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Liberalism in Japan

2025-06-18T04:49:48Z

47.154.22.76:

{{multiple issues|
{{prose|date=October 2017}}
{{One source|date=October 2017}}
{{Too-abstract|date=October 2017}}
}}
{{short description|Overview of liberalism in Japan}}
{{Liberalism in Japan|all}}
'''Japanese liberalism''' {{nihongo||自由主義 or リベラリズム}}{{NoteTag|In Japan, [[Liberalism in the United States|American]] and [[Liberalism in Europe|European]] style "liberal" / "liberalism" is often referred to as "{{nihongo2|リベラル}}" / "{{nihongo2|リベラリズム}}" in [[katakana]].<ref name="gaku">{{Cite web|title=今さら聞けない?! 「保守」「リベラル」ってなんだ？|trans-title=Can't you ask about them now ?! What are "conservative" and "liberal"?|language=ja|access-date=15 May 2020|url= https://asahi.gakujo.ne.jp/common_sense/morning_paper/detail/id=2324}}</ref> Although the term "{{nihongo2|自由主義}}" in [[kanji]] is also synonymous with "{{nihongo2|リベラリズム}}", "{{nihongo2|自由主義}}" is also used by conservatives, including [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|LDP]], in a similar sense to [[anti-communism]] or [[economic liberalism]].}} formed in the nineteenth century as a reaction against traditional society. In the twentieth century 'liberal' {{nihongo||自由}} gradually became a synonym for [[Conservatism|conservative]], and today the main conservative party in the country is named {{nihongo|[[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]|自由民主党|Jiyū-Minshutō}}. The defunct {{nihongo|[[Democratic Party (Japan, 1998)|Democratic Party]]|民主党|Minshutō}} was considered in part a centrist-liberal party, as are most parties which derived from it. The liberal character of the {{nihongo|[[Liberal League (Japan)|Liberal League]]|自由連合|Jiyū Rengō}} is disputed, as it is also considered to be conservative by some. This article is limited to [[liberalism|liberal]] {{nihongo||リベラル}} [[political party|parties]] with substantial support, proved by having had representation in parliament.

== Modern Japanese liberalism ==
Liberals in Japan are generally considered united by one major factor: their opposition to changing the post-World War II constitution forbidding the creation of a national military.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brasor|first1=Philip|title=Identifying the 'liberal' in Japanese politics|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/10/21/national/media-national/identifying-liberal-japanese-politics/#.WfC9RvcpC7M|website=The Japan Times|access-date=26 October 2017|date=21 October 2017}}</ref>

Before the 1990s, Japanese liberals did not form a prominent individual political party.
* Japan's [[Social liberalism|radical liberalism]] (left-wing liberalism) emerged as a "peace movement" and was largely led by the [[Japan Socialist Party]] (JSP).<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Arthur Stockwin |editor2=Kweku Ampiah |title=Rethinking Japan: The Politics of Contested Nationalism |quote=... of the debate is the left/liberal “peace movement” currently led by Japanese academics, including legal scholars, and more recently by students, but which until the end of the Cold War was spearheaded by the Japan Socialist Party. |date=2017 |page=196 |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |isbn=9781498537933 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Tetsuya Kataoka |title=Creating Single-party Democracy: Japan's Postwar Political System |quote= The constitution was defended by the JSP, the mainstay of kakushin (radical-liberal forces), ... |date=1992 |page=2 |publisher=Hoover Institution Press |isbn=9780817991111 }}</ref>
* Until the 1990s, [[conservative liberalism]] (right-wing liberalism) in Japan was led by the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] (LDP), and they contrasted with left-wing liberalism.<ref name="Kobayashi1976">{{cite book|author=Tetsuya Kobayashi|title=Society, Schools, and Progress in Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBSoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|year=1976|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1483136226|page=68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Japan Almanac |quote=In the House of Representatives, the Liberal-Democratic Party, guided by conservative liberalism, is the No.1 party holding a total of 279 seats or 56.8 per cent of the House quorum of 491. |date=1975 |page=43 |publisher=[[Mainichi Shimbun|Mainichi Newspapers]] }}</ref>

Since the 1990s, most conservative liberals have left the LDP. The [[Japan New Party]] (JNP) and [[New Party Sakigake]] are the parties founded by Japanese conservative-liberals against the LDP's nationalist project, which lead to the [[Democratic Party of Japan]] (DPJ)-liberalism tradition. Japan's previous liberal party, the DPJ, was led by [[moderate]]s of both the right-wing LDP and left-wing JSP.

Currently, the LDP has not been considered a liberal party. In the past, liberals in the LDP became opposition forces after leaving the party, so "liberal" generally became a force against "conservative" in Japanese politics in the 21st century. The current DPJ-liberalism tradition is being continued by the [[Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan]] (CDPJ).<ref name="IPS">{{cite news |last=Spremberg |first=Felix |title=How Japan's Left is repeating its unfortunate history |url=https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/democracy/how-japans-left-is-repeating-its-unfortunate-history-4819/ |access-date=28 February 2021 |work=International Politics & Society Journal |date=25 November 2020}}</ref>

Since Japanese conservatism was influenced by [[Shinto]], Japan's radical liberalism and [[democratic socialism]] were more influenced by [[Christianity in Japan|Christianity]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1=American Assembly |editor2=Willard Long Thorp |title=Japan's School Curriculum for The 2020s: Politics, Policy, and Pedagogy |quote= It is no accident that Japanese radical liberalism and democratic socialism were both closely connected in their beginnings with the Christian movement in Japan. The first Japanese Socialist Party was born in an Americansponsored Christian church in Tokyo, and the majority of its members were Christians with intimate American connections. |date=1964 |page=17 |publisher=Prentice-Hall}}</ref>

As the LDP becomes an increasingly solid [[Conservatism|conservative]] party, and the [[socialist]] movement that led the traditional anti-LDP camp has lost control in Japan's opposition political camp, gradually shifting from the [[centre-right]] "liberal" in the [[Liberalism in Europe|European]] and [[Liberalism in Australia|Australian]] sense of the past to the [[centre-left]] "liberal" in the [[Liberalism in the United States|American]] sense.<ref name="gaku"/> Currently, the LDP is the largest conservative party in Japan, and the CDPJ is the largest liberal party in Japan.

==Timeline==
The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it isn't necessary that parties labelled themselves "liberal".

===From Public Party of Patriots until Constitutional Party===
* 1874: Liberals founded the {{nihongo3|Public Party of Patriots|愛国公党|'''[[Aikoku Kōtō]]'''}}
* 1881: The Aikoku Kōtō is continued by the {{nihongo3|Liberal Party|自由党|'''[[Liberal Party of Japan (1881)|Jiyūtō]]'''}}
* 1891: The Jiyūtō is renamed into {{nihongo3|Constitutional Liberal Party|立憲自由党|'''[[Liberal Party (Japan, 1890)|Rikken Jiyūtō]]'''}}
* 1898: The Rikken Jiyūtō merged with the ⇒ Shimpotō into the {{nihongo3|Constitutional Party|憲政党|'''[[Kenseitō]]'''}}
* 1898: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Kensei Hontō; with the former Jiyūtō faction reorganizing itself into the '''New Kenseitō'''
* 1900: The party is taken over by the oligarchy and renamed into {{nihongo3|Association of Friends of Constitutional Government|立憲政友会|[[Rikken Seiyūkai]]}}

===From Constitutional Reform Party to Reform Club===
* 1882: The {{nihongo3|Constitutional Reform Party|立憲改進党|'''[[Rikken Kaishintō]]'''}} is formed
* 1896: The party is continued by the {{nihongo3|Progressive Party|進歩党|'''[[Shimpotō]]'''}}
* 1898: The party merged into the ⇒ Kenseitō
* 1898: The Kenseitō fell apart and a faction formed the {{nihongo3|Orthodox Constitutional Party|憲政本党|'''[[Kensei Hontō]]'''}}, renamed in 1910 into the {{nihongo3|Constitutional National Party|立憲国民党|'''[[Rikken Kokumintō]]'''}}
* 1913: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Rikken Dōshikai
* 1922: The Rikken Kokumintō is renamed {{nihongo3|Reform Club|革新倶楽部|'''[[Kakushin Club]]'''}}
* 1920s: The Kakushin Club merged into the Rikken Seiyūkai

===From Association of Friends of the Constitution to Constitutional Democratic Party===
* 1913: A faction of the ⇒ Rikken Kokumintō formed the {{nihongo3|Association of Friends of the Constitution|立憲同志会|'''[[Rikken Dōshikai]]'''}}, renamed {{nihongo3|Constitutional Politics Association|憲政会|'''[[Kenseikai]]'''}} in 1916
* 1927: The Kenseikai merged with the ⇒ Seiyūhontō into the {{nihongo3|Constitutional Democratic Party|立憲民政党|'''[[Rikken Minseitō]]'''}}
* 1940: The party is dissolved by the military junta

===Orthodox Constitutional Friends Party===
* 1924: A faction of the Rikken Seiyūkai formed the {{nihongo3|Orthodox Constitutional Friends Party|政友本党|'''[[Seiyūhontō]]'''}}
* 1927: The party merged into the ⇒ Rikken Minseitō

===Postwar period===
In postwar Japan, liberal (リベラル) tendencies did not stand out much among major political parties for more than 40 years. During the Japanese Empire, liberals, including the [[Constitutional Democratic Party (Japan)|Constitutional Democratic Party]], were swept away by several political parties. The center-right liberal-conservatives (自由保守主義) became the '[[Kōchikai|leftist faction]]' of the right-wing conservative [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]], and the center-left progressive-liberals (革新自由主義) formed the '[[Right Socialist Party of Japan|rightist faction]]' within the left-wing [[Japan Socialist Party|Socialist Party]].

