wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Germans of Kazakhstan

2025-06-29T11:26:58Z

68.168.221.146: No flags per MOS:Flag.

{{Short description|Germanic ethnic group in Kazakhstan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{ethnic group|
| group = Germans of Kazakhstan
| native_name = {{ubl|{{lang|de|Kasachstandeutsche}}|{{lang|kk|Қазақстандық немістер}}}}
| image =
| caption =
| population = 226,092 (2021 census)<ref>https://minorityrights.org/country/kazakhstan/#:~:text=Kazakhstan's%20unusually%20diverse%20ethnic%20makeup,Central%20Asian%20groups%20moving%20west.</ref>
| region1 =
| pop1 =
| ref1 =
| region2 =
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| langs = [[German language|German]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]
| religions = [[Protestantism]]; minorities of [[Roman Catholics]], [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Irreligious]]
| related = [[Russians in Kazakhstan|Russian Kazakhstanis]], [[German minority in Poland|German Poles]]
}}
[[File:Ostermann-germans-2023-1-deutsch.png|thumb|Share of ethnic Germans in Kazakhstan by district (2023)]]
The '''Germans of Kazakhstan''' ({{langx|de|Kasachstandeutsche}}; {{langx|kk|Қазақстандық немістер|Qazaqstandyq nemıster}}) are a minority in [[Kazakhstan]], and make up a small percentage of the population. Today they live mostly in the northeastern part of the country between the cities of [[Astana]] and [[Oskemen]], the majority being urban dwellers.<ref>[http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=70502 Assessment for Germans in Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525075954/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=70502 |date=2011-05-25 }}, The MAR Project</ref>

Their number peaked at nearly 1 million (957 thousand people per 1989 census) near the time of the Soviet dissolution, but most have emigrated since then, usually to [[Germany]] or [[Russia]]. However, after a significant decrease from 1989 to 2009, by 2015 the number had seen a slight increase of a few thousand, the first time since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Between 2009 and 2021 the German population had increased by 26.7%, though mostly due to changes in patterns of ethnic identity rather than actual population growth.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==History==
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2016}}
{{Historical populations
|title = German historical population of Kazakhstan
|source = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languages-study.com/demography/kazakhstan.html|title=Население Казахстана снова растет, повышается процент казахов|website=www.languages-study.com|accessdate=29 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="Каз2012">{{Cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/publishing/2012/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C/12_2011_%D0%91-15-10-%D0%93.rar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115130347/http://www.stat.kz/publishing/2012/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C/12_2011_%D0%91-15-10-%D0%93.rar|url-status=dead|title=Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на 1 января 2012 года.|archive-date=15 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.kz/faces/wcnav_externalId/publBullS14-2014;jsessionid=QF98WSNdvqZJvVpvzr04VgbHDp5GnfKkfY3GjC1mmLB9pJbt5JM4!1219296013?_adf.ctrl-state=zg0yillq1_89&_afrLoop=24317659378066032#%40%3F_afrLoop%3D24317659378066032%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dfc7wdzcbx_4|title=2014 жылғы мұрағат|access-date=29 August 2023|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123855/http://www.stat.gov.kz/faces/wcnav_externalId/publBullS14-2014;jsessionid=QF98WSNdvqZJvVpvzr04VgbHDp5GnfKkfY3GjC1mmLB9pJbt5JM4!1219296013?_adf.ctrl-state=zg0yillq1_89&_afrLoop=24317659378066032#%40%3F_afrLoop%3D24317659378066032%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dfc7wdzcbx_4|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|type=p.a.
|1897|2613
|1926|51094
|1939|92571
|1959|659751
|1970|839649
|1979|900207
|1989|957518
|1999|353441
|2009|178409
|2021|226092
}}Most Germans in Kazakhstan are the descendants of [[Volga German]]s, who were deported to the then Soviet republic of [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakhstan]] from the [[Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] soon after the [[Operation Barbarossa|Nazi German Invasion]] during [[World War II]]. Large portions of the community were imprisoned in the [[Gulag|Soviet labor camp system]].{{cn|date=March 2025}}

After the deportation, Volga Germans, as well as other deported minorities, were subject to imposed [[cultural assimilation]] into the [[Russians|Russian culture]]. The methods to achieve that goal included the prohibition of public use of the [[German language]] and education in German, the abolition of German ethnic holidays and a prohibition on their observance in public and a ban on relocation among others.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

Those measures had been enacted by [[Joseph Stalin]], even though the Volga German community as a whole was in no way affiliated with [[Nazi Germany]], and Volga Germans had been loyal citizens of the [[Russian Empire]] (and later the [[Soviet Union]]) for centuries. These restrictions ended, however, during the "[[Khrushchev Thaw]]".{{cn|date=March 2025}}

In 1972''',''' over 3''','''500 German Russians sent a petition to Moscow again requesting an autonomous republic in the Volga regions. The government responded with an ad hoc committee
to study this request. In 1976, the commission finally agreed to create an autonomous ''oblast'' (county) in Northern Kazakhstan, centered in [[Ereymentau]], 140 kilometers from
Tselinograd (Virgin Land City and capital of the virgin lands district). The district would be partially located in the “virgin lands,” which had already put 41.8 million hectares into
agricultural production, although this area had been one of the least developed in Kazakhstan.

The success of Khrushchev's agricultural focus was largely due to the
labor of the ethnic Germans exiled there. This government proposal created much opposition in Kazakhstan from residents, including a public protest, a rarity in the Soviet Union; every effort was made to keep the demonstration secret. Local Communist Party leaders also strongly opposed the plan''',''' as it would diminish their authority in the Kazakh SSR. Ultimately, nothing came of the idea, which lacked support from even the German Russians, who tended to believe that reconstitution of the Volga Republic was the only way<ref>{{Cite book|title=Voices from the Gulag: the Oppression of the German Minority in the Soviet Union|last=Merten|first=Ulrich|publisher=American Historical Society of Germans from Russia|year=2015|isbn=978-0-692-60337-6|location=Lincoln, Nebraska|pages=285, 279, 280}}</ref> toward full rehabilitation and restoration of their rights.

According to a 1989 census, more citizens of ethnic German origin lived in [[Kazakhstan]] (numbering 957,518, or 5.8% of the total population) than in the whole of [[Russia]], including [[Siberia]] (841,295).<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=28051 KAZAKHSTAN: Special report on ethnic Germans], IRIN Asia</ref>

Due to the [[Aussiedler|German right of return law]] that enables ethnic Germans abroad who had been forcibly deported to return to [[Germany]], Volga Germans could immigrate to Germany after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.<ref>[http://kazakhstan.neweurasia.net/2007/06/11/russian-germans-back-to-the-heimat/ Russian-Germans: Back to the Heimat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720040840/http://kazakhstan.neweurasia.net/2007/06/11/russian-germans-back-to-the-heimat/ |date=2008-07-20 }}, kazakhstan.neweurasia.net</ref> But due to widespread abuse of the system and the lack of interest on the part of the heavily-[[Russification|Russified]] newly arrived immigrants to assimilate, Germany tightened<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bildung |first=Bundeszentrale für politische |date=2022-01-01 |title=(Spät-)Aussiedler |url=https://www.bpb.de/kurz-knapp/zahlen-und-fakten/soziale-situation-in-deutschland/61643/spaet-aussiedler/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=bpb.de |language=de}}</ref> the policy during the early 21st century. By 2009, Russia had replaced Germany as the major immigrant destination for German Kazakhstanis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.kz/publishing/DocLib/Dem_Ezegod_2009%20CD.pdf |title=Демографический ежегодник Казахстана |website=www.stat.kz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705041402/http://www.stat.kz/publishing/DocLib/Dem_Ezegod_2009%20CD.pdf |archive-date=July 5, 2010}}</ref> In 1999, there were 353,441 Germans remaining in Kazakhstan.

A small number of Germans have returned to Kazakhstan from Germany during the last several years, unable to assimilate into the German cultural sphere. The ''Rebirth'' organization, founded in 1989, handles cultural and community affairs of the ethnic German community.

Most Germans of Kazakhstan speak only [[Russian language|Russian]]. Most were historically followers of [[Protestantism]], but some are Roman Catholic. Today many, possibly the majority, are irreligious. The heaviest concentrations of Germans in Kazakhstan can be found along the cities and villages in the Northern region, such as [[Uspen District|Uspen]], [[Taran District|Taran]], and [[Borodulikha District|Borodulikha]].<ref>National Census of 2009, Kazakhstan</ref>

The 2021 Census revealed for the first time since the dissolution of the USSR, that the ethnic German population of Kazakhstan had increased to 226,092 from 178,409 in 2009.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

==See also==
*[[Germany–Kazakhstan relations]]
*[[Demographics of Kazakhstan]]
*[[Population transfer in the Soviet Union]]
*[[German as a minority language]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{German diaspora}}
{{Kazakhstan topics}}
{{Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:German diaspora by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:European diaspora in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Volga German diaspora|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Central Asia]]

English Americans

2025-06-29T11:24:50Z

68.168.221.146: /* Geographical distribution */ Unsourced.

{{short description|Americans of English birth or descent}}
{{Confuse|American English|Anglo-Americans|British Americans}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = English Americans
| flag =
| flag_caption =
| image = English2024png.png
| image_caption =
| population = '''Alone (one ancestry)''' '''25,536,410''' ([[2020 United States census|2020 census]])<ref name= "Ethnic groups by the 2020 US census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=Races and Ethnicities USA 2020|publisher=[[United States census]]|date= September 21, 2023|access-date=October 21, 2023}}</ref> 7.70% of the total US population '''Alone or in combination''' '''46,550,968''' ([[2020 United States census|2020 census]])<ref name= "Ethnic groups by the 2020 US census"/> 14.04% of the total US population
| regions = Found Nationwide with significant populations in the [[Southern United States|South]] and [[New England]]
| region1 = [[California]]
| pop1 = 3,754,933
| ref1 = <ref name= "Ethnic groups by the 2020 US census"/>
| region2 = [[Texas]]
| pop2 = 3,520,547
| ref2 = <ref name= "Ethnic groups by the 2020 US census"/>
| region3 = [[Florida]]
| pop3 = 2,540,795
| ref3 = <ref name= "Ethnic groups by the 2020 US census"/>
| region4 = [[Ohio]]
| pop4 = 2,037,771
| ref4 = <ref name= "Ethnic groups by the 2020 US census"/>
| region5 = [[North Carolina]]
| pop5 = 1,869,609
| ref5 = <ref name= "Ethnic groups by the 2020 US census"/>
| region6 = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| pop6 = 1,641,789
| ref6 = <ref name= "Ethnic groups by the 2020 US census"/>
| region7 = [[Pennsylvania]]
| pop7 = 1,641,137
| ref7 = <ref name= "Ethnic groups by the 2020 US census"/>
| region8 = [[Michigan]]
| pop8 = 1,637,351
| ref8 = <ref name= "Ethnic groups by the 2020 US census"/>
| region9 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| pop9 = 1,594,956
| ref9 = <ref name= "Ethnic groups by the 2020 US census"/>
| region10 = [[Tennessee]]
| pop10 = 1,430,466
| ref10 = <ref name= "Ethnic groups by the 2020 US census"/>
| langs = English
| rels = Traditionally [[Christianity]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ1zAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22english+americans%22+religion&pg=PA780|title=Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia|page=780|isbn=978-1-4522-7626-7 |last1=Cortés |first1=Carlos E. |date=August 15, 2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref>
| related = Other [[English diaspora]], [[American ancestry]], [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestants]], [[Old Stock Americans]], other [[British Americans]], [[White Americans]], [[European Americans]], [[Irish Americans]], [[Scottish Americans]], [[Welsh Americans]], [[Cornish Americans]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans]], [[Dutch Americans]], [[German Americans]], [[French Americans]], [[Scandinavian Americans]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html | title=Over Half of White Population Reported Being English, German or Irish }}</ref>
| footnotes =
}}
{{English people}}

'''English Americans''' (also known as [[Anglo-Americans]]) are [[Americans]] whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in [[England]]. In the [[2020 United States census]], English Americans were the largest group in the United States with 46.6 million Americans self-identifying as having some English origins (many combined with another heritage) representing (19.8%) of the [[White Americans|White American]] population. This includes 25,536,410 (12.5% of whites) identified as predominantly or "English alone".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|publisher=[[United States census]]|date= September 21, 2023|access-date=October 21, 2023}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Despite their status as the largest self-identified ancestral-origin group in the United States,<ref>{{cite web |title=English Most Common Race or Ethnicity in 2020 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[United States census]]}}</ref> demographers still regard the number of English Americans as an undercount.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pulera |first=Dominic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&q=Sharing+the+dream:+white+males+in+multicultural+America++english+ancestry&pg=PA57 |title=Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America |date=20 October 2004 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=9780826416438 |access-date=21 August 2017 |via=Google Books}}</ref> As most English Americans are the descendants of settlers who first arrived during the [[Thirteen Colonies|colonial period]] which began over 400 years ago, many Americans are either unaware of this heritage or choose to elect a more recent known ancestral group<ref>[[Stanley Lieberson]] and [[Mary C. Waters]], "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites", ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.</ref> even if English is their primary ancestry.<ref>Mary C. Waters, ''Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.</ref>

The term is distinct from [[British Americans]], which includes not only English Americans but also others from the [[United Kingdom]] such as [[Scottish Americans|Scottish]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] (descendants of Ulster Scots from [[Ulster]] and [[Northern Ireland]]), [[Welsh Americans|Welsh]], [[Cornish Americans|Cornish]], [[Manx Americans]] and [[Channel Islanders]].<ref name="factfinder.census.gov5">{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B04006:%20PEOPLE%20REPORTING%20ANCESTRY&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> In [[1980 United States census|1980]], 49.6 million Americans claimed English ancestry. At 26.34%, this was the largest group amongst the 188 million people who reported at least one ancestry. The population was 226 million which would have made the English ancestry group 22% of the total.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 2 |url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/1983/dec/pc80-s1-10.pdf |access-date=November 21, 2018 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>

[[Scotch-Irish Americans]] are for the most part descendants of [[Lowland Scotland|Lowland Scots]] and [[Northern England|Northern English]] (specifically [[County Durham]], [[Cumberland]], [[Northumberland]] and [[Yorkshire]]) settlers who migrated to Ireland during the [[Plantation of Ulster]] in the 17th century. Additionally, [[African Americans]] tend to have a significant degree of English and Lowland Scots ancestry tracing back to the Colonial period, typically ranging between 17 and 29%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bryc |first1=Katarzyna |display-authors=et al. |year=2015 |title=The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289685/#:~:text=The%20Genetic%20Landscape%20of%20the%20US&text=Genome%2Dwide%20ancestry%20estimates%20of,American%20ancestry%20(Table%201). |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=96 |pages=37–53 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 |pmc=4289685 |pmid=25529636 |access-date=June 29, 2023 |via=National Center for Biotechnology Information |number=1}}</ref> English immigrants in the 19th century, as with other groups, sought economic prosperity. They began migrating in large numbers, without state support, in the 1840s and continued into the 1890s.<ref name="English Emigration">{{cite web |title=English Emigration. |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAEengland.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408173429/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAEengland.htm |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=21 August 2017 |website=Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk}}</ref>

English American elites, known as "WASPs" ([[White Anglo-Saxon Protestants]]), have dominated American society, culture, and politics for most of American history. The majority of presidents of the United States, as well as the majority of sitting U.S. congressmen and congresswomen, were born into families of English ancestry. The majority of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] were also of English ancestry. [[Ivy League]] universities such as [[Harvard University]], [[Yale University]], and [[Princeton University]] were established by and have been mostly composed of WASPs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Useem |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Useem |title=The Inner Circle: Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the U.S. and U.K. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-1950-4033-3 |location=New York}} pp. 179-180,.</ref>

Historically, many different ethnic groups assimilated into the Anglo-American population during and after the British colonial period, specifically [[German Americans|Germans]], [[Irish Americans|Irishmen]], [[Swedish Americans|Swedes]], [[Huguenots|French Huguenots]], [[Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], [[African Americans|Africans]], [[Dutch Americans|Dutchmen]], and [[Finnish Americans|Finns]]. This intermarriage resulted in the creation of a uniquely Anglo-American frontier identity, specifically in the [[Upland South]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jordan-Bychkov |first=Terry G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPgRAAAAYAAJ |title=The Upland South: The Making of an American Folk Region and Landscape |date=2003 |publisher=Center for American Places |isbn=978-1-930066-08-3 |pages=9–15 |language=en}}</ref>

In states such as [[Texas]], [[New Mexico]], [[Louisiana]], and [[California]]; former colonies of [[New Spain|Spain]] and [[New France|France]], Anglo-American settlers developed a cohesive identity centered around their [[Protestantism]], [[English language]], and [[British colonization of the Americas|British colonial heritage]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas 1821-1836 < Anglo-American colonization in Texas - Kjetil Ersdal < 1801-1900 < Essays < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction and beyond |url=https://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/1801-1900/anglo-american-colonization-in-texas/texas-1821-1836.php |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.let.rug.nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=Anglo-American Colonization in Mexican Texas (1821-1835) |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/anglo-american-colonization |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Anglo-Americans Settle in Louisiana |url=https://greatriverroadmuseum.org/anglo-americans#:~:text=The%20term%20%E2%80%9CAnglo-American%E2%80%9D,those%20from%20the%20United%20States. |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=The Great River Road Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> Despite the overwhelming majority of Anglo settlers being native-born white American Protestants of [[Old Stock Americans|colonial immigrant ancestry]], there were also [[George K. Teulon|English]], [[Michel Branamour Menard|French-Canadian]], [[Stagger's Point, Texas|Irish]], [[Eduard Harkort|German]], [[Henri Castro|Jewish]], [[Melungeon]] and even Catholic settlers as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Jewish History |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/texas-jewish-history |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Melungeon Texans. |url=http://www.texasescapes.com/TexasPersonalities/Melungeon-Texans.htm |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.texasescapes.com}}</ref> Many Anglos married into the families of [[Spaniards|Spanish]], [[French people|French]], and [[Mexicans|Mexican]] elites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital History |url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817143232/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=557 |archive-date=August 17, 2024 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.digitalhistory.uh.edu |url-status=live }}</ref>

An early expression of Anglo-American nationalism occurred during the [[Texas Revolution]], when [[Republic of Texas|revolutionaries]] created flags which included the [[Union Jack|British Union Jack]], [[George Washington]], and elements of the [[Flag of the United States|American flag]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Flags of the Texas State Library and Archives - Austin National Flag {{!}} Texas State Library |url=https://www.tsl.texas.gov/historicflags/02872AustinNational.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308175952/https://www.tsl.texas.gov/historicflags/02872AustinNational.html |archive-date=March 8, 2025 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.tsl.texas.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=The History of Texas Flags: From Six Flags Over Texas to the Lone Star Flag |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/flags-of-texas |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=Flags of the Texas Revolution {{!}} Texas Historical Commission |url=https://thc.texas.gov/blog/flags-texas-revolution |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=thc.texas.gov |language=en}}</ref>

The term Anglo-American can be ambiguous and used in several different ways. While it is primarily intended to refer to people of [[England|English]] ancestry, it (along with terms like ''[[Anglo]]'', ''Anglic'', ''[[English-speaking world|Anglophone]]'', and ''Anglophonic'') is also used to denote all people of British or Northwestern European ancestry.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170829162908/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/anglo Oxford English Dictionary: "Anglo"] ''North American A white English-speaking person of British or northern European origin, in particular (in the US) as distinct from a Hispanic American or (in Canada) as distinct from a French-speaker.''</ref> Most broadly it is used to include all people of Northwestern European ethnic origin who currently speak English as a mother tongue and their descendants are in the New World, thus including a large assimilated group of mostly protestant Europeans.<ref name="auto">Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief ''Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary'' Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:1994--Merriam-Webster See original definition (definition #1) of ''Anglo'' in English: It is defined as a synonym for ''Anglo-American''--Page 86</ref><ref name="dictionary.com">{{cite web |title=Anglo – Definitions from Dictionary.com; American Heritage Dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Anglo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315013806/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Anglo |archive-date=15 March 2008 |access-date=2008-03-29 |publisher=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC |quote=Usage Note: In contemporary American usage, Anglo is used primarily in direct contrast to Hispanic or Latino. In this context it is not limited to persons of English or even British descent, but can be generally applied to any [[non-Hispanic white]] person, making mother tongue (in this case English) the primary factor. Thus in parts of the United States such as the [[Southwest United States]] with large Hispanic populations, an American of Polish, Irish, or German heritage might be termed an Anglo just as readily as a person of English descent. However, in parts of the country where the Hispanic community is smaller or nonexistent, or in areas where ethnic distinctions among European groups remain strong, Anglo has little currency as a catch-all term for non-Hispanic whites. Anglo is also used in non-Hispanic contexts. In Canada, where its usage dates at least to 1800, the distinction is between persons of English and French descent. And in American historical contexts Anglo is apt to be used more strictly to refer to persons of English heritage, as in this passage describing the politics of nation-building in pre-Revolutionary America: "The 'unity' of the American people derived ... from the ability and willingness of an Anglo elite to stamp its image on other peoples coming to this country" (Benjamin Schwarz).}}</ref>

==Sense of identity==
[[File:England United States Locator.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|{{Legend0|#3c9d3c}}England {{Legend0|#ff7500}} United States. Shows the first permanent English settlement of [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] in 1607.]]
[[Americans]] of English heritage are often seen, and identify, as simply "American" due to the many historic cultural ties between [[England]] and the U.S. and their influence on the country's population. Relative to ethnic groups of other European origins, this may be due to the early establishment of English settlements; as well as to non-English groups having emigrated in order to establish significant communities.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoOXrMVp5BsC&q=english+ancestry+united+states&pg=PA37|title=From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America|first1=Stanley|last1=Lieberson|first2=Mary C.|last2=Waters|year=1988|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|isbn=9780871545435}}</ref>

Since 1776, English Americans have been less likely to proclaim their heritage, unlike other [[British American]]s, [[Latino American]]s, [[African American]]s, [[Italian Americans]], [[Irish American]]s, [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] or other ethnic groups. This is a reason why numbers vary drastically between self-identification and estimates. A leading specialist, Charlotte Erickson, found them to be ethnically "invisible," dismissing the occasional [[St. George Society of Philadelphia|St. George Societies]] as ephemeral elite clubs that were not in touch with a larger ethnic community.<ref>Charlotte Erickson, ''Invisible immigrants: the adaptation of English and Scottish immigrants in nineteenth-century America'' (1990)</ref> In Canada, by contrast, the English organized far more ethnic activism, as the English competed sharply with the well-organized French and Irish elements.<ref>Tanja Bueltmann, and Don MacRaild, "Globalizing St George: English associations in the Anglo-world to the 1930s" ''Journal of Global History'' (2012) 7#1 pp. 79–105</ref> In the United States, the Scottish immigrants were much better organized than the English in the 19th century, as were their descendants in the late 20th century.<ref>Rowland Berthoff, "Under the Kilt: Variations on the Scottish-American Ground" ''Journal of American Ethnic History'' (1982) 1#2 pp. 5–34 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27500204 online]</ref>

==Number of English Americans==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:90%;"
! colspan="8"|English origins response
|-
! Year
! Single ancestry / alone
! colspan="2"| Totals / %
|-
| 1980<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/1980/1980-ancestry/tab02.pdf |title= Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for United States: 1980 |website=Census.gov|access-date= January 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt0dAQAAIAAJ|title=1990 Detailed Ancestry Groups for States|quote=1990 & 1980 census comparisons table|page=20|date=1993|publisher=Ethnic and Hispanic Branch, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census |accessdate=February 19, 2024}}</ref>
| 23,748,772
| 49,598,035
| 21.9
|-
| 1990<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt0dAQAAIAAJ|title=1990 Detailed Ancestry Groups for States|quote=1990 & 1980 census comparisons table|page=20|date=1993|publisher=Ethnic and Hispanic Branch, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census |accessdate=February 19, 2024}}</ref>
| -
|32,651,788
|13.1
|-
| 2000<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancestry: 2000|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_SF3_QTP13&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213043/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_SF3_QTP13&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2020|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref>
| -
|24,515,138
| 8.71
|-
| 2010<ref name="ACS2010">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT5Y2010.B04006|title=Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 July 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713222944/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT5Y2010.B04006|archive-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
| -
|27,403,063
| 9.02
|-
| 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|publisher=[[United States census]]|date= September 21, 2023|access-date=October 21, 2023}}</ref>
| 25,536,410
|46,550,968
|14.0
|}

The original 17th century settlers were overwhelmingly English. From the time of the first permanent English presence in the New World until the 1900s, these migrants and their descendants outnumbered all others firmly establishing the English cultural pattern as predominant for the American version.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&q=americans+english+descent+million&pg=PA36|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|access-date=17 March 2015|isbn=9781438110127|last1=Powell|first1=John|year=2009|publisher=Infobase }}</ref>

===1700–1775===
According to studies and estimates, the ethnic populations in the British American Colonies from 1700 onwards were: (*[[Province of Georgia|Georgia]] not included)
{|class="sort wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
!colspan=6| Ethnic composition of the American Colonies<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf4FAAAAQBAJ&q=the+european+ancestry+of+the+united+states+population+thomas+l+purvis+80%25+english+and+welsh&pg=PA96|title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People|first1=Paul S.|last1=Boyer|first2=Clifford E.|last2=Clark|first3=Karen|last3=Halttunen|first4=Joseph F.|last4=Kett|first5=Neal|last5=Salisbury|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|access-date=21 August 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9781111786090}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm|title=Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775|website=Dalhousielodge.org|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=February 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219045151/http://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1930census.com/united_states_federal_census.php|title=U.S. Federal Census :: United States Federal Census :: US Federal Census|website=1930census.com|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=2| 1700 / %
! colspan=2| 1755 / %
! colspan=2| 1775 / %
|-
| '''[[English people|English]]''' / [[Welsh American|Welsh]]||'''80.0'''
| '''English''' / Welsh||'''52.0'''
| '''English''' ||'''48.7'''
|-
| [[African American|African]]||11.0
| African||20.0
| African||20.0
|-
| [[Dutch people|Dutch]]||4.0
| German||7.0
| Scots-Irish ||7.8
|-
| [[Scottish American|Scottish]]||3.0
| [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]]||7.0
| [[German American|German]]||6.9
|-
| Other [[European Americans|European]]||2.0
| [[Irish American|Irish]]||5.0
| Scottish||6.6
|-
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}} ||Scottish||4.0
| Dutch||2.7
|-
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}} ||Dutch||3.0
| [[French American|French]] ||1.4
|-
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}} ||Other European||2.0
| [[Swedish American|Swedish]] ||0.6
|-
| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || Other ||5.3
|-class="sortbottom" bgcolor="lightgrey"
! Colonies*|| '''100.0'''
! [[File:Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg|25px|border]] [[Thirteen Colonies]]||100.0
! [[File:Grand Union Flag.svg|25px|border]] [[United Colonies]]||100.0
|-
|}

{|class="sort wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! colspan="5"|Colonial English origin 1776<ref name="Diversity in America">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jMeCwAAQBAJ&q=ethnic+groups+of+the+13+colonies&pg=PA57|title=Diversity in America|first=Vincent N.|last=Parrillo|date=30 November 2015|publisher=Routledge|access-date=21 August 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9781317261063}}</ref>
|-
! Colonies
! colspan="4"|% of population
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"|[[New England Colonies|New England]]||70.5
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Middle Colonies|Middle]]||40.6
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Southern Colonies|Southern]] ||37.4
|-
|}

==Data==

=== National origins: 1790–1900 ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = National Origins of the White Population of the USA, 1920.png
| width1 = 270
| caption1 = The White Population of the United States in [[1920 United States census|1920]], apportioned according to the [[National Origins Formula]] prescribed by §11(c) of the [[Immigration Act of 1924]]. About 43.5% of [[White Americans]] were deemed to be of [[Old Stock Americans|colonial stock]] descended from the population enumerated in [[1790 United States census|1790]], more than 3/4 of whom from [[Great Britain]].<ref name="McCarran1950-5">{{cite report|title=Investigation of the Immigration and Naturalization Systems of the United States|author=[[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary]]|id=Senate Report № 81-1515|publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2008,0701-senatereport81-1515part5of5.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908005206/https://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2008,0701-senatereport81-1515part5of5.pdf|date=April 20, 1950|pages=768–925|archive-date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref>
| image2 = White Americans by National Origin in the 1790 Census (1909 CPG and 1929 ACLS estimates).png
| width2 = 270
| caption2 = [[European Americans]] in [[1790 United States census|1790]], by nationality, according to the preliminary ''Century of Population Growth'' estimate in 1909 (top half) and revised [[American Council of Learned Societies]] study estimates accepted by the [[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]] in 1929 (bottom half).<ref name="CPG1909">{{cite book|date=1909|title=A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth Census of the United States: 1790–1900.|first1=W. S.|last1=Rossiter|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[U.S. Bureau of the Census]]|chapter=Chapter XI. Nationality as Indicated by Names of Heads of Families Reported at the First Census|pages=116–124|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910221959/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf|archive-date=September 10, 2022|access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref><ref name="ACLS1929">{{cite book|author=American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States|date=1932|title=Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States|publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVA42JB6IYsC&pg=PA101|author-link=American Council of Learned Societies|oclc=1086749050}}</ref>
| alt3 =
}}
The ancestries of the population in [[1790 United States census|1790]] (the first national population census) has been estimated by various sources, first in 1909, then again in 1932, 1980 and 1984 by sampling distinctive [[surnames]] in the census and assigning them a country of origin. There is debate over the accuracy between the studies with individual scholars and the Federal Government using different techniques and conclusion for the ethnic composition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csun.edu/~hfgeg005/eturner/images/Books/WTP/WTPch5_W_Eur.pdf|title=People of Western European origin|website=CSun.edu|access-date=April 4, 2020}}</ref><ref name="lieberson1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoOXrMVp5BsC&q=From+many+strands:+ethnic+and+racial+groups+in+contemporary+Am%C3%A9rica+ear;lier+ethnic+composition+1790&pg=PA38|title=From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America|first1=Stanley|last1=Lieberson|first2=Mary C.|last2=Waters|date=20 September 1988|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|access-date=21 August 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780871545435}}</ref>

A study published in 1909 titled ''A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900'' by the Government Census Bureau estimated the English were 83.5%, 6.7% Scottish, 1.6% Irish, 2.0% Dutch, 0.5% French, 5.6% German and 0.1% all others of the white population for the 12 enumerated states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf|title=A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900|website=census.gov|date=1909|access-date=April 4, 2020}}</ref> "Hebrews" (Jews) were less than one-tenth of 1 percent. When the Scotch and Irish are added, British origins would be more than 90% of the European ancestry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf|title=A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900|website=census.gov|date=1909|access-date=April 4, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftp.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf|title=A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900|first=W. S.|last= Rossiter|date=1909|access-date=April 4, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HB2AAAAMAAJ |title=Surnames in the United States Census of 1790: An Analysis of National Origins of the Population|date=1969|isbn=9780806300047|access-date=April 4, 2020|last1=Council|first1=American Rearned|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Company }}</ref>

The same 1909 data for each state (of the total European population only) of English ancestry were [[Connecticut]] 96.2%, [[Rhode Island]] 96.0%, [[Vermont]] 95.4%, [[Massachusetts]] 95.0%, [[New Hampshire]] 94.1%, [[Maine]] 93.1%, [[Virginia]] 85.0%, [[Maryland]] 84.0%, [[North Carolina]] 83.1%, [[South Carolina]] 82.4%, [[New York (state)|New York]] 78.2% and [[Pennsylvania]] 59.0%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf|title=A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900 (pp. 111–117)|website=census.gov|date=1909|access-date=April 4, 2020}}</ref> CPG estimated that, of all [[European Americans]] in the [[Contiguous United States|Continental United States]] as of 1790, 82.1% were English, followed by 7.0% Scotch, 5.6% German, 2.5% Dutch, 1.9% Irish, and 0.6% French.<ref name="CPG1909" />

==== English American population estimates (1790) ====
The undercount of other colonial stocks like [[German Americans]] and [[Irish Americans]] would thus have contemporary policy consequences. When CPG was produced in 1909, the concept of independent [[Ireland]] did not even exist. CPG made no attempt to further classify its estimated 1.9% Irish population to distinguish [[Celts (modern)|Celtic]] [[Irish Catholics]] of [[Gaelic Ireland]], who in 1922 formed the independent [[Irish Free State]], from the [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] descendants of [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]] and [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] of the [[Plantation of Ulster]], which became [[Northern Ireland]] and remained part of the [[United Kingdom]]. In 1927, proposed immigration quotas based on CPG figures were rejected by the President's Committee chaired by the [[United States Secretary of State|Secretaries of State]], [[United States Secretary of Commerce|Commerce]], and [[United States Secretary of Labor|Labor]], with the President reporting to Congress "the statistical and historical information available raises grave doubts as to the whole value of these computations as the basis for the purposes intended."<ref name="ACLS1929" />
Among the criticisms of ''A Century of Population Growth'':
* CPG failed to account for [[Anglicization of names]], assuming any surname that could be English was actually English
* CPG failed to consider first names even when obviously foreign, assuming anyone with a surname that could be English was actually English
* CPG started by classifying all names as Scotch, Irish, Dutch, French, German, Hebrew, or other. All remaining names which could not be classed with one of the 6 other listed nationalities, nor identified by the Census clerk as too exotic to be English, were assumed to be English
* CPG classification was an unscientific process by Census clerks with no training in history, genealogy, or linguistics, nor were scholars in those fields consulted
* CPG estimates were produced by a linear process with no checks on potential errors nor opportunity for peer review or scholarly revision once an individual clerk had assigned a name to a nationality

At the time of the first census in 1790, ''English'' was the majority ancestry in all U.S. states, ranging from a high of 96.2% in Connecticut to a low of 58.0% in New Jersey.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ class="unsortable" colspan="9" style="color:#053;" align="center" class="unsortable"| '''Ancestries of Each U.S. State in 1790''' - {{small|A Century of Population Growth}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf#page=122 |title=A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth Census of the United States: 1790–1900|website=census.gov|date=1909|access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref>
!State
!English %
!Scotch %
!Irish %
!Dutch %
!French %
!German %
!Other %
|-
|{{flag|Maine}}
|93.1
|4.3
|1.4
|0.3
|0.1
|0.5
|0.3
|-
|{{flag|New Hampshire}}
|94.1
|4.7
|1.0
|0.1
|0.1
|0.0
|0.0
|-
|{{flag|Vermont}}
|95.4
|3.0
|0.7
|0.5
|0.2
|0.0
|0.2
|-
|{{flag|Massachusetts}}
|95.0
|3.6
|1.0
|0.1
|0.2
|0.0
|0.1
|-
|{{flag|Rhode Island}}
|96.0
|3.1
|0.7
|0.0
|0.1
|0.1
|0.0
|-
|{{flag|Connecticut}}
|96.2
|2.8
|0.7
|0.1
|0.2
|0.0
|0.0
|-
|{{flag|New York}}
|78.2
|3.2
|0.8
|16.1
|0.8
|0.4
|0.5
|-
|{{flag|New Jersey}}
|58.0
|7.7
|7.1
|12.7
|2.1
|9.2
|3.2
|-
|{{flag|Delaware}}
|86.3
|7.5
|3.9
|1.0
|0.5
|0.4
|0.4
|-
|{{flag|Pennsylvania}}
|59.0
|11.7
|2.0
|0.6
|0.6
|26.1
|0.0
|-
|{{flag|Maryland}}
|84.0
|6.5
|2.4
|0.1
|0.7
|5.9
|0.4
|-
|{{flag|Virginia}}
|85.0
|7.1
|2.0
|0.2
|0.6
|4.9
|0.2
|-
|{{flag|Kentucky}}
|83.1
|11.2
|2.3
|0.2
|0.3
|2.8
|0.1
|-
|{{flag|Tennessee}}
|83.1
|11.2
|2.3
|0.2
|0.3
|2.8
|0.1
|-
|{{flag|North Carolina}}
|83.1
|11.2
|2.3
|0.2
|0.3
|2.8
|0.1
|-
|{{flag|South Carolina}}
|82.4
|11.7
|2.6
|0.1
|1.3
|1.7
|0.2
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|83.1
|11.2
|2.3
|0.2
|0.3
|2.8
|0.1
|}

