Red Croatia

2024-11-24T10:06:25Z

46.239.6.185:

{{Short description|Historical region in Southeast Europe}}
{{For|the communist state in Yugoslavia|Socialist Republic of Croatia}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}
'''Red Croatia''' ({{langx|la|Croatia Rubea}}; {{langx|hr|Crvena Hrvatska}}) is a pseudohistorical term used for the southeastern parts of [[Rome|Roman]] [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] and some other territories, including parts of present-day [[Montenegro]], [[Albania]], the [[Herzegovina]] region of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and southeastern [[Croatia]], stretching along the [[Adriatic Sea]].

The term was first used in one version of the ''[[Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea]]'', which is as a whole dated to have been written in 1298–1300. It was in later years mentioned by a few sources that took the information from a transcript (not from the original) of the Chronicle of the priest of Doclea. In the 19th century, during the [[Romantic nationalism|Age of Romantic Nationalism]], it became a central point of discussion and research, often a component part of [[Croatian nationalism]], in which Red Croatia was sometimes popularized as a historical state of the [[Croatian people]] and thus should become part of a [[Greater Croatia]].

== Etymology ==
Red Croatia was first mentioned in the ''Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea'' a fictional work which was written by a [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] priest in [[Duklja|Doclea]]. His work is not preserved in original, but only in copies since the 16th and 17th century, and has been dated from as early as the late 13th century to as far as the 15th century. It is most likely that it was written c. 1300. There were numerous erroneous guesses and other plain errors regarding the identity of the writer, the most known being referring to him as "Archbishop Gregory" of a non-existent Archbishopric.

Most recent and detailed research identifies him as a member of the [[Cistercians|Cistercian order]] by the name of Rudger, of [[Czechs|Bohemian]] ethnic origins, working in the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Split-Makarska|Archbishopric of Split]] and for Croatian [[Ban (title)|Ban]] [[Paul Šubić]] who was from 1298 to 1301 [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bar|Archbishop of Bar]]. If the Priest of Doclea didn't take the term from some unknown and unpreserved source while rewriting his work for a second edition and he is its inventor, it is believed that he did partially in political aspirations of the Šubić family over all [[Croat]] lands, which would also explain the lack of Red Croatia in the first version, which centered on Bosnia, the second one being written after Paul had taken the title "Lord of Bosnia".

Croatian linguist [[Petar Skok]] has defined that this misinterpretation on the Priest's part is a result of transliteration of the Crmnica or Crvnica area in Montenegro, which also translates to "Red Land".

According to the Dioclean priest imaginary kingdom of Slavs was divided into two regions: ''Maritima'' (Littoral) between Dinaric mountains and the Adriatic sea which was also defined as the area where the"rivers from the mountains flow south into the sea" and Serbia which encompassed everything between Dinaric mountains and the river Danube or as defined in the chronicle as the "region where the rivers flow from the mountains to the north into the mighty river of Danube." Thus the Maritima encompassed only the areas in the Adriatic sea [[drainage basin]] while Serbia encompassed areas in the Black sea ( Danube ) basin . Maritima was further divide in two areas: White and Red Croatia with latter encompassing present day Hercegovina, southern portion of Montenegro and northern Albania. On the other hand, Dioclean's Serbia would encompass most of present-day Serbia, northern part of Montenegro, most of the Bosnia and Croatia north of the Dinaric mountains.<ref>T.Živković, Regum Slavorum, V.1, Belgrade 2009, 54-58</ref>

== Original references ==
[[File:Regnum Sclavorum 754 AD.PNG|thumb|right|Map of fictituous Slavic kingdom of king Svetopelek in the Western Balkans as it has been described in the chronicle [[Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja]].]]
The [[Latin]] version of the ''Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea'', known as ''Gesta regum Sclavorum'', was translated by Croatian-[[Italians|Latin]] historian Ioannes Lucius (Ivan Lučić, the father of Croatian historiography) in 1666 and printed under the name ''De Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae'' (''On the Kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia''). The following is an excerpt (in Latin):

