wiki143 - User contributions [en]

.ac

2025-09-21T06:55:59Z

45.49.236.6: Fixed

{{Short description|Country code top-level domain for Ascension Island}}
{{about|the country code top-level domain|the second-level domain|.ac (second-level domain)}}
{{Infobox Top level domain
| name=.ac
| image=.ac ccTLD logo.png
| introduced={{Start date and age|1997|12|19}}
| type=[[Country code top-level domain]]
| status=Active
| registry=Ascension Island Network Information Centre (run by [[Internet Computer Bureau]])
| sponsor=[[Sure (company)|Sure]]
| intendeduse=Entities connected with [[Ascension Island]]
| actualuse=Various uses, sometimes connected to education and academia; a few sites actually on Ascension Island. Popular among websites related to [[Animal Crossing]].
| restrictions=3rd level registrant must be resident on Ascension Island
| structure=Registrations are taken directly at the second level or at third level beneath various 2nd-level labels
| document=[https://www.nic.ac/terms.htm Terms & Conditions]; [https://www.nic.ac/rules.htm Rules]
| disputepolicy=[https://www.nic.ac/dres.html Dispute Resolution Policy]
| website={{URL|https://nic.ac}}
| dnssec=Yes}}

The '''.ac''' [[top-level domain]] is the [[Internet]] [[country code]] ([[ccTLD]]) for [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]], used primarily for [[Ascension Island]] ([[Saint Helena]] has its own ccTLD, [[.sh]]). It is administered by NIC.AC, a subsidiary of the [[Afilias]]-owned company [[Internet Computer Bureau]].

Registration for the domain is open to anyone. The registry accepts registrations of [[internationalized domain name]]s.<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.nic.ac/pdf/AC-IDN-Policy.pdf
|title = IDN Code Points Policy for the .AC Top Level Domain
|publisher = nic.ac
|date = 2013-05-20
|access-date = 2013-05-23
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140806092102/https://www.nic.ac/pdf/AC-IDN-Policy.pdf
|archive-date = 2014-08-06
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[.uk]]
* [[.sh]]
* [[.ac (second-level domain)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web
| url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ac.html
| title=Delegation Record for .AC
| date=2011-05-01
| access-date=2013-05-23}}
* [https://www.nic.ac/ .AC Domain Name Registry]

{{UK top-level domains}}
{{CcTLD|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ac}}
[[Category:Ascension Island]]
[[Category:Country code top-level domains]]
[[Category:Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries members]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1997]]

[[sv:Toppdomän#A]]

Sam Woo Restaurant

2025-09-21T03:09:47Z

45.49.236.6: No source.

{{distinguish|text=the [[Sam Wo]] restaurant in San Francisco}}
{{short description|Hong Kong-style restaurant chain}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2025}}
[[File:SamWooMississauga.jpg|thumb|Sam Woo location in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, which closed in February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Ashley |last=Newport |date=2020-02-03 |title=Long-standing (and much-loved) Chinese restaurant closes in Mississauga |url=https://www.insauga.com/long-standing-and-much-loved-chinese-restaurant-closes-in-mississauga/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=INsauga |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
'''Sam Woo Restaurant''' ({{lang|yue-HK|三和}}) was a [[restaurant chain]] that served [[Hong Kong]]–style [[Cuisine of Hong Kong|cuisine]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-06-08 |title=Dim Sum Amid Las Vegas's Casinos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/travel/08surfacing.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |language=en |first=Bonnie |last=Tsui}}</ref> It had many locations in predominantly [[overseas Chinese]] communities of [[Southern California]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Max |date=1994-11-17 |title=Seafood Rules in the Exhilarating Land of Sam |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-11-17-ol-63625-story.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], and in the [[suburb]]s of [[Toronto]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Max |date=1997-04-03 |title=Sam Woo Sees the Lite |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-04-03-ca-45121-story.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Many of the chain's locations have closed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chen |first=Tony |date=2015-12-16 |title=The essential guide to San Gabriel Valley, America's Asian food mecca |url=http://la.eater.com/maps/best-restaurants-san-gabriel-valley-chinese-asian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522105644/http://la.eater.com/maps/best-restaurants-san-gabriel-valley-chinese-asian |archive-date=2016-05-22 |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=[[Eater (website)|Eater LA]] |quote=Sam Woo, previously a Cantonese BBQ powerhouse, has been reduced to a few remaining outposts.}}</ref> The complete Chinese name ({{lang|yue-HK|三和燒臘麵家}}) literally means "Three Harmonies Roast Meats and Noodle House."

==History==

The first delicatessen was opened in 1979 in the [[Chinatown, Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles Chinatown]].<ref name="chaplin2020">{{Cite web |last=Chaplin |first=Cathy |date=2020-08-18 |title=Sam Woo restaurant owner pleads guilty to multimillion-dollar tax and insurance fraud scheme |url=https://la.eater.com/2020/8/18/21373831/sam-woo-restaurant-owner-gary-cheung-tax-insurance-fraud-guilty |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Eater LA |language=en-US}}</ref> It later spread to other locations in California, including [[Monterey Park, California|Monterey Park]] and [[Alhambra, California|Alhambra]].{{cn|date=August 2025}}

Two other locations in the San Gabriel Valley opened only to later change hands or close. One restaurant opened in [[Montebello, California|Montebello]], which was renamed to "A-1" (now closed) when an employee purchased it from the Sam Woo owners.{{cn|date=August 2025}} In 2004, a Sam Woo also opened in the suburb of [[Covina, California]], but it failed the following year.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

There are two types of Sam Woo restaurants. The first is named Sam Woo BBQ Restaurant ({{lang|yue-HK|香港三和燒臘麵家}}).{{Efn|[[Jyutping]]: {{kCantonese|香港三和燒臘麵家}}}}{{clarification needed|date=August 2025}}

In 1992, presidential candidate [[Bill Clinton]] held a fundraiser at a now-defunct Sam Woo Seafood Restaurant in [[San Gabriel, California]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bunting |first1=Glenn F. |last2=Kang |first2=K. Connie |date=1996-10-19 |title=From Hero to Political Hot Potato |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-10-19-mn-55619-story.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |quote=In 1992, Huang organized a fund-raiser for Clinton at the Sam Woo Seafood restaurant in San Gabriel that generated $250,000. The event marked the first time that a large number of Los Angeles-area Asian Americans had come together in one room to demonstrate their political clout in support of a presidential candidate.}}</ref> In 2003, Sam Woo and other Chinese businesses in San Gabriel were affected by the [[SARS]] panic, despite lack of evidence SARS cases in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Carla |date=2003-04-12 |title=San Gabriel Valley Abuzz With Rumors About SARS |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-12-me-sars12-story.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Customer patronage declined and the restaurant closed.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

In Southern California, hoping to capitalize on the success of Sam Woo Restaurants, restaurateurs have opened imitations with similar names in English and Chinese. Examples include the long-gone Sam Doo Restaurant in San Gabriel and the current S.W. Seafood Restaurant in Irvine.{{cn|date=August 2025}} In the early 1990s, a similar concept to Sam Woo Restaurant, the now-defunct Luk Yue Restaurant, also started in Los Angeles Chinatown and like Sam Woo, it expanded into the Chinese community of [[Monterey Park, California|Monterey Park]], [[Rowland Heights]], and [[Cerritos, California|Cerritos]].{{cn|date=August 2025}}

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
* [[List of Chinese restaurants]]
* [[List of seafood restaurants]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hong Kong-American culture]]
[[Category:Restaurant chains in the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Asian restaurants in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Chinese-American culture in California]]
[[Category:Chinese restaurants in the United States]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 1979]]
[[Category:Chinatown, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Seafood restaurants in the United States]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Noodle restaurants]]
[[Category:Seafood restaurants in Canada]]

International Press Institute

2025-09-19T04:59:17Z

45.49.236.6: Fixed.

{{Short description|International Association for Journalism and Press media}}
{{Infobox company
| name = International Press Institute
| logo= International Press Institute.png
| caption =
| type = Non-profit organization
| industry = [[Journalism]], [[human rights]], [[social justice]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1950|10}}
| location_city = Vienna
| location_country = Austria
| homepage = {{url|ipi.media}}
}}
'''International Press Institute''' ('''IPI''') is a global organisation dedicated to the promotion and protection of [[press freedom]] and the improvement of [[journalism]] practices. The institution was founded by 34 editors from 15 countries at [[Columbia University]] in October, 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|last=IPI-Admin|title=History|url=https://ipi.media/about/history/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=International Press Institute|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818055815/https://ipi.media/about/history/|url-status=live}}</ref>

IPI has a membership category: "IPI Leading Journalists", which is open to heads of media departments, bureau chiefs and media correspondents.

IPI is a member of the [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]], a global network of non-governmental organisations that monitors press freedom and free expression violations worldwide.

In October 2006, the [[National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences|National Television Academy]] (NTA) honored IPI with an International [[Emmy]] Award for its press freedom work.

==Activities==

===Protest letters===

IPI monitors press freedom around the world and responds to threats and attacks on journalists and media outlets by sending protest letters to governments and inter-governmental organisations. These threats are often brought to IPI's attention by its members, many of whom experience such difficulties first-hand while carrying out their profession.

===Press freedom missions===

IPI leads missions to countries where press freedom is under threat, meeting with government officials, diplomats, journalists and non-governmental organisations, and providing legal representation and support in court cases.

===Research===

IPI undertakes extensive research on issues relevant to the media and circulates several [https://web.archive.org/web/20110829150139/http://www.freemedia.at/publications.html publications] on press freedom, including the quarterly magazine ''IPI Global Journalist''. IPI regularly scrutinises new media laws and provides governments with recommendations on how to bring their legislation in line with internationally accepted standards on freedom of expression. IPI also monitors journalists killed worldwide. Since 1997, it has kept a [https://web.archive.org/web/20110829145911/http://www.freemedia.at/our-activities/death-watch.html Death Watch] of media casualties.

===World Press Freedom Review===

Each year, IPI publishes an authoritative report on media violations around the world: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150106232920/http://www.freemedia.at/publications/wpfr.html The World Press Freedom Review].

===World Press Freedom Heroes===

{{main|International Press Institute World Press Freedom Heroes}}

In 2000, on the occasion of its 50th anniversary, IPI named 50 journalists "World Press Freedom Heroes". Since then, {{as of|2011|lc=yes}}, ten more have been so named, including, posthumously, the murdered journalists [[Hrant Dink]] of [[Turkey]] and [[Anna Politkovskaya]] of [[Russia]].<ref>[http://www.freemedia.at/awards/press-freedom-heroes.html "World Press Freedom Heroes"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226061606/http://www.freemedia.at/awards/press-freedom-heroes.html |date=2014-12-26 }}. IPI.</ref>

===IPI Free Media Pioneer Award===
Established in 1996, the IPI Free Media Pioneer Award<ref name="IPI_awards_1996_2014">{{cite web|title=Free Media Pioneer Award|url=http://www.freemedia.at/awards/free-media-pioneer.html|work=International Press Institute|access-date=7 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315222412/http://www.freemedia.at/awards/free-media-pioneer.html|archive-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> honours individuals or organisations that fight against great odds to ensure freer and more independent media in their country or region. The award is co-sponsored by the US-based [[Freedom Forum]], a non-partisan, international foundation dedicated to free press and free speech.

Recipients of the award started with [[NTV (Russia)|NTV]] in Russia in 1996, the [[Alliance of Independent Journalists]] in Indonesia in 1997, and [[B92|Radio B92]] in Serbia in 1998.<ref name="IPI_awards_1996_2014" /> In 2022, there were seven awardees, ''[[ABO Local Media Development Agency]]'', ''[[Hromadske]]'', ''[[Slidstvo.info]]'', ''[[StopFake]]'', ''[[The Kyiv Independent]]'', ''[[Ukraїner]]'' and ''[[Ukrainska Pravda]]'' in Ukraine. IPI described the Ukrainian media organisations as having "[risen] to face head-on the challenges and dangers brought by [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's war of aggression]] with courage, quality reporting, and a steadfast commitment to serving local communities at a time of immense need".<ref name="IPI_seven_UA_media_outlets" />

===IPI World Congress===

Each year, IPI holds an international congress where several hundred publishers, editors and senior journalists from around the world gather to debate and discuss a range of issues that concern the fight for a free media.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="IPI_seven_UA_media_outlets">{{cite web | title= Seven Ukrainian media outlets to receive 2022 Free Media Pioneer award | website= International Press Institute |date = 2022-09-01 | url = https://ipi.media/seven-ukrainian-media-outlets-to-receive-2022-free-media-pioneer-award | access-date = 2022-09-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220901182503/https://ipi.media/seven-ukrainian-media-outlets-to-receive-2022-free-media-pioneer-award |archive-date= 2022-09-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

===General bibliography===
*{{cite news|url= https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/222544442.html?dids=222544442:222544442&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Oct+16%2C+1950&author=By+Joseph+Deitch+Special+Correspondent+of+The+Christian+Science+Monitor&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=Editors+Plan+International+Press+Institute+to+Further+Understanding&pqatl=google|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110525063641/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/222544442.html?dids=222544442:222544442&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Oct+16,+1950&author=By+Joseph+Deitch+Special+Correspondent+of+The+Christian+Science+Monitor&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=Editors+Plan+International+Press+Institute+to+Further+Understanding&pqatl=google|url-status= dead|archive-date= May 25, 2011|title= Editors Plan International Press Institute to Further Understanding. |last=Deitch|first=Joseph|date=16 October 1950|work=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=4 October 2008}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/09/30/archives/15-foreign-editors-end-houston-visit-group-cool-to-tulsa-executives.html|title=15 FOREIGN EDITORS END HOUSTON VISIT; Group Cool to Tulsa Executive's Speech Charging That U.S. Carries Allies' Burdens Sees U.S. as Paying To Visit West Coast|last=Campbell|first=Kenneth|work=The New York Times|access-date=2008-10-04 | date=September 30, 1950}}
*{{cite news|url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BG&p_theme=bg&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADDE4ED8C58042&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title= INTERNATIONAL PRESS INSTITUTE HONORS FIGHTERS FOR FREE SPEECH|last= Radin|first= Charles A. |date=May 4, 2000|work=Boston Globe|access-date=2008-10-04}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://ipi.media/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:International journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1950]]

World Customs Organization

2025-09-19T03:11:42Z

45.49.236.6: Is fixed.