Concluding that CPG "had not been accepted by scholars as better than a first approximation of the truth", the [[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]] commissioned a study to produce new scientific estimates of the colonial American population, in collaboration with the [[American Council of Learned Societies]], in time to be adopted as basis for legal immigration quotas in 1929, and later published in the journal of the [[American Historical Association]], reproduced in the table below. Note: as in the original CPG report, the "English" category encompassed [[England and Wales]], grouping together all names classified as either "[[England|Anglican]]" (from [[England]]) or "[[Cambria]]n" (from [[Wales]]).<ref name="ACLS1929" />

Estimated English American population in the [[Contiguous United States|Continental United States]] as of the [[1790 United States census|1790 Census]].<ref name="ACLS1929">{{cite book|author=American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States|date=1932|title=Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States|publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVA42JB6IYsC&pg=PA101|author-link=American Council of Learned Societies|oclc=1086749050}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! colspan=1 rowspan=2 style="text-align:center; background-color:#C8E5EE;"|'''State or Territory'''||colspan=2 rowspan=1 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagicon|England}} [[English people|English]]{{efn|includes [[Welsh Americans|Welsh]]}}
|-
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|#
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Connecticut}}
|align="right"|{{nts|155,598}}
|align="right"|67.00%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Delaware}}
|align="right"|{{nts|27,786}}
|align="right"|60.00%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flagcountry|Georgia (U.S. state)}}
|align="right"|{{nts|30,357}}
|align="right"|57.40%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Kentucky}} & {{flagicon|Tennessee}}[[Tennessee|Tenn.]]
|align="right"|{{nts|53,874}}
|align="right"|57.90%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Maine}}
|align="right"|{{nts|57,664}}
|align="right"|60.00%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Maryland}}
|align="right"|{{nts|134,579}}
|align="right"|64.50%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Massachusetts}}
|align="right"|{{nts|306,013}}
|align="right"|82.00%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|New Hampshire}}
|align="right"|{{nts|86,078}}
|align="right"|61.00%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|New Jersey}}
|align="right"|{{nts|79,878}}
|align="right"|47.00%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flagcountry|New York (state)|1778}}
|align="right"|{{nts|163,470}}
|align="right"|52.00%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|North Carolina}}
|align="right"|{{nts|190,860}}
|align="right"|66.00%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Pennsylvania}}
|align="right"|{{nts|149,451}}
|align="right"|35.30%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Rhode Island}}
|align="right"|{{nts|45,916}}
|align="right"|71.00%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|South Carolina}}
|align="right"|{{nts|84,387}}
|align="right"|60.20%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Vermont|1770}}
|align="right"|{{nts|64,655}}
|align="right"|76.00%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Virginia}}
|align="right"|{{nts|302,850}}
|align="right"|68.50%
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{Sort|1790 Area Enumerated|'''''{{flagicon|Thirteen Colonies}} [[1790 United States census|1790 Census Area]]'''''}}
|align="right"|'''''{{nts|1,933,416}}'''''
|align="right"|'''''60.94%'''''
|- bgcolor="#EEF0F0"
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{Sort|Northwest|''{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Northwest Territory]]''}}
|align="right"|''{{nts|3,130}}''
|align="right"|''29.81%''
|- bgcolor="#EEF0F0"
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{Sort|French|''{{flagicon|New France}} [[French America]]''}}
|align="right"|''{{nts|2,240}}''
|align="right"|''11.20%''
|- bgcolor="#EEF0F0"
|border = "1"; align="left"|''{{flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Spanish America]]''
|align="right"|''{{nts|610}}''
|align="right"|''2.54%''
|-
|- class="sortbottom" bgcolor="#B8E2E9"
|border = "1"; align="center"|'''{{flag|United States|1795}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|1,939,396}}'''
|align="right"|'''60.10%'''
|}

Another source by Thomas L. Purvis in 1984<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal|title=The European Ancestry of the United States Population, 1790: A Symposium|first=Thomas L.|last=Purvis|journal = The William and Mary Quarterly|date=1984|volume = 41|issue = 1|pages = 85–101|doi = 10.2307/1919209|jstor = 1919209}}</ref> estimated that people of English ancestry made up about 47.5% of the total population or 60.9% of the [[European American]] or white population (his figures can also be found, and as divided by region, in Colin Bonwick, The American Revolution, 1991 p. 2540-839-1346-2).<ref name="jstor.org"/><ref name="The Source: Gen">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sourceguidebooko00lore|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/sourceguidebooko00lore/page/361 361]|quote=English US census 1790.|title=The Source|publisher=Ancestry Publishing|access-date=17 March 2015|isbn=9781593312770|last1=Szucs|first1=Loretto Dennis|last2=Luebking|first2=Sandra Hargreaves|year=2006}}</ref> The study which gives similar results can be found in The American Revolution, Colin Bonwick in percentages for 1790: 47.9 English, 3.5 Welsh, 8.5 Scotch Irish (Ulster), 4.3 Scottish, 4.7 Irish (South), 7.2 German, 2.7 Dutch, 1.7 French, 0.2 Swedish, 19.3 Black, 103.4 British. The difference between the two estimates are found by comparing the ratios of the groups (adding and subtracting) to accommodate and adding the Welsh.<ref>1991, {{ISBN|0-8139-1346-2}}</ref>

The category 'Irish' in the Bonwick study represents immigrants from Ireland outside the province of Ulster, the overwhelming majority of whom were Protestant and not ethnically Irish, though from Ireland. They were not Irish Catholics. By the time the American War for Independence started in 1776, Catholics were 1.6%, or 40,000 persons of the 2.5 million population of the 13 colonies.<ref>Richard Middleton, ''Colonial America'' (2003), 95–100, 145, 158, 159, 349n</ref><ref>Maynard, 126-126</ref>
Some 80.7% of the total United States population was of European origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf|title=Table 1. United States – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990|website=Webcitation.org|access-date=2017-08-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327163915/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf|archive-date=2010-03-27}}</ref>

Using the first model above, in 1900, an estimated 28,375,000 or 37.8% of the population of the United States was wholly or partly of English ancestry from colonial roots. The estimate was based on the Census Bureaus Estimate that approximately thirty five million white Americans were descended from colonial forebears.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8cCBAAAQBAJ&q=1790+New+Jersey+98,620+English&pg=PT18|title=Our Foreigners: A Chronicle of Americans in the Making|first=Samuel Peter|last=Orth|date=21 August 2017|publisher=Library of Alexandria|access-date=21 August 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9781465601483}}</ref>

===Census===
====1980====
In 1980, 23,748,772 Americans claimed only English ancestry and another 25,849,263 claimed English along with another ethnic ancestry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/1980/1980-ancestry/tab02.pdf|title=Census.gov Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for the United States: 1980|website=Census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> 13.3 million or 5.9% of the total U.S. population chose to identify as "American" (counted under "not specified") as also seen in censuses that followed.<ref>[https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/1983/dec/pc80-s1-10.pdf Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980] (Supplementary Report PC80-S1-10)
Issued: April 1983</ref> Below shows the persons who reported at least one specific ancestry are as follows.<ref>[https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/1980/1980-ancestry/tab03a.pdf Single ancestry response by Region, Division and State] – 1980 census</ref><ref>[https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/1980/1980-ancestry/tab03b.pdf Multiple ancestry response by Region, Division and State] – 1980 census</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! colspan="2"|Response||Number||Percent||[[Northeastern United States|Northeast]]||[[Midwestern United States|North Central]]||[[Southern United States|South]]||[[Western United States|West]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Single ancestry||23,748,772||47.9||2,984,931||4,438,223||12,382,681||3,942,937
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Multiple ancestry||25,849,263||52.1||5,190,045||7,099,961||7,235,689||6,323,568
|-
! colspan="2" |Totals||colspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|49,598,035||8,174,976||11,538,184||19,618,370||10,266,505
|-
|}

====1990====
In 1990, the national level response rate for the question was high with 90.4% of the total United States population choosing at least one specific ancestry and 9.6% ignored the question completely. Of those who chose English, 66.9% of people chose it as their first response.
Totals for the English showed a considerable decrease from the previous census.<ref>{{cite web|title=1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp-s/cp-s-1-2.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=30 November 2012|date=18 September 1992}}</ref>
Responses for "American" slightly decreased both numerically and as a percentage from 5.9% to 5.2% in 1990 with most being from the [[Southern United States|South]].<ref>{{cite web|title=1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp-s/cp-s-1-2.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=30 November 2012|date=18 September 1992}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Response||Number|| %
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|First ancestry||21,834,160||66.9
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Second ancestry||10,817,628||33.1
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Totals||colspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|32,651,788
|-
|}

====2000====
In the [[2000 United States census|2000]] census, 24.5 million or 8.7% of Americans reported English ancestry, a decline of some eight million people. At the national level, the response rate for the ancestry question fell to 80.1% of the total U.S. population, while 19.9% were unclassified or ignored the question completely. It was the fourth largest ancestral group.<ref>[https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/2000/briefs/c2kbr-35.pdf Ancestry: 2000] – Census 2000 Brief</ref> Some [[Cornish Americans]] may not identify as English American or British American, even though [[Cornwall]] had been part of England since long before their ancestors arrived in North America. Responses were:<ref>[https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2000/phc/phc-t-43/tab01.pdf First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question] – by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! colspan="2"|Response||Population||Change 1990–2000
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|First ancestry
| 16,623,938
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; style="color: red"|-24.9%
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Second ancestry
| 7,885,754
|-
! colspan="1" |Total||colspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|24,509,692
|-
|}

==== 2010 ACS ====
In 2010, the official census did not include a question on origins or ancestry. However, the [[American Community Survey]] enumerated Americans reporting English ancestry at 27.4 million, 9.0% of the U.S. population; in 2015, 24.8 million, 7.8% of the population. A decade thereafter, in 2020, the [[U.S. Census Bureau]] recorded 25.2 million Americans reporting full or partial English ancestry, about 7.7% of the U.S. population.<ref name="ACS2020">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|title=Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 July 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713211542/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|archive-date=13 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="ACS2015">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT5Y2015.B04006|title=Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 July 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713223827/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT5Y2015.B04006|archive-date=13 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="ACS2010" />

==== 2020 ====
Results for the [[2020 United States census]] showed that English Americans were the largest group in the United States where 25,536,410 (12.5%) identified as "English alone" with a further 21 million choosing English combined with another ethnic origin.
The total is 46,550,968 Americans self-identifying as being of English origin representing (19.8%) of the [[White Americans|White American]] alone or in any combination population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|publisher=[[United States census]]|date= September 21, 2023|access-date=December 1, 2023}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! colspan= "2" |Census response||Population
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Origin alone
| 25,536,410
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Origin combined with another
| 21,014,558
|-
! colspan="1" |Total||colspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 46,550,968
|-
|}

==Geographical distribution==
===1980===
[[File:Englishancestrymap.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Percentages by county in the 1980 census.]]
In the [[1980 United States census]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions and States: 1980 |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/1980/1980-ancestry/tab03.pdf|website=United States Census|accessdate= December 28, 2023}}</ref> English ancestry was reported to be at around 49.6 million. This number had dramatically declined by the previously mentioned 2000 census, where 24.5 million people reported English ancestry.

One main reason for this is because once the [[American ancestry]] category was introduced for self-reporting ancestry, many people who previously reported having English origins reported as having "American" ancestry instead.

===Cities===
The following are the top 20 highest percentages of people of English ancestry, in U.S. communities (total list of the 101 communities, see source):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/English.html|title=Top 101 cities with the most residents of English ancestry (population 500+)|access-date=2007-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011163452/http://epodunk.com/ancestry/English.html|archive-date=2007-10-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Top 20 highest cities with over 500 Population: English Ancestry (In Progress)
!Rank
!City
!State
!Percent
|-
|1
|[[Hildale, UT|Hildale]]
|Utah
|66.9
|-
|2
|[[Colorado City, AZ|Colorado City]]
|Arizona
|52.7
|-
|3
|[[Milbridge, ME|Milbridge]]
|Maine
|41.1
|-
|4
|[[Panguitch, UT|Panguitch]]
|Utah
|40
|-
|5
|[[Beaver, UT|Beaver]]
|Utah
|39.8
|-
|6
|[[Enterprise, UT|Enterprise]]
|Utah
|39.4
|-
|7
|[[East Machias, ME|East Machias]]
|Maine
|39.1
|-
|8
|[[Marriott-Slaterville, UT|Marriott-Slaterville]]
|Utah
|38.2
|-
|9
|[[Wellsville, UT|Wellsvile]]
|Utah
|37.9
|-
|10
|[[Morgan, UT|Morgan]]
|Utah
|37.2
|-
|11
|[[Harrington, ME|Harrington]]
|Maine
|36.9
|-
|12
|[[Farmington, UT|Farmington]]
|Utah
|36.9
|-
|13
|[[Highland, UT|Highland]]
|Utah
|36.7
|-
|14
|[[Nephi, UT|Nephi]]
|Utah
|36.4
|-
|15
|[[Fruit Heights, UT|Fruit Heights]]
|Utah
|35.9
|-
|16
|[[Addison, ME|Addison]]
|Maine
|35.6
|-
|17
|[[Farr West, UT|Farr West]]
|Utah
|35.4
|-
|18
|[[Hooper, UT|Hooper]]
|Utah
|35.0
|-
|19
|[[Lewiston, UT|Lewiston]]
|Utah
|35.0
|-
|20
|[[Plain City, UT|Plain City]]
|Utah
|34.7
|}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Maps showing percentages of Americans who declared English ancestry in the 2000 Census">
English2000.png|Percentages by county in the 2000 census. Dark blue and purple colours indicate a higher percentage.
EnStatePop.png|Population by state in the 2000 census
EnStatePerc.png|Percentages by [[U.S. State]] in the 2000 census
</gallery>

===2020 census by state ===
{{update section|2020 census results|date=October 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Estimated English American population by state.<ref name="ACS2020states">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0100000US%240400000&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|title=Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, All States|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 July 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717015112/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0100000US%240400000&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|archive-date=17 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="ACS2020" />
! style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"|'''State'''
! style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"|'''Number'''
! style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"|'''Percentage'''
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Alabama}}
|align="right"|{{nts|385,088}}
|align="right"|7.87%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Alaska}}
|align="right"|{{nts|58,856}}
|align="right"|7.99%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Arizona}}
|align="right"|{{nts|608,928}}
|align="right"|8.49%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Arkansas}}
|align="right"|{{nts|247,382}}
|align="right"|8.21%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|California}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,140,130}}
|align="right"|5.44%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Colorado}}
|align="right"|{{nts|592,137}}
|align="right"|10.42%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Connecticut}}
|align="right"|{{nts|299,636}}
|align="right"|8.39%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Delaware}}
|align="right"|{{nts|90,771}}
|align="right"|9.38%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|District of Columbia}}
|align="right"|{{nts|39,375}}
|align="right"|5.61%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Florida}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,477,490}}
|align="right"|6.96%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flagcountry|Georgia (U.S. state)}}
|align="right"|{{nts|818,610}}
|align="right"|7.78%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Hawaii}}
|align="right"|{{nts|57,496}}
|align="right"|4.05%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Idaho}}
|align="right"|{{nts|299,782}}
|align="right"|17.09%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Illinois}}
|align="right"|{{nts|725,577}}
|align="right"|5.71%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Indiana}}
|align="right"|{{nts|583,348}}
|align="right"|8.71%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Iowa}}
|align="right"|{{nts|256,125}}
|align="right"|8.13%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Kansas}}
|align="right"|{{nts|298,306}}
|align="right"|10.24%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Kentucky}}
|align="right"|{{nts|491,660}}
|align="right"|11.02%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Louisiana}}
|align="right"|{{nts|254,550}}
|align="right"|5.46%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Maine}}
|align="right"|{{nts|254,612}}
|align="right"|18.99%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Maryland}}
|align="right"|{{nts|439,760}}
|align="right"|7.28%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Massachusetts}}
|align="right"|{{nts|641,698}}
|align="right"|9.34%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Michigan}}
|align="right"|{{nts|882,533}}
|align="right"|8.85%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Minnesota}}
|align="right"|{{nts|315,718}}
|align="right"|5.64%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Mississippi}}
|align="right"|{{nts|218,528}}
|align="right"|7.33%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Missouri}}
|align="right"|{{nts|556,965}}
|align="right"|9.09%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Montana}}
|align="right"|{{nts|123,227}}
|align="right"|11.61%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Nebraska}}
|align="right"|{{nts|154,029}}
|align="right"|8.01%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Nevada}}
|align="right"|{{nts|220,689}}
|align="right"|7.28%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|New Hampshire}}
|align="right"|{{nts|229,053}}
|align="right"|16.90%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|New Jersey}}
|align="right"|{{nts|429,774}}
|align="right"|4.84%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|New Mexico}}
|align="right"|{{nts|138,500}}
|align="right"|6.60%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flagcountry|New York (state)}}
|align="right"|{{nts|988,345}}
|align="right"|5.06%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|North Carolina}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,014,096}}
|align="right"|9.76%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|North Dakota}}
|align="right"|{{nts|32,784}}
|align="right"|4.31%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Ohio}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,006,003}}
|align="right"|8.62%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Oklahoma}}
|align="right"|{{nts|317,835}}
|align="right"|8.05%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Oregon}}
|align="right"|{{nts|478,043}}
|align="right"|11.45%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Pennsylvania}}
|align="right"|{{nts|926,879}}
|align="right"|7.24%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Rhode Island}}
|align="right"|{{nts|111,805}}
|align="right"|10.57%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|South Carolina}}
|align="right"|{{nts|460,300}}
|align="right"|9.04%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|South Dakota}}
|align="right"|{{nts|54,222}}
|align="right"|6.17%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Tennessee}}
|align="right"|{{nts|637,071}}
|align="right"|9.41%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Texas}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,772,914}}
|align="right"|6.19%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Utah}}
|align="right"|{{nts|760,362}}
|align="right"|24.13%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Vermont}}
|align="right"|{{nts|105,935}}
|align="right"|16.97%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Virginia}}
|align="right"|{{nts|833,300}}
|align="right"|9.79%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flagcountry|Washington (state)}}
|align="right"|{{nts|772,527}}
|align="right"|10.28%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|West Virginia}}
|align="right"|{{nts|200,009}}
|align="right"|11.07%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Wisconsin}}
|align="right"|{{nts|336,875}}
|align="right"|5.80%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Wyoming}}
|align="right"|{{nts|73,981}}
|align="right"|12.73%
|- class="sortbottom" bgcolor="lightgrey"
|border = "1"|'''{{flag|United States}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|25,213,619}}'''
|align="right"|'''7.72%'''
|}

==History==
===Early settlement and colonization===
{{See also|English overseas possessions}}
[[File:View of James Town Island, Captain John Smith Statue.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Statue of [[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]] for the first English settlement in [[Historic Jamestowne]], [[Virginia]].]]English settlement in America began with [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] in the [[Virginia Colony]] in 1607. With the permission of [[James I of England|James I]], three ships (the ''[[Susan Constant]], [[Discovery (1602 ship)|The Discovery]]'', and ''[[Godspeed (ship)|The God Speed]]'') sailed from England and landed at [[Cape Henry]] in April, under the captainship of [[Christopher Newport]],<ref name="English Emigration"/> who had been hired by the [[London Company]] to lead expeditions to what is now America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0835458.html|title=Newport, Christopher|website=Infoplease.com|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>
[[File:The Mayflower Compact 1620 cph.3g07155.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|The first self-governing document of [[Plymouth Colony]]. English Pilgrims signing the [[Mayflower Compact]] in 1620.]]
The second successful colony was [[Plymouth Colony]], founded in 1620 by people who later became known as the [[Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]]. Fleeing religious persecution in the [[East Midlands]] in England, they first went to [[Holland]], but feared losing their English identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bassetlawmuseum.org.uk/projects/bassetlaw.asp?page=pilgrimfathers&mwsquery=%7Btopic%7D=%7Bpilgrim%7D&filename=words.mdf|title=Bassetlaw Museum|website=Bassetlawmuseum.org.uk|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013133508/http://bassetlawmuseum.org.uk/projects/bassetlaw.asp?page=pilgrimfathers&mwsquery=%7Btopic%7D=%7Bpilgrim%7D&filename=words.mdf|archive-date=13 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because of this, they chose to relocate to the [[New World]], with their voyage being financed by English investors. In September 1620, 102 passengers set sail aboard the ''[[Mayflower]]'', eventually settling at Plymouth Colony in November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.learnenglish.org.uk/magazine/magazine_pilgrims_home.html|title=Pilgrims – Learn English|website=Learnenglish.org.uk|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> Of the passengers on the ''Mayflower'', 41 men signed the "[[Mayflower Compact]]" aboard ship on November 11, 1620, while anchored in [[Provincetown Harbor]]. Signers included [[John Carver (Plymouth Colony governor)|Carver]], [[John Alden|Alden]], [[Myles Standish|Standish]], [[John Howland|Howland]], [[William Bradford (Plymouth Colony governor)|Bradford]], [[Isaac Allerton|Allerton]], and [[Samuel Fuller (Pilgrim)|Fuller]].<ref name="bradford1620">{{cite book
|chapter-url=http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/NEReligiousHistory/Bradford-Plimoth/Bradford-PlymouthPlantation.pdf
|last=Bradford
|first=William
|title=Bradford's History "Of Plimoth Plantation"
|editor=Hildebrandt, Ted
|year=1898
|publisher=Wright & Potter
|location=Boston
|chapter=Book 2, Anno 1620
|access-date=2006-06-01
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233832/http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NEReligiousHistory/Bradford-Plimoth/Bradford-PlymouthPlantation.pdf
|archive-date=2016-03-03
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="Mourt1622">William Bradford, Edward Winslow (printer G. Mourt [George Morton], [http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_id=xri:eebo&rft_id=xri:eebo:image:10930 ''Relation or Iournall of the beginning and proceedings of the English Plantation setled at Plimoth in New England''], Early English Books Online, p.4</ref> This story has become a central theme in the United States cultural identity.

A number of English colonies were established under a system of [[Proprietary Governor|proprietary governor]]s, who were appointed under mercantile [[charter]]s to English [[Joint stock company|joint stock companies]] to found and run settlements.<ref>Herbert L. Osgood, "The Proprietary Province as a Form of Colonial Government, II." ''American Historical Review'' 3.1 (1897): 31–55 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1832807.pdf online].</ref> England also took control over the [[Dutch colonisation of the Americas|Dutch colony]] of [[New Netherland]] (including the [[New Amsterdam]] settlement), renaming it the [[Province of New York]] in 1664.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=682|title=Digital History|website=Digitalhistory.uh.edu|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418021716/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=682|archive-date=18 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> With New Netherland, the English came to control the former [[New Sweden]] (in what is now [[Delaware]]), which the Dutch had conquered from [[Sweden]] earlier. This became part of [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Sweden |url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h595.html |access-date=17 March 2015 |website=U-s-history.com}}</ref> Many planters, slave traders and slave owners who owned Black slaves were of English ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kZyQLbKJwJkC&q=english+americans+owned+african+slaves|title= Traders, Planters and Slaves: Market Behavior in Early English America|isbn= 978-0-521-89414-2|last1= Galenson|first1= David W.|date= July 18, 2002|publisher= Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histcontextsd.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100523120301/http://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsD.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= May 23, 2010|title= Which Europeans Trafficked in Slaves?}}</ref>

===English immigration after 1776===
Cultural similarities and a common language allowed English immigrants to integrate rapidly and gave rise to a unique Anglo-American culture. An estimated 3.5 million English immigrated to the U.S. after 1776.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trivia-library.com/b/people-races-ethnicity-in-the-u-s-english-americans-part-2.htm|title=Synonyms Thesaurus with Antonyms & Definitions - Synonym.com|website=Trivia-library.com|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> English settlers provided a steady and substantial influx throughout the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Free |first=Melissa |date=2018 |title=Settler Colonialism |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/victorian-literature-and-culture/article/settler-colonialism/3BDA9AA967E171B915F4C96FA04077B7 |journal=Victorian Literature and Culture |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3–4 |pages=876–882 |doi=10.1017/S1060150318001080 |issn=1060-1503}}</ref>
{| class="floatright wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|+ English immigration to the United States
|-
! Period
! Arrivals
! Period
! Arrivals
|-
| 1820–1830||15,837 ||1901–1910||388,017
|-
|1831–1840||7,611 ||1911–1920||249,944
|-
|1841–1850||32,092 ||1921–1930||157,420
|-
|1851–1860||247,125||1931–1940||21,756
|-
|1861–1870||222,277 ||1941–1950||112,252
|-
|1871–1880||437,706 ||1951–1960||156,171
|-
|1881–1890||644,680 ||1961–1970||174,452
|-
|1891–1900||216,726 ||1971–1980|| –
|-
!colspan=4 style="text-align:left;"|Total (1820–1970): 3,084,066<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVE-AQAAMAAJ&q=england+english+immigration+to+the+united+states+247,125+644,680&pg=PA89|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States|date=21 August 2017|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|access-date=21 August 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=51e8r7Yay0wC&q=england+english+immigration+to+the+united+states+644,680&pg=PA107|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States|date=21 August 2017|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|access-date=21 August 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UG1qAAAAMAAJ&q=Immigration+from+England+to+the+United+States+156,171&pg=PA92|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States|date=21 August 1968|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|access-date=21 August 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref>
|}

A number of English settlers moved to the United States from Australia in the 1850s (then a [[British overseas territories|British political territory]]), when the [[California Gold Rush]] boomed; these included the so-called "[[Sydney Ducks]]" (''see [[Australian American]]s'').<ref name=":0">Sherman L. Ricards, and George M. Blackburn, "The Sydney Ducks: A Demographic Analysis". '' Pacific Historical Review'' (1973) . 42#1 pp: 20–31.</ref> In prior eras there were English-centered cultural events such as [[Morris dance]] events and [[Saint George's Day]]. There had been conflicts between English immigrant groups and Irish immigrant groups. A magazine article from ''The Republic'' in 1852 had criticized English immigrants for remaining loyal to the British Crown.<ref name="TobinNeverHapp">{{cite web|last=Tobin|first=Lucy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/jun/13/english-nationalism-lack-of-pride|title=O'bama? It could never happen in England|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|place=[[London]]|date=2011-06-13|access-date=2024-07-13}}</ref>

During the last years of the 1860s, annual English immigration grew to over 60,000 and continued to rise to over 75,000 per year in 1872, before experiencing a decline. The final and most sustained wave of immigration began in 1879 and lasted until the depression of 1893. During this period English annual immigration averaged more than 82,000, with peaks in 1882 and 1888 and did not drop significantly until the financial panic of 1893.<ref name="google1"/> The building of America's transcontinental railroads, the settlement of the great plains, and industrialization attracted skilled and professional emigrants from England.<ref name=":0" />

{| class="floatright wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ English-born in the United States
|-
! Year
! Population
! % of foreign-born
|-
| [[1850 United States census|1850]]||278,675||12.4
|-
| [[1860 United States census|1860]]||431,692|| –
|-
| [[1870 United States census|1870]]||550,924||10.0
|-
| [[1880 United States census|1880]]||662,676|| –
|-
| [[1890 United States census|1890]]||908,141||9.8
|-
| [[1900 United States census|1900]]||840,513|| –
|-
| [[1910 United States census|1910]]||877,719||6.5
|-
| [[1920 United States census|1920]]||813,853|| –
|-
| [[1930 United States census|1930]]||809,563||5.7
|-
| [[1940 United States census|1940]]|| – || –
|-
| [[1950 United States census|1950]]|| – || –
|-
| [[1960 United States census|1960]]||528,205||5.4
|-
| [[1970 United States census|1970]]||458,114||4.8
|-
| [[1980 United States census|1980]]||442,499|| –
|-
| [[1990 United States census|1990]]||405,588|| –
|-
| [[2000 United States census|2000]]||423,609|| –
|-
| [[2010 United States census|2010]]||356,489||0.9
|-
|colspan=4 style="text-align:left;"|Source:<ref name="google1">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Ward|first=David|editor-last=Thernstrom|editor-first=Stephan|editor-link=Stephan Thernstrom|editor-last2=Orlov|editor-first2=Ann|editor-last3=Handlin|editor-first3=Oscar|editor-link3=Oscar Handlin|title=Immigration: Settlement Patterns and Spatial Distribution|pages=496–508|encyclopedia=Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups|url=https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther|year=1980|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=0674375122|oclc=1038430174}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0081/twps0081.pdf|title=1850–2000.|website=Census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/02/21/statistical-portrait-of-the-foreign-born-population-in-the-united-states-2010/|title=Statistical Portrait of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States, 2010|first=Eileen|last=Patten|date=21 February 2012|website=Pewhispanic.org|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>
|}
Also, cheaper steamship fares enabled unskilled urban workers to come to America, and unskilled and semiskilled laborers, miners, and building trades workers made up the majority of these new English immigrants. While most settled in America, a number of skilled craftsmen remained itinerant, returning to England after a season or two of work. Groups came to practice their religion freely.<ref>Berthoff, ''British Immigrants,'' p. 154.</ref>

The depression of 1893 sharply decreased English emigration to the United States, and it stayed low for much of the twentieth century. This decline reversed itself in the decade of World War II when over 100,000 English (18 percent of all European immigrants) came from England. In this group was a large contingent of [[war bride]]s who came between 1945 and 1948. In these years four women emigrated from England for every man.<ref name="google1"/> In the 1950s, English immigration increased to over 150,000 and rose to 170,000 in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Du-Ha/English-Americans.html|title=English Americans – History, Contemporary england, Immigration, settlement, and employment, Acculturation and Assimilation|website=Everyculture.com|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> While differences developed, it is not surprising that English immigrants had little difficulty in assimilating to American life. The American resentment against the policies of the [[British government]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVr7CwAAQBAJ&q=English+American+resentment+against+british+policies&pg=PA79|title=The Historian's Contribution to Anglo-American Misunderstanding: Report of a Committee on National Bias in Anglo-American History Text Books|first=Ray Allen|last=Billington|date=14 April 2016|publisher=Routledge|via=Google Books|isbn=9781317271772}}</ref> was rarely transferred to English settlers who came to America in the first decades of the nineteenth century.

Throughout American history, English immigrants and their descendants have been prominent in every level of government and in every aspect of American life. Known informally as "WASPS" (see [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestants]]), their dominance has slipped since 1945, but remains high in many fields. Eight out of the first ten American presidents (and an even higher proportion of out of the 45{{efn|{{As of|2025}}. While there have been 47 presidencies, only 45 individuals have served as president. Two presidents have served non-consecutive terms: and thus, conventionally, [[Grover Cleveland]] is numbered as both the 22nd and 24th U.S. president, and [[Donald Trump]] is numbered as both the 45th and 47th U.S. president.}} persons to serve as president), as well as the majority of sitting congressmen and congresswomen, are descended from English ancestors. The descendants of English expatriates are so numerous and so well integrated in American life that it is impossible to identify all of them. While they are the third-largest ethnic nationality self-reported in the 1990 census, they retain such a pervasive representation at every level of national and state government that, on any list of American senators, Supreme Court judges, governors, or legislators, they would constitute a plurality if not an outright majority.<ref>Michael J. White, and Sharon Sassler, "Judging not only by color: Ethnicity, nativity, and neighborhood attainment." ''Social science quarterly'' (2000): 997–1013.</ref><ref>Howard G. Schneiderman, "Thoughts Out of Season: E. Digby Baltzell and the Protestant Establishment." in ''Judgment and Sensibility'' (Routledge, 2018) pp. 1–24.</ref>

In 2011, Lucy Tobin of ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote that, as of that year, it was not common to see English cultural heritage expression nor events in the United States.<ref name=TobinNeverHapp/>

===Political influence===
As early colonists of the United States, settlers from England and their descendants often held positions of power and made and enforced laws,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historians.org/Projects/GIRoundtable/Commonwealth/Commonwealth4.htm|title=GI Roundtable Series|website=Historians.org|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> often because many had been involved in government back in England.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=History of Colonial America |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741502191_2/History_of_Colonial_America.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102005537/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741502191_2/History_of_Colonial_America.html |archive-date=2009-11-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the original [[Thirteen Colonies]], most laws contained elements found in the English [[common law]] system.<ref>Dan Priel, "Conceptions of authority and the Anglo-American common law divide." '' American Journal of Comparative Law'' 65.3 (2017): 609–657.</ref> The majority of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] were of English extraction. A minority were of high social status and can be classified as [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]] (WASP). Many of the prewar WASP elite were Loyalists who left the new nation.<ref>Richard D. Brown, "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A collective view." ''William and Mary Quarterly'' (1976) 33#3: 465–480, especially pp 466, 478–79. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1921543 online]</ref>

While WASPs have been major players in every major American political party, an exceptionally strong association has existed between WASPs and the [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican Party]], before the 1980s. A few top Democrats qualified, such as Franklin D. Roosevelt. Northeastern Republican leaders such as [[Leverett Saltonstall]] of Massachusetts, [[Prescott Bush]] of Connecticut and especially [[Nelson Rockefeller]] of New York exemplified the pro-business liberal Republicanism of their social stratum, espousing internationalist views on foreign policy, supporting social programs, and holding liberal views on issues like [[Race relations in the United States|racial integration]]. A famous confrontation was the 1952 Senate election in Massachusetts where [[John F. Kennedy]], a Catholic of Irish descent, defeated WASP [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] However the challenge by [[Barry Goldwater]] in 1964 to the Eastern Republican establishment helped undermine the WASP dominance.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Gregory L. Schneider|title=Conservatism in America Since 1930: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6hzBFw1ky8C&pg=PA289|year=2003|publisher=NYU Press|pages=289–|isbn=9780814797990}}</ref> Goldwater himself had solid WASP credentials through his mother, of a prominent old Yankee family, but was instead mistakenly seen as part of the Jewish community (which he had never associated with). By the 1980s, the liberal [[Rockefeller Republican]] wing of the party was marginalized, overwhelmed by the dominance of the Southern and Western conservative Republicans.<ref>Nicol C. Rae, ''The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present'' (1989)</ref>

Asking "Is the WASP leader a dying breed?" journalist Nina Strochlic in 2012 pointed to eleven WASP top politicians—typically scions of upper class English families. She ended with Republicans George H. W. Bush elected in 1988, his son George W. Bush elected in 2000 and 2004, and John McCain, who was nominated but defeated in 2008.<ref>Nina Strochlic, "George Washington to George W. Bush: 11 WASPs Who Have Led America," [https://www.thedailybeast.com/george-washington-to-george-w-bush-11-wasps-who-have-led-america-photos ''Daily Beast'' Aug. 16, 2012]</ref>

==Language==
{{Main|American English}}
[[File:Population speaking English at home by PUMA.png|thumb|310px|upright=2.1|Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each Public Usage Microdata Area (PUMA) of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.]]