===From Renewal Party to Liberal Party===
* 1993: A liberal faction of the conservative {{nihongo|Liberal Democratic Party|自由民主党|Jiyū-Minshutō}} seceded as the {{nihongo|'''[[Japan Renewal Party|Renewal Party]]'''|新生党|Shinseitō}}
* 1994: The Renewal Party merged with other factions into the {{nihongo|'''[[New Frontier Party (Japan)|New Frontier Party]]'''|新進党|Shinshintō|"New Progressive Party"}}
* 1997: The New Frontier Party fell apart into many parties, among them since 1998 the {{nihongo|'''[[Liberal Party (Japan, 1998)|Liberal Party (1998)]]'''|自由党|Jiyū-tō}}, but also the {{nihongo|[[Good Governance Party]]|民政党|Minseitō}}, the {{nihongo|[[New Fraternity Party]]|新党友愛|Shintō Yūai}} and the {{nihongo|[[Democratic Reform Party (Japan)|Democratic Reform Party]]|民主改革連合|Minshu-Kaikaku-Rengō}}
* 2000: Dissidents of the Liberal Party formed the {{nihongo|[[New Conservative Party (Japan)|New Conservative Party]]|保守党|Hoshutō}}
* 2003: The Liberal Party merged into the ⇒ Democratic Party of Japan
* 2012: {{nihongo|[[People's Life First]]|国民の生活が第一|Kokumin no Seikatsu ga Dai'ichi}} split from the Democratic Party of Japan
* 2012: People's Life First split into a new [[Liberal Party (Japan, 2016)|Liberal Party]] and {{nihongo|[[Tomorrow Party of Japan]]|日本未来の党|Nippon Mirai no Tō}}
* 2013: Tomorrow Party of Japan dissolved
* 2019: Liberal Party merged into ⇒ Democratic Party for the People

===New Harbinger Party===
* 1993: A liberal faction of the conservative {{nihongo|Liberal Democratic Party|自由民主党|Jiyū-Minshutō}} seceded as the {{nihongo|'''[[New Harbinger Party]]'''|新党さきがけ|Shintō Sakigake}}
* 1996: Most members left to co-found the ⇒ Democratic Party of Japan
* 1998: The remainder of the party evolved in conservative direction and renamed itself as {{nihongo|Harbinger|さきがけ|Sakigake}}, before becoming the ecologist {{nihongo|[[Green Wind|Green]] Assembly|みどりの会議|Midori no Kaigi}} in 2002

===Democratic Party of Japan (1998–2016)===
* 1996: Dissidents from the ⇒ New Harbinger Party and the [[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|Social Democratic Party]] founded the {{nihongo|'''[[Democratic Party (Japan, 1996)|Democratic Party of Japan (1996)]]'''|民主党|Minshutō}}
* 1998: The party merged with the Good Governance Party, the New Fraternity Party and the Democratic Reform Party to form a new, enlarged {{nihongo|'''[[Democratic Party (Japan, 1998)|Democratic Party of Japan (1998)]]'''|民主党|Minshutō}}
* 2003: The ⇒ Liberal Party (1998) merged into the party
* 2016: The Democratic Party of Japan merged with [[Japan Innovation Party]] and [[Vision of Reform]] to form the {{nihongo|'''[[Democratic Party (Japan, 2016)|Democratic Party]]'''|民進党|Minshintō}}

===CDP and DPP (2017–present)===
* 2017: The {{nihongo|'''[[Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan]]'''|立憲民主党|Rikken-minshutō}} is formed as a centre-left social liberal party split from the Democratic Party.
* 2018: The remaining Democratic Party merged with [[Kibō no Tō]] to form the {{nihongo|'''[[Democratic Party for the People]]'''|国民民主党|Kokumin Minshutō}}, which includes liberals and conservatives.
* 2020: The majority faction of DPP merged into the new CDP, while the minority faction remain in the DPP.

==Liberal figures==
{{Expand section|date=October 2018}}
<gallery>
File:Fukuzawa Yukichi 1891.jpg|link=|{{nowrap|[[Fukuzawa Yukichi]]}}<ref>{{cite book |author=James Mark Shields |date=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce10DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 |title=Against Harmony: Progressive and Radical Buddhism in Modern Japan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=169 |isbn=9780190664008}}</ref>
File:ITAGAKI Taisuke.jpg|link=|{{nowrap|[[Itagaki Taisuke]]}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Hakushaku Itagaki Taisuke |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hakushaku-Itagaki-Taisuke |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref>
File:Shigenobu Okuma 2.JPG|link=|Prime minister {{nowrap|[[Ōkuma Shigenobu]]}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Wm. Theodore De Bary |author2=Carol Gluck |author3=Arthur Tiedeman |title=Sources of Japanese Tradition, Abridged: 1600 to 2000; Part 2: 1868 to 2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=153 |year=2006}}</ref>
File:Kato takaaki.jpg|link=|Prime minister {{nowrap|[[Katō Takaaki]]}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=David Goldblatt |author2=Richard Maidment |author3=Jeremy Mitchell |title=Governance in the Asia-Pacific |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=58 |year=2005}}</ref>
File:Yukio Ozaki.jpg|link=|{{nowrap|[[Yukio Ozaki]]}}<ref>Ozaki, Yukio. (2001). ''The Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in Japan'', translated by Marius B. Jansen (Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. 1–6.</ref>
File:Tokuzō Fukuda.jpg|link=|{{nowrap|[[Tokuzō Fukuda]]}}<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Roger Backhouse |editor2=Bradley W. Bateman |editor3=Tamotsu Nishizawa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TigmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |title=Liberalism and the Welfare State: Economists and Arguments for the Welfare State |date=2017 |page=76 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190676681 |access-date=3 December 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052827/https://books.google.com/books?id=TigmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Reijiro Wakatsuki.jpg|link=|Prime minister {{nowrap|[[Wakatsuki Reijirō]]}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Mikhail Iosifovich Sladkovskiĭ |title=China & Japan: Past and Present |quote=Wakatsuki Reijiro, a liberal who was Prime Minister 1926-1927 and in 1931. |publisher=Academic International Press |page=261 |year=1975}}</ref>
File:Inukai Tsuyoshi.jpg|link=|Prime minister {{nowrap|[[Inukai Tsuyoshi]]}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Ben-Ami Shillony |title=Ben-Ami Shillony |quote=... liberal Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi who had been assassinated in 1932. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=58 |year=2013}}</ref>
File:Shigeru Yoshida suit.jpg|link=|Prime minister {{nowrap|[[Shigeru Yoshida]]}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Yoshida Shigeru: Last Meiji Man |quote=Liberal Democratic Party, which succeeded Yoshida's original liberal organization |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=XI |year=2007}}</ref>
File:Hatoyama Ichirō.jpg|link=|Prime minister {{nowrap|[[Ichirō Hatoyama]]}}<ref>{{cite book |title=JPRI Working Paper: Volume 49 |quote=Ichiro Hatoyama regarded equality and liberalism as the ultimate values of mankind and strongly opposed both totalitarianism (Nazism) and communism (Stalinism). |publisher=University of California |page=4 |year=1998}}</ref>
File:ISHIBASHI Tanzan.jpg|link=|Prime minister {{nowrap|[[Tanzan Ishibashi]]}}<ref name=Uchida>{{Cite book|last=Uchida |first=Kenzō |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv9zcm6g.15 |chapter=Japan’s Postwar Conservative Parties |title=Democratizing Japan: The Allied Occupation |editor-last1=Ward |editor-first1=Robert E. |editor-last2=Sakamoto |editor-first2=Yoshikazu |publisher=University of Hawai’i Press |year=1987 |pages=309–314 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv9zcm6g.15 |jstor=j.ctv9zcm6g.15 |isbn=978-0824880729}}</ref>
File:Hayato Ikeda 1962 (cropped).jpg|link=|Prime minister {{nowrap|[[Hayato Ikeda]]}}<ref>{{cite book|editor=John Creighton Campbell |title=How Policies Change: The Japanese Government and the Aging Society |quote= ... Prime Minister Kishi, who leaned toward statecorporatist notions that included paternalistic welfare policy, gave way to Ikeda Hayato, who was more inclined toward free-market liberalism. ... |date=2014 |page=363 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400862955 }}</ref>
File:Masao-Maruyama-1.png|link=|{{nowrap|[[Masao Maruyama (scholar)|Masao Maruyama]]}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Adam Bronson |date=2016 |title=One Hundred Million Philosophers: Science of Thought and the Culture of Democracy in Postwar Japan |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |page=56 |quote=Maruyama Masao, the left-liberal historian of political thought}}</ref>
File:Morihiro Hosokawa 19930809.jpg|link=|Prime minister {{nowrap|[[Morihiro Hosokawa]]}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Austrian Foreign Policy Yearbook |quote= The new reform parties were successful, but the socialists lost almost half of their seats . a At the beginning of August the leader of the liberal Japan New Party, Morihiro Hosokawa, formed a new broadly - based coalition government ... |date=1993 |page=98 |publisher=Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs }}</ref>
File:Yukio Hatoyama Profile.jpg|link=|Prime minister {{nowrap|[[Yukio Hatoyama]]}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Yukio Hatoyama, the Japanese Kennedy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20090828-yukio-hatoyama-japanese-kennedy- |publisher=France 24 |date=2009-08-28 |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref>
File:Naoto Kan 20071221.jpg|link=|Prime minister {{nowrap|[[Naoto Kan]]}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nikkei.com/2017shuin/kaihyo/pref/?pref=13|title=衆院選2017 : 特集 : 日経電子版|website=www.nikkei.com|language=ja|access-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022150703/https://www.nikkei.com/2017shuin/kaihyo/pref/?pref=13|archive-date=22 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
File:Yukio Edano In front of Tenjin Twin Building (2020.10.18) (cropped).jpg|link=|Leader [[Yukio Edano]] of the CDPJ<ref>{{cite book |editor=Robert Pekkanen |title=Critical Readings on the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan: Volume 1 |date=2018 |page=4 |publisher=Brill }}</ref>
File:Kenta Izumi and Katsuya Okada (cropped).png|link=|Leader [[Kenta Izumi]] of the CDPJ<ref>{{cite web |title=Izumi Kenta wants to shake up Japan's opposition |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/02/08/izumi-kenta-wants-to-shake-up-japans-opposition?utm_medium=social-media.content.np&utm_source=twitter&utm_campaign=editorial-social&utm_content=discovery.content |publisher=The Economist |date=8 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213141913/https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/02/08/izumi-kenta-wants-to-shake-up-japans-opposition?utm_medium=social-media.content.np&utm_source=twitter&utm_campaign=editorial-social&utm_content=discovery.content |archive-date=13 February 2024|lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Conservatism in Japan]]
* [[History of Japan]]
* [[Politics of Japan]]
* [[List of political parties in Japan]]
* [[Mainichi Shimbun]]
* [[Reformist party (Japan)]]
* [[The Asahi Shimbun]]
* [[Chunichi Shimbun]]
* [[Non-LDP and non-JCP Coalition]]
* [[Kakushin Sētō]] (progressive political parties)
* [[Christianity in Japan]]
* [[Liberalism in South Korea]] – This was also influenced by Japanese liberalism during its early formation.