{{Short description|Intergovernmental organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = World Customs Organization
| image = Logo of the World Customs Organization.png
| alt = 
| Now and then =
| map = 
| msize = 
| malt = 
| mcaption = 
| map2 =
| abbreviation = WCO
| motto =
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and age|1953|01|26|df=y}}<ref name=oma/>
| extinction = 
| type = [[Intergovernmental organization]]
| status = 
| purpose = 
| headquarters =
| location = [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]
| coords = 
| region_served =
| membership = [[Member states of the World Customs Organization|186 customs administrations]]
| language = English and French
| general = [[Ian Saunders (public official)|Ian Saunders]] (January 2024 - present)
| leader_title = 
| leader_name = 
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| key_people =
| main_organ = 
| parent_organization = 
| affiliations = 
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{URL|http://www.wcoomd.org}}
}}
[[Image:Building WCO.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Headquarters building]]

The '''World Customs Organization''' ('''WCO''') is an [[intergovernmental organization]] headquartered in [[Brussels]], Belgium. Notable projects include its collaboration with the WTO on trade facilitation and the implementation of the SAFE Framework of Standards to secure global supply chains. The WCO works on [[customs]]-related matters including the development of international conventions, instruments, and tools on topics such as commodity classification, valuation, rules of origin, collection of customs revenue, [[supply chain security]], international [[trade facilitation]], customs enforcement activities, combating [[counterfeiting]] in support of [[intellectual property rights]] (IPR), [[Prohibition of drugs|illegal drug enforcement]], combating counterfeiting of [[Medication|medicinal drugs]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=On the trail of fake medicine smugglers |last=Gelbart |first=Hannah |website=BBC News |date=16 September 2021 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-58577421 }}</ref> illegal weapons trading, integrity promotion, and delivering sustainable [[capacity building]] to assist with customs reforms and modernization. The WCO maintains the international [[Harmonized System]] (HS) goods nomenclature, and administers the technical aspects of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) [[Customs valuation#Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT|Agreements on Customs Valuation]] and [[Rules of Origin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=La OMC y la Organización Mundial de Aduanas (OMA) |trans-title=The OMC and the World Customs Organization (WCO) |website=WTO |publisher=Organización Mundial de Comercio |access-date=16 September 2021 |url= https://www.wto.org/spanish/thewto_s/coher_s/wto_wco_s.htm |language=es }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Organización Mundial de Aduana (OMA) – Servicio Nacional de Aduana del Ecuador|url=https://www.aduana.gob.ec/organizacion-mundial-de-aduana-oma/|access-date=2020-11-18|language=es}}</ref> The WCO oversees the implementation of new technologies, artificial intelligence, to improve the efficiency of customs operations. Furthermore, the WCO is involved in addressing emerging issues, such as the digitalization of customs systems.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Allende |first=J. |title=World Customs Organization |date=2022 |publisher=Springer International Publishing}}</ref>

==History==
On 23 August 1947 the Committee for European Economic Cooperation created a European Customs Union Study Group (ECUSG) to examine economic and technical issues of inter-European Customs Union concerning the rules of the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT). In total, six ECUSG meetings were held in four years from November 1947 to June 1950.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kormych|first1=Borys|date=2018-01-28|title=The European Customs Union Study Group: Drafting the EU Customs Law|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321906045|format=PDF|journal=European Political and Law Discourse|language=en|volume=4|issue=6|issn=2336-5439}}</ref> This work of ECUSG led to the adoption in 1950 of the '''Convention establishing the Customs Co-operation Council''' (CCC), which was signed in Brussels. On 26 January 1953<ref name=oma/> the CCC's inaugural session took place with the participation of 17 founding members. CCC membership subsequently expanded to cover all regions of the globe. In 1994, the organization adopted its current name, the World Customs Organization. Today, WCO members are responsible for customs controls in [[Member states of the World Customs Organization|186 countries]] representing more than 98 percent of all international trade.<ref name=oma>{{Cite web |title=Organización Mundial de Aduanas OMA |trans-title=World Customs Organization WCO |author= |website=Chile Aduanas (Customs) |date= |access-date=16 September 2021 |url= https://www.aduana.cl/organizacion-mundial-de-aduanas-oma/aduana/2007-03-01/121223.html |language=es }}</ref>

One of the major turning points in the WCO’s history was its expansion beyond Europe, which allowed it to become a truly global organization. This expansion was fueled by the recognition of the need for standardized customs procedures across different regions of the world, particularly in the post-colonial period when many new nations were emerging. The WCO played a crucial role in helping these nations establish efficient customs administrations.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Weerth |first=C. |date=2017 |title=The World Customs Organization: A history of 65 years of growth and its legal milestones |journal=Customs Scientific Journal CUSTOMS |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=17–24}}</ref> In the 21st century, the WCO has emphasized digitalization and the harmonization of customs systems to address the challenges of global e-commerce and cross-border trade.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blegen |first=Bryce |url=https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/publications/the-e-commerce-revolution-amp-cross-border-goods-clearance-time-f |title=The E-Commerce Revolution & Cross-Border Goods Clearance: Time for Fundamental Change? |date=October 2023 |publisher=Charles Sturt University |location=Australia}}</ref>

==Vision and objectives==
The WCO is internationally acknowledged as the global center of customs expertise and plays a leading role in the discussion, development, promotion and implementation of modern customs systems and procedures. The WCO has supported the modernization of customs procedures in over 180 countries through initiatives like the Revised Kyoto Convention and the Harmonized System.<ref name=":02"/> It is responsive to the needs of its members and its strategic environment, and its instruments and best-practice approaches are recognized as the basis for sound customs administration throughout the world.

The WCO's primary objective is to enhance the efficiency effectiveness other members [[customs territory|customs administrations]], thereby assisting them to contribute successfully to national development goals, particularly revenue collection, national security, trade facilitation, community protection, and collection of trade statistics.
[[File:World Customs Organization.png|thumb|231x231px]]

==Instruments==
In order to achieve its objectives, the WCO has adopted a number of customs instruments, including but not limited to the following:
{{ordered list|
'''The International Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System ([[Harmonized System|HS Convention]])''' was adopted in 1983 and came into force in 1988.
The HS multipurpose goods nomenclature is used as the basis for customs tariffs and for the compilation of international trade statistics. It comprises about 5,000 commodity groups, each identified by a six digit code arranged in a legal and logical structure with well-defined rules to achieve uniform classification. The HS is also used for many other purposes involving trade policy, rules of origin, monitoring of controlled goods, internal taxes, freight tariffs, transport statistics, quota controls, price monitoring, compilation of national accounts, and economic research and analysis.
|
'''The International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs procedures (revised Kyoto Convention or RKC)''' was originally adopted in 1974 and was subsequently revised in 1999; the revised Kyoto Convention came into force in 2006. The RKC comprises several key governing principles: transparency and predictability of customs controls; standardization and simplification of the goods declaration and supporting documents; simplified procedures for authorized persons; maximum use of information technology; minimum necessary customs control to ensure compliance with regulations; use of [[customs risk management|risk management]] and audit based controls; coordinated interventions with other border agencies; and a partnership with the trade. It promotes trade facilitation and effective controls through its legal provisions that detail the application of simple yet efficient procedures and also contains new and obligatory rules for its application. The WCO revised Kyoto Convention is sometimes confused with the [[Kyoto Protocol]], which is a protocol to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC or FCCC).
|
'''ATA Convention and the Convention on Temporary Admission (Istanbul Convention).'''
Both the [[ATA Convention]] and the Istanbul Convention are WCO instruments governing temporary admission of goods. The ATA system, which is integral to both Conventions, allows the free movement of goods across frontiers and their temporary admission into a customs territory with relief from duties and taxes. The goods are covered by a single document known as the [[ATA carnet]] that is secured by an international guarantee system.
|
'''The Arusha Declaration on Customs Integrity''' was adopted in 1993 and revised in 2003.
The Arusha Declaration is a non-binding instrument which provides a number of basic principles to promote integrity and combat [[Political corruption|corruption]] within customs administrations. Established in 1952, the WCO has introduced significant legal frameworks, including the SAFE Framework of Standards, aimed at simplifying customs procedures.<ref name=":1"/>
|
'''The SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade''' was adopted in 2005.
The SAFE Framework is a non-binding instrument that contains supply chain security and facilitation standards for goods being traded internationally, enables integrated supply chain management for all modes of transport, strengthens networking arrangements between customs administrations to improve their capability to detect high-risk consignments, promotes cooperation between customs and the business community through the Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) concept, and champions the seamless movement of goods through secure international trade supply chains.
|
'''The Columbus Program''' is a customs capacity building program works to promote customs modernization and implementation of their standards to secure and facilitate [[International trade|world trade]]. In 2005, the WCO adopted the ''Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade,'' an international customs instrument containing 17 standards that promotes security and facilitation of the international supply chain. Because of its complexity, the WCO launched a capacity building program called the ''Columbus Programme'' which focuses on needs assessments for WCO Members using the WCO Diagnostic Framework tool. The WCO defines [[capacity building]] as "activities which strengthen the knowledge, abilities, skills and behaviour of individuals and improve institutional structures and processes such that the organization can efficiently meet its mission and goals in a sustainable way.
}}

== Online tools ==
The World Customs Organization (WCO) released a new online platform, WCO Trade Tools,<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Customs Organization|url=http://www.wcoomd.org/en/media/newsroom/2021/march/launch-of-wco-trade-tools-a-new-online-database-for-the-hs-origin-and-valuation.aspx|access-date=2021-03-24|website=www.wcoomd.org}}</ref> that encompasses the [[Harmonized System]], preferential [[Rules of origin|Rules of Origin]] and [[Customs valuation|Valuation]]. It includes the 2002, 2007, 2012, 2017 and 2022 editions of the HS, around 400 Free Trade Agreements with their preferential Rules of Origin/ and Product Specific rules, and the set list of Valuation texts, including those of the Technical Committee on Customs Valuation.

==Administration==
The WCO Secretariat is headed by a [[Secretary General]], who is elected by the WCO membership to a five-year term. Ian Saunders from the United States was elected WCO Secretary General in June 2023 and took office on 1 January 2024.
The WCO is governed by the council, which brings together all members of the organization once a year, in a meeting chaired by an elected chairperson. Additional strategic and management guidance is provided by the Policy and Finance committees.
There are several other WCO committees, including the Harmonized System Committee, the Permanent Technical Committee, the Technical Committee on Customs Valuation, Technical Committee on Rules of Origin, the Capacity Building Committee, and the SAFE Working Group.

Under the leadership of recent Secretaries General, the WCO has increasingly embraced digital transformation in customs practices, focusing on the adoption of technology to streamline border processes. These initiatives, such as the implementation of artificial intelligence in customs operations, have placed the WCO at the forefront of modern customs administration, ensuring that its members are well-equipped to face the challenges of an increasingly interconnected global economy.<ref name=":02"/>

