wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Underwear

2025-06-22T17:48:19Z

67.167.129.154: /* Types and styles */

{{short description|Clothes worn under other clothes}}
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[[File:Boxer 002.jpg|thumb|[[Boxer shorts]] and [[boxer briefs]]]]
[[File:Knickers1.jpg|thumb|[[Panties]] or knickers]]

'''Underwear''', '''underclothing''', or '''undergarments''' are items of [[clothing]] worn beneath outer clothes, usually in direct contact with the skin, although they may comprise more than a single layer. They serve to keep outer clothing from being soiled or damaged by [[Human waste|bodily excretions]], to lessen the [[friction]] of [[outerwear]] against the skin, to shape the body, and to provide concealment or support for parts of it. In cold weather, [[long underwear]] is sometimes worn to provide additional warmth. Special types of undergarments have religious significance. Some items of clothing are designed as undergarments, while others, such as [[T-shirt]]s and certain types of shorts, are appropriate both as underwear and outerwear. If made of suitable material or [[textile]], some underwear can serve as [[nightwear]] or [[swimwear]], and some undergarments are intended for [[sexual attraction]] or visual appeal.

Undergarments are generally of two types, those that are worn to cover the torso and those that are worn to cover the waist and legs, although there are also underclothes which cover both. Different styles of underwear are generally worn by females and males. Undergarments commonly worn by females today include [[bra]]s and [[panties]] ([[wikt:knickers|knickers]] in [[British English]]), while males often wear [[boxer briefs]] or [[boxer shorts]]. Items worn by both sexes include T-shirts, [[sleeveless shirt]]s (also called singlets, tank tops, A-shirts, or vests), classic [[briefs]], [[Bikini (underwear)|bikini
briefs]], [[thong]]s, [[G-string]]s and [[T-front]]s.

== Terminology ==
Undergarments are known by a number of terms. ''[[wikt:underclothes|Underclothes]]'', ''underclothing'' and ''[[wikt:underwear|underwear]]'' are formal terms, while undergarments may be more casually called, in Australia, ''[[wikt:Reg Grundys|Reg Grundys]]'' ([[rhyming slang]] for ''[[wikt:undies|undies]]'') and ''Reginalds'', and, in the United Kingdom, ''[[wikt:smalls|smalls]]'' (from the earlier ''smallclothes'') and (historically) ''unmentionables''. In the United States, women's underwear bottoms may be commonly referred to as ''panties''; they may also be known as ''delicates'' due to the recommended washing machine cycle or because they are, simply put, delicate.{{citation needed|date = April 2016}}

Women's undergarments collectively are also called ''[[lingerie]]''. They also are called ''intimate clothing'' and ''[[wikt:intimate|intimates]]''.

An [[undershirt]] (''[[wikt:vest|vest]]'' in the United Kingdom) is a piece of underwear covering the [[torso]], while [[underpants]] (often called ''[[wikt:pants|pants]]'' in the United Kingdom), [[wikt:drawers|drawers]], and [[wikt:undershorts|undershorts]] cover the [[Sex organ|genitals]] and often buttocks. Terms for specific undergarments are shown in the table [[#Types and styles|below]].

== Function ==
Underwear is worn for a variety of reasons. They keep outer garments from being soiled by [[perspiration]], [[urine]],<ref>US Patent Number 6447493</ref> [[semen]], [[pre-seminal fluid]], [[human feces|feces]], [[vaginal discharge]], and [[menstrual blood]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Voelkel|first=Megan|title=Germ Warfare|newspaper=The Standard|date=31 July 2000|access-date=23 May 2009|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_print.asp?art_id=69373|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723002652/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_print.asp?art_id=69373|archive-date=23 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Women's [[brassiere]]s provide support for the [[breast]]s, and men's [[briefs]] serve the same function for the [[Male reproductive system (human)|male genitalia]]. A [[corset]] may be worn as a [[foundation garment]] to provide support for the breasts and torso, as well as to alter a woman's [[female body shape|body shape]]. For additional support and protection when playing sports, men often wear more tightly fitting underwear, including [[jockstrap]]s and jockstraps with cup pocket and [[jockstrap#Protective cup|protective cup]]. Male dancers sometimes wear [[dance belt]]s for support and modesty while wearing tights. Women may wear [[sports bra]]s which provide greater support, thus increasing comfort and reducing the chance of damage to the [[ligament]]s of the chest during high-impact exercises such as jogging.{{citation needed|date = April 2016}}

In cold climates, underwear may constitute an additional layer of clothing helping to keep the wearer warm. Underwear may also be used to preserve the wearer's [[modesty]] – for instance, some women wear [[camisole]]s and [[Slip (clothing)|slips]] ([[petticoat]]s) under clothes that are [[Sheer (textile)|sheer]]. Conversely, some types of underwear can be worn for sexual titillation, such as [[edible underwear]] or crotchless panties.{{citation needed|date = April 2016}}

Undergarments are worn for insulation under [[space suit]]s and [[dry suit]]s. In the case of dry suits, the insulation value of the undergarments is selected to match the expected water temperature and the level of activity for the planned dive or water activity.<ref name="Dry suit diving" >{{cite book|first1=Steven |last1=Barsky |first2=Dick |last2=Long |first3=Bob |last3=Stinton |year=1999 |title=Dry Suit Diving |edition=3rd |publisher=Hammerhead Press |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-0-9674305-0-8}}</ref>

Some items of clothing are designed exclusively as underwear, while others such as [[T-shirt]]s and certain types of shorts are suitable both as underwear and as outer clothing. The suitability of underwear as outer clothing is, apart from the indoor or outdoor climate, largely dependent on societal norms, fashion, and the requirements of the law. If made of suitable material, some underwear can serve as [[nightwear]] or [[swimsuit]]s.{{citation needed|date = April 2016}}

=== Religious functions ===
Undergarments can also have religious significance:


* '''Judaism'''. To conform with societal dress codes, the ''[[tallit katan]]'' is often worn beneath the shirt.{{citation needed|date = April 2016}}
* '''Mormonism'''. Following their [[Endowment (Mormonism)|endowment]] in a [[Temple (Mormonism)|temple]], [[Mormonism|Mormons]] wear special [[temple garment]]s which help them to remember the teachings of the temple.<ref>{{cite web|title=Preparing to enter the Holy Temple|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/preparing-to-enter-the-holy-temple/preparing-to-enter-the-holy-temple?lang=eng|publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]|access-date=30 July 2016}} Archive.org</ref>
* '''Sikhism'''. One of the five articles of faith (''[[Five Ks|panj kakaar]]'') worn by [[Sikhism|Sikh]] men and women is a certain style of underpants similar to [[boxer shorts]] and known as the ''[[kacchera]]''.{{citation needed|date = April 2016}}
* '''Zoroastrianism'''. Zoroastrians wear an undershirt called a ''[[Sedreh]]'' that is fastened with a sacred girdle around the waist known as a ''[[Kushti]]''.{{citation needed|date = April 2016}}

== History ==
=== Ancient history ===
[[File:PiazzaArmerina-Mosaik-Bikini.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[mosaic]] from the [[Piazza Armerina]] in Sicily showing a woman wearing a ''[[strophium]]'' (breastcloth) and a ''[[subligaculum]]'']]
[[File:Braies.jpg|thumb|left|Medieval ''[[braies]]'']]
[[File:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry juillet braies.jpg|thumb|upright|A loincloth in 1412 ''[[Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]]'']]
The [[loincloth]] is the simplest form of underwear; it was probably the first undergarment worn by human beings. In warmer climates, the loincloth was often the only clothing worn (effectively making it an outer garment rather than an undergarment), as was doubtless its origin, but in colder regions, the loincloth often formed the basis of a person's clothing and was covered by other garments. In most ancient civilizations, this was the only undergarment available.

A loincloth may take three major forms. The first, and simplest, is simply a long strip of material that is passed between the legs and then around the waist. Archaeologists have found the remains of such loincloths made of leather dating back 7,000 years.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news|last=Rushton|first=Susie|title=A brief history of pants: Why men's smalls have always been a subject of concern|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/a-brief-history-of-pants-why-mens-smalls-have-always-been-a-subject-of-concern-771772.html|work=[[The Independent]] (Extra)|date=22 January 2008|pages=2–5|location=London}}</ref> The ancient Hawaiian ''malo'' was of this form, as are several styles of the Japanese ''[[fundoshi]]''. Another form is usually called a [[cache-sexe]]: a triangle of cloth is provided with strings or loops, which are used to fasten the triangle between the legs and over the genitals. [[Egypt]]ian king [[Tutankhamun]] (1341 BC – 1323 BC) was found buried with numerous [[linen]] loincloths of this style.<ref name="Independent" /> An alternate form is more [[skirt]]-like: a cloth is wrapped around the hips several times and then fastened with a [[girdle]].

Men are said to have worn loincloths in [[ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], though it is unclear whether Greek women wore undergarments. There is some speculation that only slaves wore loincloths and that citizens did not wear undergarments beneath their [[Chiton (costume)|chitons]]. [[Mosaic]]s of the Roman period indicate that women (primarily in an athletic context, whilst wearing nothing else) sometimes wore ''strophiae'' (breastcloths) or brassieres made of soft leather, along with ''[[Subligaculum|subligacula]]'' which were either in the form of shorts or loincloths. ''Subligacula'' were also worn by men.<ref name="Independent" />

The fabric used for loincloths may have been [[wool]], [[linen]] or a [[linsey-woolsey]] blend. Only the upper classes could have afforded imported silk.

The loincloth continues to be worn by people around the world – it is the traditional form of undergarment in many Asian societies, for example. In various, mainly tropical, cultures, the traditional male dress may still consist of only a single garment below the waist or even none at all, with underwear as optional, including the Indian ''[[dhoti]]'' and ''[[lungi]]'', or the Scottish [[kilt]].
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=== Middle Ages and Renaissance ===
In the [[Middle Ages]], western men's underwear became looser fitting. The loincloth was replaced by loose, [[Trousers|trouser]]-like clothing called [[braies]], which the wearer stepped into and then laced or tied around the waist and legs at about mid-calf. Wealthier men often wore [[chausses]] as well, which only covered the legs.<ref name="Independent" /> Braies (or rather [[braccae]]) were a type of trouser worn by Celtic and Germanic tribes in antiquity and by Europeans subsequently into the Middle Ages. In the later Middle Ages they were used exclusively as undergarments.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

[[File:Tizian 081.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1532–1533 portrait by [[Titian]] of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], in a codpiece]]

By the time of the [[Renaissance]], braies had become shorter to accommodate longer styles of chausses. Chausses were also giving way to form-fitting [[Hose (clothing)|hose]],<ref name="Independent" /> which covered the legs and feet. Fifteenth-century hose were often particolored, with each leg in a different-colored fabric or even more than one color on a leg. However, many types of braies, chausses and hose were not intended to be covered up by other clothing, so they were not actually underwear in the strict sense.

Braies were usually fitted with a front flap that was buttoned or tied closed. This [[codpiece]] allowed men to [[Urination|urinate]] without having to remove the braies completely.<ref name="Independent" /> Codpieces were also worn with hose when very short [[Doublet (clothing)|doublets]] – vest- (UK: waistcoat-) like garments tied together in the front and worn under other clothing – were in fashion, as early forms of hose were open at the [[crotch]]. [[Henry VIII of England]] began padding his codpiece, which caused a spiralling trend of larger and larger codpieces that only ended by the end of the 16th century. It has been speculated that the King may have had the [[sexually transmitted disease]] [[syphilis]], and his large codpiece may have included a bandage soaked in medication to relieve its symptoms.<ref name="Independent" /> Henry VIII also wanted a healthy son and may have thought that projecting himself in this way would portray fertility. Codpieces were sometimes used as a pocket for holding small items.<ref name="Independent" />

[[File:Elizabeth Vernon big.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A lady in her private [[boudoir]]; wearing an informal embroidered jacket over her rose-pink [[corset]] or simple [[bodice]] and decorated [[petticoat]], ''c.'' 1600]]

Over the upper part of their bodies, both medieval men and women usually wore a close-fitting shirt-like garment called a [[chemise]] in France, or a smock or shift in England. The forerunner of the modern-day shirt, the [[chemise]] was tucked into a man's braies, under his outer clothing. Women wore a chemise underneath their [[gown]]s or [[robe]]s, sometimes with [[petticoat]]s over the chemise. Elaborately [[Quilting|quilted]] petticoats might be displayed by a cut-away dress, in which case they served as a skirt rather than an undergarment. During the 16th century, the [[farthingale]] was popular. This was a petticoat stiffened with [[Phragmites|reed]] or [[willow]] rods so that it stood out from a woman's body like a cone extending from the waist.

Corsets also began to be worn about this time. At first they were called pairs of bodies, which refers to a stiffened decorative [[bodice]] worn on top of another bodice stiffened with [[buckram]], reeds, canes, [[Baleen|whalebone]] or other materials. These were not the small-waisted, curved corsets familiar from the [[Victorian era]], but straight-lined stays that flattened the bust.

Men's braies and hose were eventually replaced by simple cotton, silk or [[linen]] drawers, which were usually knee-length trousers with a button flap in the front.<ref name="Independent" />

Medieval people wearing only tunics, without underpants, can be seen on works like [[commons:File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Ass in the School - WGA03526.jpg|The Ass in the School]] by [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]], in the
[[commons:File:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry février.jpg|Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry]] by [[Limbourg Brothers]], or in the [[commons:File:15th-century unknown painters - Grimani Breviary - The Month of February - WGA15776.jpg|Grimani Breviary: The Month of February]] by [[Gerard Horenbout]].

In 2012, findings in [[Lengberg Castle]], in [[Austria]], showed that [[lace]] and [[linen]] brassiere-like garments, one of which greatly resembled the modern bra, date back to hundreds of years before it was thought to exist.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Time|access-date=21 July 2012|url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2012/07/19/600-year-old-bras-unearthed-in-austrian-castle/|title=600-year-old bras unearthed in Austrian castle|date=19 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=uibk>{{cite web|url=http://www.uibk.ac.at/urgeschichte/projekte_forschung/textilien-lengberg/medieval-lingerie-from-lengberg-castle-east-tyrol.html |access-date=21 July 2012 |publisher=University of Innsbruck |title=Medieval lingerie from Lengberg, East-Tyrol |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206041713/http://www.uibk.ac.at/urgeschichte/projekte_forschung/textilien-lengberg/medieval-lingerie-from-lengberg-castle-east-tyrol.html |archive-date= 6 February 2016 }}</ref>
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=== Enlightenment and Industrial Age ===
[[File:Tight lacing.jpg|right|thumb|upright|''Tight Lacing, or Fashion Before Ease'', an early-1770s [[Satire|satirical]] drawing by John Collet]]

The invention of the [[spinning jenny]] machines and the [[cotton gin]] in the second half of the 18th century made cotton fabrics widely available. This allowed factories to [[mass production|mass-produce]] underwear, and for the first time, large numbers of people began buying undergarments in stores rather than making them at home.

Women's [[History of corsets#16th and 17th centuries|stays]] of the 18th century were laced behind and drew the shoulders back to form a high, round bosom and erect posture. Colored stays were popular. With the relaxed country styles of the end of the century, stays became shorter and were [[Bone (corsetry)|unboned]] or only lightly boned, and were now called corsets. As tight waists became fashionable in the 1820s, the corset was again boned and laced to form the figure. By the 1860s, a tiny ("[[Wasp waist|wasp]]") waist came to be seen as a symbol of beauty, and the corsets were stiffened with whalebone or steel to accomplish this. While "tight lacing" of corsets was not a common practice except among a minority of women, which sometimes led to a woman needing to retire to the [[fainting room]], the primary use of a corset was to create a smooth line for the garments to effect the fashionable shape of the day, using the optical illusion created by the corset and garments together to achieve the look of a smaller waist.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://foundationsrevealed.com/articles/corset-making/health/562-busting-corset-myths |title=Busting Corset Myths - Foundations Revealed |access-date=23 April 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809121125/https://foundationsrevealed.com/articles/corset-making/health/562-busting-corset-myths |url-status=dead }}</ref> By the 1880s, the [[Victorian dress reform|dress reform]] movement was campaigning against the alleged pain and damage to internal organs and bones caused by [[Tightlacing|tight lacing]]. [[Inez Gaches-Sarraute]] invented the "health corset", with a straight-fronted busk made to help support the wearer's muscles.

The corset was usually worn over a thin shirt-like shift of linen or cotton or [[muslin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Regency nightwear: Shift|url=http://www.janeausten.co.uk/magazine/page.ihtml?pid=478&step=4|publisher=[[Jane Austen|The Jane Austen Centre]]|access-date=7 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521083811/http://www.janeausten.co.uk/magazine/page.ihtml?pid=478&step=4|archive-date=21 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Skirt]] styles became shorter and long drawers called [[pantalettes]] or [[wikt:pantaloons|pantaloons]] kept the legs covered. Pantalettes originated in France in the early 19th century, and quickly spread to Britain and America. Pantalettes were a form of [[leggings]] or long drawers. They could be one-piece or two separate garments, one for each leg, attached at the waist with buttons or laces. The crotch was left open for hygiene reasons.

[[File:Perfect Health Corset.png|thumb|left|"Health corsets" in 1883]]
As skirts became fuller from the 1830s, women wore many petticoats to achieve a fashionable bell shape. By the 1850s, stiffened [[crinoline]]s and later [[hoop skirt]]s allowed ever wider skirts to be worn. The [[bustle]], a frame or pad worn over the buttocks to enhance their shape, had been used off and on by women for two centuries, but reached the height of its popularity in the later 1880s, and went out of fashion in the 1890s.
Women dressed in crinolines often wore drawers under them for modesty and warmth.
[[File:Bosom support - DPLA - e1d39635ea4d2599d715b2a966768907 (page 1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Kidney-like shaped pad, stuffing is man's facial hair covered w/ linen]]
Another common undergarment of the late 19th century for men, women, and children was the [[union suit]]. Invented in [[Utica, New York]] and patented in 1868, this was a one-piece front-buttoning garment usually made of knitted material with sleeves extending to the wrists and legs down to the ankles. It had a buttoned flap (known colloquially as the "access hatch", "drop seat", or "fireman's flap") in the back to ease visits to the toilet. The union suit was the precursor of [[Long underwear|long johns]], a two-piece garment consisting of a long-sleeved top and long pants possibly named after American boxer [[John L. Sullivan]] who wore a similar garment in the ring.<ref name="Independent" />

The [[jockstrap]] was invented in 1874, by C. F. Bennett of a Chicago sporting goods company, Sharp & Smith, to provide comfort and support for bicycle jockeys riding the [[cobblestone]] streets of [[Boston, Massachusetts]].<ref name="Independent" /> In 1897 Bennett's newly formed Bike Web Company patented and began mass-producing the Bike Jockey Strap.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.bikeathletic.com/History.aspx|publisher=[[BIKE Athletic Company]]|year=2004|access-date=7 April 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124113927/http://www.bikeathletic.com/History.aspx|archive-date=24 November 2007}}</ref>

=== 1900s to 1920s ===
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2012}}
[[File:Underwear1913.JPG|thumb|upright|Ladies' underwear advertisement, 1913]]
[[File:NewBritainUnderwearWashingDirections.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|How to handwash the New Britain Standard Hygienic Underwear, ''c.'' 1915]]

By the early 20th century, the mass-produced undergarment industry was booming, and competition forced producers to come up with all sorts of innovative and gimmicky designs to compete. The [[Hanes]] company emerged from this boom and quickly established itself as a top manufacturer of union suits, which were common until the 1930s.<ref name="Independent" /> Textile technology continued to improve, and the time to make a single union suit dropped from days to minutes.

Meanwhile, designers of women's undergarments relaxed the corset. The invention of new, flexible but supportive materials allowed whalebone and steel bones to be removed. The emancipation or [[liberty bodice]] offered an alternative to constricting corsets and, in Australia and the UK, the liberty bodice became a standard item for girls as well as women.

Men's underwear also continued to be developed. Benjamin Joseph Clark, a migrant to [[Louisiana]] from [[New Jersey]], opened a [[venture capital]]ist firm named Bossier in [[Bossier Parish, Louisiana|Bossier Parish]]. One product manufactured by his firm was tightly fitting [[boxer shorts]] that resembled modern underwear. Though the company was bankrupt by the early 20th century, it had some influence on men's underwear design.

Underwear advertising first made an appearance in the 1910s. The first underwear print advertisement in the US appeared in ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' in 1911 and featured oil paintings by [[J. C. Leyendecker]] of the "Kenosha Klosed Krotch". Early underwear advertisements emphasized durability and comfort, and fashion was not regarded as a selling point.

By the end of the 1910s, Chalmers Knitting Company split the union suit into upper and lower sections, effectively inventing the modern undershirt and drawers. Women wore lacier versions of this basic duo known as the [[camisole]] and tap pants.
[[File:WarnerStyle70 1922.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|A corset over "step ins" and camisole, 1922]]

In 1912, the US had its first professional underwear designer. Lindsay "Layneau" Boudreaux, a French immigrant, established the short-lived panty company Layneau. Though her company closed within one year, it had a significant impact on many levels. Boudreaux showed the world that an American woman could establish and run a company, and she also caused a revolution in the underwear industry.

