=http://www.iai-global.com/32981-39666-en/default.aspx?PageNum=2 |publisher=[[Israel Aerospace Industries]] |title=IAI develops Arrow 3 interceptor in response to longer range threats|date=June 10, 2009|access-date=August 19, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712234335/http://www.iai-global.com/32981-39666-en/default.aspx?PageNum=2 |archive-date=July 12, 2011 }}</ref> "Green Pine" Block-B,<ref name="sk3">{{cite news |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/09/113_52006.html |newspaper=[[The Korea Times]]|first=Jung |last=Sung-ki |title=Israeli radar chosen for missile defense |date=September 17, 2009 |access-date=September 17, 2009}}</ref> or "Great Pine" ({{langx|he|אורן אדיר}}, {{IPA|he|oʁen adiʁ|pron}}), is to take the place of the original "Green Pine. As of 2008 both versions were active.<ref name="syria3">{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1012826.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821224947/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1012826.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-08-21 |first=Yuval |last=Azoulay |newspaper=Haaretz |title=Report: Syria test fires series of long-range missiles |date=2008-08-18 |access-date=2009-09-10 }}</ref> The "Super Green Pine" extends detection range to about {{convert|800|-|900|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="sk3"/><ref name=iai-boeing-a3>{{cite web|first=Alon |last=Ben David |author-link=Alon Ben David |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_01_26_2012_p01-02-418074.xml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219203019/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2Fasd_01_26_2012_p01-02-418074.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 19, 2013 |work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]] |title=Boeing links up with IAI on Arrow-3 |date=January 26, 2012 |access-date=January 27, 2012 }}</ref> An even more advanced upgrade of the Super Green Pine is under development.<ref name=aw-2012-a3/>

===Golden Citron===
The "Golden Citron" ({{langx|he|אתרוג זהב}}, {{IPA|he|etʁoɡ zahav|pron}}) from [[Elbit Systems]] truck-mounted [[net-centric]] [[open systems architecture]]<ref name="iaibr"/> Battle Management Command, Control, Communication & Intelligence Center<ref name=tests/> can control up to 14 intercepts simultaneously.<ref name=armytec/><ref name=nti2/> As of 2007, it was one of the world's most advanced net-centric systems.<ref name="defup"/> The system provides fully automatic as well as [[Human-in-the-Loop]] options at every stage<ref name="elisra"/> of battle operation management.<ref name="iaibr">{{cite web|url=http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/files/6/34766.pdf|publisher=[[Israel Aerospace Industries]] |title=Arrow brochure|access-date=August 19, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119213029/http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/files/6/34766.pdf |archive-date=November 19, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is also capable of interoperability with other theater missile defense systems and [[C4ISTAR|C3I]] systems.<ref name="elisra">{{cite web|url=http://www.elisra.com/solutionShow.asp?cat=171|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110124352/http://www.elisra.com/solutionShow.asp?cat=171 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 10, 2014 |publisher=[[Elisra]] |title=Citron Tree BMD Command, Control, Battle Management & Communication (C2BMC) |access-date=January 10, 2014 }}</ref> Notably [[Link 16]], [[TADIL-J]], communications were being altered to allow interoperability with Patriot fire control units. Assigned targets can be handed over to the Patriot's [[MIM-104 Patriot#AN/MPQ-53, -65 and -65A Radar Set|AN/MPQ-53]] fire control radar. Tests carried out by the U.S and Israel have successfully linked the Arrow with both U.S and Israeli versions of the Patriot.<ref name=armytec/><ref name=nti2 />

The "Citron Tree" has three banks of operator consoles laid out in a U shape. In the center sits the [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]] in command who oversees the engagement, but also has links to the other parts of the battery as well as to IAF [[headquarters]]. On the commander's right sits the engagement officer, who ensures that targets are assigned to other engagement officers sitting on the right-hand leg of the U. Each is assigned a geographical area to defend, and two of the officers are more senior as they have an overview of Patriot batteries. To the left of the commander is the resource officer, who monitors the status and readiness of the missiles. On the left of the U sits the sky picture officer, who is in contact with the [[Home Front Command]] and uses the center's ability to predict impact point to alert the [[Civil defense in Israel|civil authorities]]. Also at these consoles are an [[Intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] officer and an [[After Action Review|after-action]]/[[Debriefing|debrief]] officer, who uses recordings as it is impossible to absorb all the information during engagements.<ref name="Egozi2"/> All in all, the "Golden Citron" is manned by 7–10 operators.<ref name=Bar-Joseph />

===Brown Hazelnut===
The "Brown Hazelnut" ({{langx|he|אגוז חום}}, {{IPA|he|eɡoz χum|pron}}) launch control center is located at the launch site,<ref name = "iaibr"/> up to {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr = on}} from the "Golden Citron" fire control center.<ref name= armytec /><ref name = "mdaa2" /> It employs [[microwave]] and [[radio]] data and voice communications links to the "Green Pine" and "Golden Citron". The launch method is a vertical hot launch from a sealed canister,<ref name="iaibr" /> providing all-[[azimuth]] coverage.<ref name = "iaibr" /> "Brown Hazelnut" also has missile maintenance and diagnostic capabilities.<ref name="iaibr" />

==Production==
[[File:Arrow coverage.png|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Coverage of Israel provided by two Arrow 2 batteries, derived from their published locations (Palmachim, Ein Shemer) and range (90–100 km). |Coverage of Israel provided by two Arrow 2 batteries, derived from their published locations (Palmachim, Ein Shemer) and range (90–100 km).]]
Israel initially produced the Arrow system domestically,<ref group="Note">Except for Lockheed Martin's active radar seeker.</ref> but on February 11, 2003, IAI and Boeing signed an agreement, valued at over $25 million for fiscal years 2003–2004,<ref name=boeing>{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/arrow/docs/Arrow_overview.pdf |publisher=Boeing |title=Arrow II brochure |access-date=August 19, 2009 |date=March 2008}}</ref> to establish production facilities for the manufacture of components for the Arrow missile in the United States. In March 2004, IAI awarded a $78 million production contract to Boeing; the total contract value could exceed $225 million through the second quarter of 2008.<ref name=boeing/> As a result of successful implementation of this contract Boeing is responsible for production of about 35 percent of Arrow missile components, including the electronics section, booster motor case and missile canister,<ref name=boeing/> at its [[Huntsville, Alabama]], facilities.<ref name=opalrome/> IAI, the prime contractor of the Arrow system, is responsible for integration and the final assembly of the Arrow missile in Israel.<ref name=tests/> Boeing also coordinates the production of Arrow missile components manufactured by more than 150 American companies located in over 25 states.<ref name=boeing150>{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2003/q1/nr_030211m.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030305022323/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2003/q1/nr_030211m.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 5, 2003 |publisher=Boeing |title=Israel Aircraft Industries and Boeing sign an agreement to establish production infrastructure to manufacture Arrow missile components in the United States |access-date=October 12, 2009 |date=February 11, 2003 }}</ref> Boeing delivered its first Arrow 2 interceptor to Israel in 2005.<ref name=mstrt/><ref name=boeing/> Co-produced interceptors have been tested since February 12, 2007.<ref name="mda2">{{cite web|url=http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/07fyi0096.pdf |publisher=Missile Defense Agency |title=U.S./Israel complete successful Arrow missile defense test|date=February 12, 2007|access-date=November 4, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207101401/http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/07fyi0096.pdf |archive-date=December 7, 2010 }}</ref> Final deliveries to the Israel Air Force were planned by the end of 2010.<ref name=block5/>