English is the most commonly spoken language in the U.S., where it is estimated that two thirds of all native speakers of English live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/november/USlanguages.html|title=National Virtual Translation Center|website=Nvtc.gov|access-date=2017-08-21|archive-date=January 17, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117213657/http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/november/USlanguages.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The American English dialect developed from [[British colonization of the Americas|English colonization]]. It serves as the ''[[de facto]]'' official language, the language in which government business is carried out. According to the 1990 census, 94% of the U.S. population speak only English.<ref name=CensusLanguageStats>{{Cite book
|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/phc-t20.html
|title=Summary Tables on Language Use and English Ability: 2000 (PHC-T-20)
|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2008-02-22}}</ref>

Adding those who speak English "well" or "very well" brings this figure to 96%.<ref name="CensusLanguageStats" />

Conversely, some lexical items often thought to be Americanisms actually have their origin in England, either falling out of use there or being restricted to specific dialects in England. Such items include ''all out'' ("entirely"), ''cattail'' ("bullrush"), ''crib'' ("child's bed"), ''daddy long legs'' ("cranefly"), ''homecoming'' ("return"), ''rumpus'' ("tumult"), which are recorded in Northern and Midland English dialects as late as the 19th century.<ref name="dhfischer" />

Some states, like [[California]], have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language, but in practice, this only means that official government documents must ''at least'' be in English, and ''does not'' mean that they should be exclusively available only in English. For example, the standard California Class C [[driver's license]] examination is available in 32 different languages.<ref>Wes Venteicher, "California DMV reverses decision to eliminate most foreign language options for driver tests" ''Sacramento Bee'' May 7, 2021. [https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/the-state-worker/article251249384.html#storylink=cpy online]</ref>

===Expression===
"In for a penny, in for a pound" is an expression to mean, ("if you're going to take a risk at all, you might as well make it a big risk"), is used in the United States which dates back to the [[Early American currency|colonial period]], when cash in the colonies was denominated in [[Coins of the pound sterling|Pounds]], shillings and [[Penny (English coin)|Pence]].<ref name="Michener">{{cite web |url=http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/michener.american.colonies.money |title=Money in the American Colonies | Economic History Services |access-date=2010-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611152801/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/michener.american.colonies.money |archive-date=2010-06-11 }}</ref>

==Cultural contributions==
[[File:Motherhood and apple pie.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|American [[cultural icon]]s, [[apple pie]], [[baseball]], and the [[American flag]].]]Much of [[Culture of the United States|American culture]] shows influences from [[English culture]].

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies}}
*'''[[Apple pie]]''' – [[New England]] was the first region to experience large-scale [[English colonial empire|English colonization]] in the early 17th century, beginning in 1620, and it was dominated by [[East Anglia]]n Calvinists, better known as the [[Puritan]]s. Baking was a particular favorite of the New Englanders and was the origin of dishes seen today as quintessentially "American", such as [[apple pie]] and the oven-roasted [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] turkey.<ref>Fischer, pp. 74, 114, 134–39.</ref> "As American as apple pie" is a well-known phrase used to suggest that something is all-American.
*'''[[Roast beef]]''' – In the middle of the 17th century a second wave of English immigrants began arriving in North America, settling mainly in the [[Chesapeake Bay]] region of [[Virginia]] and [[Maryland]], expanding upon the [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown settlement]]. Their [[roast beef]] was often served with [[Yorkshire puddings]] and horseradish sauce.<ref>Mary Randolph, ''The Virginia house-wife'' (Univ of South Carolina Press, 1984) p. xxxv, 41–44.</ref>

===Celebrations===
[[File:Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|The First Thanksgiving at [[Plymouth, Massachusetts|Plymouth Colony]] by English [[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] in October 1621.]]
*'''[[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]]''' was celebrated by English settlers to give thanks to God for helping the [[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] of [[Plymouth Colony]] survive the brutal winter. This feast lasted three days, as accounted by attendee [[Edward Winslow]].<ref>{{citation|last=Winslow|first=Edward|title=Mourt's Relation|url=http://factreal.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/heritagepilgrimsmourtsrelationjournalbywinslow.pdf|access-date=November 20, 2013|year=1622|page=133|quote=many of the Indians coming amongst us, and amongst the rest their greatest king Massasoyt, with some ninetie men, whom for three dayes we entertained and feasted|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125220402/https://factreal.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/heritagepilgrimsmourtsrelationjournalbywinslow.pdf|archive-date=November 25, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/TG_What_Happened_in_1621.pdf|title=Primary Sources for 'The First Thanksgiving' at Plymouth|publisher=Pilgrim Hall Museum|access-date=November 26, 2009|quote=The 53 Pilgrims at the First Thanksgiving|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224003144/http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/TG_What_Happened_in_1621.pdf|archive-date=December 24, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation 1620–1647, 85.</ref>

===Law===
The [[Law of the United States|American legal system]] also has its roots in [[English law]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llrx.com/features/otherthanenglish.htm|title=Features – Sources of United States of America Legal Information in Languages Other than English – |website=[[LLRX]]|access-date=17 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140249/http://www.llrx.com/features/otherthanenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> English law prior to the [[American Revolution]] is still part of the law of the United States, and provides the basis for many American legal traditions and policies. After the revolution, English law was again adopted by the now independent American States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itdhr/0999/ijde/messitte.htm|title=COMMON LAW V. CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS|website=Usinfo.state.gov|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114211318/https://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itdhr/0999/ijde/messitte.htm|archive-date=14 November 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Education===
The first American schools opened in the 17th century in New England. [[Boston Latin School]] was founded in 1635 and is both the [[List of the oldest public high schools in the United States|first public school]] and oldest existing school in the United States.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bls.org/cfml/l3tmpl_history.cfm
|title=History of Boston Latin School—oldest public school in America
|work=BLS Web Site
|access-date=2007-06-01
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070502223937/http://www.bls.org/cfml/l3tmpl_history.cfm  |archive-date = 2007-05-02}}</ref> The first free taxpayer-supported public school in North America, the [[Mather School]], was opened in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1639.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.matherelementary.org/history.html|title=History|website=Mather Elementary School|access-date=2017-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dotnews.com/2014/mather-school-marking-375-years-public-education-nypd-s-bratton-alumnu|title=The Mather School is marking 375 years of public education; NYPD's Bratton, an alumnus, to speak at assembly {{!}} Dorchester Reporter|website=www.dotnews.com|access-date=2017-02-14}}</ref>

New England had a long emphasis on literacy in order that individuals could read the Bible. [[Harvard University|Harvard College]] was founded by the colonial legislature in 1636, and named after an early benefactor. Most of the funding came from the colony, but the college began to build an endowment from its early years.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Harvard University|title=Report of the president of Harvard College and reports of departments|url=https://archive.org/details/reportpresident14univgoog|year=1902|pages=[https://archive.org/details/reportpresident14univgoog/page/n557 2]–}}</ref> Harvard at first focused on training young men for the ministry, but many alumni went into law, medicine, government or business. The college was a leader in bringing Newtonian science to the colonies.<ref>Frederick E. Brasch, "The Newtonian Epoch in the American Colonies." ''Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society'' Vol. 49. (1939).</ref>

A school of higher education for both [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] young men and the sons of the colonists was one of the earliest goals of the leaders of the [[Colony of Virginia]]. The [[College of William & Mary]] was founded on February 8, 1693, under a royal charter (legally, letters patent) to "''make, found and establish a certain Place of Universal Study, a perpetual College of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and other good arts and sciences...to be supported and maintained, in all time coming.''"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://swem.wm.edu/departments/special-collections/exhibits/exhibits/charter/charter/ |title=Earl Gregg Swem Library Special Collections |publisher=Swem.wm.edu |access-date=September 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919125611/http://www.swem.wm.edu/departments/special-collections/exhibits/exhibits/charter/charter/ |archive-date=September 19, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Named in honor of the reigning monarchs [[William III of England|King William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Queen Mary II]], the college is the second oldest college in the United States. It hired the first law professor and trained many of the lawyers, politicians, and leading planters.<ref>Craig Evan Klafter, "St. George Tucker: The First Modern American Law Professor." ''Journal of The Historical Society'' 6.1 (2006): 133–150.</ref> Students headed for the ministry were given free tuition.

[[Yale University|Yale College]] was founded by Puritans in 1701, and in 1716 was relocated to [[New Haven, Connecticut]]. The conservative Puritan ministers of Connecticut had grown dissatisfied with the more liberal theology of Harvard, and wanted their own school to train orthodox ministers. However president [[Thomas Clap]] (1740–1766) strengthened the curriculum in the natural sciences and made Yale a stronghold of revivalist [[Old and New Lights|New Light theology]].<ref>Louis Leonard Tucker, ''Puritan Protagonist President Thomas Clap of Yale College'' (1962).</ref>

The [[Colonial Colleges]] are nine institutions of [[higher education]] that were chartered in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] before the United States of America became a sovereign nation after the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stoeckel|first=Althea|title=Presidents, professors, and politics: the colonial colleges and the American revolution|journal=Conspectus of History|year=1976|volume=1|issue=3|pages=45|url=http://dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ConspectusH&CISOPTR=345&REC=1}}</ref> These nine have long been considered together, notably since the survey of their origins in the 1907 ''[[The Cambridge History of English and American Literature]]''.<ref>{{Cite book| title = The Cambridge History of English and American Literature|chapter=XXIII. Education. § 13. Colonial Colleges.| chapter-url = http://www.bartleby.com/227/1613.html| title-link = The Cambridge History of English and American Literature|date=June 14, 2022 }}</ref> Seven of the nine colonial colleges became seven of the eight [[Ivy League]] universities: [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Columbia University|Columbia]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]], [[Yale University|Yale]], [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]], and [[Brown University|Brown]].

===Music===
*'''National anthem''' – [[The Star-Spangled Banner]] takes its melody from the 18th-century English song "[[The Anacreontic Song]]" written by [[John Stafford Smith]] for the [[Anacreontic Society]], a men's social club in London. The lyrics were written by [[Francis Scott Key]] of English descent. This became a well-known and recognized patriotic song throughout the United States, which was officially designated as the U.S. national anthem in 1931.<ref>{{cite web
|title=John Stafford Smith: Composer of the Star Spangled Banner
|url=http://www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm
|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181457/http://www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm
|archive-date=2007-07-11
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bcpl.net/~etowner/anthem.html|title=Fort McHenry – National Anthem|date=21 July 2007|access-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721004503/http://www.bcpl.net/%7Eetowner/anthem.html|archive-date=21 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contemplator.com/america/ssbanner.html|title=Star Spangled Banner|author=Lesley Nelson|website=Contemplator.com|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>
*'''[[Hail to the Chief]]''' – is the song to announce the arrival or presence of the President of the United States. English songwriter [[James Sanderson (musician)|James Sanderson]] ({{Circa|1769|1841}}), composed the music and was first performed in 1812 in New York.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wREkCQAAQBAJ&q=hail+to+the+chief+patriotic+songs+james+sanderson&pg=PA131|title=The Fourth of July Encyclopedia|first=James R.|last=Heintze|date=9 January 2007|publisher=McFarland|access-date=21 August 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780786477166}}</ref>

Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom.

*'''[[The Liberty Song]]''' – written by [[John Dickinson (delegate)|John Dickinson]] of English descent in 1768 to the music of Englishman [[William Boyce (composer)|William Boyce]]'s "[[Heart of Oak]]", is perhaps the first patriotic song written in America. The song contains the line "by [[United we stand, divided we fall|uniting we stand, by dividing we fall]]", the first recorded use of the sentiment.
*'''[[America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)]]''' – whose melody was indirectly derived from the [[God Save the Queen|British national anthem]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200000012/default.html
|title=My country 'tis of thee [Song Collection]
|publisher=The Library of Congress
|access-date=2009-01-20
}}</ref> also served as a ''[[de facto]]'' anthem before the adoption of "The Star-Spangled Banner."<ref>{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Lois Leo |author-link=Louis Leo Snyder |title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism |publisher=Paragon House |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna00snyd/page/13 13] |isbn=1-55778-167-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna00snyd/page/13 }}</ref>

*'''[[Amazing Grace]]''' – written by English poet and [[clergyman]] [[John Newton]] became such an icon in American culture that it has been used for a variety of secular purposes and marketing campaigns, placing it in danger of becoming a [[cliché]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=894060|title=Amazing Grace|date=29 December 2002|work=NPR.org|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>
*'''[[Yankee Doodle]]''' – is written and accredited to Englishman Richard Shuckburgh an army doctor. The tune comes from the English [[nursery rhyme]] ''[[Lucy Locket]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Lomax, John A. |author2=Lomax, Alan |title=American Ballads and Folk Songs|page=521|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Dn0cSe2ecuoC|isbn=9780486282763 |date=January 1994 |publisher=Courier Corporation }}</ref>

English ballads, jigs, and hornpipes had a large influence on American folk music, eventually contributing to the formation of such genres as old time, country, bluegrass, and to a lesser extent, blues as well.

===Sports===
[[File:Henry Chadwick (NYPL b13537024-56451) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Henry Chadwick (writer)|Henry Chadwick]]'s early contributions to the development of the game is often called the "Father of Baseball".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-33239318|title=The Englishman dubbed the father of baseball|date=July 6, 2015|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=February 11, 2020}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Origins of baseball}}
*'''[[Baseball]]''' was invented in England.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why isn't baseball more popular in the UK?|work=BBC News|date=26 July 2013|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23425907|access-date=July 26, 2013}}</ref> English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on [[Easter Monday]] 1755 in [[Guildford]], [[Surrey]]; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7622026.stm|title=BBC NEWS – UK – England – Baseball 'origin' uncovered|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=17 September 2008|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/southtoday/content/articles/2008/09/09/baseball_feature.shtml|title=BBC – South Today – Features – Baseball history|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by British immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "[[A Little Pretty Pocket-Book]]" in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/baseball/2799671/Major-League-Baseball-told-Your-sport-is-British-not-American.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/baseball/2799671/Major-League-Baseball-told-Your-sport-is-British-not-American.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Major League Baseball told: Your sport is British, not American|author=Telegraph staff and agencies|date=11 September 2008|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=17 March 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*'''[[American football]]''' traces its roots to early versions of [[rugby football]], played in England and first developed in American universities in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhBw1RpvhLwC&q=The+new+American+sport+history+american+football+rugby&pg=PA89|title=The New American Sport History|access-date=17 March 2015|isbn=9780252065675|last1=Pope|first1=S. W.|last2=Pope|first2=Steven W.|year=1997|publisher=University of Illinois Press }}</ref>

==Most common family last names==
In 2010, the top ten family names in the United States, seven have English origins or having possible mixed British Isles heritage, the other three being of Spanish and/or Basque origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/genealogy/data/2010_surnames.html|title=Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 2010 Census|website=United States Census Bureau|access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref>
Many [[African American]]s have their origins in slavery (i.e. [[slave name]]) and ancestrally came to bear the [[surnames]] of their former owners. Many freed slaves either created family names themselves or adopted the name of their former master. Due to anti-German xenophobia during the first and second world wars, some German families anglicized their names.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hawgood|first=John|title=The Tragedy of German-America|publisher=Arno Press|year=1970|location=New York}}</ref> For example, changing "Schmidt" to "Smith," causing an increase of English names.
{|class="sort wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! Name ||Number|| Country of Origin || England (2001)<ref name="Most common surnames in Britain">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/paediatric-epidemiology/pdfs/Signficance_Surnames_Paper.pdf|title=Ucl.ac.uk/paediatric-epidemiology Most common surnames in Britain.|website=Ucl.ac.uk|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605164749/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/paediatric-epidemiology/pdfs/Signficance_Surnames_Paper.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/a/english.htm|title=English Surnames: Meanings and Origins|author=Kimberly Powell|work=About.com Parenting|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=January 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131015316/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/a/english.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Smith (surname)|Smith]] ||2,442,977|| England,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/smith.htm|title=Smith – Surname Meaning, Origin and Genealogy|author=Kimberly Powell|work=About.com Parenting|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=May 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515022709/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/smith.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Scotland,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fife.50megs.com/scottish-surnames-s.htm|title=Scottish Surnames|website=Fife.50megs.com|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321015911/http://www.fife.50megs.com/scottish-surnames-s.htm|archive-date=21 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ireland<ref>[http://blogs.ancestry.com/cm/2015/04/17/history-of-irish-surnames-is-yours-here/ "A History of Irish Surnames: Is Yours Here?"] An example of this was the common Irish surname Mac Gabhann, which meant "son of a smith". Some Mac Gabhanns, living in County Cavan, had their name translated to Smith and it remained that way.Smith is the fifth most common surname in Ireland.</ref>
||[[Smith (surname)|Smith]]
|-
| [[Johnson (surname)|Johnson]] ||1,932,812|| England, Scotland (Can also be an anglicization of the Dutch [[Jansen (surname)|Jansen]] or Scandinavian [[Johansen]], [[Johansson]], [[Jonsson]], etc.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/johnson.htm|title=Johnson (Surname) – Origin and Genealogy|author=Kimberly Powell|work=About.com Parenting|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=December 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201130403/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/johnson.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/johnson-name-meaning-and-origin-1422677|title=Is Your Last Name Johnson? Learn What it Means and Where it Came From!|website=Thoughtco.com|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Williams (surname)|Williams]] ||1,625,252|| England, Wales<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/williams.htm|title=Williams – Meaning and Origin of This Surname|author=Kimberly Powell|work=About.com Parenting|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=December 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201125746/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/williams.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>||[[Taylor (surname)|Taylor]]
|-
| [[Brown (surname)|Brown]] ||1,437,026|| England, Ireland, Scotland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/brown.htm|title=BROWN – Surname Meaning, Origin and Genealogy|author=Kimberly Powell|work=About.com Parenting|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=December 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201130747/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/brown.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>||[[Brown (surname)|Brown]]
|-
| [[Jones (surname)|Jones]] ||1,425,470|| England, Wales<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/jones.htm|title=JONES – Surname Meaning – Origin for the Surname Jones Genealogy|author=Kimberly Powell|work=About.com Parenting|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=December 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201130327/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/jones.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>||[[Williams (surname)|Williams]]
|-
| [[García (surname)|García]] ||1,166,120|| Spain, especially the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/garcia.htm|title=Origin for the Surname Garcia – Genealogy|author=Kimberly Powell|work=About.com Parenting|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=July 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711140029/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/garcia.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>||[[Wilson (surname)|Wilson]]
|-
| [[Miller (surname)|Miller]] ||1,161,437||England, Ireland, or Scotland (Miller can be the anglicized version of Mueller/[[Müller (surname)|Müller]] – a surname from Germany)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/geography-european-surnames|title=The Geography of European Surnames|website=Geocurrents.info|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328030354/http://www.geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/geography-european-surnames|archive-date=28 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||[[Johnson (surname)|Johnson]]
|-
| [[Davis (surname)|Davis]] ||1,116,357|| England, Wales<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/davis.htm|title=Origin for the Surname "Davis" – Genealogy|author=Kimberly Powell|work=About.com Parenting|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=December 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201130216/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/davis.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>||[[Davies]]
|-
| [[Rodríguez (surname)|Rodríguez]] ||1,094,924|| Spain<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/rodriguez.htm|title=Rodriguez Name Meaning and Origin|author=Kimberly Powell|work=About.com Parenting|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=December 1, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201165242/http://genealogy.about.com/od/surname_meaning/p/rodriguez.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>||[[Robinson (name)|Robinson]], [[Roderick]]
|-
| [[Martinez (surname)|Martinez]] || 1,060,159|| Spain||[[Wright]]
|}

==English place names in the United States==


{{main|Locations in the United States with an English name}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = East Cambridge Historical District.jpg
| width1 = 275
| caption1 = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] settled in 1630 is named in honor of the [[University of Cambridge]], England.
| alt1 =
| image2 = Statue of Liberty with One World Trade Center.jpg
| width2 = 275
| caption2 = In 1664, the English [[Geographical renaming|renamed]] "New York" after the [[James II of England|Duke of York]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History |author=Homberger, Eric |year=2005 |page=34 |publisher=Owl Books |isbn=0-8050-7842-8}}</ref>
| alt2 =
}}
This is a brief '''partial list''' of places in the United States named after places in England as a result of the many English settlers and [[explorer]]s; in addition, some places were named after the [[English royal family]]. These include the region of [[New England]] and some of the following:

===Alabama===
*[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] for [[Birmingham]], West Midlands
*[[Bradford, Alabama]], for [[Bradford]], West Yorkshire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foscue |first=Virginia |date=1989 |title=Place Names in Alabama |location=[[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]] |publisher=The University of Alabama Press |isbn=0-8173-0410-X}}</ref>
*[[Brighton, Alabama|Brighton]] for [[Brighton]], West Sussex.
*[[Langdale Historic District|Langdale]], named for the Lang textile manufacturing family from [[Oldham]], Greater Manchester<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Wayne |title=What's in a name? City of Valley |url=https://www.valleytimes-news.com/2023/02/whats-in-a-name-city-of-valley/ |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=Valley Times News |date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
*[[Leeds, Alabama|Leeds]], for [[Leeds]], West Yorkshire orkshire.<ref name="shelby">{{cite web |title=Leeds |url=https://www.shelbyal.com/796/Leeds#:~:text=Named%20for%20Leeds%2C%20West%20Yorkshire,incorporated%20on%20April%2027th%2C%201887. |website=Shelby County, Alabama – Official Website |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
*[[Sheffield, Alabama]] for [[Sheffield]], South Yorkshire.<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Woodstock, Alabama|Woodstock]], for [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire|Woodstock]], Oxfordshire<ref name="berry" />
*[[York, Alabama|York]], for [[York]], North Yorkshire<ref name="berry">{{cite news |last1=Berry |first1=Chad |title=The stories behind West Alabama's town names |url=https://eu.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2003/03/09/the-stories-behind-west-alabamas-town-names/27836033007/ |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=Tuscaloosa News |date=2003}}</ref>

===California===
* [[Jesmond Dene, California|Jesmond Dene]], named after [[Jesmond Dene]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weekenddriver.com/roadtrip/deneF/dene.html|title="Jesmond Dene"|access-date=March 22, 2024|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002453/http://www.weekenddriver.com/roadtrip/deneF/dene.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Keswick, California|Keswick]], for [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]], Cumberland<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Westminster, California|Westminster]] after [[Westminster]] in [[London]]
*[[Exeter, California|Exeter]] after [[Exeter]], Devon
*[[Windsor, California|Windsor]] after [[Windsor, Berkshire]]
*[[Lancaster, California|Lancaster]], after [[Lancaster, Lancashire]]
*[[Brentwood, California|Brentwood]], after [[Brentwood, Essex]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/posts/global-origins-of-town-names-in-every-state-maps|title=The Global Origins of Town Names in Every U.S. State (With Maps!)}}</ref>

===Connecticut===
*[[Avon, Connecticut|Avon]] after [[Avon (county)|Avon]], England
*[[Colchester, Connecticut|Colchester]] after [[Colchester]], England
*[[Cornwall, Connecticut|Cornwall]] after [[Cornwall]], England
*[[Danbury, Connecticut|Danbury]] after [[Danbury, Essex]], England
*[[Enfield, Connecticut|Enfield]] after [[Enfield, London]], England
*[[Greenwich, Connecticut|Greenwich]] after [[Greenwich]], England
*[[Guilford, Connecticut|Guilford]] after [[Guildford]], England
*[[Kent, Connecticut|Kent]] after [[Kent]], England
*[[Litchfield, Connecticut|Litchfield]] after [[Lichfield]], England
*[[New London, Connecticut|New London]] after [[London]], England
*[[Norwich, Connecticut|Norwich]] after [[Norwich]], England
*[[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]] after [[Stamford, Lincolnshire]], England
*[[Stratford, Connecticut|Stratford]] named after [[Stratford-upon-Avon]], Warwickshire, owing to the English town's prestige as the birthplace of playwright [[William Shakespeare]] (1564–1616).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA334 |year=1903|publisher=Connecticut Magazine Company|page=334}}</ref>
*[[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]] after [[Windsor, Berkshire]], in England

===Delaware===
*[[Dover, Delaware|Dover]] after [[Dover]], England<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-24 |title=Dover throughout the World |url=https://doverhistorian.com/dover-throughout-the-world/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=The Dover Historian |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] named by [[proprietary colony|Proprietor]] [[Thomas Penn]] after his friend [[Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington|Spencer Compton]], [[Earl of Wilmington]], who was prime minister in the reign of [[George II of Great Britain]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demosthenous |first=Panayiota |date=2024-03-31 |title=TWINNING IS WINNING: A look at Watford's twinned cities |url=https://www.mynewsmag.co.uk/twinning-is-winning-a-look-at-watfords-twinned-cities/#:~:text=Wilmington%20was%20named%20by%20Proprietor,Close,%20in%20Watford%20town%20centre. |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=My Local News}}</ref>

===Florida===
* [[Windermere, Florida|Windermere]], named for [[Windermere]], Westmorland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Town of Windermere |url=https://www.orangecountyfl.net/BoardofCommissioners/District1Commissioner/District1Communities/TownofWindermere.aspx#:~:text=Windermere%20was%20bestowed%20its%20name,after%20England's%20famous%20Lake%20Windermere. |website=Orange County Government - Florida |access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> the largest lake of the [[Lake District]] and England.

===Georgia===
*[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] was named after [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/md_intro.htm|title=The State of Maryland|website=Netstate.com|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>
*[[Acton, Georgia|Acton]], for [[Acton, London|Acton]], London.<ref name="krakow-a">{{cite book |last=Krakow |first=Kenneth K. |year=1975 |title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - A |publisher=Winship Press |location=Macon, GA |url=https://kenkrakow.com/gpn/a.pdf |isbn=0-915430-00-2 }}</ref>
*[[Camden County, Georgia|Camden County]], for English jurist Sir Charles Pratt, Earl of Camden (1714–1794).
*[[Chatsworth, Georgia|Chatsworth]], for [[Chatsworth House|Chatsworth]], Derbyshire<ref name="krakow-c">{{cite book |last=Krakow |first=Kenneth K. |year=1975 |title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - C |publisher=Winship Press |location=Macon, GA |url=https://kenkrakow.com/gpn/c.pdf |isbn=0-915430-00-2 }}</ref>
*[[Cumberland Island]], named for [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]] (1721–1765).
*[[Dungeness (Cumberland Island, Georgia)|Dungeness]], on Cumberland Island, named for [[Dungeness]] in Kent, where the Duke of Cumberland held a county seat.<ref name="krakow-d">{{cite book |last=Krakow |first=Kenneth K. |year=1975 |title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - D |publisher=Winship Press |location=Macon, GA |url=https://kenkrakow.com/gpn/d.pdf |isbn=0-915430-00-2 }}</ref>
*[[Effingham County, Georgia|Effingham County]], for [[Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham]] (1746–1791) an English nobleman.
*[[Epworth, Georgia|Epworth]], for [[Epworth, Lincolnshire|Epworth]], Lincolnshire.
*[[Eton, Georgia|Eton]], for [[Eton College]], Berkshire
*[[Fairburn, Georgia|Fairburn]], for [[Fairburn, North Yorkshire|Fairburn]], West Riding of Yorkshire.<ref name="krakow-f">{{cite book |last=Krakow |first=Kenneth K. |year=1975 |title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - F |publisher=Winship Press |location=Macon, GA |url=https://kenkrakow.com/gpn/f.pdf |isbn=0-915430-00-2 }}</ref>
* [[Forsyth County, Georgia|Liverpool]], for [[Liverpool]], Lancashire.<ref name="krakow-l">{{cite book |last=Krakow |first=Kenneth K. |year=1975 |title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - L |publisher=Winship Press |location=Macon, GA |url=https://kenkrakow.com/gpn/l.pdf |isbn=0-915430-00-2 }}</ref>
*[[Emanuel County, Georgia|Malvern]], for [[Malvern, Worcestershire|Malvern]], Worcestershire.<ref name="krakow-m" />
*[[Hardwick, Bryan County, Georgia|Hardwick]], for [[Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke]] (1690–1764), Lord High Chancellor of England.<ref name="krakow-h">{{cite book |last=Krakow |first=Kenneth K. |year=1975 |title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - H |publisher=Winship Press |location=Macon, GA |url=https://kenkrakow.com/gpn/h.pdf |isbn=0-915430-00-2 }}</ref>
*[[Harris County, Georgia|Harris County]], named for the English lawyer Charles Harris (1772–1827).<ref name="krakow-h" />
*[[Manchester, Georgia]], for [[Manchester]], Lancashire<ref name="krakow-m">{{cite book |last=Krakow |first=Kenneth K. |year=1975 |title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - M |publisher=Winship Press |location=Macon, GA |url=https://kenkrakow.com/gpn/m.pdf |isbn=0-915430-00-2 }}</ref>
*[[Medway River (Georgia)|Midway River]], possibly for [[River Medway]], Kent.<ref name="krakow-m" />
*[[Oglethorpe, Georgia|Oglethorpe]], after [[James Oglethorpe]] (1696–1785), an English [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]].
*[[Oxford, Georgia|Oxford]], for [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], Oxfordshire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/104116387/Oxford-Historic-District-Newton-County-Georgia|title=Oxford Historic District, Newton County, Georgia|publisher=National Register of Historic Places|date=2012-08-27}}</ref>
* Saint George's Parish (now [[Burke County, Georgia|Burke County]]), for [[Saint George]], the Patron Saint of England.<ref name="krakow-s">{{cite book |last=Krakow |first=Kenneth K. |year=1975 |title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - S |publisher=Winship Press |location=Macon, GA |url=https://kenkrakow.com/gpn/s.pdf |isbn=0-915430-00-2 }}</ref>
* [[Tweed, Georgia|Tweed]], after the River Tweed in southeastern Scotland and [[Northumberland]] in northern England.<ref name="krakow-t">{{cite book |last=Krakow |first=Kenneth K. |year=1975 |title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - T |publisher=Winship Press |location=Macon, GA |url=https://kenkrakow.com/gpn/t.pdf |isbn=0-915430-00-2 }}</ref>
*[[Wilmington Island, Georgia|Wilmington Island]], for [[Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington|Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington]] (1673–1743).<ref name="krakow-w" />
*[[Winchester, Georgia|Winchester]], for [[Winchester]], Hampshire.<ref name="krakow-w">{{cite book |last=Krakow |first=Kenneth K. |year=1975 |title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - W |publisher=Winship Press |location=Macon, GA |url=https://kenkrakow.com/gpn/w.pdf |isbn=0-915430-00-2 }}</ref>
*[[Windsor, Georgia|Windsor]], for [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]], Berkshire.<ref name="krakow-w" />
*[[Wooster, Georgia|Wooster]], for George Wooster, the Englishman who established the first post office here in the 1870s.<ref name="krakow-w" />
*[[York, Georgia]], named for York, the county town of Yorkshire in northern England.<ref name="krakow-xyz">{{cite book |last=Krakow |first=Kenneth K. |year=1975 |title=Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - X,Y,Z |publisher=Winship Press |location=Macon, GA |url=https://kenkrakow.com/gpn/x.pdf |isbn=0-915430-00-2 }}</ref>

=== Illinois ===
* [[Albion, Illinois|Albion]], named for [[Albion]], a poetic name for England derived from an ancient name for Britain.<ref name="callary" />
* [[Brereton, Illinois|Brereton]], possibly for [[Brereton, Staffordshire|Brereton]], Staffordshire.<ref name="callary">{{cite book |last1=Callary |first1=Edward |title=Place Names of Illinois |date=2010 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Illinois |isbn=9780252090707 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvHgwa-XImcC}}</ref>
* [[Burton, Illinois|Burton]], for [[Burton upon Trent]], Staffordshire.<ref name="callary" />
* [[Chesterfield, Illinois|Chesterfield]], probably for [[Chesterfield, Derbyshire|Chesterfield]], Derbyshire.<ref name="callary" />
* [[Lincolnshire, Illinois|Lincolnshire]], named for [[Lincolnshire]], a county in England.<ref name="callary" />
* [[Stratford, Illinois|Stratford]], probably for [[Stratford-upon-Avon]], in honour of the English town being the birthplace of [[William Shakespeare]] (1564–1616).<ref name="callary" />

=== Indiana ===
* [[Avon, Indiana|Avon]], named for [[River Avon, Bristol|Avon]], an English river name.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dept. of English and Journalism|title=Indiana names, v.1-3|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000054436682;view=1up;seq=29|year=1970–72|publisher=Indiana State University|page=15}}</ref>
* [[Darlington, Indiana|Darlington]], named for Darlington, County Durham, for its links to Quakerism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dept. of English and Journalism |title=Indiana names, v.1-3|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000054436682;view=1up;seq=29|year=1970–72|publisher=Indiana State University|page=15}}</ref>

===Kentucky===
[[File:Cumberland_Falls_2005_05_20a.jpeg|right|thumb|The English county name "[[Cumberland]]" is commonly replicated in Appalachia, such as at [[Cumberland River]] (pictured). The [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland|Duke of Cumberland]] appealed to northern English settlers for his victory at [[Battle of Culloden|Culloden]] (1746)<ref name="dhfischer">David Hackett Fischer, ''Albion's Seed'' (Oxford University Press, 1989)</ref>]]
* [[Cumberland River]] in Kentucky and northern Tennessee (with [[Cumberland Gap]], [[Cumberland Mountains|Mountains]] and [[Cumberland Plateau|Plateau]]), named in the 1750s for the northern English county of [[Cumberland]], if not the [[Duke of Cumberland]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_luoxAQAAMAAJ | title=The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1 | publisher=Kentucky State Historical Society | year=1903}}</ref>
* Epworth, for [[Epworth, Lincolnshire|Epworth]], Lincolnshire.
*[[London, Kentucky|London]], for [[London]]<ref name=ren />
*[[Manchester, Kentucky]], for [[Manchester]], Lancashire.<ref name=ren />
* [[Kingston, Kentucky|Kingston]], possibly for [[Kingston upon Hull]], East Riding of Yorkshire.<ref name=ren />
* [[Middlesboro, Kentucky|Middlesboro]], founded as "Middlesborough", for the town now known as [[Middlesbrough]], North Riding of Yorkshire.<ref name="ren">Rennick, Robert. ''Kentucky Place Names'', University Press of Kentucky (Lexington), 1987, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3Lac2FUSj_oC&pg]. Accessed 26 August 2013.</ref>
* [[Newstead, Kentucky|Newstead]], for [[Newstead Abbey]], Nottinghamshire.<ref name=ren />
* [[Stanford, Kentucky|Stanford]], for Stamford, Lincolnshire.<ref name=ren />
* [[Richardsville, Kentucky|Richardsville]], named for English-born wagonmaker Thomas Richards (1812–1896).<ref name=ren />
*[[Wendover, Kentucky|Wendover]], for [[Wendover]], Buckinghamshire
*[[Williba, Kentucky|Williba]], for [[Willoughby, Lincolnshire|Willoughby]], Lincolnshire<ref name=ren />

=== Maine ===
*[[Berwick, Maine|Berwick]], named for [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]], Northumberland.<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Kittery, Maine|Kittery]], for Kittery Court, Kingswear, Devon.
*[[Leeds, Maine|Leeds]], for [[Leeds]], West Riding of Yorkshire.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3aQgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FWkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1463%2C5719635 | title=Some Maine town names | work=The Lewiston Daily Sun | date=Jun 13, 1928 | access-date=17 October 2015 | author=Yates, Edgar A.P. | pages=4}}</ref>
*[[Newcastle, Maine|Newcastle]], for [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle]] (1693–1768).<ref>{{Citation
| last = Varney
| first = George J.
| title = Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Newcastle
| place = Boston
| publisher = Russell
| year = 1886
| url = http://history.rays-place.com/me/newcastle-me.htm }}
</ref>
*[[Winthrop, Maine|Winthrop]], for Suffolk-born [[John Winthrop]] (1588–1649), the 2nd colonial [[List of colonial governors of Massachusetts|Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony]].