In 1913, a New York socialite named [[Mary Phelps Jacob]] created the first modern brassiere by tying two handkerchiefs together with ribbon. Jacob's original intention was to cover the whalebone sticking out of her corset, which was visible through her sheer dress. Jacob began making brassieres for her family and friends, and news of the garment soon spread by word of mouth. By 1914, Jacob had a patent for her design and was marketing it throughout the US. Although women had worn brassiere-like garments in years past, Jacob's was the first to be successfully marketed and widely adopted.

By the end of the decade, trouser-like "[[Bloomers (clothing)|bloomers]]", which were popularized by [[Amelia Jenks Bloomer]] (1818–1894) but invented by [[Elizabeth Smith Miller]], gained popularity with the so-called [[Gibson Girl]]s who enjoyed pursuits such as cycling and tennis. This new female athleticism helped push the corset out of style. The other major factor in the corset's demise was the fact that metal was globally in short supply during the First World War. Steel-laced corsets were dropped in favor of the brassiere.

{{multiple image |total_width=400
|image1 =11 women and a little girl lined up for bathing beauty contest.png |caption1 = Bathing suit contest, 1920
|image2 = Group of young women in thong bikinis 2.jpg |caption2 = [[Swimsuit competition]], 2005 }}
Meanwhile, World War I soldiers were issued button-front shorts as underwear. The buttons attached to a separate piece of cloth, or "yoke", sewn to the front of the garment, and tightness of fit was adjusted by means of ties on the sides. This design proved so popular that it began to supplant the union suit in popularity by the end of the war. [[Rayon]] garments also became widely available in the post-war period.

In the 1920s, manufacturers shifted emphasis from durability to comfort. Union suit advertisements raved about patented new designs that reduced the number of buttons and increased accessibility. Most of these experimental designs had to do with new ways to hold closed the crotch flap common on most union suits and drawers. A new woven cotton fabric called [[nainsook]] gained popularity in the 1920s for its durability. Retailers also began selling preshrunk undergarments.

Also in the 1920s, as [[hemline]]s of women's dresses rose, women began to wear stockings to cover the exposed legs. Women's bloomers also became much shorter. The shorter bloomers became looser and less supportive as the boyish [[flapper]] look came into fashion. By the end of the decade, they came to be known as "step-ins", very much like modern panties but with wider legs. They were worn for the increased flexibility they afforded.

The [[Garter belts|garter belt]] was invented to keep stockings from falling.

In 1928, [[Maidenform]], a company operated by [[Ida Rosenthal]], a Jewish immigrant from Russia, developed the brassiere and introduced modern cup sizes for bras.

=== 1930s and 1940s ===

Modern men's [[underpants]] were largely an invention of the 1930s. On 19 January 1935, [[Coopers Inc.]] sold the world's first [[briefs]] in Chicago. Designed by an "apparel engineer" named Arthur Kneibler, briefs dispensed with leg sections and had a Y-shaped overlapping fly.<ref name="Independent" /> The company dubbed the design the "Jockey" since it offered a degree of support that had previously only been available from the jockstrap. Jockey briefs proved so popular that over 30,000 pairs were sold within three months of their introduction. Coopers, renaming their company Jockey decades later, sent its "Mascul-line" plane to make special deliveries of "masculine support" briefs to retailers across the US. In 1938, when [[wikt:jockeys|jockeys]] were introduced in the UK, they sold at the rate of 3,000 a week, given the [[Nickname|moniker]] [[wikt:Y-fronts|Y-fronts]] there.<ref name="Independent" />

In this decade, companies also began selling buttonless drawers fitted with an elastic waistband. These were the first true [[boxer shorts]], which were named for their resemblance to the shorts worn by [[Boxing|professional fighters]]. Scovil Manufacturing introduced the [[snap fastener]] at this time, which became a popular addition to various kinds of undergarments.

Women of the 1930s brought the corset back, now called the "[[girdle (undergarment)|girdle]]". The garment lacked the whalebone and metal supports and usually came with a brassiere (now usually called a "bra") and attached garters.

{{anchor|String vest}}
In 1933, Henrik Natvig Brun, a commandant in the Norwegian army, invented the first Brynje thermal {{ill|String vest|no|Helsetrøye}}, as Norwegian King’s Guard cold season clothing, in development since [[1921 in science|1921]], repurposing two fishing nets, previously used to catch herring, and made into a shirt for trapping air close to the skin which would provide insulation. A cellular cloth based on the same principle had been patented in 1896 under the trade name Aertex.

During World War II, elastic waistbands and metal snaps gave way once again to button fasteners due to rubber and metal shortages. Undergarments were harder to find as well, since soldiers abroad had priority to obtain them. The [[Special Operations Executive]] issued a string vest to agents that could be used as rope.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8966129/Exploding-RAT-gadgets-used-lines-World-War-Two-sale-20-000.html | title=Exploding RAT and other gadgets used in WWII go on sale for £20,000 | website=[[Daily Mail]] | date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> By the end of the war, Jockey and Hanes remained the industry leaders in the US, but Cluett, Peabody and Company made a name for itself when it introduced a preshrinking process called "[[Sanforization]]", invented by Sanford Cluett in 1933, which came to be licensed by most major manufacturers.

Meanwhile, some women adopted the corset once again, now called the "[[Waist cincher|waspie]]" for the [[wasp]]-shaped [[waist]]line it gave the wearer. Many women began wearing the strapless bra as well, which gained popularity for its ability to push the breasts up and [[Cleavage enhancement|enhance cleavage]].

=== 1950s and 1960s ===
Before the 1950s, underwear consisted of simple, functional, white pieces of clothing which were not to be shown in public. In the 1950s, underwear came to be promoted as a fashion item in its own right, and came to be made in prints and colors. Manufacturers also experimented with rayon and newer fabrics like [[Dacron]], nylon, and [[Spandex]].<ref name="Independent" /> By 1960, men's underwear was regularly printed in loud patterns, or with messages or images such as cartoon characters. By the 1960s, department stores began offering men's double-seat briefs, an optional feature that would double the wear and add greater comfort. Stores advertising the double thickness seat as well as the manufacturing brands such as [[Hanes]] and [[BVD]] during this time period can be viewed<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/17628182/the_poststar/|title=Clipped From The Post-Star|date=1968-09-12|work=The Post-Star|access-date=2020-01-13|pages=20}}</ref> using [[Newspapers.com]].

Women's undergarments began to emphasize the breasts instead of the waist. The decade saw the introduction of the bullet bra pointed bust, inspired by [[Christian Dior]]'s "[[Christian Dior#The New Look|New Look]]", which featured pointed cups. The original [[Wonderbra]] and [[Brassiere designs|push-up bra]] by [[Frederick's of Hollywood]] achieved great popularity. Women's panties became more colorful and decorative and, by the mid-1960s, were available in two abbreviated styles called the hip-hugger and the [[bikini]] (named after the Pacific Ocean [[Bikini Atoll|island]] of that name), frequently in sheer nylon fabric.

[[Pantyhose]], also called ''tights'' in British English, which combined panties and hose into one garment, made their first appearance in 1959,<ref name=Belkin1986>{{cite news|last=Belkin|first=Lisa|author-link=Lisa Belkin |title=Lingerie's Great Leap Forward|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/24/business/lingerie-s-great-leap-forward.html|access-date=17 October 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 August 1986}}</ref> invented by [[Glen Raven, Inc.|Glen Raven Mills]] of [[North Carolina]]. The company later introduced seamless pantyhose in 1965, spurred by the popularity of the [[miniskirt]]. By the end of the decade, the girdle had fallen out of favor as women chose sexier, lighter and more comfortable alternatives.<ref>{{cite book|author=Daniel Delis Hill|title=As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising [Costume Society of America series]|location=Lubbock|publisher=Texas Tech University Press|year=2005|page=[https://archive.org/details/asseeninvoguecen00dani/page/153 153]|isbn=0-89672-534-0|url=https://archive.org/details/asseeninvoguecen00dani/page/153}}</ref>

With the emergence of the woman's movement in the United States sales for pantyhose dropped off during the later half of the 1960s having soared initially.<ref name=Belkin1986 />

=== 1970s to the present day ===
{{multiple image
|width1 = 160 |image1 = Male model A and B and C 02.JPG |caption1 = Male models in [[briefs]] and [[Boxer briefs|trunks]]
|width2 = 160 |image2 = Female model A 03.JPG |caption2 = A female in [[lingerie]] consisting of [[bra]] and [[panties]], the basic items of women's undergarments}}

Underwear as fashion reached its peak in the 1970s and 1980s, and underwear advertisers began to focus less on comfort, health, durability, and overall practicality. [[Sexual attraction|Sex appeal]] became a main selling point, in swimwear as well, bringing to fruition a trend that had been building since at least the flapper era. Designers such as [[Calvin Klein]] began featuring near-naked male models in their advertisements for [[briefs]]. The increased wealth of the [[gay community]] helped to promote a diversity of undergarment choices.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} In his book ''[[The Philosophy of Andy Warhol]]'' (1975),<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Andy Warhol]]|title=The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: (From A to B and Back Again)|location=London|publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Cassell]]|year=1975|isbn=0-86018-109-X}}</ref> [[Andy Warhol]] wrote:

{{blockquote|I told B I needed some socks too and at least 30 pairs of Jockey shorts. He suggested I switch to Italian-style briefs, the ones with the T-shaped crotch that tends to build you up. I told him I'd tried them once, in Rome, the day I was walking through a [[Elizabeth Taylor|Liz Taylor]] movie – and I didn't like them because they made me too self-aware. It gave me the feeling girls must have when they wear uplift bras.<ref name="Independent" />}}

Warhol liked his Jockey briefs so much that he used a pair as a canvas for one of his dollar-sign paintings.<ref name="Independent" />

In the UK in the 1970s, tight jeans gave briefs a continued edge over boxer shorts among young men, but a decade later boxers were given a boost by [[Nick Kamen]]'s performance in [[Levi Strauss & Co.|Levi]]'s "[[wikt:laundrette|Laundrette]]" TV commercial for its [[Levi's 501 jean|501 jeans]], during which he stripped down to a pair of white boxers in a public [[Self-service laundry|laundromat]].<ref name="Independent" /> Briefs however remained popular in America amongst young men from the 1950s until the mid-1990s.

The [[Sleeveless shirt|tank top]], an undershirt named after the type of swimwear dating from the 1920s known as a tank suit or [[maillot]], became popular warm-weather casual outerwear in the US in the 1980s. Performers such as [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] and [[Cyndi Lauper]] were also often seen wearing their undergarments on top of other clothes.

Although worn for decades by [[exotic dancer]]s, in the 1980s the [[G-string]] first gained popularity in South America, particularly in Brazil. Originally a style of [[swimsuit]], the back of the garment is so narrow that it disappears between the buttocks. By the 1990s the design had made its way to most of the Western world, and [[thong]] underwear became popular. Today, the thong is one of the fastest-selling styles of underwear among women, and is also worn by men.

The 1990s saw the introduction of [[boxer briefs]], which take the longer shape of boxer shorts but maintain the tightness of briefs. [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] stars popularized "[[Sagging (fashion)|sagging]]", in which loosely fitting pants or shorts were allowed to droop below the waist exposing the waistband or a greater portion of the underpants worn underneath; typically boxer shorts or boxer briefs.

== Trends ==
{{See also|Underwear fetishism}}
[[File:Sagger in Paris.jpg|thumb|upright|Sagging pants, revealing the wearer's underwear]]
[[File:Whaletail cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|A woman revealing her [[thong underwear]] above her pants, displaying a whale tail]]
Some people choose not to wear any underpants, a practice sometimes referred to as ''[[going commando]]'', for comfort, to enable their outer garments (particularly those which are form-fitting) to look more flattering, to avoid creating a panty line, because they find it sexually exciting,<ref>{{Cite web|title=¿Qué hay detrás de la afición a no llevar ropa interior? {{!}} Placeres, Sexo |url=https://smoda.elpais.com/placeres/que-hay-detras-de-la-aficion-a-no-llevar-ropa-interior/ |last=Abundancia |first=Rita |date=2014-11-12 |website=S Moda EL PAÍS |language=es |access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> to increase ventilation and reduce moisture<ref name="Engber">{{cite magazine |last=Engber |first=Daniel |title=Do Commandos Go Commando? |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=10 January 2005 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2005/01/do_commandos_go_commando.html |access-date=23 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Rico Woods |date=2021-07-26 |title=Here's Why Some Men Aren't Wearing Underwear at the Gym |url=https://mensvariety.com/men-no-underwear-gym/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=mensvariety.com |language=en-US}}</ref> or because they do not see any need for them. Certain types of clothes, such as [[cycling shorts]] and [[kilt]]s (See [[True Scotsman]]), are designed to be worn or are traditionally worn without underpants.<ref>{{Cite web|title=El kilt no entiende de independencia |url=http://www.elcorreo.com/bizkaia/internacional/eeuu/201409/18/kilt-falda-escocesa-20140918101616.html |last=Avilés |first=Goizane |date=2014-09-18 |website=Bizkaia - El Correo.com |language=es |access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Real Story {{!}} Scottish Tartans Authority |url=http://www.tartansauthority.com/highland-dress/modern/how-to-wear-the-kilt/whats-down-under/the-real-story/ |access-date=2020-06-30 |website=www.tartansauthority.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-06|title=Scots tradition hit by cover-up ruling |website=Times Online |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article464594.ece |access-date=2020-06-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606054932/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article464594.ece|archive-date=2010-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What's Down Under? {{!}} Scottish Tartans Authority |url=http://www.tartansauthority.com/highland-dress/modern/how-to-wear-the-kilt/whats-down-under/|access-date=2020-06-30 |website=www.tartansauthority.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-11-22|title=Draught guidance: a kilt need underwear|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|language=en-GB |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scotland/8149592/Draught-guidance-a-kilt-need-underwear.html|access-date=2020-06-30|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> This also applies for most clothes worn as [[nightwear]] and as [[swimwear]]. Some analysts have encouraged people with a higher than average [[libido]] to change their underpants more frequently than average due to hygiene-related issues of by-products such as [[cowper's fluid]] and [[vaginal lubrication]].<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Bagnol
|first1=Brigitte
|first2=Esmeralda
|last2=Mariano
|title=Vaginal practices: eroticism and implications for women's health and condom use in Mozambique
|journal=[[Culture, Health & Sexuality]]
|volume=10
|number=6
|year=2008
|pages=573–585|doi=10.1080/13691050801999071
|pmid=18649196
|s2cid=26412945
}}</ref>

Underwear is sometimes partly exposed for fashion reasons or to titillate. A woman may, for instance, allow the top of her brassiere to be visible from under her [[Collar (clothing)|collar]], or wear a see-through [[blouse]] over it. Some men wear T-shirts or A-shirts underneath partly or fully unbuttoned shirts. A common style among young men (2018) is to allow the trousers to sag below the waist, thus revealing the waistband or a greater portion of their underpants. This is commonly referred to (in [[North America]]) as "[[Sagging (fashion)|hang-low style]]". A woman wearing low-rise trousers exposing the upper rear portion of her thong underwear is said to display a "[[whale tail]]".<ref name="Desborough2021">{{cite web |first=Jenny|last=Desborough|url= https://www.newsweek.com/what-whale-tail-90s-fashion-trend-thong-britney-spears-1601895|title= What Is a Whale Tail? Inside the '90s Fashion Trend Making a Comeback|work=Newsweek|date=June 18, 2021 |access-date=May 26, 2024}}</ref>

===Used underwear===
The sale of used female underwear for sexual purposes began in [[Sexuality in Japan|Japan]], in stores called [[burusera]], and it was even sold in vending machines. In the 21st century, when the [[Internet]] made anonymous mail-order sales possible for individuals, some women in the U.S. and UK, in response to male demand, began selling their dirty panties, and sometimes other underwear. Some men find the odor of a woman's bodily secretions sexually arousing, and will use the dirty panties as a [[masturbation]] aid. The sale of dirty panties, sometimes worn for several days, and sometimes customized with requested stains, is a significant [[niche market|niche]] in the [[sex work]] field. A far smaller market sells used male underwear to [[gay men]].<ref>{{cite news
|first=Mark
|last=Hay
|date=22 August 2018
|title=It's Surprisingly Difficult to Sell Your Panties Online
|newspaper=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]
|access-date=12 November 2018
|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/its-surprisingly-difficult-to-sell-your-panties-online/}}</ref>

Celebrity underwear is sometimes sold. A framed pair of [[Elvis Presley]]'s dirty underwear sold for $8,000 in 2012.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Elvis Presley underpants could fetch £10,000 at auction
|date=26 August 2012
|newspaper=[[BBC]]
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-19385100
|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref><ref name=Battersby>{{cite news
|title=Briefs reprieve: Elvis Presley's dirty underpants fail to sell at auction
|first=Matilda
|last=Battersby
|date=10 September 2012
|newspaper=[[The Independent]]
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/briefs-reprieve-elvis-presleys-dirty-underpants-fail-to-sell-at-auction-8121734.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Elvis Presley's Dirty Underwear Could Fetch $16,000 at Auction
|first=Ron
|last=Dicker
|date=27 August 2012
|newspaper=[[HuffPost]]
|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/elvis-dirty-underwear-up_n_1832904}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Undies worn by Elvis Presley to be sold at auction. Unwashed underwear worn by 'The King' could fetch £10,000 at a UK auction next month.
|newspaper=[[Daily Edge]]
|date=27 August 2012
|url=https://www.dailyedge.ie/undies-worn-by-elvis-presley-to-be-sold-at-auction-574112-Aug2012/#slide-slideshow4
|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref> Undergarments of [[Marilyn Monroe]], [[Queen Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]], and former Austrian Emperor [[Franz Joseph]] have been sold at auction.<ref name=Battersby/> The celebrities [[Jarvis Cocker]], [[Alison Goldfrapp]], [[Nick Cave]], [[Sacha Baron Cohen]], [[Ricky Gervais]], [[Jah Wobble]], [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]], and [[Helen Mirren]] donated underwear to be sold for charity.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Jarvis Cocker's Underwear Up for Auction
|first=Ryan
|last=Dombal
|date=24 March 2009
|newspaper=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]
|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/34901-jarvis-cockers-underwear-up-for-auction/}}</ref>