Other major contractors are:
* [[Elta Systems|Elta]] – produces the "Green Pine" / "Super Green Pine" radar;<ref name="elta"/>
* [[Elisra]] – produces the "Golden Citron" [[C4ISTAR|C3I]] Center;<ref name="elisra"/>
* [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]] – produces the sustainer motor and the warhead;<ref name=armytec/><ref name="mdaa2"/>
* [[Israel Military Industries]] – produces the booster motor;<ref name=armytec/>
* [[Alliant Techsystems]] – produces the motor cases and the first stage [[nozzle]];<ref name=armytec/><ref name="mdaa2"/>
* [[Lockheed Martin]] – produces the active radar seeker;<ref name="mda3">{{cite web|url=http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/00archive0010.pdf |publisher=Missile Defense Agency |title=Arrow weapons system successful intercept|date=September 14, 2000|access-date=November 4, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207103838/http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/00archive0010.pdf |archive-date=December 7, 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Raytheon]] – produces the infrared seeker;<ref name=nti2/><ref name="mda3" />
* [[Ceradyne]] – produces the [[ceramic]] [[radome]].<ref name="cera">{{cite web|url=http://www.ceradyne-thermo.com/uploads/Radome_White_Paper_PDF.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912025854/http://www.ceradyne-thermo.com/uploads/Radome_White_Paper_PDF.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 12, 2011 |publisher=[[Ceradyne]] |title=Ceramic radomes for tactical missile systems |access-date=April 13, 2011}}</ref>

==Deployment==
According to its original 1986 schedule, the Arrow system was supposed to enter operational service in 1995.<ref name=global/> The first operational Arrow battery was deployed, however, in March 2000 in [[Palmachim Airbase]], near the city of [[Rishon LeZion]], south of the [[Tel Aviv]] [[metropolitan area]]. It was declared operational in October 2000 and reached its full capacity in March 2001.<ref name="video">{{cite web|url=http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/files/6/34806.wmv |format=WMV |publisher=[[Israel Aerospace Industries]] |author=Israel Missile Defense Organization and United States Ballistic Missile Defense Organization |title=Arrow missile}}</ref> Deployment of the second battery at [[Ein Shemer Airfield]],<ref name="mstrt" /> near the city of [[Hadera]], [[Haifa District]], northern Israel, was delayed by strong opposition from local residents who feared its radar would be hazardous to their health.<ref name=global/> The situation was eventually resolved, and Israel's second battery completed its deployment, turned operational, and linked up with the first battery in October 2002. In 2007, the IDF reportedly decided to modify its missile defense doctrine and to counter possible Syrian and Iranian missile [[Barrage (artillery)|barrages]] and has quietly modified its deployment of the Arrow in northern Israel.<ref name=change>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=73129 |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |title=IDF modifying Arrow deployment in the North |first=Yaakov |last= Katz |date=August 23, 2007 |access-date=July 27, 2010}}</ref>

The IDF planned to procure 50<ref name=sipri />–100 interceptors for each battery.<ref name=mstrt/> As of 1998, a battery was estimated to cost about $170 million.<ref name=global/><ref name="batcost">{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/israel/missile2000.htm |publisher=[[Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control]] |title=Israel missile update – 2000|year=2000|access-date=September 12, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328164425/http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/israel/missile2000.htm |archive-date=March 28, 2010 }}</ref><ref group="Note">With four launchers.</ref> As of 2012, reportedly one "Great Pine" radar is deployed alongside two "Green Pine" radars.<ref name=iai-boeing-a3/>

Israel had originally planned to deploy two Arrow 2 batteries but has since sought and won promises of funding for a third battery.<ref name=global/> Some reports stated that a third battery was already deployed,<ref name="inss" /> or in development in the south,<ref name=mstrt/> while others claimed that a decision on deployment of a third battery has not yet been made, although it was under discussion for service entry in 2012.<ref name=armytec/><ref name=nti/><ref name=global/> Another report stated that Israel planned to deploy not one, but two additional Arrow 2 batteries to defend the country's southern region, also covering sensitive sites such as the [[Shimon Peres Negev Nuclear Research Center|Negev Nuclear Research Center]].<ref name="a3-80"/> However the decision about the third battery was taken in October 2010.<ref name="third battery">{{cite web|url=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/Tech/10/10/1402.htm |first=Bar Josephine |last=Dadon |publisher=[[Bamahane]] |title=A third antimissile battery on its way |access-date=October 14, 2010 |date=October 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016165248/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/Tech/10/10/1402.htm |archive-date=October 16, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new battery was expected to be put into operational use in 2012 in the center of the country.<ref name="third battery2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.idf.il/1086-14882-EN/Dover.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909230914/http://www.idf.il/1086-14882-EN/Dover.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 9, 2013 |first= Shir Aharon |last= Bram | publisher =[[Israel Defense Forces]] |title=Arrow missile defense battery to be deployed in central Israel | access-date = March 13, 2012 |date= February 13, 2012}}</ref> According to ''[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]'', some sources indicate that the new Arrow 2 battery became operational in 2012 in an Israeli Air Force facility at [[Tal Shahar]], roughly halfway between [[Jerusalem]] and [[Ashdod]], near [[Beit Shemesh]].<ref name="janesTalShahar">{{cite web |url=http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7443/8910085466_b8037e498f_o.jpg |first=Jeremy |last=Binnie | publisher =[[Jane's Information Group]] |title=Israeli BMD facility details revealed |year=2013 |access-date = June 1, 2013}}</ref>