==Members==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Region !! Member !! Date Of Membership
|-
! rowspan=33 | South America, North America,
Central America and the Caribbean
| [[Antigua and Barbuda]] || 10/04/2017
|-
| [[Argentina]] || 01/07/1968
|-
| [[Bahamas]] || 16/08/1974
|-
| [[Barbados]] || 07/01/1999
|-
| [[Belize]] || 22/04/2008
|-
| [[Bermuda]] || 01/07/1990
|-
| [[Bolivia]] || 14/08/1997
|-
| [[Brazil]] || 19/01/1981
|-
| [[Canada]] || 12/10/1971
|-
| [[Chile]] || 01/07/1966
|-
| [[Colombia]] || 11/07/1993
|-
| [[Costa Rica]] || 29/08/2001
|-
| [[Cuba]] || 01/07/1988
|-
| [[Curaçao]] || 11/07/1988
|-
| [[Dominican Republic]] || 28/07/2004
|-
| [[Ecuador]] || 16/12/1997
|-
| [[El Salvador]] || 07/07/2005
|-
| [[Guatemala]] || 22/02/1985
|-
| [[Guyana]] || 29/07/1976
|-
| [[Haiti]] || 31/01/1958
|-
| [[Honduras]] || 08/12/2005
|-
| [[Jamaica]] || 29/03/1963
|-
| [[Mexico]] || 08/02/1988
|-
| [[Nicaragua]] || 24/09/1998
|-
| [[Panama]] || 08/03/1996
|-
| [[Paraguay]] || 03/10/1969
|-
| [[Peru]] || 27/01/1970
|-
| [[Saint Lucia]] || 12/05/2005
|-
| [[Suriname]] || 26/11/2018
|-
| [[Trinidad and Tobago]] || 15/10/1973
|-
| [[United States]] || 05/11/1970
|-
| [[Uruguay]] || 16/09/1977
|-
| [[Venezuela]] || 01/07/1996
|-
! rowspan=53 | Europe
| [[Albania]] || 31/08/1992
|-
| [[Andorra]] || 03/09/1998
|-
| [[Armenia]] || 30/06/1992
|-
| [[Austria]] || 21/01/1953
|-
| [[Azerbaijan]] || 17/06/1992
|-
| [[Belarus]] || 16/12/1993
|-
| [[Belgium]] || 11/12/1952
|-
| [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] || 04/07/2008
|-
| [[Bulgaria]] || 01/08/1973
|-
| [[Croatia]] || 01/07/1993
|-
| [[Cyprus]] || 31/08/1967
|-
| [[Czech Republic]] || 01/01/1993
|-
| [[Denmark]] || 19/10/1951
|-
| [[Estonia]] || 18/06/1992
|-
| [[European Union|European Union*]] ||
|-
| [[Finland]] || 27/01/1961
|-
| [[France]] || 06/10/1952
|-
| [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] || 26/10/1993
|-
| [[Germany]] || 04/11/1952
|-
| [[Greece]] || 10/12/1951
|-
| [[Hungary]] || 16/09/1968
|-
| [[Iceland]] || 15/02/1971
|-
| [[Ireland]] || 23/09/1952
|-
| [[Israel]] || 23/05/1958
|-
| [[Italy]] || 20/11/1952
|-
| [[Kazakhstan]] || 30/06/1992
|-
| [[Kyrgyzstan]] || 10/02/2000
|-
| [[Kosovo]] || 25/01/2017
|-
| [[Latvia]] || 22/06/1992
|-
| [[Lithuania]] || 18/06/1992
|-
| [[Luxembourg]] || 23/01/1953
|-
| [[Malta]] || 06/07/1968
|-
| [[Moldova]] || 28/10/1994
|-
| [[Montenegro]] || 24/10/2006
|-
| [[Netherlands]] || 23/01/1953
|-
| [[Norway]] || 06/08/1951
|-
| [[North Macedonia]] || 01/07/1994
|-
| [[Poland]] || 17/07/1974
|-
| [[Portugal]] || 26/01/1953
|-
| [[Romania]] || 15/01/1969
|-
| [[Russian Federation]] || 08/07/1991
|-
| [[Serbia]] || 27/03/2001
|-
| [[Slovakia]] || 01/01/1993
|-
| [[Slovenia]] || 07/09/1992
|-
| [[Spain]] || 13/07/1952
|-
| [[Sweden]] || 17/10/1952
|-
| [[Switzerland]] || 19/12/1952
|-
| [[Tajikistan]] || 01/07/1997
|-
| [[Turkey|Türkiye (Republic of)]] || 06/06/1951
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]] || 17/05/1993
|-
| [[Ukraine]] || 26/06/1992
|-
| [[United Kingdom]] || 12/09/1952
|-
| [[Uzbekistan]] || 28/07/1992
|-
! rowspan=24 | East and Southern Africa
| [[Angola]] || 26/09/1990
|-
| [[Botswana]] || 25/08/1978
|-
| [[Burundi]] || 20/10/1964
|-
| [[Comoros]] || 01/07/1993
|-
| [[Djibouti]] || 19/03/2008
|-
| [[Eritrea]] || 08/08/1995
|-
| [[Eswatini]] || 15/05/1981
|-
| [[Ethiopia]] || 06/08/1973
|-
| [[Kenya]] || 24/05/1965
|-
| [[Lesotho]] || 02/08/1978
|-
| [[Madagascar]] || 18/02/1964
|-
| [[Malawi]] || 06/06/1966
|-
| [[Mauritius]] || 29/03/1973
|-
| [[Mozambique]] || 01/07/1987
|-
| [[Namibia]] || 01/07/1992
|-
| [[Rwanda]] || 03/03/1964
|-
| [[Seychelles]] || 25/07/2000
|-
| [[Somalia]] || 04/10/2012
|-
| [[South Africa]] || 24/03/1964
|-
| [[South Sudan]] || 18/07/2012
|-
| [[Tanzania]] || 07/11/1964
|-
| [[Uganda]] || 03/11/1964
|-
| [[Zambia]] || 27/09/1978
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]] || 19/03/1981
|-
! rowspan=18 | North of Africa, Near and Middle East
| [[Algeria]] || 19/12/1966
|-
| [[Bahrain]] || 18/04/2001
|-
| [[Egypt]] || 26/10/1956
|-
| [[Iraq]] || 06/06/1990
|-
| [[Jordan]] || 01/01/1964
|-
| [[Kuwait]] || 04/10/1993
|-
| [[Lebanon]] || 20/05/1960
|-
| [[Libya]] || 11/01/1983
|-
| [[Morocco]] || 01/07/1968
|-
| [[Oman]] || 11/09/2000
|-
| [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]] || 24/03/2015
|-
| [[Qatar]] || 04/05/1992
|-
| [[Saudi Arabia]] || 08/05/1973
|-
| [[Sudan]] || 08/06/1960
|-
| [[Syrian Arab Republic]] || 19/11/1959
|-
| [[Tunisia]] || 20/07/1966
|-
| [[United Arab Emirates]] || 07/02/1979
|-
| [[Yemen]] || 01/07/1993
|-
! rowspan=24 | West and Central Africa
| [[Benin]] || 09/11/1998
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]] || 16/09/1966
|-
| [[Cameroon]] || 09/04/1965
|-
| [[Cape Verde]] || 01/07/1992
|-
| [[Central African Republic]] || 28/07/1986
|-
| [[Chad]] || 16/02/2005
|-
| [[Republic of the Congo|Congo (Republic of the)]] || 02/09/1975
|-
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]] || 02/09/1963
|-
| [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] || 26/07/1972
|-
| [[Equatorial Guinea]] || 22/12/2021
|-
| [[Gabon]] || 18/02/1965
|-
| [[Gambia]] || 14/10/1987
|-
| [[Ghana]] || 01/08/1968
|-
| [[Guinea]] || 30/10/1991
|-
| [[Guinea-Bissau]] || 19/08/2010
|-
| [[Liberia]] || 07/01/1975
|-
| [[Mali]] || 07/08/1987
|-
| [[Mauritania]] || 02/10/1979
|-
| [[Niger]] || 01/07/1981
|-
| [[Nigeria]] || 21/08/1963
|-
| [[Sao Tome and Principe]] || 23/09/2009
|-
| [[Senegal]] || 10/03/1976
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]] || 06/11/1975
|-
| [[Togo]] || 12/02/1990
|-
! rowspan=35 | Far East, South and South East Asia,
Australasia and the Pacific Islands
| [[Afghanistan|Afghanistan (Islamic Republic of)]] || 10/08/2004
|-
| [[Australia]] || 05/01/1961
|-
| [[Bangladesh]] || 01/07/1978
|-
| [[Bhutan]] || 12/02/2002
|-
| [[Brunei Darussalam]] || 01/07/1996
|-
| [[Cambodia]] || 03/04/2001
|-
| [[China]] || 18/07/1983
|-
| [[Fiji]] || 01/07/1997
|-
| [[Hong Kong, China]] || 01/07/1987
|-
| [[India]] || 15/02/1971
|-
| [[Indonesia]] || 30/04/1957
|-
| [[Iran (Islamic Republic of)]] || 16/10/1959
|-
| [[Japan]] || 15/06/1964
|-
| [[Korea (Republic of)]] || 02/07/1968
|-
| [[Lao People’s Democratic Republic]] || 16/01/2007
|-
| [[Macao, China]] || 07/07/1993
|-
| [[Malaysia]] || 30/06/1964
|-
| [[Maldives]] || 08/09/1995
|-
| [[Mongolia]] || 17/09/1991
|-
| [[Myanmar|Myanmar (The Republic of the Union of)]] || 25/03/1991
|-
| [[Nepal]] || 22/07/1986
|-
| [[New Zealand]] || 16/05/1963
|-
| [[Pakistan]] || 16/11/1955
|-
| [[Palau]] || 02/02/2024
|-
| [[Papua New Guinea]] || 18/03/2002
|-
| [[Philippines]] || 01/10/1980
|-
| [[Solomon Islands]] || 26/01/2023
|-
| [[Samoa]] || 01/10/2001
|-
| [[Singapore]] || 09/07/1975
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]] || 29/05/1967
|-
| [[Thailand]] || 04/02/1972
|-
| [[Timor-Leste]] || 19/09/2003
|-
| [[Tonga]] || 01/07/2005
|-
| [[Vanuatu]] || 17/11/2009
|-
| [[Vietnam]] || 01/07/1993
|}
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/about-us/wco-members/list-of-members-with-membership-date.pdf?db=web|title=List of Members with Membership date|date=2024-02-27|website=World Customs Organization|location=[[Brussels|Brussels, Belgium]]|access-date=2024-05-06}}</ref>
* Status akin to WCO membership

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|World Customs Organization}}
*{{Official website|http://www.wcoomd.org/}}
*[https://www.academia.edu/35465412/THE_EUROPEAN_CUSTOMS_UNION_STUDY_GROUP_DRAFTING_THE_EU_CUSTOMS_LAW B. Kormych The European Customs Union Study Group: Drafting the EU Customs Legislation]
*[https://www.wcotradetools.org/ WCO Trade Tools]

{{International organizations}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:World Customs Organization| ]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Belgium]]
[[Category:International organisations based in Belgium]]
[[Category:Customs duties]]
[[Category:United Nations General Assembly observers]]
[[Category:Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty]]

Fox Conner

2025-06-10T08:16:46Z

45.49.236.6: fixed.

{{short description|United States Army general}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Fox Conner
|image= File:Fox Conner at Headquarters, Chaumont 1917.jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1874|11|02}}
|birth_place= [[Slate Springs, Mississippi]], United States
|death_date= {{death date and age|1951|10|13|1874|11|02}}
|death_place= [[Washington, D.C.]], United States
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= United States
|branch= [[United States Army]]
|serviceyears= 1898–1938
|rank= [[Major general (United States)|Major general]]
|servicenumber= 0-85
|unit= [[Field Artillery Branch (United States)|Field Artillery Branch]]
|commands= [[First United States Army|First Army]] [[First Corps Area]] [[United States Army Pacific|Hawaiian Department]] [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Division]] 20th Infantry Brigade
|battles= [[Spanish–American War]] [[Pancho Villa Expedition]] [[World War I]]
|awards= [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]] [[Purple Heart]] [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] (United Kingdom) [[Commander of the Legion of Honour]] (France) [[Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]] (France) [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Commander of the Order of the Crown]] (Belgium)
|relations= [[Andrew F. Fox]] (uncle)
|laterwork=
}}
'''Fox Conner''' (November 2, 1874 – October 13, 1951) was a [[Major general (United States)|major general]] of the [[United States Army]]. He served as operations officer for the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] (AEF) during [[World War I]], and is best remembered as a mentor to the generation of officers who led the army in [[World War II]], particularly as "the man who made [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]]."

==Early life==
Conner was born on November 12, 1874, at [[Slate Springs, Mississippi|Slate Springs]], in [[Calhoun County, Mississippi|Calhoun County]], [[Mississippi]].{{sfn|Rabalais|2016|pp=1–3}} His father, Robert Herbert Conner, was a soldier in the [[Confederate States Army]] who was wounded several times during the [[American Civil War]].{{sfn|Rabalais|2016|pp=1–3}} In his final engagement, the [[Battle of Atlanta]], Robert Conner was shot in the head and lost his sight. After the war he was nicknamed "Blind Bob". He learned to gauge the grades of cotton by touch, and became a successful cotton trader. In addition, he began teaching at the Slate Springs Academy.{{sfn|Rabalais|2016|pp=1–3}} The school had been founded by Conner's uncle [[Andrew F. Fox|Fuller Fox]] in 1872, and several members of the Fox family were on the faculty. Robert Conner met Nancy (Nannie) Hughes Fox when both were teaching at the academy, and they married on 30 December 1873.{{sfn|Rabalais|2016|pp=1–3}}

Conner was educated in Slate Springs, and was an avid reader of ''[[The Youth's Companion]]'' magazine.{{sfn|Rabalais|2016|pp=3–4}} After turning eighteen, and "captivated by military history at a young age",{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=165}} he wanted to embark on a career in the armed forces, so his uncle recommended him to Representative [[Hernando Money]] for appointment to the [[United States Military Academy]] (USMA) at [[West Point, New York]]. Money nominated Conner on 31 May 1893.{{sfn|Rabalais|2016|pp=5–6}} He entered the following year.{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=165}}

==Early career==
[[File:Fox Conner (1874–1951) at West Point in 1898.png|thumb|left|200px|Fox Conner at West Point in 1898]]

"During his final year at West Point, Conner's company tactical officer was First Lieutenant [[John J. Pershing|Pershing]]", a man who would play a significant part in Conner's future military career. Despite possessing a "towering intellect", his "overall academic record at West Point was only slightly better than average",
{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=165}} which resulted in him graduating in 1898 ranked 17th of 59 students.{{sfn|Rabalais|2016|pp=15–16}} At graduation, Conner received his commission as a [[Second lieutenant#United States|second lieutenant]] of [[Field Artillery Branch (United States)|Field Artillery]].{{sfn|Rabalais|2016|pp=15–16}} He was assigned to the [[1st Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|1st Artillery Regiment]], and the army denied his numerous requests for transfer to the [[United States Cavalry|Cavalry]].{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=165}}<ref name="Cullum pg. 646">''Cullum's Register of Graduates of the USMA''. Vol. IV. p. 646.; {{harvnb|Rabalais|2016|p=17}}</ref>

Conner's first posting was to [[Fort Adams]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]]. After brief assignments in [[Huntsville, Alabama]], and [[Savannah, Georgia]], he was sent to [[Cuba]] in January 1899 to serve with the United States occupation force following the [[Spanish–American War]].{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=165}}<ref name="Cullum pg. 646"/>

In August 1900, Conner was reassigned to Washington Barracks (today named [[Fort McNair]]) in [[Washington, D.C.]] He was promoted to [[Captain (United States O-3)|captain]] in 1901 and was transferred to [[Fort Hamilton]], [[New York (state)|New York]] in November 1901 as commander of the 123rd [[United States Army Coast Artillery Corps|Coast Artillery]] Company. He held this assignment until August 1905 when he began attendance at the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College|Army Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]]. He then served as adjutant of the Artillery sub-post at [[Fort Riley]], Kansas from July 1906 to May 1907.<ref>''Cullum's Register of Graduates of the USMA''. Vol. V. p. 600.</ref> Here, "he was assigned the task of revising the curriculum for the artillery officer course to incorporate the lessons of the [[Spanish–American War|Spanish–American]] and [[Russo-Japanese War|Russo–Japanese]] wars".{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=165}}

In September 1907, Conner was assigned to the Army's General Staff and also as a student at the [[United States Army War College|Army War College]] from which he graduated in July 1911. He was then attached to the French 22nd Field Artillery Regiment in [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], France from October 1911 to October 1912.<ref name="Cullum pg. 833">''Cullum's Register of Graduates of the USMA''. Vol. VI A. p. 833.</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=166}}

Following his return to the United States, Conner commanded Artillery batteries in the Western states and on the Mexican border. In July 1916, Conner was promoted to [[Major (United States)|major]] and assigned to the [[Inspector General]]'s office in Washington.<ref name="Cullum pg. 833" /> He was in this position when the [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)|United States declared war on Germany]] in April 1917.{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=166–167}}

==World War I==
[[File:Pershing and his General Staff at Headquarters, Chaumont.jpg|thumb|right|General Pershing and members of his staff at Headquarters, [[Chaumont, Haute-Marne|Chaumont]], France. Standing to Pershing's left in the center is Brigadier General Fox Conner.]]

In June, Conner was selected by Major General [[John J. Pershing]] to be a member of the operations section (G3) for the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] (AEF) staff in France. He was promoted to [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] on May 15, 1917, and to temporary [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] on August 5.<ref name="Cullum pg. 833" /> In November Conner was selected as Pershing's Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations (G3); his subordinates included [[John McAuley Palmer (United States Army officer)|John McAuley Palmer]] and [[George C. Marshall]]. Conner developed an immense respect for both men, and later referred to Marshall as the ideal soldier and a military genius.

Conner was promoted to temporary [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] on August 8, 1918.<ref name="Cullum pg. 833" />{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=169}} After the [[First Armistice at Compiègne|Armistice]] was signed in November, Conner was assigned to the Army General Staff in Washington and was promoted to permanent colonel on August 22, 1919.<ref name="Cullum pg. 463">''Cullum's Register of Graduates of the USMA''. Vol. VII. pg. 463.</ref>

Conner gained Pershing's respect and admiration during the war, causing Pershing to write to Conner that:

{{Quote|Your broad conception of our task and your able counsel in all our organization, as well as your clear vision of the strategy of our operations, stand out vividly in my memory. None the less vividly do I recall your constant solicitude and aid in the trying days of battle and your unyielding support in times of difficulty with our [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. Can I say more? Yes! One thing more. I could have spared any man in the AEF better than you.{{sfn|Rabalais|2016|pp=147−48 }}}}

In 1920, a subcommittee of the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] launched an investigation in the losses among United States Army personnel that had occurred in the hours between the time when the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]] had been signed and the time when it came into effect. During the hearings, Conner drew heavy criticism from Congressman [[Oscar E. Bland]] and was named by Brigadier General [[John H. Sherburne]], of the Massachusetts National Guard and the former commander of the artillery of the [[African Americans|African American]] [[92nd Infantry Division (United States)|92nd Division]], as the individual most responsible for not stopping a scheduled attack by the 92nd Division of Lieutenant General [[Robert Lee Bullard]]'s [[Second United States Army|Second Army]].{{sfn|Rabalais|2016|pp=158–160 }} The panel members rejected Sherburne's assertion and the final report of the subcommittee held no one person accountable for the losses.<ref>{{cite book |last=Persico |first=Joseph E. |date=2004 |title=Eleventh Month, Eleventh Day, Eleventh Hour: Armistice Day, 1918, World War I and its violent climax |location=New York |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |page=380 |isbn=978-1-61200-397-9}}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=172}}

For his service as the "brain" of the AEF, Conner was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]] and the French [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]]. After the war, Conner and Palmer received credit for writing the after-action report on World War I operations which influenced the content of the [[National Defense Act of 1920]] and set the course for the interwar army.