===Maryland===
*[[Maryland]] named so for [[Queen Henrietta Maria]] (Queen Mary).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/md_intro.htm|title=The State of Maryland|work=netstate.com}}</ref>
*[[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]], named for Lady Ann Arundell (1615–1649), the daughter of Wiltshire noble [[Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour]].
* [[Barton, Maryland|Barton]], named for Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire, the hometown of the father of an early settler.
*[[Brinklow, Maryland|Brinklow]], for [[Brinklow]], Warwickshire<ref name="hamill84">{{cite book|last1=Kenny|first1=Hamill|title=The Placenames of Maryland : their origin and meaning|date=1984|publisher=Maryland Historical Society|location=Baltimore, Md.|isbn=0-938420-28-3|page=47, 75}}</ref>
*[[Chevy Chase, Maryland|Chevy Chase]], named for "The Battle of Chevy Chase", a 15th-century English ballad about a hunt led by the [[Earl of Northumberland]].
*[[Cumberland, Maryland|Cumberland]], for [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]] (1721–1765).
*[[Darlington, Maryland|Darlington]], for [[Darlington]], County Durham<ref name="hamill84" />
* [[Manchester, Maryland|Manchester]], named for Manchester, England.
* [[Pomfret, Maryland|Pomfret]], named for Pontefract, West Riding of Yorkshire.<ref name="gannett" />

===Massachusetts===
*[[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]], for [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]], Hampshire<ref name="dhfischer" />
*[[Attleboro, Massachusetts|Attleboro]], for Attleborough, Norfolk.<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Beverly, Massachusetts|Beverly]], after [[Beverley]], East Riding of Yorkshire.<ref name="dhfischer" />
*[[Billerica, Massachusetts|Billerica]], for [[Billericay]], Essex<ref name="dhfischer" />
*[[Boston]] after [[Boston, Lincolnshire|Boston]], Lincolnshire<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iboston.org/mcp.php?pid=taleOfTwoBostons|title=A Tale of Two Bostons – iBoston|website=Iboston.org|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>
*[[Boxford, Massachusetts|Boxford]], for [[Boxford, Suffolk|Boxford]], Suffolk<ref name="dhfischer" />
*[[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]] after [[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], Essex
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], for [[Cambridge]], Cambridgeshire.<ref name="dhfischer" />
*[[Chelmsford, Massachusetts|Chelmsford]], for [[Chelmsford]], Essex<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]], for [[Framlingham]], Suffolk<ref name="dhfischer" />
*[[Gloucester, Massachusetts|Gloucester]] after [[Gloucester]], Gloucestershire
*[[Groton, Massachusetts|Groton]], for [[Groton, Suffolk|Groton]], Suffolk
* [[Hadley, Massachusetts|Hadley]], for [[Hadleigh, Suffolk|Hadleigh]], Suffolk.<ref name="dhfischer" />
*[[Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]], for [[Haverhill, Suffolk|Haverhill]], Suffolk<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Hingham, Massachusetts|Hingham]], for [[Hingham, Norfolk|Hingham]], Norfolk<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Holland, Massachusetts|Holland]], for [[Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland]] (1705–1774)
*[[Ipswich, Massachusetts|Ipswich]], for [[Ipswich]], Suffolk
*[[Kragsyde]], for [[Cragside]], Northumberland
*[[Lancaster, Massachusetts|Lancaster]], for [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]], Lancashire, the hometown of an early settler.
*[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]] after [[Leominster, Herefordshire|Leominster]], Herefordshire
*[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]], for [[King's Lynn]], Norfolk
*[[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]], for [[Maldon]], Essex
*[[Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts|Manchester-by-the-Sea]], for [[Manchester]], Lancashire<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] after [[Marlborough, Wiltshire|Marlborough]], Wiltshire
*[[Northampton, Massachusetts|Northampton]] after [[Northampton]], Northamptonshire
*[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], for [[Newton, Norfolk|Newton]], Norfolk<ref name="dhfischer" />
*[[Plymouth, Massachusetts|Plymouth]], for [[Plymouth]], Devon, the port from which the first Pilgrim settlers departed in 1620<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Rowley, Massachusetts|Rowley]], for [[Rowley, East Riding of Yorkshire|Rowley]], East Riding of Yorkshire
*[[Shrewsbury, Massachusetts|Shrewsbury]], named after [[George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury]]
*[[Southampton, Massachusetts|Southampton]] after [[Southampton]], Hampshire<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=3141|title=ePodunk|website=Epodunk.com|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107232910/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=3141|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] after [[Springfield, Essex|Springfield]], Essex
*[[Sunderland, Massachusetts|Sunderland]], after [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland]] (1675–1722)
*[[Topsfield, Massachusetts|Topsfield]], for [[Toppesfield]], Essex
*[[Woburn, Massachusetts|Woburn]], for [[Woburn, Bedfordshire|Woburn]], Bedfordshire
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], after [[Worcester, Worcestershire]], England
*[[Wrentham, Massachusetts|Wrentham]], for [[Wrentham, Suffolk|Wrentham]], Suffolk<ref name="gannett" />

===Michigan===
*[[Birmingham, Michigan|Birmingham, Oakland County]] after Birmingham, West Midlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/how-did-michigan-cities-get-their-names#:~:text=The%20name%20Birmingham%20was%20chosen,after%20England%27s%20biggest%20industrial%20center.|title=How Did Michigan Cities Get Their Names?|date=October 16, 2018 }}</ref>
* [[Sherwood, Michigan|Sherwood]], for [[Sherwood Forest]], Nottinghamshire

===Missouri===
*[[Leeds, Kansas City|Leeds]] (area of Kansas City), for [[Leeds]], West Riding of Yorkshire.<ref name="jacksoncomo">{{cite web|url=http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_jackson.html |title=Jackson County Place Names, 1928–1945 (archived) |publisher=The State Historical Society of Missouri |accessdate=October 16, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624070750/http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_jackson.html |archivedate=June 24, 2016 }}</ref>
*[[Sheffield, Kansas City|Sheffield]] (area of Kansas City), for [[Sheffield]], West Riding of Yorkshire.<ref name="jacksoncomo" />

===New Hampshire===
*[[New Hampshire]] state (after [[Hampshire]]<ref>{{cite web |first= |title=The State of New Hampshire - An Introduction to the Granite State from NETSTATE.COM |url=http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/nh_intro.htm |access-date=21 August 2017 |website=Netstate.com}}</ref>)
*[[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire County]], for [[Cheshire]].
*[[Croydon]], named for [[Croydon]], Surrey.<ref>''New Hampshire Town Names and Whence They Came'' {{ISBN|978-0-872-33009-2}} p. 9</ref>
*[[Dover, New Hampshire|Dover]], for [[Dover]], Kent
*[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough County]], after [[Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire|Wills Hill, 1st Earl of Hillsborough]] (1718–1793).
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]] after [[Manchester]], England<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boulter.com/nh/|title=New Hampshire|website=boulter.com|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>
*[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford County]], for [[William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford]] (1626–1695).

===New Jersey===
*[[Amwell Township, New Jersey|Amwell]], for [[Amwell, St Albans|Amwell]], Hertfordshire.<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Andover, New Jersey|Andover]], for [[Andover, Hampshire|Andover]], Hampshire<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Asbury Park, New Jersey|Asbury Park]], named for Staffordshire-born bishop [[Francis Asbury]] (1745-1816)
*[[Avon-by-the-Sea, New Jersey]] for [[Avon (county)|Avon, England]]
*[[Beverly, New Jersey|Beverly]], for [[Beverley]], East Riding of Yorkshire<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Burlington County, New Jersey|Burlington County]] with [[Burlington, New Jersey|Burlington]] for [[Bridlington]], East Riding of Yorkshire<ref name="hutchinson">Hutchinson, Viola L. [http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/356/nj_place_names_origin.pdf''The Origin of New Jersey Place Names''], New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed August 28, 2015.</ref>
*[[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]] named by local Jacob Cooper after [[Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden]].<ref>Hutchinson, Viola L. [http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/356/nj_place_names_origin.pdf#page=9 ''The Origin of New Jersey Place Names''], New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed December 1, 2017.</ref>
*[[Chesterfield, New Jersey|Chesterfield]], for [[Chesterfield, Derbyshire|Chesterfield]], Derbyshire.<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Cumberland County, New Jersey|Cumberland County]] named for [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]] (1721–1765).
*[[Deal, New Jersey|Deal]], for [[Deal, Kent|Deal]], Kent<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Deptford Township, New Jersey|Deptford]], for the port [[Deptford]], Kent.<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Dover, New Jersey|Dover]], for [[Dover]], Kent<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Essex County, New Jersey|Essex County]], for the county English county Essex.<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Gloucester County, New Jersey|Gloucester County]] and [[Gloucester City, New Jersey|Gloucester City]] after the city of [[Gloucester]] / county of [[Gloucestershire]] in England.<ref>[[Joseph Nathan Kane|Kane, Joseph Nathan]]; and Aiken, Charles Curry. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yC9vFvCuW84C&pg=PA112 ''The American Counties: Origins of County Names, Dates of Creation, and Population Data, 1950–2000''], p. 112. [[Scarecrow Press]], 2005. {{ISBN|0810850362}}. Accessed January 21, 2013.</ref>
* [[Kenilworth, New Jersey|Kenilworth]], for [[Kenilworth Castle]], Warwickshire<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Leeds Point, New Jersey|Leeds Point]], for Daniel Leeds,<ref name="hutchinson" /> 17th century local surveyor born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire.
* [[Mansfield Township, Burlington County, New Jersey|Mansfield]], for [[Mansfield]], Nottinghamshire.<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Margate City, New Jersey|Margate City]], for [[Margate]], Kent<ref name="hutchinson" />
* [[New Durham, Middlesex County, New Jersey|New Durham]], for [[Durham, England|Durham]], County Durham.<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] for [[Newark-on-Trent]], Nottinghamshire.<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Penns Grove, New Jersey|Penns Grove]], [[Penns Neck, New Jersey|Penns Neck]] and [[Pennsville Township, New Jersey|Pennsville]], for English Quaker [[William Penn]] (1644–1718).<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Shrewsbury, New Jersey|Shrewsbury]], for [[Shrewsbury]], Shropshire.<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Somerset County, New Jersey|Somerset County]] with [[Somerville, New Jersey|Somerville]], for the English county [[Somerset]].<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Stafford Township, New Jersey|Stafford, New Jersey]], named for the English county of [[Staffordshire]], of which [[Stafford]] is the county town.<ref name="hutchinson" />
*[[Woolwich Township, New Jersey|Woolwich]], for [[Woolwich]], London.<ref name="hutchinson" />

===New York===
*[[Cornwall, New York|Cornwall]] (originally "New Cornwall") after the county of [[Cornwall]] in southwest England
* Liverpool Village after Liverpool England.
*[[New York City]] (after the [[James II of England|Duke of York]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.50states.com/newyork.htm|title=New York State Information – Symbols, Capital, Constitution, Flags, Maps, Songs|website=50states.com|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>)
*[[New York (State)]] (also after the Duke of York)
*[[Scarsdale, New York|Scarsdale]], after [[Sutton Scarsdale|Scarsdale]] in northern Derbyshire, England.<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk County]] after [[Suffolk]], [[England]]

===North Carolina===
*The province, named ''Carolina'' ([[The Carolinas]]-[[North Carolina|North]] and [[South Carolina|South]]) to honor King [[Charles I of England]], was divided into SC and NC in 1729, although the actual date is the subject of debate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carolana.com/Carolina/thesplit.html|title=The Split – One Colony Becomes Two|website=Carolana.com|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>
*[[Bertie County, North Carolina|Bertie County]], for the English politicians [[Henry Bertie (MP for Beaumaris)|Henry]] (1675-1735) and [[James Bertie]] (1674-1735)<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Bladen County, North Carolina|Bladen County]], named for Yorkshire-born politician [[Martin Bladen]] (1680–1746).
*[[Charlotte, North Carolina]] named after [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
*[[Cumberland, North Carolina|Cumberland]], named for [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]] (1721-1765).<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Craven County, North Carolina|Craven County]], named after Yorkshire-born nobleman [[William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697)|William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven]] (1608–1697).
*[[New Hope, Perquimans County, North Carolina|Durants Neck]] (now [[New Hope, Perquimans County, North Carolina|New Hope]], [[Perquimans County, North Carolina|Perquimans County]]), named for Worcestershire-born pioneer George Durant (1632-1692).<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Hyde County, North Carolina|Hyde County]], for the Cheshire-born 1st Governor of North Carolina [[Edward Hyde (Governor of North Carolina)|Edward Hyde]] (1667–1712).
*[[Macclesfield, North Carolina|Macclesfield]], for [[Macclesfield]], Cheshire.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Town of Macclesfield |title=The History of Macclesfiel |url=https://macclesfield.municipalimpact.com/documents/443/The_History_of_Macclesfield.pdf |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref>
*[[New London, North Carolina|New London]], for [[London]], England<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Onslow County, North Carolina|Onslow County]], after Middlesex-born [[Arthur Onslow]] (1691–1768), Speaker of the House of Commons.
*[[Raleigh]] after Sir Walter Raleigh, one of the first English explorers of the Carolinas.<ref name="tarpley" />
*[[Hyde County, North Carolina|Wickham Precinct]] (now Hyde County), from [[West Wycombe|Temple Wycombe]], Buckinghamshire
*[[Wilkes County, North Carolina|Wilkes County]], with [[Wilkesboro, North Carolina|Wilkesboro]], named for London-born politician [[John Wilkes]] (1725-1797).<ref name="gannett" />

===Ohio===
*[[Kendal, Ohio]] after [[Kendal]], Westmorland.<ref name="springhill">{{cite web |title=Town of Kendal |url=https://springhillhistorichome.org/history-kendal-ohio/#:~:text=The%20town%20was%20named%20after,flock%20at%20Spring%20Hill%20Farm. |website=Spring Hill Historic Home |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>
*[[Liverpool Township, Medina County, Ohio|Liverpool, Medina County Ohio]] and [[East Liverpool, Ohio]], after Liverpool, England.<ref name="gannett" />

===Pennsylvania===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Philly Street Commons.jpg
| width1 = 250
| caption1 = Pennsylvania and the Delaware Valley were settled from the century by Quakers from the [[North Midlands]] and [[Pennines]] of England, with many Pennsylvania place names reflecting this settlement.
| alt1 =
| image2 = Buckingham Friends BucksCo PA from SE.jpg
| width2 = 250
| caption2 = Quaker architecture in the state mirrors that in England.<ref name="dhfischer">David Hackett Fischer, ''Albion's Seed'' (Oxford University Press, 1989)</ref>
| alt2 =
}}
* [[Bedford, Pennsylvania|Bedford]] and [[Bedford County, Pennsylvania|Bedford County]] after [[Bedford]], England
*[[Berks County, Pennsylvania|Berks County]] after [[Berkshire]] (pronounced ''"Barkshire"''), England
*[[Bristol, Pennsylvania|Bristol]] and [[Bristol Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bristol Township]] after [[Bristol]], England<ref>{{cite book|last=Espenshade|first=A. Howry|title=Pennsylvania Place Names|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012934249;view=1up;seq=41|year=1925|publisher=The Evangelical Press|location=Harrisburg, PA|page=37}}</ref>
*[[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks County]] after [[Buckinghamshire]], England
*[[Carlisle, Pennsylvania|Carlisle]], after Carlisle, England<ref name="gannett" /> which, like the northern English city, is in a county called Cumberland.
*[[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]] and [[Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester]] after [[Chester]], England
*[[Darby, Pennsylvania|Darby]] derived from [[Derby]] (pronounced ''"Darby"''), the [[county town]] of [[Derbyshire]] (pronounced ''"Darbyshire"'')<ref name="gannett">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Govt. Print. Off. | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 }}</ref>
* [[Durham, Pennsylvania|Durham]], for Durham, County Durham
*[[Edgmont Township, Pennsylvania|Edgmont]], for [[Edgmond]], Shropshire.<ref name="edgpa">{{cite web |title=Township History - Edgmont, PA |url=https://edgmont.org/history |website=Township of Edgmont, Pennsylvania |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref>
*[[Horsham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Horsham]] after [[Horsham]] (pronounced ''"Hor-sham"''), England
*[[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]] and [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] after the city of [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] in the county of [[Lancashire]] in England, the native home of John Wright, one of the early [[settler]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/lancasterpetition.asp|title=PHMC Doc Heritage: Lancaster County Petition|date=7 August 2006|access-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060807113052/http://www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/lancasterpetition.asp|archive-date=7 August 2006}}</ref>
*[[Liverpool, Pennsylvania|Liverpool]], for [[Liverpool]], Lancashire.
*[[Malvern, Pennsylvania|Malvern]], for the Malvern Hills in England.<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Marple, Pennsylvania|Marple]], after [[Marple, Greater Manchester|Marple]] in the Cheshire Pennines.
*[[New Castle, Pennsylvania|New Castle]] after [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], England
*[[Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Northampton County]] after [[Northamptonshire]], England
*[[Pendle Hill Quaker Center for Study and Contemplation|Pendle Hill]], named for [[Pendle Hill]], Lancashire.<ref>[http://www.pendlehill.org/about/history.php Pendle Hill Beginnings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101081640/http://www.pendlehill.org/about/history.php |date=2009-01-01 }}</ref>
*[[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading, Berks County]] after [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] (pronounced ''"Redding"''), [[Berkshire]] (pronounced ''"Barkshire"''), England
* [[Rydal, Pennsylvania|Rydal]], for [[Rydal, Cumbria|Rydal]], Westmorland
*[[Sheffield, Pennsylvania|Sheffield]], for [[Sheffield]], West Riding of Yorkshire<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Swarthmore, Pennsylvania|Swarthmore]], named for [[Swarthmoor]], Lancashire.<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Trafford, Pennsylvania|Trafford]] for [[Trafford]], Lancashire.
*[[Warminster Township, Pennsylvania|Warminster]] after the small town of [[Warminster]] in the county of [[Wiltshire]], at the western extremity of [[Salisbury Plain]], England.<ref>{{cite web|title=WARMINSTER TOWNSHIP HISTORY|date=5 March 2013|url=http://warminstertownship.org/about-warminster-township/|publisher=Township of Warminster|access-date=2015-07-31}}</ref>
*[[Warrington Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Warrington]] after [[Warrington]], England<ref>{{cite web|title=WARRINGTON TOWNSHIP HISTORY|url=http://www.warringtontownship.org/about-us/history/township-history/|publisher=Township of Warrington|access-date=2017-12-01}}</ref>
*[[Warwick Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Warwick]] after [[Warwick]], England<ref>{{cite web|title=WARWICK TOWNSHIP HISTORY|url=http://www.warwick-bucks.com/town-history-2/|publisher=Township of Warwick|access-date=2017-12-01}}</ref>
*[[Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania|Westmoreland County]], for [[Westmorland]], a county in northwest England.<ref name="gannett" />
*[[York, Pennsylvania]], named for York, the county town of the English county of Yorkshire, the ancestral home county of many Quaker settlers in the region.

=== South Carolina ===
*[[Charleston, South Carolina]], named after [[Charles II of England]]
*[[Chesterfield County, South Carolina|Chesterfield County]], for English politician [[Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield]] (1694-1773).<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Colleton County, South Carolina|Colleton County]], for [[Sir John Colleton, 1st Baronet]] (1608-1666), an early English proprietor in the Carolinas.<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Edgecombe County, North Carolina|Edgecombe County]], for English politician [[Richard Edgcumbe, 1st Baron Edgcumbe|Richard Edgecumbe, 1st Baron Edgecumbe]] (1680-1758).<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Georgetown, South Carolina|Georgetown]], for [[George I of Great Britain]] (1660-1727).<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Kershaw County, South Carolina|Kershaw County]], for the prominent Kershaw family<ref name="gannett" /> from which [[Joseph B. Kershaw]] (1822-1894) came, originally from [[Sowerby, West Yorkshire|Sowerby]], West Riding of Yorkshire.

=== Tennessee ===
*[[Acton, Tennessee|Acton]], for [[Acton, London|Acton]], London.<ref name="tnpn" />
*[[Knox County, Tennessee|Amherst]], for the Kent-born general [[Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst]] (1717–1779).
* Cambridge, for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], Cambridgeshire<ref name="tnpn" />
* [[Carlisle]], if not for the Pennsylvania city, then named for Carlisle, Cumberland.<ref name="tnpn" />
* [[Cumberland City, Tennessee|Cumberland City]], for the county Cumberland in northwest England.<ref name="tnpn" />
* [[Dover, Tennessee|Dover]], for the [[White Cliffs of Dover]], Kent.<ref name="tnpn" />
*[[Harrogate, Tennessee|Harrogate]], named after [[Harrogate]], West Riding of Yorkshire.<ref name="tnpn">{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Larry |title=Tennessee Place Names |date=2001 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-33984-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOzPQYkkbaAC |access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref>
*[[Kingsport, Tennessee|Kingsport]], named for English-born James King (born 1752), who established a mill in the area in 1773.<ref name="tnpn" />
*[[Manchester, Tennessee|Manchester]], after Manchester, Lancashire, England, for hopes that it, like the English Manchester, would become a similarly prosperous industrial city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tngenweb.org/coffee/history/|title=Coffee County, TNGenWeb|date=October 16, 2011 |access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref>
* [[Pall Mall, Tennessee|Pall Mall]], for [[Pall Mall, London|Pall Mall]], London<ref name="tnpn" />
*[[Rugby, Tennessee|Rugby]], after [[Rugby School]], Rugby, Warwickshire.<ref name="tnpn" />
* [[Westmoreland, Tennessee|Westmoreland]], named after [[Westmorland]], a county in northwest England.<ref name="tnpn" />

=== Texas ===
*[[Bronte, Texas|Bronte]], named for English novelist [[Charlotte Brontë]] (1816–1855).<ref name="tarpley" />
*[[Cheapside, Texas|Cheapside]], after [[Cheapside]], a London street.<ref name="tarpley">{{cite book |last1=Tarpley |first1=Fred |title=1001 Texas Place Names |date=5 July 2010 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9780292786936 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4B7n7pJyZIC}}</ref>
*[[Derby, Texas|Derby]], after Derby, England.<ref name="tarpley" />
*[[Liverpool, Texas|Liverpool]], after Liverpool, a port city traditionally in Lancashire, England.<ref name="tarpley" />
*[[Newcastle, Texas|Newcastle]], after [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], northeast England.

=== Vermont ===
* [[Barnet, Vermont|Barnet]], for [[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]], Middlesex<ref name="gannett" />
* [[St. Albans (city), Vermont|St. Albans]], named after [[St Albans]] in [[Hertfordshire]], England.

===Virginia===
*The name Virginia was first applied by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] (the "Virgin Queen") and Sir [[Walter Raleigh]] in 1584.<ref>In 1584 [[Sir Walter Raleigh]] sent [[Philip Amadas]] and [[Arthur Barlowe]] to lead an exploration of what is now the [[North Carolina]] coast, and they returned with word of a regional "king" named "Wingina." This was modified later that year by Raleigh and the Queen to "Virginia", perhaps in part noting her status as the "Virgin Queen." {{cite book |title=Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/namesofland0000unse |url-access=registration |last= Stewart|first=George |author-link=George R. Stewart|year=1945 |publisher= Random House|location=New York |page= [https://archive.org/details/namesofland0000unse/page/22 22]}}</ref>
*[[Bath County, Virginia|Bath County]], named for [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], Somerset.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Salmon|editor-first1=Emily J.|editor-last2=Campbell|editor-first2=Edward D.C. |title=The Hornbook of Virginia History : A Ready-Reference Guide to the Old Dominion's People, Places, and Past|date=1994|publisher=Library of Virginia|location=Richmond|isbn=0884901777|page=161|edition=4th}}</ref>
*[[Charles City, Virginia|Charles City]], named for [[Charles I of England]] (1600–1649)
*[[Chesterfield County, Virginia|Chesterfield County]], for [[Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield]] (1694–1773).
*[[Crewe, Virginia|Crewe]], for [[Crewe]], Cheshire.<ref name="cheshirelive">{{cite news |last1=Blackburn |first1=Jonathan |title=The American railway town named after Crewe |url=https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/american-railway-town-named-after-24503082 |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=Cheshire Live |date=24 July 2022}}</ref>
*[[Exmore, Virginia|Exmore]], for [[Exmoor]], Devon.
*[[Farnham, Virginia|Farnham]], for [[Farnham]], Surrey.<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Gloucester County, Virginia|Gloucester County]], named for [[Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester]] (1640–1660).
*[[Hampstead, King George County, Virginia|Hampstead]], for [[Hampstead]], London<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Isle of Wight County, Virginia|Isle of Wight County]], for [[Isle of Wight]], English Channel.<ref name="gannett" />
*[[James River]], for [[James VI and I|James I of England]] (1566–1625)<ref name="gannett" />
* [[Keswick, Virginia|Keswick]], Albermarle County, for [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]], Cumberland.
* [[Leedstown, Virginia|Leedstown]], formerly Leeds, for [[Leeds]], Yorkshire.<ref name="meade">{{cite book |last1=Meade |first1=William |title=Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia, Volume 2 |date=1891 |publisher=J. B. Lippincott Company |location=Virginia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWF5AAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
*[[Malvern Hill]], named for the [[Malvern Hills]], southwestern England.<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]] after the county of [[Norfolk]], England
*[[Northampton County, Virginia|Northampton]], from [[Northamptonshire]], a county in the English South Midlands.<ref name="gannett" />
*[[Northumberland County, Virginia]], after [[Northumberland]], a county in northeast England.<ref name="vacounties">{{Cite web|url= https://www.slideshare.net/TTC_Media/virginia-county-names-a-history|title=Virginia County Names – A History|date= September 21, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Portsmouth, Virginia|Portsmouth]] after [[Portsmouth]], England<ref>{{cite web|title=City of Portsmouth History|url=http://www.portsmouthva.gov/474/History|publisher=City of Portsmouth|access-date=2017-12-01}}</ref>
*[[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] named by [[William Byrd II]] after [[Richmond, London]] where he spent part of his childhood.
* [[Stafford County, Virginia|Stafford County]] with [[Stafford, Virginia|Stafford]], from [[Staffordshire]], of which [[Stafford]] is the county town.
*[[Suffolk, Virginia|Suffolk]] after the county of [[Suffolk]], England
* Sunderland Creek (now [[Lagrange Creek (Rappahannock River tributary)|Lagrange Creek]]), for [[Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland]] (1620–1643), if not for [[Sunderland]], County Durham.
*[[Surry County, Virginia|Surry County]], for [[Surrey]], a county in southeast England.
*[[Westmoreland County, Virginia]], after [[Westmorland]], a county in northwest England.<ref name="vacounties" />
*[[Yorkshire, Virginia|Yorkshire]], Virginia for the county Yorkshire in northern England.

=== West Virginia ===
* [[Arden, Berkeley County, West Virginia|Arden, Berkeley County]], named for [[Arden, Warwickshire|Arden]] in Warwickshire.
* [[Carlisle, West Virginia|Carlisle]], named for Carlisle, Cumberland, the ancestral home of an early settler.<ref name="kenny">{{cite book|last=Kenny|first=Hamill|title=West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009099824;view=1up;seq=184|year=1945|publisher=The Place Name Press |location=Piedmont, WV|pages=156, 169, 231, 234, 349, 379, 548, 557, 565, 588}}</ref>
* [[Chester]], possibly for Chester, the county town of Cheshire.<ref name="kenny" />
* England Run, a river in Braxton County and tributary of the [[Little Kanawha River|Little Kanawha]], named after England itself.<ref name="kenny" />
* [[English, West Virginia|English]], named for the nationality of many coal miners in the area.<ref name="kenny" />
* [[Evenwood, West Virginia|Evenwood]], named for [[Evenwood]], [[County Durham]], the birthplace of the parents of T.W. Raine, an early inhabitant.<ref name="kenny" />
* Hallidon, named after Halidon Hill, the site of a 1333 [[Battle of Halidon Hill|battle]] in [[Northumberland]], near the [[Anglo-Scottish border]].<ref name="kenny" />
* [[Kendalia, West Virginia|Kendalia]], named for the original landowner, Mr. Kendall who was also born at [[Kendal]], Westmorland, England.<ref name="kenny" />
* [[Liverpool, West Virginia|Liverpool]], named for [[Liverpool]], Lancashire.<ref name="kenny" />
* [[Romney, West Virginia|Romney]], named for [[New Romney|Romney]], one of the [[Cinque Ports]].<ref name="kenny" />
* [[St Albans|Saint Albans]], probably for [[St Albans]], Hertfordshire.<ref name="kenny" />
* [[Scarbro, West Virginia|Scarbro]], named for [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] in the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]], owing to the prevalence of "Scarbrough" as a local surname.<ref name="kenny" />
* [[Selbyville, West Virginia|Selbyville]], named in 1870 for [[Selby family|Lord Thomas Selby]], a member of the English gentry.<ref name="kenny" />
* [[Skelton, West Virginia|Skelton]], for [[Skelton, York|Skelton]], North Riding of Yorkshire (near [[York]]).<ref name="kenny" />

===Wisconsin===
* [[Chilton, Wisconsin]], from [[Chillington Hall]], Staffordshire, the English ancestral home of an early settler.<ref name="gannett" />
* [[Ripon, Wisconsin]], after Ripon, North Yorkshire, the English ancestral home city of one of its earliest settlers, [[John S. Horner]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Chicago and North Western Railway Company|title=A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA118|year=1908|page=118}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{image frame
| border = no
| content = {{image array|perrow=3|width=135|height=135
| image1 = Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg| caption1 = [[George Washington]]
| image2 = Official Presidential portrait of John Adams (by John Trumbull, circa 1792).jpg| caption2 = [[John Adams]]
| image3 = Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800).jpg| caption3 = [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| image4 = Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg| caption4 = [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| image5 = TRUMAN_58-766-06_%28cropped%29.jpg| caption5 = [[Harry S. Truman]]
| image6 = Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg| caption6 = [[Richard Nixon]]
| image7 = George-W-Bush.jpeg| caption7 = [[George W. Bush]]
| image8 = President Barack Obama.jpg| caption8 = [[Barack Obama]]
| image9 = Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg| caption9 = [[Joe Biden]]
}}}}
{{main list|List of Americans of English descent}}
{{Americans}}

===Presidents of English descent===
Most of the [[President of the United States|presidents]] of the United States have had English ancestry.<ref name=USPresidentAncestory>{{cite web
|url=http://genealogyofpresidents.blogspot.com/|title=Genealogy and Ancestry of Barack Obama and the Other U.S. Presidents}}</ref> The extent of English heritage varies. Earlier presidents were predominantly of colonial English [[Yankee]] origin. Later presidents' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe, including England. The presidents who have ''lacked'' recent English ancestry are [[Martin Van Buren]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[John F. Kennedy]], and [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Powell|first1=Kimberly|title=Ancestry of Donald Trump|url=http://genealogy.about.com/od/famous_family_trees/p/trump.htm|website=Genealogy.about.com|access-date=2017-08-21|archive-date=February 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227234239/http://genealogy.about.com/od/famous_family_trees/p/trump.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===18th century===
[[George Washington]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/washington_george.shtml|title=AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: George Washington|date=10 July 2010|access-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710153430/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/washington_george.shtml|archive-date=10 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="Haas">{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8RBlp8bNpwC
|title=Historic Homes of the American Presidents
|author=Irvin Haas
|year=1992
|publisher=Courier Dover Publications
|isbn=0-486-26751-2}}</ref> [[John Adams]].<ref name="concentric.net">[http://concentric.net/~pvb/GEN/hadam.html Henry Adams] born 1583 [[Barton St David]], [[Somerset]], England {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324201502/http://concentric.net/~pvb/GEN/hadam.html |date=March 24, 2010 }}</ref>

===19th century===
[[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Madison]]<ref name="americanheritage.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/madison_james.shtml |access-date=February 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102162020/http://americanheritage.com/people/presidents/madison_james.shtml |title=The Fourth President • 1809–1817: James Madison|archive-date=January 2, 2010 }}</ref> [[John Quincy Adams]],<ref name="concentric.net"/> [[Andrew Jackson]],<ref name="Ref_ab">{{cite web |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ |title=The Presidents, Andrew Jackson |publisher=American Heritage.com |access-date=19 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210002715/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ |archive-date=10 February 2006 }}</ref><ref>Jackson, Elmer Martin (1985). Keeping the lamp of remembrance lighted: a genealogical narrative with pictures and charts about the Jacksons and their allied families. Maryland: Hagerstown Bookbinding and Printing Co. p. 9.</ref> [[William Henry Harrison]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/harrison_william.shtml |access-date=February 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102161455/http://americanheritage.com/people/presidents/harrison_william.shtml |title=The Ninth President • 1841–1841: illiam Henry Harrison|archive-date=January 2, 2010 }}</ref> [[John Tyler]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/tyler_john.shtml|title=AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: John Tyler|date=2 January 2010|access-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102162841/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/tyler_john.shtml|archive-date=2 January 2010}}</ref> [[Zachary Taylor]], [[Millard Fillmore]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/fillmore_millard.shtml|title=AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: Millard Fillmore|date=11 May 2010|access-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511125604/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/fillmore_millard.shtml|archive-date=11 May 2010}}</ref> [[Franklin Pierce]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/pierce_franklin.shtml |access-date=February 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206130120/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/pierce_franklin.shtml|title= The Fourteenth President • 1853–1857: Franklin Pierce|archive-date=February 6, 2010 }}</ref> [[Abraham Lincoln]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ancestryabraham00leagoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancestryabraham00leagoog/page/n245 160]|quote=swanton morley lincoln norfolk.|title=The Ancestry of Abraham Lincoln|year=1909|first1=James Henry|last1=Lea|first2=John Robert|last2=Hutchinson|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|access-date=21 August 2017|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genbox.com/reports/webs/Pedc101.htm|title=Ancestors of Abraham Lincoln|website=Genbox.com|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> [[Andrew Johnson]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/johnson_andrew.shtml|title=AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: Andrew Johnson|date=11 May 2010|access-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511125618/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/johnson_andrew.shtml|archive-date=11 May 2010}}</ref> [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[Rutherford B. Hayes]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/hayes_rutherford.shtml |access-date=February 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102163641/http://americanheritage.com/people/presidents/hayes_rutherford.shtml|title= The Nineteenth President • 1877–1881: Rutherford Birchard Hayes|archive-date=January 2, 2010 }}</ref> [[James A. Garfield]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/garfield_james.shtml |access-date=February 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102162649/http://americanheritage.com/people/presidents/garfield_james.shtml | title=The Twentieth President • 1881–1881: James Abram Garfield|archive-date=January 2, 2010 }}</ref> [[Chester A. Arthur]], [[Grover Cleveland]], [[Benjamin Harrison]], [[William McKinley]].