===Export===
Apart from Israel, India had acquired and deployed three "Green Pine" radars by August 2005.<ref name="India">{{cite web |url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/india/bmd.htm |first=John E |last=Pike| work = Global Security |title= India: ballistic missile defense |access-date=August 26, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090910092112/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/india/bmd.htm | archive-date= September 10, 2009 | url-status = live}}</ref> The [[Indian government]] has sought to purchase the Arrow system since 1999,<ref name = dtic /> however in early 2002 the U.S. vetoed Israel's request to sell the Arrow 2 missiles to India,<ref name= global /><ref name="India" /> exercising its right as a major funding contributor.<ref>{{cite book| last = Assamann | first = Lars| title =Theater missile defense in East Asia: implications for Beijing and Tokyo | publisher = [[Transaction Publishers]]| year = 2007| isbn = 978-3-8258-0223-3 | page=205 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jyM2hhUlfD8C | access-date = September 12, 2009}}</ref> U.S. officials argued that the sale would violate the [[Missile Technology Control Regime]] (MTCR).<ref name=global/> Although the Arrow 2 could possibly achieve a range of {{convert |300|km|mi|abbr=on}}, it is designed for intercepts at shorter ranges, and it is unclear whether it could carry a {{convert |500|kg|abbr=on}} payload to this range specified in the MTCR.<ref name = global /> In 2011, once again, an [[Indian Army]] official said that the Arrow 2 might become part of India's missile defense solution.<ref>{{cite web |title =Rafael in $1b Indian anti-tank missile deal | first = Ran | last = Dagoni|url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000633160&fid=1725 | work = [[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]] | date =March 24, 2011 | access-date= March 24, 2011}}</ref>

Turkey also planned to buy anti-missile air defense systems worth more than $1 billion. The Arrow was considered a potential contender,<ref name= turkey>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3927941 | work = [[Defense News]] |title= Turk–Israeli deals threatened by Gaza |first1 = Umit | last1 = Enginsoy | last2=Bekdil | first2 = Burak Ege |date= February 2, 2009 |access-date=August 22, 2009}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> but was rejected on political grounds.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6028:turkey-re-launch-and-new-clauses-to-the-t-loramids-tender&catid=3:asia&Itemid=56 |title=Turkey; Re-launch and new clauses to the T-LORAMIDS tender |publisher=Dmilt |date=March 23, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912004429/http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6028%3Aturkey-re-launch-and-new-clauses-to-the-t-loramids-tender&catid=3%3Aasia&Itemid=56 |archive-date=September 12, 2014 }}</ref> In the past, the United Kingdom, Japan, and [[Singapore]] were mentioned as then potential foreign customers of the Arrow system.<ref name=dtic /><ref name= global /> Netherlands reportedly expressed interest in the "Golden Citron" [[C4ISTAR|C3I]] center in November 1999.<ref name=dtic />

In the late 1990s, [[Jordan|Jordanian]] officials expressed concern that any conflagration between Israel and Iraq or Iran would impact their territory. The problem becomes more difficult for Jordan when the warheads are not conventional. Therefore, [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], during his first term of office as Prime Minister of Israel, reportedly offered Jordan "a defensive umbrella of Arrow 2". Without allowing Israel to forward deploy the Arrow launchers close to the Iraqi border, the other option is for Israel to sell Jordan the Arrow system. This is most likely what Prime Minister Netanyahu meant above. In May 1999, Israel reportedly requested U.S. approval for selling Arrow batteries to Jordan; however, no such approval has been given.<ref name=dtic>{{cite web | first = Guermantes E. |last=Lailari | title = Israel's national missile defense strategy | publisher = [[Defense Technical Information Center]] | date = April 2001 | url = https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA407050.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225024823/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA407050&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | url-status = live | archive-date = December 25, 2010 | access-date = September 22, 2009 }}</ref>

Armed with marketing approval by their respective governments, a U.S.–Israeli industrial team plans to offer the Arrow system to South Korea. The potential deal, estimated to exceed $1 billion.<ref name = a3-sk>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120130/DEFREG04/301300005/IAI-Boeing-Ready-Arrow-Export-8212-S-Korea-? | work = [[Defense News]] |title= IAI, Boeing ready Arrow for export — to S. Korea?|first = Barbara | last = Opall-Rome |date=January 30, 2012 |access-date= January 31, 2012}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

For the United States, the Arrow has provided important technical and operational data.<ref name="Jewish" /><ref name="mda3" /> It remains a key element in the Missile Defense Agency's plan for a layered missile defense architecture, and an example of a successful, affordable program. At the moment, however, the United States does not have any plans to procure and deploy the Arrow.<ref name=mstrt/> Nevertheless, in September 2009 the Arrow system was mentioned by then U.S. [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Robert Gates]] and then [[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] [[General (United States)|General]] [[James Cartwright]] among the alternative to the proposed [[US missile defense complex in Poland|U.S. missile defense assets in Europe]].<ref name="Europe">{{cite web |url= http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4479 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |title=DoD news briefing with secretary Gates and Gen. Cartwright from the Pentagon | access-date= September 18, 2009 | date= September 17, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007212006/http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4479 | archive-date= October 7, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name = "europe2">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3778586,00.html | work = Ynet news | agency =Associated Press |title=US says forces to employ Israeli 'Arrow' in missile system |access-date = September 18, 2009 |date = September 17, 2009}}</ref> The Arrow system is being incorporated into U.S. anti-ballistic capability in Europe, they said.<ref name="Europe" />

In a June 2011 interview, [[Lieutenant General]] [[Patrick J. O'Reilly (U.S. Army general)|Patrick J. O'Reilly]] said that Arrow 2 will be integrated into a regional defense array planned by the U.S. in the [[Middle East]]. According to the interview, it may also protect Arab countries that are allies of the U.S., but with which Israel has no diplomatic ties.<ref name="arrow-Arab">{{cite news | title =U.S.: Israeli missile defense system can protect our Mideast bases | work = [[Haaretz]] | first=Anshel |last= Pfeffer | access-date=June 20, 2011 | url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/u-s-israeli-missile-defense-system-can-protect-our-mideast-bases-1.368755}}</ref> By October 2015, the countries of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC) had become interested in procuring the Arrow system for themselves.<ref>[http://armyrecognition.com/october_2015_global_defense_security_news_uk/gulf_countries_interested_in_israeli_air_defence_systems_41510154.html Gulf countries interested in Israeli air defence systems] - Armyrecognition.com, October 15, 2015</ref>

