wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Trochetiopsis ebenus

2024-02-20T02:13:14Z

68.161.87.166:

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Trochetiopsis ebenus.jpg
|status = CR
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Lambdon, P.W. |author2=Ellick, S. |date=2016 |title=''Trochetiopsis ebenus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T37855A67371855 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T37855A67371855.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Trochetiopsis
|species = ebenus
|authority = [[Quentin Cronk|Cronk]]
}}

'''''Trochetiopsis ebenus''''', the '''dwarf ebony''' or '''Saint Helena ebony''', is a species of [[flowering plant]] that is endemic to the island of [[Saint Helena]] in the southern Atlantic Ocean. It is not related to the ebony of commerce (''[[Diospyros]]'' spp.), but is instead a member of the mallow family, [[Malvaceae]]. Saint Helena ebony is now critically endangered in the wild, being reduced to two wild individuals on a cliff, but old roots are sometimes found washed out of eroding slopes (relicts of its former abundance). These are collected on the island and used for inlay work, an important craft on Saint Helena. A related species, ''[[Trochetiopsis melanoxylon]]'', is now completely extinct.

It can be propagated from cuttings, and many island gardens now boast a fine ebony bush. It is related to the Saint Helena redwood (''[[Trochetiopsis erythroxylon]]''), and a hybrid between them (''Trochetiopsis × benjamini'') is also now often planted. ''Trochetiopsis ebenus'' has [[staminodes]] that are dark maroon or "black".

==See also==
* [[Flora of Saint Helena]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Cronk, Q.C.B. (1995) The endemic Flora of St Helena. Anthony Nelson Ltd., Oswestry.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070315094327/http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/plants/islandplants/sthelenaebony.html St Helena Ebony (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)]

<gallery>
File:Trochetiopsis ebenus in Cambridge University Botanical Gardens, 2009.jpg|[[Cambridge University Botanic Garden]]
Image:Trochetiopsis ebenus 2.jpg|Seed pod
Image:Trochetiopsis ebenus 3.jpg
</gallery>

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5491707}}

[[Category:Trochetiopsis|ebenus]]
[[Category:Flora of Saint Helena]]
[[Category:Critically endangered flora of Africa]]

{{SaintHelena-stub}}
{{Malvaceae-stub}}

Saint Helena earwig

2024-02-15T13:39:36Z

68.161.87.166: /* Conservation status */

{{Short description|Extinct species of earwig}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Saint Helena earwig
| fossil_range = [[Eocene]] To 1967 [[Common Era|C.E.]]<ref name=Zeuner1962/>
| image = Labidura herculeana.jpg
| image_caption = Preserved specimen in the [[Museum of Saint Helena]], [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]], with dislocated posterior
| image_upright = 0.5
| status = EX
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{Cite journal | author = D. Pryce | author2 = L. White | name-list-style=amp | title = ''Labidura herculeana'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2014 | page = e.T11073A21425735 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2014 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T11073A21425735.en | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| extinct = 1967
| genus = Labidura
| species = herculeana
| authority = ([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1798)
| synonyms = ''Labidura loveridgei'' {{small|Zeuner, 1962}}
| range_map = LocationSaintHelena.png
| range_map_caption = Location of [[Saint Helena]]
}}