===20th century===
[[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[William Howard Taft]],<ref>{{cite web |first = John T. |last = Marck |url = http://www.aboutfamouspeople.com/article1118.html |title=William H. Taft |publisher= aboutfamouspeople.com | access-date = 2008-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ |title=The Presidents, William Taft |publisher=American Heritage.com |access-date=19 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210002715/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ |archive-date=10 February 2006 }}</ref> [[Warren G. Harding]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312172/harding.html |title=Warren Gamaliel Harding |publisher= thinkquest.com | access-date = 2008-04-16}}</ref> [[Calvin Coolidge]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/coolidge_calvin.shtml |access-date=February 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102163013/http://americanheritage.com/people/presidents/coolidge_calvin.shtml |title=The Thirtieth President • 1923–1929: Calvin Coolidge|archive-date=January 2, 2010 }}</ref> [[Herbert Hoover]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Harry S. Truman]],<ref>{{cite web | first = John T | last = Marck | url = http://www.aboutfamouspeople.com/article1124.html | title = Harry S. Truman | publisher = aboutfamouspeople.com | access-date = 2008-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ |title=The Presidents, Harry S Truman |publisher=American Heritage.com |access-date=19 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210002715/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ |archive-date=10 February 2006 }}</ref> [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[Richard Nixon]], [[Gerald Ford]], [[Jimmy Carter]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/jec/genealog.phtml|title=Jimmy Carter Library|website=Jimmycarterlibrary.org|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> [[Ronald Reagan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ |title=The Presidents, Ronald Reagan |publisher=American Heritage.com |access-date=19 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210002715/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ |archive-date=10 February 2006 }}</ref> [[George H. W. Bush]],<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/27/usa.angeliquechrisafis|title=Scion of traitors and warlords: why Bush is coy about his Irish links |publisher=Guardian |access-date=13 July 2010 |location=London |first=Angelique |last=Chrisafis |date=2005-01-27}}</ref><ref name="DIG">{{cite web | url = http://homepage.eircom.net/%257Eseanjmurphy/dir/pres.htm | title = American Presidents with Irish Ancestors | publisher = Directory of Irish Genealogy | access-date = 15 April 2008}}</ref> [[Bill Clinton]].

===21st century===
[[George W. Bush]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/1011151.stm|title=BBC News – UK POLITICS – George W Bush, Essex boy|website=News.bbc.co.uk|date=7 November 2000|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> [[Barack Obama]],<ref name="The Presidents, Barack Obama">{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/obama_barack.shtml |access-date=September 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710153938/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/obama_barack.shtml |title=The Forty-Fourth President • 2009–present: Barack Hussein Obama|archive-date=July 10, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.wargs.com/political/obama.html | title= Ancestry of Barack Obama |publisher=William Addams Reitwiesner |access-date=2009-12-02}}</ref> [[Joe Biden]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Joe Biden will be the first US president to have Sussex ancestry' |date=November 13, 2020 |url=https://www.chichester.co.uk/news/people/joe-biden-will-be-first-us-president-have-sussex-ancestry-3034906 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|England|United States}}
*[[American ethnicity]]
*[[Ancestral background of presidents of the United States]]
*[[Americans]] or [[American people]]
*[[Anglo America]]
*[[United Kingdom – United States relations|Anglo-American relations]]
*[[Anglo-Celtic Australian]]
*[[Boston Brahmin]]
*[[British American]]
*[[Demographic history of the United States]]
*[[English (ethnic group)]]
*[[English Australians]]
*[[English Canadians]]
*[[English New Zealanders]]
*[[English diaspora]]
*[[England]]
*[[European Americans]]
*[[Immigration to the United States]]
*[[Maps of American ancestries]]
*[[Non-Hispanic whites]]
*[[Old Stock Americans]]
*[[Scotch-Irish American]]
*[[Scottish American]]
*[[Welsh American]]
*[[White Americans]]
*[[White Anglo-Saxon Protestants]]
*[[White Southerners]]
*[[Yankee]]
*[[English people in Paraguay]]
*[[English Chileans]]
*[[English Argentines]]
*[[English settlement in Nicaragua]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Berthoff, Rowland. ''British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790–1950'' (1953). [https://archive.org/details/britishimmigrant0000bert online]
* Bridenbaugh, Carl. ''Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642'' (1976). [https://archive.org/details/vexedtroubledeng00brid online]
* {{cite journal|last1=Bueltman|first1=Tanja|last2=Gleeson|first2=David T.|last3=MacRaild|first3=Donald M.|url=https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk:443/ws/files/625121/EnglishDiasporaAccepted_1_.pdf|title=Invisible Diaspora? English Ethnicity in the United States before 1920|journal=Journal of American Ethnic History|volume=33|issue=4|date=Summer 2014|pages=5–30|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|jstor=10.5406/jamerethnhist.33.4.0005|doi=10.5406/jamerethnhist.33.4.0005}}
* Erickson, Charlotte. ''Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America'' (1972).
* Furer, Howard B., ed. ''The British in America: 1578–1970'' (1972). [https://archive.org/details/britishinamerica00fure online]; chronology and documents
* Hanft, Sheldon. "English Americans." in ''Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,'' edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 73–86. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300068/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=c8c4e529 Online]
* Richards, Eric. ''Britannia's children: emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600'' (A&C Black, 2004) [https://books.google.com/books?id=JknDbX3ae1MC&pg=PR9 online].
* Shepperson, Wilbur S. ''British emigration to North America; projects and opinions in the early Victorian period'' (1957) [https://archive.org/details/britishemigratio0000shep online]
* Tennenhouse, Leonard. ''The Importance of Feeling English: American Literature and the British Diaspora, 1750–1850'' (2007). [https://archive.org/details/importanceoffeel0000tenn online]
* Van Vugt, William E. "British (English, Scottish, Scots Irish, and Welsh) and British Americans, 1870–1940'." in Elliott Barkan, ed., ''Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration'' (2013): 4:237+.
* Van Vugt, William E. ''British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700–1900'' (2006).
* Van Vugt, William E. ''Britain to America: mid-nineteenth-century immigrants to the United States'' (University of Illinois Press, 1999).
{{British diaspora}}
{{European Americans}}

[[Category:American people of English descent| ]]
[[Category:English diaspora in the United States| ]]
[[Category:English-American history| ]]
[[Category:British diaspora in the United States]]

Template:Irish diaspora

2025-06-29T11:21:10Z

68.168.221.146: Doesn’t exist.

{{Navbox
|name = Irish diaspora
|title = {{flag icon|Ireland}} [[Irish diaspora]]
|state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
|listclass = hlist

|group2 = Americas
|list2 =
* [[Irish Argentine|Argentina]]
* [[Irish Brazilians|Brazil]]
* [[Irish Canadians|Canada]]
** [[Irish Newfoundlanders|Newfoundland]]
** [[Irish Quebecers|Quebec]]
* [[Irish Caribbean|Caribbean]]
** [[Irish immigration to Barbados|Barbados]]
** [[Irish people in Jamaica|Jamaica]]
** [[Irish immigration to Montserrat|Montserrat]]
** [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]]
** [[Irish immigration to Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts]]
* [[Irish Chileans|Chile]]
* [[:es:Inmigración irlandesa en Colombia|Colombia]]
* [[Irish immigration to Mexico|Mexico]]
* [[:es:Inmigración irlandesa en Paraguay|Paraguay]]
* [[Irish Americans|United States]]
** [[History of the Irish in Baltimore|Baltimore]]
** [[History of Irish Americans in Boston|Boston]]
** [[South Side Irish|Chicago]]
** [[History of the Irish in Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke, MA]]
** [[History of the Irish in Indianapolis|Indianapolis]]
** [[History of the Irish in Louisville|Louisville]]
** [[Irish Americans in New York City|New York]]
** [[Irish in Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]]
** [[History of Irish Americans in Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]
** [[History of the Irish in Saint Paul|St. Paul]]
** [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]]
** [[Irish in Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]]
* [[Irish Uruguayans|Uruguay]]
* [[Irish Traveller Americans]]

|group3 = Asia
|list3 =
* [[Irish Indians|India]]
* [[Irish people in Japan|Japan]]

|group4 = Europe
|list4 =
* [[Irish people in mainland Europe|Mainland Europe]]
* [[Irish migration to Great Britain|Great Britain]]
** [[Irish-Scottish people|Scotland]]
* [[Irish Russians|Russia]]

|group5 = Oceania
|list5 =
* [[Irish Australians|Australia]]
* [[Irish New Zealanders|New Zealand]]

|below = Related topics: [[Irish military diaspora|Military diaspora]], [[Flight of the Wild Geese|Wild Geese]], [[Flight of the Earls]]
}}<noinclude>
{{collapsible option}}

[[Category:Europe ethnic group templates|Irish]]
[[Category:Ireland navigational boxes|Diaspora]]
[[Category:Diaspora templates]]
</noinclude>

Austrian Americans

2025-06-29T11:13:54Z

68.168.221.146: /* External links */

{{short description|Americans of Austrian birth or descent}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Austrian Americans ''Österreichamerikaner''
| image =
| population = '''646,438''' (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B04006&t=Ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006&hidePreview=false|title=2019 American Community Survey - 1-Year Estimates - Table B04006|access-date=14 March 2021|website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
| popplace = [[New York (state)|New York]], [[California]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ohio]], [[Florida]], [[Illinois]], [[Wisconsin]], [[New Jersey]], [[Connecticut]], [[Kansas]]
| langs = [[Austrian German]], [[American English]]
| rels = [[Roman Catholic]], [[Protestant]]; [[Jewish]] and other minorities
| related = [[Dutch American]]s [[German American]]s [[Swiss American]]s [[German diaspora]]s
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
'''Austrian Americans''' ({{Langx|de|Österreichamerikaner}}, {{IPA|de-AT|ˈøːstɐraɪçameriˌkaːnɐ|pron}}) are Americans of [[Austria]]n descent, chiefly German-speaking Catholics and Jews. According to the [[2000 United States Census|2000 U.S. census]], there were 735,128 Americans of full or partial Austrian descent, accounting for 0.3% of the population. The states with the largest Austrian American populations are New York (93,083), California (84,959), Pennsylvania (58,002) (most of them in the [[Lehigh Valley]]), Florida (54,214), New Jersey (45,154), and Ohio (27,017).<ref>[https://archive.today/20200212212423/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_110S_QTP13&prodType=table American Fact Finder]</ref>

This may be an undercount since many [[German Americans]], [[Czech Americans]], [[Polish Americans]], [[Slovak Americans]], [[Slovenian Americans]], [[Croatian Americans]], and [[Ukrainian Americans]], and other Americans with [[Central Europe]]an ancestry can trace their roots from the [[Habsburg]] territories of [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]], the [[Austrian Empire]], or [[Cisleithania]] in the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], regions which were major sources of immigrants to the United States before World War I, and whose inhabitants often assimilated into larger immigrant and ethnic communities throughout the United States.<ref>Jones (2014)</ref><ref>Spaulding, (1968)</ref>

== Migration history ==

=== Early migrations ===
Austrian migration to the U.S. probably started in 1734, when a group of 50 families from the city of [[Salzburg]] migrated to the newly founded [[Province of Georgia]]. Having a Protestant background, they migrated because of [[Salzburg Protestants|Catholic repression in their country]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ1zAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306|title=Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia|page=306|isbn=978-1-4522-7626-7 |last1=Cortés |first1=Carlos E. |date=August 15, 2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref>

=== World War II and post-war migrations ===
In the late 1930s, large numbers of Austrians migrated to the United States, most of whom were Jews fleeing the Nazi persecution that started with the [[Anschluss|annexation of Austria]] in 1938. By 1941, some 29,000 Jewish Austrians had emigrated to the United States. Most of them were doctors, lawyers, architects and artists, including composers, writers and stage and film directors).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ1zAwAAQBAJ&dq=multicultural+america+%22austrians%22&pg=PA307|title=Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia|page=307|isbn=978-1-4522-7626-7 |last1=Cortés |first1=Carlos E. |date=August 15, 2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref> After [[WW II]] ended, some further 40,000 Austrians emigrated to the United States (1945-1960).

=== Present day ===
Since the 1960s, Austrian immigration has been very limited, owing to Austria's high levels of development and political freedom. According to the 1990 U.S. census, 948,558 people identified their origins in Austria.<ref name="Austrian Americans">[http://www.everyculture.com/multi/A-Br/Austrian-Americans.html Everyculture:Austrian-Americans]. Posted by Syd Jones. Retrieved in December 08, 2011, to 13:05 pm.</ref> Most of the present-day immigrants who currently live in the United States who were born in Austria identify themselves as being of Austrian ancestry, but the percentage who identify themselves as being of German ancestry is larger than the one expected on the basis of the opinion polls in Austria. According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2015, there were 26,603 individuals living in the U.S. born in Austria who identified themselves as being of Austrian ancestry.<ref name="Explore Census Data">{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Austrian&tid=ACSDT5YSPT2015.B05006 | title=Explore Census Data }}</ref> By contrast, in the same year, there were 6,200 individuals living in the U.S. born in Austria who identified themselves as being of German ancestry.<ref name="data.census.gov">{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=German&tid=ACSDT5YSPT2015.B05006 | title=Explore Census Data }}</ref> Most of the immigrants from South Tyrol in Italy to the United States identify themselves as being of German rather than Austrian ancestry. According to the Census Bureau, in 2015, there were 365 individuals living in the U.S. born in Italy who identified themselves as being of Austrian ancestry.<ref name="Explore Census Data" /> By contrast, in the same year, there were 1,040 individuals living in the U.S. born in Italy who identified themselves as being of German ancestry.<ref name="data.census.gov" />

== Assimilation ==
Austrian immigrants adapted quickly to American society because the Austro-Hungarian Empire had also been a [[melting pot]] of many cultures and languages. On the other hand, despite the rejection that Austrians feel toward the behavior of the [[Germans]], regarded by Austrians as less tolerants and cosmopolitans, they have suffered the same damages and discrimination that German immigrants have faced in the United States. They were considered by Americans to be the same because of their language and both world wars.<ref name="Austrian Americans"/>

==Religion==

The emigration of other religious groups from Austria to the United States, especially the [[Austrian Jews|Jews from Vienna after 1938]], has also contributed to strengthen religious variety in the United States.<ref name="Austrian Americans"/><ref>Melissa Jane Taylor, "Family matters: the emigration of elderly Jews from Vienna to the United States, 1938-1941." ''Journal of Social History'' 45.1 (2011): 238-260. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41678825 online]</ref> [[Isidor Bush]] (1822–98) emigrated from Vienna in 1849 and became a leading Jewish citizen of the city of St. Louis and the state of Missouri through his business ventures, religious work, and political activities. His vineyards were famous and profitable.<ref>Siegmar Muehl, "Isidor Bush and the Bushberg Vineyards of Jefferson County," '' Missouri Historical Review'' (1999) 94#1 pp 42-58.</ref>

==Austrian-American communities in the United States==
The U.S. communities with the highest percentage of self-professed Austrian Americans are:<ref>{{cite web |title=Ancestry Map of Austrian Communities |url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Austrian.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708222904/http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Austrian.html |archive-date=8 July 2008 |access-date=2008-08-13 |publisher=Epodunk.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Top U.S. communities by Austrian American Population
!
!Percentage
!Community
!State
|-
|1
|12.10%
|[[Waterville, Wisconsin|Waterville]]
|[[Wisconsin]]
|-
|2
|10.60%
|[[Coplay, Pennsylvania|Coplay]]
|[[Pennsylvania]]
|-
|3
|9.20%
|[[Durand, Wisconsin|Durand]]
|Wisconsin
|-
|4
|5.20%
|[[Rock Creek, Wisconsin|Rock Creek]]
|Wisconsin
|-
|4
|5.20%
|[[Northampton, Pennsylvania|Northampton]]
|Pennsylvania
|-
|5
|4.50%
|[[Allen Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Allen Township]]
|Pennsylvania
|-
|6
|4.40%
|[[Drammen, Wisconsin|Drammen]]
|Wisconsin
|-
|7
|4.30%
|[[Palenville, New York|Palenville]]
|[[New York (state)|New York]]
|-
|8
|4.20%
|[[Great Neck Plaza, New York|Great Neck Plaza]]
|New York
|-
|8
|4.20%
|[[Upper Nazareth Township, Pennsylvania|Upper Nazareth Township]]
|Pennsylvania
|-
|8
|4.20%
|[[Schuylkill Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Schuylkill Township]]
|Pennsylvania
|-
|9
|4.10%
|[[Noble Township, LaPorte County, Indiana|Noble Township]]
|[[Indiana]]
|-
|10
|4.00%
|[[Highland Beach, Florida|Highland Beach]]
|[[Florida]]
|-
|10
|4.00%
|[[Mondovi, Wisconsin|Mondovi]]
|Wisconsin
|-
|11
|3.90%
|[[North Catasauqua, Pennsylvania|North Catasauqua]]
|Pennsylvania
|-
|11
|3.80%
|[[Russell Gardens, New York|Russell Gardens]]
|New York
|-
|12
|3.70%
|[[Washington Township, Crawford County, Kansas|Washington Township]]
|[[Kansas]]
|-
|13
|3.60%
|[[Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania|Whitehall Township]]
|Pennsylvania
|-
|13
|3.60%
|[[Arma, Kansas|Arma]]
|Kansas
|-
|13
|3.60%
|[[Tuscarawas, Ohio|Tuscarawas]]
|[[Ohio]]
|-
|14
|3.30%
|[[Hewlett Harbor, New York|Hewlett Harbor]]
|New York
|-
|14
|3.30%
|[[East Union Township, Pennsylvania|East Union Township]]
|Pennsylvania
|-
|14
|3.30%
|[[Indian Hills, Colorado|Indian Hills]]
|[[Colorado]]
|-
|15
|3.20%
|[[Ellis, Kansas|Ellis]]
|Kansas
|-
|15
|3.20%
|[[Harbor Isle, New York|Harbor Isle]]
|New York
|}

===U.S. communities with the most residents born in Austria===
The U.S. communities where born Austrians make up more than 1% of the total population are:<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 101 cities with the most residents born in Austria (population 500+) |url=http://www.city-data.com/top2/h47.html |access-date=2008-08-13 |publisher=city-data.com}}</ref>

# [[Hillside Lake, New York]] 1.4%
# [[Redway, California]] 1.3%
# [[Black Diamond, Florida]] 1.2%
# [[Smallwood, New York]] 1.2%
# Highland Beach, Florida 1.2%
# [[Cordova, Maryland]] 1.2%
# [[Keystone, Colorado]] 1.2%
# [[North Lynbrook, New York]] 1.1%
# [[Cedar Glen Lakes, New Jersey]] 1.1%
# [[Center City, Minnesota]] 1.1%
# [[Scotts Corners, New York]] 1.0%
# [[Killington, Vermont]] 1.0%
# [[Lexington, New York]] 1.0%
# [[Tuxedo Park, New York]] 1.0%

==Notable people==

=== Entertainment ===
*[[Woody Allen]] (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg) – actor, director, screenwriter, comedian, author, playwright, and musician<ref>{{cite book| author-link=John Baxter (author)|last=Baxter|first=John|year=1998|title=Woody Allen: A Biography|location= New York|publisher= [[Carroll & Graf]]|page=11|isbn=978-0786708079}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QV8YAQAAIAAJ&q=%22was+the+son+of+Martin+Konigsberg+and+Netty+Cherrie,+the+American-born+%22 |title=Encyclopedia of American Jewish history – Stephen Harlan Norwood, Eunice G. Pollack – Google Books |access-date=July 24, 2013|isbn=9781851096381 |last1=Norwood |first1=Stephen Harlan |last2=Pollack |first2=Eunice G. |year=2008 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref>
*[[Gabrielle Anwar]] – actress<ref name="eta">{{Cite news|title=It's a Jungle Out There|publisher=The State|date=6 October 1990|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CS&s_site=thestate&p_multi=CS&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB580BD3A1D8D15&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|access-date=22 October 2010}}</ref>
*[[Bea Arthur]] (born Bernice Franke), actress, comedienne, and singer
*[[Adele Astaire]] (born Adele Austerlitz) – dancer, actress, sister of Fred Astaire
*[[Fred Astaire]] (born Frederick Austerlitz) – dancer, actor<ref>[https://archive.today/20120715212123/http://btobsearch.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbninquiry.asp?z=y&btob=Y&pwb=1&ean=9780743225397] "Fritz Austerlitz, the Austrian American who went to Hollywood and emerged as Fred Astaire."</ref>
*[[Sean Astin]] – actor
*[[Roseanne Barr]], actress, comedian, writer, and producer
*[[Roger Bart]], actor and singer.
*[[David Benioff]] (born David Friedman), writer and producer.
*[[Bibi Besch]] – actress<ref>[http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Bibi+Besch&offset=0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060728135057/http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Bibi+Besch&offset=0|date=2006-07-28}} "Bibi Besch was an Austrian actress."</ref>
*[[Theodore Bikel]] – actor, singer, musician
*[[Peter Bogdanovich]] – director, writer, actor, producer, critic and film historian
*[[Abigail Breslin]], actress
*[[Spencer Breslin]], actor and songwriter.
*[[Albert Brooks]] (born Albert Lawrence Einstein), actor, director, and screenwriter
*[[Pauline Chalamet]], American-French actress and producer
*[[Timothée Hal Chalamet]], French-American actor and film producer
*[[Hans Conried]] – actor
*[[Ricardo Cortez]] (born Jacob Krantz) – silent film actor, of Austrian Jewish descent<ref>[http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=15158] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201062516/http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=15158|date=February 1, 2016}} "Though his professional name was suggestive of a Latin Lover type, actor Ricardo Cortez was actually an Austrian Jew, born Jacob Krantz. He arrived in Hollywood in 1922, at a time when the Rudolph Valentino craze was at its height."</ref>
*[[Stanley Cortez]] (born Stanislaus Kranz) – cinematographer
*[[Bryan Cranston]], actor.
*[[Billy Crystal]] – actor, comedian, and filmmaker
*[[Robert von Dassanowsky]] – academic, writer and film producer<ref>[http://www.uccs.edu/~ur/media/mediawatch/view_article.php?y=mediawatch_articles&article_id=15278] regarding an Austrian decoration: "I have focused on Austrian studies most of my academic life. As an Austrian-American, it makes me especially proud."</ref>
*[[Alden Ehrenreich]], actor
*[[Norman Fell]] (born Norman Feld), actor of film and television
*[[Max Fleischer]] – animator
*[[Richard Fleischer]] – director, son of Max Fleischer
*[[Zsa Zsa Gabor]], Hungarian-American socialite and actress
*[[Teri Garr]] – actress, comedian, dancer and voice artist<ref>''[[Speedbumps: Flooring It Through Hollywood]]'' By Teri Garr, Henriette Mantel</ref>
*[[Jeff Goldblum]] – actor and musician
*[[Alex Hafner]] – actor
*[[Colin Hanks]], actor and filmmaker.
*[[Mark Harmon]] – actor
*[[Kurt Kasznar]] (born Kurt Servischer) – Austrian-born American actor
*[[Larry King]] (born Lawrence Zeiger), author, radio host and television host
*[[Stanley Kubrick]] – director, producer, screenwriter, and photographer
*[[Hedy Lamarr]] (born Hedwig Kiesler) – actress, inventor, and producer; from an Austrian Jewish family<ref>[http://britneyspears.ac/physics/intro/hedy.htm] "Austrian born film star, Hedy Lamarr, of the 1930 and 40s was also a gifted electrical engineer."
{{cite web |title=The Hedy Lamarr Story: Part 1 |url=http://www.hedylamarr.at/story4e.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228023913/http://www.hedylamarr.at/story4e.html |archive-date=2005-02-28 |access-date=2006-04-13}} "Hedy Lamarr had been an American citizen since 1953."</ref>
*[[Martin Landau]], actor.
*[[Elissa Landi]] – actress<ref>[http://elissa.org/landi.shtml] "Elissa Landi Austrian/Italian leading lady."</ref>
*[[Fritz Lang]] – director
*[[Jennifer Jason Leigh]], actress
*[[Lotte Lenya]] (born Karoline Blamauer) – actress, singer and diseuse
*[[Peter Lorre]] (born László Löwenstein) – actor
*[[Joe Manganiello]] – actor, grandmother was of Austrian descent
*[[Julianna Margulies]], actress
*[[Samantha Mathis]] – actress, daughter of Bibi Besch
*[[T.J. Miller]], stand-up comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter
*[[Zero Mostel]], actor, comedian, and singer
*[[Paul Muni]] (born Frederich Meier Weisenfreund) – actor
*[[Arthur Murray]] (born Moses Teichman) – dancer, entrepreneur
*[[Suzanne Pleshette]], actress
*[[Natalie Portman]] (born Natalie Hershlag) – actress, born to a Jewish family, some of whom came from Austria
*[[Otto Preminger]] – director
*[[Carl Reiner]], actor, author, comedian, director and screenwriter
*[[Leah Remini]] – actress, mother has Austrian Jewish descent<ref name="ref03">{{cite news |last=Brady |first=James |date=October 26, 2003 |title=Leah Remini (TV and film actress) |newspaper=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]] |url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2003/edition_10-26-2003/in_step_with_0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000030/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2003/edition_10-26-2003/in_step_with_0 |archive-date=March 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Remini |first1=Leah |title=Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology |title-link=Troublemaker: Surviving Hollywood and Scientology |last2=Paley |first2=Rebecca |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-2500-9693-7 |page=4}}</ref>
*[[Don Rickles]] – actor and comedian, of Jewish descent
*[[Tanya Roberts]] (born Victoria Blum), actress
*[[Eli Roth]], film director, screenwriter, producer, and actor
*[[Lionel Royce]] (born Leon Moriz Reiss), actor of stage and screen
*[[Fritzi Scheff]] – actress
*[[Joseph Schildkraut]] – actor
*[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] – actor and 38th [[Governor of California]]<ref>[http://www.schwarzenegger.it/mro/schwarzenegger.html] "Arnold Schwarzenegger, "The Austrian Oak", was a bodybuilding prodigy who won the{{nbsp}}..." [http://www.thespiannet.com/actors/S/schwarzenegger_arnold/index.shtml] "Arnold was the embodiment of the American (a naturalized citizen since 1983) dream{{nbsp}}..."</ref>
*[[Patrick Schwarzenegger]] – actor, son of Arnold, brother of Katherine Schwarzenegger
*[[Amanda Setton]], actress.
*[[Harry Shearer]] – actor
*[[Lilia Skala]] (born Lilia Sofer) – actress<ref>[https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800046364/bio] "Galvanizing, stern-featured Viennese character actress with extensive Broadway experience{{nbsp}}..."</ref>
*[[Walter Slezak]] – actor<ref>[http://www.members.tripod.com/erika_slezak/ESFC/losttouch.htm] "That's Erika Slezak, daughter of the famous Austrian-American actor Walter Slezak{{nbsp}}..."</ref>
*[[Howard Stern]], broadcaster and media personality.
*[[Eric Stonestreet]] – actor, original family name before World War I was Steingassner
*[[Edgar G. Ulmer]] – director
*[[Erich von Stroheim]] – director
*[[Josef von Sternberg]] – director
*[[Tessa Gräfin von Walderdorff]] – American socialite, writer, and actress who is a member of the Austrian noble family Walderdorff
*[[Johnny Weissmuller]], Johann Peter Weißmüller (Johnny Weissmüller) - actor ("Tarzan")
*[[Billy Wilder]] (born Samuel Wilder) – director, of Jewish descent<ref>[http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/apr2002/wild-a03.shtml] "Wilder, Austrian-born, but in the US since 1934, directed his last film in 1981."</ref>
*[[Shelley Winters]] (born Shirley Schrift) – actress, of Jewish descent
*[[Elijah Wood]] – actor
*[[Ian Ziering]], actor
*[[Fred Zinnemann]] – director

=== Music ===
*[[Walter Arlen]] (born Walter Aptowitzer) – composer, music critic at the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''
*[[Elmer Bernstein]] – composer and conductor
*[[Hal David]], lyricist
*[[Arthur Fiedler]], conductor
*[[G-Eazy]] (born 1989) – rapper
*[[Marvin Hamlisch]], composer and conductor
*[[James Horner]], film composer and conductor
*[[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]] – composer and conductor<ref>[http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=0714831557] "A study of the life and work of Austrian composer Korngold{{nbsp}}..."</ref>
*[[Erich Leinsdorf]] (born Erich Landauer) – conductor
*[[Bobby Schayer]] – musician
*[[Arnold Schoenberg]] – composer, of Jewish descent<ref>{{cite book |author=Rudhyar, Dane |title=The Magic of Tone and the Art of Music |publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. |year=1982}}</ref>
*[[Max Steiner]] – composer
*[[Richard Stöhr]] (born Richard Stern), composer, music author, and teacher.
*[[Nita Strauss]] – rock guitarist
*[[Georg Ludwig von Trapp]] – headed the Austrian singing family portrayed in [[The Sound of Music]]. His exploits at sea in World War I earned him numerous decorations.
*[[Agathe von Trapp]] – eldest daughter of Baron Georg von Trapp and Agathe Whitehead von Trapp, The von Trapp Family from [[The Sound of Music]]
*[[Maria F. von Trapp]] – second-oldest daughter of Baron Georg von Trapp and Agathe Whitehead von Trapp, The von Trapp Family from [[The Sound of Music]]
*[[Werner von Trapp]] – second-oldest son of Georg Ritter von Trapp and Agathe Whitehead von Trapp, The von Trapp Family from [[The Sound of Music]]
*[[Joe Zawinul]] – jazz pianist

=== Arts & literature ===

* [[Maria Altmann]] – art collector
*[[Gustav Bergmann]] – philosopher
*[[Bela Borsodi]] – photographer
*[[Art Buchwald]], humorist
*[[Eric de Kolb]] – painter and designer
*[[Felix de Weldon]] – sculptor, best known for the [[Marine Corps War Memorial]]
*[[Victor Gruen]] – architect and designer of shopping malls
*[[Raul Hilberg|Raul Hillberg]] – author, [[Political Science|political scientist]] and historian, who is widely considered to be one of the world's [[preeminent]] scholars of the [[Nazi holocaust|Holocaust]]
*[[Jerry Iger]] – famed American [[cartoonist]], founder of [[Eisner & Iger]], an industry trailblazer during the [[Golden Age of Comics]]; born to an [[Austrian-Jewish]] family in New York City and Bob Iger's paternal great-uncle
*[[Otto Kallir]] (born Otto Nirenstein), art historian, author, publisher, and gallerist.
*[[David Karfunkle]] – painter, muralist
*[[Greta Kempton]] – artist<ref>{{cite web |title=Insight on the News: Painting for Posterity - comments on the portraits of former presidents - Brief Article |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_13_15/ai_54359965 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109001625/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_13_15/ai_54359965 |archive-date=2004-11-09 |access-date=2006-05-17}} "sat for Austrian native Greta Kempton five times in 1947{{nbsp}}..."</ref>
*[[Joseph Keppler]] – cartoonist, best known for the illustrated magazine ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Joseph Keppler |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTkeppler.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122133700/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTkeppler.htm |archive-date=2008-01-22 |access-date=2008-01-24}} "Joseph Keppler was born in Vienna, Austria, on 1st February, 1838."</ref>
*[[Jack Kirby]] – cartoon artist
*[[Vivian Maier]] – [[Street photography|street photographer]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Kerri |date=2016 |title=A Peek Into Vivian Maier's Family Album |url=https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/01/13/a-peek-into-vivian-maiers-family-album/ |access-date=April 6, 2018 |website=Lens Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Eric Kandel]] – neuroscientist
*[[Gerda Lerner]] (née Kronstein) , historian and woman's history author
*[[Richard Neutra]] – architect<ref>{{cite web |title=National Building Museum: Windshield: Richard Neutra's House for the John Nicholas Brown Family |url=http://www.nbm.org/Exhibits/current/Neutra.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424054657/http://www.nbm.org/Exhibits/current/Neutra.html |archive-date=2006-04-24 |access-date=2006-05-17}} "Austrian-American modernist architect Richard Neutra."</ref>
*[[Frederick Burr Opper]] – cartoonist
*[[Sylvia Plath]] – poet, mother of Austrian descent
*[[Katherine Schwarzenegger]] – author, daughter of Arnold Schwarzenegger, sister of Patrick Schwarzenegger
*[[Franz Werfel]], novelist, playwright, and poet

=== Journalism ===
*[[Gene Siskel]] – critic, journalist
*[[Michael Smerconish]] – CNN journalist
*[[Matthew Winter]] – journalist

=== Science and medicine ===
====Economics====
*[[Alexander Gerschenkron]], economic historian and professor at Harvard University
*[[Friedrich von Hayek]] – Austrian-born economist and philosopher
*[[Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises]] – economist, philosopher, author and classical liberal
*[[Joseph Warkany]] – [[pediatrician]]

====Medicine====
*[[Godfrey Edward Arnold]] – medical doctor and researcher
*[[Karl Landsteiner]] – [[biologist]] and [[physician]], best known for having distinguished the main [[Blood type|blood groups]]
*[[Ignatz Leo Nascher]] – doctor and [[Gerontology|gerontologist]]

====Physics====
*[[Heinz von Foerster]] – scientist combining [[physics]] and [[philosophy]], originator of [[Second-order cybernetics]]
*[[Wolfgang Pauli]] – theoretical physicist and pioneer of quantum physics, received the Nobel Prize in Physics.<ref>[http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/wolfgang_pauli.html Wolfgang Pauli]: "… in 1946 he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Following World War II he returned to Zurich."</ref>
*[[Victor Frederick Weisskopf]] – physicist of Jewish descent. During World War II, he worked at Los Alamos on the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb, and later campaigned against the proliferation of nuclear weapons; medal received in 1979<ref>[http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/vweisskopf.html] "Growing up in Vienna in a well-to-do Jewish family{{nbsp}}..." [http://education.guardian.co.uk/obituary/story/0,12212,750171,00.html] "One of the most brilliant Jewish scientists to be driven from Germany by Nazi persecution{{nbsp}}..."</ref>