In the face of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]], which began in February 2022, the [[Cabinet of Germany|German government]] is considering the purchase of the Arrow-3 system for the [[Bundeswehr]]. Since it is available on the market, it could be operational in Germany as early as 2025. For the missile protection shield, "Super Green Pine" missile radar systems would be installed at three locations in Germany, which would send their data to the [[Combined Air Operations Centre]] in [[Uedem]]. The German Arrow batteries could also cover Poland, Romania and/or the Baltic States. Neighbouring countries would then have to buy additional Arrow-3 missiles, whereas the radar image would be supplied by the German forces. According to a report in the newspaper "The Jerusalem Post" dated April 5, 2022, Israel and the United States have agreed in principle to sell the Arrow-3 system to Germany.<ref>[https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/israel-und-usa-stimmen-verkauf-von-arrow-3-an-deutschland-zu-17935800.html ''Israel und USA stimmen Verkauf von Arrow 3 an Berlin zu''], Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 5. April 2022.</ref>

In June 2023, the German [[Bundestag]] approved the purchase of the Arrow 3 system for the [[German Air Force]]. Deliveries are expected for late 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ES&T Redaktion |date=June 26, 2023 |title=Bundestag billigt Beschaffung von Raketenabwehrsystem Arrow 3|url=https://esut.de/2023/06/meldungen/42830/bundestag-billigt-beschaffung-von-raketenabwehrsystem-arrow-3/ |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=esut.de |language=de-DE}}</ref>. In May 2025, the German government announced its intention to procure the Arrow 4 missile defense system, becoming the first international partner to signal acquisition plans for the system while it is still under development.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-16 |title=Germany to Procure Arrow 4: Upper-Tier Missile Defense Signals Next Phase of Zeitenwende |url=https://www.grosswald.org/arrow-4-germany-missile-defense-zeitenwende/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Großwald {{!}} Structured Intelligence on European Defense |language=en}}</ref> Arrow 4 is being designed to intercept ballistic missiles in the upper atmosphere and exo-atmospherically, providing a strategic layer above the capabilities of Arrow 3. Germany plans to integrate Arrow 4 into the existing Arrow 3 infrastructure, including shared launchers and radar systems, to reduce procurement costs and streamline deployment. Initial deliveries are expected after 2030, contingent on development progress by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and the U.S. Missile Defense Agency.<ref name=":0" />

==Operational history==
{{Main|March 2017 Israel–Syria incident}}
On March 17, 2017, the Arrow missile scored its first operational intercept when it shot down a Syrian [[S-200 (missile)|S-200]] missile fired at an Israeli aircraft.<ref name = firstuse>{{cite web | url = http://www.defensenews.com/articles/israels-arrow-scores-first-operational-hit-but-against-what | work = [[Defense News]] |title= Israel's Arrow scores first operational hit — but against what? |first = Barbara | last = Opall-Rome |date=March 17, 2017 |access-date= March 17, 2017}}</ref> A senior IAF officer provided operational context to the unusual intercept of a surface-to-air missile. The officer said the S-200 missile "behaved like a ballistic threat" with "an altitude, range, and ballistic trajectory" that mimicked the Scud-class targets the Arrow 2 interceptor was designed to kill.<ref name = firstuse2>{{cite web | url = http://www.defensenews.com/articles/israel-explains-arrow-intercept-of-syrian-sam | work = [[Defense News]] |title= Israel explains Arrow intercept of Syrian SAM |first = Barbara | last = Opall-Rome |date=March 20, 2017 |access-date= March 20, 2017}}</ref>

On October 31, 2023, an Arrow 2 missile intercepted a long-range ballistic missile launched at Israel from [[Houthi movement|Houthi]]s in [[Yemen]]. This was Arrow 2’s first operational use during a war, and its first successful interception.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=Red Sea long-range missile intercepted by Arrow system — IDF|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/red-sea-long-range-missile-intercepted-by-arrow-system-idf/ |access-date=October 31, 2023 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2023 |title=Israel uses 'Arrow' aerial defense system for first time in war to intercept missile|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/31/Israel-s-army-says-intercepted-surface-to-surface-missile-fired-from-Red-Sea-region |access-date=October 31, 2023 |website=[[Al Arabiya]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-771910|title=Israel downing Houthi missile is first instance of space warfare|date=November 6, 2023|website=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref>
On November 9, 2023, an Arrow 3 missile made its first successful interception of a [[Ghadr-110]] missile heading for the country’s southernmost city of Eilat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israels-arrow-3-has-made-its-1st-ever-interception-downing-likely-yemen-fired-missile/|title=Israel's Arrow 3 has made its 1st-ever interception, downing likely Yemen-fired missile|work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.calcalist.co.il/local_news/article/sknzj3ix6|title=הביצועים של טילי החץ במערכה צפויים להאיץ את מכירתם בעולם | כלכליסט|date=November 10, 2023|website=calcalist}}</ref>

On April 13, 2024, the Arrow missile defense system intercepted long-range ballistic missiles during Iran's [[April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel|Operation True Promise]]. Iran's attack included 120 ballistic missiles, 170 attack drones and 30 cruise missiles aimed at Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/2024/04/14/heres-the-air-defense-system-that-protected-israel-from-irans-drones/ |title=Here's the air-defense system that protected Israel from Iran's drones |date=April 14, 2024 |access-date=April 21, 2024 |publisher=C4ISRNET}}</ref> The successful interception of missiles by the Arrow system was part of a coordinated defense effort involving multiple other missile defense systems and international support from the U.S., Britain, and France which effectively prevented serious damage or casualties in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/white-house-scramble-avert-middle-east-war-fc012c43?mod=hp_lead_pos1 |title=White House Scramble to Avert Middle-East War |date=April 21, 2024 |access-date=April 21, 2024 |publisher=Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/14/middleeast/israel-air-missile-defense-iran-attack-intl-hnk-ml/index.html |title=How Israel and allied defenses intercepted more than 300 Iranian missiles and drones |date=April 14, 2024 |access-date=April 21, 2024 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

On October 1, 2024, the Arrow missile defense system intercepted long-range ballistic missiles during the [[October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel]]. Iran's attack included 181 ballistic missiles deployed over two waves aimed at Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |title='David's Sling' and 'Arrow' anti-missile systems: How Israel defeated Iran's attack |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/davids-sling-arrow-anti-missile-systems-israel-defeated/story?id=114403653 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>