== Types and styles ==
Common contemporary types and styles of undergarments are listed in the table below.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
!Type
!Other Names
!Notes
!Varieties
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#f96; text-align:center;"|'''Worn by both sexes'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#fc9;"|'''Whole body'''
|-
|'''[[Long underwear]]''' [[File:LongJohns-20050126.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5]]
|thermal underwear, long johns
|A two-piece undergarment worn during cold weather consisting of a shirt with sleeves extending to the wrists and pants with legs reaching down to the ankles.
|
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#fc9;"|'''Upper body'''
|- valign=top
|'''[[T-shirt]]''' [[File:T-shirt-black.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5|T-shirt]]
|tee
|A garment covering a person's torso which is usually made without buttons, pockets, or a collar, and can have short or long sleeves. It is worn by pulling it over the head. It is often worn as an outer garment, especially in informal situations.
|
* round-neck T-shirt
* V-neck T-shirt
|- valign="top"
|'''[[Sleeveless shirt]]''' [[File:Ashirtexample.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5|Sleeveless shirt (A-shirt)]]
|tank top, [[wikt: wifebeater|wifebeater]] (slang), singlet, muscle shirt, athletic shirt, A-shirt
|A sleeveless garment similar to a T-shirt. Also sometimes worn as an informal outer garment.
|
* A-shirt (guinea tee, [[wikt:muscle shirt|muscle shirt]], [[wikt:singlet|singlet]]; '''UK''': [[wikt:vest|vest]]) – tight-fitting with large armholes and a neckline that can extend as far as mid-chest.
* [[camisole]]: a sleeveless undershirt for women
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#fc9;"|'''Lower body'''
|- valign=top
|'''[[Bikini (underwear)|Bikini briefs]]''' [[File:BikiniBottom-red-20030625.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5|Bikini underwear]]
|bikini
'''Australia''': briefs (men's)
|Usually worn with the [[waistband]] lower than the wearer's true waist, and often at the hips, with the leg bands ending at the [[groin]]. Men's bikini briefs normally have no [[Fly (clothing)|fly]].
|
* High-sided bikini briefs
* Low-sided bikini briefs
* [[Bikini#String bikini|String bikinis]] – consists of two triangular pieces connected at the [[groin]] but not at the sides, with a thin "string" around the waist connecting the pieces.
|- valign=top
|'''[[G-string]]''' [[File:Thong 2.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5|[[G-string]]]]
|Gee-string, G string
|A type of thong consisting of a narrow piece of material that covers or holds the genitals, passes between the buttocks, and is attached to a string around the hips.
|
|- valign=top
|'''[[Thong#C-string|C-String]]''' [[File:C-String.JPG|frameless|upright=0.5|[[g-string (clothing)|C-string]]]]
|Cee-string, C string
|A type of thong which is as narrow as a G-string, but without the supporting "string" around the wearer's hips/panty line, leaving just a sideways C-shaped piece between the legs.
|
|- valign=top
|'''[[Thong|Tanga]]''' [[File:Delicious bikini-girl silvia (cropped).jpg|frameless|upright=0.5|[[Thong|Tanga]]]]
|Cheeky
|A type of thong which is wider than a G-string and fairly wide in the front, more like the wide V of a traditional brief. Fit tends to be more comfortable than that of a plain thong or G-string and is often more embellished.
|
|- valign=top
|'''[[Thong]]''' [[File:A-man-in-black-thongs.JPG|frameless|upright=0.5]]
|
|Has a narrow strip of material along the centre of the garment's rear which sits between the wearer's buttocks and connects the front or pouch to the waistband behind the wearer. Thongs are sometimes worn to reduce "panty lines" when wearing tightly fitting trousers.
|
|- valign=top
|'''[[T-front]]''' [[File:T-front thong underwear.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5]]
|
|Has a narrow piece of cloth passing between the buttocks and the labia and only widening above the clitoris. It provides no coverage while still maintaining the basic hygienic underwear functions.
|
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#f96; text-align:center;"|'''Worn by women'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#fc9;"|'''Upper body'''
|- valign=top
|'''[[Bra]]''' [[File:Buestenhalter-2.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5]]
|
|Usually consists of two cups for the breasts, a centre panel (gore), a band running around the torso under the bust, and a shoulder strap for each side.
|
* [[Balconette brassiere|Balconette bra]]
* Demi bra
* Padded bra
* [[Push-up bra]]
* [[Sports bra]]
* Strapless bra
* T-shirt bra
* [[Wonderbra]]
* [[Bralette]]
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#fc9;"|'''Lower body'''
|- valign=top
|'''[[Boyshorts|Boy shorts]]''' [[File:Blue boyshorts.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5]]
|booty shorts, boyleg briefs, boy short panties, boys' cut shorts, boyshorts, hipsters, shorties
|A type of panties with sides that extend lower down the hips, similar to men's trunk briefs.
|
|- valign=top
|'''[[Tap pants]]''' [[File:Tap pants back.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5|Tap pants]]
|side-cut shorts, dance shorts, French knickers
|A form of lingerie that covers the pelvic area and the upper part of the upper legs.
|
|- valign=top
|'''[[Panties]]''' [[File:Panties-white-2007.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5|Knickers (panties)]]
|briefs, classic briefs
'''UK''': knickers
|These usually have an elastic waistband, a crotch to cover the genital area which is usually lined with absorbent material such as cotton, and a pair of leg openings which are often also elasticized. They either have very short or no leg sections.
|
* Control panties – usually made of stretchable material such as [[Spandex]] and extending above the waist, these are designed to provide support and create a slimmer appearance.
* High cut (French cut) panties.
* Hipster – worn lower with the waistband around the hips.
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#f96; text-align:center;"|'''Worn by men'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#fc9;"|'''Lower body'''
|- valign=top
|'''[[Boxer briefs]]''' [[File:Boxer para hombre, calzoncillo.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5|Boxer briefs]]
|tight boxers
'''UK''': trunks
|These are similar in style to boxer shorts, but are form-fitting like briefs.
|
* Athletic-style boxer briefs – similar to [[bike shorts]], these are skin-tight and usually have no fly.
* Pouch boxer briefs – these have a pouch for the genitals instead of a fly.
|- valign=top
|'''[[Boxer briefs|Trunks]]''' [[File:Boxerbriefs-black-Floque-20080508.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5|Trunk briefs]]
|trunk briefs, short-leg boxer briefs
|These are similar in style to boxer briefs, but shorter in the inseam.
|
* Pouch trunks – these have a pouch for the genitals
|- valign=top
|'''[[Midway briefs]]''' 
[[File:Tier one protection MOD 45154146.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5]]
|midways, long-leg boxer briefs
|These are similar in style to boxer briefs, while being longer in the legs, to near or up to the knees.
|
* Gym midway briefs – skin-tight and usually have no fly
* Pouch midway briefs – these have a pouch for the genitals
|- valign=top
|'''[[Boxer shorts]]''' [[File:BoxerShorts-20070901.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5|Boxer shorts]]
|boxers
'''UK''': trunks
|These have an elasticized waistband that is at or near the wearer's waist, while the leg sections are fairly loose and extend to the mid-thigh. There is usually a fly, either with or without [[Button (clothing)|button]]s. 
Boxer shorts with colorful patterns, pictures of cartoon characters, sports team logos, and slogans are readily available.
|
* Knit boxers
* Woven boxers
|- valign=top
|'''[[Briefs]]''' [[File: Full Cut Fruit of the Looms Men's Classic Briefs in white.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5]]
|classic briefs
'''UK''': [[wikt:Y-fronts|Y-fronts]]

'''US''': [[wikt:tighty whities|tighty-whiteys]] (slang), jockey shorts, jockeys

'''Australia''': jocks (slang)
|These have an elasticized waistband at or near the wearer's waist, and leg bands that end at or near the [[groin]].
|
* Traditional briefs – these have an inverted Y-shaped fly.
* Diagonal-flap briefs.
* Mid-rise briefs
* Low-cut or low-rise briefs
* Pouch briefs.
|- valign=top
|'''[[Jockstrap]]''' [[File:Jockstrap-20070208.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5|Jockstrap]]
|athletic supporter, jock, nut cup (slang), strap, supporter
|Consists of an elastic waistband with a support pouch for the genitalia and two elastic straps affixed to the base of the pouch and to the left and right sides of the waistband at the hip. In some varieties, the pouch may be fitted with a pocket to hold an impact-resistant [[Protective cup|cup]] to protect the genitals from injury. A jockstrap is different from a [[dance belt]] that a male dancer wears.
|
* Strapless pouch – consists of a support pouch for the genitals and a waistband, with no securing straps.
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#f96; text-align:center;"|'''Religious Under Clothing'''
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#fc9;"|'''Whole body'''
|- valign=top
|'''[[Temple garment]]s''' [[File:Garment.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5|Mormon Temple Garments]]
|
|This kind of underwear is worn by [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Mormons]].
|
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#fc9;"|'''Upper body'''
|- valign=top
|'''[[Tallit katan]]'''
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#fc9;"|'''Lower body'''
|- valign=top
|'''[[Kacchera]]''' [[File:Kaccha.JPG|frameless|upright=0.5|Kachchhera]]
|
|
|
|}

== Industry ==
=== Market ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 400
| image1 = C&A Woman DSC 2224.jpg
| caption1 = A [[model (person)|model]] showcases a [[bodysuit]] having integrated [[bra]] and [[panty]], along with stockings
| image2 = Lingerie flickr.jpg
| caption2 = A woman in a [[camisole]], [[Garter (stockings)|garters]], and [[stockings]]
}}
In January 2008 it was reported that, according to [[market research]] firm [[Mintel]], the men's underwear market in the UK was worth [[Pound sterling|£]]674 million, and volume sales of men's underpants rose by 24% between 2000 and 2005. British manufacturers and retailers claim that most British men prefer "trunks", or short boxer briefs. The director of menswear of major British retailer [[Marks & Spencer]] (M&S), which sells 40 million pairs of men's underpants a year, was quoted as saying that while boxer shorts were still the most popular at M&S, demand was easing off in favor of hipster trunks similar in design to the [[Swimsuit#Men's swimsuits or swimming trunks|swimming trunks]] worn by actor [[Daniel Craig]] in the [[James Bond]] film ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'' (2006).<ref name="Independent" />

In 1985, [[Fruit of the Loom]], [[Hanes]], and [[Jockey International]] had the largest shares of the U.S. men's underwear market; these companies had about 35%, 15%, and 10% of the market, respectively.<ref name="Kannerp28">Kanner, Bernice. "Briefs Encounter: The Long and Shorts of It" ("On Madison Avenue" column). ''[[New York Magazine]]''. [[New York Media, LLC]], 29 April 1985. Vol. 18, No. 17. ISSN 0028-7369. Start p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jbkBAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28 28]. CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jbkBAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28 28].</ref>

Gregory Woods, author of "We're Here, We're Queer and We're not Going Catalogue Shopping", stated that companies often do not market men's underwear to straight men on the assumption that they are not interested in buying underwear for themselves; therefore many such advertisements are aimed at women to convince them to buy underwear for their husbands, as well as to gay or bisexual men.<ref>Woods, Gregory. "We're Here, We're Queer and We're not Going Catalogue Shopping" (Chapter 7). In: Burston, Paul and Colin Richardson (editors). ''A Queer Romance: Lesbians, Gay Men and Popular Culture''. [[Routledge]], 26 July 2005. {{ISBN|1134864825}}, 9781134864829. Start: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=v5eKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 157]. CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=v5eKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 166].</ref> In 1985 Jockey International president Howard Cooley stated that women often shop more than men do, and men request women to buy underwear for them.<ref name=Kannerp28/> According to multiple studies conducted {{Circa|1985}}, 60-80% of men's undergarments for sale had been purchased by women.<ref name=Kannerp28/>

=== Designers and retailers ===

A number of major [[designer label]]s are renowned for their underwear collections, including [[Calvin Klein]], [[Dolce & Gabbana]], and [[La Perla (clothing)|La Perla]]. Likewise, specialist underwear brands are constantly emerging, such as [[Andrew Christian]], [[2(x)ist]], [[Leonisa]], and Papi.

Specialist retailers of underwear include [[High Street|high street]] stores [[La Senza]] (Canada), [[Agent Provocateur (lingerie)|Agent Provocateur]] (UK), [[Victoria's Secret]] (U.S.), and GapBody, the lingerie division of the [[Gap Inc.|Gap]] established in 1998 (U.S.). In 2000, the online retailer, [[Freshpair]], started in New York and in 2008 [[Abercrombie & Fitch]] opened a new chain of stores, [[Gilly Hicks]], to compete with other underwear retailers.

The 2014 Stockholm Skateathon was sponsored by [[Björn Borg]] and the advertising campaign encouraged participants either [[skateboarding]] or [[longboarding]], for example, to wear undergarments, and whilst it received criticism by the skateboarders, some people ended up dressing in the undergarments<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramirez |first1=Eric |title=Björn Borg #SwedishMissions Video |url=https://www.underwearexpert.com/blog/2014/08/bjorn-borg-swedishmissions-stockholm-skateathon/ |website=The Underwear Expert |access-date=9 July 2021 |date=20 August 2014}}</ref>
{{clear right}}

== Not wearing lower torso undergarments ==
{{Redirect|Going commando|the video game|Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando}}
{{See also|Bralessness|No-pan kissa|True Scotsman}}
Going without lower body undergarments has come to be known by the slang term '''going commando''', as well as sometimes '''free-balling''' or '''free-buffing''' (referencing the [[scrotum]] and the [[Human vulva|vulva]] respectively).<ref name=Donald2008>{{Citation |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq2dCwAAQBAJ |page= 94 |access-date=19 October 2012 |title= Sticklers, Sideburns and Bikinis: The military origins of everyday words and phrases |first= Graeme |last= Donald |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |year= 2008 |isbn= 9781846033001 }}</ref>

The origins of the phrase ''go commando'' are uncertain, with some speculating that it may refer to being "out in the open" or "ready for action".<ref>{{cite web |last=Gisesa |first=Nyambega |title=When a little goes a long way to ruin your reputation |url=http://zuqka.com/news/when-a-little-goes-a-long-way-to-ruin-your-reputation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723025157/http://zuqka.com/news/when-a-little-goes-a-long-way-to-ruin-your-reputation/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=17 September 2013 |work=Zuqka |date=16 April 2012 |publisher=Nation Media Group |location=Nairobi |quote=It's during the Vietnamese war, that the earliest cases of going without underwear were recorded. It meant ... being 'out in the open' or 'ready for action'. }}</ref> The modern usage may be traced in the United States to university students {{Circa|1974}}, where it was perhaps associated with soldiers in the [[Vietnam War]], who were reputed to go without underwear to "increase ventilation and reduce moisture".<ref name="Engber"/> The phrase was in use in the UK before then, referring mainly to women, from the late 1960s.<ref name="Donald2008" /> The connection to the UK and women has been suggested to link to a [[World War II]] euphemism for prostitutes working in London's West End, who were termed "Piccadilly Commandos".<ref>{{cite book | last = Gardiner | first = Juliet | author-link = Juliet Gardiner | title = Wartime: Britain 1939-1945 | publisher = Headline Review | date = 2005 | isbn = 0755310284}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Wagner | first = Paul | title = Rest and Relaxation, WW II Style | publisher = 398th Bomb Group Memorial Association | url = http://www.398th.org/History/Veterans/History/Wagner/Wagner_1945_RandR.html | access-date = 23 December 2014 }}</ref> The term was re-popularized in the US after it appeared in a 1996 episode of ''[[Friends]]'', where [[Joey Tribbiani]] wears everything [[Chandler Bing]] owns in an act of revenge, while also going "commando".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.avclub.com/tv-in-a-bottle-19-great-tv-episodes-largely-confined-t-1798220786 |title=TV in a bottle: 19 great TV episodes largely confined to one location |newspaper=[[The A.V. Club]] |first1=Jason |last1=Heller |first2=Genevieve |last2=Koski |first3=Noel |last3=Murray |first4=Sean |last4=O'Neal |first5=Leonard |last5=Pierce |first6=Scott |last6=Tobias |first7=Todd |last7=VanDerWerff |first8=Claire |last8=Zulkey |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=21 June 2010 |quote="[T]he episode also introduced the term 'going commando' into the popular vernacular." |archive-date=25 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625055807/http://www.avclub.com/articles/tv-in-a-bottle-19-great-tv-episodes-largely-confin%2C42284/2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="1996-two">{{cite news |last=Hendrickson |first=Eric |date=27 October 1996 |volume=31 |issue=38 |page=C3 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jjhEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4766,1545815&dq= |title=Buzz word 'going commando' gets an airing on 'Friends' |newspaper=Sunday Times-Sentinel}} (copy from ''[[The Detroit News]]'')</ref>

In a 2014 [[open-access poll|open-access internet-based poll]], ''[[60 Minutes]]'' and ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' asked visitors to their websites the question "How often do you 'go commando'?" A quarter of participants said that they did this at least occasionally, while 39% said they never did so, and 35% said that they did not know the meaning of the term.<ref>{{cite magazine|access-date=31 January 2019 |title=60 Minutes Poll: 25 Percent of Americans Don't Wear Underwear Sometimes|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2014/04/60-minutes-poll-fashion-clothes|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=April 2014 |quote=To answer the questions yourself, visit the 60 Minutes homepage at CBSNews.com. }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/60-minutes-vanity-fair-fashion/ |title= 60 Minutes/Vanity Fair: Fashion; Who's afraid of Anna Wintour or Tim Gunn? More Americans fear fashion criticism from their mates |date=10 March 2014 |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Clothing|Fashion}}
* [[Corset controversy]]
* [[Diaper]]
* [[Hosiery]]
* [[Ring, slide and hook]]
* [[Social aspects of clothing]]
* [[Swimsuit]]
* [[Trousers#Laws|Trousers – Law]] – laws on underwear exposure
* [[Underwear as outerwear]]
* [[Underwear Museum]] – a museum in Lessines, Belgium, and previously in Brussels, displaying undergarments of famous persons
* [[Men's underwear index]] – an economic index

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist}}

'''Further reading'''

* {{cite book|last=Benson|first=Elaine |author2=John Esten|title=Unmentionables: A Brief History of Underwear|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1996}}
* {{cite book|last=Cunnington|first=C[ecil] Willett|author-link=Cecil Willett Cunnington|author2=Phillis Cunnington|author-link2=Phillis Emily Cunnington|title=The History of Underclothes|location=New York|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|year=1992|isbn=0-486-27124-2|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofundercl00cunn}} First published in London by Michael Joseph in 1951.
* {{cite book|last=Hawthorne|first=Rosemary|others=Lucy Pettifer & Claire Taylor (ill.)|title=Stockings & Suspenders: A Quick Flash|location=London|publisher=Souvenir|year=1993|isbn=0-285-63143-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Richard [Harrison]|author2=Harold Koda|others=photographs by [[Neil Selkirk]]|title=Infra-apparel|location=New York|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|year=1993|isbn=0-8109-6430-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/infraapparel0000mart}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|undergarment}}
{{Commons category|Underwear}}
* [http://digital.nypl.org/mmpco/searchresultsK.cfm?keyword=lingerie Historical Lingerie pictures from the New York Public Library Picture Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809183410/http://digital.nypl.org/mmpco/searchresultsK.cfm?keyword=lingerie |date=9 August 2020 }}
* [https://statenisland.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/0041A5B2-E3A8-4547-ABFB-472634315150 Handmade women's underwear set, 1911, in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database.]

{{lingerie}}
{{men's undergarments}}
{{clothing}}
{{Historical clothing}}
{{Nightwear}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Undergarments| ]]
[[Category:History of clothing (Western fashion)]]
[[Category:History of fashion]]

Training pants

2025-06-20T20:43:39Z

67.167.129.154: /* Designs */

{{Short description|Type of incontinence garment}}
{{Multiple issues
|{{lead extra info|date=December 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox clothing type
| name = Training pants
| image_file = [[File:Huggies Pull-Ups Wetness Indicator.png|250px]]
[[File:Wet vs Dry.jpg|250px]]
| image_size =
| caption = Dry vs. Wet Huggies Pull-Ups 
Boy training pants (top) Girl training pants (bottom)
| type = protective clothing
| material =
| location =
| manufacturer =
| url =
}}
'''Training pants''' are undergarments used by incontinent people, typically toddlers, as an aid for [[toilet training]]. They are intended to be worn in between the transition between wearing [[diaper]]s but before they are ready to wear regular [[underpants]]. Training pants may be reusable and made of fabric, or they may be [[disposable product|disposable]]. In the US, disposable training pants may also be referred to as "pull-ups", and in the UK, training pants are frequently referred to as '''nappy pants''' or '''trainer pants.'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.madeformums.com/reviews-and-shopping/shopping-guides/buyers-guide-to-trainer-pants/10124.html|title=Buyer's guide to trainer pants|work=Made For Mums|access-date=2018-07-29|archive-date=2018-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729171131/http://www.madeformums.com/reviews-and-shopping/shopping-guides/buyers-guide-to-trainer-pants/10124.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pampers.co.uk/about-pampers/nappies-and-wipes/article/time-to-switch-to-nappy-pants|title=Time to Switch to Nappy Pants?|work=PampersUK|access-date=2018-07-29|language=en-GB|archive-date=2018-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729171548/https://www.pampers.co.uk/about-pampers/nappies-and-wipes/article/time-to-switch-to-nappy-pants|url-status=live}}</ref> The main benefit of training pants over diapers is that unlike traditional diapers, they can be easily pulled down in order to sit on a [[Potty chair|potty]] or [[toilet]], and pulled back up for re-use after the person has used the toilet. The main benefit of wearing training pants over regular underpants is that if the person has an [[Toilet training#Accidents|accident]], they do not soil their environment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.parents.com/toddlers-preschoolers/potty-training/gear/the-best-potty-training-pants-and-how-to-use-them/|title=The Best Potty Training Pants and How to Use Them|date=2018-01-29|work=Parents|access-date=2018-07-29|archive-date=2020-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307035540/https://www.parents.com/toddlers-preschoolers/potty-training/gear/the-best-potty-training-pants-and-how-to-use-them/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Disposable pants==
===Flexible sides===
Many toilet training pants use flexible sides for the wearer to easily pull them off and on like normal underwear. This is to increase independence, make training easier, and are designed to be child-friendly, as well as to make them designed like normal underwear, unlike most traditional diapers in which the diaper is fastened by inexpensive velcro straps, although they are adjustable when it comes to tightness. Also unlike normal diapers, the sides are sold already fastened with the goal of enabling wearers to put them on independently.

Some brands include strong velcro on the sides, the goal being to keep the sides in place while enabling the parent to remove the pants if necessary. Conversely, the sides may be more vulnerable to breaking and are liable to lose the psychological benefit of moving away from diapers.

===Leak guards===
In addition, all training pants have leak protection for when the wearer wets the pant. When the pant is wet, the urine is absorbed and drawn into a compartment that absorbs the wetness, much like a diaper. This is used to prevent the wetness to ruin any clothing surrounding it, and also for privacy. However, if too much urine is absorbed, it can break open, exposing the foam that absorbs the urine. Many companies have allowed a fairly large amount of absorbency in their pants, mainly to make them appropriate to be used for night trainers who wet the bed.

===Wetness indicator===
{{main|Wetness indicator}}

In many cases, a training pant contains a wetness indicator.

This is a set of designs printed in special ink that evaporates from liquid that is absorbed from the wearer - specifically urine, near the area that is most commonly urinated. When the child does wet the pants, these designs smudge to the point that they fade completely to white. This is intended to be an incentive for staying dry and a way to discourage wetting, and to identify when he or she is wet. Such a feature was first sold to consumers in 2000.