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Asia topic|Liberalism in}}

[[Category:Liberalism in Japan| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Japan]]
[[Category:Liberalism by country]]

Arakkonam

2025-06-10T21:43:22Z

47.154.22.76:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2020}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arakkonam
| other_name = Arunthamizhkundram
| nickname = A-Town
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Arakkonam
| coordinates = {{coord|13|04|40|N|79|40|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Suburban]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = First Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Arakkonam Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.06
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 78,395
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/tamilnadu/vellore/3340418000__arakonam/ |title=Arakonam population}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 631001 to 631006
| registration_plate = TN-73Z
| website = {{URL|http://www.arakkonam.info}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Arakkonam''' ({{IPA|ta|aɾakkoːɳam|lang}}) is a [[railway town]] in the [[Ranipet district]], state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Included within the [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]] since 2022, Arakkonam is a major [[suburb]] of the state capital city [[Chennai]], with a population of 78,395 per the census 2011. It is about {{convert|54|km|mi}} from the district headquarters [[Ranipet]], and about {{convert|69|km|mi}} from Chennai.

Arakkonam is one of the hottest towns in India, where the temperature can exceed 43 °C (110 °F) for several peak days in summer it is famous for temples this city is developing day by day and it is one of the best city in Ranipet District The name 'Arakkonam' was derived from the word "Arunthamizhkundram" also later called "Aarukonam", meaning '[[hexagon]]' which connects six important places around.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

== History ==
The ancient name of the town was "''Arumthamizh kundram''" ("''Arumtamil kunram''") which is believed to have been derived from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words ''aaru konam'' meaning "six angles" or [[hexagon]], based on the fact that six important places exist on the town's six sides, namely [[Kanchipuram]], [[Thakkolam]], [[Manavur]], [[Thiruvalangadu]], [[Thiruttani]] and [[Sholinghur]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

[[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=karthik|title=Arakkonam Railway Station Map/Atlas SR/Southern Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/arakkonam-junction-ajj/428|access-date=2022-12-24|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> is one of the oldest junctions in the country connecting with major cities such as [[Chennai]], [[Vellore]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Goa]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Tirupati]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kochi]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

== Administration ==
The Arakkonam Municipality was constituted as a 3rd Grade Municipality on 1 October 1958 and upgraded to a 2nd Grade Municipality on 1 May 1974 and has been a 1st Grade Municipality from 17 April 1984. The area of the municipality is {{cvt|9.06|km2}}. Arakkonam is a part of the assembly and parliamentary constituencies of the same name. This municipality contains 36 wards.

== Infrastructure ==
[[Arakkonam Junction railway station]] is one of the largest railway junction in Tamil Nadu. It strategically located at the intersection of the [[Chennai–Bangalore line]], [[Arakkonam–Chengalpattu branch line]] and the [[Guntakal–Chennai line]], which is part of Mumbai–Chennai line. The town has one of the biggest workshops for Southern Railway, known as the 'Engineering Workshop' (EWS) which has many employees serving the Indian Railways in various process related with fabrication and processing of various metal components for the railways. Most of the machines in these workshops are a century old and some of them are working. It also has an electric locomotive shed, 'Electric Loco Shed' (ELS).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Southern Railway Welcomes You|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,372,456|access-date=2022-12-24|website=sr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> [[WAG-5 HA]], [[WAP-4]] and WAG-9 locomotives are maintained here. Suburban electric train facility is also available towards Chennai. [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam junction]] is also feature in a song "Vellarikka" of movie ''[[Kadhal Kottai]] starring [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]].''

The second-biggest [[Food Corporation of India]] (FCI) [[godown]] is located at Arakkonam in Tamil Nadu. It is used to store all types of food grains for a long periods. Transport is also available by road to all major cities and towns.

The runway at [[INS Rajali]], a naval air force of the [[Indian Navy]] in Arakkonam is 4,500 metres in length, making it the second-longest air force runway in the Indian Subcontinent. It is also Asia's second-biggest Naval Training Centre.

Other industries include [[MRF Tyres]], Ramco Industries and [[UltraTech Cement]].

Many official buildings in Arakkonam were built during the British era. An underpass beneath the railway connects Arakkonam and Kanchipuram and is one of the city's oldest structures. It was built with lime mortar and stones.

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|81.22}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|9.83}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|7.95}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.04}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.03}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.35}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.58}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.01}}}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Arakonam had a population of 78,395 with a sex-ratio of 1,020 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{Cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 7,727 were under the age of six, constituting 3,995 males and 3,732 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 27.1% and 1.11% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 81.81%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard" /> The town had a total of 19507 households. There were a total of 26,029 workers, comprising 80 cultivators, 206 main agricultural labourers, 674 in house hold industries, 21,857 other workers, 3,212 marginal workers, 42 marginal cultivators, 33 marginal agricultural labourers, 156 marginal workers in household industries and 2,981 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{Cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Arakonam|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=674943|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Arakonam had 81.22% [[Hindus]], 9.83% [[Muslims]], 7.95% [[Christians]], 0.04% [[Sikhs]], 0.03% [[Buddhists]], 0.35% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.58% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{Cite web|title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

== Politics ==
[[Arakkonam (State Assembly Constituency)]] is part of the [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-08
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=31 October 2008
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIDMK]] candidate Thiru.S.Ravi, won the Arakkonam assembly constituency in the 2016 elections. In the parliamentary elections held in 2009, the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] candidate Thiru S. Jagathrakshakan, was elected MP from this constituency. In the [[2014 Lok Sabha election]], L. Hari Krishnan of AIADMK wrested the seat from the DMK with a margin of over 2,40,000 votes. He polled 493534 votes while the DMK candidate N.R. Elango polled just 252768 votes. Tmt P. Laskhmi of DMK won the post of municipality chairman in the 2022 Tamil Nadu Local body elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/aiadmk-bags-arakkonam-municipal-chairman-post/article6437086.ece|title=AIADMK bags Arakkonam municipal chairman post – TAMIL NADU – The Hindu|website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> In the 2019 General elections, Dr. S. Jakathrakshagan from Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) won against AIADMK Front (from PMK) candidate A.K. Moorthy.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai – Suburban Railway, South West|Arakkonam Junction|Ichiputhur/Thiruthani|Thakkolam|38|122.71}}
{{Chennai – Suburban Railway, West|Arakkonam Junction|Puliyamangalam|Melpakam|29|68.62}}
{{Chennai – Suburban Railway, West North|Arakkonam Junction|Puliyamangalam|Tiruttani|29|68.62}}
{{Chennai – Suburban Railway, West South|Arakkonam Junction|Puliyamangalam|Melpakam|29|68.62}}
{{Ranipet district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ranipet district]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Chennai]]

Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

2025-06-08T05:03:44Z

47.154.22.76:

{{Short description|Indian political party}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|colorcode = {{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|logo =
|abbreviation = MDMK
|general_secretary = [[Vaiko]]
|ppchairman = [[Durai Vaiko]]
|loksabha_leader = [[Durai Vaiko]]
|rajyasabha_leader =
|founder = [[Vaiko]]
|foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1994|05|06}}
|split = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|headquarters = Thayagam, 12, Rukmini Lakshmipathi Salai, [[Egmore]], [[Chennai]] – 600008, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].
|students = MDMK Student Wing
|youth = MDMK Youth Wing
|women = MDMK Women's Wing
|labour = Marumalarchi Labour Front
|ideology = {{ubl|[[Tamil nationalism]]|[[Dravidianism]]|[[Social democracy]]|[[Social justice]]|[[Secularism]]}}
|position = [[Centre-left]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ogden|first=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hksIEAAAQBAJ|title=A Dictionary of Politics and International Relations in India|date=20 June 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-253915-1|language=en|quote=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Tamil: 'Renaissance Dravidian Progress Federation') A political party. It was established in 1994...}}</ref>
|colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Red]]
|eci = [[List of political parties in India#state parties|Unrecognised parties]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
|alliance = * [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]] (2023-present)
* [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (2019-present)
* [[AIADMK led Alliance|AIADMK+]] (1998-1999) (2006-2011)
* [[DMK-led Alliance|DMK+]] (1999-2001) (2002-2006)
* [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (1998-2004) (2014)
* [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (2004-2007) (2017-2023)
* [[People's Welfare Front]] (2016)
* MDMK Led Alliance (1996-1998)
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|543|hex={{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|245|hex={{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|state_seats_name = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|4|234|hex={{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Matchbox.png|100px]]
|flag = MDMK.svg
|website = [https://www.mdmk.org.in/ www.mdmk.org.in]
}}
{{Dravidian politics-col}}
The '''Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam''' ({{translation|Renaissance Dravidian Progressive Federation}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''MDMK''') is a [[political party]] active in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was established by [[Vaiko]] in 1994 after he left the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. The headquarters of the party is called Thayagam, which is located at Rukmini Lakshmipathi Salai, [[Egmore]], [[Chennai]].

==History==
===Formation===
Vaiko was a member of Rajya Sabha and a party activist of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). Vaiko was a member of the party from his initial student days and actively participated in the party agitations and courted imprisonment several times. He was elected thrice to the Rajya Sabha. In 1994, he was forced out of the parent body as he was seen as a threat to DMK chief [[Karunanidhi]]'s son, [[M.K. Stalin]]. [[Vaiko]] along with some district secretaries announced the decision to start a rival party, which became the MDMK.

===Support for Sri Lankan Tamils===
Vaiko voiced support for Tamils during the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]], including for the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] specifically and their goal of secession from Sri Lanka.

===Support for the Mullaperiyar Dam===
The Government of Kerala was keen to demolish the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] because of [[Mullaperiyar Dam#Dam safety|safety concerns]]. However, the dam's reservoir is a prime source for irrigation for more than 8 districts including [[Theni district|Theni]]. As a result, Vaiko led an [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row#Interstate dispute|agitation]] against the Kerala government.

===Split in MDMK===
With the looming possibility of a vote of confidence in Parliament against the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]], two party [[Member of Parliament|MP]]s, [[L. Ganesan]] and [[Gingee N. Ramachandran]], claimed that they enjoyed the support of the majority of party cadre and decided to pledge support to the UPA government. They later withdrew their claim and joined DMK when it was found that they had forged letters of support of party executives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/12147|title=Indian Prez summons PM: Trust vote likely on July 21 or 22, Singh garners enough votes - Asian Tribune|access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref>

===Boycott of Assembly Election 2011===
Due to issues in seat sharing, MDMK quit the ADMK Alliance and boycotted the 2011 Assembly elections of [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]] and [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry]].

===Sanchi Protest===
The MDMK protested the Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]]'s visit to [[Sanchi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in September 2012. [[Vaiko]] and his party members traveled to Sanchi. People who traveled through roadways were stopped by the police near [[Gadchiroli]]. Some party members tried to reach the spot by rail and air but they were detained by police before reaching [[Sanchi]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 September 2012|title=Despite heavy security, MDMK men sneak in Bhopal ahead of Mahinda Rajapaksa's visit|work=The Economic Times|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/despite-heavy-security-mdmk-men-sneak-in-bhopal-ahead-of-mahinda-rajapaksas-visit/articleshow/16486619.cms|access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref>

===MDMK snap ties with NDA===
The MDMK left the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] in December 2014, accusing the BJP of acting against Tamil interests. This came after heavy criticism of the party from BJP lawmaker [[Subramanian Swamy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vaikos-MDMK-snaps-ties-with-NDA-hits-out-at-Modi-govt/articleshow/45411799.cms|title=Vaiko's MDMK snaps ties with NDA, hits out at Modi govt|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 December 2014 |access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref>

==Party flag and symbol==
The election symbol is a match box. The colour of the party flag's top and bottom panel is red and middle panel is black. The party has a weekly journal called ''Sangoli'' which carries news and write ups for party workers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304080440/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2024 Parliament Election, the eci allotted Matchbox with stick symbol for contesting in Trichy.

== Election history ==
{| class=wikitable
|+Lok Sabha election
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Election Year
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Election
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Votes polled
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Won
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Change of Seats
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Alliance
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Result
|-
|1996
|[[Indian general election, 1996 (Tamil Nadu)|11th Lok Sabha]]
|552,118
|{{Composition bar|0|15|hex=#cc0000}}
| No Change
|[[1996 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu#MDMK-CPI(M) Front|MDMK-CPI(M)]]
| ! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Lost
|-
|1998
|[[Indian general election, 1998 (Tamil Nadu)|12th Lok Sabha]]
|1,602,504
|{{Composition bar|3|5|hex=#cc0000}}
|{{increase}}3
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| ! style="background:#98FB98;" | Government
|-
|1999
|[[Indian general election, 1999 (Tamil Nadu)|13th Lok Sabha]]
|1,620,527
|{{Composition bar|4|5|hex=#cc0000}}
||{{increase}}1
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| ! style="background:#98FB98;" | Government
|-
|2004
|[[Indian general election, 2004 (Tamil Nadu)|14th Lok Sabha]]
|1,679,870
|{{Composition bar|4|4|hex=#cc0000}}
|No Change
|[[Democratic Progressive Alliance|DPA]]
| ! style="background:#98FB98;" | Government
|-
|2009
|[[Indian general election, 2009 (Tamil Nadu)|15th Lok Sabha]]
|1,112,908
|{{Composition bar|1|4|hex=#cc0000}}
|{{decrease}}3
|[[United National Progressive Alliance|TF]]
| ! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|-
|2014
|[[Indian general election, 2014 (Tamil Nadu)|16th Lok Sabha]]
|1,417,535
|{{Composition bar|0|7|hex=#2368C7}}
|{{decrease}}1
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| ! style="background:#FFA07A;" | Lost
|-
|2019
|[[Indian general election, 2019 (Tamil Nadu)|17th Lok Sabha]]
|563,591
|{{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#cc0000}}
|{{increase}}1
|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| ! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|-
|2024
|[[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|18th Lok Sabha]]
|5,42,213
|{{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#cc0000}}
|{{increase}}1
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| ! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Opposition
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class=wikitable
|+Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Election Year
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Election
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Votes polled
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Won
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Change of Seats
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Alliance
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Result
|-
|1996
|[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|11th Assembly]]
|1,569,168
|{{Composition bar|0|177|hex=#cc0000}}
| No Change
|MDMK+ alliance
| ! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Lost
|-
|2001
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|12th Assembly]]
|1,304,469
|{{Composition bar|0|213|hex=#2368C7}}
|{{decrease}}213
|MDMK+
| ! style="background:#FFA07A;" | Lost
|-
|2006
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|13th Assembly]]
|1,971,565
|{{Composition bar|6|35|hex=#cc0000}}
|{{increase}} 6
|[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK Front]]
| ! style="background:#98FB98;" | Won
|-
|2016
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|15th Assembly]]
|2,300,775
|{{Composition bar|0|29|hex=#2368C7}}
|{{decrease}} 6
|[[People's Welfare Front|PWF]]
| ! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Lost
|-
|2021
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|16th Assembly]]
|4,86,976
|{{Composition bar|4|6|hex=#cc0000}}
|{{increase}} 4
|[[Secular Democratic Alliance|SPA+]]
| ! style="background:#98FB98;" | Won
|}

==List of Union Ministers==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Portfolio
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Constituency {{small|(House)}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:No image available.svg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources]]''' '''[{{abbr|MoS(I/C)|Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}]'''
|'''[[M. Kannappan]]''' (–)
|13 October 1999
|30 December 2003
!'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2003|12|30}}'''
|[[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|rowspan=5|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|rowspan=5 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!rowspan="4"|2
|rowspan="4"|[[File:No image available.svg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Textiles|Minister of Textiles]]''' '''[{{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}}]'''
|rowspan="4"|'''[[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]''' (born 1944)
|13 October 1999
|30 September 2000
!'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2000|9|30}}'''
|rowspan="4"|[[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
|'''[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]''' '''[{{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}}]'''
|30 September 2000
|1 July 2002
!'''{{ayd|2000|9|30|2002|7|1}}'''
|-
|'''[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance & Company Affairs]]''' '''[{{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}}]'''
|1 July 2002
|24 May 2003
!'''{{ayd|2002|7|1|2003|5|23}}'''
|-
|'''[[Ministry of Textiles|Minister of Textiles]]''' '''[{{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}}]'''
|8 September 2003
|30 December 2003
!'''{{ayd|2003|9|8|2003|12|30}}'''
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://mdmk.org.in/ Official Website of the party]
* [https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwa00093055/ MDMK profile listed in Library of congress]
{{Dravidian politics}}
{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| ]]
[[Category:Dravidian political parties]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1994]]
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]