On May 4, 2025, Israeli sources told the BBC that the Arrow missile defense system failed to intercept a missile fired from [[Yemen]] by [[Ansar Allah]] forces, which ended up impacting the ground near [[Ben Gurion Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title=Netanyahu vows response after Houthi missile hits near Israel's main airport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cyvqr00278no |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On June 18 2025, the [[The Wall Street Journal]] reported that, according to a US official, "Israel is running low on Arrow interceptors"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel Is Running Low on Arrow Missile Interceptors: Why It Matters |url=https://www.wsj.com/video/series/news-explainers/israel-is-running-low-on-arrow-missile-interceptors-why-it-matters/E894C685-2B8D-4F0D-880B-6ED16F737B17?gaa_sig=yo6w5FlliIG3G9RbyTrenYCasnZHK1vyfhfwPr3pRST4pVngw9gYBmf1nb4ljRouTwTXuQKduXWMQ2sxjhejnw%3D%3D&gaa_ts=6852bb31 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref>{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[European Sky Shield Initiative]]
* [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]]
* [[Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System]]
* [[Sky Bow|Taiwan Sky Bow Ballistic Missile Defense System]]
* [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program]]
* [[Medium Extended Air Defense System]]
* [[S-300 (missile)#S-300PMU-1/2 (SA-20)|S-300PMU]]
* [[S-300 (missile)#S-300V (SA-12)|S-300V]]
* [[S-300VM missile system]]
* [[S-400 missile system]]
* [[S-500 missile system]]
* [[Comparison of anti-ballistic missile systems]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==

===Footnotes===
{{reflist|group="Note"}}

===References===
{{reflist|32em}}
https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/idex-2025-iai-working-on-arrow-5-interceptor

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book| last1 = Cordesman | first1 = Anthony H. |author-link1= Anthony Cordesman | last2 = Nerguizian| first2 = Aram | last3 = Popescu | first3 = Ionut C. | title = Israel and Syria: the military balance and prospects of war | publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |year = 2008| isbn = 978-0-313-35520-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PS2MEnlD7TAC }}
* {{cite book | last = Bar-Joseph | first = Uri | title =Israel's national security towards the 21st Century | publisher = Frank Cass Publishers| year = 2001| isbn = 0-7146-5169-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FdREHqxBo_QC |access-date=September 12, 2009 }}
* {{cite book| last1 = Naveh| first1 = Ben-Zion | last2 = Lorber | first2 = Azriel | title = Theater ballistic missile defense | publisher = [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]]| year = 2001 | isbn = 1-56347-385-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eH9TAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book| last = Stav| first = Arieh | title =The threat of ballistic missiles in the Middle East: active defense and countermeasures | publisher = [[Sussex Academic Press]]| year = 2004| isbn = 1-84519-001-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ldxHtsdiGG4C | access-date = September 12, 2009 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Arrow missiles}}
* {{Citation|url=http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/index.htm |title=Israel Missile Defense Organization (IMDO) |type=official site |publisher=MoD |place=Israel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906235653/http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/index.htm |archive-date=September 6, 2009 }}, dedicated to the Arrow system.
* {{Citation|url=http://mda.mil/news/gallery_internationalcoop_arrow.html |publisher=Missile Defense Agency (MDA) |type=official site |title=Arrow system |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926124244/http://www.mda.mil/news/gallery_internationalcoop_arrow.html |archive-date=September 26, 2015 }}.
* [https://www.elbitsystems.com/blog/the-science-behind-our-air-defense The Science Behind Our Air Defense], Elbit systems on May 7, 2024.

{{IAI aircraft}}

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arrow Missile}}
[[Category:20th-century surface-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Anti-ballistic missiles of Israel]]
[[Category:Emergency management in Israel]]
[[Category:Israel Aerospace Industries missiles]]
[[Category:Israel–United States military relations]]
[[Category:Missile defense]]
[[Category:MLM products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s]]

Renault Racoon

2024-08-13T14:32:39Z

71.11.5.2: ce, removed ce tag

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Renault Racoon
| image = Renault-racoon-front.jpg
| caption =
| manufacturer = [[Renault]]
| production = 1992
| assembly =
| designer = [[Patrick Le Quément]]<ref name="autoevolution">{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/renault-racoon-an-amphibious-concept-from-the-1990s-thats-still-mind-blowing-today-197313.html|title=Renault Racoon: An Amphibious Concept From the 1990s That's Still Mind-Blowing Today|first=Vlad|last=Radu|date=August 30, 2022|website=autoevolution|access-date=2024-07-02}}</ref>
| class = [[Concept car]]
| body_style =
| layout = [[All-wheel-drive]]
| platform =
| engine = 2963 cc twin-[[turbocharged]] [[V6]]
| transmission = 6-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase = 
| length = 
| width = 
| height = 
| weight = 
| predecessor =
| successor =
}}
[[File:Renault-racoon-rear.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Rear view]]
The '''Renault Racoon''' is a [[concept car]] created by [[Renault]], first shown in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|title=Renault Racoon|url=http://www.conceptcaronline.com/concept-cars/concept-car-7.php|website=Concept Car|access-date=2017-10-05|archive-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006062621/http://www.conceptcaronline.com/concept-cars/concept-car-7.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Racoon used a twin-[[turbocharged]] [[V6]] engine of 2963 cc,<ref>{{citation |title= Renault Racoon concept car introduction sales brochure in 3 languages (E/F/G) issued at the Geneva Car Show in 1992}}{{incomplete citation|date=July 2024}}</ref> a six-speed [[manual transmission]] and an [[all wheel drive]] system. It produced 193 kW (262 bhp) of power at 6,000 rpm and 363 Nm (37 mkg) of torque at 2,500 rpm.

==Overview==
To enter the Racoon, the driver had to open a [[canopy door]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Raccoon - 1992 |url=https://www.press.renault.co.uk/models/racoon---1992 |website=press.renault.co.uk |access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> The car had seating space for three passengers and luggage. The vehicle was also aquatic-capable. The Racoon could be raised upwards to provide additional ground clearance. The construction of its suspension meant this was achieved with a levered effect.

The car also had new features such as rain-diffusing glass, remote-controlled entry, computer control, satellite navigation, and cameras as opposed to rearview mirrors. While these technologies have become much more affordable and reliable, at the time of its launch most of this technology was still in its infancy.

The Renault Racoon's industrial designer was [[Patrick Le Quément]].<ref name="autoevolution" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6i1SbQxgD2Q RENAULT RACOON - DISCOVERY CHANNEL - 1995] - via [[YouTube]]

{{Renault}}

[[Category:Renault concept vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1992]]

{{modern-auto-stub}}

Amendments to the Constitution of Iraq

2023-05-19T17:35:37Z

71.11.5.2: brief copy edits, removed copy edit tag - needs updating more than copy editing at this point

{{Update|date=January 2023}}

The [[Government of Iraq from 2006|government]] of [[Iraq]] has established a committee to consider a proposed '''amendment to the Constitution of Iraq'''.

==Current constitution==

The current [[Constitution of Iraq]] was drafted by a [[Members of the Iraqi Constitution Drafting Committee|committee]] of the [[Iraqi Transitional Government]]. The agreed text was put to a [[Iraqi constitution ratification vote, 2005|referendum]] in October 2005. It was approved by 79% of voters and 15 out of 18 [[Governorates of Iraq|governorates]].