:<blockquote>''Post haec secundum continentiam priuiligiorum, quae lecta coram populo fuerant, scripsit priuilegia, diisit prouincias et regiones regni sui ac terminos et fines earum hoc modo: secundum cursum aquarum, quae a montanis fluunt et intrant in mare contra meridianam plagam, Maritima uocauit; aquas uero, quae a montanis fluunt contra septentrionalem plagam et intrant in magnum flumen Donaui, uocauit Surbia. Deinde Maritima in duas diuisit prouincias: a loco Dalmae, ubi rex tunc manebat et synodus tunc facta est, usque ad Ualdeuino uocauit Croatium Album, quae et inferior Dalmatia dicitur...'''Item ab eodem loco Dalmae usque Bambalonam ciuitatem, quae nunc dicitur Dyrachium, Croatiam Rubeam...'''''<ref name="cpd">Presbyter Diocleas: ''De Regno Sclavorum''; Ioannes Lucius: ''De Regno Dalmatie et Croatiae'' (Amsterdam 1666) 287-302; Schwandtner ''Scriptores rerum hungaricarum III'' (Vienna) 174; Sl. Mijušković: ''Letopis Popa Dukljanina'' (Titograd 1967)</ref></blockquote>

The following is the translation to [[English language|English]]:

:<blockquote>And from the field of Dalmae (Duvno) to the city of [[Dyrrachium]] ([[Durrës]]) is Red Croatia</blockquote>

== References in Dandolo's chronicle ==
[[Andrea Dandolo]] (1300–1354), the [[Venice|Venetian]] author of the ''Chronicle of Dalmatia'', who writes of Croatian lands (Dalmatian Kingdom), reiterated the boundaries of Red Croatia:

In [[Latin]]:

:<blockquote>''Svethopolis rex Dalmacie... in plano Dalme coronatus est et regnum suum Dalmacie in IIIIor partes divisit... A plano intaque Dalme usque Ystriam, Chroaciam Albam, vocavit, '''et a dicto plano usque Duracium, Chroaciam Rubeam''', et versus montana, a flumine Drino usque Maceodoniam, Rasiam; et a dicto flumine citra Bosnam nominavit... Moderni autem maritimam totam vocant Dalmaciam, montana autem Chroatiam...''</blockquote>

Translation:

:<blockquote>''[[Svatopluk I of Moravia|Svatopluk]], King of Dalmatia... on Duvno field was crowned and his kingdom of Dalmatia is spread out into 4 regions: From the field called Duvno (Tomislavgrad), to Istria is called White Croatia...''' and from that field to Durrës is called Red Croatia'''; and the mountainous side from the river Drina to Macedonia is called Rascia, and to that river to here is called Bosnia. The whole sea coast is called Dalmatia and its mountains are Croatia...''</blockquote>

== References by Flavio Biondo ==
Another writer confirms the diet of Duvno and the distribution of Croatian lands as well as the existence of Red Croatia. [[Flavio Biondo]] (1388–1463) was an Italian [[Humanism|humanist]]. In his well-known book ''Historiarum ab inclinatione Romani imperii decades'', he word for word confirms what Dandolo writes about the Duvno diet and White and Red Croatia.<ref>Flavius Blondus: ''Historiarum ab inclinatione Romani imperii'', dec II, lib II (Venetiae 1483, f. 115 r; ed Basilea 1559) 177.</ref>

== Use in the 19th and 20th century ==
''[[Crvena Hrvatska]]'' was the name of a weekly [[Party of Rights (1861-1929)|Croatian Party of Rights]] political paper that spread the ideology of [[Ante Starčević]] in [[Dubrovnik]], [[Dalmatia]] and that existed in between 1890 and 1899 [[Austria-Hungary]], edited by [[Frano Supilo]].