The '''Saint Helena earwig''' or '''Saint Helena giant earwig''' ('''''Labidura herculeana''''') is an extinct [[species]]<ref name="IUCN"/> of very large [[earwig]] [[endemism|endemic]] to the [[oceanic island]] of [[Saint Helena]] in the south [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>{{cite book |date=2003 |title=Insects and Spiders of the World |chapter=Giant earwig |volume=4 |isbn=0-7614-7338-6 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |location=Tarrytown, NY |page=[https://archive.org/details/insectsspidersof0011unse/page/236 236] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1JKtfKgKeUC&pg=PA236 |url=https://archive.org/details/insectsspidersof0011unse/page/236 }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Labidura herculeana restoration.jpg|left|thumb|Comparison of the male (top), and female]]
Growing as large as {{convert|84|mm|abbr=on}} long (including forceps), the Saint Helena earwig was the world's largest earwig. It was shiny black with reddish legs, short [[elytron|elytra]] and no hind wings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labidura |work=St Helena and Ascension Island Natural History |url=http://www.kidstonmill.org.uk/Labidura.htm |access-date=5 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717014815/http://www.kidstonmill.org.uk/Labidura.htm |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Distribution and ecology==
The earwig was endemic to Saint Helena, being found on the Horse Point Plain, [[Prosperous Bay Plain]], and the Eastern Arid Area of the island. It was known to have lived in plain areas, [[Commidendrum|gumwood]] forests and [[seabird colony|seabird colonies]] in rocky places. The earwig inhabited deep burrows, coming out only at night following rain. Dave Clark of the [[London Zoo]] said that "the females make extremely good mothers".<ref name="Financial Post">{{cite news |last=Worthington |first=P. |year=1988 |title=Over there, the topics ring all sorts of bells |publisher=[[Financial Post]] |page=14}}</ref> Known from subfossils remains, [[Saint Helena hoopoe|Saint Helena giant hoopoe]] could have been a predator of this earwig.<ref>
{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=40sxDwAAQBAJ&dq=hoopoe+earwig+Helena&pg=PA242
| title = Extinct Birds
| publisher = Christopher Helm
| date = 2017
| access-date = 2022-08-20
| page = 242
| author = Julian P. Hume
| isbn = 9781472937469
}}</ref>

==History==
The Saint Helena earwig was first discovered by Danish entomologist [[Johan Christian Fabricius]], who named it ''Labidura herculeana'' in 1798. It later became confused with the smaller and more familiar shore earwig ''[[Labidura riparia]]'', was demoted to a [[subspecies]] of that species in 1904, and received little attention from science.<ref name="IUCN"/> It was all but forgotten until it was rediscovered in 1962 when two [[ornithologist]]s, Douglas Dorward and [[Philip Ashmole]], found some enormous dry tail pincers while searching for bird bones. They were given to zoologist [[Arthur Loveridge]], who confirmed they belonged to a huge earwig. The remains were forwarded to F. E. Zeuner, who named it as a new species, ''Labidura loveridgei''.<ref name=Zeuner1962>Zeuner, F. E. (1962). A subfossil giant Dermapteron from St. Helena. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 138: 651-653.</ref>

In 1965, entomologists found live specimens in burrows under boulders in Horse Point Plain. While they were thought to be a separate species, ''L. loveridgei'', once examined, they were found to be the same as ''L. herculeana'', and this was reinstated as their official scientific name (''L. loveridgei'' became a [[junior synonym]]). Other searches since the 1960s have not succeeded in finding the earwig.<ref name="IUCN"/><ref name="Lost Ark">{{cite book |last=Shuker |first=Karl |year=1993 |title=The Lost Ark |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=0002199432 |pages=235–236}}</ref> It was allegedly last seen alive in 1967.<ref name="IUCN"/>

On 4 January 1982, the Saint Helena Philatelic Bureau issued a commemorative stamp depicting the earwig, which brought attention to its conservation.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Benson |editor1-first=Sonia |editor2-last=Nagel |editor2-first=Rob |year=2004 |title=Arachnids, Birds, Crustaceans, Insects, and Mollusks |chapter=Earwig, Saint Helena Giant |series=Endangered Species |edition=2nd |volume=2 |location=Detroit |publisher=UXL |isbn=9780787676209 |pages=482–483}}</ref> In the spring of 1988, a two-man search called Project Hercules was launched by [[London Zoo]], but was unsuccessful.<ref name="Lost Ark"/> In April 1995 another specimen of earwig remains was found. It proved that the earwigs not only lived in gumwood forests but, before breeding seabirds were wiped out by introduced predators, they also lived in [[seabird colony|seabird colonies]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Invertebrates of Prosperous Bay Plain, St Helena: a survey |work=St Helena and Ascension Island Natural History |url=http://www.kidstonmill.org.uk/docs/PBP%20Invertebrate%20Report%20Text%20only.doc |format=DOC |access-date=5 February 2011 }}</ref>