==Agreement to consider amendments==

In an agreement prior to the referendum, the largest [[Sunni]] [[Arab]] majority party, the [[Iraqi Islamic Party]] agreed to support a "Yes" vote as long as the first [[Government of Iraq from 2006|parliament]] elected under the constitution agreed to consider amendments. This agreement was written into Article 142 of the constitution.

==Procedure==

Article 142 of the constitution states that the Council of Representatives shall form a committee from its members "representing the principal components of the Iraqi society", which should present proposed amendments to the Council within four months.<ref>[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518175432/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/20704/11332732681iraqi_constitution_en.pdf/iraqi_constitution_en.pdf Iraqi Constitution], ''[[UNESCO]]''</ref> The amendment package shall be voted on as a whole by the council, and if it is passed, put to a referendum, which shall pass if approved by a majority of voters and is not rejected by a two-thirds majority in three or more governorates. The conditions for this referendum are the same as the conditions for the original ratification referendum.

The constitution can also be amended by a general procedure, laid down in Article 126, which requires a two-thirds approval in the Council of Ministers, followed by approval by a simple majority in a referendum.

==Committee appointment==

The committee of 27 was appointed on 2006-09-25, chaired by [[Iraqi Accord Front]] member [[Ayad al-Samarrai]]. The committee comprised 27 members <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6104032,00.html Iraq Forms Panel on Constitution Changes], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2006-09-25</ref><ref>[http://inbrief.threatswatch.org/2006/09/iraqis-reach-temporary-comprom/ Iraqis Reach Temporary Compromise on Federalism], ''[[Threats Watch]]'', 2006-09-27</ref> drawn from senior politicians across the political spectrum in rough proportions to the [[Council of Representatives of Iraq]] that was elected in the [[Iraqi legislative election of December 2005]]:

* [[United Iraqi Alliance]] ([[Shiite]]): 12
**[[SCIRI]] and allies:<ref>[http://historiae.org/Aqalim.asp The Draft Law for the Formation of Regions: A Recipe for Permanent Instability in Iraq?], ''Historiae'', 2006-09-27</ref>
***Shaykh [[Hummam Hamudi]]
***Shaykh [[Jalal al-Din al-Saghir]]
***[[Abd al-Karim al-Naqib]] ([[Badr Organization]])
***[[Abbas al-Bayati]] ([[Islamic Union of Iraqi Turkoman]])
**[[Islamic Dawa Party - Iraq Organisation]]
***[[Ali al-Allaq]]
***[[Abd al-Karim al-'Anzi]]
**[[Islamic Dawa Party]]
***[[Sami al-'Askari]]
**[[Islamic Virtue Party]]
***[[Ammar Tuma]]
***[[Hassan al-Shammari]]
**independent
***[[Qasim Dawud]]
**unknown
***[[Najiha Abd al-Amir]]
***[[Jabir Habib Jabir]]
* [[Kurdistani Alliance]] ([[Kurdish people|Kurdish]]): 5
**[[Fu'ad Ma'sum]]
**[[Sa'd al-Barzanji]]
**[[Feryad Rawandazi]]
**[[Abdallah Salih]]
**[[Ahmad Anwar Muhammad]]
* [[Iraqi Accord Front]] ([[Sunni]] [[Arab]]): 4
**[[Iyad al-Samarra'i]]
**[[Hussein al-Falluji]]
**[[Salim al-Jabburi]]
**[[Izz al-Din al-Dawlah]]
* [[Iraqi National List]] (secular): 2
**[[Aliya Nassif Osairan]]
**[[Hamid Majid Musa]]
* [[Iraqi National Dialogue Front]]: 1
**[[Muhammad Ali Tamim]]<ref>[http://www.niqash.org/content.php?contentTypeID=94&id=1520 constitution amendments committee formed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021734/http://www.niqash.org/content.php?contentTypeID=94&id=1520 |date=2007-09-27 }}, ''[[Niqash]]'', 2006-09-27</ref>

In addition, the representatives of the [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkmen]], [[Mandaeans]], and [[Yazidi]]s were invited to nominate a member each to join the committee <ref>[http://www.niqash.org/content.php?contentTypeID=94&id=1520 constitution amendments committee formed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021734/http://www.niqash.org/content.php?contentTypeID=94&id=1520 |date=2007-09-27 }}, ''Niqash'', 2006-09-28</ref>

The [[Iraqi National Dialogue Front]] has rejected the deal that led to the formation of the committee and has refused to participate.

==Amendments proposed==

Seven areas have been identified as areas where one or more of the political forces in Iraq would like to change:<ref name=NiqCon>[http://www.niqash.org/content.php?contentTypeID=169&id=2015 Intractable positions on the constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719053029/http://www.niqash.org/content.php?contentTypeID=169&id=2015 |date=2011-07-19 }}, ''Niqash'', 2007-09-23, accessed on 2007-10-02</ref>

# The ability of constitutional changes to be vetoed by three out of the 19 governorates
# Iraq's Arab identity
# The shape of the federal system
# The status of [[Kirkuk]]
# The split of oil revenues between national and regional governments
# The role of [[Islam]]
# [[De-Baathification]]

==Positions==

{{further|Federalism in Iraq}}

The main proposed amendments have come from the Sunni Arab majority parties who want to make it more difficult to establish an oil-rich Shiite "super-region" in the south of Iraq<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6104032,00.html Iraq forms panel on Constitution Changes], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2006-09-25</ref><ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/1/22/worldupdates/2006-01-22T182312Z_01_NOOTR_RTRJONC_0_-233176-1&sec=Worldupdates Sunnis back govt talks but say demands must be met], ''[[Malaysian Star]]'', 2006-01-22</ref>

However, [[SCIRI]] has insisted that the "essence" of the constitution should be maintained and has pushed for the creation of a Shiite Region covering the nine southern [[Governorates of Iraq|governorates]]. On March 16 [[Abdul Aziz al-Hakim]], the leader of [[SCIRI]] proposed a compromise whereby two Regions are created - one in the far South near [[Basra]] and one for the middle Euphrates region.<ref>[http://www.juancole.com/2006/03/usiraqi-attack-on-samarra-region.html US/Iraqi Attack on Samarra Region Parliament Sworn In], ''[[Informed Comment]]'', 2006-03-17</ref> The [[Islamic Virtue Party]] governor of [[Basra]] has expressed support for a Region covering [[Basrah]] and its only its two neighbouring governorates of [[Maysan]] and [[Dhiqar]].<ref>[http://www.kurdmedia.com/news.asp?id=6943 Proposal to divide Iraq into semi-autonomous states gains ground] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626142254/http://www.kurdmedia.com/news.asp?id=6943 |date=2006-06-26 }}, ''Kurdish Media'', 2005-05-25</ref> The [[Sadrist Movement]] supports a stronger central government, saying that federalism should not be applied to the south "while Iraq is still under occupation".<ref>[http://electroniciraq.net/news/2499.shtml Iraq's Federalism Debate Rages On] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012024141/http://electroniciraq.net/news/2499.shtml |date=2006-10-12 }}, ''[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]]'', 2006-09-26</ref>