===Army Distinguished Service Medal citation===
{{Quote|The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Brigadier General Fox Conner, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the Operations Section, General Conner has shown a masterful conception of all the tactical situations which have confronted the American forces in Europe. By his high professional attainments and sound military judgment he has handled with marked skill the many details of the complex problems of organization and troop movements that were necessitated by the various operations of the American Expeditionary Forces.

'''Service:''' Army '''Rank:''' Brigadier General '''Division:''' American Expeditionary Forces '''GENERAL ORDERS:''' War Department, General Orders No. 12 (1919)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=17394|title=Valor awards for Fox Conner}}</ref>}}

==Conner and Eisenhower==
[[File:Gen. J. J. Pershing and Staff. Group showing Gen. J. J. Pershing and Staff standing on State, War, and Navy Building steps. Washington, D.C - DPLA - 1c56a88aeb0697950857227de7c3def9 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|General of the Armies John J. Pershing and members of his staff standing outside the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building|State, War, and Navy Building]] in [[Washington, D. C.]], September 23, 1919. Standing to Pershing's right is Brigadier General Fox Conner.]]

Conner's most remembered contribution to the army was his mentorship of promising subordinates, most notably Major [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. Conner first met Eisenhower "in Autumn of 1920, introduced by Lieutenant Colonel [[George S. Patton]] at a Sunday dinner at the Pattons." Eisenhower would later note that perhaps the greatest reward of his friendship with Patton was being introduced to Conner. Conner and Eisenhower immediately developed a great mutual respect: "Conner became Eisenhower's teacher and a father figure whom he admired above all others." Following his promotion to permanent brigadier general in 1921, Conner took command of the 20th Infantry Brigade in [[Panama]].{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=172}} He invited Eisenhower to join his staff and for three years Conner conducted a systematic course of study for Eisenhower that ranged from extensive readings in military history to daily practical experience writing field orders for every aspect of the command. "As Eisenhower later told it, the next two years under Conner were the most intense period of military education he ever experienced. Conner recognized that Eisenhower had a great but underdeveloped talent, which Conner set out to fix".{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=172}}

Conner had three principles or rules of war for a democracy that he imparted to both Eisenhower and Marshall. They were:
* Never fight unless you have to;
* Never fight alone; and
* Never fight for long.<ref name="gates">{{cite journal |title=Reflections on Leadership |url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/Articles/2010winter/Gates.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213171706/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/Parameters/Articles/2010winter/Gates.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 13, 2012 |last=Gates |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Gates |journal=[[Parameters (journal)|Parameters]] |publisher=[[United States Army War College]] |date=Summer 2008 |issue=Winter 2010–11 |pages=185–191 |access-date=August 25, 2012}}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=173}}

Of particular importance to Eisenhower's later career, Conner emphasized the importance of coalition command in preparation for the inevitable war. Said Eisenhower,
{{blockquote|One of the subjects on which [Conner] talked to me most was allied command, its difficulties and its problems. Another was George C. Marshall. Again and again General Conner said to me, 'We cannot escape another great war. When we go into that war it will be in company with allies. ... We must insist on individual and single responsibility—leaders will have to learn how to overcome nationalistic considerations in the conduct of campaigns. One man who can do it is Marshall—he is close to being a genius.'<ref>{{cite book |title=Crusade in Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGQLGxE8LyAC&pg=PA18|author=Dwight D. Eisenhower |publisher=JHU Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8018-5668-6}}</ref>}}

Conner pulled strings to get his protégé admitted to the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College|U.S. Army Command and Staff School]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]], Kansas, where Eisenhower graduated first in his class thanks in no small part to his comprehensive Panamanian tutelage, in addition to the class notes Eisenhower received from Patton, who had attended the school earlier.{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=173}}

Eisenhower later commented on Conner's abilities: "Outside of my parents he had more influence on me and my outlook than any other individual, especially in regard to the military profession."<ref>{{cite book |last=Bassford |first=Christopher |date=1994 |title=Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America 1818–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmCpdoajce0C&q=%22eisenhower%22+%22conner%22+%22sheer+ability+and+character%22&pg=PA158 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=158 |isbn=978-0-19-508383-5}}</ref>

==Later service==
Conner left Panama in late 1924 to assume his duties in Washington as the Army's Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics (G-4), which started on December 1, 1924.<ref name="Cullum pg. 463"/>

Conner was promoted to major general on October 20, 1925, and assigned as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army on March 9, 1926. He commanded the 1st Division at Fort Hamilton from May 1 to September 1, 1927, and the Hawaiian Department in [[Honolulu]] from January 25, 1928, to August 5, 1930.{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=173}} He was assigned as commander of the First Corps Area in [[Boston]] on October 7, 1930.<ref name="Cullum pg. 463"/>

Conner was Pershing's preference for [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army Chief of Staff]] in 1930, but was passed over in favor of Major General [[Douglas MacArthur]]. "According to some sources, Conner took himself out of the running. He hated Washington, and he did not want to go back there. Nonetheless, one can only speculate how differently the course of U.S. Army history might have run if Conner rather than MacArthur had replaced [[Charles Pelot Summerall|Summerall]]".{{sfnm|1a1=Zabecki|1a2=Mastriano|1y=2020|1p=173}}

On March 12, 1936, ''The [Calhoun County] Monitor-Herald'' published a "Biographical Sketch of General Fox Conner" written by Louise Ligon, which includes this assignment:<blockquote>"When President Roosevelt, in April 1933, instituted his Civilian Conservation Corps, he assigned to General Conner the tremendous task of mobilizing approximately 24,000 young men and World War veterans for the 125 companies in the six New England states. This was the largest contingent ever mobilized during peace times, but the momentous task of building the 125 camps with 500 barracks from Connecticut to Maine, and across the Berkshire Hills to Lake Champlain, was carried out promptly as scheduled."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nail |first=Ken |title=A History of Calhoun County |date=June 1975 |publisher=Calhoun County School District |pages=164–165}}</ref></blockquote>Conner was assigned to command the [[First United States Army|First Army]] in 1936 and retired on November 4, 1938, after forty years of service.{{sfn|Davis|1998|p=81}}

Conner's lasting legacy was as a role model and inspiration to [[World War II]] high commanders including Marshall, Eisenhower, and Patton. Eisenhower considered Conner to be the greatest soldier he ever knew, saying: "In sheer ability and character, he was the outstanding soldier of my time."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCeteK7LEiYC&q=P1C6TPP0GsP58Abnrey4Dw&pg=PA169|title=Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life|author=Carlo D'Este|publisher=Macmillan|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8050-5687-7}}</ref>

Conner died at [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center]] on October 13, 1951.{{sfn|Davis|1998|p=82}} His ashes were scattered at Brandreth Park in the [[Adirondack Mountains]] of [[New York (state)|New York]]. In addition, there is a cenotaph to his memory at Dale Cemetery in [[Ossining (town), New York|Ossining, New York]].

==Family==
In 1902, Conner married Virginia Brandreth, the daughter of Franklin Brandreth, a successful [[patent medicine]] maker from New York, and granddaughter of [[Benjamin Brandreth]].{{sfn|Rabalais|2016|pp=18–23}} They had three children:
* Daughter Betty Virginia Vida (1903–2000), the wife of Colonel Frank Joseph Vida (1894–1970)
* Son Fox Brandreth (1905–2000), a 1927 graduate of West Point who served as an army lieutenant before pursuing a business career as president of the Brandreth family business, the Allcock Manufacturing Company, a maker of humane animal traps
* Daughter Florence Slocum Gans (1910–1964), the wife of Colonel Edgar A. Gans (1902–1965).{{sfn|Davis|1998|pp=81–82}}

==Military awards==
American awards
* [[Army Distinguished Service Medal]]
* [[Purple Heart]]
* [[Spanish War Service Medal]]
* [[Army of Cuban Occupation Medal]]
* [[World War I Victory Medal (United States)|Victory Medal]]

Foreign awards
* [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]]
* Commander of the French [[Legion of Honour]]
* Commander of the Belgian [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]]
* Commander of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]]
* [[Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]] (France)

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
|-
|align="center" |''No insignia''
|[[Cadet]], [[United States Military Academy]]: June 15, 1894
|-
|align="center" |''No pin insignia in 1898''
|[[Second Lieutenant#United States|Second lieutenant]], [[Regular Army]]: April 26, 1898
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O2 insignia.svg|13px]]
|[[First Lieutenant#United States|First lieutenant]], Regular Army: January 25, 1901
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O3 insignia.svg|33px]]
|[[Captain (U.S. Army)|Captain]], Regular Army: September 23, 1901
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O4 insignia.svg|40px]]
|[[Major (United States)|Major]], Regular Army: July 1, 1916
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O5 insignia.svg|40px]]
|[[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant colonel]], Regular Army: May 15, 1917
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O6 insignia.svg|60px]]
|[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]], Temporary: August 5, 1917
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|33px]]
|[[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]], [[National Army (USA)|National Army]]: August 8, 1918
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O6 insignia.svg|60px]]
|Colonel, Regular Army: August 22, 1919
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|33px]]
|Brigadier General, Regular Army: July 3, 1920
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O6 insignia.svg|60px]]
|Colonel, Regular Army: March 4, 1921
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|33px]]
|Brigadier General, Regular Army: April 27, 1921
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|66px]]
|[[Major general (United States)|Major General]], Regular Army: October 20, 1925
|-
|align="center" |[[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|66px]]
|Major General, Retired List: September 30, 1938
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Cox |first1=Edward L. |title=Grey eminence: Fox Conner and the art of mentorship |date=2011 |publisher=New Forums |location=Stillwater, Okla. |isbn=978-1-58107-203-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Henry Blaine Jr.|title=Generals in Khaki|publisher=Pentland Press, Inc.|year= 1998|isbn= 1-57197-088-6|oclc=40298151}}
*{{cite book |last=Rabalais |first=Steven |date=2016 |title=General Fox Conner: Pershing's Chief of Operations and Eisenhower's Mentor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4sgDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |location=Havertown, PA |publisher=Casemate Publishers |isbn=978-1-61200-397-9}}
*{{cite book|title=Pershing's Lieutenants: American Military Leadership in World War I|date=2020|editor1-last=Zabecki|editor1-first=David T.|editor-link1=David T. Zabecki|editor2-last=Mastriano|editor2-first=Douglas V.|editor2-link=Doug Mastriano|location=New York, NY|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-4728-3863-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Puryear |first1=Edgar F. |title=Nineteen stars: a study in military character and leadership |date=1981 |publisher=Presidio Press |location=Novato, CA |isbn=0-89141-148-8 |edition=2nd}}
*''The Next Middle East War'', by Robert Gates, U.S. Secretary of Defense [http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=452&pageid=37&pagename=Page+One]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Cox |first1=Edward L. |title=Grey eminence: Fox Conner and the art of mentorship |date=2011 |publisher=New Forums |location=Stillwater, Okla. |isbn=978-1-58107-203-7 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book|first=Michael E.|last=Bigelow|title=Brigadier General Fox Conner and the American Expeditionary Forces|year=1984|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Mark |title=Partners in command: George Marshall and Dwight Eisenhower in war and peace |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-59420-105-9}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Fox Conner}}
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [http://www.generalfoxconner.com generalfoxconer.com]
* [http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=224 Biography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060715201925/http://www.calhouncity.net/major_general_fox_conner.htm Calhoun County site]
* [http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/stories/IKe-and-Conner.htm Ike and Conner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615173532/http://eisenhowermemorial.org/stories/IKe-and-Conner.htm |date=June 15, 2006 }}
*Steven Rabalais: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/conner_fox/ Conner, Fox], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/ 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{Succession box
|title=[[First United States Army|Commanding General First Army]]
|before=[[Dennis E. Nolan]]
|years=1936–1938
|after=[[Hugh Aloysius Drum]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Conner, Fox}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Calhoun County, Mississippi]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Spanish–American War]]
[[Category:United States Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:United States Army generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
[[Category:Honorary companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)]]
[[Category:American recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army War College alumni]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Mississippi]]
[[Category:United States Army Field Artillery Branch personnel]]
[[Category:19th-century United States Army personnel]]

Army aviation

2025-06-10T07:43:13Z

45.49.236.6: fixed.

{{Short description|Aviation-related unit of a nation's army}}
[[File:CSA-2006-02-24-095553.jpg|thumb|280px|U.S. soldiers in [[Bell OH-58 Kiowa|OH-58D Kiowa]] and [[Boeing AH-64 Apache|AH-64 Apache]] helicopters conduct a combat air patrol in Iraq]]

An '''army aviation''' unit is an [[aviation]]-related unit of a nation's [[army]], sometimes described as an '''air corps'''. These units are generally separate from a nation's dedicated [[air force]], and usually comprise [[Military helicopter|helicopters]] and light support [[fixed-wing aircraft]]. Prior to the establishment of separate national air forces, many armies had [[military aviation]] units, which as the importance of aviation increased, were spun off into independent services. As the separation between a nation's army and air force led to a divergence of priorities, many armies sought to re-establish their own aviation branches to best serve their own organic tactical needs. Army Aviation is best known in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army Air Corps {{!}} The British Army |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/learn-and-explore/about-the-army/corps-regiments-and-units/army-air-corps/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=www.army.mod.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> It's units have battle honours tracing back to [[World War II|World War Two]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salisbury Cathedral |url=https://armyaircorps.co.uk/affiliations/salisbury-cathedral/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Army Air Corps |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of aerial warfare}}
[[Military aviation]] first began as either army or [[naval aviation]] units established as force multipliers to allow armies and navies to better do what they were already doing, this taking mostly the form of [[reconnaissance]] and [[artillery observer|artillery spotting]], this led to the first fighter aircraft whose purpose was to shoot down enemy reconnaissance and artillery spotting aircraft, and to protect one's own aircraft from being shot down. At this point the purpose of aircraft was still to act as an adjunct to traditional armies and fleets operating in the traditional way. However, as aircraft became more technologically sophisticated military theorists of the interwar period began to think of [[airpower]] as a means in and of itself where the critical blow could be delivered by [[strategic bombing]], and the experience of World War II confirmed this. Post World War II air forces such as the [[Royal Air Force]] and the newly established [[United States Air Force]] concentrated on building strategic bomber forces for attack and fighter forces to defend against enemy bombers. Air forces still incorporated a significant amount of [[tactical bombing|tactical missions]] through [[air interdiction]] and [[close air support]] missions.

In order to acquire a close air support capability armies sought to expand, establish or re-establish their own tactical aviation branches, which are usually composed of helicopters, rather than fixed-wing aircraft.