Durai Murugan

2025-06-05T16:23:30Z

47.154.22.76:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Durai Murugan
| native_name = 
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1938|7|1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/duraimurugan-1574.html |title=Durai Murugan Biography}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Gudiyatham]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in Gudiyatham, [[Vellore District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| residence = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] [[Katpadi]], [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| image =
| office = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| governor = [[Banwarilal Purohit]] [[R. N. Ravi]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| term_start = 11 May 2021
| predecessor = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| governor1 = [[Banwarilal Purohit]] [[R. N. Ravi]]
| term_start1 = 7 May 2021
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| minister1 = * Irrigation Projects including small Irrigation
* Legislative Assembly
* Governor and Ministry
* Elections and Passports
* Minerals and Mines
* Water Resources
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| office2 = 4th General Secretary of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start2 = 9 September 2020
| term_end2 =
| president2 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| predecessor2 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| successor2 =
| office5 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Treasurer of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term5 = 28 August 2018 – 3 September 2020
| 1blankname5 = General Secretary
| 1namedata5 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| president5 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| predecessor5 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| successor5 = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| office6 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Principal Secretary of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term6 = 9 January 2015 – 27 August 2018
| president6 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| 1blankname6 = General Secretary
| 1namedata6 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| predecessor6 = [[Arcot N. Veeraswami]]
| successor6 = [[K. N. Nehru]]
| term7 = 2 June 2003 – 26 December 2008
| president7 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| 1blankname7 = General Secretary
| 1namedata7 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| predecessor7 = ''position established''
| successor7 = [[Arcot N. Veeraswami]]
| office8 = Deputy General Secretary of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start8 = 27 December 2008
| term_end8 = 8 January 2015
| predecessor8 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| successor8 = [[I. Periyasamy]]
| 1blankname8 = General Secretary
| 1namedata8 = {{ubl|[[K. Anbazhagan]]}}
| office9 = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| minister9 = [[Department of Law (Tamil Nadu)|Law]]
| term9 = 2009–2011
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata9 = [[Karunanidhi]]
| term10 = 2006–2009
| term11 = 1996–2001
| term12 = 1989–1991
| 1blankname12 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata12 = [[Karunanidhi]]
| minister12 = [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works Department]]
| office13 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start13 = 1996
| term_end13 =
| predecessor13 = K. M. Kalaiselvi
| successor13 =
| constituency13 = [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| term14 = 1989–1991
| predecessor14 = G. Ragupathi
| successor14 = K. M. Kalaiselvi
| constituency14 = [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| term15 = 1977–1984
| predecessor15 = K. A. Wahab
| successor15 = M. Kadirvelu
| constituency15 = [[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
| term16 = 1971–1977
| predecessor16 = G. Natarajan
| successor16 = M. A. Jayavelu
| constituency16 = [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = Santhakumari
| children = [[Kathir Anand]] (only son)
| website =
| footnotes =
| source = http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/12thAssembly/profiles/036.htm
}}

'''Durai Murugan''' (born 1 July 1938) is an Indian politician and lawyer. He is the Minister for Water Resources under the government of [[M. K. Stalin]] since 2021. He is the [[general secretary]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] since 9 September 2020. He graduated in [[Master of Arts|MA]] and [[Bachelor of Laws|BL]] and is an [[advocate]] by profession. He is a very close confidant to former [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] Supremo [[M. Karunanidhi]] and his son [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] President [[M. K. Stalin]]. He also worked as Treasurer, Principal Secretary and Deputy General secretary of the DMK party.

Durai Murugan was first elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly in 1971 and has been elected ten times since. He was elected from the [[Katpadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Katpadi]] constituency in 2006. After the 2006 assembly elections, Durai Murugan was appointed Minister for Public Works in the Government of Tamil Nadu.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/25tn.htm |title=DMK cautious as Tamaraikkani row takes new turn |work=Rediff |date=25 March 1999 |access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref>

He was divested of the Public Works Department portfolio on 13 July 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/13/stories/2009071354090100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125160027/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/13/stories/2009071354090100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Durai Murugan divested of PWD portfolio |date=13 July 2009}}</ref>

He was re-elected from the Katpadi constituency in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|elections of 2016]].<ref>{{cite web |title=15th Assembly Members |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/001_050.html |access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref>

He currently resides in [[Kotturpuram]], [[Chennai]].{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} He was born in 1938 in [[Gudiyatham]], [[North Arcot]], [[Madras Presidency]] (now [[Vellore District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]) to Duraisamy and Thavasi Ammal. He belongs to the [[Vanniyar]] community, a numerically-large caste found throughout [[Tondaimandalam|Northern Tamil Nadu]]. He is married to Santhakumari and has one son, [[Kathir Anand]], who has served as the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]] since [[2019 Indian general election|2019]].

== Elections contested and results ==
=== Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Elections ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan=2|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan=2|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan="9"|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=12}}
| 85,140
| 46.18
| V Ramu
| {{Party name with color|AIADMK|rowspan=4}}
| 84,394
| 45.78
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 746
| 0.40
|-
! [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 90,534
| 50.90
| rowspan="2"|Appu S.R.K
| 66,588
| 37.44
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 23,946
| 13.46
|-
! [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 75,064
| 49.55
| 72,091
| 47.59
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 2,973
| 1.96
|-
! [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 86,824
| 57.45
| Narayanan.B
| 51,677
| 34.19
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 35,147
| 23.26
|-
! [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 64,187
| 49.47
| Natarajan A.K.
| {{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| 56,185
| 43.30
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 8,002
| 6.17
|-
! [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 75,439
| 61.20
| Pandurangan.K
| {{Party name with color|AIADMK|rowspan=5}}
| 34,432
| 27.93
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 41,007
| 33.27
|-
! [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 36,866
| 33.02
| K.M. Kalaiselvi
| 63,005
| 56.43
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -26,139
| -23.41
|-
! [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| 43,181
| 43.41
| Margabandu R
| 23,344
| 23.47
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 19,837
| 19.94
|-
! [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| 36,839
| 39.62
| G. Ragupathi
| 53,077
| 57.08
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -16,238
| -17.46
|-
! [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
| 44,318
| 53.70
| Renu. N
| 37,064
| 44.91
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 7,254
| 8.79
|-
! [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 31,940
| 43.53
| Wahab K.A.
| {{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
| 16,643
| 22.68
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 15,297
| 20.85
|-
! [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| 37,487
| 57.79
| Dhandayuthapani
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
| 20,919
| 32.25
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 16,568
| 25.54
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011–2016)|state=collapsed}}
{{Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
{{Dravidian politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murugan, Durai}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Vellore district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]

Veerappan

2025-05-28T17:39:33Z

47.154.22.76:

{{Short description|Indian criminal (1952–2004)}}
{{About|the person|the 2016 Kannada film|Killing Veerappan|the Bollywood film|Veerappan (2016 film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Veerappan
| image = Koose Munisamy Veerappan 05.jpg
| landscape = yes
| image_caption = Veerappan in 2000
| birth_name = Koose Munusamy Veerappan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1952|01|18}}
| birth_place = [[Gopinatham]], [[Kollegal]]am Taluk, Undivided [[Coimbatore District]] (former [[Coimbatore District (Madras Presidency)]]), [[Madras State]], [[India]] (modern-day [[Karnataka]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2004|10|18|1952|1|18}}<ref name="Fal">{{cite news |last1=Gejji |first1=Anil |title=Fall of the Forest Brigand |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/jan/10/fall-of-the-forest-brigand-867071.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 Jan 2016}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Papparapatti, Dharmapuri]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<ref name="Fal" />
| death_cause = [[Gunshot wound|Ballistic trauma]]<ref name="Fal" />
| resting_place = Moolakadu, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alias =
| occupation =
| known_for = {{ubl|
*Kidnapping politicians
*[[Sandalwood]] smuggling
*[[Poaching]]
*[[Banditry]]
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Muthulakshmi]]|1990|2004}}
| children = 2
| relatives =
| reward_amount = {{INRConvert|52|c|year=2002}}
| capture_status = Deceased
| escaped = 1986
| escape_end = 2004
| comments = {{INRConvert|784|c|year=2002}} spent to capture
| beginyear = 1962
| endyear = 2002
| country = India
| states = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Koose Munisamy Veerappan'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Farmers-turned-Veerappans-killer-aides/articleshow/18493017.cms|title=Farmers turned Veerappan's killer aides|last=Karthick|first=S|date=14 February 2013|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Unravelling-an-Enigma/articleshow/892009.cms|title=Unravelling an Enigma|last=Singh|first=Shivani|date=19 October 2004|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref> (18 January 1952 – 18 October 2004) was an Indian [[poacher]], [[smuggler]], [[domestic terrorist]] and [[Banditry|bandit]] who was active for 36 years, and kidnapped major politicians for ransom. He was charged with [[sandalwood]] smuggling and [[Crime in India#Poaching and wildlife trafficking|poaching]] of [[Indian elephant|elephants]] in the scrub lands and forests in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. He was wanted for killing approximately 184 people, about half of whom were police officers and forest officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/cop-who-eliminated-veerappan-pens-book-on-the-forest-brigand-1785864/|title=Cop who eliminated Veerappan pens book on the forest brigand|agency=Press Trust of India|date=26 January 2017|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News | India.com}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2024}} He was also responsible for poaching approximately 500 of the 2000 elephants killed in the peninsular region where he was active<ref name="frontline-pile">{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30225505.ece|title=How he made his pile|first=RAVI|last=SHARMA|website=Frontline|date=18 November 2004 }}</ref> and for [[Ivory trade|smuggling ivory]] worth US$2.6 million (₹16 crore)<ref name="frontline-pile" /> and about 65 tons of sandalwood<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/indepth/the-most-famous-of-them-all-31758|title=The most famous of them all|website=www.downtoearth.org.in}}</ref> worth approximately US$22 million (₹143 crore).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Wages of Impunity: Power, Justice, and Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1eD4bGpqvMC&q=veerappan&pg=PA322|last=K.G.|first=Kannabiran|ref=KG|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2004|isbn=9788125026389}}</ref>