====Psychology====
*[[Bruno Bettelheim]] – [[Psychoanalysis|child psychologist, psychoanalyst]] and concentration camp survivor
*[[Ernest Dichter]], psychologist and marketing expert known as the "father of motivational research".
*[[Heinz Kohut]], psychoanalyst best known for his development of [[self psychology]]
*[[Walter Mischel]] – psychologist specializing in personality theory and social psychology; professor at Columbia University
*[[Wilhelm Reich]] – psychiatrist<ref>[http://www.orgonelab.org/wrhistory.htm] "Wilhelm Reich, an Austrian-Ukrainian of Jewish background."</ref>
*[[Paul Watzlawick]] – psychologist, communications theorist, and philosopher<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wendel |first=Ray A. |year=2007 |title=In Honor Of Paul Watzlawick |journal=Journal of Marital & Family Therapy |volume=33.3 (2007) |pages=293–294}}</ref>

====Sociology====
*[[Peter L. Berger]] – sociologist
*[[Peter Blau]], sociologist and theorist.
*[[Paul Lazarsfeld]], sociologist and mathematician; founder of Columbia University's Bureau of Applied Social Research
*[[Alfred Schütz]] – philosopher/sociologist<ref>[http://rss.sagepub.com/cgi/content/short/16/1/45 Alfred schutz, Austrian Economists and the Knowledge Problem - Knudsen 16 (1): 45 - Rationality and Society]</ref>

====Other====
*[[Carl Djerassi]] – [[chemist]], novelist, and [[playwright]]
*[[Irene Fischer]], mathematician and [[geodesist]].
*[[Kurt Gödel]] – logician, mathematician, philosopher
*[[Hans Holzer]] – paranormal researcher and author<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=L25ycEzuXxIC&dq=Martha+Stransky+Leo+Holzer&pg=PA942 Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature Vol 2, Volume 2]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hans Holzer |date=2009-06-17 |website=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427091210/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2009/jun/18/obituary-hans-holzer |archive-date=2023-04-27 |url-status=live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2009/jun/18/obituary-hans-holzer}}</ref>

=== Law ===

*[[Felix Frankfurter]] – U.S. Supreme Court Justice
*[[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] – U.S. Supreme Court Justice
*[[Fred F. Herzog]] – only Jewish judge in Austria between the world wars, he fled to America and became Dean of two different law schools
*[[Hans Kelsen]] – jurist<ref>[https://archive.today/20130118111253/http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-9045034] "Austrian-American legal philosopher, teacher, jurist, and writer on international law{{nbsp}}..."</ref>
*[[Richard Posner]], legal scholar and judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

===Politics ===

*[[Victor L. Berger]] – [[Socialism|socialist]] politician and journalist
*[[Barbara Boxer]] (née Levy), US Senator and member of the US House of Representatives
*[[Henry Ellenbogen]] – U.S. Congressman from [[Pennsylvania]]<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=E000111] "Born and educated in Vienna. Immigrated to the United States and served in the 33rd Congressional District ([[Pittsburgh, PA]])."</ref>
*[[John Kerry]] – politician, current [[U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate|United States Special Presidential Envoy for Climate]], former [[List of United States Senators from Massachusetts|Senator from Massachusetts]], [[2004 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential candidate of 2004]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]), former [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]]
*[[Joseph Lieberman]], US senator
*[[Jacky Rosen]] (née Spekto), US senator and member of the House of Representatives
*[[Chuck Schumer]], US senator
*[[Arthur Schneier]], rabbi and human rights activist
*[[Kurt von Schuschnigg]] – [[Austrofascist]] politician and Austrian federal Chancellor 1936-1938 and professor of political sciences at St. Louis University 1948-1967<ref name="Timesobit">Obituary of Schuschnigg in ''The Times'', London, 19 November 1977</ref>
*[[Ernst Florian Winter]] – diplomat

=== Business and technology ===
*[[Edward Bernays]] – Austrian-American pioneer in public relations, referred to in his obituary as "the father of public relations".
*[[Michael Eisner]] – media executive, successive CEO of [[Paramount Pictures]] and the [[Walt Disney Company]]
*[[Anselm Franz]] – pioneering turbojet engineer, designer of the [[Jumo 004]] and [[Lycoming T53]] engines
* [[Joseph Gerber]], inventor and businessman.
*[[Bob Iger]] – longtime [[CEO]] of the [[Walt Disney Company]], who oversaw a fourfold increase in its [[market capitalization]]; born in New York City to a [[Jewish family]], in particular an [[Austrian-Jewish]] father
*[[Travis Kalanick]] – founder, [[Uber Technologies]]; born in California to a family of [[Jewish-Austrian]] and [[Slovaks in Austria|Slovak-Austrian]] extraction
*[[Dylan Lauren]], businesswoman
*[[Ernst Mahler]] – chemist and industrialist
*[[Jillian Michaels]], fitness expert, nutritionist, businesswoman, media personality, and author.
*[[Roy Niederhoffer]], hedge fund manager
*[[Wolfgang Puck]] – celebrity chef, restaurateur<ref>{{cite web |title=WolfgangPuck.com:Company |url=http://www.wolfgangpuck.com/company/bio.php?id%3D11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912141426/http://www.wolfgangpuck.com/company/bio.php?id=11 |archive-date=2006-09-12 |access-date=2006-08-31}} "The Austrian-born Puck began{{nbsp}}..."; WolfgangPuck.com (2005); retrieved 2006-08-31</ref>
*[[Martin Roscheisen]] – entrepreneur
*[[Howard Schultz]], CEO of Starbucks
*[[Lewis Strauss]]. government official, businessman, philanthropist, and naval officer
*[[Elisha Wiesel]], businessman and hedge fund manager.

=== Sports ===

====American football====

*[[Toni Fritsch]] - [[NFL]] player
*[[Mark Herzlich]], sports commentator and former NFL football linebacker
*[[Joe Theismann]] – NFL quarterback, Super Bowl XVII champion

====Baseball====
*[[Richard von Foregger]], Major League Baseball player
*[[Corey Kluber]] – [[Major League Baseball]] pitcher, 2014 Cy Young pitcher
*[[Mose Solomon]] ("Rabbi of Swat") – Major League Baseball player, of Jewish descent

====Swimming====

*[[Hedy Bienenfeld]], also known after marriage as Hedy Wertheimer, Olympic swimmer
*[[Andrea Murez]], Olympic swimmer
*[[Otto Wahle]], Austrian-American Olympic medalist swimmer

====Other====
*[[Benny Feilhaber]], professional soccer player
*[[Alfred Guth]], water polo player, swimmer, and Olympic modern pentathlete.
*[[Sylven Landesberg]], American-Israeli-Austrian professional basketball player
*[[Samuel Mosberg]], Olympic champion boxer
*[[Joe Schilling]] – kickboxer
*[[Frank Spellman]], machinist, photographer, and Olympic champion weightlifter.
*[[Eliot Teltscher]] – top-10 tennis player
*[[Ken Uston]] – blackjack player, strategist, and author

==See also==
{{Portal|Austria|United States}}
*[[Austria–United States relations]]
*[[European American]]
*[[German Americans]]
*[[Swiss Americans]]
*[[Czech Texan]]
*[[Hyphenated American]]
*[[Journal of Austrian-American History]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Jones, J. Sydney. "Austrian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 189–202. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300025/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=7a381230 online]
* Pochmann, Henry A. ''German Culture in America: Philosophical and Literary Influences 1600–1900'' (1957). 890pp; comprehensive review of German influence on Americans esp 19th century. [https://archive.org/details/germancultureina00poch online]
* Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schult. '' Bibliography of German Culture in America to 1940'' (2nd ed 1982); massive listing, but no annotations.
* Spaulding, E. Wilder. ''The Quiet Invaders: The Story of the Austrian Impact upon America'' (Vienna: Österreichische Bundesverlag, 1968).
* Thernstrom, Stephen, ed. ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups'' (1980) pp 164–170. [https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther Online free to borrow]

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.acfny.org Austrian Cultural Institute Forum New York]
* [https://botstiber.org/ Botstiber Foundation]
* [http://www.usaustrians.com USAustrians.com: Austrians in America]

{{Austrian diaspora}}
{{European Americans}}
[[Category:American people of Austrian descent]]
[[Category:Austrian diaspora]]
[[Category:Austrian diaspora in North America]]
[[Category:Austrian diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:European diaspora in the United States]]

Hungarians

2025-06-29T11:13:00Z

68.168.221.146:

{{Short description|Ethnic group native to Central Europe}}
{{For|the film|Hungarians (film){{!}}''Hungarians'' (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Hungarians Magyars
| native_name = ''magyarok''
| native_name_lang = hun
| image = Map of the Hungarian Diaspora in the World.svg
| caption =
| population = {{circa}} 14.5 million
| popplace = {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]] 9,632,744<ref name="KSH">{{cite book |last=Vukovich |first=Gabriella |year=2018 |title=Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title=2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data |language=hu |publisher=Hungarian Central Statistical Office |location=Budapest |access-date=9 January 2019 |isbn=978-963-235-542-9 |url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf}}</ref>
[[Carpathian Basin]] 11,425,000 (2022)
| region1 = {{ROU}}
| tablehdr = Other countries
{{collapsed infobox section begin|td=yes|Europe}}
| pop1 = 1,002,151
| ref1 = <ref name="Székelyhon">{{cite web |title=Mintha városok ürültek volna ki |trans-title=As if cities had been emptied |url=https://szekelyhon.ro/aktualis/csikszek/szekelyfoldon-is-fogy-a-nepesseg |last=Széchely |first=István |website=Székelyhon |language=hu |date=3 January 2023 |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>
| region2 = {{SVK}}
| pop2 = 456,154
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://mensinovapolitika.eu/en/data-from-census-have-confirmed-that-an-exclusive-national-identity-is-a-myth-this-should-also-translate-into-the-laws-concerning-national-minorities/ |title=Data from census have confirmed that an exclusive national identity is a myth. This should also translate into the laws concerning national minorities |last=Holka Chudzikova |first=Alena |website=Minority policy in Slovakia |date=29 March 2022 |issn=2729-8663 |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>
| region3 = {{GER}}
| pop3 = 296,000
| ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html|title=Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten|website=Statistisches Bundesamt}}</ref>
| region4 = {{SRB}}
| pop4 = 184.442
| ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euronews.rs/srbija/drustvo/85839/konacni-rezultati-popisa-prema-nacionalnoj-pripadnosti-madari-najbrojnija-manjina-jugoslovena-vise-od-27000/vest|title=Konačni rezultati popisa prema nacionalnoj pripadnosti: Mađari najbrojnija manjina, Jugoslovena više od 27.000|last=Srbija|first=Euronews|date=2023-04-28 |publisher=Euronews.rs |language=sr|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref>
| region5 = {{FR}}
| pop5 = 200,000–250,000
| ref5 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.buod.de/D/kere-d.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204001010/http://www.buod.de/D/kere-d.htm|url-status=dead |title=Hungarians in France|archive-date=4 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://peoplegroups.org/explore/PeopleGroupDetails.aspx?peid=42481#topmenu |title=Hungarians of France |website=PeopleGroups.org}}{{Dead link |date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
| region6 = {{no wrap|{{GBR}}}}
| pop6 = 200,000–220,000
| ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.portfolio.hu/gazdasag/20200216/hivatalosan-is-elismertek-sokkal-tobb-magyar-el-az-egyesult-kiralysagban-mint-eddig-hittuk-415911 |title=It has been officially recognized: far more Hungarians live in the United Kingdom than previously thought| publisher=portfolio.hu |date=16 February 2020 |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>
| region7 = {{UKR}}
| pop7 = 156,566
| ref7 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|title=About number and composition population of UKRAINE by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001 |work=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |date=2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031064500/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality |archive-date=31 October 2004}}</ref>
| region8 = {{AUT}}
| pop8 = 73,411
| ref8 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014"/>
| region9 = {{RUS}}
| pop9 = 55,500
| ref9 = <ref>Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland 31 December 2018</ref>
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
| pop10 = 27,000
| ref10 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination|title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination|date=10 February 2014|website=migrationpolicy.org}}</ref>
| region11 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| pop11 = 26,172
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?ts=1597160967965|title=Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari|publisher=CBS StatLine|access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}}
| pop12 = 20,000
| ref12 = <ref name="KCS-2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.korosiprogram.hu/diaszpora|title=A diaszpóra tudományos megközelítése|date=3 July 2015|website=Kőrösi Csoma Sándor program}}</ref>
| region13 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}}
| pop13 = 15,000
| ref13 = <ref name="KCS-2015"/>
| region14 = {{flagcountry|Croatia}}
| pop14 = 14,048
| ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,COUNTRYPROF,,,4954ce1ec,0.html|title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Croatia : Overview (2001 census data)|date=July 2008|publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]|access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref>
| region15 = {{SWE}}
| pop15 = 13,000
| ref15 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014"/>
| region16 = {{flagcountry|Slovenia}}
| pop16 = 10,500
| ref16 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peoplegroups.org/explore/PeopleGroupDetails.aspx?peid=980#topmenu|title=PeopleGroups.org – Hungarians of Slovenia|website=peoplegroups.org}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| region17 = {{flagcountry|Spain}}
| pop17 = 10,000
| ref17 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014"/>
| region18 = {{flagcountry|Ireland}}
| pop18 = 9,000
| ref18 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014"/>
| region19 = {{flagcountry|Norway}}
| pop19 = 8,316
| ref19 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kulhonimagyarok.hu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/magyar-diaszporapolitika-strategiai-iranyok-dokumentum.pdf |title=Magyar diaszpórapolitikastratégiai irányok |website=kulhonimagyarok.hu |language=hu |page=29 |date=22 November 2016 }}</ref>
| region20 = {{flagcountry|Denmark}}
| pop20 = 6,000
| ref20 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014"/>
| region21 = {{flagcountry|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| pop21 = 4,000
| ref21 = {{cn|date=November 2024}}
| region22 = {{flagcountry|Finland}}
| pop22 = 3,000
| ref22 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014"/>
| region23 = {{flagcountry|Greece}}
| pop23 = 2,000
| ref23 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014"/>
| region24 = {{flagcountry|Luxembourg}}
| pop24 = 2,000
| ref24 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014"/>
| region25 = {{flagcountry|Poland}}
| pop25 = 1,728
| ref25 = <ref>[http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna]. Narodowy Spis Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 (National Census of Population and Housing 2011). [[Central Statistical Office (Poland)|GUS]]. 2013. p. 264.</ref>
| region26 = {{flagcountry|Portugal}}
| pop26 = 1,230
| ref26 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf|title=Sefstat2022}}</ref>
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
{{collapsed infobox section begin|North America}}
| region27 = {{flagcountry|USA}}
| pop27 = 1,437,694
| ref27 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014"/>
| region28 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop28 = 348,085
| ref28 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&Lang=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1341679&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0|title=Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data|first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=25 October 2017 |publisher=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| region29 = {{flagcountry|Mexico}}
| pop29 = 3,500
| ref29 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014"/>
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
{{collapsed infobox section begin|South America}}
| region30 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| pop30 = 80,000
| ref30 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epoca.globo.com/edic/214/soci1a.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922025459/http://epoca.globo.com/edic/214/soci1a.htm|url-status=dead|title=Hungarians in Brazil|archivedate=22 September 2007}}</ref>
| region31 = {{flagcountry|Chile}}
| pop31 = 50,000
| ref31 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikl.org.pl/Estudios/EL7/EL7_4.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203092216/http://www.ikl.org.pl/Estudios/EL7/EL7_4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2016|title=Los obreros húngaros emigrados en América Latina entre las dos guerras mundiales. Ilona Varga|website=www.ikl.org.pl}}</ref>
| region32 = {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
| pop32 = 40,000–50,000
| ref32 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hungarytoday.hu/thursday-top-ten-top-ten-countries-largest-hungarian-diasopra-world-99916/|title=Thursday Top Ten: Top Ten Countries With The Largest Hungarian Diaspora In The World|date=1 December 2016|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205020358/https://hungarytoday.hu/thursday-top-ten-top-ten-countries-largest-hungarian-diasopra-world-99916/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region33 = {{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
| pop33 = 4,000
| ref33 = <ref name="KCS-2015"/>
| languages = [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| religions = Majority: [[Christianity]] (mostly [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]),<ref name=EUROBAROMETER>{{cite report|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf|title=Discrimination in the EU in 2012|work=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]]|publisher=[[European Commission]]|series=383|page=233|access-date=14 August 2013|date=November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023700/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2012}} The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.</ref> also [[Protestantism]] ([[Calvinism]]) Minority: [[Protestantism]] ([[Unitarian Church of Transylvania|Unitarianism]] and [[Lutheranism]]), [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Hungary|Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Hungarian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholicism]], [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Judaism]], [[Islam in Hungary|Islam]], [[Religion in Hungary|irreligious]]
| related = 
| region34 = {{flagcountry|Uruguay}}
| pop34 = 3,000
| ref34 = <ref name="KCS-2015"/>
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
{{collapsed infobox section begin|Rest of the world}}
| region35 = {{flagcountry|Israel}}
| pop35 = 200,000
| ref35 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014"/>
| region36 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| pop36 = 69,167
| ref36 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abouthungary.hu//speeches-and-remarks/prime-minister-viktor-orbans-address-at-the-9th-meeting-of-the-hungarian-diaspora-council|title=Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's address at the 9th meeting of the Hungarian Diaspora Council|first=About|last=Hungary|date=19 November 2019|website=Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's address at the 9th meeting of the Hungarian Diaspora Council}}</ref>
| region37 = {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
| pop37 = 7,000
| ref37 = <ref name="KCS-2015"/>
| region38 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| pop38 = 6,800
| ref38 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014"/>
| region39 = {{flagcountry|South Africa}}
| pop39 = 4,000
| ref39 = <ref name="KCS-2015"/>
| region40 = {{flagcountry|Jordan}}
| pop40 = 1,000
| ref40 = <ref name="migrationpolicy-2014"/>
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|person= Magyar |people= Magyarok |language=[[Hungarian language|Magyar nyelv]], [[Hungarian Sign Language|Magyar jelnyelv]]|country= [[Hungary|Magyarország]]}}
'''Hungarians''', also known as '''Magyars''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|ɡ|j|ɑː|r|z}} {{respell|MAG|yarz}};<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/magyar |title=Magyar |website=Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online |access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref> {{langx|hu|magyarok}} {{IPA|hu|ˈmɒɟɒrok|}}}} are an [[Ethnicity|ethnic group]] native to [[Hungary]] ({{Langx|hu|Magyarország|links=no}}), who share a common [[Culture of Hungary|culture]], [[Hungarian language|language]] and [[History of Hungary|history]]. They also have a notable presence in former parts of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. The Hungarian language belongs to the [[Ugric languages|Ugric]] branch of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] language family, alongside the [[Khanty languages|Khanty]] and [[Mansi languages|Mansi]] languages.

There are an estimated 14.5 million ethnic Hungarians and their descendants worldwide, of whom 9.6 million live in today's Hungary.<ref name="KSH" /> About 2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the [[Treaty of Trianon]] in 1920 and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbouring countries, [[Hungarians in Slovakia|Slovakia]], [[Hungarians in Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Hungarians in Romania|Romania]], [[Hungarians in Serbia|Serbia]], [[Hungarians of Croatia|Croatia]], [[Prekmurje|Slovenia]], and [[Hungarians in Austria|Austria]]. In addition, significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the [[Hungarian Americans|United States]], [[Hungarian Canadians|Canada]], [[Hungarians in Germany|Germany]], [[France]], the [[Hungarians in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[Hungarians in Chile|Chile]], [[Hungarian Brazilians|Brazil]], [[Hungarian Australians|Australia]], and [[Hungarian Argentines|Argentina]], and therefore constitute the [[Hungarian diaspora]] ({{langx|hu|magyar diaszpóra}}).

Furthermore, Hungarians can be divided into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with distinct identities include the [[Székelys]] (in eastern [[Transylvania]] as well as [[Székelys of Bukovina|a few]] in [[Suceava County]], [[Bukovina]]), the [[Csángós]] (in [[Western Moldavia]]), the [[Palóc]], and the [[Matyó]].

==Name==
{{Further|Name of Hungary}}

The Hungarians' own ethnonym to denote themselves in the Early Middle Ages is uncertain. The [[exonym]] "Hungarian" is thought to be derived from Oghur-Turkic ''[[Onoğurs|Onoğur]]'' (literally "Ten Arrows" or "Ten Tribes"). Another possible explanation comes from the Russian word "[[Yugra]]" (Югра). It may refer to the Hungarians during a time when they dwelt on the [[Asian Steppe]], before their conquest of the Carpathian Basin.<ref>[[OED]], s. v. "Ugrian": "''Ugri'', the name given by early Russian writers to a Finno-Ugric people dwelling east of the Ural Mountains".</ref>

Prior to the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] when the Hungarian conquerors lived east of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], on the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Pontic-Caspian Steppe]], written sources called the Hungarians: "Ungri" by [[Georgius Monachus]] in 837, "Ungri" by ''[[Annales Bertiniani]]'' in 862, and "Ungari" by the ''[[Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus]]'' in 881. The Hungarians probably belonged to the Onoğur tribal alliance, and it is possible that they became its ethnic majority.<ref name="A History of Hungary">{{cite book|title=A History of Hungary|editor=Peter F. Sugar|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=22 November 1990|isbn=978-0-253-20867-5|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&q=hungary+onogur+turkish&pg=PA9|access-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> In the [[Early Middle Ages]], the Hungarians had many names, including "Węgrzy" (Polish), "Ungherese" (Italian), "Ungar" (German), and "Hungarus".<ref>Edward Luttwak, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3cBjc6QCBXkC&q=%22Hungarus%22&pg=PA156 The grand strategy of the Byzantine Empire], Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 156</ref>

In the Hungarian language, the Hungarian people name themselves as "Magyar".<ref name="A History of Hungary"/> "Magyar" possibly derived from the name of the most prominent [[Magyar tribes|Hungarian tribe]], the "Megyer". The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" in reference to the Hungarian people as a whole.<ref>György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4NlnAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Magyars:+the+birth+of+a+European+nation The Magyars: the birth of a European nation], Corvina, 1989, p. 8</ref><ref>Alan W. Ertl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&dq=magyar+megyer+tribal+name&pg=PA358 Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration], Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358</ref><ref>Z. J. Kosztolnyik, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPBnAAAAMAAJ&q=common+name Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063], Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3</ref>

The Greek [[cognate]] of "[[Name of Turkey#Greek and Latin sources|Tourkia]]" ({{langx|el|Τουρκία}}) was used by the scholar and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus|Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus]] in his ''{{Lang|la|[[De Administrando Imperio]]}}'' of c. AD 950,<ref>{{Cite book|edition=New, revised|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|isbn=978-0-88402-021-9|last=Jenkins|first=Romilly James Heald|title=De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus|location=Washington, D.C.|series=Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae|year=1967|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC|access-date=28 August 2013}} According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' (c. AD 950), "Patzinakia, the [[Pechenegs|Pecheneg realm]], stretches west as far as the [[Siret River]] (or even the [[Carpathian Mountains|Eastern Carpathian Mountains]]), and is four days distant from Tourkia (i.e. Hungary)."</ref><ref name="PrinzingSalamon1999">{{cite book|author1=Günter Prinzing|author2=Maciej Salamon|title=Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950–1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZDgivj7_RAC&pg=PA46|access-date=9 February 2013|year=1999|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04146-1|page=46}}</ref> though in his use, "Turks" always referred to Magyars.<ref name="Howorth2008">{{cite book|author=Henry Hoyle Howorth|title=History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFc4mwsHZ7IC&pg=PA3|access-date=15 June 2013|year=2008|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-60520-134-4|page=3}}</ref> This was a misnomer, as while the Magyars do have some Turkic genetic and cultural influence, including their historical social structure being of Turkic origin,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Köpeczi |first1=Béla |last2=Makkai |first2=László |last3=Mócsy |first3=András |last4=Kiralý |first4=Béla K. |last5=Kovrig |first5=Bennett |last6=Szász |first6=Zoltán |last7=Barta |first7=Gábor |title=Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896–1526) |date=2001 |publisher=Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs |location=New York |isbn=0880334797 |pages=415–416 |edition=Volume 1 of History of Transylvania}}</ref> they still are not widely considered as part of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]].<ref>A MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN – Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333 [http://nadasdymuzeum.hu/pdf/269.pdf]</ref>

The obscure name ''kerel'' or ''keral'', found in the 13th-century work ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]'', possibly referred to Hungarians and derived from the Hungarian title ''király'' ('king').<ref>{{Cite book|first=András|last=Róna-Tas|title=Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages|year=1999|page=273}}</ref>

The historical Latin phrase "[[Name of Hungary|Natio Hungarica]]" ("Hungarian nation") had a wider and political meaning because it once referred to all nobles of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], regardless of their ethnicity or mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/transy/transy05.htm|title=Transylvania – The Roots of Ethnic Conflict|website=www.hungarianhistory.com}}</ref>

==History==

=== Origin ===

The origin of Hungarians, the place and time of their [[ethnogenesis]], has been a matter of debate. Due to the classification of the Hungarian language in the [[Ugric languages|Ugric family]], they are sometimes considered an [[Ugric people]] who originated in the [[Southern Ural|Southern Urals]] or [[Western Siberia]]. However, Fóthi et al. 2022 suggests that the conquering Hungarians originated from three distinct regions on the [[Eurasian Steppe|Eurasian steppe]]: the [[Lake Baikal]]-[[Altai Mountains]], spanning present-day northwestern [[Mongolia]] and southern [[Siberia]], the Southern Urals-Western Siberia and the [[Black Sea]]-[[North Caucasus|Northern Caucasus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338574213 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210317023118/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338574213_Genetic_analysis_of_male_Hungarian_Conquerors_European_and_Asian_paternal_lineages_of_the_conquering_Hungarian_tribes |archive-date=2021-03-17 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile, Neparáczki et al. 2018 proposes that over a third of the Hungarian conquerors’ maternal lineages derive from [[Inner Asia]], centred in present-day eastern Mongolia and southeastern Siberia, while the remainder is derived from the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Pontic-Caspian Steppe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Neparáczki |first1=Endre |last2=Maróti |first2=Zoltán |last3=Kalmár |first3=Tibor |last4=Kocsy |first4=Klaudia |last5=Maár |first5=Kitti |last6=Bihari |first6=Péter |last7=Nagy |first7=István |last8=Fóthi |first8=Erzsébet |last9=Pap |first9=Ildikó |last10=Kustár |first10=Ágnes |last11=Pálfi |first11=György |last12=Raskó |first12=István |last13=Zink |first13=Albert |last14=Török |first14=Tibor |date=2018-10-18 |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=e0205920 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205920 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6193700 |pmid=30335830|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305920N }}</ref>

"[[Hungarian prehistory|Hungarian pre-history]]", i.e. the history of the "ancient Hungarians" before their arrival in the [[Carpathian basin]] at the end of the 9th century, is thus a "tenuous construct", based on linguistics, analogies in folklore, archaeology and subsequent written evidence. In the 21st century, historians have argued that "Hungarians" did not exist as a discrete ethnic group or people for centuries before their settlement in the Carpathian basin. Instead, the formation of the people with its distinct identity was a process. According to this view, Hungarians as a people emerged by the 9th century, subsequently incorporating other, ethnically and linguistically divergent, peoples.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Nora Berend |authorlink1=Nora Berend |author2=Przemysław Urbańczyk |authorlink2=Przemysław Urbańczyk |author3=Przemysław Wiszewski |title=Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c.1300 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |chapter=Hungarian 'pre-history' or 'ethnogenesis'? |page=62}}</ref>

===Pre-4th century AD===
[[File:Migration of Hungarians.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Map of the presumptive Hungarian prehistory]]
{{Main|Hungarian prehistory}}
During the 4th millennium BC, the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]]-speaking peoples who were living in the central and southern regions east of the [[Ural Mountains]] split up. Some dispersed towards the west and northwest and came into contact with [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] and [[Iranian languages|Iranian speakers]] who were spreading northwards.<ref>{{Cite book|first=András|last=Róna-Tas|title=Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages|year=1999|page=96}}</ref> From at least 2000 BC onwards, the [[Ugric languages|Ugric]]-speakers became distinguished from the rest of the Uralic community, of which the ancestors of the Magyars, being located farther south, were the most numerous. Judging by evidence from burial mounds and settlement sites, they interacted with the [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] [[Andronovo culture]] and Baikal-Altai Asian cultures.<ref name=Blench>{{cite book |last=Blench |first=Roger |author2=Matthew Briggs |title=Archaeology and Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWMHhfXxLaIC&q=Hungarian+people+settlements+Andronovo+Culture+&pg=PA209 |access-date=21 May 2008 |year=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-11761-6 |page=210 }}</ref>

===4th century to c. 830===

In the 4th and 5th centuries AD, the Hungarians moved to the west of the Ural Mountains, to the area between the southern Ural Mountains and the [[Volga River]], known as Bashkiria ([[Bashkortostan]]) and [[Perm Krai]]. In the early 8th century, some of the Hungarians moved to the [[Don River, Russia|Don River]], to an area between the Volga, Don and the [[Seversky Donets]] rivers.<ref name="HungaryEarlyHistory"/> Meanwhile, the descendants of those Hungarians who stayed in Bashkiria remained there as late as 1241.

The Hungarians around the Don River were subordinates of the [[Khazars|Khazar]] [[Khaganate]]. Their neighbours were the archaeological [[Saltovo-Mayaki|Saltov culture]], i.e. [[Bulgars]] (Proto-Bulgarians, [[Onogurs]]) and the [[Alans]], from whom they learned gardening, elements of cattle breeding and of agriculture. Tradition holds that the Hungarians were organized in a confederacy of [[Seven chieftains of the Magyars|seven tribes]]: ''Jenő'', ''Kér'', ''Keszi'', ''Kürt-Gyarmat'', ''Megyer'', ''Nyék'', and ''Tarján''.