===Wetness lining===
In addition to the visual wetness indicator, some companies have gone as far as to introduce a liner inside their training pants, specifically in the area most frequently urinated. This liner is intended to make wearers feel discomfort or cold upon urination, thus [[Classical conditioning|conditioning]] them to use the toilet. Pampers was the first one to use this feature with their Feel 'N Learn trainers, which were based specifically around the use of the wetness liner. This product and most other wetness liner products are now discontinued, likely due to lack of consumer interest. Most companies that use this feature also use the wetness indicator on their training pants. When Huggies used this feature on their Pull-Ups, they claimed that the wetness indicator is best suited for those who are visual learners, while the wetness liners are for those who learn from feeling.

===Designs===
Some training pants depict licensed characters that are likely to be recognized by young children.

Huggies has used [[Disney Princess]]es, ''[[Toy Story (franchise)|Toy Story]]'', ''[[Cars (franchise)|Cars]]'', Mickey Mouse, and Minnie Mouse on their Pull-ups. Pampers has used ''[[Bluey (TV series)|Bluey]]'' and ''[[My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic]]'' on their Easy Ups. Licensed characters are used on training pants to motivate the wearer by making the wearing of this garment more enjoyable.

==See also==
* [[Diaper]]
* [[Huggies Pull-Ups]]
* [[Pampers Easy Ups]]

{{Clothing}}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Toilet training]]

Guess Who's Coming to Dinner

2025-06-15T02:09:33Z

67.167.129.154: /* See also */

{{Short description|1967 film by Stanley Kramer}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
| image = Guess Who's Coming to Dinner poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Stanley Kramer]]
| writer = [[William Rose (screenwriter)|William Rose]]
| producer = Stanley Kramer
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Spencer Tracy]]
* [[Sidney Poitier]]
* [[Katharine Hepburn]]
* [[Katharine Houghton]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Sam Leavitt]]
| editing = [[Robert C. Jones]]
| music = [[Frank De Vol]]
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1967|12|11|New York City|1967|12|12|United States}}
| runtime = 108 minutes<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Craddock |editor-first=Jim |url=https://archive.org/details/videohoundsgolde0000unse_u5f9/page/354/mode/2up |title=VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever 2005: The Complete Guide to Movies on Videocassette and DVD |location=Detroit |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] |year=2004 |page=355 |isbn=978-0-7876-7470-0}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $4 million<ref name="BOM"/>
| gross = $56.7 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0061735/ |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |title=Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) |access-date=September 13, 2023}}</ref>
}}
'''''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner''''' is a 1967 American [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy drama]] film produced and directed by [[Stanley Kramer]], and written by [[William Rose (screenwriter)|William Rose]]. It stars [[Spencer Tracy]] (in his final role), [[Sidney Poitier]], and [[Katharine Hepburn]], and features Hepburn's niece [[Katharine Houghton]].

The film was one of the few of the time to depict an [[interracial marriage]] in a positive light, as interracial marriage historically had been illegal in many states of the United States. It was still illegal in 17 states, until June 12, 1967, six months before the film was released, and scenes were filmed just before [[anti-miscegenation laws]] were struck down by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] in ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]''.

The film was the ninth and final on-screen pairing of Tracy and Hepburn. Tracy was very ill during filming but insisted on continuing. Filming of his role was completed just 17 days before his death in June 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0061735/|title=Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)|date=December 12, 1967|work=IMDb|access-date=June 28, 2018|archive-date=June 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616192451/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0061735/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hepburn never saw the completed film, saying it would be too painful for her.{{sfn|Andersen|1997|p=306}} The film was released in December 1967, six months after Tracy's death.

In 2017, on its 50th anniversary, the film was selected for preservation in the United States [[National Film Registry]] by the [[Library of Congress]] as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-17-178/|title=2017 National Film Registry Is More Than a 'Field of Dreams'|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=December 13, 2017|archive-date=December 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213180919/https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-17-178/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Complete National Film Registry Listing |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|access-date=2020-10-13|publisher=Library of Congress|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191832/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-nominated score was composed by [[Frank De Vol]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Whitburn |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Whitburn |url=https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbu/page/1018/mode/2up |title=Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Albums 1955–2001 |location=Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin |publisher=[[Record Research]] |year=2001 |page=1018 |isbn=978-0-89820-147-5 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

==Plot==
In 1967, Joanna Drayton, a 23-year-old white woman, returns from her Hawaiian vacation to her parents' home in San Francisco with Dr. John Prentice, a 37-year-old black widower. The couple became engaged after a 10-day romance. Joanna's parents are Matt Drayton, a newspaper editor, and his wife, Christina, who owns an art gallery. Though the Draytons are liberal-minded, they are shocked that their daughter is engaged to a man of a different race. Christina gradually accepts the situation, but Matt objects because of the likely unhappiness and seemingly insurmountable problems the couple will face.

Unbeknownst to Joanna, John tells the Drayton parents he will withdraw from the engagement unless both Draytons give the couple their blessing. To complicate matters, John is soon scheduled to [[Geneva]], Switzerland, for three months in his work with the [[World Health Organization]]. His answer from the Draytons will determine whether Joanna follows him. Joanna invites John's parents to fly up from Los Angeles to join them for dinner that evening. John has not told them his fiancée is white. Monsignor Mike Ryan, Matt's golf buddy, arrives and tells Matt and the couple that he is supportive of the engagement. Ryan is amused by his old liberal friend's principles fetching up against reality. Christina tells Matt she, too, is supportive of Joanna, even if it means fighting Matt. Christina fires her bigoted art gallery manager, Hilary St. George, who nosily intrudes and voices her sympathy for Christina's situation.

John's parents, the Prentices, arrive and are shocked to discover that Joanna is white. The two mothers agree that this was an unexpected event but support their children. The two fathers meet, expressing disapproval at this unhappy occasion. The Monsignor advises John not to withdraw, despite Matt's objections. John and his father discuss their generational differences. John's mother tells Matt that he and her husband have forgotten what it was like to fall in love, and their failure to remember true romance has clouded their thinking. John chides Matt for not having the "guts" to tell him he disapproved of the marriage. Finally, Matt reveals his decision about the engagement to the entire group. He concludes that he does remember what true romance is. He says although the pair face enormous problems, they must find a way to overcome them, and he will approve the marriage, knowing all along he had no right to stop it. The families and the Monsignor then adjourn to the dining room for dinner.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Spencer Tracy]] as Matt Drayton
* [[Sidney Poitier]] as Dr. John Wade Prentice
* [[Katharine Hepburn]] as Christina Drayton
* [[Katharine Houghton]] as Joanna "Joey" Drayton
* [[Cecil Kellaway]] as [[Monsignor]] Mike Ryan
* [[Beah Richards]] as Mrs. Mary Prentice
* [[Roy Glenn|Roy E. Glenn Sr.]] as Mr. John Prentice Sr.
* [[Isabel Sanford]] as Matilda "Tillie" Binx
* [[Virginia Christine]] as Hilary St. George
* [[Alexandra Hay]] as carhop
* [[Barbara Randolph]] as Dorothy
* [[D'Urville Martin]] as Frankie
* Skip Martin as delivery boy
* [[Jacqueline Fontaine]] as singer in Japanese cocktail lounge (uncredited)<ref>{{cite web |last=Roitz |first=Janet |title="The Glory Of Love" Guess Who's Coming To Dinner 1967; A look at Jacqueline Fontaine |url=http://www.fabulousfilmsongs.com/the-glory-oflove-guess-whos-coming-to-dinner-1967-a-look-at-jacquline-fontaine/ |website=Fabulous Film Songs |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117005741/http://www.fabulousfilmsongs.com/the-glory-oflove-guess-whos-coming-to-dinner-1967-a-look-at-jacquline-fontaine/}}</ref>
}}

==Influences==
It has been suggested that a pair of contemporary cases of interracial marriage influenced Rose when he was writing the film's script.

[[Peggy Cripps]], an aristocratic debutante whose father had been a British cabinet minister and whose grandfather had been [[leader of the House of Lords]], married the [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African]] anti-colonialist [[Nana (title)|Nana]] [[Joe Appiah]]. They established their home in Appiah's native [[Ghana]], where he subsequently held office as a minister and ambassador.

At around the same time, [[Lloyd's of London|Lloyd's]] underwriter [[Ruth Williams Khama|Ruth Williams]] and her husband, African aristocrat [[Kgosi]] [[Seretse Khama]], were engaged in a struggle of their own. Their union, which also occurred in the immediate aftermath of World War II, led to a storm of comment that snowballed into an international incident which saw them stripped of their chiefly titles in his homeland and exiled to Britain. They ultimately returned to Khama's native [[Botswana]] as its inaugural president and first lady.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brozan |first=Nadine |date=February 16, 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/16/world/africa/peggy-appiah-84-author-who-bridged-two-cultures-dies.html |title=Peggy Appiah, 84, Author Who Bridged Two Cultures, Dies |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=September 13, 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530025302/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/16/world/africa/peggy-appiah-84-author-who-bridged-two-cultures-dies.html |archive-date=May 30, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production==
According to Kramer, he and Rose intentionally structured the film to debunk ethnic stereotypes. The young doctor, a [[Typecasting (acting)|typical]] role for the young Sidney Poitier, was created idealistically perfect, so that the only possible objections to his marrying Joanna would be his [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], or the fact she had only known him for 10 days; the character has thus graduated from a top school, begun innovative medical initiatives in Africa, refused to have [[premarital sex]] with his fiancée despite her willingness, and leaves money in an open container on his future father-in-law's desk in payment for a [[Long-distance calling|long-distance phone call]] he has made. Kramer and Rose completed the film script in five weeks.{{sfn|Andersen|1997|p=295}}

Kramer stated later that the principal actors believed so strongly in the premise that they agreed to act in the project even before seeing the script. Production had been set for January 1967 and ended on May 24, 1967.{{sfn|Davidson|1988|pp=207, 211}} At age 67, Tracy was in poor health with [[Cardiovascular disease|heart disease]], [[diabetes]], [[Hypertension|high-blood pressure]], [[respiratory disease]], and other ailments. Aware of Tracy's declining health, insurance companies refused to cover him for the period of filming. Kramer and Hepburn put their salaries in [[escrow]] so that if he should die during the production, filming could be completed with another actor. According to Kramer, "You're never examined for insurance until a few weeks before a picture starts. [Even] with all his drinking and ailments, Tracy always qualified for insurance before, so nobody thought it would be a problem in this case. But it was. We couldn't get insurance for Spence. The situation looked desperate. So then we figured out a way of handling it. Kate and I put up our own salaries to compensate for the lack of an insurance company for Spence. And we were allowed to proceed."{{sfn|Davidson|1988|pp=207–208}}

The filming schedule was altered to accommodate Tracy's failing health.{{sfn|Davidson|1988|pp=206–209}} All of Tracy's scenes and shots were filmed between 9:00 am and noon of each day to give him adequate time to rest for the remainder of the day.{{sfn|Andersen|1997|p=295}} For example, most of Tracy's dialogue scenes were filmed in such a way that during close-ups on other characters, a stand-in was substituted for him.{{sfn|Edwards|1985|p=337}}

Tracy's failing health was more serious than most people working on the set were aware of. According to Poitier: "The illness of Spencer dominated everything. I knew his health was very poor and many of the people who knew what the situation was didn't believe we'd finish the film, that is, that Tracy would be able to finish the film. Those of us who were close knew it was worse than they thought. Kate brought him to and from the set. She worked with him on his lines. She made sure with [Stanley] Kramer that his hours were right for what he could do, and what he couldn't do was different each day. There were days when he couldn't do anything. But also there were days when he was great, and I got the chance to know what it was like working with Tracy."{{sfn|Chandler|2010|pp=231–232}}

A bust of Tracy sculpted by Hepburn herself was used as a prop, on the bookshelf behind the desk where Poitier makes his phone call.

Tracy died two weeks after he completed his work on the film.{{sfn|Andersen|1997|p=298}}

Hepburn significantly helped cast her niece, Katharine Houghton, for the role of Joey Drayton. Concerning this, Hepburn stated: "There was a lovely part for Kathy [Houghton], my niece [...] She would play Spencer's and my daughter. I loved that. She's beautiful and she definitely had a family resemblance. It was my idea."{{sfn|Chandler|2010|pp=229–237}}

According to Hepburn, the role of Joey Drayton was one of Houghton's first major roles as a young actress. "The part of my daughter," Kate said, "was a difficult one. A young unknown actress needs more opportunity to win the sympathy of the audience. Otherwise, too much has to depend on her youth, innocence, and beauty. She had one good speech to win the audience, but it was cut. Instead she only talks with her father about the differences between the principles he taught her and the way he's behaving."{{sfn|Chandler|2010|p=231}}

Poitier frequently found himself starstruck, and as a result, a bit tongue-tied in the presence of Hepburn and Tracy, whom he considered to be "giants" as far as acting is concerned.{{sfn|Poitier|1980|p=286}} However, Poitier reportedly found a way to overcome his nerves. "When I went to play a scene with Tracy and Hepburn, I couldn't remember a word. Finally, Stanley Kramer said to me, 'What are we going to do?' I said, 'Stanley, send those two people home. I will play the scene against two empty chairs. I don't want them here because I can't handle that kind of company.' He sent them home. I played the scene in close-up against two empty chairs as the dialogue coach read Mr. Tracy's and Miss Hepburn's lines from off camera."{{sfn|Poitier|1980|p=286}}

Against the backdrop of [[civil rights movement|racial tensions in the United States]] at the time of the film's production, Poitier felt he was "under close observation" by both Tracy and Hepburn during their first dinner meetings prior to production.{{sfn|Poitier|2000|p=121}} However, he managed to swiftly win them over. Due to Tracy and Hepburn's close history with Kramer, Poitier later wrote that Hepburn and Tracy came to regard him with "the kind of respect they had for Kramer, and they had to say to themselves (and I'm sure they did), this kid has to be pretty okay, because Stanley is nuts about working with him".{{sfn|Poitier|2000|pp=121–124}}

==Variant versions==
The original version of the film contained a moment in which Tillie responds to the question "Guess who's coming to dinner now?" with the sarcastic one-liner: "The Reverend [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King]]?" After [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|King's assassination]] on April 4, 1968, this line was removed from the film, so by August 1968, almost all theaters' showings of this film had this line omitted. As early as 1969, the line was restored to many but not all prints, and the line was preserved in the VHS and DVD versions of the film, as well.

==Release==
''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner'' opened in New York City on December 11, 1967,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/19359#3 |title=Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) – Details |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |access-date=September 13, 2023}}</ref> followed by a wide release in the United States the following day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Guess-Whos-Coming-to-Dinner#tab=summary |title=Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=September 13, 2023}}</ref> The film was released on [[VHS]] in October 1986<ref name="homevideo"/> and on [[DVD]] on May 22, 2001,<ref name="RT">{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/guess_whos_coming_to_dinner/ |title=Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414055525/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/guess_whos_coming_to_dinner/ |archive-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> with a 40th-anniversary DVD release on February 12, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last=Willmott |first=Don |url=http://www.filmcritic.com/reviews/1967/guess-whos-coming-to-dinner/ |title=Guess Who's Coming to Dinner |website=[[Filmcritic.com]] |date=August 23, 2001 |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615232928/http://www.filmcritic.com/reviews/1967/guess-whos-coming-to-dinner/ |archive-date=June 15, 2012}}</ref> It was released on [[Blu-ray]] on February 7, 2017, to commemorate the film's 50th anniversary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guess Who's Coming to Dinner Blu-ray|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Guess-Whos-Coming-to-Dinner-Blu-ray/169353/|website=Blu-ray.com|access-date=2020-07-02|archive-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703201652/https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Guess-Whos-Coming-to-Dinner-Blu-ray/169353/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was first shown on U.S. television on [[CBS]] on September 19, 1971, and was the highest-rated film broadcast that year with a rating of 26.8 and an audience share of 44%.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Theatres-To-TV Film Rankings|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 25, 1972|page=81|issn=0042-2738}}</ref>

==Reception==
Upon the film's release, ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' critic [[Bosley Crowther]] praised the performances and called the film "a most delightfully acted and gracefully entertaining film, fashioned much in the manner of a stage drawing-room comedy." Crowther wrote that the questions raised by the film should be set aside as they "will only tend to disturb the euphoria and likely enjoyment of this witty and glistening film."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crowther |first=Bosley |date=1967-12-12 |title=Screen: 'Guess Who's Coming to Dinner' Arrives: Tracy-Hepburn Picture Opens at 2 Theaters |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/12/12/archives/screen-guess-whos-coming-to-dinner-arrivestracyhepburn-picture.html |access-date=2023-06-16}}</ref> In the ''[[New York Daily News]]'', critic Wanda Hale gave the film a full four-star rating, and said it "must be counted as an important contribution to motion pictures. With fearless directness Stanley Kramer takes a fresh and risky topic, inter-racial marriage, deals with it boldly and lets the criticisms fall where they may. At the Victoria and Beekman Theaters, the Columbia picture evidences Kramer's uncanny ability in selecting the right cast to portray the characters created by William Rose, to speak the author's penetrating lines as they should, naturally, humorously, bitterly and in the case of Spencer Tracy, simply and eloquently. Tracy, Katharine Hepburn and Katharine Houghton appear as the white people in this problem. Negroes are played by Sidney Poitier, Beah Richards, Isabel Sanford and Roy E. Glenn Sr. But withal, 'Guess Who's Coming to Dinner' is the late great actor's picture and he dominates it with his vitality and the clarity and logic of his presentation."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hale |first=Wanda |date=1967-12-12 |title=Tracy Dominates His Last Film |newspaper=Daily News |location=New York City, New York, United States |url=https://nydailynews.newspapers.com/article/daily-news/135109806/ |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref> Writing in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', film critic [[Charles Champlin]] lauded the film as "a deeply moving film, guaranteed to leave no eye undamp."<ref name="Champlin">{{cite news |last=Champlin |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Champlin |title='Dinner,' 'Cold Blood' to Bow |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-champlin-review-of/126522471/ |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=December 17, 1967 |pages=14, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-charles-camplin-re/126523618/ 18]–[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-chrles-champlin-re/126524831/ 19] |issn=0458-3035 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Clifford Terry, film critic of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' at the time, wrote that the film "examines a theme of the 1960s thru a style of the 1930s. The subject of interracial marriage was probed four years ago in '[[One Potato, Two Potato]],' but Producer-Director Stanley Kramer has reached back long before that for his modus operandi, coming up with the antiseptic slickness and unabashed sentiment [not necessarily a bad thing] in the generic tradition of the [[Frank Capra]] social comedy-drama."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Terry |first=Clifford |date=1968-01-28 |title=Sentiment of the '30s 'Comes to Dinner' |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |url=https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-clifford-terry-movie-rev/135109442/ |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]], his rival at the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', gave the film a full four-star rating. He said "yes, there are serious faults in Stanley Kramer's 'Guess Who's Coming to Dinner,' but they are overcome by the virtues of this delightfully old-fashioned film. It would be easy to tear the plot to shreds and catch Kramer in the act of copping out. But why? On its own terms, this film is a joy to see, an evening of superb entertainment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=1968-01-28 |title=Guess Who's Coming to Dinner |newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/guess-whos-coming-to-dinner-1968 |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref>

Martin Knelman of the ''[[Toronto Daily Star]]'' said that "Stanley Kramer has bucked the trend in at least one respect: Instead of choosing to have a title song written specially for ''Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner'', the film that arrives today at the Carlton, he has selected an old, familiar song as his theme. Kramer himself told me the other day that he is not wildly enthusiastic about the song, but as far as I’m concerned, it’s a perfect touch. ''[[The Glory of Love (Benny Goodman song)|The Glory of Love]]'' (performed by nightclub singer [[Jacqueline Fontaine]]) richly echoes the naive sentimentalism of the pop culture of the 1940s and 1950s and though it’s a thoroughly modern picture in some respects, ''Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner'' is at heart a nostalgic throwback to that era."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Knelman |first=Martin |date=1968-01-12 |title=It's that Tracy-Hepburn magic all the way |newspaper=Toronto Daily Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star/135108278/ |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref> Joan Irwin of the ''[[Montreal Star]]'' called it "a strong honest and remarkably sensitive film dealing with the problem of interracial marriage. Every prejudice and argument for and against such a marriage is examined with candor and often with humor, not in a general, preachy context, but as it relates to the two particular people in question. This is no harangue on the subject of indiscriminate brotherly love, nor yet a sentimental treatment of a very real problem. It is a fine film, full of strength and tenderness, played with great subtlety and wit by an entirely superb cast."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Irwin |first=Joan |date=1968-03-15 |title=Tracy bows out in a brilliant role |newspaper=Montreal Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star/135108824/ |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref> Jacob Siskind of the rival ''[[Montreal Gazette|Gazette]]'' newspaper called it "one film that no one should miss. It is unashamedly, unabashedly sentimental; it is designed to tug at your heart strings; it quite obviously makes a play for the largest possible audience. But it does so honestly."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Siskind |first=Jacob |date=1968-03-15 |title=Three New Films Featuring Spencer Tracy, Dirk Bogarde and Richard Burton |newspaper=The Gazette |location=Montreal, Quebec, Canada |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette/135109062/ |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref>