With the development of [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s some armies have begun to use small [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle|battlefield UAV]]s, not attached to army aviation units, but rather directly attached to artillery battalions as spotters, and with the smallest and lightest drones being deployed by individual infantry platoons to provide real time local reconnaissance.

==Tasks==
[[File:UH-1J & rapeling infantry.JPG|thumb|Soldiers [[Abseiling| rappelling ]] from a [[Japan Ground Self-Defense Force|JGSDF]] UH-1J]]

The tasks of each army's aviation units are defined slightly different, depending on country. Some general characteristics include:

*Tactical offensive action ([[anti-tank warfare]], [[air assault]], and [[close air support]])<ref name="British Army">{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/aviation/23494.aspx|title=Army Aviation Role|author= |publisher=British Army|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref>
*[[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance|ISTAR]] ([[Military intelligence|Intelligence]], [[Surveillance aircraft|Surveillance]], [[Target acquisition]], [[Reconnaissance]])<ref name="British Army"/>
* Logistic and battlefield support
* [[Airlift|Tactical transport]] both internally and externally, of personnel and material
* [[Search and rescue]]
* [[Medical evacuation]]
* [[Liaison aircraft|Liaison]]
* [[Emergency management|Disaster relief]]

== Equipment ==
[[File:Training on the Flying Crane - 4th Combat Aviation Brigade Soldiers Perfect the Art of Chinook Sling Loads (cropped).jpg|thumb| A [[US Army]] [[CH-47 Chinook]] [[Cargo hook (helicopter)|sling loads]] a [[Humvee]]]]

In order to fulfill their manifold tasks, army aviation mostly uses helicopters. These helicopters can be classified into the following categories:

*[[Attack helicopter]]s for close air support of ground troops and [[anti-tank]] role
*[[Military helicopter#Transport helicopters|Transport helicopters]]
*[[Military helicopter#Observation helicopters|Observation helicopters]]
*[[Utility helicopter]]s
*[[Combat Search and Rescue]] (CSAR), [[Casualty evacuation]] (CASEVAC) / [[Medical evacuation]] (MEDEVAC) helicopters
*[[Military helicopter|Training helicopters]]

In addition to helicopters, some armies also operate fixed-wing aircraft for transport, [[command and control]] and tactical reconnaissance.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:AE-054@FDO 05NOV09 (6950716252).jpg|An Argentine Army [[Cessna T-41 Mescalero|Cessna T-41D]] trainer aircraft, in 2009.
File:ZH002 Britten-Norman Defender AL 2 British Armys 651 Sqdn landing at RAF Waddington (cropped).jpg|A [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|British Army Air Corps]] [[Britten-Norman Defender|Defender]].
</gallery>

==List of army aviation units==
* [[Argentine Army Aviation]] ([[Argentine Army]])
* [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)]] ([[British Army]])
* [[Army Aviation Corps (India)]] ([[Indian Army]])
* [[Australian Army Aviation]] ([[Australian Army]])
* [[Bangladesh Army Aviation Group]] ([[Bangladesh Army]])
* [[Brazilian Army Aviation Command]] ([[Brazilian Army]])
* [[Colombian National Army Aviation]] ([[Colombian Army]])
* [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force|People's liberation army ground air force]]([[People's Liberation Army Ground Force|Chinese army]])
* [[French Army Light Aviation]] ([[French Army]])
* [[German Army Aviation Corps]] ([[German Army]])
* [[Hellenic Army Aviation]] ([[Hellenic Army]])
* [[Army Aviation Corps (India)]]
* [[Indonesian Army Aviation Center|Indonesian Army Aviation]] ([[Indonesian Army]])
* [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army Aviation]] ([[Islamic Republic of Iran Army]])
*Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aviation (IR.SA)
* [[Iraqi Army Aviation Command]] ([[Iraqi Army]])
* [[Malaysian Army Aviation]] ([[Malaysian Army]])
* [[Nepalese Army Air Service]] ([[Nepali Army]])
* [[Pakistan Army Aviation Corps]] ([[Pakistan Army]])
* [[Portuguese Army Light Aviation Unit]] ([[Portuguese Army]])
* [[Spanish Army Airmobile Force]] ([[Spanish Army]])
* [[Republic of Korea Army aviation]] ([[Republic of Korea Army]])
* [[Royal Thai Army Aviation Center]] ([[Royal Thai Army]])
* [[Turkish Army Aviation Command]] ([[Turkish Army]])
* [[Ukrainian Army Aviation]] ([[Ukrainian Ground Forces]])
* [[United States Army Aviation Branch]] ([[U.S. Army]])

==See also==

* [[Military aviation]]
* [[Timeline of military aviation]]
* [[Naval aviation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation | last = Allen | first = Matthew | title = Military helicopter doctrines of the major powers, 1945-1992. Making decisions about air-land warfare | place = Westport (CT) | publisher = Greenwood | year = 1993| isbn = 0-313-28522-5 }}
* {{citation | last = Gunston | first = Bill | title = An illustrated guide to military helicopters | place = New York | publisher = Arco Publishing | year = 1981 | isbn = 0-668-05345-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/illustratedguide0000guns_c1v2 }}
* {{citation | last = Halberstadt| first = Hans| title = Army Aviation | place = Novato (CA) | publisher = Presidio | year = 1990| isbn = 0-89141-251-4 }}
* {{citation | last = Sutton | first = John | last2 = Walker | first2 = John | title = From horse to helicopter. Transporting the British Army in war and peace | place = London | publisher = Cooper | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-85052-724-4 }}
* {{citation | last = Warner | first = Guy | last2 = Boyd | first2 = Alex | title = Army Aviation in Ulster | place = Newtownards, Co. Down | publisher = Colourpoint Books | year = 2004 | isbn = 1-904242-27-8 }}
* {{citation | last = Young | first = Ralph B.| title = Army aviation in Vietnam. An illustrated history of unit insignia, aircraft camouflage and markings | place = Ramsey (NJ) | publisher = Huey Co. | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-9671980-1-1 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Army aviation}}

[[Category:Army aviation| ]]

Information World Review

2025-06-10T00:05:00Z

45.49.236.6: fixed.

{{Short description|English knowledge trade magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Information World Review
| category = [[Information industry]]
| website = {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20220000000000*/http://www.iwr.co.uk/|name=iwr.co.uk}} (archived)
| publisher = [[VNU Business Publications]]
| frequency = Monthly
| founded = 1976
| firstdate = {{Start date and age|1976}}
| finaldate = {{End date and age|2013|01|16}}
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| based = London
| oclc = 61313783
| issn = 0950-9879
}}
'''''Information World Review''''' was an English monthly [[trade magazine]] covering the [[information industry]]. It was established in 1976 and initially published by Learned Information Ltd and subsequently by [[Nielsen_Holdings#Verenigde_Nederlandse_Uitgeverijen|VNU Business Publications]].It was finally by Bizmedia Ltd. under license from [[Incisive Media]]. {{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20050729020010/http://www.vnubme.com/brands/print.html VNU Business Media Europe Print Brands]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1976 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Business magazines published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:English-language magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1976]]
[[Category:Magazines published in London]]
[[Category:Mass media in Oxford]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Professional and trade magazines]]

{{trade-mag-stub}}

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Cuba)

2025-06-09T07:52:16Z

45.49.236.6: fixed rmeoved bias.

{{Short description|Government ministry of Cuba}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba
| nativename = Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Cuba (MINREX)
| picture = Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba.jpg
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1959|12|23}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| jurisdiction =
| headquarters = [[Havana]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla]] ([[Communist Party of Cuba|PCC]])
| minister1_pfo = Minister of Foreign Affairs
| minister2_name = Gerardo Peñalver Portal
| minister2_pfo = First Deputy Minister
| minister3_name = [[Anayansi Camejo]]
| minister3_pfo = Deputy Minister
| minister4_name = [[Josefina Vidal]]
| minister4_pfo = Deputy Minister
| minister5_name = Elio Rodríguez Perdomo
| minister5_pfo = Deputy Minister
| minister6_name = Carlos Fernández de Cossío
| minister6_pfo = Deputy Minister
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| website = {{official website|https://cubaminrex.cu/en}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''' ({{langx|es|Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores}}), also known as '''MINREX''', is the [[Government of Cuba|Cuban government]] [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]] which oversees the [[Foreign policy|foreign relations]] of [[Cuba]].<ref>[https://cubaminrex.cu/es/vision-mision Visión-Misión | Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba]</ref>

== Structure ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organigrama {{!}} Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba |url=https://cubaminrex.cu/en/media/2 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=cubaminrex.cu}}</ref>
* General Division for Latin America and the Caribbean (DGALC)
* General Division of Bilateral Affairs (DGAB)
* General Division for the United Estates (DGEEUU)
* Division of Multilateral Affairs and International Law (DGAMDI)
* General Division of Press, Communication and Image (DGPCI)
* General Division of Political Planning (DGPP)
* General Division of Consular Affairs and Cuban Residents Abroad (DACCRE)
* General Protocol Division (DP)
* Cadres Division (DC)
* Economic and Finance Division (DEF)
* Defense, Security and Protection Division (DDSP)
* Inspection Division (DI)
* Internal Audit Division (DAI)
* Independent Department Of Human Resources (DIRRHH)
* Independent Legal Department (DIJ)
* Costumer Service Group (GAP)

=== Subordinate units ===

* Computer Services and Technologies Center (CTSI)
* Multimedia and Computer Services Center (CSIM)
* Document Management Center (CGD)
* Passports and Procedures Center (CPT)
* Services and Support Unit (UAS)
* Accounting and Finance Center (CCF)
* Control Point (PD)

=== Attached units ===

* Cuban National Commission for [[UNESCO]] (CNCU)
* Center for Translation and Interpretation (ESTI)
* [[Raúl Roa García]] Higher Institute of International Relations (ISRI)
* International Policy Research Center (CIPI)

== Ministers ==
{{main|Minister of Foreign Affairs (Cuba)}}

== See also ==
* [[Council of Ministers (Cuba)|Council of Ministers of Cuba]]
* [[Ministry of the Interior (Cuba)|Ministry of the Interior of Cuba]] (MININT)
* [[Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (Cuba)|Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment]] (CITMA)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba}}
* {{in lang|en}} [https://cubaminrex.cu/en Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
* {{in lang|es}} [https://cubaminrex.cu/es Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores]

{{Foreign relations of Cuba}}
{{Foreign affairs ministries of the World}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Cuba|Foreign Affairs]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Cuba]]
[[Category:Foreign affairs ministries|Cuba]]

{{Cuba-stub}}

Impressum

2025-06-09T05:35:28Z

45.49.236.6: fixied

{{Short description|Legally mandated statement of the ownership and authorship of a document}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{unreliable sources|date=November 2016}}
{{Expand German|Impressum|date=May 2013}}
}}

An '''''Impressum''''' (from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|impressum}}, 'the impressed, engraved, pressed in, impression') is a legally mandated statement of the ownership and authorship of a document, which must be included in books, newspapers, magazines, websites,<ref>{{cite web |title=Telemediengesetz|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tmg/ |website=gesetze-im-internet.de |access-date=29 December 2019 }}</ref> and business correspondence<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frankfurt-main.ihk.de/recht/themen/handelsrecht/brief/|title=Geschäftsbriefe|website=IHK Frankfurt am Main|language=de|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> published or otherwise made available to consumers in [[Germany]] and certain other German-speaking countries, such as [[Austria]] and [[Switzerland]], and also in countries historically influenced by German culture, such as [[Hungary]]. The {{lang|de|[[:de:Telemediengesetz|Telemediengesetz]]}} ([[German language|German]], meaning 'Telemedia Act') mandates the use of an ''Impressum''.

In printed media, an ''Impressum'' is identical to the "printer's imprint" as defined under [[law of the United Kingdom|UK law]]. Under the ''Printer's Imprint Act 1961'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Printer's Imprint Act 1961 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/9-10/31/section/1 |website=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=[[The National Archives]] |access-date=28 April 2015 }}</ref> which amended the earlier ''Newspapers, Printers, and Reading Rooms Repeal Act 1869'', any [[printer (publishing)|printer]] must put their name and address on the first or last leaf of every paper or book they print or face a penalty of up to £50 per copy.

The UK's ''[[Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000]]'' extends the use of imprints in the case of election material to include all forms of communication, including websites and social media accounts. All election material is also required to show the name of the promoter of the material and the name and address of the person on whose behalf it is being published.<ref>{{cite web |title=Printers Imprint |url=http://www.britishprint.com/stream.asp?stream=true&eid=2331&node=1220&checksum=D5B0932CC311D72C2A03CE0D8D419507 |publisher=British Printing Industries Federation |access-date=28 April 2015 |format=Microsoft Word |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194638/http://www.britishprint.com/stream.asp?stream=true&eid=2331&node=1220&checksum=D5B0932CC311D72C2A03CE0D8D419507 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There is no equivalent legislation in the [[United States]]. The closest English-language terms for ''Impressum'' are:
* [[Masthead (American publishing)|Masthead]]: for newspapers and magazines, a list, usually found on the [[editorial page]], of the members of its board.<ref>{{lang|de|Duden: "(Buchw.): Vermerk über Verleger, Drucker, auch Redaktionen u.a. in Büchern, Zeitungen u. Zeitschriften"}}</ref>
* [[Colophon (publishing)|Colophon]]: for books, a note indicating [[metadata]] about the book such as the date of publication, printer and publisher.
* "Site notice", "Legal notice", "Legal information" or "Legal disclosure": for websites in English, a page title commonly used to link to legal [[metadata]] and [[terms of use]].

None of these terms is an exact equivalent in all contexts. The terms "masthead" and "colophon" apply to printed publications only and are not commonly used on English-language websites, while "site notice" is website-specific and "legal notice" or "legal disclosure" are rarely found in printed works. An "imprint" in publishing may also mean a [[brand]] name under which a work is published,<ref>{{cite web|title=English definition of "imprint" |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/imprint |website=Cambridge Dictionaries Online |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=28 April 2015 }}</ref> and so may not be understood to mean an ''Impressum''.

The {{lang|de|Telemediengesetz}} requires that German websites disclose information about the publisher, including their name and address, telephone number or e-mail address, trade registry number, VAT number, and other information depending on the type of company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Telemediengesetz (TMG) § 5 Allgemeine Informationspflichten |url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tmg/__5.html |website=gesetze-im-internet.de |publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz |access-date=28 April 2015 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519112946/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tmg/__5.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> German websites are defined as being published by individuals or organisations that are based in Germany, so an ''Impressum'' is required regardless of whether a site is in the [[.de]] domain.

Historically, the German ''Impressum'' requirement has its roots in the [[Censorship in Germany|censorship laws]] of 19th century and earlier monarchies, and has been criticized as [[illiberalism|illiberal]] and contrary to the principle of [[free speech]];<ref>Frank Bösch, ''Mediengeschichte: Vom asiatischen Buchdruck zum Fernsehen'', Campus Verlag, 2011, {{ISBN|9783593393797}}</ref> most other countries have no comparable requirement.