In 2005 Howard Mendel from the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] conducted a search with Philip and Myrtle Ashmole, to no avail.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=The Hourglass|title=Spotlight on Extinction: The St Helena Earwig|author=Chris Gower|page=11|issue=4|date=January 2020}}</ref>

In 2023 British [[arachnologist]] Danniella Sherwood, with support from Saint Helenian colleagues from the government of [[Saint Helena]] and the [[Saint Helena National Trust]], negotiated the donation and repatriation of a giant earwig specimen from the [[Royal Museum for Central Africa]] to [[Saint Helena]], so that the island could have an intact specimen in their museum. The specimen arrived at the Museum of Saint Helena later the same year.<ref>{{cite news |title=St Helena Giant Earwig (Labidura herculeana) specimen returns to St Helena |work=The Sentinel|url=http://www.sams.sh/images/sentinel/Sentinel_230518.pdf|format=PDF|access-date=22 August 2023 }}</ref>

==Conservation status==
The earwig has not been seen alive since 1967, despite searches for it in 1988, 1993, 2003 and 2005. It is possibly extinct due to habitat loss, "by the removal of nearly all surface stones.. ... for construction", as well as [[predation]] by introduced [[rodent]]s, [[mantis|mantids]], and [[centipedes]] (''[[Scolopendra morsitans]]''). In 2014, the IUCN changed their assessment of ''L. herculeana'' on the [[IUCN Red List]] from ''[[Critically Endangered]]'' to ''[[Extinct]]''.<ref name="IUCN"/>

==See also==
* [[Island gigantism]]
* [[List of largest insects]]
* [[List of recently extinct insects]]

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Labidura herculeana}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Labidura herculeana}}
* [http://www.earwigs-online.de/Lherculeana/Lherculeana.html The Giant Earwig of St. Helena – The Dodo of the Dermaptera]
* [http://www.sundayindependent.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=1042&fArticleId=3012023 "It's giant earwigs versus aircraft on remote St Helena"]
* [https://archive.today/20070629055833/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/the-giant-earwig-that-could-bring-a-country-to-a-standstill-517112.html "The giant earwig that could bring a country to a standstill"]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1040496}}

[[Category:Earwigs]]
[[Category:Insects of Saint Helena Island]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1798]]
[[Category:Extinct insects since 1500]]

Fildes Peninsula

2024-01-20T15:57:52Z

68.161.87.166: /* Antarctic specially protected area */

{{Short description|Antarctic Specially Protected Area}}
[[File:King George Island map-en.svg|thumb|right|300px|The peninsula lies at the south-western end of King George Island and is the site of several [[Research stations in Antarctica|research stations]].]]
[[File:Fildes Bay King George Island.jpg|thumb|right|300px|View of the peninsula from Maxwell Bay]]
[[File:Base artigs.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Uruguay's Artigas Bass on Maxwell Bay near the eastern end of the peninsula]]

The '''Fildes Peninsula''' is a {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} long peninsula that forms the south-western end of [[King George Island (South Shetland Islands)|King George Island]] in the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]]. It was named from association with nearby [[Fildes Strait]] by the [[UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee]] in 1960; the strait was likely named for [[Robert Fildes]], a British sealer of the 1800s.<ref name="gnis-FS">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4900|name=Fildes Strait|access-date=2012-03-22}}</ref>

==Description==
The peninsula is the most extensively snow-free coastal area in summer on the island, most of which is permanently covered by ice. Its southeastern end is a point called Halfthree Point. It was charted and named by [[Discovery Investigations]] personnel on the ''[[RRS Discovery II|Discovery II]]'' in 1935.<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6237|name=Halfthree Point|access-date=2012-05-16}}</ref> It is part of the Fildes Peninsula [[Antarctic Specially Protected Area]] (ASPA 125), designated as such because of its [[Paleontology|paleontological]] values.<ref name="ats" />