''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner'' was a box-office success in 1968 throughout the United States, including in Southern states where it was traditionally assumed that few white filmgoers would want to see any film with black leads. The success of this film challenged that assumption in [[film marketing]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Mark |title=Pictures at a Revolution: Five Films and the Birth of a New Hollywood |publisher=Penguin Press |year=2008 |page=374}}</ref> Despite this success, which included numerous film award nominations, [[Frank Rich]] of ''The New York Times'' wrote in November 2008 that the film was frequently labeled as dated among liberals. Another main point of contention was the fact that Poitier's character, the golden future son-in-law, had no flaws and a résumé of good deeds. Many people felt that the dynamic between the Draytons and Poitier's character would have inevitably resulted in a happily-ever-after film ending because Poitier's character was so perfect, respectable, likable, and proper. Some people went as far as saying Prentice was "too white" not to be accepted by the Draytons.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rich |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Rich |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/02/opinion/02rich.html |title=Guess Who's Coming to Dinner |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 1, 2008 |page=10 |access-date=September 13, 2023}}</ref> It was also criticized by some for these reasons at the time, with African-American actor [[Stepin Fetchit]] saying that the film "did more to stop intermarriage than to help it."<ref>{{cite book|last=Kurlansky|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Kurlansky|title=1968: The Year That Rocked the World|year=2004|publisher=[[Ballantine Books]]|isbn=978-0-345-45581-9|location=New York|page=113|oclc=53929433}}</ref> Kramer's intention of the film was to de-bunk stereotypes placed against people of color, but some scholars argue that it created new stereotypes in its portrayal.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Blum |first=John M. |date=1969 |title=Cinema for Whom? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3331699 |journal=Journal of Aesthetic Education |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=13–19 |doi=10.2307/3331699 |jstor=3331699 |issn=0021-8510|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In a 1986 review of the film by ''The New York Times'', [[Lawrence Van Gelder]] wrote: "the suspicion arises that were the film made today its makers would come to grips a good deal more bluntly with the problems of intermarriage. Still, this remains a deft comedy and – most of all – a paean to the power of love."<ref name="homevideo">{{cite news |last=Van Gelder |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Van Gelder |title=Home Video – New Cassettes: Big Stars and Big Bands |newspaper=The New York Times |page=28 |date=October 12, 1986 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In his 1967 review of the film, Champlin wrote "questions do arise" about the treatment of intermarriage, which he observed was "made palatable to the greatest number" by creating a "comfortably old-fashioned picture." Champlin pointed to the extraordinary stature of the Poitier character, and said that he was left with a "nagging uneasiness that the problem has not really been confronted or solved, but only patronized."<ref name="Champlin"/>

On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 71% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "More well-intentioned than insightful in its approach to interracial marriage, ''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner'' succeeds thanks to the fizzy chemistry of its star-studded ensemble."<ref>{{cite web |title=Guess Who's Coming to Dinner |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/guess_whos_coming_to_dinner |access-date=September 13, 2023 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has an average score of 63 out of 100 based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally favourable reviews".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guess Who's Coming to Dinner |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/guess-whos-coming-to-dinner/ |access-date=December 19, 2023 |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col"| Award<ref name="NY Times">{{cite web |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/21044/Guess-Who-s-Coming-to-Dinner/awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603021428/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/21044/Guess-Who-s-Coming-to-Dinner/awards |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 3, 2010 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |newspaper=The New York Times |year=2010 |title=NY Times: Guess Who's Coming to Dinner |access-date=December 27, 2008}}</ref>
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10"| [[40th Academy Awards|Academy Awards]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Stanley Kramer]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Spencer Tracy]] {{small|(posthumous nomination)}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Katharine Hepburn]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Cecil Kellaway]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Beah Richards]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Story and Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen]]
| [[William Rose (screenwriter)|William Rose]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Best Art Direction]]
| [[Robert Clatworthy (art director)|Robert Clatworthy]] and [[Frank Tuttle (set decorator)|Frank Tuttle]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing|Best Film Editing]]
| [[Robert C. Jones]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Song Score or Adaptation Score]]
| [[Frank De Vol]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[American Cinema Editors|American Cinema Editors Awards]]
| [[American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic|Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic]]
| Robert C. Jones
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[22nd British Academy Film Awards|British Academy Film Awards]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| Spencer Tracy {{small|(posthumous nomination)}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| Katharine Hepburn {{small|(also for ''[[The Lion in Winter (1968 film)|The Lion in Winter]]'')}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| William Rose
| {{nom}}
|-
| United Nations Award
| rowspan="2"| Stanley Kramer
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[David di Donatello]]
| [[David di Donatello for Best Foreign Film|Best Foreign Production]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actor|Best Foreign Actor]]
| Spencer Tracy
| {{won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Warren Beatty]] for ''[[Bonnie and Clyde (film)|Bonnie and Clyde]]''}}
|-
| [[David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress|Best Foreign Actress]]
| Katharine Hepburn
| {{won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Faye Dunaway]] for ''Bonnie and Clyde''}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[20th Directors Guild of America Awards|Directors Guild of America Awards]]
| [[Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film|Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures]]
| Stanley Kramer
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| Fotogramas de Plata
| Best Foreign Performer
| [[Sidney Poitier]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7"| [[25th Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Awards]]
| colspan="2"| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama|Best Motion Picture – Drama]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Director|Best Director – Motion Picture]]
| Stanley Kramer
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama|Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama]]
| Spencer Tracy {{small|(posthumous nomination)}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama|Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama]]
| Katharine Hepburn
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]]
| Beah Richards
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay – Motion Picture]]
| William Rose
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress|Most Promising Newcomer – Female]]
| [[Katharine Houghton]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]]
| [[Crystal Globe (Karlovy Vary International Film Festival)|Crystal Globe]]
| Stanley Kramer
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Laurel Awards]]
| colspan="2"| Top Comedy
| {{nom}}
|-
| Top Male Dramatic Performance
| Spencer Tracy
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[National Film Preservation Board]]
| colspan="2"| [[National Film Registry]]
| {{won|Inducted}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[1967 New York Film Critics Circle Awards|New York Film Critics Circle Awards]]
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| Spencer Tracy
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| Online Film & Television Association Awards
| colspan="2"| Hall of Fame – Motion Picture
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[20th Writers Guild of America Awards|Writers Guild of America Awards]]
| [[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written Drama|Best Written American Drama]]
| rowspan="2"| William Rose
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Written American Original Screenplay]]
| {{nom}}
|}

'''[[American Film Institute]] lists'''
* [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies]] – {{abbr|No.|Number}} 99<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/movies100.pdf |title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies |publisher=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=September 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412113202/http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/movies100.pdf |archive-date=April 12, 2019}}</ref>
* [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions]] – No. 58<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/passions100.pdf |title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions |publisher=American Film Institute |access-date=September 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624052654/http://afi.com/Docs/100Years/passions100.pdf |archive-date=June 24, 2016}}</ref>
* [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers]] – No. 35<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-cheers/ |title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers |publisher=American Film Institute |access-date=September 13, 2023}}</ref>

==Remakes and adaptations==
On May 28, 1975, [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] aired a 30-minute pilot for a proposed comedy television series based on ''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner'', produced and directed by [[Stanley Kramer]] and starring [[Leslie Charleson]] and Bill Overton.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Lee |author-link=Lee Goldberg |url=https://archive.org/details/unsoldtelevision0000gold/page/230/mode/2up |title=Unsold Television Pilots Vol. 1: 1955–1976 |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |publisher=[[iUniverse]] |year=2001 |page=230 |isbn=978-0-595-19429-2 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Baugess |editor-first1=James S. |editor-last2=DeBolt |editor-first2=Abbe Allen |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsi0001unse/page/274/mode/2up |title=Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture |volume=1 |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |year=2012 |page=274 |isbn=978-0-313-32944-9 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

In 2003, comedian [[Daniele Luttazzi]] published the screenplay ''Tabu'', an almost verbatim parody of the film. In the variation, the engaged lovers are aged 40 (him) and 12 (her), and are brother and sister.<ref>{{cite book |last=Luttazzi |first=Daniele |author-link=Daniele Luttazzi |year=2003 |title=La castrazione e altri metodi infallibili per prevenire l'acne |language=it |location=Milan |publisher=[[Feltrinelli (publisher)|Feltrinelli]] |pages=155–233 |isbn=978-8-807-84029-6}}</ref>

Episodes of ''[[The Golden Girls]]'' and ''[[The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air]]'' featured plots similar to the film.

The 2005 film ''[[Guess Who (film)|Guess Who]]'' starring [[Ashton Kutcher]] and [[Bernie Mac]] is a loose remake, styled as a comedy rather than a drama, with the racial roles reversed: Black parents are caught off-guard when their daughter brings home the young white man she has chosen to marry. Talking about the film, Bernie Mac told ''[[USA Today]]'' in 2003: "Interracial dating is not that significant any more." Mac said of the script: "They want to make it a comedy, but I won't disrespect Spencer, Katharine or Sidney."<ref>{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Karen |title=Bernie will be Spencer in new 'Coming to Dinner' |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |year=2003 |issn=0734-7456}}</ref>

A British radio play titled ''That Summer of '67'', written by actress [[Tracy-Ann Oberman]] and based on the story of the film's production, was broadcast on [[BBC Radio 4]] on 31 December 2020.

A 2011 episode of the American sitcom ''[[Last Man Standing (American TV series)|Last Man Standing]]'' features a similar theme, although the couple is lesbian instead of mixed-race.

==See also==
* [[List of interracial romance films]]
* [[List of American films of 1967]]
* ''[[You People]]'', a 2023 romantic comedy focused on parental approval and interracial marriage
* ''[[Get Out (film)|Get Out]]''

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Andersen |url=https://archive.org/details/affairtoremember00ande |title=An Affair to Remember: The Remarkable Love Story of Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy |location=New York |publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-688-15311-3 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandler |first=Charlotte |author-link=Charlotte Chandler |url=https://archive.org/details/iknowwhereimgoin00chan |title=I Know Where I'm Going: Katharine Hepburn, a Personal Biography |location=New York |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4391-4928-7 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Bill |url=https://archive.org/details/spencertracytrag00davi |title=Spencer Tracy: Tragic Idol |location=New York |publisher=[[E. P. Dutton]] |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-525-24631-2 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Anne |author-link=Anne Edwards |url=https://archive.org/details/remarkablewomanb00edwa |title=A Remarkable Woman: A Biography of Katharine Hepburn |location=New York |publisher=William Morrow and Company |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-688-04528-9 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Poitier |first=Sidney |author-link=Sidney Poitier |url=https://archive.org/details/measureofmanspir00poit_1 |title=The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography |location=San Francisco |publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-06-251607-7 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Poitier |first=Sidney |url=https://archive.org/details/thislife00poit |title=This Life |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-394-50549-7 |url-access=registration}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |editor-last=Grant |editor-first=Barry Keith |editor-link=Barry Keith Grant |title=Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film: Academy Awards – Crime Films |volume=1 |publisher=Gale |year=2007 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/Encyclopedia_Of_Film_Schirmer_Vol_1_Academy_Awards_to_Crime_Films/page/n17/mode/2up 6], [https://archive.org/details/Encyclopedia_Of_Film_Schirmer_Vol_1_Academy_Awards_to_Crime_Films/page/n69/mode/2up 63], [https://archive.org/details/Encyclopedia_Of_Film_Schirmer_Vol_1_Academy_Awards_to_Crime_Films/page/n339/mode/2up 351] |isbn=978-0-02-865792-9}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Grant |editor-first=Barry Keith |title=Schirmer Encyclopedia of Film: Independent Film – Road Movies |volume=3 |publisher=Gale |year=2007 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/Encyclopedia_Of_Film_Schirmer_Vol_3_Independent_Film_Road_Movies/page/n351/mode/2up 371]–[https://archive.org/details/Encyclopedia_Of_Film_Schirmer_Vol_3_Independent_Film_Road_Movies/page/n353/mode/2up 372] |isbn=978-0-02-865794-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.allmovie.com/movie/guess-whos-coming-to-dinner-am7248 ''Guess Who's Coming to Dinner'' at AllMovie]
* {{AFI film}}
* {{TCMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Stanley Kramer}}
{{Tracy Hepburn films}}
{{David di Donatello Best Foreign Film}}
{{Sony franchises}}

{{Portal bar|Film|United States|Comedy|1960s}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guess Who's Coming To Dinner}}
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1967 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1967 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1967 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1960s American films]]
[[Category:1960s English-language films]]
[[Category:1960s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:African-American romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films about interracial romance]]
[[Category:Films about racism in the United States]]
[[Category:Films directed by Stanley Kramer]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films produced by Stanley Kramer]]
[[Category:Films scored by Frank De Vol]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Films set in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Films shot in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award]]
[[Category:United States National Film Registry films]]
[[Category:English-language romantic comedy-drama films]]

Bone (comics)

2025-06-09T22:54:03Z

67.167.129.154: /* Canceled films and animated series */

{{redirect|Possum Kids|joeys, the juveniles of possums|Opossum}}
{{short description|Comic book series by Jeff Smith}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox comic book title

| title = Bone
| image = Bone Issue 1.jpg
| caption = Cover to ''Bone'' #1 (July 1991) This image was later used for the covers of ''Bone: Out from Boneville'' and ''Bone: Handbook''.
| genre = [[Fantasy]], [[comedy]]/[[Humor comics|humor]]
| format = [[Limited series (comics)|Limited series]]
| publisher = [[Cartoon Books]] (self-published) [[Image Comics]] (issues #21–27)
| date = July 1991 – June 2004
| issues = 55
| schedule = Every other month, with several delays
| main_char_team = {{plainlist|
* The Bone cousins (Fone Bone, Phoney Bone & Smiley Bone)
* Thorn Harvestar
* Gran'ma Ben
* Lucius Down
}}
| writers = [[Jeff Smith (cartoonist)|Jeff Smith]]
| artists = Jeff Smith
| pencillers =
| inkers =
| colorists = Steve Hamaker Tom Gaadt
}}

'''''Bone''''' is an American [[fantasy]] [[comic book]] [[Limited series (comics)|limited series]] written and illustrated by [[Jeff Smith (cartoonist)|Jeff Smith]], originally serialized in 55 irregularly released issues from 1991 to 2004. The series is primarily self-published by Smith's [[Cartoon Books]]; it was also briefly published by [[Image Comics]]. The issues were collected into nine volumes, as well as a single omnibus volume. From 2005 to 2009, color editions of the original volumes were published by [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]]'s Graphix imprint. The series intertwines [[comedy]] and [[dark fantasy]].<ref name="Gale - Product Login">{{cite web | url=https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Magazines&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7BA128603836&docType=Book+review,+Brief+article&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAM-MOD1&prodId=BIC&contentSet=GALE%7BA128603836&searchId=R1&inPS=true&prodId=BIC | title=Gale – Institution Finder }}</ref>

''Bone'' has received numerous awards, among them ten [[Eisner Awards]] and eleven [[Harvey Awards]].

==Plot==
''Bone'' follows the eponymous Bone cousins, who appear as white-skinned cartoon humanoids: [[everyman]] Fone Bone, wealthy and self-serving Phoncible P. "Phoney" Bone, and simpleminded Smiley Bone. When Phoney mounts an ill-fated campaign for mayor, he is forced out of their hometown of Boneville, with Smiley and a reluctant Fone Bone following him. After the cousins find themselves in a desert, Smiley finds a hand-drawn map that they use to navigate their way across the [[fantasy]] landscape. The cousins are separated by a swarm of [[locust]]s and individually end up in a mysterious valley, a journey made more difficult by the pursuing Rat Creatures. Eventually, they reunite at the Barrelhaven [[tavern]], where they are taken in by a mysterious girl named Thorn and her grandmother, "Gran'ma Ben". Fone Bone instantly develops a crush on Thorn and repeatedly attempts to express his love through poetry. As they stay longer in the Valley, they learn that it is under threat from the Rat Creatures, led by Kingdok; and the Lord of the Locusts. The Bones are gradually drawn into the events around them, compelling them on a hero's journey to help free the Valley.

==Analysis==
''Bone'' has been noted for "defying" categorization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polo |first=Susana |date=2021-11-29 |title=Bone is still a miracle and a mystery to creator Jeff Smith |url=https://www.polygon.com/interviews/22589308/bone-comic-interview-jeff-smith-30th-anniversary |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Polygon |language=en-US}}</ref> Smith claims that the series was not originally written for an adolescent audience, though adolescents comprise its largest readership. Throughout its run, ''Bone'' shifts from a largely comical series to a more serious tone as the characters and setting develop. It is additionally said to have a "darker subtext about power and evil".

Smith made the decision to illustrate ''Bone'' in black-and-white, which critics speculate is so that he could maintain the clear lines that allow for exaggerated characters that contrast their subtle, detailed backgrounds.

The series is mainly set in the Valley, though Boneville is mentioned throughout. Boneville is never actually shown, but is implied to be technologically contemporary, while the Valley is depicted as medieval, inasmuch as its citizens employ a [[barter]] system, weapons, and modes of transportation similar to those of the [[Middle Ages]], and Phoney persistently refers to the people of the Valley as "[[yokel]]s".<ref name="Gale - Product Login" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/H1000092513/LitRC?sid=googlescholar |title=Jeff Smith |date=November 30, 2014 |website=Contemporary Authors Online |language=en |access-date=December 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |date=2009 |title=Bone Collection |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MtDiygAACAAJ |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201102040648/https://books.google.com/books/about/Bone_Collection.html?id=MtDiygAACAAJ |archive-date=November 2, 2020 |access-date=November 1, 2020 |isbn=9781443102063 |last1=Smith |first1=Jeff |publisher=Scholastic, Incorporated }}</ref>

==Background==
[[File: Jeff Smith, Bone, 2011.jpg|thumb|Jeff Smith, the creator of the series, posing in 2011 at an event in New York]]
Smith originated ''Bone'' as a sketch he drew as a child, resembling a telephone [[handset receiver]]. This original drawing, a frowning character with its mouth wide open, resembled characteristics of who would become the Bone cousins. When Smith was ten, he began creating comics featuring the characters.<ref>Jeff Smith, ''The Art of Bone'' (Milwaukie, Oregon: Dark Horse Books, 2007), {{ISBN|978-1-59307-441-8}}, p.19.</ref>

The comics had many major influences throughout their creation. Smith mostly modeled ''Bone'' structurally around [[Mark Twain]]'s ''[[Huckleberry Finn]]''. He enjoyed how it "start(s) off very simple, almost like children's stories ... but as it goes on, it gets a little darker, and the themes become a little more sophisticated and more complex". Smith was also inspired by [[Carl Barks]]' character [[Scrooge McDuck]]. Smith said that he "always wanted Uncle Scrooge to go on a longer adventure. I thought, 'Man, if you could just get a comic book of that quality, the length of say, ''[[War and Peace]]'', or ''[[The Odyssey]]'' or something, that would be something I would love to read, and even as a kid I looked everywhere for that book, that Uncle Scrooge story that was 1,100 pages long".<ref name="TheCartoonist">{{cite AV media|title=The Cartoonist: Jeff Smith, Bone and the Changing Face of Comics|date=July 21, 2009|people=Ken Mills (Director)|publisher=Mills James Productions|medium=Documentary}}</ref>

Other influences in this regard include the original ''[[Star Wars]]'' trilogy, [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and the classic fairy tales and mythologies that inspired those works. ''[[Moby Dick]]'', Smith's favorite book, is cited for its multi-layered narrative and symbolism, and numerous references to it are placed throughout ''Bone''.<ref name="TheCartoonist"/> ''Bone'' was also influenced by other comics, including [[Charles M. Schulz|Charles Schulz]]'s ''[[Peanuts]]'' and [[Walt Kelly]]'s ''[[Pogo (comic strip)|Pogo]]''.<ref name="TheCartoonist"/><ref name="JimLehrer">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080801091104/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/july-dec08/cartoonexhibit_07-21.html "Jeff Smith's 'Bone' Goes From Comic Book to Gallery Wall"]. ''[[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer]]''. July 21, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2009.</ref><ref name="BoneAndBeyond">Lucy Shelton Caswell and David Filipi, ''Jeff Smith: Bone and Beyond'' (Columbus, O.: The Ohio State University, Wexner Center for the Arts, 2008), {{ISBN|978-1-881390-46-6}}, pp. 7, 17.</ref>

While Smith attended the [[Ohio State University]], he created a comic strip titled ''Thorn'' for the student newspaper, ''[[The Lantern]]'', which included some of the characters who later featured in ''Bone''.<ref>French, Kristin M. (October 2, 2001). [http://media.www.thelantern.com/media/storage/paper333/news/2001/10/02/Arts/Comic.Man.Returns.To.Roots-109437.shtml "Comic man returns to roots"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315192336/http://media.www.thelantern.com/media/storage/paper333/news/2001/10/02/Arts/Comic.Man.Returns.To.Roots-109437.shtml |date=March 15, 2009 }}. ''[[The Lantern]]''. Retrieved January 27, 2009.</ref><ref>Eichenberger, Bill (May 4, 2008). [http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/arts/stories/2008/05/04/1_JEFF_SMITH.ART_ART_05-04-08_E1_5DA27CU.html "Bone and beyond...Award-winning cartoonist Jeff Smith given his due with talks, exhibits at OSU"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523044746/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/arts/stories/2008/05/04/1_JEFF_SMITH.ART_ART_05-04-08_E1_5DA27CU.html |date=May 23, 2011 }}. ''[[Columbus Dispatch]]''.</ref>