The term has come up in the discussion of the [[history of Montenegro]].
Croatian historian [[Ivo Pilar]] thought that [[Duklja]] arose from the lands of "Red Croatia" in the 10th century.<ref name="Terzić-2000" />{{better source needed|date=November 2012}} Serbian historian [[Slavenko Terzić]] criticized [[Savić Marković Štedimlija]] for his references to Red Croati" used for separating [[Montenegrins]] from the [[Serbs]].<ref name="Terzić-2000">{{cite web | url = http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-cg/povijest/terzic-ideoloski_korijeni.html | language = sr | author = Slavenko Terzić | title = Ideological roots of Montenegrin nation and Montenegrin separatism | publisher = [[Project Rastko]] Cetinje | year = 2000 | access-date = 2012-11-22}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2012}}

== See also ==
{{History of Croatia}}
* [[White Croatia]]
* [[Duklja]]
* [[Travunia]]
* [[Zahumlje]]
* [[History of Dalmatia]]

== References ==
<references />


== External links ==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04510a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050831025232/http://www.magma.ca/~rendic/chapter3.htm Croatian explanation of Historia Salonitana by Toma Archdeacon]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050310165005/http://www.southslavjournal.com/frm.html South Slav Journal]
*[http://www.njegos.org/past/stedimlija.htm Serb Montenegro]
*[http://www.njegos.org/past/idroots.htm Dr. Slavenko Terzic: The ideological roots of Montenegrin nation and Montenegrin separatism]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092533/http://www.magma.ca/~rendic/map_hrvatske_zemlje.gif Map]

{{Croatia topics|state=autocollapsed}}

[[Category:Medieval history of Croatia]]

Talk:Red Croatia

2024-11-24T10:01:44Z

46.239.6.185: /* This is not historical term */ new section

{{talk header}}
{{Old AfD multi
| date = 2006-03-04
| page = Red Croatia
| result = '''keep'''
| date2 = 2007-01-23
| page2 = Red Croatia (2nd nomination)
| result2 = '''keep'''
}}
{{WikiProject banner shell|class=Start|
{{WikiProject Croatia|importance=Mid}}
}}

== Dubious ==

I've removed most of the blathering that seemed to stem from that old election-time pamphlet that had linked [[Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts]] and [[Milo Đukanović]]'s political campaign. A reference would be necessary to avoid this mention looking like soapboxing. --[[User:Joy|Joy [shallot]]] ([[User talk:Joy|talk]]) 09:28, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

== This is pure Croatian Nationslism nothing about history ==

I nice try to represent Zahumle and people there as Croats by making out some conclusions which don't exist in history. This is pure croatian nationalism, nothing to do whit history. [[Special:Contributions/2A01:C22:C1D2:E500:F43A:82BD:C7BF:EBB|2A01:C22:C1D2:E500:F43A:82BD:C7BF:EBB]] ([[User talk:2A01:C22:C1D2:E500:F43A:82BD:C7BF:EBB|talk]]) 15:17, 24 November 2022 (UTC)

I believe that source are included in the article. Right? [[User:Walter9|Walter9]] ([[User talk:Walter9|talk]]) 19:18, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

== This is not historical term ==

This is not historical, but pseudo-historical. Specifically, this term first appears in a transcript, not in the original, of the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja. The manuscript was created within the Catholic Church in Croatia in the 14th century, if I recall correctly (commissioned by the Šubić family, who used it to justify their expansion into Hum, which was previously under the Nemanjić dynasty). Dandolo and Biondo (the only ones, alongside this transcript, to mention "Red Croatia") adopted this term from the transcript, not from the original source. The term was later misused in the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries to support the territorial ambitions of Croatian nationalists and chauvinists in Bosnia and Herzegovina. [[Special:Contributions/46.239.6.185|46.239.6.185]] ([[User talk:46.239.6.185|talk]]) 10:01, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

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Red Croatia

Talk:Red Croatia