It is separated at its tip from [[Nelson Island (South Shetland Islands)|Nelson Island]] by Fildes Strait, only 370 m wide at its narrowest. It is bounded on its south-east coast by [[Maxwell Bay (Antarctica)|Maxwell Bay]], which is also known as Fildes Bay, and on its north-west by the open waters of the [[Southern Ocean]]. Geologically, the peninsula is a tableland made up of old coastal landforms, with numerous rocky outcrops and an average height of 30 m above sea level.<ref name="ats" /> Research stations on the peninsula include [[Chile]]’s [[Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva]] and [[Profesor Julio Escudero Base]], [[China]]’s [[Antarctic Great Wall Station|Great Wall Station]], [[Russia]]’s [[Bellingshausen Station]] and [[Uruguay]]’s [[Artigas Base]].

Running E-W between Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, and Nelson Island, was known to the nineteenth-century sealers; charted and named Filde's [sic] Strait or Sound by Capt. Robert Fildes, English sealing captain from Liverpool, who visited the South Shetland Islands in the brig Cora, 1820–21, and in the brig Robert, 1821–22, and who prepared the first comprehensive sailing directions for the islands (Fildes, 1821c).

==Antarctic specially protected area==
Eight separate sites on the peninsula have been collectively designated an [[Antarctic Specially Protected Area]] (ASPA 125), largely because of their [[paleontology|paleontological]] values. The area contains outcrops with [[fossil]]s dating from the [[Late Cretaceous]] to the [[Eocene]], including [[ichnite|footprints]] of both vertebrate and invertebrate animals, as well as plant fossils with impressions of leaves and fronds, trunks, and pollen grains and spores. Sites comprising the ASPA are Fossil Hill, Holz Stream, Glacier Dome Bellingshausen, Halfthree Point, [[Suffield Point]], Fossil Point, Gradzinski Cove and Skua Cove.<ref name=ats>{{cite web |url= http://www.ats.aq/documents/recatt/Att424_e.pdf|title= Fildes Peninsula, King George Island |access-date=2013-09-29 |work=Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 125: Measure 6, Annex|publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat |year=2009}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Clement Hill (Antarctica)|Clement Hill]]
*[[Eddy Point]]
*[[Saunders Valley]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Antarctic Specially Protected Areas}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|62|12|S|58|58|W|source:ATS|display=title}}

[[Category:Antarctic Specially Protected Areas]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of King George Island (South Shetland Islands)]]
[[Category:Paleontological sites of Antarctica]]

{{KingGeorgeIslandAQ-geo-stub}}

Moon Bay

2023-12-22T03:58:52Z

68.161.87.166:

{{short description|Bay on Livingston Island, Antarctica}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Moon Bay

| image = Huron.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Moon Bay from [[Camp Academia]], with [[Half Moon Island]] and [[Greenwich Island]] in the background

| location = [[Livingston Island]], [[South Shetland Islands]], Antarctica
| group =
| coordinates = {{Coord|62|35|S|60|0|W|source:GNIS}}
| type =
| etymology =
| part_of =
| inflow =
| rivers =
| outflow =
| oceans =
| catchment = 
| basin_countries =
| agency =
| designation =
| date-built = 
| engineer =
| date-flooded = 
| length = 
| width = {{Convert|7|nmi|km}}
| area = 
| depth = 
| max-depth = 
| volume = 
| salinity =
| shore = 
| elevation = 

| islands = [[Half Moon Island]]
| islands_category =

| pushpin_map = Antarctica
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
}}
'''Moon Bay''' is a bay {{Convert|7|nmi|km}} wide which recedes {{Convert|4|nmi|km|0}} between [[Edinburgh Hill]] and [[Renier Point]], on the east side of [[Livingston Island]], in the [[South Shetland Islands]] off [[Antarctica]]. The glaciers [[Sopot Ice Piedmont]], [[Iskar Glacier|Iskar]], [[Huron Glacier|Huron]], [[Struma Glacier|Struma]], [[Kaliakra Glacier|Kaliakra]], [[Panega Glacier|Panega]] and [[Debelt Glacier|Debelt]] feed the bay. Both [[Half Moon Island]] and [[Elemag Reef]] lie in Moon Bay.