The National Dialogue Front has asked that the [[de-Baathification]] provisions be reworded to "''be fair to those that have suffered under this article''".<ref>[http://www.niqash.org/content.php?contentTypeID=81&id=1576 the constitutional amendments committee: "crises" at the beginning of the road] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711233301/http://www.niqash.org/content.php?contentTypeID=81&id=1576 |date=2007-07-11 }}, ''Niqash'', 2006-10-11</ref>

Some [[Shia Islam in Iraq|Shiite leaders]] had proposed changing the country's official name to the [[Islamic Republic of Iraq]], a move opposed by Iraq's secularists.<ref>Otterman, Sharon; Beehner, Lionel (27 April 2005). [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-drafting-constitution "Iraq: Drafting the Constitution"]. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 28 December 2019.</ref>

===Iraq Study Group===

{{wikisource|Iraq Study Group Report}}

The [[Iraq Study Group]] of senior American politicians recommended that the constitution be amended as follows:<ref>[http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=61218 Panel offers recommendations to tackle Iraq's 'dire' plight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165320/http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=61218 |date=2007-09-30 }}, ''[[Turkish Daily News]]'', 2006-12-08</ref>

* Oil revenue should accrue wholly to the central government and not split with the regions
* The referendum on [[Kirkuk]] joining the [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] region should be delayed

===Kurdistani Alliance===

The [[Kurdistani Alliance]] submitted a working paper in April 2007 with the following proposed changes:
*Iraq to be renamed the "Federal Republic of Iraq"
*[[Iraqi Kurdistan]] to have its own representative at the [[United Nations]]<ref>[http://www.iraqupdates.com/p_articles.php/article/16277 Security position grabs Iraqi media attention], ''Al-Mashriq'' via ''Iraq Updates'', 2007-04-08, accessed on 2007-07-02</ref>

===Iraqi Accord Front===

The Iraqi Accord Front was reported in July 2007 as seeking the following changes:<ref>[http://www.gulfnews.com/region/Iraq/10138005.html Sectarian disputes delay constitution], ''Gulf News'', 2007-07-09, accessed on 2007-07-09</ref>

* Whilst now accepting the establishment of new [[Regions of Iraq]], it wants the powers of these to be limited
* Deleting references to the religious [[Hawza]] of [[Najaf]]
* Remove the [[de-Baathification]] clauses
* Bringing existing as well as future [[crude oil]] fields into the law on oil
* Postponing the [[Kirkuk status referendum]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110104005553/http://parliament.iq/ The Iraqi Council of Representatives]
*[http://www.gjpi.org/ Global Justice Project: Iraq]

[[Category:Constitution of Iraq]]

Gloriæ Dei Cantores

2022-10-07T19:27:38Z

71.11.5.2: copy edits, removed copy edit tag

{{Short description|Choir in Massachusetts, United States}}
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{{more citations needed|date=March 2020}}
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[[File:Gloriae Dei Cantores .jpg|thumb|Gloriae Dei Cantores]]
[[File:GDC Image Blue Dresses JPeg.jpg|thumb|alt=|1x1px]]

'''{{lang|la|Gloriæ Dei Cantores}}''' (Latin for "Singers to the Glory of God") is a 40-voice choir based in Orleans, Massachusetts under the direction of artistic director and principal conductor [[Richard K. Pugsley]].

==History==
"Gloriæ Dei Cantores" was founded in 1988 by Elizabeth C. Patterson<ref>{{cite web |title=Director Emeritus |url=https://gdcchoir.org/about/director-emeritus/ |website=Gloriæ Dei Cantores |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref> who served as its Director/Conductor until 2012. It is based at the [[Community of Jesus#Church of the Transfiguration|Church of the Transfiguration]] in [[Orleans,_Massachusetts|Orleans]], [[Massachusetts]]. The "Gloriæ Dei Cantores Schola" specializes in Gregorian chant.

The choir sings in 18 languages and has appeared on the concert stage and in recordings with such artists as [[Gerre Hancock]], [[Keith Lockhart]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boston Symphony Orchestra |url=http://archive.org/details/bostonpopsholida2000bost |title=Boston Pops Holiday programs, 2000, Season 115 |publisher=Boston, Mass. : Boston Symphony Orchestra |others=Boston Symphony Orchestra Archives |language=English}}</ref> [[John Williams]], [[Samuel Adler (composer)|Samuel Adler]], [[Mark O'Connor]], [[Stephen Cleobury]], [[George Guest]], [[Daniel Pinkham]], and [[Margaret Hillis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Performance History Search |url=https://archives.bso.org/Search.aspx#tabs-artist |access-date=April 6, 2022 |website=archives.bso.org |archive-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309003100/https://archives.bso.org/Search.aspx#tabs-artist |url-status=live}}</ref> It has toured in 23 countries in Europe, Asia, and North America.

Highlights of the choir's career under Elizabeth Patterson and current artistic director and principal conductor Richard K. Pugsley include three invitational tours of Russia, the opening of the 900th anniversary of St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy, live radio and television broadcasts with the BBC, film soundtracks, and the tree-lighting ceremony at Rockefeller Plaza.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

The choir's collaborative ventures have included ten Holiday Tours with Keith Lockhart and the Boston Pops Orchestra, a sixteen-city US tour of Mozart's ''Requiem'' with Philippe Entremont, and the [[Munich Symphony Orchestra]], and performances of Mozart's Requiem with the [[Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra|St. Petersburg Philharmonic]] in Russia.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

In October 2017, the choir and its associated Elements Theatre Company presented at the Church of the Transfiguration [[Ralph Vaughan Williams|Vaughn Williams]]' opera, ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress (opera)|The Pilgrim's Progress]]'', to celebrate 500 years of the Protestant Reformation.<ref name="BCR">{{Cite web |url=https://bostonclassicalreview.com/2017/10/gloriae-dei-cantores-offers-an-enterprising-revival-of-vaughan-williams-pilgrims-progress/ |last1=Keebaugh |first1=Aaron |title=Gloriae Dei Cantores offers an enterprising revival of Vaughan Williams' "Pilgrim's Progress" |publisher=Boston Classical Review |date=October 28, 2017 |access-date=January 8, 2020 |archive-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814164331/https://bostonclassicalreview.com/2017/10/gloriae-dei-cantores-offers-an-enterprising-revival-of-vaughan-williams-pilgrims-progress/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Recent{{when|date=January 2020}} concerts have featured Walton's ''The Twelve,'' [[Francis Poulenc|Poulenc]]'s [[Gloria (Poulenc)|Gloria]] [[Maurice Duruflé|Duruflé]]'s [[Requiem (Duruflé)|Requiem]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s [[Great Mass in C minor, K. 427|Mass in C minor]], and Vaughan Williams' ''[[Dona nobis pacem (Vaughan Williams)|Dona Nobis Pacem]]'', in collaboration with soloists Andrew Nolen and Jossie Pérez.