This law has created [[privacy]] concerns for individuals who maintain blogs or personal homepages.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} The law has also caused lawyers to scrutinise websites for this information and send {{lang|de|[[Abmahnung]]}} ([[cease and desist]]) letters to their maintainers in the event it is missing.<ref>{{cite web|author1=MMarks|title=U.S. comment on 'Impressum'/German lawyers' cease and desist hunt|url=http://transblawg.co.uk/2003/10/13/u-s-comment-on-impressumgerman-lawyers-cease-and-desist-hunt/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030041632/http://transblawg.co.uk/2003/10/13/u-s-comment-on-impressumgerman-lawyers-cease-and-desist-hunt/|archive-date=30 October 2020|access-date=28 April 2015|website=Transblawg}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2023}}

[[Facebook]] offers a way for users to add an ''Impressum'' for user-created public pages.<ref>{{cite web|title=How do I add an Impressum to my Page? |url=https://www.facebook.com/help/342430852516247 |website=[[Facebook]] |access-date=28 April 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Impressum}}
[[Category:Law of Austria]]
[[Category:Law of Germany]]
[[Category:Law of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Publishing]]

California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection

2025-06-09T04:17:23Z

45.49.236.6: fixed.

{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Short description|Agency in California}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Infobox fire department
| name = California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
| logo = Logo of CAL FIRE.svg
| motto =

| country = {{Flagu|United States}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|California|name=California|size=23px}}
| address =
| coordinates =

| established = 1885
| employees = {{ubl|6,100 Permanent employees|2,600 Seasonal employees|3,500 Inmates, Wards, Conservation Corps Members| 600 Volunteers In Prevention (VIPs)}}
12800 total
| annual = $4.2 billion {{small|(2024–2025)}}<ref>{{cite web| url = https://ebudget.ca.gov/2024-25/pdf/Enacted/BudgetSummary/NaturalResourcesandEnvironmentalProtection.pdf| title = Natural Resources and Environmental Protection| website = ebudget.ca.gov| access-date = 2025-01-12 }}</ref>

|cdf = calfire
| staffing = Career
| chief = Joe Tyler
| FirstResponderBLSorALS = ALS
| reference1 = <ref name="stats">{{Cite web |last=CAL FIRE |title=CAL FIRE at a Glance |url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/4922/glance.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329195608/https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/4922/glance.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-29 |access-date=2020-03-29 |publisher=CAL FIRE}}</ref>
| commissioner =
| stations = 237 owned/operated 575 operated
| engines = 356 owned/operated 624 operated
| trucks = 28
| squads =
| rescues = 184
| EMSunits = 63 paramedic units
| hazmat = 9
| bulldozers = 61
| airplanes = 30 air tankers 16 tactical planes
| helicopters = 24
| fireboats =
| reference2= <ref name=stats/>
| website = [http://calfire.ca.gov calfire.ca.gov]
}}

The '''California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection''', colloquially known as '''CAL FIRE''', <ref>{{Cite news |last=Shoop |first=Chelsey |date=2007-01-02 |title=CDF changes its name to CAL-FIRE |language=en |work=Paradise Post |url=https://www.paradisepost.com/2007/01/02/cdf-changes-its-name-to-cal-fire/ |access-date=2022-12-06}}</ref> is the [[fire department]] of the [[California Natural Resources Agency]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]]. It is responsible for fire protection in various areas under state responsibility totaling 31 million acres, as well as the administration of the state's private and public [[forest]]s. In addition, the department provides varied emergency services in 36 of the state's 58 counties via contracts with local governments. The department's current director is Joe Tyler, who was appointed March 4, 2022, by [[Governor of California]] [[Gavin Newsom]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=JOE TYLER IS APPOINTED THE NEW DIRECTOR OF CAL FIRE BY GOVERNOR NEWSOM |url=https://californialoggers.com/joe-tyler-is-appointed-the-new-director-of-cal-fire-by-governor-newsom/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Associated California Loggers |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Operations ==

CAL FIRE's foremost operational role is to fight and prevent wildfire on 31 million acres of state forestland. The organization works in both suppression and prevention capacities on state land, and offers emergency services of various kinds in 36 out of California's 58 counties, through contracts with local governments. The organization also assists in response to a wide range of disasters and incidents, including earthquakes, water rescues, and hazardous material spills. The organization manages eight Demonstration State Forests for timber production, recreation, and research.<ref name="operations">{{Cite web |title=CAL FIRE About Us |url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/about-us/ |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>

In conjunction with the [[California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation]] (CDCR), CAL FIRE uses thousands of incarcerated firefighters at 44 [[California fire camps|conservation camps]] throughout the state on fire prevention, fire suppression, and various maintenance and conservation projects. CAL FIRE works with employees of the [[California Conservation Corps]] since that agency's creation in a partnership for fire suppression duties, logistics and forestry management. CCC members are involved in job training programs as Type 1 Hand Crew firefighters, supervised by CAL FIRE personnel, in increasing prevalence to offset CDCR inmates as the incarcerated firefighter program is closed. Programs to control wood boring insects and diseases of trees are under forestry programs managed by CAL FIRE. The vehicle fleet is managed from an office in [[Davis, California]].<ref name="Telephone Directory 1998">''State of California 1998 Telephone Directory'', (Sacramento: State of California, Department of General Services).</ref>

==Organizational structure==
The largest and most visible part of CAL FIRE operations is fire protection. Operations are divided into 21 operational units, which geographically follow county lines. Each unit consists of the area of one or more counties. Operational units are grouped under either the North Region or South Region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cal Fire Contacts {{!}} CAL FIRE |url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/about/resources/cal-fire-contacts |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www.fire.ca.gov}}</ref>

The Office of the State Fire Marshal (OSFM) is the CAL FIRE program that protects life and property through the development and application of fire prevention, engineering, training and education, and enforcement. The Office of the State Fire Marshal provides support through a variety of fire safety responsibilities including: regulating occupied buildings; controlling substances and products which may cause injuries, death and destruction by fire; providing statewide direction for fire prevention within wildland areas; regulating hazardous liquid pipelines; developing and reviewing regulations and building standards; and providing training and education in fire protection methods and responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} OSFM |url=https://osfm.fire.ca.gov/about-us |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=osfm.fire.ca.gov}}</ref>

There are two CAL FIRE training centers. The original academy is the CAL FIRE Training Center in [[Ione, California|Ione]], east of Sacramento. The second academy is at the Ben Clark Training Center in [[Riverside, California|Riverside]]. Both centers host the Fire Fighter Academy (FFA). All CAL FIRE Fire Protection employees go through this academy once they become permanent employees. The Company Officer Academy (COA) is only held in Ione. All new company officers (Engineer, Captain, Forester I, etc.) attend this academy.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

=== Rank structure ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; border-spacing:15px 0px;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=3 | {{flagicon image|Flag of California.svg}} California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
| colspan=1| [[File:New York Fire Department Chief Rank.png|82px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:4 Gold Stars.svg|115px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:3 Gold Stars.svg|90px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:2 Gold Stars.svg|65px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:1 Gold Star.svg|40px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:FIRE BUGLES - 5.1 (GOLD).png|50px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:FIRE BUGLES - 4.3 (GOLD).png|50px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:FIRE BUGLES - 3.1 (GOLD).png|50px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:FIRE BUGLES - 2.4 (GOLD).png|50px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:FIRE BUGLES - 2 (SILVER).svg|50px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:FIRE BUGLES - 1 (SILVER).png|50px]]
| colspan=3| '''''No Insignia'''''{{hr}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=1| Director
| colspan=1| Chief Deputy Director/ State Fire Marshal
| colspan=1| Deputy Director/ Region Chief
| colspan=1| Assistant Deputy Director/ Assistant Region Chief
| colspan=1| Forestry and Fire Protection Administrator (Staff Chief)/ Senior Air Operations Officer
| colspan=1| Unit Chief
| colspan=1| Deputy Chief
| colspan=1| Assistant Chief/ Division Chief
| colspan=1| Battalion Chief
| colspan=1| Fire Captain
| colspan=1| Fire Apparatus Engineer
| colspan=1| Firefighter II
| colspan=1| Firefighter I
|}

=== Leadership ===

The uniformed executive staff of CAL FIRE includes the following individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=California |first=State of |title=CAL FIRE – Executive Staff |url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/about/executive-staff |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=calfire.ca.gov |language=en}}</ref>

* '''Director:''' Joe Tyler
* '''Chief Deputy Director:''' Anale Burlew
* '''State Fire Marshal:''' Daniel Berlant
* '''Assistant State Fire Marshal:''' Vickie Sakamoto<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-03 |title=Governor appoints Sakamoto as new assistant state fire marshal |url=https://www.lakeconews.com/news/80053-governor-appoints-sakamoto-as-new-assistant-state-fire-marshal |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=Lake County News}}</ref>
* '''Deputy Director, Communications/Incident Awareness:''' Nick Schuler
* '''Southern Region Chief:''' Mike van Loben Sels
* '''Northern Region Chief:''' George Morris III
* '''Deputy Director, Resource Management:''' Matthew Reischman
* '''Deputy Director, Cooperative Fire Protection:''' Matthew Sully
* '''Deputy Director, Fire Protection Programs:''' Jake Sjolund
* '''Deputy Director, Community Wildfire Preparedness & Mitigation and Fire Engineering & Investigations Division:''' Frank Bigelow

=== Pay ===
As of 2017, [[median]] pay for full time firefighters (which includes base pay, special pay, overtime and benefits) is $148,000.<ref name="PP_1">{{Cite news |last=Weil |first=Elizabeth |date=2020-08-28 |title=They Know How to Prevent Megafires. Why Won't Anybody Listen? |work=[[ProPublica]] |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/they-know-how-to-prevent-megafires-why-wont-anybody-listen |quote=As the California Policy Center reported in 2017, “The median compensation package — including base pay, special pay, overtime and benefits — for full time Cal Fire firefighters of all categories is more than $148,000 a year.”}}</ref>

===Representation===
Firefighters employed by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection are represented by IAFF affiliate, CAL FIRE Local 2881,<ref>[http://www.cdffirefighters.org/ CDF Firefighters]</ref> which represents 5,700 members within CAL FIRE Local 2881 and is also associated with the California Professional Firefighters (CPF)<ref>[http://www.cpf.org/ CPF – Home]</ref> and the [[International Association of Firefighters]] (IAFF).<ref>[http://www.iaff.org/ Welcome to IAFF online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306202233/http://www.iaff.org/|date=2008-03-06}}</ref>

===Operational units===
Operational units are organizations designed to address fire suppression over a geographic area. They vary widely in size and [[terrain]].

For example, Lassen-Modoc-Plumas Operational Unit encompasses three [[rural]] [[County (United States)|counties]] and consists of eight fire stations, one Helitack Base, three conservation camps and an inmate firefighter training center. Fire suppression resources include 13 front-line fire engines, 1 helicopter, 3 bulldozers and 14 inmate fire crews. The unit shares an interagency emergency command center with federal agencies including the [[US Forest Service]], [[National Park Service]], and the [[Bureau of Land Management]]. An interagency center contributes to economies of scale, supports cooperation, and lends itself to a more seamless operation. The area has fragmented jurisdictions across a large rural area along the [[Nevada]] and [[Oregon]] state lines.<ref>Henson, C., ''Lassen-Modoc-Plumas Unit 2005 Fire Management Plan,'' (Susanville, California: State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2005).</ref>

The Riverside Operational Unit (RRU) by itself would be considered one of the largest fire departments in the nation, with 95 fire stations and approximately 230 pieces of equipment. The Riverside Operational Unit operates as the Riverside County Fire Department under contract with [[Riverside County]], as well as eighteen municipal fire departments and one community services district fire department. Nine of the stations in Riverside County belong to the state, while the rest are owned by their respective local government entity. The unit operates its own emergency command center in [[Perris, California|Perris]]. Terrain served includes [[Urban area|urban]] and [[suburb]]an areas of the [[Inland Empire (California)|Inland Empire]] and the desert communities in the metropolitan [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]] area. The area includes forested mountains, dry scrub forest, chaparral, agricultural land, the [[Colorado River]] basin, the [[Colorado Desert]], the [[Mojave Desert]], and [[Interstate 10 (California)|Interstate 10]] from the Los Angeles Metropolitan area to the Arizona state line.<ref>Gilbert, M., ''Riverside Unit 2005 Fire Management Plan,'' Perris, California: State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2005.</ref>

The counties of Marin (MRN), Kern (KRN), Santa Barbara (SBC), Ventura (VNC), Los Angeles (LAC) and Orange (ORC) have an agreement with the state to provide fire protection for state responsibility areas within those counties rather than CAL FIRE providing direct fire protection, and are commonly known as the "Contract Counties".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resources {{!}} CAL FIRE |url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/about/resources |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.fire.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cooperative Efforts {{!}} CAL FIRE |url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/what-we-do/fire-protection/cooperative-efforts/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.fire.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=Cal Fire Contract County Services - Santa Barbara County Fire Department |url=https://sbcfire.com/cal-fire-contract-county-services/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Lawmakers in Sacramento have mandated that every operational unit develop and implement an annual fire management plan. The plan will develop cooperation and community programs to reduce damage from, and costs of, fires in California.<ref>California Public Resources Code, Sec. 4130.</ref> One metric used by fire suppression units is ''initial attack success: ''fires stopped by the initial resources (equipment and personnel) sent to the incident.<ref>Gilbert, M., ''Riverside Unit 2005 Fire Management Plan,'' Perris, California: State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2005); California Public Resources Code, Sec. 4130.</ref>

====Northern Region units and identifiers====
*Amador-El Dorado Unit – AEU / 2700 (Including Sacramento and Alpine Counties)
*Butte Unit – BTU / 2100
*Humboldt-Del Norte Unit – HUU / 1200
*Lassen-Modoc-Plumas Unit – LMU / 2200 (Including Plumas County as of June 2008)
*Mendocino Unit – MEU / 1100
*Nevada-Yuba-Placer Unit – NEU / 2300 (Including Sutter and Sierra Counties)
*San Mateo-Santa Cruz Unit – CZU / 1700
*Santa Clara Unit – SCU / 1600 (Including Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa Clara, and parts of San Joaquin, and Stanislaus Counties)
*Shasta-Trinity Unit – SHU / 2400
*Siskiyou Unit – SKU / 2600
*Sonoma-Lake-Napa Unit – LNU / 1400 (Including Solano, Yolo, and Colusa Counties)
*Tehama-Glenn Unit – TGU / 2500

====Southern Region units and identifiers====
*Fresno-Kings Unit – FKU / 4300
*Madera-Mariposa-Merced Unit – MMU / 4200
*Riverside Unit – RRU / 3100
*San Benito-Monterey Unit – BEU / 4600
*San Bernardino Unit – BDU / 3500 (Including Inyo and Mono Counties)
*San Diego Unit – SDU / 3300 (Including Imperial County)
*San Luis Obispo Unit – SLU / 3400
*Tulare Unit – TUU / 4100
*Tuolumne-Calaveras Unit – TCU / 4400 (Including portions of San Joaquin, Stanislaus, and Alpine counties)