The bay was known to sealers in the area as early as 1821. It was recharted in 1935 by [[Discovery Investigations]] personnel on the ''[[RRS Discovery II|Discovery II]]'', and probably named by them for nearby [[Half Moon Island]], which lies in the entrance to the bay.<ref name=gnis/><ref name=gna/>

==Maps==
[[File:Moon-Bay-location-map.png|thumb|Location of Moon Bay, [[Livingston Island]] in the [[South Shetland Islands]].]]
* [http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/display_map.cfm?map_id=5657 South Shetland Islands.] Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Sheet W 62 60. Tolworth, UK, 1968.
* [http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/display_map.cfm?map_id=3373 South Shetland Islands.] Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Sheet W 62 58. Tolworth, UK, 1968.
* Islas Livingston y Decepción. Mapa topográfico a escala 1:100000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991.
* L.L. Ivanov et al. [[:commons:Image:Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg|Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands]]. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
* L.L. Ivanov. [http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.] Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. {{ISBN|978-954-92032-6-4}}
* [http://www.add.scar.org Antarctic Digital Database (ADD).] Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), 1993–2016.
* A. Kamburov and L. Ivanov. [[:commons:File:Bowles_Ridge_and_Tangra_Mountains.png|Bowles Ridge and Central Tangra Mountains: Livingston Island, Antarctica.]] Scale 1:25000 map. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2023. {{ISBN| 978-619-90008-6-1}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=gnis>{{cite gnis | type = antarid | id = 10200| name = Moon Bay | accessdate = 2013-11-04}}</ref>
<ref name=gna>{{cite book |editor-first= Fred G. |editor-last= Alberts |title= Geographic Names of the Antarctic |url= https://archive.org/download/GeographicNamesOfTheAntarctic2ndEdition/Gna-GeographicNamesOfTheAntarctic2ndEdition1995.pdf |accessdate= 5 April 2012 |edition= second |date=June 1995 |publisher= [[United States Board on Geographic Names]] |page= 502}}</ref>
}}
* [http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/ SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica]

{{usgs-gazetteer|id=10200}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bays of Livingston Island]]

{{LivingstonIsland-geo-stub}}

Needle Peak (Livingston Island)

2023-12-10T15:26:37Z

68.161.87.166:

{{Short description|Mountain in Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Needle Peak
| photo = Needle-Peak.jpg
| photo_caption = Needle Peak from [[Bransfield Strait]], with [[Peshev Ridge]] on the right, and [[Macy Glacier]] surmounted by [[Levski Peak (Antarctica)|Levski Peak]] and [[St. Ivan Rilski Col]] in the background.
| elevation_m = 370
| elevation_ref = <ref name=gnis>{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=10541|name=Needle Peak|accessdate=2009-08-30}}</ref>
| prominence =
| location = [[Livingston Island]], [[Antarctica]]
| range =
| coordinates = {{Coord|62|43|35|S|60|09|58|W|type:mountain|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref name=gnis/>
| topo =
| first_ascent = unclimbed
| easiest_route =
}}
[[File:Rozhen-Peninsula-location-map.png|thumb|Location of Rozhen Peninsula on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands.]]
[[File:Livingston-Island-Map-2010.jpg|thumb|Topographic map of Livingston Island, Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.]]
'''Needle Peak''' is a sharply-pointed black peak, 370 m, standing at the west side of [[Brunow Bay]] on the south coast of [[Livingston Island]] in the [[South Shetland Islands]]. It is situated in the southeast foothills of [[Friesland Ridge]], [[Tangra Mountains]] on [[Rozhen Peninsula]], 1 km south-southeast of [[Ludogorie Peak]], and surmounts [[Prespa Glacier]] on the west, [[Brunow Bay]] on the northeast, [[Opitsvet Lake]] on the east and [[Samuel Point]] on the east by south.