The battle to capture Veerappan cost the governments of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka over ₹100 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/oct/19veer18.htm|title=India's biggest, costliest manhunt|website=Rediff}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Veerappan was born into a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Vanniyar]] family in Gopinatham, [[Kollegal|Kollegala]], [[Coimbatore District (Madras Presidency)|Coimbatore District (Madras State)]] now in Karnataka in 1952.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odGoFF2HqQAC&q=veerappan+vanniyar&pg=PA197|title=In Search of the Rain Forest|last=Slater|first=Candace|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0822385279|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Caste-politics-may-bail-out-Veerappan/articleshow/1849977436.cms|title=Caste politics may bail out Veerappan|last=Ramachandran Ramesh|date=6 August 2000|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1723/17230100.htm|title=A desperate alliance|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|date=11 November 2000|website=Frontline|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> In 1990, he was married to [[Muthulakshmi]], who reportedly married him because of his "notoriety and moustache".<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/19/india.markoliver|title=Death of a 'demon'|last=Oliver|first=Mark|date=19 October 2004|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 December 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Muthulakshmi-to-bring-out-book-on-lsquopolice-atrocities/article14697917.ece|title=Muthulakshmi to bring out book on 'police atrocities'|last=Kumar|first=M. T. Shiva|date=26 April 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 December 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of 2004, his two daughters, Vidya Rani (born in 1990) and Prabha (born in 1993), were studying in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Illangovan|first=R|title=Leave us in peace, say Veerappan's daughters|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/22/stories/2004102211001400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112072605/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/22/stories/2004102211001400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2005|access-date=24 May 2013|website=[[The Times of India]] | date=28 September 2011 }}</ref>
He had support from the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] party which openly sought for clemency on behalf of Veerappan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Caste-politics-may-bail-out-Veerappan/articleshow/1849977436.cms|title = Caste politics may bail out Veerappan | India News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=6 August 2000 }}</ref>

== Criminal history==
Veerappan began his criminal career by assisting his uncle Saalvai Gounder, a notorious poacher and [[sandalwood]] smuggler.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news |first=Luke |last=Harding |title=In the lair of India's asthmatic bandit king |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/aug/05/india.kashmir|work=The Guardian|location=London |date=5 August 2000 |access-date=27 August 2012 }}</ref> Veerappan initially worked as a sandalwood and [[ivory]] smuggler, killing elephants for their tusks.<ref name="how"/> He later broke away from his uncle. Over the next 25 years, Veerappan and other poachers together killed 2,000 to 3,000 elephants, with Veerappan and his gang responsible for approximately 500 of them.<ref name="frontline-pile" /> He was first arrested in 1972.<ref name=gua>{{cite news|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/oct/19/india.markoliver|title = Death of a 'demon'|work = The Guardian|first= Mark|last= Oliver|date = 2004}}</ref>

After committing his first murder, at the age of 17, he began killing those who resisted his illegal activities. His victims tended to be police officers, forest officials, and informants.<ref name="how">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-19/india/27165183_1_tamil-nadu-wily-brigand-special-task-forces|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417001205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-19/india/27165183_1_tamil-nadu-wily-brigand-special-task-forces|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2013|title=How Veerappan was shot dead|date=19 October 2004|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 August 2012}}</ref>

In 1987, Veerappan kidnapped and murdered a [[Sathyamangalam]] Taluka forest officer named Chidambaram from Tamil Nadu. This brought his activities to the attention of the Indian Government.<ref name=village/><ref name="end">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Veerappan-End-of-three-decades-of-terror/articleshow/890585.cms|title=Veerappan: End of three decades of terror|date=19 October 2004|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 September 2012}}</ref>
He drew further attention by murdering a senior [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]] officer, [[P. Srinivas|Pandillapalli Srinivas]], in November 1991. Next, there was the August 1992 ambush of a police party, which included a senior IPS officer, Harikrishna.

Veerappan was not averse to killing civilians, and killed a man from his native village for traveling in a police jeep.<ref name=village/> He regularly killed anyone suspected of being a police informer. Because of political instability, Veerappan could easily escape from one state to another. State jurisdiction problems also prevented police officers from entering other states to apprehend Veerappan.<ref name=benita>{{cite book |last1=Estevez |first1=Benita |title=Smugglers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLqYgJHuuHMC&q=veerappan+politicians&pg=PT75 |access-date=22 February 2013 |publisher=R.W.Press |isbn=978-1-909284-08-1 }}</ref>

=== Palar blast ===
{{Main|Palar blast}}
In Govindapadi, [[Mettur]], Veerappan killed a Bandari person whom he suspected of being a police informer. As a result, a 41-member team of police officers and forestry officials were called in to investigate. On 9 April 1993, landmines were detonated underneath the two vehicles in which the team was traveling. The blast occurred at Palar, near [[Mahadeswara Hills|Malai Mahadeswara Hills]] (present-day [[Chamarajanagar District]], Karnataka) and killed 22 members of the team. Known as the Palar blast, this was Veerappan's single largest mass killing.<ref name=palar>{{cite news|last=Aravind|first=H M|title=Why Veerappan planned the Palar blast|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysore/Why-Veerappan-planned-the-Palar-blast/articleshow/18493078.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602162807/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-14/mysore/37099133_1_veerappan-gang-karnataka-stf-palar-blast|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2013|access-date=17 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 February 2013}}</ref>

=== Special Task Force ===

In 1992, the Karnataka and the Tamil Nadu Governments formed a [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]] to catch Veerappan.<ref name=how/> It was headed in Tamil Nadu by [[Sanjay Arora (officer)|Sanjay Arora]] and in Karnataka by Shankar Bidri with [[Walter Devaram]] as the joint chief. In February 1992, his lieutenant Gurunathan was killed by the Karnataka task force, with [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Shakeel Ahmed single-handedly responsible for the capture. Three months later, Veerappan attacked the [[Ramapura, Chamarajanagar|Ramapura]] police station in [[Kollegal]], killing several policemen and capturing arms and ammunition. In August 1992, Veerappan laid a trap for SI Shakeel Ahmed, killing him along with five others. The Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Special Task Forces then began intensified combing operations along the two states' border areas and also around Gopinatham village, Veerappan's birthplace.<ref name=stf>{{cite news | first = V. S. | last = Palaniyappan | title = STF planning to corner Veerappan near Gopinatham | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 27 January 2003}}</ref>

Through these operations, under charge of [[Sanjay Arora (officer)|Sanjay Arora]] and Shankar Bidari, the gang was reduced to 5 members.<ref name=stf/><ref name="lure">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/STF-tries-to-lure-villagers/articleshow/35703041.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602160546/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-01-28/bangalore/27286243_1_veerappan-gang-karnataka-stf-gopinatham|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2013|title=STF tries to lure villagers|date=28 January 2003|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 September 2012}}</ref>
Meetings with Gopinatham villagers were held, and the 5-[[crore]] bounty was announced.<ref name=lure/> In 1993, the task force arrested Veerappan's wife, Muthulakshmi, and charged her with aiding, but she was acquitted of all charges.<ref name=":1" />

=== Kidnapping of Rajkumar ===
{{Main|Kidnapping of Rajkumar}}
On 30 June 2000, Veerappan abducted [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]] actor [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and three others from Dodda Gajanur, a village in Sathyamangalam taluk Erode district near the Tamil Nadu-Karnataka border, where the film star was attending his housewarming ceremony.<ref name=acquit>{{cite news | title = Veerappan's widow Muthulakshmi acquitted in actor Rajkumar kidnap case| newspaper =India Today | date =30 October 2012 | url =http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/veerappan-widow-muthulkshmi-actor-rajkumar-kidnap-case/1/226903.html |access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3943969.stm | work=BBC News | title='Treasure hunt' for bandit's loot | date=22 October 2004 | access-date=27 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="frontline">{{cite news|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1716/17161310.htm|title=Veerappan's Prize Catch|last=Ravi|first=Sharma|date=5–18 August 2000|newspaper=Frontline Magazine, Chennai|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref>
Public outcry and violence ensued in [[Bangalore]] as well as other parts of Karnataka.<ref name=frontline/> A [[bandh]], or strike, also occurred on 22 September in Bangalore. Karnataka's Chief Minister and police personnel sought the help of Tamil Nadu Government and visited [[Chennai]] seeking help.<ref name=frontline/> Negotiations were conducted and [[R. Gopal]], an editor of the Tamil magazine ''Nakkeeran'', was involved in several rounds of talks with Veerappan.<ref>{{cite news|title=I have tried to be as truthful as possible|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3813967.ece|access-date=26 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 August 2012}}</ref> Gopal had earlier visited Veerappan for similar negotiations,<ref name=guardian/>
and visited the forest several times for videotaped discussions. Veerappan demanded justice for Tamil Nadu in the [[Cauvery Dispute|Cauvery Water dispute]], as well as making [[Tamil language|Tamil]] the second official language of Karnataka and the release of certain Tamil political prisoners jailed in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=nambath/> Rajkumar was held for 108 days and finally released without harm in November 2000. A police official later revealed that 20 crore [[Indian rupee|rupee]]s had been paid by Karnataka government for his release.<ref name=bbc /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Govt-not-Rajkumar-family-paid-ransom-Ex-DGP/articleshow/29005840.cms|title=Govt, not Rajkumar family, paid ransom: Ex-DGP|date=22 November 2002|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsarchives.indiainfo.com/spotlight/rajkumar/veerappan.html|title=Veerappan -- still calling the shots|first=M.K.|last=Madhusoodan|access-date=16 July 2001|website=newsarchives.indiainfo.com|archive-date=16 July 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010716062605/http://newsarchives.indiainfo.com/spotlight/rajkumar/veerappan.html}}</ref>