After college, Smith and his friends produced animation work on commission in their studio, Character Builders Inc., but Smith eventually decided against an animation career. Seeking instead to develop a comic book series, and convinced by the successes of [[Frank Miller (comics)|Frank Miller]]'s ''[[The Dark Knight Returns]]'' and [[Art Spiegelman]]'s ''[[Maus]]'' that a serious comic book with a beginning, middle and end structure was both artistically and commercially viable, Smith decided to produce ''Bone''.<ref name=TheCartoonist/>

In 1991, Smith launched his company, Cartoon Books, to publish the series.<ref name="bonevillebio">[http://www.boneville.com/jeffs-studio/about-jeff-smith/ "About Jeff Smith"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712035553/http://www.boneville.com/jeffs-studio/about-jeff-smith/ |date=July 12, 2013 }}. Boneville. Retrieved July 23, 2013.</ref> Initially, Smith self-published the series, doing all of the work to produce and distribute the series through his business himself; this made it difficult for Smith to focus on writing and drawing the book, and as a result, he fell behind in his production. To solve this, he asked his wife, Vijaya Iyer, to resign from her job at a [[Silicon Valley]] startup company and serve as president of Cartoon Books, managing the business related to the series. Smith was able to refocus on his work on ''Bone'', and sales improved.<ref name=TheCartoonist/> In 1995, Smith began briefly publishing ''Bone'' through [[Image Comics]]. Smith believed this would be a temporary arrangement, and to maintain the book's place in catalogs, the collected volumes remained under the Cartoon Books label.<ref>[http://www.boneville.com/bone/bone-history/#image "Image Comics, The Trilogy Tour, Rose, and the One Volume Edition"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625041155/http://www.boneville.com/bone/bone-history/#image |date=June 25, 2013 }}. Boneville. Retrieved July 28, 2013.</ref> ''Bone'' ended with its 55th issue, dated June 2004. The back cover has, in place of the usual comic panel, a black-and-white photo of Smith in his studio drawing the last page on May 10. In an interview on ''[[Attack of the Show]]'', Smith revealed that he drew the last page before working on the first issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.a3upodcast.com/node/143 |title=Interview With Jeff |publisher=A3upodcast.com |access-date=January 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080311135058/http://www.a3upodcast.com/node/143 |archive-date=March 11, 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Publication history==
===Individual volumes===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Collected volumes of ''Bone''
|-
! scope="col" | Volume
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Original ed.
! scope="col" | Colored ed.
! scope="col" | Issues adapted
|-
|1
|scope="row"|''[[Out from Boneville]]''
|1995
|2005
|1–6
|-
|2
|scope="row"|''[[The Great Cow Race]]''
|1995
|2005
|7–11 (+13.5)
|-
|3
|scope="row"|''[[Eyes of the Storm]]''
|1996
|2006
|12–19
|-
|4
|scope="row"|''[[The Dragonslayer]]''
|1997
|2006
|20–27
|-
|5
|scope="row"|''[[Rock Jaw: Master of the Eastern Border]]''
|1998
|2007
|28–32
|-
|6
|scope="row"|''[[Old Man's Cave]]''
|1999
|2007
|33–37
|-
|7
|scope="row"|''[[Ghost Circles]]''
|2001
|2008
|38–43
|-
|8
|scope="row"|''[[Treasure Hunters (comic)|Treasure Hunters]]''
|2002
|2008
|44–49
|-
|9
|scope="row"|''[[Crown of Horns (comic)|Crown of Horns]]''
|2004
|2009
|50–55
|}

The series was initially collected, 6 issues at a time, in three volumes of ''The Collected Bone Adventures'' (1993-1995). These went out of print when Smith decided to collect the story arc acts instead.<ref>{{cite web|first=Tom|last=Palmer Jr.|url=https://www.palmerspicks.com/wizard-27-jeff-smith-bone/|title=Wizard #27: Jeff Smith|date=February 7, 2019|access-date=March 24, 2024|website=Palmer's Picks}}</ref> ''The Bone Reader'' (1996) was released concurrent with the switch to Image Comics to bring new readers up to speed and to collect issues #13 1/2 and 19 for early adopters.

Other books published in the color series but not part of the main storyline are the prequel ''[[Rose (comics)|Rose]]'', illustrated by [[Charles Vess]]; the ''Bone Handbook''; and the anthology books ''Tall Tales'' and ''More Tall Tales''.

Selected excerpts from ''Bone'' were reprinted in ''[[Disney Adventures]]'', first in 1994 and later in 1997 through 1998.<ref>[http://coa.inducks.org/creator.php?c=Jeff+Smith&c1=date Jeff Smith] at [[Inducks]]</ref> The issues usually consisted of 7–9 pages a month and were colored. The pages were also censored to remove smoking and drinking references and any innuendo involving Thorn and Fone Bone.{{Citation needed |date=February 2009}} There was also an exclusive story for ''Disney Adventures'' by Smith, featuring Fone and Phoney following a "treasure map"; it was reprinted in ''The Bone Reader'' and ''Tall Tales''.

The series was split into three-story arcs, each having two names, one being the original arc name, the other being the name used in the one volume edition, respectively as follows. The first arc lasted from issues #1–19 (volumes #1–3, June 1991 – August 1995) being named '''''Vernal Equinox''''', or '''''The Valley'''''.<ref name=CV>{{cite web |url=http://www.comicvine.com/bone-3-eyes-of-the-storm/4000-286569/ |title=Bone No. 3 – Eyes of the Storm (Issue) |publisher=Comicvine.com |access-date=February 27, 2014}}</ref> It was the longest running arc (in terms of time) running for four years and one month. The main story in issue #13.5, "''Up on the Roof''", was reprinted as chapter six in ''The Great Cow Race'' collected edition, therefore making it part of ''Vernal Equinox''. The second arc was named '''''Solstice''''', or '''''Phoney Strikes Back'''''. The arc lasted from issues #20–37 (volumes #4–6, October 1995 – August 1999). It is tied as the longest running arc in issues with the third arc (lasting 19 issues). The third arc, '''''Harvest''''' or '''''Friends & Enemies''''', lasted from issues #38–55 (volumes #7–9, August 2000 – June 2004).

===Color editions===
In 2005, [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]], under its newly established Graphix imprint, began reissuing the nine individual volumes in full color by Steve Hamaker. In 2006, [[HarperCollins]] began publishing the full color editions for the UK market.<ref>[http://www.harpercollins.co.uk/SearchHome/Pages/default.aspx?searchkey=Jeff%20Smith Search results for "Jeff Smith" showing release date of ''Bone'' volumes at harpercollins.co.uk] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201004544/http://www.harpercollins.co.uk/SearchHome/Pages/default.aspx?searchkey=Jeff%20Smith |date=December 1, 2008 }}</ref>

===Omnibus edition===
[[File:Bone-complete.jpg|thumb|right|Cover art of ''Bone: The Complete Cartoon Epic in One Volume'']]
An omnibus edition, compiling all 55 issues in one volume ({{ISBN|1-888963-14-X}}), was released originally by Cartoon Books imprint in a paperback volume. This release was intended to celebrate both the end of the series and the release of the full-color editions. First released in 2004 and promoted as only a limited print run being available, this edition has been reprinted several times since.

In addition to the paperback release, a signed limited edition hardcover release was issued. The deluxe hardcover featured gold embossed lettering on the cover, [[Gilding|gilded]] edges, and a cloth ribbon bookmark. The end pages are printed with a map of The Valley and it comes with a full-color signed and numbered bookplate. This release originally sold for around $125 (USD) and was initially limited to 2,000 copies. The series has been reprinted 13 times, also featuring a signed limited edition of the 13th pressing version sold during November 2009.

The collection won the 2005 [[Eisner Award]] for Best Graphic Album-Reprint,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comic-con.org/cci/cci_eisners05rcv.shtml |title=Spirit of Will Eisner Lives on at 2005 Eisner Awards |publisher=Comic-con.org |date=July 15, 2005 |access-date=January 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520080545/http://www.comic-con.org/cci/cci_eisners05rcv.shtml |archive-date=May 20, 2011 }}</ref> and was listed at No. 3 in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's "Best Comix of 2004". Reviewer Andrew Arnold said of the collection, which was published at the conclusion of the monthly series: "As sweeping as the ''[[Lord of the Rings]]'' cycle, but much funnier ... Smith imbues even simple dialogue panels with animation. Now that it's finished ''Bone'' should join the ranks of ''Lord of the Rings'' and ''[[Harry Potter]]'' in the young adult pantheon".<ref name="Time2004">{{cite magazine|last=Andrew|first=Arnold|title=Arnold, Andrew; Best + Worst 2004: 'The Best Comix'|url=http://www.time.com/time/bestandworst/2004/comics.html|url-status=dead|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124234212/http://www.time.com/time/bestandworst/2004/comics.html|archive-date=November 24, 2010|access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref>

===Full-color omnibus edition===
In November 2011, for its 20th anniversary, a full-color, omnibus edition was released. It has a special section in the back with a cover gallery of the original comics, an illustrated timeline of ''Bone''<nowiki/>'s 20-year history, and an essay by author Smith. A special edition was also released that included the book, a signed print by Jeff Smith, a Phoney Bone gold coin, three pewter bone figures of Fone Bone, Phoney Bone and Smiley Bone, a copy of ''[[The Cartoonist]]'' documentary DVD, and a miniature facsimile of the first issue, all held in a box decorated with an illustration of Fone Bone.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Jeff|title=First Look: Massive Bone 20th Anniversary Color One Volume Editions (we're planting a tree for every one we sell!)|url=http://www.boneville.com/2011/03/02/first-look-massive-bone-20th-anniversary-color-one-volume-editions-were-planting-a-tree-for-every-one-we-sell/|access-date=April 1, 2012|newspaper=Boneville|date=March 2, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330191026/http://www.boneville.com/2011/03/02/first-look-massive-bone-20th-anniversary-color-one-volume-editions-were-planting-a-tree-for-every-one-we-sell/|archive-date=March 30, 2012}}</ref>
===Related works===
* '''''Thorn: Tales from the Lantern''''': This comic strip was produced by Smith during college, featuring Thorn as the protagonist and Fone Bone and Phoney Bone as supporting characters. The strip was partially collected in a trade paperback after Smith graduated in 1989. It sold 1000 copies, and is currently out of print. A new, complete collection was published in 2024, following a successful [[Kickstarter]] campaign.
* '''''[[Rose (comics)|Rose]]''''' (with [[Charles Vess]]): tells the origins of Rose, Thorn, and Lucius.
* '''''[[Stupid, Stupid Rat Tails]]: The Adventures of Big Johnson Bone, Frontier Hero''''' (with [[Tom Sniegoski]] and [[Stan Sakai]])
* '''''Bone: Tall Tales''''': The story shows Smiley and Bartleby after the events in the main series. It features them telling tall tales to three Bone brothers (Ringo, Bingo and Todd). It is a repackaging of ''Stupid, Stupid Rat Tails'', including a ''Disney Adventures'' short and new material. It was released on August 1, 2010. This spin-off mainly focuses on Big Johnson Bone's (ancestor to the Bone cousins) adventures, some time before the cousins' adventures in the Valley, though there is one short where Fone and Phoney follow a 'treasure map', which is later revealed as a joke by Thorn, who wanted the two to do the laundry. One story with Big Johnson Bone depicts his discovery of the Valley with his monkey, Mr. Pip. In ''Bone'' Vol. 7, ''Ghost Circles'', Bartleby mentions that before Rat Creatures had "long, beautiful, hairless tails", which have to be cut off when the Rat Creature reaches one year of age, out of fear that they will be dragged away by their tails by a monster named Jekk. In ''Tall Tales'', the Jekk is revealed to be Big Johnson Bone, who swung them around by their tails when they attacked him, and due to this (and the fact the Queen and her son had their tails removed by Big Johnson) they decided to cut their tails so they could never be used against them again. In this, the Royal Rat Creatures grow to be quite large, possibly explaining Kingdok, the Rat Creature ruler, to be of such great size comparatively to the other Rat Creatures. The Red Dragon also appears in the story.<ref name="CBR-Bone">{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=CBR|date=July 23, 2009|title=Jeff Smith Announces New "Bone" Projects|url=https://www.cbr.com/jeff-smith-announces-new-bone-projects/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818230304/https://www.cbr.com/jeff-smith-announces-new-bone-projects/|archive-date=August 18, 2019|website=CBR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sniegoski|first=Thomas|date=August 1, 2010|title=Bone: Tall Tales by Jeff Smith with Tom Sniegoski|url=http://www.sniegoski.com/talltales.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716100413/http://www.sniegoski.com/talltales.html|archive-date=July 16, 2011|access-date=January 8, 2011|website=The Official Thomas E. Sniegoski Website|publisher=Sniegoski.com}}</ref>
* '''''Bone Handbook''''' is a 128-page handbook that chronicles the series and is accompanied by sketches, interviews, etc. The book was released in February 2010.
* '''''Bone: Quest for the Spark''''', a trilogy of illustrated prose novels, written by Tom Sniegoski, following the adventures of new Bones in their quest in the Valley. The first volume was released on February 1, 2011. A few of the characters from the original series are in the story, such as the Two Stupid Rat Creatures and Roderick the Raccoon, from the fifth trade paperback collection, ''Rock Jaw, Master of the Eastern Border''. Thorn Harvestar and Gran'ma Ben are also in the trilogy. Though the Bone cousins are mentioned in passing, they are absent from the trilogy.<ref name=CBR-Bone/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boneville.com/2009/07/24/new-bone-books-bone-tall-tales-quest-for-the-spark/ |date=July 24, 2009 |title=New ''Bone'' books; ''Bone'': Tall Tales & Quest for the Spark |author=Jeff Smith |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106051910/http://www.boneville.com/2009/07/24/new-bone-books-bone-tall-tales-quest-for-the-spark/ |archive-date=January 6, 2010 }}</ref> ''Part II'' was released on February 1, 2012. The story continues from Part 1, putting the main characters against the Nacht, a dark creature that puts nearly everyone in the Valley to sleep.<ref name=Quest2>{{cite book|title=Bone: Quest for the Spark #2|isbn=978-0545141048|last1=Sniegoski|first1=Tom|year=2011|publisher=Graphix }}</ref> ''Part III'' was released on February 1, 2013.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bone: Quest for the Spark #3|isbn=978-0545141055|last1=Sniegoski|first1=Tom|last2=Hamaker|first2=Steve|year=2013|publisher=Graphix }}</ref>
* '''''Smiley's Dream Book''''' is a 2018 children's book that presumably takes place in Boneville after the series’ conclusion. In it, Smiley has a dream in which he meets several birds before waking up and walking around.({{ISBN|9780545674775}}).
* '''''Bone Adventures''''' is a 2020 children's book that reprints ''Smiley's Dream Book'' and features a prequel story from the Bone cousin's childhood.({{ISBN|9781338620672}}).({{ISBN|9781338726381}})
* '''''Bone: More Tall Tales''''' (2023) reprints in color the "Riblet" story by Tom Sniegoski & Stan Sakai from ''Stupid, Stupid Rat Tails'', and the story from ''Coda'', with additional new material.({{ISBN|9781338726381}})

===Special one-shots===
* '''''Bone: Holiday Special''''' ("Hero" Premiere Edition, 1993, Warrior Publications, 14 pages)
This was a Hero Premiere Edition bundled with ''[[Hero Illustrated]]'' magazine. It includes a short story where the Bone cousins celebrate Winter Solstice, and also a Jeff Smith interview and sketches. It is featured in the ''[[Crown of Horns (comic)|Crown of Horns]]'' collection and the final issue of the series.
* '''''Bone No. 13 ½''''' (Jan 1995, Wizard, 28 pages)
This was a free comic book mail-in offer through ''[[Wizard (magazine)|Wizard]]'' magazine. As was also common with ''Wizard'' magazine comic offers, there was a special gold foil cover variant where the Bone title on the cover is embossed in gold foil. It came in a rigid mylar sleeve and a certificate of authenticity. There is a short story that fits in between No. 13 and 14 of the regular series, and is included in ''Bone'' Vol. 2: ''[[The Great Cow Race]]''. This special also includes a Jeff Smith interview and sketches.
* '''''Bone Sourcebook''''' (1995, Image Comics, 16 pages with wrap-around cover)
This was a free promotional book given out at 1995 [[San Diego Comic-con]] and it also polybagged with ''Wizard'' magazine. This sourcebook was published to celebrate the move of the ''Bone'' series from self-publishing to Image Comics, where it stayed for only 7 issues before Jeff Smith took it back to self-publishing.<ref>"News Watch: ''Bone'' Leaves Image", ''The Comics Journal'' #191 (November 1996), pp. 23–24.</ref>

It includes an introduction by Jeff Smith & biography, character profiles, color poster by [[Jim Lee]], story timeline, upcoming storyline, and shipping schedule.
* '''''Bone No. 1 Tenth Anniversary Edition''''' (2001, Cartoon Books)
To celebrate its 10-year anniversary, a special color edition of ''Bone'' No. 1 was released with a free collectible Fone Bone PVC figure and a full color Phoney Bone Gazillion dollar bill. This special edition included a new cover, a new afterword by Jeff Smith, and an illustrated eight-page commentary by comics historian [[R. C. Harvey]], and the original artwork was digitally remastered in full color.
* '''''Bone Coda''''' (2016, Cartoon Books)
To celebrate its 25-year anniversary, Cartoon Books released ''Bone: Coda'', a 120-page graphic novel that includes a 32-page short story featuring the Bone cousins returning to their home town of Boneville after the events of the last issue of ''Bone'' series, and the first print version of the e-book ''The BONE Companion'' by Stephen Weiner, illustrated with comic panels and photos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comicbook.com/2016/04/27/jeff-smith-revives-bone-for-25th-anniversary-coda/|title=Jeff Smith Revives BONE for 25th Anniversary "CODA"| first=Christian |last=Hoffer |date=April 27, 2016|access-date=February 11, 2024|work=Comicbook.com}}</ref>