The feature was named ‘Barnards Peak’ on [[James Weddell]]'s chart published in 1825, but the name ‘Needle Peak’, given by [[Discovery Investigations]] personnel following a 1935 survey, has succeeded it in usage. The name [[Barnard Point]] has been approved for the nearby point at the southeast side of [[False Bay, Livingston Island|False Bay]].<ref name=gnis/>

==Maps==
* L.L. Ivanov et al., [[:Image:Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg|Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands]] (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution), 1:100000 scale topographic map, [[Antarctic Place-names Commission]] of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2005
* L.L. Ivanov. [http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands]. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. {{ISBN|978-954-92032-6-4}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://copernix.io/#?where=-60.16516686242676,-62.726949462494815,17&?query=&?map_type=hybrid Needle Peak.] Copernix satellite image
[[Category:Tangra Mountains]]
{{LivingstonIsland-geo-stub}}
{{Antarctica-mountain-stub}}

Desolation Island (South Shetland Islands)

2023-12-01T04:20:55Z

68.161.87.166:

{{Short description|Island in Antarctica}}
{{Other uses|Desolation Island (disambiguation){{!}}Desolation Island}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Desolation Island
| image_name = Desolation-Island.jpg
| image_caption = Desolation Island and [[Blythe Bay]] from [[Vidin Heights]], Livingston Island
| map_image = Desolation-Island-location-map.png
| map =
| map_caption =
| map_relief = yes
| nickname =
| location = [[Antarctica]]
| coordinates = {{coord|62|27|27.9|S|60|20|48.3|W|}}
| archipelago = [[South Shetland Islands]]
| total_islands =
| major_islands =
| area_km2 = 3.12
| length_km =
| width_km =
| highest_mount =
| elevation_m =
| population = Uninhabited
| population_as_of =
| density_km2 =
| ethnic_groups =
| country = None
| treaty_system = [[Antarctic Treaty System]]
}}
[[File:Livingston-Island-Map-2010-15.png|thumb|260px|Topographic map of Livingston Island and Smith Island]]
'''Desolation Island''' is one of the minor [[island]]s in the [[South Shetland Islands|South Shetlands]] archipelago, [[Antarctica]] situated at the entrance to [[Hero Bay]], [[Livingston Island]]. The island is V-shaped with its northern coast indented by [[Kozma Cove]]. Surface area is {{convert|3.12|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>L.L. Ivanov. [[:commons:File:Livingston-Island-Map-2010.jpg|Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.]] Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. {{ISBN|978-954-92032-9-5}} (First edition 2009. {{ISBN|978-954-92032-6-4}})</ref>

The island was discovered on 15 October 1819 by Captain [[William Smith (mariner)|William Smith]] in the English merchant brig ''Williams'' during his second visit to the islands. The anchorage [[Blythe Bay]] at the southeast side of Desolation Island was frequented by the early nineteenth century [[England|English]] and American sealers.

==Location==
The island's midpoint is located at {{coord|62|27|27.9|S|60|20|48.3|W|}}, with the island lying {{convert|6.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Kotis Point]], {{convert|8.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of [[Williams Point]] and {{convert|9.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-northeast of [[Siddins Point]]. British mapping in 1820 and 1968, Chilean in 1971, Argentine in 1980, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009.

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica}}
* [[List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands]]
* {{annotated link|Livingston Island}}
* {{annotated link|Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research|abbreviation=SCAR}}
* [[Territorial claims in Antarctica]]

== Maps ==
*[http://digital.sl.nsw.gov.au/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?embedded=true&toolbar=false&dps_pid=IE3753004 Chart of South Shetland including Coronation Island, &c.] from the exploration of the sloop Dove in the years 1821 and 1822 by George Powell Commander of the same. Scale ca. 1:200000. London: Laurie, 1822.
* [http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/display_map.cfm?map_id=5657 South Shetland Islands.] Scale 1:200000 topographic map No. 5657. DOS 610 – W 62 60. Tolworth, UK, 1968.
* Islas Livingston y Decepción. Mapa topográfico a escala 1:100000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991.
* L.L. Ivanov et al. [[:commons:File:Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg|Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands]]. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
* L.L. Ivanov. [http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands]. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. {{ISBN|978-954-92032-6-4}}
* [http://www.add.scar.org Antarctic Digital Database (ADD).] Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly updated.
* L.L. Ivanov. [[:commons:File:Livingston-Island-Map-2010-15.png|Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island]]. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017. {{ISBN|978-619-90008-3-0}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wide image|Tangra-Mountains-View-1822.png|595px|North view of [[Livingston Island]] with Desolation Island in the foreground, fragment of an illustration to [[George Powell (sealer)|George Powell]]'s 1822 chart of the [[South Shetland Islands]] and [[South Orkney Islands]]}}