==Equipment==

=== Apparatus ===
CAL FIRE uses various apparatus to accomplish their daily responses. Engines fall under two categories, either being state-owned or city/county owned, which CAL FIRE operates under contract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Equipment Programs {{!}} CAL FIRE |url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/about/resources/equipment-programs |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.fire.ca.gov}}</ref>

For the wildland portion, most engines are manufactured with West-Mark or Westates (now American Truck & Fire Apparatus) bodies on an [[Navistar International|International]] chassis. Commonly seen models of wildland engines include the Model 14, and 15. CAL FIRE Models 24 and 25 were test-bed models, with only a few of each model fielded. The newest versions of these engines are CAL FIRE model 34 (4WD) and 35 (2WD), manufactured by [[Placer Fire Equipment]], [[Rosenbauer]], and [[HME, Incorporated|HME]]. Model 34/35's are currently being fielded statewide. As of 2009 Model 35's have been discontinued and Model 34's from BME Apparatus are the new standard. Fact sheets on all of CAL FIRE's current-service Type 3 (wildland) engine models can be found on the CAL FIRE Web site under Mobile Equipment.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/what-we-do/fire-protection/mobile-equipment | title=Mobile Equipment | CAL FIRE }}</ref>

<gallery widths=180>
Image:cdfengine.jpg|Type-3 Wildland Engine, CAL FIRE Model 14
Image:cdf_engine.jpg|Type-3 Wildland Engine, CAL FIRE Model 5
Image:CDF_MOD24.jpg|Type-3 Wildland Engine, CAL FIRE Model 24
Image:Smeal Type-1 Municipal Engine.jpg|Smeal Type-1 Municipal Engine, owned by San Luis Obispo County and operated by CAL FIRE under contract
</gallery>

=== Air program ===
{{main|CDF Aviation Management Program}}

CAL FIRE owns its own fleet of air tankers, tactical aircraft and helicopters, which are managed under the Aviation Management Program. Additional aviation resources are leased by the department when needed. All of the fixed wing aircraft, while owned by CAL FIRE, are piloted and maintained by DynCorp International. The CAL FIRE Air Program is one of the largest non-military air programs in the country, consisting of 23 [[Grumman S-2 Tracker]] (S-2T version) 1,200 gallon fixed wing turboprop air tankers, seven Lockheed-Martin C-130H Hercules 4,000 gallon fixed-wing turboprop air tankers (in service in 2025), 14 [[North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco]] fixed wing turboprop air tactical aircraft and 12 [[Bell UH-1H]] Super Huey helicopters. CAL FIRE has also now begun operating new [[Sikorsky S-70]]i Firehawk helicopters for aerial firefighting support including water drops and is planning to acquire up to 12 of these rotorcraft to replace the aging Bell UH-1H Super Huey fleet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aviation Program |url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/programs/fire-protection/aviation-program/|website=www.fire.ca.gov}}</ref> From the 13 air attack and ten 10 helitack bases located statewide, aircraft can reach most fires within 20 minutes.<ref>{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124185807/http://calfire.ca.gov/fire_protection/fire_protection_air_program.php |title=Air Program |archive-date=2013-01-24 |website=calfire.ca.gov}}</ref>

Aircraft are a prominent feature of CAL FIRE, especially during the summer fire season. Both fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft are employed.<ref>''Hemet-Ryan AAB Capital Outlay Project: Relocation Or Replacement Analysis,'' (Sacramento: State of California, Department Of General Services, Real Estate Services Division, Project Management Branch, 2005).</ref> Helicopters (also known as [[rotorcraft]] or rotary wing aircraft) are used to transport firefighting "Helitack Crews" into fire areas. They also drop water and retardant chemicals on fires. Fixed-wing aircraft are used for [[Incident Command System|command]], observation, and to drop retardant chemicals on fires.<ref name="Fraser, Debbie 2006">Fraser, Debbie, ''CDF Training and Academy Course Catalog, March 2006,'' (Ione, California: State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2006).</ref>

CAL FIRE contracted in the past with [[10 Tanker Air Carrier]] for three years' of exclusive use of their [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10]] heavy air tanker known as [[DC-10 Air Tanker|Tanker 910]] for [[aerial firefighting]] at a cost of $5 million per year. Additional access was also provided to [[DC-10-30]] air tankers, being Tanker 911 and Tanker 912. In 2014 Tanker 910 was retired; however, 10 Tanker Air Carrier continues to currently operate several DC-10-30 air tankers.<ref name="iw">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pe.com/digitalextra/metro/wildfires/stories/PE_News_Local_D_airtanker14.3ed4e7a.html |title="Supertanker ready for summer of fighting California's fires", ''Inland Wildfires'', June 14, 2007, accessed August 6, 2007 |access-date=August 18, 2007 |archive-date=September 26, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215637/http://www.pe.com/digitalextra/metro/wildfires/stories/PE_News_Local_D_airtanker14.3ed4e7a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On October 7, 2014, a CAL FIRE [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|S-2T air tanker]] crashed while fighting the Dog Rock Fire in [[Yosemite National Park]]. The pilot was killed.<ref name="KOVR">[http://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2014/10/07/dog-rock-fire-forces-evacuations-road-closures-at-yosemite-national-park/ Plane Crashes At Yosemite National Park During Fight Against Dog Rock Fire], [[KOVR-TV]], October 7, 2014</ref>

<gallery widths=180>
File:Waterbomber in Los Angeles County.jpg|Tanker 910 during a drop demonstration in December, 2006
File:Cdf-b205-N497DF-061027-02cr-16.jpg|CAL FIRE "Super Huey", formerly an [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|UH-1H]], assigned to the [[Bieber, California|Bieber]] [[Helitack]] crew, takes off from the [[Mojave Air and Space Port|Mojave Airport]]
File:Cdf-ov10-N415DF-071022-fox-02-16.jpg|CAL FIRE OV-10 Bronco "Air Attack 460" at [[General William J. Fox Airfield|Fox Field]] during the [[October 2007 California wildfires]]
File:CAL FIRE Chico S-2T Airtanker 93 N450DF (2024)-104A6791.jpg|Tanker 93, a Grumman S-2T airtanker based at the CAL FIRE Chico Air Attack Base, at [[Chico Regional Airport]] (CIC) in Butte County, November 2024
</gallery>

=== Communications ===
CAL FIRE uses several enterprise IT systems to manage operations. Altaris Computer-Assisted Dispatch (CAD), made by [[Northrop Grumman]], is employed by each unit's Emergency Command Center (ECC) to track available resources and assignments.<ref name="Fraser, Debbie 2006" /> This is made possible through the use of an automatic vehicle locating system which provides vehicle location, data communication, and dispatching through a mobile data terminal (MDT) and a multi-network switching system in over 1200 vehicles statewide. Each operational unit has a stand-alone system which includes detailed [[Geographic information system|address and mapping]] information.<ref>''Santa Clara Unit 2005 Fire Management Plan,'' Morgan Hill, California: State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2005).</ref>

== Cal Fire Contract Counties ==
The department also provides varied emergency services in 36 of the state's 58 counties that dont have a fire department in the form '''contract counties''' which are the county equivalent of [[Contract city|contract cities]]. The contract counties are [[Amador County, California|Amador]], [[Butte County, California|Butte]], [[Calaveras County, California|Calaveras]], [[Del Norte County, California|Del Norte]], [[El Dorado County, California|El Dorado]], [[Fresno County, California|Fresno]], [[Glenn County, California|Glenn]], [[Humboldt County, California|Humboldt]], [[Kings County, California|Kings]], [[Lake County, California|Lake]], [[Lassen County, California|Lassen]], [[Madera County, California|Madera]], [[Marin County, California|Marin]], [[Mariposa County, California|Mariposa]], [[Mendocino County, California|Mendocino]], [[Merced, California|Merced]], [[Modoc County, California|Modoc]], [[Monterey County, California|Monterey]], [[Napa County, California|Napa]], [[Placer County, California|Placer]], [[Riverside County, California|Riverside]], [[Tehama County, California|Tehama]], [[Trinity County, California|Trinity]], [[Tulare County, California|Tulare]], [[Tuolumne County, California|Tuolumne]], [[San Benito County, California|San Benito]], [[San Diego County, California|San Diego]], [[San Luis Obispo County, California|San Luis Obispo]], [[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo]], [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]], [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz]], [[Shasta County, California|Shasta]], [[Siskiyou County, California|Siskiyou]], [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]], [[Nevada County, California|Nevada (County)]] and [[Yuba County, California|Yuba]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) (California) Scanner Frequencies and Radio Frequency Reference |url=https://www.radioreference.com/db/aid/1008#scid-47508 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=www.radioreference.com |language=en}}</ref> along with there [[Contract city|contract cities]] via contracts with local governments.

==In popular culture==
''[[Fire Country]]'' is an American [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series in which a young convict volunteers for the Conservation Camp Program and assists Cal Fire.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rogers |first=Nate |date=November 4, 2022 |title='Fire Country,' a new show about Cal Fire, is a hit. Just not with Cal Fire |language=en-US |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-11-04/fire-country-cbs-cal-fire-firefighters |access-date=2022-11-09}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|California}}
*[[California Conservation Corps]]
*[[California Department of Parks and Recreation]]
*[[FIRESCOPE]]
* [[Watch Duty]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*{{Official website|http://fire.ca.gov}}

{{California fire departments}}
{{California state agencies}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:California Department Of Forestry And Fire Protection}}
[[Category:California state forests| ]]
[[Category:Fire departments in California]]
[[Category:Firefighting in California]]
[[Category:Emergency services in California]]
[[Category:California Natural Resources Agency|Forestry]]
[[Category:State agencies of California|Forestry and Fire Protection]]
[[Category:State forestry agencies in the United States]]
[[Category:State environmental protection agencies of the United States]]
[[Category:Wildfire suppression agencies]]
[[Category:Aerial firefighting]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1905]]
[[Category:1905 establishments in California]]

California Air National Guard

2025-06-09T04:07:02Z

45.49.236.6: fixed.

{{Use American English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name air rescue squadron 129 cmd order rescue =
| unit_name =
| image = File:California Air National Guard USAF patch(1).svg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Shield of the California Air National Guard
| dates = 16 June 1924 – Present
| country = {{Flag|United States}}
| allegiance = {{flag|California|name=State of California|size=23px}}
| branch = [[File:US-AirNationalGuard-2007Emblem.svg|25px]] [[Air National Guard]]
| type = [[state militia]], [[reserve force]]
| role = "To organize, train, equip, and resource community based land forces to support state and/or federal authority"
| size = 4,937
| command_structure = [[California National Guard]] [[National Guard Bureau]] [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]]
| garrison = 9800 Goethe Road, [[Sacramento, CA]] 95826
| garrison_label =
| nickname = Air Guard{{Break}}CalGuard
| patron =
| motto = "Always Ready, Always There!"
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| website = https://calguard.ca.gov/air/
| commander1 = President [[Donald Trump]] '''''(Commander-in-Chief)''''' [[Troy Meink]] '''''(Secretary of the Air Force)''''' [[Governor of California|Governor]] [[Gavin Newsom]] ''''' (Governor of California)'''''
| commander1_label = Civilian leadership
| commander2 = [[Brigadier General]] Michael Johnson
| commander2_label = Military Commander
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label = 
| aircraft_attack =
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_fighter = [[F-15 Eagle]]
| aircraft_helicopter = [[HH-60G Pave Hawk]]
| aircraft_helicopter_attack =
| aircraft_helicopter_cargo =
| aircraft_helicopter_multirole =
| aircraft_helicopter_observation =
| aircraft_helicopter_trainer =
| aircraft_helicopter_utility =
| aircraft_interceptor =
| aircraft_patrol =
| aircraft_recon = [[MQ-1 Predator]] (UAV)
| aircraft_trainer =
| aircraft_transport = [[HC-130J Combat King II]] [[C-130J Hercules]] (MAFFS)
| aircraft_tanker =
| aircraft_helicopter_transport =
}}
The '''California Air National Guard (CA ANG)''' is one of three components of the [[California National Guard]], a reserve of the [[United States Air Force]], and part of the [[United States National Guard|National Guard of the United States]].

As militia units, the units in the California Air National Guard are not in the normal [[United States Air Force]] [[command hierarchy|chain of command]]. They are under the jurisdiction of the [[governor of California]] through the office of the [[state adjutant general|California Adjutant General]] unless they are federalized when ordered by the [[President of the United States]]. The California National Guard has multiple bases located across the state and the military commander is [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] Michael Johnson.

==Overview==
Under the "Total Force" concept, California Air National Guard units are considered to be Air Reserve Components (ARC) of the [[United States Air Force]] (USAF). California ANG units are trained and equipped by the U.S. Air Force and are operationally gained by a [[Major Command of the USAF]] if federalized. In addition, the California Air National Guard are assigned to Air Expeditionary Forces and are subject to deployment along with their active duty and [[Air Force Reserve]] counterparts.

Along with their federal reserve obligations, the California ANG is subject to activation by order of the Governor to provide protection of life and property, and preserve peace, order and public safety. State missions include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires, search and rescue, protection of vital public services, and support to civil defense.