==Characters==
===Main characters===
* '''Fone Bone''': The hero of the series, Fone Bone is the most courageous of the Bones but also the youngest. He and his cousin Smiley Bone help their other cousin Phoney Bone escape from Boneville after he upset the villagers, and get stuck in the Valley. He is passionate about his favorite book, ''[[Moby-Dick]]'', and is the most level-headed and the smartest of the three Bone cousins. He has an unrequited crush on Thorn Harvestar. Fone Bone is very wary of his cousin Phoney's schemes, and always suspects him of something. The suspicion usually turns out right, and Fone is often angered by Phoney not seeming to care about the Valley (or the people in it), as Phoney constantly tries to leave to return to Boneville. After the Hooded One realizes Phoney Bone is not the person she needs to complete her ritual to revive Mim, the queen of the dragons, and realizes that Thorn is too powerful for her to control, she then seeks Fone, for in ''[[Ghost Circles]]'', Vol. 7 of the series, it is revealed that Fone has the Locust inside him too, which likely came from either his encounter in ''[[Rock Jaw: Master of the Eastern Border|Rock Jaw, Master of the Eastern Border]]'', when he is knocked off a cliff, or in ''[[Old Man's Cave]]'', when he rescues Thorn from the locusts by putting the Dragon Necklace on her. It is later taken out in ''Ghost Circles'' by Thorn, who takes it herself, because she was told to by her dead mother in a Ghost Circle. Fone remains unaware of this until Crown of Horns, when they try to destroy the locust by touching the sacred Crown of Horns. He saves the day by touching the Crown of Horns while holding Thorn's hand, who is incapacitated on the ground, stuck in Kingdok's jaws, whom she killed. There they are given a choice to live or die (there is a bright light, supposedly the afterlife/heaven); both choose 'live'. Thorn and Fone are both given pieces of the Crown of Horns as teeth which were knocked out in a fight with Tarsil's followers. The teeth apparently cause rapid healing of their injuries. His name is derived from Fonebone, the recurring surname that [[Don Martin (cartoonist)|Don Martin]] gave to many of the characters that appeared in his ''[[Mad (magazine)|Mad]]'' magazine strips.<ref>{{cite AV media |people = Ken Mills (Director) |title = The Cartoonist: Jeff Smith, ''Bone'' and the Changing Face of Comics| medium = Documentary |publisher = Mills James Productions |date = July 21, 2009}}</ref> ''[[Wizard (magazine)|Wizard]]'' magazine ranked Fone Bone as the 28th-greatest comic book character of all time.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= http://herochat.com/forum/index.php?topic=170859.0 |title=Wizard's top 200 characters. External link consists of a forum site summing up the top 200 characters of Wizard Magazine since the real site that contains the list is broken. |magazine=[[Wizard (magazine)|Wizard]]. |access-date=May 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608020121/http://herochat.com/forum/index.php?topic=170859.0 |archive-date=June 8, 2011 }}</ref> ''[[IGN]]'' also ranked Fone Bone as the 60th-greatest comic book hero of all time, stating that "his good nature and his unrequited love for his ally Thorn make Fone the heart and soul of this fantastical book."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ign.com/top/comic-book-heroes/60 | title=Fone Bone is number 60 | website=[[IGN]] | access-date=May 17, 2011}}</ref>
* '''Phoncible P. "Phoney" Bone''': Manipulative and greedy, Phoney Bone is the eldest and least courageous of the Bones and he will do anything to get rich. Run out of Boneville by an angry mob of villagers after trying to run for mayor of Boneville, his greediness and selfishness make an enemy of anyone who crosses him in the Valley. Referred to by the Hooded One as "The One Who Bears The Star" (due to the star on the T-shirt he wears), Phoney is sought after by the Rat Creature army though he does not know why (later it is revealed that the Hooded One erroneously believed a giant balloon of Phoney used in his campaign for mayor of Boneville that fell in her lair to be an omen that Phoney could be used to fulfill her agenda, as the balloon, which originally featured the words “Phoney Bone will get your vote” and became “Phoney Bone will get you”.). Though he is selfish, he is very protective of his cousins when he needs to be and shows he really cares about them. For example, when he is approached by The Hooded One who proceeds to threaten Fone Bone, Phoncible becomes angry and warns The Hooded One to stay away from Fone. A monologue he delivers late in the series reveals that his greed and selfishness are the result of his having been forced to raise Fone and Smiley after they were orphaned, forcing him to resort to dirty schemes to provide for them. At the end of the series he finally displays a courageous side, as he fought the Pawans and the Rat Creatures along with Grand'ma Ben and her army, and he appeared to retreat from the final battle only to return with armed reinforcements; though they arrive too late he still claims to be a hero.
* '''Smiley Bone''': The tallest of the Bones, the middle cousin and arguably the least intelligent, he plays a one-string instrument resembling a lute (but variously referred to throughout the series as a "banjo" or "guitar"). Smiley is often seen smoking a cigar, and often irritates characters with his simple-mindedness, even when seeking to help people, as when Lucius refers to Smiley's help as "torture” in [[The Great Cow Race]]. He takes kindly to a Rat Creature cub, whom he names Bartleby, and through his nurturing of Bartleby, depth of maturity is revealed in his character. When he and his cousins were children, Phoney made him steal pies off windowsills, because he was the tallest, and apparently they were poor to the point where they could not afford food. Phoney mentions that when he became rich, Smiley made him pay everyone back. Phoney Bone always employs Smiley in his scams, like in the cow race (The Great Cow Race). Sometimes Smiley shows a penchant for intelligence, as when, in Vol. 9 ''[[Crown of Horns (comic)|Crown of Horns]]'', he devises a plan during the siege of Atheia. The plan is to feed the two stupid Rat Creatures (whom Smiley captured as they tried to infiltrate the city) quiche, then let them go "accidentally", so the Rat Creatures would tell their leaders that Atheia could withstand the siege, under the logic that if they could feed their prisoners quiche, they presumably have enough food to feed themselves making a siege hopeless. Later, he had aided Phoney in bringing armed reinforcements, though they arrived too late as the actions of the dragons ended the war. Though Smiley has his joyful and happy-go-lucky personality throughout the series, he also has his serious and sorrow moments while he had grown more mature when he first took care of Bartleby. At the later half of the series after ''Rock Jaw: Master of the Eastern Border'', Smiley had shown more concern about the reality of the war in the Valley, as he maintained cautiousness for his friends in times of danger. Smiley is also fiercely protective of Bartleby; he refused to leave the cub behind despite Gran'ma Ben's strict orders and he went as far as to tackle a Venu guard to help Bartleby escape from an angry mob following an accidental exposure. Smiley later mourned Lucius and expressed sadness at leaving the Valley and saying goodbye to his friends and allies.

===Valley characters===
;Thorn Harvestar
:Seemingly a simple farm girl, it is soon revealed that she is heir to the throne of Atheia. She is also a "Veni-Yan-Cari" (the awakened one), one who can see into the "dreaming", a kind of parallel existence, or "spirit world". Thorn has excellent courage as well as fantastic powers, such as escaping through a landslide blindfolded, flying, and jumping a castle wall without injuring herself. In a sense she can do anything if she can "concentrate her dreaming". Fone Bone falls in love with her at their first meeting. She starts off sweet and innocent, but later in ''The Dragonslayer'', when the seriousness and reality of everything dawns on her, she takes on a more mature and tougher personality.

;Rose "Gran'ma" Ben (born Rose Harvestar)
:Thorn's grandmother, a tough-as-nails farmer who races against cows on foot as a hobby, and always wins. An immensely strong person, it is revealed that she is the former Queen of Atheia who escaped to Barrelhaven with Lucius Down to protect and safeguard Thorn.

;Lucius Down
:A large, gruff, older man who is described as over seven feet tall and over 300 pounds. Lucius is so powerful he could scare even Euclid into submission. He runs the Barrelhaven Tavern, and is the foil for almost all of Phoney Bone's schemes. In the later books we find that Jonathan Oaks was like a son to him. He was previously Captain of the Queen's guard and it was hinted he had a history with Gran'ma Ben, only to reveal later that he had 'picked the wrong girl', instead falling in love with her sister, Briar, whose motive in the affair was to hurt Rose. He was later in love with Rose Harvestar. Before the Rat Creatures destroy his tavern, he relocates to Old Man's Cave, where he becomes Captain of an ill-equipped infantry of Barrelhaven farmers. After the volcano erupts, he leads the farmers and Veni Yan south, arriving in time for the battle on Sinner's Rock. When the Hooded One prepares to kill Rose, Lucius grabs onto her just as she is destroyed; the resulting surge in power kills Lucius. His body is later taken north and buried behind the rebuilt Barrelhaven Tavern.

;The Great Red Dragon
:The son of the great [[dragon]] Mim, The Great Red Dragon is often Fone Bone's last-minute savior. The Red Dragon appears when he is most needed. Gran'ma Ben does not trust him, regardless of how many times he has saved her or her friends from harm. The Great Red Dragon seems to be incredibly ancient. In a sequence that shows the land during the Dragons' reign, supposedly the beginning of time, the Great Red Dragon can be seen fighting Mim along with other dragons. As said in the prequel ''[[Stupid, Stupid Rat Tails]]'', he is Mim's son and he was part of the group that trapped her in stone when the Valley was made. He took care of Thorn during the Great War while Rose searched for a place for them to hide. He is also seen at the end of ''Stupid, Stupid Rat Tails'' during the time of Boneville's founding by Big Johnson Bone. Fone Bone indicates that he has a baritone voice.<ref>Smith, Jeff (1996). "Chapter 2: Moby Bone" ''[[Eyes of the Storm]]''. Scholastic. p. 32.</ref> The dragon itself does not appear to have a name, beyond "The Great Red Dragon". If he has one, it is unknown to anyone but himself.

;Jonathan Oaks
:A small, often outspoken villager who works for Lucius at the Barrelhaven, and views Lucius as a hero. He is saved from an ambush from the rat creatures in ''[[Old Man's Cave]]'' after being wounded severely. It is suggested in ''[[Ghost Circles]]'' that he ultimately does not survive his wounds.

;Wendell
:One of Lucius' tough "bar-room boys" and the tinsmith of Barrelhaven. Outspoken in the early issues (he and Euclid have more than once threatened to trounce Phoney Bone), he becomes more introverted once the reality of the war presents itself. He often changes sides and his mind. He goes from hating the Bones and stick-eaters (Veni-Yan warriors) to following them, then hating the Bones again (though he gets along with Fone Bone following the victory of the war). He seems to be a powerful ally to have in his village and is often followed by the villagers when he changes sides. Despite his skinny appearance, he is implied to be just as strong as Euclid.

;Euclid
:Along with Jonathan and Wendell, one of the "bar-room boys". He is depicted as very large and muscular, and often wishes to resort to physical force to solve problems. He is consumed by a ghost circle after the volcano explosion, but returns after Thorn destroys the ghost circles.

;Rory
:A third bar-room boy. Is almost always present near Wendell, Euclid, and Jonathan, but rarely speaks. None of his comments give much of a hint to his personality. It is implied that he is a total follower with little or no influence.

;Ted
:A helpful ''Acanalonia bivittata'', or [[planthopper]], who appears as a recurring supporting character. Often mistaken for a leaf, Ted is the first creature Fone Bone encounters when he enters the valley and the two become fast friends. He harbors a strange link to the Red Dragon and has an older brother who is several hundred times his size. He is able to perform magical enchantments and has the ability to detect Ghost Circles.

;Miss Possum
:A female [[opossum]] who is the mother to the three possum kids, she is likewise a caring, motherly figure to everyone in the valley. She often has something to give to Fone Bone when she sees him, such as sealing putty, which Fone mistakenly eats a little of.

;The Possum Kids
:Three young opossums with a thirst for adventure. They have a knack for getting into trouble which then Fone Bone saves them from, but they are resourceful and cunning, and play a significant part in ''Rock Jaw''. The possums look suspiciously like [[Pogo (comic strip)|Pogo]] the possum from Walt Kelly's comic strip.

===Main antagonists===
;The Hooded One (Briar Harvestar)
:Servant of the Lord of the Locusts, Kingdok's superior, and the main antagonist. It is implied that The Hooded One is a former Veni Yan warrior, as she wears a similar robe and hood. It is later revealed that the Hooded One is Briar Harvestar, the elder sister of Gran'ma Ben and the grand-aunt of Thorn. It is heavily implied that her antagonism is based on nothing more than jealousy of Rose, who was apparently her mom's favorite between the two and had the affection of Lucius. When the Rat Creatures invaded in the great war, she betrayed the Royal family by showing the Rat Creatures the secret escape passage Thorn had used to escape the palace. When the King, Thorn's father, learned of this betrayal, he cut her in half with an abandoned harvesting [[scythe]], which the Hooded One now carries as a weapon that can now cut through steel and rock. Briar was possessed and resurrected by a swarm of locusts. She is killed when her master, the Lord of the Locusts, is destroyed. It is suggested by some of her actions throughout the storyline that being the servant of the Lord of the Locusts drove her insane. Despite this, she is shown to be intellectual, being an effective rabble-rouser and even converting several humans to her side. Additionally, her proficiency with a scythe is a major part of her character, as she is almost always seen with the scythe and can use it easily.

;Kingdok
:A giant [[rat]] creature, ruler of the horde of rat creatures and lackey of the Lord of the Locusts. Although he is ego-maniacal and cruel, he is prone to superstition and easily manipulated by The Hooded One. He carries a golden spiked club around with him, until Thorn cuts off his right arm. Roque Ja at one point attacks Kingdok and rips out his tongue, which he keeps as a trophy. A possible continuity error is that while Roque Ja is bragging about owning the tongue, Kingdok cannot speak, but later speaks clearly to the Hooded One; after that, he attempts to say "kill you", and it comes out "gill yoo", just as one would speak without a tongue. This may be an effect of the Hooded One's power; while the Hooded One is alive he can speak, but after she is destroyed he cannot. Afterwards, Kingdok spends most of his time lumbering about underground to reach the Crown of Horns. At the end of the novel, he faces Thorn before she can touch the Crown of Horns. Having been stripped of his authority, dignity, and physical health over the course of the series, he demands that Thorn face him in a life or death battle. He reveals that he had been the one to kill her parents by eating them, and proceeds to bite Thorn's leg when she tries to get around him. He dies when Thorn stabs him shortly thereafter. In the ''Bone Handbook'', Jeff Smith says Kingdok's design (large body and legs, but small arms) was largely influenced by the anatomy of a tyrannosaurus rex.

;Fone Bone's Two Rat Creatures
:Two rat creature soldiers, one blue, one brown, who have a particular interest in devouring the Bone cousins, and Fone Bone in particular. The two are rather incompetent, once deserting the army after their disobedience costs Kingdok his arm and later allying with the Bones briefly before returning to their own side. They address each other as "comrade". Fone Bone is the one who dubs the two "Stupid, Stupid Rat Creatures", most commonly when they are hanging off the side of a cliff. Occasionally other characters also refer to them as such. Fone Bone is also usually credited with coining the term "Rat Creatures" itself; however, he actually got the name from the possum kids. In Rat Creature tradition only royalty are allowed to have names, but in the spin-off novel series ''Quest for the Spark'' two young Bones gave them the names "Stinky" and "Smelly".
:As it stands, the proper name of their species appears to be Hairy Men. Named after some incidents where one, or both, clearly emphasize their title, they in turn call Fone Bone "Small Mammal". In a running gag throughout the series, the brown rat creature often suggests cooking Fone Bone in a [[quiche]]. The other rat creature then flies into a rage, insisting that 'dainty pastry foods' are 'unfit for monsters', and that they should eat him in a stew—though he did once in a fit of anger declare an intention of eating Fone Bone raw, and on another occasion, when they were starving, told his comrade that he would not mind some of his home-made quiche. Later, Fone Bone himself delivered to the two some 'piping hot quiche' when he found them shivering in a bush after the Hooded One's defeat. They also have a major role in ''Quest for the Spark''. The characters are also depicted as having a bad relationship with Kingdok, as he almost always berates them, often for unnecessary reasons.

===Other characters===

;Bartleby
:A purplish baby rat creature found by Fone Bone and adopted as a pet by Smiley Bone (who also gave him his name). After the Bones' first encounter with Roque Ja, Bartleby returns to the fold of the Rat Creatures, though is out of place there and returns to the Bones later after growing a little. He became a good friend to Smiley and when they left for Boneville, he went with them. Bartleby was named by [[Shaenon K. Garrity]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Garrity |first=Shaenon K. |url=http://www.webcomicsnation.com/shaenongarrity/narbonic_plus/series.php?view=archive&chapter=16386&name=narbonic_plus |title=Shaenon |publisher=Web Comics Nation |access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref> for the title character in the short story "[[Bartleby, the Scrivener]]" by [[Herman Melville]]. Unlike the other Rat Creatures, Bartleby has round ears. He explains that the Rat Creatures are supposed to get their ears cropped and that he ran away before they could do that to him. Bartleby also explains that the first time he ran away from the Rat Creatures was after he got his tail chopped off. He states that all Rat Creatures are born with beautiful, long, hairless tails, but all the Rat Creature cubs have their tails chopped off around the time they turn one year old. This is due to their belief that a sort of [[bogeyman|boogie man]] named 'The Jekk' will drag them away in their sleep by their tails. In the prequel book ''Stupid, Stupid, Rat-Tails'', we learn that the Bone cousins' forefather 'Big Johnson Bone' is the fabled boogie man they fear, having come to the Valley hundreds of years earlier and fighting the Rat Creatures by swinging them around by their tails. In a sequence depicting the land during the Dragons' rule, Rat Creatures with long tails can be seen in the distance.

;Roque Ja (Rock Jaw)
:A huge [[mountain lion]] and an adversary to Kingdok who views himself as neutral in the conflict between the humans and the Lord of the Locusts despite lopsided affiliations. He is the guardian of the Eastern Border. His personal views are that there is no such thing as "good" and "evil", only that power matters above all and that friendship and love are meaningless. He despises both Dragons and Rat Creatures but works for the Hooded One in exchange for land and spoils of war. His name is mispronounced as 'Rock Jaw' by the Bone cousins. His size also varies in the books sometimes being smaller than Kingdok to being large enough to fill a huge gap in the mountain side.

;Roderick and the Orphans
:Roderick is a young [[raccoon]] whose parents were killed and eaten by the two stupid rat creatures. He is the leader of a large group of orphaned animal children living in the mountains. Roderick is the only one named, and the complete group consists of a beaver, a boar, a second raccoon, two birds, a rabbit, a porcupine, a turtle, two snakes, a squirrel, and a chipmunk. Roderick the Raccoon is a main character in the Quest for the Spark, though he is now older and friends with Tom Elm, another main character in the trilogy.

;King Agak
:The new Rat Creature king in ''Quest for the Spark'', who replaces Kingdok following the latter's death. Like Kingdok, he hates the two Stupid Rat Creatures. After the duo steal a dead squirrel from him, he becomes obsessed with revenge. Agak and his army are starving, and are convinced that they can cure their hunger by eating the Bones.

;The Lord of the Locusts
:The unseen dark lord who serves as the source of all conflict in the series. He is an evil, formless "nightmare" trapped inside a mountain, and appears in the form of a locust swarm to his henchmen and followers. He is powerless on his own, and relies on possessing others in order to accomplish his goals. He is even capable of reviving the dead, seen primarily with Briar. He is killed when Fone Bone and Thorn, bearing a piece of the Locust themselves in their souls, touched the Crown of Horns. He normally appears either as a formless mass, a bright light, a pair of eyes, a massive locust, or a swarm of locusts in a basic shape.

;Mim
:The benevolent queen of the dragons, considered to be the creator of the valley. She kept the world in balance by putting her tail into her mouth so that her body forms a circle, and perpetually spinning, until she was possessed by the Lord of the Locusts, turning her irrational and violent. The other dragons were forced to turn her to stone to seal the Lord of the Locusts. Her awakening was said to be the end of the world, but when the Lord of the Locusts was destroyed, an aged Mim returned to her function followed by all of the other Dragons besides the Great Red Dragon.

;The Veni Yan ("stick-eaters")
:A mysterious clan of hooded warriors, who respect dragons as the supreme rulers of the land. Distrusted by the townsfolk (who came up with the derogatory term "stick-eater") but trusted by Lucius, though often they do not trust him in return. They are loyal to the royal family even after Grandma Ben and Thorn went into exile and immediately recognizes Rose's authority upon her return to the capital. For much of the series, they serve as a channel of communication between the capital, Lucius, Grandma Ben, and Thorn.

;Headmaster
:The leader of the Venu and most powerful soldier. He is distinguished with a fur vest with bronze tokens. In the series, two appear. The first is the current one who has a feeling that the world is ending. The second one is retired in the city of Atheia and is the headmaster that appears in "Rose".

;Tarsil
:The ruthless leader of the Vedu. He is missing an arm and has a large scar down the length of his face, injuries he claims to have obtained while fighting dragons. He wears a large earring on one ear, and his beard in two separate parts each wrapped in a piece of cloth. He does not respect the monarchy of Aethia claiming that the throne is dead, even when Rose and Thorn return. He is killed by Briar in front of his own people, effectively ending his rule.

;The Vedu
:A separatist group of Veni Yan who are led by Tarsil. Although they wear similar hoods to the Veni Yan they are distinguishable by the eye on their hoods. The Vedu do not worship, or even respect, dragons, claiming that they have all gone into hiding or are uncaring enough to ignore their people. They have kept order in Aethia for much of the time that Rose and Thorn were in exile, and claim that things are better that way. However, some people disagree and continue to set out dragon shrines, which are forcibly removed by the Vedu.

==Reception==
===Critical praise===
''Bone'' had only six issues published when it was selected for "Palmer's Picks" by Tom Palmer Jr., who commented that "Smith's artwork is deceptively simple. He doesn't use much flash, yet he is a master of conveying gesture and body language for both humorous and dramatic effect". He also noted that "the series has only recently begun, yet it has been met with enormous amounts of critical praise from people ranging from [[Will Eisner]] to [[Peter David]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Palmer |first=Tom |date=January 1993 |title=Palmer's Picks |journal=[[Wizard (magazine)|Wizard]] |issue=17 |page=16 |publisher=[[Wizard Entertainment]]}}</ref> Michael Arner from PopMatters.com was initially not impressed with the black and white artwork, and at first disappointed at the ending, hoping for a more conclusive [[dénouement]]. However, he ultimately praised the depth of the characterizations and Smith's ability to mix humor and adventure as perfect.<ref>
{{cite web |last=Arner |first=Michael |date=February 10, 2005 |title=Bone: One Volume Edition – PopMatters Comic Book Review |url=http://www.popmatters.com/comics/bone-one-volume-edition.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211033419/http://popmatters.com/comics/bone-one-volume-edition.shtml |archive-date=February 11, 2005 |access-date=February 28, 2008 |work=PopMatters}}
</ref>

Bob's Comics Review described the work as "[[Tolkienesque]]" in its compulsive progression from a simple comic tale to a sprawling epic. Although critical of the earlier issues, the writer came to enjoy the range of writing "from slapstick (the cow race is a classic), to the scary yet hilarious rat creatures, to intimations of [[high fantasy]]". Smith's sense of timing was praised as well as the creator's use of the silent panel and "repeated scene with variations of movement or perspective".<ref>
{{cite web|title=Jeff Smith: Bone|url=http://www.zompist.com/bob14.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000525220215/http://www.zompist.com/bob14.html|archive-date=May 25, 2000|access-date=April 17, 2008|website=Zompist|publisher=Bob's Comics Reviews}}
</ref> In 2004, ''Time'' critic Andrew Arnold called ''Bone'' "the best all-ages graphic novel yet published".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Arnold |first=Andrew D. |date=September 17, 2004 |title=No Bones About It |url=https://time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0%2C9565%2C698456%2C00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617051411/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,698456,00.html |archive-date=June 17, 2010 |access-date=April 20, 2022 |magazine=Time}}</ref> In 2011, ''[[IGN]]'' ranked ''Bone'' 60th in the Top 100 comic book heroes.