== External links ==
* [https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=108487 Desolation Island.] SCAR [[Composite Antarctic Gazetteer]]
* L. Ivanov. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150708084208/http://livingston-island.weebly.com/ General Geography and History of Livingston Island.] In: ''Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis''. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2015. pp. 17–28. {{ISBN|978-954-07-3939-7}}

{{portalbar|Islands|Geography}}
{{South Shetlands}}
{{Antarctica topics}}

[[Category:Islands of the South Shetland Islands]]
[[Category:Seal hunting]]

Kuzman Knoll

2023-11-22T04:09:21Z

68.161.87.166:

[[File:Livingston-Island-location-map.png|thumb|Location of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands]]
[[Image:kuzman.jpg|thumb|right|Kuzman Knoll from the north foothills of [[Ravda Peak]]]]
[[File:Livingston-Island-Map-2010-15.png|thumb|Topographic map of Livingston Island and Smith Island]]
[[File:Bowles_Ridge_and_Tangra_Mountains.png|thumb|Topographic map of [[Bowles Ridge]] and Central [[Tangra Mountains]] featuring Kuzman Knoll]]
'''Kuzman Knoll''' (Kuzmanova Mogila \'kuz-ma-no-va mo-'gi-la\) is a solitary ice-covered knoll rising to 620 m in eastern [[Livingston Island]] in the [[South Shetland Islands]], [[Antarctica]]. The knoll forms a conspicuous landmark in [[Wörner Gap]] area, overlooking [[Huron Glacier]] and upper [[Perunika Glacier]]. It was named after Kuzman Tuhchiev, participant in the 1993/94 Bulgarian Antarctic campaign and base commander at [[St. Kliment Ohridski Base|St. Kliment Ohridski]] during the 1994-96 seasons.

The feature is named ''‘Tukhchiev Knoll’'' by the U.S. and British Antarctic naming committees; "Kuzman Knoll" is the official Bulgarian name, which is established among the Spanish and Bulgarian scientists working in the area.

First ascent by the Bulgarians Kuzman Tuhchiev and Vasil Gurev from [[St. Kliment Ohridski Base]] was during the 1994/95 season.

==Location==
The knoll is located at {{coord|62|38|09.8|S|60|09|42.4|W|display=inline,title}} which is 1.1 km north-northeast of [[Camp Academia]] site, 1.1 km east of the midpoint of [[Wörner Gap]], 3.68 km east-northeast of the summit of [[Pliska Ridge]], 4.07 km north-northeast of [[Mount Friesland]], 3 km southeast of [[Mount Bowles]] and 3.32 km southwest of [[Atanasoff Nunatak]] (Bulgarian mapping in 1996, 2005 and 2009, from 1995/96 and 2004/05 topographic surveys respectively).

==Maps==
* [http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/display_map.cfm?map_id=5657 South Shetland Islands.] Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Sheet W 62 60. Tolworth, UK, 1968.
* Islas Livingston y Decepción. Mapa topográfico a escala 1:100000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991.
* S. Soccol, D. Gildea and J. Bath. [http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/mapcat/display_map.cfm?map_id=13271 Livingston Island, Antarctica.] Scale 1:100000 satellite map. The Omega Foundation, USA, 2004.
* L.L. Ivanov et al., [[:Image:Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg|Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands]] (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution), 1:100000 scale topographic map, [[Antarctic Place-names Commission]] of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2005
* L.L. Ivanov. [[:commons:File:Livingston-Island-Map-2010.jpg|Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands.]] Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. {{ISBN|978-954-92032-9-5}} (First edition 2009. {{ISBN|978-954-92032-6-4}})
* [http://www.add.scar.org Antarctic Digital Database (ADD).] Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), 1993–2016.
* A. Kamburov and L. Ivanov. [[:commons:File:Bowles_Ridge_and_Tangra_Mountains.png|Bowles Ridge and Central Tangra Mountains: Livingston Island, Antarctica.]] Scale 1:25000 map. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2023. {{ISBN| 978-619-90008-6-1}}