===c. 830 to c. 895===
Around 830, a rebellion broke out in the Khazar khaganate. As a result, three [[Kabar]] tribes<ref>Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, [[Tibor Frank]], A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 page 11. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&q=three+kabar&pg=PA1 Google Books]</ref> of the Khazars joined the Hungarians and moved to what the Hungarians call the [[Etelköz]], the territory between the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]] and the [[Dnieper River]]. The Hungarians faced their first attack by the [[Pechenegs]] around 854.<ref name="HungaryEarlyHistory">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+hu0013)|title=A Country Study: Hungary|publisher=Federal Research Division, [[Library of Congress]]|chapter=Early History|access-date=6 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041029114728/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+hu0013%29|archive-date=29 October 2004}}</ref> The new neighbours of the Hungarians were the [[Varangians]] and the eastern [[Slavs]]. From 862 onwards, the Hungarians (already referred to as the ''Ungri'') along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of looting raids from the Etelköz into the Carpathian Basin, mostly against the [[East Francia|Eastern Frankish Empire]] (Germany) and [[Great Moravia]], but also against the [[Balaton principality]] and [[Bulgaria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/EastEurope/Magyars.html |title=Magyars |publisher=Thenagain.info |access-date=22 August 2013}}</ref>

===Entering the Carpathian Basin (c. 862–895)===
{{Main|History of Hungary before the Hungarian conquest|Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin}}
[[File:Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)]]

The Hungarians arrived in the [[Pannonian Basin|Carpathian Basin]], a geographically unified but politically divided land, after acquiring thorough local knowledge of the area from the 860s onwards.<ref name="Szoke-2014">{{Cite book |last=Szőke |first=Béla Miklós |url=http://real.mtak.hu/20927/1/Szokekotet_angol_u_085622.294918.pdf |title=The Carolingian Age in the Carpathian Basin |publisher=Hungarian National Museum |year=2014 |isbn=978-615-5209-17-8 |location=Budapest}}</ref><ref name="Szabados-2016">{{Cite book |last=Szabados |first=György |title=Népek és kultúrák a Kárpát-medencében |year=2016 |isbn=978-615-5209-56-7 |language=hu |trans-title=Peoples and cultures in the Carpathian Basin |chapter=Vázlat a magyar honfoglalás Kárpát-medencei hátteréről |publisher=Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum |trans-chapter=Outline of the background of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin |chapter-url=http://real.mtak.hu/46728/1/Szabados_2016_Mesterhazy_75_kotet_u.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":1b2">{{Cite book |last=Szabados |first=György |url=https://www.academia.edu/36486693 |title=Folytonosság és/vagy találkozás? "Avar" és "magyar" a 9. századi Kárpát-medencében |year=2018 |language=hu |trans-title=Continuity and/or encounter? "Avar" and "Hungarian" in the 9th century Carpathian Basin}}</ref><ref name="Sudar-2016">{{Cite book |year=2016 |last1=Sudár |first1=Balázs |url=https://arpad.abtk.hu/images/kiadvanyok/4-honfoglalas-es-megtelepedes.pdf |title=Magyar őstörténet 4 – Honfoglalás és megtelepedés |last2=Petek |first2=Zsolt |publisher=Helikon Kiadó, MTA BTK Magyar Őstörténeti Témacsoport (Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Hungarian Prehistory Research Team) |isbn=978-963-227-755-4 |trans-title=Hungarian Prehistory 4 - Conquest and Settlement}}</ref><ref name="Revesz-2014">{{Cite book |last=Révész |first=László |url=https://dtk.tankonyvtar.hu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/7105/08_revesz_laszlo.pdf |title=The Era of the Hungarian Conquest |publisher=Hungarian National Museum |year=2014 |isbn=9786155209185 |location=Budapest}}</ref><ref name="Negyesi-2011">{{Cite book |last1=Négyesi |first1=Lajos |last2=Veszprémy |first2=László |url=https://mek.oszk.hu/09100/09132/09132.pdf |title=1000-1100 years ago…Hungary in the Carpathian Basin |publisher=MoD Zrínyi Média Ltd |year=2011 |isbn=978-963-327-515-3 |editor-last=Gubcsi |editor-first=Lajos |location=Budapest}}</ref>

After the end of the [[Pannonian Avars|Avar Kaganate]] (c. 822), the [[East Francia|Eastern Franks]] asserted their influence in [[Transdanubia]], the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarians]] to a small extent in the Southern [[Transylvania]] and the interior regions housed the surviving Avar population in their stateless state.<ref name="Szabados-2016"/><ref name="Szabados-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Szabados |first=György |date=May 2022 |title=Álmostól Szent Istvánig |trans-title=From Álmos to Saint Stephen |url=https://rubicon.hu/cikkek/almostol-szent-istvanig |journal=Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination) |language=hu}}</ref> The downfall of the Avar Khaganate at the beginning of the 9th century did not mean the extinction of the Avar population, contemporary written sources report surviving Avar groups.<ref name=":1b2"/> According to the archaeological evidence, the Avar population survived the time of the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]].<ref name="Szabados-2016"/><ref name="Revesz-2014"/>

In 862, Prince [[Rastislav of Moravia]] rebelled against the [[Franks]], and after hiring Hungarian troops, won his independence; this was the first time that Hungarians expeditionary troops entered the Carpathian Basin.<ref name="Bona-2001">{{Cite book |last=Bóna |first=István |title=History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - II. From Dacia to Erdőelve: Transylvania in the Period of the Great Migrations (271-896) - 7. Transylvania in the Period of the Hungarian Conquest and Foundation of a State |publisher=Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences) |year=2001 |isbn=0-88033-479-7 |location=New York |chapter=Conquest, Settlement, and Raids |language=en |chapter-url=https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/52.html }}</ref><ref>Kosáry Domokos, ''Bevezetés a magyar történelem forrásaiba és irodalmába 1'', p. 29</ref> In 862, Archbishop [[Hincmar|Hincmar of Reims]] records the campaign of unknown enemies called "Ungri", giving the first mention of the Hungarians in [[Western Europe]]. In 881, the Hungarian forces fought together with the Kabars in the [[Vienna Basin]].<ref name="Bona-2001" /><ref name="Oktatasi Hivatal-2020">{{Cite book |title=Történelem 5. az általános iskolások számára |year=2020 |url=https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf |publisher=Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority) |isbn=978-615-6178-37-4 |pages=15, 112, 116, 137, 138, 141 |language=hu |trans-title=History 5. for primary school students |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221015211/https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to historian György Szabados and archeologist Miklós Béla Szőke, a group of Hungarians were already living in the Carpathian Basin at that time, so they could quickly intervene in the events of the [[Carolingian Empire]].<ref name="Szoke-2014"/><ref name="Szabados-2016"/><ref name=":1b2"/><ref name="Szabados-2022"/><ref name="Oktatasi Hivatal-2020"/> The number of recorded battles increased from the end of the 9th century.<ref name="Szabados-2022"/> In the late Avar period, a part of Hungarians was already present in the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century, this has been supported by genetic and archaeological research, because there are graves in which Avar descendants are buried in Hungarian clothes.<ref name="Makoldi-2021">{{Cite web |last=Makoldi |first=Miklós |date=December 2021 |title=A magyarság származása |trans-title=The Origin of Hungarians |url=https://www.oktatas.hu/pub_bin/dload/kozoktatas/uj_kozneveles/2022_01/UKN_2201_21_A_magyarsag_szarmazasa.pdf |website=Oktatási Hivatal (Office of Education) |language=hu}}</ref><ref name="Oktatasi Hivatal-2020" /> An important segment of this Avar era Hungarians is that the [[List of administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian county system]] of King [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen I]] may be largely based on the power centers formed during the Avar period.<ref name="Makoldi-2021" /> According to some genetic studies, there is a genetic continuity from the [[Bronze Age]], a continuous migration of the [[Steppe]] peoples from east of the Carpathian Basin.<ref name="MKI-2022">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2022 |title=Evidence of the Hun-Avar-Hungarian kinship rewrites our knowledge about the Hungarian conquest |url=https://mki.gov.hu/en/videok-en/mediaszereplesek-en/a-hun-avar-magyar-rokonsag-bizonyitekai-en |website=Institute of Hungarian Research}}</ref>

The foundation of the [[Principality of Hungary|Hungarian state]] is connected to the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|Hungarian conquerors]], who arrived from the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Pontic steppes]] as a confederation of seven tribes. The Hungarians arrived in the frame of a strong centralized steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince [[Álmos]] and his son [[Árpád]], they became founders of the [[Árpád dynasty]], the Hungarian ruling dynasty and the Hungarian state. The [[Árpád dynasty]] claimed to be a direct descendant of the great Hun leader [[Attila]].<ref name="Horvath-Lugossy-2022a">{{Cite book |last1=Horváth-Lugossy |first1=Gábor |url=https://mki.gov.hu/assets/pdf/MKI_EN_006_kings_and_saints_B5_web.pdf |title=Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds |last2=Makoldi |first2=Miklós |last3=Neparáczki |first3=Endre |publisher=Institute of Hungarian Research |year=2022 |isbn=978-615-6117-65-6 |location=Budapest, Székesfehérvár}}</ref> Medieval Hungarian chronicles from the [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian royal court]] like the ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'', ''[[Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum]], [[Chronicon Pictum]],'' [[Chronica Hungarorum#Buda Chronicle|Buda Chronicle]], ''[[Chronica Hungarorum]]'' claimed that the [[Árpád dynasty]] and the [[Aba (genus)|Aba clan]] are the descendants of Attila.<ref name="Horvath-Lugossy-2022a" />

Árpád, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, says in the ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'':

{{Blockquote|''The land stretching between the Danube and the Tisza used to belong to my forefather, the mighty Attila.''|[[Anonymus (notary of Béla III)|Anonymus]]: ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=The ''Gesta Hungarorum'' of Anonymus, Notary of King Béla |translator=Martyn Rady |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18975/1/18975.pdf |access-date=2023-11-09}}</ref>}}The Hungarians took possession of the [[Pannonian Basin|Carpathian Basin]] in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862 and 895.<ref name="Szoke-2014"/><ref name="Szabados-2016"/><ref name="Wang-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Chuan-Chao |last2=Posth |first2=Cosimo |last3=Furtwängler |first3=Anja |last4=Sümegi |first4=Katalin |last5=Bánfai |first5=Zsolt |last6=Kásler |first6=Miklós |last7=Krause |first7=Johannes |last8=Melegh |first8=Béla |date=28 September 2021 |title=Genome-wide autosomal, mtDNA, and Y chromosome analysis of King Bela III of the Hungarian Arpad dynasty |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=19210 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1119210W |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-98796-x |pmc=8478946 |pmid=34584164}}</ref><ref name="Sudar-2016"/><ref name="Revesz-2014"/><ref name="Szabados-2022"/><ref name="Oktatasi Hivatal-2020"/><ref name="Negyesi-2011"/> This is confirmed by the archaeological findings, in the 10th-century Hungarian cemeteries, the graves of women, children and elderly people are located next to the warriors, they were buried according to the same traditions, wore the same style of ornaments, and belonged to the same anthropological group. [[Hungarian invasions of Europe|The Hungarian military events]] of the following years prove that the Hungarian population that settled in the Carpathian Basin was not a weakened population without a significant military power.<ref name="Revesz-2014"/> Other theories assert that the move of the Hungarians was forced or at least hastened by the joint attacks of [[Pechenegs]] and [[Bulgarians]].<ref name="Revesz-2014"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tóth |first=Sándor László |title=Levédiától a Kárpát-medencéig |publisher=Szegedi Középkorász Műhely |year=1998 |isbn=963-482-175-8 |language=hu |trans-title=From Levedia to the Carpathian Basin}}</ref> According to eleventh-century tradition, the road taken by the Hungarians under Prince [[Álmos]] took them first to Transylvania in 895. This is supported by an eleventh-century Russian tradition that the Hungarians moved to the Carpathian Basin by way of [[Kyiv|Kiev]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Peter F. Sugar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&q=Transylvania+hungarian+conquest+895&pg=PA11 |title=A History of Hungary |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-253-20867-5 |page=11 | publisher=Indiana University Press |access-date=2017-07-10}}</ref> Prince [[Álmos]], the sacred leader of the Hungarian Great Principality died before he could reach [[Pannonia]], he was sacrificed in Transylvania.<ref name="Bona-2001"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalti |first=Mark |url=https://mek.oszk.hu/10600/10642/10642.htm |title=Chronicon Pictum |language=hu}}</ref>

In 895/896, under the leadership of [[Árpád]], some Hungarians crossed the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]] and entered the [[Carpathian Basin]]. The tribe called ''Megyer'' was the leading tribe of the Hungarian alliance that conquered the centre of the basin. At the same time (c. 895), due to their involvement in the 894–896 [[Byzantine–Bulgarian wars|Bulgaro-Byzantine war]], Hungarians in Etelköz were attacked by Bulgaria and then by their old enemies the Pechenegs. The [[Bulgarians]] won the decisive [[battle of Southern Buh]]. It is uncertain whether or not those conflicts contributed to the Hungarian departure from Etelköz.

From the upper [[Tisza]] region of the Carpathian Basin, the Hungarians intensified their campaigns across continental Europe. In 900, they moved from the upper Tisza river to [[Transdanubia]], which later became the core of the arising Hungarian state. By 902, the borders were pushed to the [[South-Moravian Carpathians]] and the [[Great Moravia|Principality of Moravia]] collapsed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Csorba |first=Csaba |url= |title=Árpád népe |publisher=Kulturtrade kiadó |year=1997 |isbn=978-963-9069-20-6 |location=[[Budapest]] |language=hu |trans-title=The people of Árpád |issn=1417-6114}}</ref> At the time of the Hungarian migration, the land was inhabited only by a sparse population of Slavs, numbering about 200,000,<ref name="HungaryEarlyHistory" /> who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Hungarians.<ref name="HungaryEarlyHistory" />

Archaeological findings (e.g. in the [[Poland|Polish]] city of [[Przemyśl]]) suggest that many Hungarians remained to the north of the Carpathians after 895/896.<ref>Koperski, A.: Przemyśl (Lengyelország). In: A honfoglaló magyarság. Kiállítási katalógus. Bp. 1996. pp. 439–448.</ref> There is also a consistent Hungarian population in Transylvania, the [[Székelys]], who comprise 40% of the [[Hungarians in Romania]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe|author=Piotr Eberhardt|publisher=M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY and London, England, 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLfX1q3kJzgC&q=Ethnic+Groups+and+Population+Changes+in+Twentieth-century+Central-Eastern|isbn=978-0-7656-0665-5|year=2003}}</ref><ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Szekler people|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Szekler}}</ref> The Székely people's origin, and in particular the time of their settlement in Transylvania, is a matter of historical controversy.

=== After 900 ===
{{main| Hungarian invasions of Europe}}
[[File:Kalandozasok.jpg|thumb|Hungarian raids in the 9–10th century]]
In 907, the Hungarians destroyed a [[Bavaria]]n army in the [[Battle of Pressburg]] and laid the territories of present-day Germany, France, and Italy open to Hungarian raids, which were fast and devastating. The Hungarians defeated the Imperial Army of [[Louis the Child]], son of [[Arnulf of Carinthia]] and last legitimate descendant of the German branch of the house of [[Charlemagne]], near [[Augsburg]] in 910. From 917 to 925, Hungarians raided through [[Basel]], [[Alsace]], [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]], [[Old Saxony|Saxony]], and [[Provence]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Wyley |url=http://www.geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html |title=The Hungarians of Hungary |access-date=22 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027151814/http://www.geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html |archive-date=27 October 2009 }}</ref> Hungarian expansion was checked at the [[Battle of Lechfeld]] in 955, ending their raids against [[Western Europe]], but raids on the [[Balkan Peninsula]] continued until 970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eceurope/xkgdhungary.html |title=History of Hungary, 895–970 |publisher=Zum.de |access-date=22 August 2013}}</ref>

The [[Pope]] approved Hungarian settlement in the area when their leaders converted to [[Christianity]], and [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] (''Szent István'', or Saint Stephen) was crowned King of Hungary in 1001. The century between the arrival of the Hungarians from the eastern European plains and the consolidation of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in 1001 was dominated by pillaging campaigns across Europe, from Dania ([[Denmark]]) to the [[Iberian Peninsula]] (contemporary [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]]).{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} After the acceptance of the nation into Christian Europe under Stephen I, Hungary served as a bulwark against further invasions from the east and south, especially by the Turks.

[[File:Magyars 900-1980.png|thumb|Population growth of Hungarians (900–1980)]]

At this time, the Hungarian nation numbered around 400,000 people.<ref name="HungaryEarlyHistory"/>

=== Early modern period ===
The first accurate measurements of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary including ethnic composition were carried out in 1850–51. There is a debate among Hungarian and non-Hungarian (especially [[Slovaks|Slovak]] and [[Romanians|Romanian]]) historians about the possible changes in the ethnic structure of the region throughout history. According to Hungarian historians, the proportion of Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin was at an almost constant 80% during the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="carth">''Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the [[Royal Geographical Society]].'' Carthographia, [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]], 2005. {{ISBN|978-963-352-002-4}} CM</ref> The Hungarian population began to decrease only at the time of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conquest, reaching as low as around 39% by the end of the 18th century.<ref name="National Atlas of Hungary - History of Population">{{Cite book |last1=Őri |first1=Péter |url=https://nemzetiatlasz.hu/en/home.html |title=National Atlas of Hungary – Volume 3 – Society |last2=Kocsis |first2=Károly |last3=Faragó |first3=Tamás |last4=Tóth |first4=Pál Péter |publisher=Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences (CSFK), Geographical Institute |year=2021 |isbn=978-963-9545-64-9 |editor-last=Kocsis |editor-first=Károly |location=Budapest |chapter=History of Population |editor-last2=Őri |editor-first2=Péter |chapter-url=https://www.nemzetiatlasz.hu/MNA/National-Atlas-of-Hungary_Vol3_Ch2.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Ethnic patterns Hungary researches">{{Cite book |last1=Kocsis |first1=Károly |url=https://www.mtafki.hu/konyvtar/karpat-pannon2015/pdf/Changing_Ethnic_Pattern_Carpatho_Pannonian_Area_2015.pdf |title=Changing Ethnic Patterns of the Carpatho–Pannonian Area from the Late 15th until the Early 21st Century – Accompanying Text |last2=Tátrai |first2=Patrik |last3=Agárdi |first3=Norbert |last4=Balizs |first4=Dániel |last5=Kovács |first5=Anikó |last6=Gercsák |first6=Tibor |last7=Klinghammer |first7=István |last8=Tiner |first8=Tibor |publisher=Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Geographical Institute |year=2015 |isbn=978-963-9545-48-9 |edition=3rd |location=Budapest |language=hu, en}}</ref>

The decline of the Hungarians was due to the constant wars, Ottoman raids, famines, and plagues during the 150 years of Ottoman rule. The main zones of war were the territories inhabited by the Hungarians, so the death toll depleted them at a much higher rate than among other nationalities.<ref name="National Atlas of Hungary - History of Population" /><ref name="Ethnic patterns Hungary researches" /> In the 18th century, their proportion declined further because of the influx of new settlers from Europe, especially Slovaks, [[Serbs]] and [[Germans]].<ref name="Macartney1962">{{citation|last=Macartney|first=Carlile Aylmer |author-link=Carlile Aylmer Macartney |title=Hungary; A short history|chapter-url=http://mek.niif.hu/02000/02086/02086.htm |access-date=3 August 2016|year=1962 |publisher=University Press|chapter=5. The Eighteenth Century}}</ref> In 1715 (after the Ottoman occupation), the [[Southern Great Plain]] was nearly uninhabited but now has 1.3 million inhabitants, nearly all of them Hungarians. As a consequence, having also the Habsburg colonization policies, the country underwent a great change in ethnic composition as its population more than tripled to 8 million between 1720 and 1787, while only 39% of its people were Hungarians, who lived primarily in the centre of the country.<ref name="Hungary">{{cite book |title=A Country Study: Hungary |publisher=Federal Research Division, [[Library of Congress]]|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+hu0028)|chapter=Chapter 1. Historical Setting|page=21|access-date=6 March 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Dunamenti viseletek 1822.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Traditional Hungarian costumes from Jassic- Cuman area, 1822]]
[[File:Nagy Géza-Nemes Mihály A magyar viseletek története 1900.jpg|thumb|Traditional clothing in Hungary, around late 18th century and early 19th century]]

=== 19th century to present ===
In the 19th century, the proportion of Hungarians in the Kingdom of Hungary rose gradually, reaching over 50% by 1900 due to higher natural growth and [[Magyarization]]. Between 1787 and 1910 the number of ethnic Hungarians rose from 2.3 million to 10.2 million, accompanied by the resettlement of the [[Great Hungarian Plain]] and [[Délvidék]] by mainly [[Roman Catholic]] Hungarian settlers from the northern and western counties of the Kingdom of Hungary. Spontaneous assimilation was an important factor, especially among the German and Jewish minorities and the citizens of the bigger towns. On the other hand, about 1.5 million people (about two-thirds non-Hungarian) left the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] between 1890–1910 to escape from [[poverty]].<ref name="immigrants">{{cite web|first1=Jonathan|last1=Lee|author2=Robert Siemborski|url=http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Immigration/waves_of_immigration.html|title=Peaks/waves of immigration|publisher=bergen.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970616234806/http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Immigration/waves_of_immigration.html|archive-date=16 June 1997}}</ref>

[[File:Hungarians in Hungary (1890).png|thumb|Magyars (Hungarians) in Hungary, 1890 census]]
[[File:Magyarorszag 1920.png|thumb|The [[Treaty of Trianon]]: Kingdom of Hungary lost 72% of its land and 3.3 million people of Hungarian ethnicity.]]

The years 1918 to 1920 were a turning point in the Hungarians' history. By the [[Treaty of Trianon]], the Kingdom had been cut into several parts, leaving only a quarter of its original size. One-third of the Hungarians became minorities in the neighbouring countries.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kocsis |first=Károly |title=Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&q=one+third+of+Hungarian+people+minorities+in+the+neighbouring+countries+Trianon&pg=PA9 |access-date=21 May 2008 |year=1998 |publisher=Simon Publications LLC |isbn=978-1-931313-75-9 |chapter=Introduction }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> During the remainder of the 20th century, the Hungarians population of Hungary grew from 7.1 million (1920) to around 10.4 million (1980), despite losses during the [[World War II|Second World War]] and the wave of emigration after the attempted [[Hungarian revolution of 1956|revolution in 1956]].

The number of Hungarians in the neighbouring countries tended to remain the same or slightly decreased, mostly due to assimilation (sometimes forced; see [[Slovakization]] and [[Romanianization]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Bugajski|first=Janusz|title=Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties|publisher=M.E. Sharpe (Washington, D.C.)|year=1995|url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicpoliticsin0000buga|isbn=978-1-56324-283-0|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="kovrig">Kovrig, Bennett (2000), ''Partitioned nation: Hungarian minorities in Central Europe'', in: Michael Mandelbaum (ed.), ''The new European Diasporas: National Minorities and Conflict in Eastern Europe'', [[New York City]]: [[Council on Foreign Relations]] Press, pp. 19–80.</ref><ref>Raffay Ernő: ''A vajdaságoktól a birodalomig. Az újkori Románia története'' (From voivodeships to the empire. The modern history of Romania). Publishing house ''JATE Kiadó'', Szeged, 1989, pp. 155–156)</ref> and to emigration to Hungary (in the 1990s, especially from [[Transylvania]] and [[Vojvodina]]). After the [[Post-World War II baby boom|"baby boom" of the 1950s]] (''Ratkó era''), a serious demographic crisis began to develop in Hungary and its neighbours.<ref name=origo/> The Hungarian population reached its maximum in 1980, then began to decline.<ref name=origo>{{cite web | title= Nyolcmillió lehet a magyar népesség 2050-re| date=14 April 2005 | url=http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20050414nyolcmillio.html | publisher=origo | access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref>

For historical reasons (see [[Treaty of Trianon]]), significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, most of them in [[Hungarian minority in Romania|Romania]] (in [[Transylvania]]), [[Hungarians in Slovakia|Slovakia]], and [[Hungarians in Vojvodina|Serbia]] (in [[Vojvodina]]). Sizable minorities live also in [[Hungarians in Ukraine|Ukraine]] (in [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]), [[Hungarians in Croatia|Croatia]] (primarily [[Slavonia]]), and [[Hungarians in Austria|Austria]] (in [[Burgenland]]). Slovenia is also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians, and Hungarian language has an official status in parts of the [[Prekmurje]] region. Today more than two million ethnic Hungarians live in nearby countries.<ref>[http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/hungary-transit-country-between-east-and-west/ Hungary: Transit Country Between East and West]. Migration Information Source. November 2003.</ref>

There was [[2004 Hungarian dual citizenship referendum|a referendum in Hungary in December 2004]] on whether to grant Hungarian [[citizenship]] to Hungarians living outside Hungary's borders (i.e. without requiring a permanent residence in Hungary). The referendum failed due to insufficient [[voter turnout]]. On 26 May 2010, Hungary's Parliament passed a bill granting dual citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living outside of Hungary. Some neighboring countries with sizable Hungarian minorities expressed concerns over the legislation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hungary Citizenship Bill Irks Neighbor |author=Veronika Gulyas |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2010/05/26/hungary-angers-neighbor-with-citizenship-bill |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=26 May 2010}}</ref>

As of 2025, three Hungarians have been in spaceflight. [[Bertalan Farkas]] (1980), [[Charles Simonyi]] (2007) and [[Tibor Kapu]] (2025).

==Ethnic affiliations and genetic origins==
{{see also|Genetic history of Europe}}
[[File:Origin of Hungarians according to Kinga Ery.png|thumb|right|The place of origin for the regional groups of Hungarians in the conquest period, according to Kinga Éry.]]
[[File:Population structure of Uralic-speaking populations.png|thumb|Population structure of Uralic-speaking populations inferred from ADMIXTURE analysis on autosomal SNPs in Eurasian context. Ugric-ancestry is represented by the [[Khanty]] and [[Mansi people]].]]
Modern Hungarians stand out as linguistically isolated in Europe, despite their genetic similarity to the surrounding populations. The population of the [[Pannonian Basin|Carpathian Basin]] has the common European gene-pool which formed in the [[Bronze Age]] through the admixture of three sources: [[Western Hunter-Gatherer]]s, who were the first Homo sapiens appearing in [[Paleolithic Europe]], [[Neolithic]] farmers originating from [[Anatolia]], and [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] steppe migrants that arrived in the [[late Neolithic]] to early Bronze Age. This common European gene pool in the Carpathian Basin, has been overlaid by migration waves originating from the east since the [[Iron Age]].<ref name="Origin of Ugrians 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Török |first=Tibor |date=26 June 2023 |title=Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians |journal= Genes|volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=1345 |doi=10.3390/genes14071345 |pmc=10379071 |pmid=37510249 |doi-access=free}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> According to genetic studies, the Carpathian Basin was continuously inhabited from at least the Bronze Age.<ref name="Neparaczki MKI 2022">{{cite web |last=Endre |first=Neparáczki |date=22 August 2022 |title=Saint László is more Asian than most of our kings |url=https://mki.gov.hu/en/hirek-en/sajto-en/szent-laszlo-en |website=Magyarságkutató Intézet (Institute of Hungarian Research)}}</ref><ref name="Origin of Ugrians 2023" /> There is a genetic continuity from the [[Bronze Age]], a continuous migration of the [[Steppe]] folks from east to the Carpathian Basin.<ref name="Saag Staniuk 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Saag |first1=Lehti |last2=Staniuk |first2=Robert |date=11 July 2022 |title=Historical human migrations: From the steppe to the basin |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=32 |issue=13 |pages=38–41 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.058 |pmid=35820383 |s2cid=250443139 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2022CBio...32.R738S }}</ref><ref name="Origin of Ugrians 2023" /> The foundational population of the Carpathian Basin carrying the common European gene pool remained in a significant majority throughout the migratory periods in the Carpathian Basin.<ref name="Origin of Ugrians 2023" /> During the 9th century BC, smaller groups of pre-Scythians ([[Cimmerians]]) of the Mezőcsát culture appeared. The classic [[Scythians|Scythian]] culture spread across the [[Great Hungarian Plain]] between the 7th–6th century BC, their genetic data represent the genetic profile of the local European population. The [[Sarmatians]] arrived in multiple waves from 50 BC, leaving a significant archaeological heritage behind, the examined Sarmatian individuals genetically also belong to the genetic legacy of the local European population. Various groups of Asian origin settled in the Carpathian Basin, such as [[Huns]], [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], [[Magyar tribes|Hungarian conquerors]], [[Pechenegs]], [[Jazyges|Jazyg]] people, and [[Cumans]]. The military leadership of the European Huns descended from the Asian Huns ([[Xiongnu]]s), while the majority of them consisted of subjugated Germanic and Sarmatian populations. The most significant influx of genes from Asia occurred during the Avar period, arriving in multiple waves. The ruling elite of the Avars originated from the [[Rouran Khaganate]] in Mongolia, but a significant portion of the masses they brought in consisted of mixed-origin populations that had emerged in the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Pontic-Caspian steppe]] during the Hunnic era.<ref name="Origin of Ugrians 2023" /> Foundation of the [[Principality of Hungary|Hungarian state]] is connected to the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|Hungarian conquerors]], who arrived from the Pontic steppes as a confederation of [[Seven chieftains of the Magyars|seven tribes]].<ref name="Neparaczki-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Neparáczki |first1=Endre |last2=Maróti |first2=Zoltán |last3=Kalmár |first3=Tibor |last4=Maár |first4=Kitti |last5=Nagy |first5=István |last6=Latinovics |first6=Dóra |last7=Kustár |first7=Ágnes |last8=Pálfi |first8=György |last9=Molnár |first9=Erika |last10=Marcsik |first10=Antónia |last11=Balogh |first11=Csilla |last12=Lőrinczy |first12=Gábor |last13=Tomka |first13=Péter |last14=Kovacsóczy |first14=Bernadett |last15=Kovács |first15=László |date=12 November 2019 |title=Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=16569 |bibcode=2019NatSR...916569N |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5 |pmc=6851379 |pmid=31719606 |last16=Török |first16=Tibor}}</ref><ref name="Neparaczki-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Neparáczki |first1=Endre |last2=Maróti |first2=Zoltán |last3=Kalmár |first3=Tibor |last4=Kocsy |first4=Klaudia |last5=Maár |first5=Kitti |last6=Bihari |first6=Péter |last7=Nagy |first7=István |last8=Fóthi |first8=Erzsébet |last9=Pap |first9=Ildikó |last10=Kustár |first10=Ágnes |last11=Pálfi |first11=György |last12=Raskó |first12=István |last13=Zink |first13=Albert |last14=Török |first14=Tibor |date=18 October 2018 |title=Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=e0205920 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305920N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205920 |pmc=6193700 |pmid=30335830 |doi-access=free}}</ref> According to genetic study, the proto-Ugric groups were part of the [[Scytho-Siberian world|Scytho-Siberian]] societies in the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age steppe-forest zone in the northern Kazakhstan region, near of the [[Mezhovskaya culture]] territory. The ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors lived in the [[Eurasian Steppe|steppe zone]] during the [[Bronze Age]] together with the [[Mansi people|Mansis]]. During the [[Iron Age]], the Mansis migrated northward, while the ancestor of Hungarian conquerors remained at the steppe-forest zone and admixed with the [[Sarmatians]]. Later the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors admixed with the [[Huns]], this admixture happened before the arrival of the Huns to the Volga region in 370. The Huns integrated local tribes east of the Urals, among them Sarmatians and the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors.<ref name="Hun Avar Hungarian Genetics 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Maróti |first1=Zoltán |last2=Neparáczki |first2=Endre |last3=Schütz |first3=Oszkár |last4=Maár |first4=Kitti |last5=Varga |first5=Gergely I.B. |last6=Kovács |first6=Bence |last7=Kalmár |first7=Tibor |last8=Nyerki |first8=Emil |last9=Nagy |first9=István |last10=Latinovics |first10=Dóra |last11=Tihanyi |first11=Balázs |last12=Marcsik |first12=Antónia |last13=Pálfi |first13=György |last14=Bernert |first14=Zsolt |last15=Gallina |first15=Zsolt |date=25 May 2022 |title=The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians |url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(22)00732-1 |journal=Current Biology |volume=32 |issue=13 |pages=2858–2870.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093 |pmid=35617951 |s2cid=246191357 |last16=Horváth |first16=Ciprián |last17=Varga |first17=Sándor |last18=Költő |first18=László |last19=Raskó |first19=István |last20=Nagy |first20=Péter L. |last21=Balogh |first21=Csilla |last22=Zink |first22=Albert |last23=Maixner |first23=Frank |last24=Götherström |first24=Anders |last25=George |first25=Robert |last26=Szalontai |first26=Csaba |last27=Szenthe |first27=Gergely |last28=Gáll |first28=Erwin |last29=Kiss |first29=Attila P. |last30=Gulyás |first30=Bence |last31=Kovacsóczy |first31=Bernadett Ny. |last32=Gál |first32=Sándor Szilárd |last33=Tomka |first33=Péter |last34=Török |first34=Tibor|bibcode=2022CBio...32E2858M }}</ref><ref name="Origin of Ugrians 2023" /> The Hungarians arrived in the frame of a strong centralized steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince [[Álmos]] and his son [[Árpád]], they became founders of the [[Árpád dynasty]], the Hungarian ruling dynasty and the Hungarian state. The [[Árpád dynasty]] claimed to be a direct descendant of the great Hun leader [[Attila]].<ref name="Horvath-Lugossy-2022b">{{Cite book |last1=Horváth-Lugossy |first1=Gábor |url=https://mki.gov.hu/assets/pdf/MKI_EN_006_kings_and_saints_B5_web.pdf |title=Kings and Saints – The Age of the Árpáds |last2=Makoldi |first2=Miklós |last3=Neparáczki |first3=Endre |publisher=Institute of Hungarian Research |year=2022 |isbn=978-615-6117-65-6 |location=Budapest, Székesfehérvár}}</ref><ref name="Neparaczki-2019" /><ref name="Neparaczki-2018" /> The elite of the conquering Hungarians established the Hungarian state, genetic studies revealed, the conqueror elite in both sexes has approximately 30% Eastern Eurasian components, while the commoner population appears to have carried the overlaid local European gene pool from previous eastern immigrations.<ref name="Origin of Ugrians 2023" /> In medieval [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], a legend developed based on foreign and Hungarian medieval chronicles that the Hungarians, and the [[Székelys|Székely]] ethnic group in particular, are descended from the Huns. The basic premise of the [[List of Hungarian chronicles|Hungarian medieval chronicle]] tradition was that the Huns, i.e. the Hungarians coming out twice from [[Scythians|Scythia]], the guiding principle was the Hun-Hungarian continuity.<ref name="Gyorgy-1998">{{Cite book |last=György |first=Szabados |url=https://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00001/00007/index.htm |title=Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények 1998. 102. évf. 5-6. füzet |publisher=MTA Irodalomtudományi Intézet (Institute for Literary Studies of Hungarian Academy of Sciences) |year=1998 |pages=615–641 |language=hu |trans-title=Bulletins of Literary History 1998, Vol. 102, Booklets 5-6 |chapter=A krónikáktól a Gestáig – Az előidő-szemlélet hangsúlyváltásai a 15–18. században |trans-chapter=From the chronicles to the Gesta - Shifts in emphasis of the pre-time perspective in the 15th–18th centuries |issn=0021-1486 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/28283729}}</ref> The 20th century mainstream scholarship dismisses a close connection between the Hungarians and Huns.{{sfnm|1a1=Szűcs|1y=1999|1p=xliv |2a1=Engel|2y=2001|2p=2 |3a1=Lendvai|3y=2003|3p=7 |4a1=Maenchen-Helfen|4y=1973|4p=386}} However, the archaeogenetics studies revealed the Hun heritage of the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|Hungarian conquerors]], it was a significant Hun-Hungarian mixing around 300 AD, and the remaining Huns were integrated into the conquering Hungarians.<ref name="Hun Avar Hungarian Genetics 2022" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keyser |first1=Christine |last2=Zvénigorosky |first2=Vincent |last3=Gonzalez |first3=Angéla |last4=Fausser |first4=Jean-Luc |last5=Jagorel |first5=Florence |last6=Gérard |first6=Patrice |last7=Tsagaan |first7=Turbat |last8=Duchesne |first8=Sylvie |last9=Crubézy |first9=Eric |last10=Ludes |first10=Bertrand |date=30 July 2020 |title=Genetic evidence suggests a sense of family, parity and conquest in the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-020-02209-4 |journal= Human Genetics|volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=349–359 |doi=10.1007/s00439-020-02209-4 |pmid=32734383 |s2cid=253981964 |quote=East Eurasian R1a subclades R1a1a1b2a-Z94 and R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124 were a common element of the Hun, Avar and Hungarian Conqueror elite and very likely belonged to the branch that was observed in our Xiongnu samples. Moreover, haplogroups Q1a and N1a were also major components of these nomadic groups, reinforcing the view that Huns (and thus Avars and Hungarian invaders) might derive from the Xiongnu as was proposed until the eighteenth century but strongly disputed since.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quiles |first=Carlos |date=2 August 2020 |title=Xiongnu Y-DNA connects Huns & Avars to Scytho-Siberians |url=https://indo-european.eu/2020/08/xiongnu-ancestry-connects-huns-avars-to-scytho-siberians/ |website=Indo-European.eu}}</ref><ref name="MKI-2022" /> The genomic analyses of the [[List of Hungarian monarchs|Hungarian royal]] Árpád family members are in line with the reported conquering Hungarian-Hun origin of the dynasty in harmony with their Y-chromosomal phylogenetic connections.<ref name="Saint Ladislaus Genetics 2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Varga |first1=Gergely I B |last2=Kristóf |first2=Lilla Alida |last3=Maár |first3=Kitti |last4=Kis |first4=Luca |last5=Schütz |first5=Oszkár |last6=Váradi |first6=Orsolya |last7=Kovács |first7=Bence |last8=Gînguță |first8=Alexandra |last9=Tihanyi |first9=Balázs |last10=Nagy |first10=Péter L |last11=Maróti |first11=Zoltán |last12=Nyerki |first12=Emil |last13=Török |first13=Tibor |last14=Neparáczki |first14=Endre |date=January 2023 |title=The archaeogenomic validation of Saint Ladislaus' relic provides insights into the Árpád dynasty's genealogy |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35809778/ |journal=Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=58–61 |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/j.jgg.2022.06.008 |pmc= |pmid=35809778}}</ref> According to the growing archaeological evidence that the [[Pannonian Avars|Avar]] population lived through the period of the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]]. The Carpathian Basin was demonstrably not empty when the Hungarian conquerors led by Árpád arrived. The conquering Hungarians mixed to varying degrees on individual level with the Avar population living in the Carpathian Basin, but they had Avar genetic heritage as well.<ref name="Neparaczki MKI 2022" /> According to Endre Neparáczki, it is no longer possible to narrow down the Hungarian population of the Carpathian Basin only of people of Árpád.<ref name="Neparaczki MKI 2022" /> Following the devastations caused by the [[First Mongol invasion of Hungary|Mongol]] and [[Ottoman–Hungarian wars|Turkish]] invasions, settlers from other parts of Europe played a significant role in establishing the modern genetic makeup of the Carpathian Basin.<ref name="Origin of Ugrians 2023" />