===Literary controversy===
In 2010, a Minnesota parent sought to have ''Bone'' banned from all elementary school libraries in the [[Independent School District 196|Rosemount-Apple Valley-Eagan School District]], citing references in the work to smoking, drinking, and gambling. After a hearing, a school district committee voted 10 to 1 to keep the books on the shelves.<ref>Erin Johnson, [http://www.thisweeklive.com/2010/04/29/book-series-will-remain-in-schools-committee-says/#more-22622 "Book series will remain in schools, committee says"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717051209/http://www.thisweeklive.com/2010/04/29/book-series-will-remain-in-schools-committee-says/#more-22622 |date=July 17, 2011 }}, ''ThisWeek Newspapers'' (Burnsville, MN), April 29, 2010.</ref><ref>Maricella Miranda, [http://www.twincities.com/ci_14972706?source=most_emailed&nclick_check=1 "Rosemount-Apple Valley-Eagan panel votes not to ban elementary school book series"], ''[[St. Paul Pioneer Press]]'', April 27, 2010.</ref> Other challenges and controversies that cite racism and political viewpoint as main problems have led to ''Bone''{{'}}s placement on the 2013 ALA Banned Books List.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbldf.org/2014/04/bone-named-among-10-most-banned-books-of-2013/ |title=Bone Named Among 10 Most Banned Books of 2013! |website=Comic Book Legal Defense Fund |date=April 14, 2014 |access-date=November 29, 2021}}</ref> Smith remarked himself that "''Bone'' was not originally created with children in mind, so I never worried about the fact that children might read them". This being said, the comics are regarded by critics as applicable to any age group.

===Awards===
''Bone'' has received numerous awards and nominations, among them ten [[Eisner Award]]s<ref name="Eisner93">[http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/eisner93.php] [[Eisner Awards]] for 1993</ref><ref name=Eisner94>{{cite web|url=http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/eisner94.php |title=Eisner Awards for 1994 |publisher=Hahnlibrary.net |access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Eisner95>{{cite web|url=http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/eisner95.php |title=Eisner Awards for 1995 |publisher=Hahnlibrary.net |access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Eisner98>{{cite web|url=http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/eisner98.php |title=Eisner Awards for 1998 |publisher=Hahnlibrary.net |access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Eisner05>{{cite web|url=http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/eisner05.php |title=Eisner Awards for 2005 |publisher=Hahnlibrary.net |access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref> and eleven [[Harvey Award]]s.<ref name="Harvey1994">[http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_1994win.html] [[Harvey Award]] winners for 1994 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719113515/http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_1994win.html|date=July 19, 2008}}</ref><ref name=Harvey1995>{{cite web |url=http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_1995win.html |title=Harvey Award winners for 1995 |publisher=Harveyawards.org |access-date=January 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716172409/http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_1995win.html |archive-date=July 16, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=Harvey1996>{{cite web |url=http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_1996win.html |title=Harvey Award winners for 1996 |publisher=Harveyawards.org |access-date=January 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109204512/http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_1996win.html |archive-date=November 9, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=Harvey1997>{{cite web |url=http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_1997win.html |title=Harvey Award winners for 1997 |publisher=Harveyawards.org |access-date=January 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109204522/http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_1997win.html |archive-date=November 9, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=Harvey1999>{{cite web |url=http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_1999win.html |title=Harvey Award winners for 1999 |publisher=Harveyawards.org |access-date=January 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109204544/http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_1999win.html |archive-date=November 9, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=Harvey2000>{{cite web |url=http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_2000win.html |title=Harvey Award winners for 2000 |publisher=Harveyawards.org |access-date=January 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109204554/http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_2000win.html |archive-date=November 9, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=Harvey2003>{{cite web |url=http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_2003win.html |title=Harvey Award winners for 2003 |publisher=Harveyawards.org |access-date=January 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110010732/http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_2003win.html |archive-date=November 10, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=Harvey2005>{{cite web |url=http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_2005win.html |title=Harvey Award winners for 2005 |publisher=Harveyawards.org |access-date=January 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109204644/http://www.harveyawards.org/awards_2005win.html |archive-date=November 9, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=BoneHistory>{{cite web|url=http://www.boneville.com/bone/bone-history/ |title=The History of ''Bone'' & Jeff Smith |publisher=Boneville.com |access-date=January 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220190441/http://www.boneville.com/bone/bone-history/ |archive-date=December 20, 2010 }}</ref>
* 1993 [[Russ Manning Award]] for Most Promising Newcomer
* 1993 Eisner Award for Best Humor Publication<ref name=Eisner93/>
* 1994 Eisner Award for Best Serialized Story: "[[The Great Cow Race]]"; ''Bone'' #7–11
* 1994 Eisner Award for [[Eisner Award for Best Continuing Series|Best Continuing Series]]
* 1994 Eisner Award for Best Writer/Artist: Jeff Smith
* 1994 Eisner Award for Best Humor Publication<ref name=Eisner94/>
* 1995 Eisner Award for Best Humor Publication
* 1995 Eisner Award for Best Writer/Artist: Humor: Jeff Smith
* 1995 Eisner Award for [[Eisner Award for Best Continuing Series|Best Continuing Series]]<ref name=Eisner95/>
* 1998 Eisner Award for Best Writer/Artist: Humor: Jeff Smith<ref name=Eisner98/>
* 2005 Eisner Award for Best Graphic Album: Reprint: ''Bone One Volume Edition''<ref name=Eisner05/>
* 1994 Harvey Award for Best Cartoonist (Writer/Artist): Jeff Smith
* 1994 Harvey Award Special Award for Humor: Jeff Smith
* 1994 Harvey Award for Best Graphic Album of Previously Published Work: ''The Complete Bone Adventures''; reissued in color as Bone: Out from Boneville (Scholastic Corporation)<ref name=Harvey1994/>
* 1995 Harvey Award for Best Cartoonist (Writer/Artist): Jeff Smith<ref name=Harvey1995/>
* 1996 Harvey Award for Best Cartoonist (Writer/Artist): Jeff Smith<ref name=Harvey1996/>
* 1997 Harvey Award for Best Cartoonist (Writer/Artist): Jeff Smith<ref name=Harvey1997/>
* 1999 Harvey Award for Best Cartoonist (Writer/Artist): Jeff Smith, for his body of work in 1998, including ''Bone''<ref name=Harvey1999/>
* 2000 Harvey Award for Best Cartoonist (Writer/Artist): Jeff Smith<ref name=Harvey2000/>
* 2003 Harvey Award for Best Cartoonist (Writer/Artist): Jeff Smith<ref name=Harvey2003/>
* 2005 Harvey Award for Best Cartoonist (Writer/Artist): Jeff Smith
* 2005 Harvey Award for Best Graphic Album of Previously Published Work: ''Bone: One Volume Edition''<ref name=Harvey2005/>

'''Nominations'''
* 1993 Eisner Award for Best Writer/Artist: Jeff Smith<ref name=Eisner93/>
* 1995 Eisner Award for [[Eisner Award for Best Single Issue/One-Shot|Best Single Issue]]: ''Bone'' #16: "Eyes of the Storm"
* 1995 Eisner Award for Best Comics-Related Item: Bone figurine, sculpted by Jeff Smith and Randy Bowen<ref name=Eisner95/>
* 1996 Eisner Award for Best Title for Younger Readers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/eisner96.php |title=Eisner Awards for 1996 |publisher=Hahnlibrary.net |access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref>
* 1998 Eisner Award for [[Eisner Award for Best Continuing Series|Best Continuing Series]]
* 1998 Eisner Award for Best Comics-Related Product: Bone Red Dragon cold-cast statue, sculpted by Randy Bowen, based on designs by Jeff Smith
* 1998 Eisner Award for Best Comics Publication for a Younger Audience<ref name=Eisner98/>
* 1999 Eisner Award for Best Comics-Related Product/Item: Phoney Bone inflatable<ref name=Harvey1999/>
* 2003 Eisner Award for Best Graphic Album Reprint: ''Bone vol. 8: Treasure Hunters''<ref name=Harvey2003/>
* 2004 Eisner Award for Best Writer/Artist: Humor: Jeff Smith<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/eisner04.php |title=Eisner Awards for 2004 |publisher=Hahnlibrary.net |date=April 19, 1943 |access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref>
* 2005 Eisner Award for Best Comics Publication for a Younger Audience<ref name=Eisner05/>
* 2006 [[Eisner Award for Best Coloring]]: Steve Hamaker, ''Bone: The Great Cow Race''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/eisner06.php |title=Eisner Awards for 2006 |publisher=Hahnlibrary.net |access-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref>
* 2008 Eisner Award for Best Coloring: Steve Hamaker, ''Bone'' (vols. 5 and 6) and ''Shazam: Monster Society of Evil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/your_2008_eisner_award_winners/ |title=The Comics Reporter |publisher=The Comics Reporter |access-date=March 19, 2011}}</ref>

==Other media==
===Canceled films and animated series===
Numerous attempts have been made to adapt the books, all of which have failed to come to fruition. In the late 1990s, an attempt was made by [[Nickelodeon Movies]] to produce a film adaptation of ''Bone''. Jeff Smith said in a 2003 interview that [[Nickelodeon]] wanted the Bone cousins to be voiced by child actors, and wanted the film's soundtrack to include pop songs by the likes of [[NSYNC]] and [[Britney Spears]]; Smith was critical of this proposal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Alexandra DuPont Interviews ''Bone'' Creator Jeff Smith!! |date=July 4, 2003 |url=http://www.aintitcool.com/node/15592 |work=[[Ain't It Cool News]] |access-date=March 16, 2012 }} The relevant part of the interview is also quoted at the Boneville.com official website, [http://www.boneville.com/bone/bone-history/ here] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220190441/http://www.boneville.com/bone/bone-history/ |date=December 20, 2010 }}</ref>

In March 2008, [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] bought the film rights to the series.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rapp|first=Elisabeth|url=http://www.cinematical.com/2008/03/09/warner-bros-grabs-bone/|title=Bone: Warner Bros Grabs "Bone"|publisher=Cinematical.com|access-date=March 12, 2008|date=March 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310230926/http://www.cinematical.com/2008/03/09/warner-bros-grabs-bone/|archive-date=March 10, 2008}}</ref> Smith's website confirmed on March 13 that he had made a deal with Warner Bros. to adapt the ''Bone'' saga into a film series.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Jeff|url=http://www.boneville.com/2008/03/13/bone-to-warner-bros/|title=''Bone'' to Warner Bros.|publisher=boneville.com|access-date=March 13, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509082641/http://www.boneville.com/2008/03/13/bone-to-warner-bros/|archive-date=May 9, 2008}}</ref> Further information was given in July 2011, citing that "two scripts have already been written and rejected—a third is currently in the works and will most likely yield three separate, computer-animated, 3-D films".<ref>{{cite news|last=Carpenter|first=Susan|url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2011/07/19/bone-jeff-smith-says-early-hollywood-footage-was-mind-blowing/|title='Bone': Jeff Smith says early Hollywood footage was 'mind-blowing'|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=July 19, 2011|access-date=July 21, 2011}}</ref> In January 2012, [[Patrick Sean Smith]], the creator of TV series ''[[Greek (TV series)|Greek]]'', was hired to write an adaptation, and that [[P. J. Hogan]] was attached to direct the feature, to be produced by Lin Pictures and [[Animal Logic]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kit|first=Borys|title='Greek' Creator Takes on Warner Bros. Comic Book Movie 'Bone'; P.J. Hogan to Direct (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/patrick-sean-smith-bone-pj-hogan-283168|access-date=January 19, 2012|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=January 18, 2012}}</ref> In November 2016, [[Mark Osborne (filmmaker)|Mark Osborne]] had been hired to direct the animated adaptation for [[Warner Animation Group]]. Osborne, along with Adam Kline, were set to write the film, which would have been the first in a planned trilogy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kit|first=Borys|title='Kung Fu Panda' Director Mark Osborne to Helm Adaptation of Cult Comic 'Bone' (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/kung-fu-panda-director-mark-osborne-helm-adaptation-cult-comic-bone-947977|access-date=November 16, 2016|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=November 16, 2016}}</ref>

In October 2019, the project was picked up by [[Netflix]] for an animated series after Warner's turnaround of the project.<ref name="Boucher">{{cite web|last=Boucher|first=Geoff|url=https://deadline.com/2019/10/bone-netflix-will-animate-jeff-smith-acclaimed-comic-book-epic-1202761594/|title='Bone': Netflix Will Animate Jeff Smith's Acclaimed Comic Book Epic|date=October 16, 2019 |publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref> However, in April 2022, production on the series was canceled during a reorganization of [[Netflix Animation]]; following this, many animation studios contacted Smith to express "immediate interest" in the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2022 |title=Netflix Animation Erased: Executives Fired, Shows Canceled and Accusations of 'Staged Data' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/netflix-animation-shakeup-executives-fired-shows-canceled-staged-data/ |access-date=April 20, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> As of February 2023, Netflix retains the rights to the series.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=February 27, 2023 |title=Jeff Smith & Tom Sniegoski Tell More Tall Tales in the New Bone Anthology |url=https://www.cbr.com/jeff-smith-tom-sniegoski-bone-interview/ |access-date=February 27, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Action figures===
In 1996, the toy manufacturer Resaurus released Series One of a Bone [[action figure]] line, featuring: Fone Bone with Rat Cub, Thorn, Smiley Bone, and Rat Creature. Five years later, a second line was released with Gran'ma Ben, Phoney Bone, The Hooded One, and a deluxe boxed set of Kingdok. Two exclusive figures were released through the toy and comic magazine ''Previews'': Hooded One (glow in the dark), and Phoney Bone as Ahab. Most recently, in 2007, "Dark Horse Comics Presents" released a {{convert|5|in|mm|adj=mid|-high}} statue of Fone Bone, which is limited to 750 pieces and to be sold through ''[[Wizard (magazine)|Wizard]]'' magazine.

===Video games===
In 2005, [[video game]] studio [[Telltale Games]] developed an [[episodic video game|episodic]] [[adventure game]] series based on the comic. While five episodes were planned, only two were ultimately released.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/the-rise-and-fall-of-telltale-games |title=The Rise and Fall of Telltale Games |first=Mike |last=Williams |date=September 25, 2018 |access-date=September 25, 2018 |website=[[USGamer]] |archive-date=September 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014040/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/the-rise-and-fall-of-telltale-games |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first episode, ''[[Bone: Out from Boneville]]'', was released on September 15, 2005, and the second, ''[[Bone: The Great Cow Race|The Great Cow Race]]'', on April 12, 2006. Both were available in downloaded or boxed form on Telltale's website for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]-based [[Personal computer|PCs]]. The games were also available via [[Steam (service)|Steam]], but were delisted following Telltale's closure.

==See also==
{{portal|United States|Novels|Comics}}
* [[Indie comics]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*''Analysis of'' Bone by Stephen Weiner (2023), published by [[About Comics]] ({{ISBN|978-1-949996-57-9}})

==External links==
*{{official}}
* [http://www.toonopedia.com/bone.htm ''Bone''] at [[Don Markstein's Toonopedia]]. [https://archive.today/20240528074253/https://www.webcitation.org/6xQozSeR3?url=http://www.toonopedia.com/bone.htm Archived] from the original on February 22, 2018.

{{Bone series}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bone (Comics)}}
[[Category:Bone (comics)| ]]
[[Category:1991 comics debuts]]
[[Category:2004 comics endings]]
[[Category:Adventure comics]]
[[Category:Comics about dragons]]
[[Category:Fantasy graphic novels]]
[[Category:Fantasy comics]]
[[Category:Humor comics]]
[[Category:Comic book limited series]]
[[Category:Eisner Award winners for Best Continuing Series]]
[[Category:Eisner Award winners for Best Humor Publication]]
[[Category:Image Comics titles]]
[[Category:Comics about dreams]]
[[Category:Comics adapted into video games]]
[[Category:Comics adapted into novels]]
[[Category:Works about cousins]]
[[Category:Epic comics]]

Jazz Jackrabbit (2002 video game)

2025-05-22T01:29:19Z

67.167.129.154:

{{Infobox video game
| title = Jazz Jackrabbit
| image = Jazz Jackrabbit Advance.PNG
| caption = North American cover art
| developer = [[Game Titan]]
| publisher = [[Jaleco]]
| designer =
| series = ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit]]''
| engine =
| released = {{vgrelease|NA|December 20, 2002<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-10-22 |title=Four GBAs arrive from Jaleco! - Game Boy Advance News |url=http://gameboy.gamezone.com/news/12_19_02_02_01PM.htm |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022171314/http://gameboy.gamezone.com/news/12_19_02_02_01PM.htm |archive-date=2006-10-22}}</ref>|EU|June 27, 2003}}
| genre = [[side-scrolling game|Side-scrolling]] [[platformer]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]] (supporting up to 4 players)
| platforms = [[Game Boy Advance]]
}}
'''''Jazz Jackrabbit''''' is a 2002 [[platform game]] developed by [[Game Titan]] and published by [[Jaleco]] under license from [[Epic Games]]. It is the third game in the ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit]]'' series.

==Gameplay==
The game is a side-scroller run 'n' gun [[platformer]]. Unlike previous titles in the ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit]]'' series, the player can aim their gun in all eight cardinal directions, being able to fix their aim by firing while standing still. Ammunition for various weapons can be found during stages, though those are fairly rare. During the stages the players can also find money, which can be used in the intermissions between stages to buy ammunition or extra lives.<ref name="IGN" />

===Multiplayer===
This title brings back the multiplayer mode from the second title, with 11 unique levels and support to up to four players through the GBA Link Cable. Only one copy on the game is necessary to enable the multiplayer mode.<ref name="IGN">{{cite web |title=Jazz Jackrabbit review |date=23 December 2002 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/12/23/jazz-jackrabbit |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523180027/https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/12/23/jazz-jackrabbit |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The game begins as Jazz, during a routine mission, is captured by the Chameleon army on their home planet. Upon escaping, Jazz decides to retire from his job, but is prevented from doing so by R.A.B.T. HQ, which gives him a new mission to investigate a Saurian attack with the promise of a good money reward. Jazz discovers the involvement of the Turtle Army behind the attack, and upon following them he discovers his old nemesis Dark Shell, whom he believed dead, is seeking revenge on him for his previous defeat.

==Reception==
''[[GameSpot]]'' named ''Jazz Jackrabbit'' the second-best Game Boy Advance game of January 2003, behind ''[[Karnaaj Rally]]''.<ref name=gotm>{{cite web | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041129113416/http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/all/gotm/020803/index.html | url=http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/all/gotm/020803/index.html | title=''GameSpot''{{'}}s Game of the Month, January 2003 | author=((The Editors of ''GameSpot'')) | date=February 8, 2003 | work=[[GameSpot]] | archivedate=November 29, 2004 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{moby game|id=/jazz-jackrabbit_|name=''Jazz Jackrabbit''}}

{{Jazz Jackrabbit}}

[[Category:Video game reboots]]
[[Category:2002 video games]]
[[Category:Jaleco games]]
[[Category:Run and gun games]]
[[Category:Jazz Jackrabbit]]
[[Category:Game Boy Advance games]]
[[Category:Game Boy Advance-only games]]
[[Category:Video games about rabbits and hares]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]

{{runandgun-videogame-stub}}

Inhale Positivity

2025-05-11T19:14:49Z

67.167.129.154:

{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Inhale Positivity
| cover = LazyboyInhale.JPG
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Lazyboy (musical project)|Lazyboy]]
| album = [[Lazyboy TV]]
| released = 28 March 2004
| recorded = Unknown
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Dance music|Dance]] [[Spoken word]]
| length = 3:16
| label = [[Universal Music Group|Universal]]
| writer = [[Søren Nystrøm Rasted]], [[Johnny Douglas]], Toby Chapman
| producer = [[Søren Nystrøm Rasted]] [[Johnny Douglas]]
| prev_title = [[Underwear Goes Inside the Pants]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

'''"Inhale Positivity"''' is the second single from the [[Lazyboy (musical project)|Lazyboy]] musical project (known as '''Lazy B''' in the UK), released as the follow-up to the hit "[[Underwear Goes Inside the Pants]]". It features spiritual and sensual self-help advice spoken by the iconic tones of the late [[Patrick Allen (actor)|Patrick Allen]] (a renowned voice over artist and actor), set to sunny club-friendly dance music and a vocoded chorus repeating the mantra "Inhale positivity, exhale negativity". However the song did not follow up on the success of the previous single and failed to chart.

The B-side, "Spread the Love", contains outtakes from [[Greg Giraldo]]'s stand-up routine on "Underwear Goes Inside the Pants" set to the music of "The Manual (Chapter 4)". It will also be included as a bonus track in the 2006 UK release of ''LazyB TV''.

==Track listing==
# "Inhale Positivity"
# "Spread the Love"
# "Man/Woman (Yin & Yang)

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Chart performance for "Inhale Positivity"
!Chart (2005)
!Peak position
|-
!scope="row"| Australia ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite Ryan|page=162}}</ref>
| 78
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

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[[Category:2004 singles]]
[[Category:Lazyboy (musical project) songs]]
[[Category:2004 songs]]
[[Category:Universal Music Group singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Søren Rasted]]