=== Kidnapping of Nagappa ===

On 25 August 2002, Veerappan abducted [[H. Nagappa]], a former minister of Karnataka, from his village in Kamagere, [[Chamarajanagar district]].<ref name=nagappa>{{cite news |title=Veerappan sends cassette |work=Express India |date=26 August 2002 |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=14148 |access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> Nagappa had been a minister for Agricultural Marketing from 1996 to 1999.<ref name=nagappa/> The Joint Special task forces of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu worked with the [[Kerala]] police to help release Nagappa.<ref>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Kerala Police to help STF in operation against Veerappan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kerala-police-to-help-STF-in-operation-against-Veerappan/articleshow/20496587.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602155447/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-28/thiruvananthapuram/27304596_1_kerala-police-veerappan-stf|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2013|access-date=27 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 August 2002}}</ref>
[[Police encounter|Encounter]] to release him failed, and Nagappa was found dead three months later in a Karnataka forest.<ref name="death2"/> The reward offered by the Karnataka state government was then increased to 15 crore rupees.

=== Ransom demands ===

For several years during the 1990s, Veerappan kidnapped police officials and other personalities and demanded ransom money. It is believed that ransoms were often unofficially paid.<ref name=frontline/> In July 1997, he kidnapped nine forest officials in the Burude forests in [[Chamarajanagar district]]. In that case, the hostages were released unharmed a few years later even though his ransom demand was not met. It is also believed that Veerappan buried large amounts of money in various parts of the forest; in 2002 police recovered 3.3 million rupees from his gang members.<ref name=cash>{{cite news | last =K.T. | first =Sangameswaran | title ='Ransoms' remain a mystery | date =21 October 2004 | url =http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/21/stories/2004102113590400.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20041031144505/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/21/stories/2004102113590400.htm | url-status =dead | archive-date =31 October 2004 | newspaper =[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 February 2013}}</ref>

Banned organisations like the [[Tamil National Retrieval Troops]] (TNRT) and [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army]] helped Veerappan to secure a [[Robin Hood]] image and to draft terms of negotiations when he kidnapped prominent people.<ref name=nambath>{{cite news | last =Nambath | first =Suresh | title =Veerappan as "Robin Hood" | date =20 October 2004 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007931200.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041128164443/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007931200.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = 28 November 2004| newspaper =[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> [[Kolathur Mani]], president of [[Dravidar Viduthalai Kazhagam]], formerly the [[Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam]] (PDK) party,<ref name=PDK>{{cite news | last =TNN | title = Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam (PDK) splits into two parties| date =19 August 2012 | url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Periyar-Dravidar-Kazhagam-PDK-splits-into-two-parties/articleshow/15551553.cms | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130602163000/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/coimbatore/33272337_1_kolathur-mani-pdk-periyar-dravidar-kazhagam | url-status =live | archive-date =2 June 2013 | newspaper =[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref> was arrested and brought to trial as an accomplice in several of Veerappan's crimes, although later acquitted due to lack of evidence.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Muthulakshmi-acquitted-in-Palar-bomb-blast-case/article14950243.ece|title=Muthulakshmi acquitted in Palar bomb blast case|date=17 March 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 December 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Death ==
{{Main|Operation Cocoon}}On 18 October 2004, Veerappan and three of his associates were killed by the Tamil Nadu Special Task Force<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/10/19/stories/2004101916450100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203070323/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/10/19/stories/2004101916450100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2014|title=Veerappan shot dead|date=19 October 2004|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> and N. K. Senthamarai Kannan under the leadership of [[K. Vijay Kumar]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Birds, Beasts and Bandits: 14 Days with Veerappan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmRmgC5keFUC&q=veerappan|last1=Krupakar|first1=Krupakar |last2=Senani|first2=Senani |publisher=Penguin UK|year=2011|isbn=9788184754803|ref=Krupakar }}</ref>
The encounter happened near the village of [[Papparapatti, Dharmapuri|Papparapatti]]<ref name="death2" /><ref name="death">{{cite news | last =M.B.Maramkal | first =Bansy Kalappa | title = Veerappan Brigand's last run| date =20 October 2004 |url =http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-20/india/27158275_1_dharmapuri-veerappan-ambulance|archive-url =https://archive.today/20130126235954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-20/india/27158275_1_dharmapuri-veerappan-ambulance|url-status =dead|archive-date =26 January 2013| newspaper =[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref>
in [[Dharmapuri]] district, Tamil Nadu. Veerappan and his men were lured into an ambulance by an undercover policeman under the pretext of taking them to Dharmapuri for medical treatment.<ref name="death" /> The Tamil Nadu Special Task Force, which had been observing his movements for several months, surrounded the ambulance, and the gangsters were killed in the ensuing gunfight.<ref name="death2">{{cite news |title=How Veerappan was shot dead |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-Veerappan-was-shot-dead/890783.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 October 2004 |access-date=11 September 2012}}</ref>

The entire operation was named [[Operation Cocoon]]. Veerappan's associates Sethukuli Govindan, Chandre Gowdar and Sethumani were also killed in the operation.<ref name="drama">{{cite news|last=Nambath|first=Suresh|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/10/31/stories/2004103100020100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109093219/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/10/31/stories/2004103100020100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2004|title=Jungle Drama|date=31 October 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref>

His death was described as the "death of a demon".<ref name=":0" /> The villagers of [[Gopinatham]] celebrated with firecrackers on hearing the news.<ref name=village>{{cite news | first = R. | last = Ilangovan | title = A relieved Gopinatham breathes easy | date =20 October 2004 | url =http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007981200.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20041112092111/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007981200.htm | url-status =dead | archive-date =12 November 2004 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] |access-date= 13 September 2012 }}</ref>