The [[Hungarian language]] belongs to the [[Uralic languages|Uralic language family]]. While early Ugric-speakers can be associated with an ancestry component maximized in modern-day [[Khanty]]/[[Mansi people|Mansi]] and historical Southern Siberian groups such as the [[Pazyryk culture]] people, the earliest Uralic-speakers can be associated with an [[Ancient Northern East Asian]] lineage maximized among modern [[Nganasan people|Nganasans]] and a [[Bronze Age]] specimen from [[Krasnoyarsk]] in southern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk_Krai_BA; kra001).<ref name="Gurkan-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Gurkan |first=Cemal |date=2019-01-08 |title=On The Genetic Continuity of the Iron Age Pazyryk Culture: Geographic Distributions of the Paternal and Maternal Lineages from the Ak-Alakha-1 Burial |journal=International Journal of Human Genetics |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.31901/24566330.2019/19.01.709 |issn=0972-3757|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Origin of Ugrians 2023" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peltola |first1=Sanni |last2=Majander |first2=Kerttu |last3=Makarov |first3=Nikolaj |last4=Dobrovolskaya |first4=Maria |last5=Nordqvist |first5=Kerkko |last6=Salmela |first6=Elina |last7=Onkamo |first7=Päivi |date=2023-01-09 |title=Genetic admixture and language shift in the medieval Volga-Oka interfluve |journal=Current Biology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=174–182.e10 |issn=0960-9822 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.036 |pmid=36513080 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023CBio...33E.174P }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal |last1=Kharkov |first1=V.N. |last2=Kolesnikov |first2=N.A. |last3=Valikhova |first3=L.V. |last4=Zarubin |first4=A.A. |last5=Svarovskaya |first5=M.G. |last6=Marusin |first6=A.V. |last7=Khitrinskaya |first7=I.Yu. |last8=Stepanov |first8=V.A. |date=March 2023 |title=Relationship of the gene pool of the Khants with the peoples of Western Siberia, Cis-Urals and the Altai-Sayan Region according to the data on the polymorphism of autosomic locus and the Y-chromosome |journal=Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=46–54 |doi=10.18699/VJGB-23-07 |issn=2500-0462 |pmid=36923476|pmc=10009483 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |last2=Yu |first2=He |last3=Radzevičiūtė |first3=Rita |last4=Kiryushin |first4=Yuriy F. |last5=Tishkin |first5=Alexey A. |last6=Frolov |first6=Yaroslav V. |last7=Stepanova |first7=Nadezhda F. |last8=Kiryushin |first8=Kirill Yu. |last9=Kungurov |first9=Artur L. |last10=Shnaider |first10=Svetlana V. |last11=Tur |first11=Svetlana S. |last12=Tiunov |first12=Mikhail P. |last13=Zubova |first13=Alisa V. |last14=Pevzner |first14=Maria |last15=Karimov |first15=Timur |date=2023-02-06 |title=Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia |journal=Current Biology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=423–433.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062 |pmid=36638796 |s2cid=255750546 |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023CBio...33E.423W }}</ref> This type of ancestry later dispersed along the [[Seima-Turbino phenomenon|Seima-Turbino route]] westwards. They may also stood in contact with other [[Ancient Northeast Asian]]s (partially linked to the ethnogenesis of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Mongolic peoples]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vidaković |first1=Nenad |title=From the Ethnic History of Asia – the Dōnghú, Wūhuán and Xiānbēi Proto-Mongolian Tribes |journal=Migracijske i etničke teme |date=30 April 2012 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=75–95 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/121385 |language=hr |issn=1333-2546 |quote=Other types of sources on the history of the Proto-Mongolian tribes are archaeological findings, which associate Mongolian ethnogenesis with slab grave cultures and the Lower Xiàjiādiàn.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Savelyev |first1=Alexander |last2=Jeong |first2=Choongwon |date=2020-05-07 |title=Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |volume=2 |pages=E20 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2020.18 |issn=2513-843X |pmc=7612788 |pmid=35663512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Choongwon |last2=Wang |first2=Ke |last3=Wilkin |first3=Shevan |last4=Taylor |first4=William Timothy Treal |last5=Miller |first5=Bryan K. |last6=Bemmann |first6=Jan H. |last7=Stahl |first7=Raphaela |last8=Chiovelli |first8=Chelsea |last9=Knolle |first9=Florian |last10=Ulziibayar |first10=Sodnom |last11=Khatanbaatar |first11=Dorjpurev |last12=Erdenebaatar |first12=Diimaajav |last13=Erdenebat |first13=Ulambayar |last14=Ochir |first14=Ayudai |last15=Ankhsanaa |first15=Ganbold |last16=Vanchigdash |first16=Chuluunkhuu |last17=Ochir |first17=Battuga |last18=Munkhbayar |first18=Chuluunbat |last19=Tumen |first19=Dashzeveg |last20=Kovalev |first20=Alexey |last21=Kradin |first21=Nikolay |last22=Bazarov |first22=Bilikto A. |last23=Miyagashev |first23=Denis A. |last24=Konovalov |first24=Prokopiy B. |last25=Zhambaltarova |first25=Elena |last26=Miller |first26=Alicia Ventresca |last27=Haak |first27=Wolfgang |last28=Schiffels |first28=Stephan |last29=Krause |first29=Johannes |last30=Boivin |first30=Nicole |last31=Erdene |first31=Myagmar |last32=Hendy |first32=Jessica |last33=Warinner |first33=Christina |title=A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe |journal=Cell |date=12 November 2020 |volume=183 |issue=4 |pages=890–904 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 |pmid=33157037 |pmc=7664836 |issn=0092-8674 |doi-access=free}}</ref>) and [[Western Steppe Herders]] (Indo-European). Modern Hungarians are however genetically rather distant from their closest linguistic relatives ([[Mansi people|Mansi]] and [[Khanty]]), and more similar to the neighbouring non-Uralic neighbors. Modern Hungarians share a small but significant "Inner Asian/Siberian" component with other Uralic-speaking populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tambets |first1=Kristiina |last2=Yunusbayev |first2=Bayazit |last3=Hudjashov |first3=Georgi |last4=Ilumäe |first4=Anne-Mai |last5=Rootsi |first5=Siiri |last6=Honkola |first6=Terhi |last7=Vesakoski |first7=Outi |last8=Atkinson |first8=Quentin |last9=Skoglund |first9=Pontus |last10=Kushniarevich |first10=Alena |last11=Litvinov |first11=Sergey |last12=Reidla |first12=Maere |last13=Metspalu |first13=Ene |last14=Saag |first14=Lehti |last15=Rantanen |first15=Timo |date=2018-09-21 |title=Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations |journal=Genome Biology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=139 |doi=10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1 |issn=1474-760X |pmc=6151024 |pmid=30241495 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The historical Hungarian conqueror YDNA variation had a higher affinity with modern day Bashkirs and [[Volga Tatars]] as well as to two specimens of the [[Pazyryk culture]], while their mtDNA has strong links to the populations of the [[Baraba steppe|Baraba region]], [[Inner Asia]], [[Eastern Europe]], [[Northern Europe]] and [[Central Asia]]. Modern Hungarians also display genetic affinity with historical [[Sintashta culture|Sintashta]] samples.<ref name="Fóthi 31">{{Cite journal |last1=Fóthi |first1=Erzsébet |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Angéla |last3=Fehér |first3=Tibor |last4=Gugora|first4=Ariana |last5=Fóthi |first5=Ábel |last6=Biró |first6=Orsolya |last7=Keyser |first7=Christine |date=14 January 2020 |title=Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0 |bibcode=2020ArAnS..12...31F |s2cid=210168662 |issn=1866-9565|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Gurkan-2019" />

Archeological mtDNA haplogroups show a similarity between Hungarians and Turkic-speaking Tatars and [[Bashkirs]], while another study found a link between the [[Mansi people|Mansi]] and Bashkirs, suggesting that the Bashkirs are a mixture of Turkic, Ugric and Indo-European contributions. The homeland of ancient Hungarians is around the [[Ural Mountains]], and the Hungarian affinities with the [[Karayakupovo culture|Karayakupovo]] culture is widely accepted among researchers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Post |first1=Helen |last2=Németh |first2=Endre |last3=Klima |first3=László |last4=Flores |first4=Rodrigo |last5=Fehér |first5=Tibor |last6=Türk |first6=Attila |last7=Székely |first7=Gábor |last8=Sahakyan |first8=Hovhannes |last9=Mondal |first9=Mayukh |last10=Montinaro |first10=Francesco |last11=Karmin |first11=Monika |date=24 May 2019 |title=Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=7786 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44272-6 |pmid=31127140 |pmc=6534673 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.7786P |issn=2045-2322}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Emily H.M. |date=2015 |title=Reconstructing genetic history of Siberian and Northeastern European populations |journal=Genome Research |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1101/gr.202945.115 |pmid=27965293 |pmc=5204334}}</ref> A full genome study found that the Bashkirs display, next to their high European ancestry, also affinity to both Uralic-speaking populations of Northern Asia, as well as Inner Asian Turkic groups, "pointing to a mismatch of their cultural background and genetic ancestry and an intricacy of the historic interface between Turkic and Uralic populations''".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Triska |first1=Petr |last2=Chekanov |first2=Nikolay |last3=Stepanov |first3=Vadim |last4=Khusnutdinova |first4=Elza K. |last5=Kumar |first5=Ganesh Prasad Arun |last6=Akhmetova |first6=Vita |last7=Babalyan |first7=Konstantin |last8=Boulygina |first8=Eugenia |last9=Kharkov |first9=Vladimir |last10=Gubina |first10=Marina |last11=Khidiyatova |first11=Irina |last12=Khitrinskaya |first12=Irina |last13=Khrameeva |first13=Ekaterina E. |last14=Khusainova |first14=Rita |last15=Konovalova |first15=Natalia |date=2017-12-28 |title=Between Lake Baikal and the Baltic Sea: genomic history of the gateway to Europe |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=110 |doi=10.1186/s12863-017-0578-3 |issn=1471-2156 |pmc=5751809 |pmid=29297395 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The homeland of the proto-Uralic peoples may have been close to Southern Siberia, among forest cultures in the Altai-Sayan region and may be linked to an ancestry maximized in the early [[Tarim mummies]]. The arrival of the Indo-European [[Afanasievo culture]] and Northeast Asian tribes may have caused the dispersal and expansion of proto-Uralic languages along the [[Seima-Turbino phenomenon|Seima-Turbino cultural area]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bjørn |first=Rasmus G. |date=2022 |title=Indo-European loanwords and exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia: Six new perspectives on prehistoric exchange in the Eastern Steppe Zone |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |language=en |volume=4 |pages=e23 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2022.16 |pmid=37599704 |pmc=10432883 |issn=2513-843X |s2cid=248358873}}</ref>

Neparáczki et al. argues, based on archeogenetic results, that the historical Hungarian Conquerors were mostly a mixture of Central Asian Steppe groups, Slavic, and Germanic tribes, and this composite people evolved between 400 and 1000 AD.<ref>Endre Neparacki, [http://doktori.bibl.u-szeged.hu/3794/1/Neparaczki_PhD.pdf A honfoglalók genetikai származásának és rokonsági viszonyainak vizsgálata archeogenetikai módszerekkel], ELTE TTK Biológia Doktori Iskola, 2017, pp. 61–65</ref><ref name="Genetic structure of the early Hung">{{cite journal |last1=Neparáczki |first1=Endre |last2=Juhász |first2=Zoltán |last3=Pamjav |first3=Horolma |last4=Fehér |first4=Tibor |last5=Csányi |first5=Bernadett |last6=Zink |first6=Albert |last7=Maixner |first7=Frank |last8=Pálfi |first8=György |last9=Molnár |first9=Erika |last10=Pap |first10=Ildikó |last11=Kustár |first11=Ágnes |date=February 2017 |title=Genetic structure of the early Hungarian conquerors inferred from mtDNA haplotypes and Y-chromosome haplogroups in a small cemetery |journal=Molecular Genetics and Genomics |volume=292 |issue=1 |pages=201–214 |doi=10.1007/s00438-016-1267-z |pmid=27803981 |last13=Raskó |first13=István |last14=Török |first14=Tibor |first12=László |last12=Révész |s2cid=4099313}}</ref> According to Neparáczki: "From all recent and archaic populations tested the [[Volga Tatars]] show the smallest genetic distance to the entire Conqueror population" and "a direct genetic relation of the Conquerors to [[Onogurs|Onogur]]-[[Bulgars|Bulgar]] ancestors of these groups is very feasible."<ref name="Neparaczki">{{cite journal |last1=Neparáczki |first1=Endre |last2=Maróti |first2=Zoltán |last3=Kalmár |first3=Tibor| last4=Kocsy |first4=Klaudia |last5=Maár |first5=Kitti |last6=Bihari |first6=Péter |last7=Nagy |first7=István |last8=Fóthi |first8=Erzsébet |last9=Pap |first9=Ildikó |last10=Kustár |first10=Ágnes |last11=Pálfi |first11=György |last12=Raskó |first12=István |last13=Zink |first13=Albert |last14=Török |first14=Tibor |editor-last=Caramelli |editor-first=David |title=Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians |journal=PLOS ONE |publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) |volume=13 |issue=10 |date=18 October 2018 |issn=1932-6203 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205920 |page=e0205920| pmid=30335830 |pmc=6193700 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305920N |biorxiv=10.1101/250688 |s2cid=90886641 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Genetic data found high affinity between Magyar conquerors, the historical [[Bulgars]], and modern day Turkic-speaking peoples in the Volga region, suggesting a possible language shifted from an Uralic (Ugric) to Turkic languages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Emily H.M. |date=2015 |title=Reconstructing genetic history of Siberian and Northeastern European populations |journal=Genome Research |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1101/gr.202945.115 |pmc=5204334 |pmid=27965293}}</ref>

[[Huns|Hunnish]] origin or influences on Hungarians and [[Székelys]] have always been a matter of debate among scholars. In [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], a legend developed based on medieval chronicles that the Hungarians, and the [[Székelys|Székely]] ethnic group in particular, are descended from the Huns. However, mainstream scholarship dismisses a close connection between the Hungarians and Huns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |title=The realm of St. Stephen: a history of medieval Hungary, 895 - 1526 |date=2001 |publisher=Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-061-2 |editor-last=Ayton |editor-first=Andrew |series=International library of historical studies |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=J . SZŰCS: THEORETICAL ELEMENTS IN MASTER SIMON OF KÉZA'S GESTA HUNGARORUM (1282-1285) |date=1999-01-01 |work=Gesta Hungarorum |pages=xxix–cii |publisher=Central European University Press |doi=10.1515/9789633865699-005 |isbn=978-963-386-569-9|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maenchen-Helfen |first=Otto J. |editor-first1=Max |editor-last1=Knight |date=1973-12-31 |title=The World of the Huns |journal=University of California Press |pages=386 |doi=10.1525/9780520310773 |isbn=9780520310773 }}</ref> A genetic study published in ''[[Scientific Reports]]'' in November 2019 led by Neparáczki Endre had examined the remains of three males from three separate 5th century Hunnic cemeteries in the [[Pannonian Basin]]. They were found to be carrying the paternal haplogroups [[Haplogroup Q-M242|Q1a2]], [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b1a1b1a1a1]] and [[Haplogroup R1a#R1a1a1b2 (R-Z93) (Asia)|R1a1a1b2a2]]. In modern Europe, [[Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)|Q1a2]] is rare and has its highest frequency among the [[Székelys]]. It is believed that conquering Magyars may have absorbed Avar, Hunnish and Xiongnu influences.<ref>{{harvnb|Keyser et al. |2020|pp=1, 8–9}}. "[O]ur findings confirmed that the Xiongnu had a strongly admixed mitochondrial and Y-chromosome gene pools and revealed a significant western component in the Xiongnu group studied.... [W]e propose Scytho-Siberians as ancestors of the Xiongnu and Huns as their descendants... [E]ast Eurasian R1a subclades R1a1a1b2a-Z94 and R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124 were a common element of the Hun, Avar and Hungarian Conqueror elite and very likely belonged to the branch that was observed in our Xiongnu samples. Moreover, haplogroups Q1a and N1a were also major components of these nomadic groups, reinforcing the view that Huns (and thus Avars and Hungarian invaders) might derive from the Xiongnu as was proposed until the eighteenth century but strongly disputed since... Some Xiongnu paternal and maternal haplotypes could be found in the gene pool of the Huns, the Avars, as well as Mongolian and Hungarian conquerors."</ref>

=== Paternal haplogroups ===
Hungarian males possess a high frequency of haplogroup R1a-Z280 and a low frequency of haplogroup N-Tat, which is uncommon among most Uralic-speaking populations. Historical Magyar conquerors had around ~37.5% [[Haplogroup N-M231]], as well as lower frequency of [[Haplogroup C-M217]] at 6.25% with the remainder being [[Haplogroup R1a]] and [[Haplogroup Q-M242]].<ref name="Fóthi 31"/> An analysis of Bashkir samples from the [[Burzyansky District|Burzyansky]] and [[Abzelilovsky District|Abzelilovsky]] districts of the Republic of [[Bashkortostan]] in the [[Idel-Ural|Volga-Ural]] region, revealed them to belong to the R1a subclade [[R1a-SUR51]], which is shared in significant amounts with the historical Magyars and the royal Hungarian lineage, and representing the closest kin to the Hungarian [[Árpád dynasty]], whose ancestry is traced to 4500 years ago, in modern day Northern [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="Nagy20">{{Citation |last1=Nagy |first1=P.L. |title=Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third |date=2020 |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=164–172 |doi=10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z |pmc=7809292 |pmid=32636469 |display-authors=etal |last2=Olasz |first2=J. |last3=Neparáczki |first3=E. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=R-SUR51 Y-DNA Haplogroup |url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/R-SUR51/ |website=YFull}}</ref> In turn, R1a-SUR51's ancestral subclades R1a-Y2632 are found among the [[Saka]] population of the [[Tien Shan]], date: 427-422 BC.<ref>Sample DA129 ERS2374372 Nomad_IA Tian Shan; R1a-Y2632 [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41431-020-0683-z 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes]</ref> In the case of the Southern Mansi males, the most frequent haplogroups were N1b-P43 (33%), N1c-L1034 (28%) and R1a-Z280 (19%). The Konda Mansi population shared common haplotypes within haplogroups R1a-Z280 or N-M46 with Hungarian speakers, which may suggest that the Hungarians were in contact with the Mansi people during their migration to the Carpathian Basin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pamjav |first1=H |last2=Dudás |first2=E |last3=Krizsán |first3=K |last4=Galambos |first4=A |date=December 2019 |title=A Y-chromosomal study of mansi population from konda River Basin in Ural |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=602–603 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.10.106 |s2cid=208581616 |issn=1875-1768|doi-access=free }}</ref>

According to a study by Pamjav, the Hungarian area of [[Borsod–Abaúj–Zemplén County|Bodrogköz]] which is suggested to be a population isolate, found R1a-M458 (20.4%), I2a1-P37 (19%), R1a-Z280 (14.3%), and E1b-M78 (10.2%). Various R1b-M343 subgroups accounted for 15% of the Bodrogköz population. Haplogroup N1c-Tat covered 6.2% of the lineages, but most of it belonged to the N1c-VL29 subgroup, which is more frequent among [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] speaking than Finno-Ugric speaking peoples. Other haplogroups had frequencies of less than 5%.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pamjav |first1=Horolma |last2=Fóthi |first2=Á. |last3=Fehér |first3=T. |last4=Fóthi |first4=Erzsébet |title=A study of the Bodrogköz population in north-eastern Hungary by Y chromosomal haplotypes and haplogroups |journal=Molecular Genetics and Genomics |date=1 August 2017 |volume=292 |issue=4 |pages=883–894 |doi=10.1007/s00438-017-1319-z |pmid=28409264 |s2cid=10107799 }}</ref> Among 100 Hungarian men, 90 of whom from the [[Great Hungarian Plain]], (including [[Cuman]] descendants from [[Kunság]] region) the following haplogroups and frequencies are obtained: 30% R1a, 15% R1b, 13% I2a1, 13% J2, 9% E1b1b1a, 8% I1, 3% G2, 3% J1, 3% I*, 1% E*, 1% F*, 1% K*. The 97 [[Székelys]] belong to the following haplogroups: 20% R1b, 19% R1a, 17% I1, 11% J2, 10% J1, 8% E1b1b1a, 5% I2a1, 5% G2, 3% P*, 1% E*, 1% N.<ref name="Csányi et al 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Csányi |first1=B. |last2=Bogácsi-Szabó |first2=E. |last3=Tömöry |first3=Gy. |last4=Czibula |first4=Á. |last5=Priskin |first5=K. |last6=Csõsz |first6=A. |last7=Mende |first7=B. |last8=Langó |first8=P. |last9=Csete |first9=K. |last10=Zsolnai |first10=A. |last11=Conant |first11=E. K. |date=July 2008 |title=Y-Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian-Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=519–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x |pmid=18373723 |last13=Raskó |first13=I. |first12=C. S. |last12=Downes|s2cid=13217908}}</ref> It can be inferred that Szekelys have more significant German admixture. A study sampling 45 [[Palóc]] from Budapest and northern Hungary, found 60% R1a, 13% R1b, 11% I, 9% E, 2% G, 2% J2.<ref>Semino 2000 et al{{full citation needed|date=January 2021}}</ref> A study estimating possible Inner Asian admixture among nearly 500 Hungarians based on paternal lineages only, estimated it at 5.1% in Hungary, at 7.4 in [[Székelys]] and at 6.3% at [[Csángós]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bíró |first1=András |last2=Fehér |first2=Tibor |last3=Bárány |first3=Gusztáv |last4=Pamjav |first4=Horolma |title=Testing Central and Inner Asian admixture among contemporary Hungarians |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |date=March 2015 |volume=15 |pages=121–126 |pmid=25468443 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.11.007}}</ref>

=== Autosomal DNA ===
Modern Hungarians show relative close affinity to surrounding populations, but harbour a small "Siberian" component associated with Khanty/Mansi, as well as the Nganasan people, and argued to have arrived with the historical Magyars. Modern Hungarians formed from several historical population groupings, including the historical Magyars, assimilated Slavic and Germanic groups, as well as Central Asian Steppe tribes (presumably Turkic and Iranian tribes).<ref name="Fóthi 31"/><ref name="Maróti 2022.01.19.476915">{{Cite bioRxiv |last1=Maróti |first1=Zoltán |last2=Neparáczki |first2=Endre |last3=Schütz |first3=Oszkár |last4=Maár |first4=Kitti |last5=Varga |first5=Gergely I. B. |last6=Kovács |first6=Bence |last7=Kalmár |first7=Tibor |last8=Nyerki |first8=Emil |last9=Nagy |first9=István |last10=Latinovics |first10=Dóra |last11=Tihanyi |first11=Balázs |date=20 January 2022 |title=Whole genome analysis sheds light on the genetic origin of Huns, Avars and conquering Hungarians |language=en |biorxiv=10.1101/2022.01.19.476915}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Fan |last2=Ning |first2=Chao |last3=Scott |first3=Ashley |last4=Fu |first4=Qiaomei |last5=Bjørn |first5=Rasmus |last6=Li |first6=Wenying |last7=Wei |first7=Dong |last8=Wang |first8=Wenjun |last9=Fan |first9=Linyuan |last10=Abuduresule |first10=Idilisi |last11=Hu |first11=Xingjun |last12=Ruan |first12=Qiurong |last13=Niyazi |first13=Alipujiang |last14=Dong |first14=Guanghui |last15=Cao |first15=Peng |date=2021 |title=The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies |journal=Nature |volume=599 |issue=7884 |pages=256–261 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8580821 |pmid=34707286 |bibcode=2021Natur.599..256Z}}</ref><ref name="Origin of Ugrians 2023"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/>

The historical Magyar genome corresponds largely with the modern [[Bashkirs]], and can be modeled as ~50% Khanty/Mansi-like, ~35% [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian-like]], and ~15% [[Huns|Hun/Xiongnu-like]]. The admixture event is suggested to have taken place in the Southern Ural region at 643–431 BCE. Modern Hungarians were found to be admixed descendants of the historical Magyar conquerors with local Europeans, as 31 Hungarian samples could be modelled as two-way admixtures of "Conq_Asia_Core" and "EU_Core" in varying degrees. <ref name="Fóthi 31" /><ref name="Maróti 2022.01.19.476915" />

=== Other influences ===

Besides the various peoples mentioned above, the Magyars were later influenced by other populations in the Carpathian Basin. Among these are the [[Cumans]], [[Pechenegs]], [[Jasz people|Jazones]], [[West Slavs]], [[Germans]] (more specifically [[Germans of Hungary|Hungarian Germans]] but also [[Transylvanian Saxons]] or other ethnic German minorities in the former Kingdom of Hungary or in [[History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe|Central and Eastern Europe]] such as the [[Zipser Germans]], and [[Vlachs]] ([[Romanians]]).

[[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], who occupied the central part of Hungary from {{circa}} 1526 until {{circa|lk=no}} 1699, inevitably exerted an influence, as did the various nations (Germans/[[Banat Swabians]], Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, and others) that resettled the depopulated central and southern territories of the kingdom (roughly present-day South Hungary, [[Vojvodina]] in Serbia and [[Banat]] in Romania) after their departure. Similar to other European countries, [[Armenians|Armenian]], and [[Romani people|Roma]] ethnic minorities have been living in Hungary since the Middle Ages. Jews have been living in Hungary since the Roman era, as the archeological evidence of Jewish gravestones dating from this period demonstrates.

==Diaspora==
{{Main|Hungarian diaspora}}
[[File:Hungarian people in the world.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Hungarian diaspora in the world (includes people with Hungarian ancestry or citizenship). 
{{Legend|#000000|Hungary}}
{{Legend|#024730|+ 1,000,000}}
{{Legend|#007050|+ 100,000}}
{{Legend|#05C182|+ 10,000}}
{{Legend|#99F2C7|+ 1,000}}]]
Hungarian diaspora (Magyar diaspora) is a term that encompasses the total ethnic Hungarian population located outside of current-day Hungary.
{{Gallery
|title=Maps of the Hungarian diaspora
|width=160 | height=160
|align=center
|File:Romániai magyarok a 2021-es népszámlálás alapján.png
|[[Hungarian minority in Romania|Hungarians in Romania]] (according to the 2021 census)
|File:Vojvodina_-_Udeo_Madjara_po_naseljima_2002.gif
|[[Hungarians in Serbia|Hungarians in Vojvodina, Serbia]] (according to the 2002 census)
|File:Slovakia_2011_Language.png
|[[Hungarians in Slovakia]] (according to the 2011 census)
|File:Zakarpat2001languages.PNG
|[[Hungarians in Ukraine]] (according to the 2001 census)
|File:Percentage_of_Americans_claiming_Hungarian_Ancestry_by_state_in_2018.png
|[[Hungarian Americans|Hungarians in the United States]] (according to the 2018 census)
|File:Hungarians_in_eastern_Croatia.jpg
|[[Hungarians of Croatia]] (according to the 2011 census)
|File:Hungarian population relative to total Hungarian population in Germany 2021.svg
|[[Hungarians in Germany]] (according to the 2021 census)
}}

== Maps ==
{{Disputed map|date=June 2024|section|talkpage=Talk:History of Transylvania#POV map}}
<gallery widths=150>
File:Ethnic map of 11th century.jpg|Kniezsa's (1938) view on the ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century, based on [[Toponymy|toponyms]]. Kniezsa's view has been criticized by many scholars, because of its non-compliance with later archaeological and onomastics research, but his map is still regularly cited in modern reliable sources. One of the most prominent critics of this map was [[Emil Petrovici]].<ref>Ethnic Continuity in the Carpatho-Danubian Area, Elemér Illyés</ref>
File:Kingdom of Hungary - Ethnic Map - 1495.jpg|Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1495 by the [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]] (Hungarians are depicted in orange)
File:Redmap.jpg|The "Red Map",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailynewshungary.com/browse-hungarys-detailed-ethnographical-map-made-treaty-trianon-online/|date=9 May 2017|website=dailynewshungary.com|title=Browse Hungary's detailed ethnographic map made for the Treaty of Trianon online}}</ref> based on the 1910 census. Regions with population density below {{cvt|20|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|disp=preunit|persons}}<ref>Spatiul istoric si etnic romanesc, Editura Militara, Bucuresti, 1992</ref> are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. Red colour to mark Hungarians and light purple colour to mark Romanians.
File:Ethnic Map of Hungary 1910 with Counties.png|Map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1910, based on the Hungarian census of the same year. Hungarians are marked in dark green.
File:MagyarsOutsideHungary.png|Ethnic map depicting the contemporary ethnic distribution of Hungarians across the [[Pannonian Basin]] (also known and referred to as the ''Carpathian Basin''). Legend: {{legend|green|Hungary proper where Hungarians are the ethnic majority people}}{{legend|#90EE90|Regions outside Hungary where there are notable ethnic Hungarian minorities}}
</gallery>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Hungary}}
The culture of Hungary shows distinctive elements, incorporating local European elements and minor Central Asian/Steppe derived traditions, such as [[Horse culture]] and [[Shamanistic remnants in Hungarian folklore]].

==Traditional costumes (18th and 19th century)==
<gallery widths=150 heights=150>

File:Bikkessy Heinbucher Kunsági paraszt.jpg
File:Vidéky Károly Bács vármegyei parasztok.jpg
File:Franz Jaschke Szolnok és Veszprém megyei parasztok.jpg
File:Klimkovics Ferenc Kalotaszegi népviselet Erdélyben.jpg
File:Bikkessy Heinbucher Felső-magyarországi szénás paraszt.jpg
File:Bikkessy Heinbucher Táncoló magyarok.jpg
File:Medve Imre Az ivó.jpg
File:Nyulassy Lajos Érsekújvári köznép ruházata.jpg
File:Torockói_Népviselet.jpg
File:Egervidéki_lakosok.jpg
File:Hungarian_cattle_guard_costume.jpg
File:Palóc_népviselet.jpg
</gallery>

==Folklore and communities==
<gallery>

File:Néptánccoport saját kép.jpg|Hungarians dressed in folk costumes in [[Southern Transdanubia]], [[Hungary]]
File:Voivodina_Hungarians_women's_national_costume.png|[[Hungarians in Vojvodina|Vojvodina Hungarians]] women's national costume
File:Pünkösdi pompa Körösfőn.jpg|[[Kalotaszeg]] folk costume in [[Transylvania]], [[Romania]]
File:Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg|The Hungarian [[Puszta]]
File:Turul_buda_castle1.jpg|The [[Turul]], the mythical bird of Hungary
File:2013.09.09 Balaton (3).JPG|Welcome sign in Latin and in [[Old Hungarian script]] for the town of [[Vonyarcvashegy]], Hungary
File:National costume and dance Csárdás.jpg|[[Csárdás]] folk dance in [[Skorenovac]] (Székelykeve), Vojvodina, [[Serbia]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hungary}}
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Central Europe]]
* [[Demographics of Hungary]]
* [[List of Hungarians]]
* [[List of people of Hungarian origin]]
* [[Ugric languages]]
* [[Khanty people]]
* [[Mansi people]]
* [[Eastern Magyars]]
* [[Magyarab people]]
* [[Jász people]]
* [[Székelys of Bukovina]]
* [[Kunság]]
* [[Pole, Hungarian, two good friends]]
* [[Hungarian mythology]]
* [[Hunor and Magor]]
* [[Shamanistic remnants in Hungarian folklore]]
* [[List of domesticated animals from Hungary]]
* [[Hungarian Americans]]
* [[Hungarian cuisine]]
* [[Hungarian culture]]
* [[Romani people in Hungary]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal |last1=Keyser |first1=Christine |last2=Zvénigorosky |first2=Vincent |display-authors=1 |date=July 30, 2020 |title=Genetic evidence suggests a sense of family, parity and conquest in the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-020-02209-4 |access-date=September 29, 2020 |journal=[[Human Genetics (journal)|Human Genetics]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |volume=557 |issue=7705 |pages=369–373 |doi=10.1007/s00439-020-02209-4 |pmid=32734383 |s2cid=220881540 |ref={{harvid|Keyser et al.|2020}} |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book
|last=Molnar
|first=Miklos
|title=A Concise History of Hungary
|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00moln
|url-access=registration
|edition = Fifth printing 2008
|series = Cambridge Concise Histories
|year=2001
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom
|isbn=978-0-521-66736-4
}}
* Korai Magyar Történeti Lexicon (9–14. század) (Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th Centuries)) Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó; 753. {{ISBN|963-05-6722-9}}.
* [[Károly Kocsis]] ([[DSc]], [[University of Miskolc]]) – Zsolt Bottlik (PhD, [[Budapest University]]) – Patrik Tátrai: Etnikai térfolyamatok a Kárpát-medence határon túli régióiban + CD (for detailed data), Magyar Tudományos Akadémia ([[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]) – Földrajtudományi Kutatóintézet (Academy of Geographical Studies); Budapest; 2006.; {{ISBN|963-9545-10-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Lendvai |first=Paul |translator-last=Major |translator-first=Ann |title=The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat |date=2003 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400851522 |url=https://archive.org/details/hungarians00paul }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Neparáczki |first1=Endre |last2=Maróti |first2=Zoltán |display-authors=1 |date=November 12, 2019 |title=Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=9 |issue=16569 |page= 16569|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5 |pmc=6851379 |pmid=31719606 |bibcode=2019NatSR...916569N |ref={{harvid|Neparáczki et al.|2019}}}}
*{{cite book |first=Jenő |last=Szűcs |author-link=Jenő Szűcs |chapter=Theoretical Elements in Master Simon of Kéza's ''Gesta Hungarorum'' (1282–1285) |pages=xxix–cii |publisher=Central European University Press |year=1999 |editor2=Frank Schaer |editor1=László Veszprémy |title=Simon of Kéza: Deeds of the Hungarians}}
{{CCBYSASource|sourcepath=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.10.106|sourcearticle=A Y-chromosomal study of mansi population from konda River Basin in Ural|revision=1165059954|authors(s)=H Pamjav, E Dudás, K Krizsán, A Galambos}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hungarians}}
* [http://mek.oszk.hu/01900/01993/html/index1.html Origins of the Hungarians from the Enciklopédia Humana (with many maps and pictures)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060923150528/http://www.htmh.hu/021_terkepek/text027/doc_upload/hatterk.gif Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061006093642/http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/About_Coe/Member_states/e_ho.asp#TopOfPage Hungary and the Council of Europe]
* [http://www.fsz.bme.hu/hungary/facts.html Facts about Hungary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822111053/http://www.fsz.bme.hu/hungary/facts.html |date=22 August 2013 }}
* [http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/250.gif Hungarians outside Hungary – Map]

'''Genetic studies'''
* [http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v8/n5/abs/5200468a.html MtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms in Hungary: inferences from the Palaeolithic, Neolithic and Uralic influences on the modern Hungarian gene pool]
* {{cite journal |last1=Guglielmino |first1=CR |last2=De Silvestri |first2=A |last3=Beres |first3=J |title=Probable ancestors of Hungarian ethnic groups: an admixture analysis. |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=March 2000 |volume=64 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=145–59 |doi=10.1017/S0003480000008010 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |pmid=11246468}}
* [http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/IJHG/IJHG-06-0-000-000-2006-Web/IJHG-06-3-177-280-2006-Abst-PDF/IJHG-06-3-177-183-2006-263-Decsey-K/IJHG-06-3-177-183-2006-263-Decsey-K-Text.PDF Human Chromosomal Polymorphism in a Hungarian Sample]
* [http://www.matud.iif.hu/08okt/02.html Hungarian genetics researches 2008–2009] {{in lang|hu}}

{{Hungary topics}}
{{Uralic peoples}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hungarians| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Hungary]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Austria]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Romania]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Serbia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Slovakia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Vojvodina]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]
[[Category:Ugric peoples]]