==References==
*[https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=105021 Kuzman Knoll.] SCAR [[Composite Antarctic Gazetteer]]
* [http://apcbg.org/gazet-bg.pdf Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer.] [[Antarctic Place-names Commission]]. (details in Bulgarian, [http://apcbg.org/gazet.pdf basic data] in English)

==External links==
* [https://copernix.io/#?where=-60.161810186508205,-62.63611517689553,17&?query=&?map_type=hybrid Kuzman Knoll.] Copernix satellite image

{{Bulgarian-named Antarctic place}}

[[Category:Hills of Livingston Island]]

{{LivingstonIsland-geo-stub}}

Snow Island (South Shetland Islands)

2023-11-21T22:08:47Z

68.161.87.166:

{{short description|Island in Antarctica}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Snow Island
| image = Byers Peninsula, Devils Point.jpg
| image_caption = [[Devils Point]] from [[Lucifer Crags]], with [[Hell Gates]] and [[Vardim Rocks]] in the middle ground, [[Morton Strait]] and Snow Island in the background, and [[Smith Island (South Shetland Islands)|Smith Island]] seen on the horizon on the right
| image_map = Livingston-Island-Map-2010.jpg
| image_map_caption = Topographic map of Livingston Island, Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands
| pushpin_map = South Shetland Islands#Antarctica
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the South Shetland Islands##Location in Antarctica
| nickname =
| location = [[Antarctica]]
| coordinates = {{coord|62|47|S|61|23|W|region:AQ_type:isle|display=inline,title}}
| archipelago = [[South Shetland Islands]]
| total_islands =
| major_islands =
| area_km2 = 120.4
| length_km = 16
| width_km = 8
| highest_mount =
| elevation_m =
| population = Uninhabited
| population_as_of =
| density_km2 =
| ethnic_groups =
| country = None
| treaty_system = [[Antarctic Treaty System]]
}}
'''Snow Island''' or '''Isla Nevada''' is a completely ice-covered [[island]], {{convert|16|by|8|km|mi}} in size, lying {{convert|6|km|mi}} southwest of [[Livingston Island]] in the [[South Shetland Islands]]. Surface area is {{convert|120.4|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>L.L. Ivanov. [http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands]. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. {{ISBN|978-954-92032-6-4}}</ref> This island was known to both American and British [[Seal hunting|sealers]] as early as 1820, and the name has been well established in international usage for over 100 years.

==Maps==
* [http://digital.sl.nsw.gov.au/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?embedded=true&toolbar=false&dps_pid=IE3753004 Chart of South Shetland including Coronation Island, &c.] from the exploration of the sloop Dove in the years 1821 and 1822 by George Powell Commander of the same. Scale ca. 1:200000. London: Laurie, 1822
[[File:Powell-Chart-1822.png|thumb|center|Fragment of [[George Powell (sealer)|George Powell]]'s 1822 chart of the [[South Shetland Islands]] and [[South Orkney Islands]] featuring Snow Island]]

== See also ==
* [[Composite Antarctic Gazetteer]]
* [[List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands#List of Antarctic islands south of 60° S|List of Antarctic islands south of 60° S]]
* [[Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research|SCAR]]
* [[Territorial claims in Antarctica]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/ SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer]

{{portalbar|Islands|Geography}}
{{South Shetlands}}
{{Antarctica topics}}

[[Category:Snow Island (South Shetland Islands)| ]]
[[Category:Islands of the South Shetland Islands]]

{{SnowIsland-geo-stub}}