==Discography==
The choir has released several recordings on its Paraclete Recordings label.

Gordon Myers was Chairman of the Music Department, Columbia College, Columbia, South Carolina, from 1965 to 1968. He wrote a 90-minute choral work, "God's Trombones by James Weldon Johnson" as his doctoral thesis, subsequently published by Eastlane Music Corporation. In 1996, Paraclete Press, the publishing house of the Community of Jesus, acquired the copyright. It was recorded by "Gloriæ Dei Cantores" in the mid-1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.colorado.edu/amrc/sites/default/files/attached-files/AMRC-Myers.pdf |title="The Gordon Myers music and personal papers", American Music Research Center, University of Colorado at Boulder |access-date=January 8, 2020 |archive-date=September 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905224619/http://www.colorado.edu/amrc/sites/default/files/attached-files/AMRC-Myers.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Using the masters, Paraclete Records prepared them for re-release in 2018. The Gloriæ Dei Cantores choir serves as a chorus to Myers' baritone. C. Michael Bailey, writing for "All That Jazz" recommended the recording calling it, "...a very listenable collection of Bible tales..."<ref name="AAJ">{{cite web |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/james-weldon-johnson-gods-trombones-gordon-myers-and-gloriash-dei-cantores-paraclete-records-review-by-c-michael-bailey |title=Gloriæ Dei Cantores: James Weldon Johnson: God's Trombones album review |last1=Bailey |first1=C. Michael |date=June 1, 2018 |website=allaboutjazz.com |publisher=All About Jazz |accessdate=April 12, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413035904/https://www.allaboutjazz.com/james-weldon-johnson-gods-trombones-gordon-myers-and-gloriash-dei-cantores-paraclete-records-review-by-c-michael-bailey |archive-date=April 13, 2022}}</ref>

"[[Alan Hovhaness]]: From the Ends of the Earth" received a favorable review from Music Web International's Dan Morgan, who noted the acoustics of the Church of the Transfiguration.<ref name="MWI">{{cite web |url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2018/Apr/Hovhaness_sacred_GDCD052.htm |title=Alan Hovhaness Sacred Music - Gloriae Dei Cantores [DM] Classical Music Review |last1=Morgan |first1=Dan |date=April 2018 |website=musicweb-international.com |publisher=MusicWeb International |location=Essex, UK |accessdate=April 12, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126072608/http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2018/Apr/Hovhaness_sacred_GDCD052.htm |archive-date=November 26, 2020}}</ref> In reviewing ''Mozart Rare Choral Works'', Michael Cookson said, "...although there are episodes of unsteadiness and one or two uncomfortable vibratos it is hard to find too much fault with their performances."<ref name="MWI_2019">{{Cite web |url=http://musicweb-international.com/classrev/2006/july06/Mozart_rare_choral_gdcd039.htm |title=Mozart Rare Choral Works |last1=Cookson |first1=Michael |date=July 6, 2006 |website=musicweb-international.com |publisher=MusicWeb International |location=Essex, UK |access-date=January 8, 2020 |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228191125/http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2006/July06/Mozart_rare_choral_gdcd039.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Gregorian chant]]
*''The Chants of Angels''
*''The Chants of Mary''
*''The Chants of the Holy Spirit''
*''The Chants of Easter''
*''The Chants of Christmas''
*''The Coming of Christ''
*''The Beloved Son''
*''I Am With You''
*''Gregorian Requiem''
*''The Chants of Transfiguration''

Medieval {{circa|1150}} – {{circa|1400}}
*''Sacred Songs of France (Vol. I: 1198–1609)''

Renaissance {{circa|1400}} – {{circa|1600}}
*''Masters of the Renaissance''
*''Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina''

Baroque {{circa|1600}} – {{circa|1750}}
*''Peace Be With You''

Romantic {{circa|1830}} – {{circa|1920}}
*''Mendelssohn and Brahms Sacred Motets''
*''Josef Gabriel Rheinberger: Motets, Masses and Hymms''
*''Faith of My Heart: Sacred Choral Music of Franz Liszt''

20th – 21st centuries {{circa|1900}} – today
*'' Herbert Howells''
*'' Mandorla: Choral Masterworks of Frank Martin, Martin, Grieg, Hanson''
*'' Edmund Rubbra: The Sacred Muse''
*'' The Doctrine of Wisdom: Sacred Choral Music of William Mathias''
*'' Eclipse: The Voice of Jean Langlais''
*'' A Prophecy of Peace: The Choral Music of Samuel Adler''
*'' Appalachian Sketches''
*'' Leo Sowerby: American Master of Sacred Song''
*'' Aaron Copland and Virgil Thomson: Sacred and Secular Choral Works''

Spanish
*''Esperanza: A Gift of Spanish Song''

Russian
*''All Night Vigil, Op.37''
*''Unto Ages of Ages Sacred Choral Music of Georgy Sviridov, Rachmaninoff, and Tchaikovsky''
*''Sacred Songs of Russia''

Anglican psalmody
*''Thou Art My Refuge Psalms of Salvation and Mercy (Vol. I)''
*''He Has Heard My Voice Psalms of Faithfulness and Hope (Vol. II)''
*''His Love Endures Forever Psalms of Thankfulness and Praise (Vol. III)''

American psalm settings
*''Make His Praise Glorious (American Psalmody Vol. I)''
*''By the Rivers of Babylon (American Psalmody Vol. II)''
*''The Lord Is My Shepherd (American Psalmody Vol. III)''

Compilations and sets
* ''Eternal Light''
* ''Joy and Gladness''
* ''Paths of Grace''
* ''Aliyah! Israel''
* ''Kaleidoscope: America's Faith in Song''
* ''The Essential Gregorian Chant Collection''
* ''Music of the Renaissance Set''
* ''American Psalmody of the 20th Century''

Christmas
*''Keeping Christmas''
*''Sing Noel''
*''The Chants of Christmas''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.gdcchoir.org}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gloriae Dei Cantores}}
[[Category:Choirs in Massachusetts]]