Several human rights activists, who rallied under the banner of the Centre for Protection of Civil Liberties (CPCL), claimed that circumstantial evidence indicated that Veerappan was murdered by police after being tortured.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/19/stories/2005011914970500.htm|title=Veerappan killed in fake encounter: activists|date=19 January 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 February 2017}} {{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Veerappan was buried at [[Moolakkadu]] near Mettur in Tamil Nadu, as his family members were more attached to it and most of his relatives in Gopinatham had left.<ref name=burial>{{cite news | first = R. | last = Illangovan | title = Veerappan buried after wrangling | date = 21 October 2004 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/21/stories/2004102108640100.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041023022008/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/21/stories/2004102108640100.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 October 2004 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 18 February 2013}}</ref> The police had planned a cremation but decided on a burial after objections from Veerappan's relatives.<ref name=burial/> Thousands of people turned out for the burial, while others were kept away by heavy security.<ref name=burial/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/koose-muniswamy-veerappan-the-bandit-king-544362.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220811/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/koose-muniswamy-veerappan-the-bandit-king-544362.html |archive-date=11 August 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Koose Muniswamy Veerappan: The Bandit King|date=20 October 2004|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Timeline of Veerappan's activities
!Year
!Veerappan's Activities
|-
|1962
|Veerappan's first crime. He was just 10 when he gunned down a tusker with the help of his mentor Sevi Gounder at Gopinatham. Nabbed three forest officials and killed them.
|-
|1970
|Joined a gang of poachers.
|-
|27 August 1983
|Killed K. M. Prithvi (age 25), a forest guard, near Mavukal, Ponnampet, Kodagu, Karnataka when the guard tried to prevent elephant poaching by the gang.<ref name="fifteen">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007080400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127151026/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007080400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2004|title=Police had 15 encounters with brigand|last=Subrahmanya|first=K.V.|date=20 October 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
|1986
|Arrested and lodged at [[Boodipada]] forest guest house but escaped under mysterious circumstances (reportedly bribed a police officer).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/oct/20veer3.htm|title=The man who caught Veerappan alive|last=Jafri|first=S.A.|date=20 October 2004|newspaper=Reddif India News|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|26 August 1986
|Killed Siddarama Naik, a forest watcher at Alegowdana Katte, [[Gundlupet]], Karnataka.<ref name="fifteen" />
|-
|1987
|Kidnapped and hacked Tamil Nadu forest officer Chidambaram.<ref name="end" />
|-
|5 January 1989
|Kidnapped and killed five members of a rival gang.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mendonca |first1=Allen J. |last2=Gopinath |first2=Kamal |title=Killer on the run |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jYBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1404%2C2154369 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=30 August 1992 |page=18}}</ref>
|-
|1989
|Killed three forest personnel after 15 days of abducting them from Begur forest range.<ref name="end" />
|-
|9 April 1990
|Killed three police SI Dinesh, Jagannath, Ramalingu and police constable Shankara Rao near Hogenakal. Shot and beheaded Karnataka deputy conservator of forests, Srinivas,<ref name="village" /> as revenge for Veerappan's sister Mala's suicide (the victim's head was traced three years later).
|-
|1991
|Abducted son of a granite quarry owner and demanded ransom of Rs. 1 crore; released him for a ransom of Rs. 15 lakhs.<ref name="end" />
|-
|10 November 1991
|Murdered former forestry official, [[P. Srinivas]], by luring him to an ambush site. Veerappan had offered to surrender, if Srinivas came unaccompanied and unarmed. Srinivas was shot while crossing a nullah 6 kilometers from Gopinatham village.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mcrhrdi.gov.in/88fc/pdf/P.Srinivas%20Brochure.pdf|title= A Tribute to a Martyr: P.Srinivas|website= mcrhrdi.gov.in|access-date= 29 September 2020|archive-date= 24 November 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191124053206/http://www.mcrhrdi.gov.in/88fc/pdf/P.Srinivas%20Brochure.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
|1992
|Attacked a police station in Ramapura, killing five policemen, injuring two and stealing arms and ammunition.<ref name="dinakar">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GloWAQAAMAAJ&q=killed|title=Veerappan's prize catch: Rajkumar|last=Dinakar|first=C.|publisher=Konark Publishers Pvt ltd.|year=2003|isbn=978-81-220-0644-5|location=Delhi|page=145}}</ref> STF killed two gang members in retaliation.
|-
|14 August 1992
|Meenyam Ambush: Trapped and killed Mysore District SP, T. Harikrishna, SI Shakeel Ahmed and four constables named Benegonda, C. M. Kalappa, Sundara and M. P. Appachu, through a false informant near Meenyam in Karnataka.<ref name="fifteen" />
|-
|25 January 1993
|Veerappan and his gang had a close encounter and missed by a whisker the police team headed by "Rambo" Gopalakrishnan, Police officer from Tamil Nadu; one of his gang members and close associate Antony Raj was gunned down.<ref name="justice">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3f4sNPHuMgC&q=veerappan+politicians&pg=PA145|title=Criminal Justice, India series, Vol.16|last1=N. R. Madhava Menon|first1=D. Banerjea|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7764-519-4|volume=16|location=New Delhi|pages=146, 147}}</ref>
|-
|1993
|Border Security force (BSF) was deployed to hunt Veerappan but felt that language was the main barrier to carry out a successful operation.<ref name="justice" /> Deployment of Border Security Force (of Central Government) was disliked by Tamil Nadu Government.<ref name="justice" /> Veerappan killed about 20 combatants of BSF.<ref name="justice" />
|-
|April 1993
|Trapped and blew up a Tamil Nadu bus carrying police, forest officials and civilians, using a landmine, which killed 22 civilians and police<ref name="end" /> in [[Palar blast]] incident.<ref name="palar" />
|-
|24 May 1993
|Killed 6 policemen K. M. Uthappa, Prabhakara, Poovaiah, Machaiah, Swamy and Narasappa of STF commander Gopal Hosur's party and injured the police commander near Rangaswamy Vaddu, M. M. Hills, Karnataka.<ref name="end" /><ref name="fifteen" /> Tamil Nadu government deploys [[Border Security Force]] (BSF). Joint operations of BSF and STF arrested 9 gang members and killed 6. Three policemen were killed. Veerappan requested [[amnesty]]. Victim's relatives opposed any type of government negotiations.
|-
|1994
|Abducted Chidambaranathan, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Coimbatore and two others.<ref name="frontline" />
|-
|1995
|In November, kidnapped three forest department officials of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="frontline" />
|-
|1996
|Killed a police informer. Killed another 19 police personnel. Wounded police official Tamilselvan and killed a constable as revenge for the suicide of Veerappan's brother Arjunan in police custody.
|-
|1997
|The gang kidnapped wildlife photographers Senani and Krupakar. Veerappan apparently killed 'Baby Veerappan', a gang member, who had visions to succeed Veerappan.<ref name="drama" /> Kidnapped and released other photographers Senani and Krupakar. Kidnapped and executed nine Karnataka forest officials from Burude forests.
|-
|1998
|Kidnapped Prof. Krishnasamy, A. S. Mani – editor "Netikan", Payumpuli – reporter and Richard Mohan – photographer. Special Task Force released them after combing operation.<ref name="hindu3">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/29/stories/2009042961161000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917190249/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/29/stories/2009042961161000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 September 2011|title="Nakeeran" Gopal acquitted|author=Staff Reporter|date=29 April 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2000
|Kidnapped [[Kannada film]] actor Dr. [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]. Released him after 108 days (ransomed).
|-
|2002
|Kidnapped and allegedly killed former Karnataka minister H. Nagappa. There are other sources, including police of Karnataka who claims that the bullet in the body of the former minister was from a rifle used by the Tamil Nadu Special Task Force (possibly the rifle used was stolen from Tamil Nadu task force or crossfire could have caused his death).
|-
|2004
|Killed by Tamil Nadu Special Task Force members at a checkpoint, when the bandit was travelling in an ambulance driven by a disguised policeman.<ref name="death2" />
|}

==Legacy==
On April 25, 2013, the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] and the Vanniyar Sangam called Veerappan a youth icon at the Vanniyar Youth Cultural Festival at Mamallapuram. The incident was condemned by [[Jayalalithaa]], the then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/329376/pmk-projects-veerappan-icon-jaya.html| title = PMK projects Veerappan as icon, Jaya fumes {{!}} Deccan Herald -| date = 30 April 2013}} </ref>

== In media ==

=== Film and television ===
*''Veerappan'' – a 1991 Indian Kannada-language crime action film by Raveendranath, starring [[Devaraj]] in the titular role of the bandit.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Devaraj was the first to do Veerappan's role|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/devaraj-was-the-first-to-do-veerappans-role/articleshow/44836338.cms|access-date=2021-06-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Attahasa]]'' – a 2012 Kannada film, is based on Veerappan's life and death. The movie highlights the STF operations on Veerappan, kidnapping of Dr. Rajkumar and ultimately the Operation Cocoon. The film was also dubbed to Telugu and Malayalam in 2013 titled as ''Veerappan'' and in Tamil as ''Vana Yuddham''.
*''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' – a 2016 Kannada film, written and directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] based on [[Operation Cocoon]]. The film was also released in Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam consequently with the same title.
* ''[[Veerappan (film)|Veerappan]]'' – a 2016 Hindi full length biographical feature film written and directed by Ram Gopal Varma. The film was also released in Tamil as ''Villathi Villan Veerappan'''.'''''
*''Sandhanakaadu –'' a 2007 Tamil television series aired on [[Makkal TV]], based on Veerappan's life starring [[Karate Raja]] as Veerappan.
*''[[The Hunt for Veerappan]] –'' A docuseries directed by Selvamani Selvaraj which premiered on [[Netflix]] in 4 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=ವೀರಪ್ಪನ್ ಡಾಕ್ಯುಮೆಂಟರಿ ಟೀಸರ್ ಔಟ್‌! |url=https://vistaranews.com/cinema-film/ashwini-puneeth-rajkumaraachar-and-co-on-july-28/410952.html |website=Vistara News}}</ref>
*''[[Koose Munisamy Veerappan (TV series) | Koose Munisamy Veerappan]]'' - A documentary series explores the life of Veerappan using footage shot by [[Nakkeeran Gopal]] and archived by [[Nakkheeran]].

=== Books ===
[[File:The Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh releasing the book titled ‘Veerappan, Chasing the Brigand’, written by Shri K. Vijay Kumar, Senior Security Adviser, Ministry of Home Affairs, in New Delhi on February 08, 2017.jpg|thumb|right|Government of India inaugurating a book ''′Veerappan, Chasing the Brigand′'', written by Senior Security Adviser K. Vijay Kumar, on 8 February 2017]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Author
!Language
!Translations
|-
|''Veerappan: India's Most Wanted Man''
|Sunaad Raghuram
|English
|Marathi: ''Veerappan: The Untold Story''
|-
|''Sereyalli Kaleda Hadinalku Dinagalu''
|Krupakar & Senani
|Kannada
|English: ''Birds, Beasts and Bandits: 14 days with Veerappan''
|-
|''Huliya Nenapugalu''
|[[B. B. Ashok Kumar]]
|Kannada
|English: ''Memories of Tiger: Hunting Veerappan''
|-
|''Veerappan's Prize Catch: Rajkumar''
|C. Dinakar
|English
|
|-
|''Veerappan: Chasing the Brigand''
|[[K. Vijay Kumar]]
|English
|Tamil: ''Veerappan''
Kannada: ''Veerappan: Dantachorana Bennatti''

Hindi: ''Veerappana: Ek Satya Katha''

Marathi: ''Veerappan Viruddh Vijay Kumar''
|-
|''Veerappan''
|[[Nakkeeran Gopal]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|''Veerappan Valnthathum Veelnthathum''
|Sivasubramaniam Periyasamy
|Tamil
|Veerappan's Saga - Rise and Fall
|-
|''Veerapan Death Warrant''
|[[S. K. Umesh]]
|Kannada
|
|-
|''Veerapan Blood Warrant''
|[[S. K. Umesh]]
|Kannada
|
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Lampiao]]
* [[Paan Singh Tomar]]
* [[Phoolan Devi]]
* [[Seema Parihar]]
* [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]]

{{commons category}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/veerapan.htm The Veerappan Saga] ''Rediff.com''. 14 July 1997 – 20 October 2004.
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Indian kidnappers]]
[[Category:Indian robbers]]
[[Category:Indian smugglers]]
[[Category:Indian hunters]]
[[Category:Poachers]]
[[Category:Crime in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Criminals from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian gangsters killed in encounters]]
[[Category:Murdered Indian gangsters]]
[[Category:Illegal logging in India]]