==Components==
The California Air National Guard consists of the following major units:
* [[129th Rescue Wing]]
: Established 3 April 1955; operates: [[HC-130J Combat King II]]; [[HH-60G Pave Hawk]]
: Stationed at: [[Moffett Federal Airfield|Moffett Air National Guard Base]], Mountain View
: Gained by: [[Air Combat Command]]
: The members of the 129th have performed rescues under a variety of conditions - from rough Pacific seas to the rugged Sierra Nevada, using its combination of HC-130 tankers and HH-60 helicopters. Many high-risk lifesaving missions involved long-range, over-water flights, air refueling of helicopters by the HC-130 aircraft, and skilled maneuvering by ships and helicopters to recover patients from the decks of these vessels.<ref name="CAANG">{{Cite web |title=The Official Home Page of the U.S. Air Force |url=http://www.ca.ang.af.mil/units/index.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917031134/http://www.ca.ang.af.mil/units/index.asp |archive-date= 2017-09-17 |access-date= 2018-04-04 |website= ca.ang.af.mil}}</ref>

* [[144th Fighter Wing]]
: Established 2 June 1948; operates: [[F-15 Eagle]]
: Stationed at: [[Fresno Air National Guard Base]], Fresno with additional Alert Detachment of South Dakota ANG (114th FW) F-16C Block 30s at [[March Air Reserve Base]], Riverside
: Gained by: [[Air Combat Command]]
: Provides air defense protection for California from the Mexican border to Oregon utilizing the F-15 Eagle and F-16C.<ref name="CAANG" />

* [[146th Airlift Wing]]
: Established 16 June 1924 (as: [[115th Observation Squadron]]); operates: [[C-130J Hercules]] (MAFFS)
: Stationed at: [[Channel Islands Air National Guard Station]], Oxnard
: Gained by: [[Air Mobility Command]]
: The oldest unit of the CA ANG, the 146th AW provides global military airlift capability to a full spectrum of state and federal agencies.<ref name="CAANG" />

* [[163rd Reconnaissance Wing|163rd Attack Wing]]
: Established 9 November 1946 (as: [[196th Fighter Squadron]]); operates: [[MQ-9 Reaper]]<ref>Air Force Magazine, June 2019, p. 74</ref>
: Stationed at: [[March Joint Air Reserve Base]], Riverside
: Gained by: [[Air Combat Command]]/[[Air Education and Training Command]]
: Has 902 members of which roughly 220 are full-time. Currently in transition from a KC-135 Stratotanker air refueling mission to an MQ-1 Predator ISR wing, executing global unmanned aerial systems, combat support, and humanitarian missions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=163d Reconnaissance Wing|url=http://www.163rw.ang.af.mil|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005161258/http://www.163rw.ang.af.mil/|archive-date=5 October 2011|access-date=1 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* [[195th Wing]]
: Established 13 May 1948; non-flying unit
: Stationed at: [[Beale Air Force Base]], Marysville
: Gained by: [[Air Force Space Command]]
: Responsible for non-flying missions including electronic intelligence, communications, network warfare, space control, and administrative programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ceremony to Mark Activation of Cal Guard's 195th Wing |url=http://www.calguard.ca.gov/PA/Pages/Ceremony-to-Mark-Activation-.aspx |access-date=2015-10-16 |website=California Air National Guard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208132352/http://www.calguard.ca.gov/PA/Pages/Ceremony-to-Mark-Activation-.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:C-130 Hercules over Santa Cruz Island.jpg|200px|thumbnail|A C-130J Hercules of the 115th Airlift Squadron flying over Santa Cruz Island. The 115th Air Squadron is the oldest unit in the California Air National Guard, having over 80 years of service to the state and nation.]]
The California Air National Guard origins date to 28 August 1917 with the establishment of the '''115th Aero Squadron''' as part of the [[World War I]] [[United States Army Air Service]]. The 115th served in France on the Western Front, constructed facilities and engaged in supply and related base support activities then after the [[1918 Armistice with Germany]] was demobilized in 1919.

The [[Militia Act of 1903]] established the present National Guard system, units raised by the states but paid for by the Federal Government, liable for immediate state service. If [[National Guard of the United States#Federal duty|federalized]] by Presidential order, they fall under the regular military chain of command. On 1 June 1920, the [[Militia Bureau]] issued Circular No.1 on organization of National Guard air units.<ref>ANG Chronology 1908-2007, see also Brief History of the Minnesota Air National Guard and the 133rd Airlift Wing, 1.</ref>
[[File:115th Observation Squadron Douglas O-38 1933.jpg|thumb|left|Preparing for a target towing mission at [[Camp Merriam (San Luis Obispo)|Camp Merriam]], now Camp San Luis Obispo, Captain Miller of the 115th Observation Squadron boards an O-38 as mechanics adjust the towing mechanism, 1933]]
The '''115th Observation Squadron''' was established by the [[Militia Bureau]] on 5 April 1924, which authorized the immediate organization of the 115th Observation Squadron, 40th Division of Aviation, [[California National Guard]]. Initially the Unit held its meetings at Clover Field, Santa Monica, using Reserve Equipment planes for flying. Later on, the Squadron met at the National Guard Armory and also at the [[University of Southern California]]. In 1925, several months after its organization, the Squadron moved to permanent quarters at [[Griffith Park#Griffith Park Aerodrome|Griffith Park Aerodrome]] in Los Angeles. The 115th Observation Squadron was ordered into active [[United States Army Air Corps]] service on 3 March 1941 as part of the buildup of the Army Air Corps prior to the United States entry into World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |title=California State Militia and National Guard Unit Histories: 115th Observation Squadron |url=http://www.militarymuseum.org/115OS.html |access-date=2018-04-04 |website=militarymuseum.org}}</ref>

On 24 May 1946, the [[United States Army Air Forces]], in response to dramatic postwar military budget cuts, imposed by President [[Harry S. Truman]], allocated inactive unit designations to the [[National Guard Bureau]] for the formation of an Air Force National Guard. These unit designations were allotted and transferred to various State National Guard bureaus to provide them unit designations to re-establish them as Air National Guard units.<ref name="ang60">{{Cite web |title=Rosenfeld, Susan and Gross, Charles J (2007), Air National Guard at 60: A History |url=http://www.ang.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-080527-040.pdf |website=Air National Guard history program AFD-080527-040|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213175615/http://www.ang.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-080527-040.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2016 }}</ref>

The modern California ANG received federal recognition on 1 July 1946 as the '''62d Fighter Wing''' at Van Nuys Airport, Van Nuys. Its '''115th Bombardment Squadron''' was equipped with A-26 Invader light bombers. On 16 September 1946, its '''146th Fighter Group''' was also formed at Van Nuys, with several fighter squadrons equipped with F-51 Mustangs and its mission was the air defense of the state. 18 September 1947, however, is considered the California Air National Guard's official birth concurrent with the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate branch of the United States military under the National Security Act<ref name="ang60" />

On 4 April 1948 the '''61st Fighter Wing''' with its 144th Fighter Group was formed at Hayward Municipal Airport, Hayward. The 61st's mission was the air defense of Northern California, the 62d, Southern California.

Today, units of the CA ANG perform a homeland defense mission; worldwide airlift missions, aerial firefighting, combat search and rescue, and Unmanned Aerial (UAV) Reconnaissance missions. The 162d CCG also maintains tactical communications-electronic facilities, and provides tactical command and control communications services for operational commands supporting US military wartime contingencies.

After the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States]], elements of every Air National Guard unit in California has been activated in support of the [[Global War on Terrorism]]. Flight crews, aircraft maintenance personnel, communications technicians, air controllers and air security personnel were engaged in [[Operation Noble Eagle]] air defense overflights of major United States cities. In December 2007, after the grounding of F-15 fighters due to potential structural problems, the California Air National Guard assumed responsibility for defense of the [[western United States]]. This was the first time that a single state's fighter wing took responsibility of defense for an entire coast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lindlaw |first=Scott |date=2007-12-26 |title=F-15 grounding strains U.S. air defenses |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071226/ap_on_re_us/grounded_f15s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230051309/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071226/ap_on_re_us/grounded_f15s |archive-date=30 December 2007 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

Also, California ANG units have been deployed overseas as part of [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] in Afghanistan and [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]] in Iraq as well as other locations as directed.

==See also==
{{Portal|California}}
*[[California Army National Guard]]
*[[California State Guard]]
*[[California Wing Civil Air Patrol]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Gross |first=Charles J. |title=The Air National Guard and the American Military Tradition |publisher=United States Dept. of Defense |year=1996 |isbn=0160483026}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|California Air National Guard}}
* {{Cite web |title=California Air National Guard |url=https://www.af.mil/|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175506/http://www.ca.ang.af.mil/|archive-date=22 July 2011}}
* {{Cite web |title=California Air National Guard website |url=http://www.calguard.ca.gov/air/Pages/default.aspx}}
{{Air National Guard}}
{{US Air Force navbox}}
{{NGbystate}}
{{California}}

[[Category:United States Air National Guard]]
[[Category:Military in California]]

William A. Brady

2025-06-09T01:14:21Z

45.49.236.6: rfixed.

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{short description|American actor}}{{Infobox person
|name= William A. Brady
|image= Brady 3775426888 2c8e3d0316.jpg
|image_size=
|caption= Brady circa 1910/1913.
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1863|6|19}}
|birth_place= San Francisco, U.S.
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1950|1|6|1863|6|19}}
|death_place= New York City, U.S.
|resting_place= [[Sleepy Hollow Cemetery]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* Rose Marie Rene (?–1896) (her death)
* [[Grace George]] (1899–1950) (his death)
}}
|children= 2, including [[Alice Brady]] }}

'''William Aloysius Brady''' (June 19, 1863 – January 6, 1950) was an American theater actor, producer, and sports promoter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibdb.com/person.php?id=14247 |title=William A. Brady |access-date=2011-01-14 |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]] }}</ref><ref name=box>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibhof.com/pages/about/inductees/nonparticipant/brady.html |title=William A. Brady |access-date=2011-01-14 |publisher=[[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] }}</ref>

==Biography==
Brady was born to a newspaperman in 1863. His father kidnapped him from San Francisco and brought him to New York City, where his father worked as a writer while William was forced to sell newspapers on street corners. Upon his father's death when William was 15, he [[hitchhiking|hitchhiked]] his way back to San Francisco.<ref name="American Heritage">{{cite magazine|first=Richard F.|last= Snow|title=William A. Brady|magazine=[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]|date=April–May 1980|volume=31|issue=3|url=https://www.americanheritage.com/william-brady|access-date=January 5, 2017}}</ref> He made his start onstage in San Francisco with a company headed by [[Joseph R. Grismer]] and [[Phoebe Davies]]<ref name="Who's Who">[https://books.google.com/books?id=1BpAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA210 Browne, Walter & Koch, E. De Roy-Who's Who on the Stage, 1908; pg. 209–210] accessed July 5, 2012</ref> shortly after his return.

After a failed attempt to produce a version of ''[[She (play)|She]]'' by [[H. Rider Haggard]], he was able to secure the rights to ''[[After Dark (Boucicault play)|After Dark]]'', successfully bringing the play to New York. While Brady was sued for his efforts, as [[Augustin Daly]] claimed [[plagiarism]], Brady was able to make enough money to continue with his theater ventures.<ref name="American Heritage"/>
He inadvertently became a boxing promoter during this time. He cast [[James J. Jeffries]] in ''After Dark'', and later introduced the man into the boxing circuit, where Jeffries would eventually become the undisputed [[heavyweight champion]]. Brady would be the only person to manage two undisputed heavyweight champions, in Jeffries and [[James J. Corbett]].<ref name=box/>

Brady produced ''[[The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight]]'' in 1897. Although Corbett ultimately lost, the match ran for over an hour and a half, and the documentary lasted that long, the longest film ever released at the time. In 1898, Brady and Grismer produced the hugely successful [[Charlotte Blair Parker]] play, ''Way Down East''. The two remained partners until Grismer's retirement sometime around 1909.<ref name="Who's Who"/>

===Other clients===
In late 1896 Brady watched as young bicycle racer [[Major Taylor]] won his first professional races, a half-mile exhibition and a [[Six-day racing|six-day race]] at [[Madison Square Garden (1890)|Madison Square Garden]].<ref name=Balf/>{{rp|51–52}} Brady arranged to promote Taylor, who was a Black athlete facing serious obstacles in a racist time. Brady was known for using his tenacity and innovation to secure races for Taylor.<ref name=Balf/>{{rp|51–52}} For example, when southern cycling officials sought to ban Taylor from national competition, Brady built his own racetrack and started his own cycle race series for Taylor.<ref name=Balf/>{{rp|51–52}}

Another Brady client was Black polar explorer [[Matthew Henson]].<ref name=Balf/>{{rp|250–251}} Henson, denied the credit given to white [[Robert Peary|Commander Peary]], was financially destitute and physically unable to work, when Brady arranged a national lecture tour for him.<ref name="Thomas">{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Lowell |title=FIRST AT THE POLE |url=https://matthewhenson.com/restored_magazine_articles/henson_articles8.htm |website=Matthew A. Henson |access-date=June 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613162715/https://matthewhenson.com/restored_magazine_articles/henson_articles8.htm |archive-date=June 13, 2019 |url-status=usurped |date= April 2, 1930}}</ref> In a 1930 interview, a grateful Henson credited Brady for "taking care of" objections by [[Robert Peary|Commander Peary]]; he said that Brady accepted no promoter's fee for the tour beyond "twenty-five dollars for cigar money."<ref name="Thomas"/>

Brady picked up the contract of [[Koca Yusuf]] and toured him around the east and midwest.

===Theater===
Brady ran a successful theatre operation for thirty years, having met actresses like [[Grace George]] (whom he later married)<ref name="American Heritage"/> and having, at one point, hired famous humorist [[Robert Benchley]] to complete ad copy for him.<ref>Altman, Billy. ''Laughter's Gentle Soul: The Life of Robert Benchley'' (New York City: W. W. Norton, 1997; ISBN 0-393-03833-5)</ref> Brady's success continued until the [[Stock Market Crash of 1929]], which wiped out his entire savings. He was able to secure the funds to produce ''[[Street Scene (play)|Street Scene]]'', which was written by [[Elmer Rice]], won the [[Pulitzer Prize]], and netted Brady roughly a half a million dollars. His total theatrical output included over 260 plays, including a version of ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' that was later used as images for a book in 1904,<ref>''Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly. Embellished with Scenes and Illustrations''. New York: R.F. Fenno & Company, 1904.</ref> and a number of movies before his death.

*''Slaves All'' by [[Edward Percy]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hOzE8NxBJXUC&dq=Marguerite+Mosier&pg=RA10-PA13 | title=Drama Calendar | year=1926 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
His first wife was Rose Marie Rene (died 1896). Their daughter was actress Mary Rose Brady, who used stage name of [[Alice Brady]], and later became an [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Academy Award winner]] for ''[[In Old Chicago]]'' (1937).

His second wife was the well known Broadway actress [[Grace George]]. They were married from 1899 until his death in 1950. They had a son, William A. Brady, Jr. (1900–1935) who married the actress [[Katherine Alexander]].

==Death==
[[File:William A. Brady Gravesite.JPG|thumb|Brady gravesite in Sleepy Hollow]]
William A. Brady died at age 86 of a heart ailment.<ref>{{cite news |title=W. A. Brady, 86, Dies of Heart Ailment; Noted Showman's Wife, Grace George, Remains in Play Here After Being at Deathbed. Granddaughter In Cast. Theatrical Producer Managed Corbett and Jeffries. Was Father of Alice Brady |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/01/08/archives/wa-brady-86-dies-of-heart-ailment-noted-showmans-wife-grace-george.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 5, 1950 |access-date=2011-01-14}}</ref> He is interred at [[Sleepy Hollow Cemetery]] in [[Sleepy Hollow, New York]].

==Legacy==
He was inducted into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] in 1998.

==Selected filmography==
*''[[The Rack (1915 film)|The Rack]]'' (1915)
* ''[[Alias Jimmy Valentine (1915 film)|Alias Jimmy Valentine]]'' (1915)
* ''[[What Happened to Jones (1915 film)|What Happened to Jones]]'' (1915)
* ''[[The Ballet Girl (1916 film)|The Ballet Girl]]'' (1916)
* ''[[A Woman's Way (1916 film)|A Woman's Way]]'' (1916)
* ''[[Bought and Paid For (1916 film)|Bought and Paid For]]'' (1916)
* ''[[The Scarlet Oath]]'' (1916)
* ''[[The Men She Married]]'' (1916)
* ''[[The Beloved Adventuress]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Crimson Dove]]'' (1917)
* ''[[A Woman Alone (1917 film)|A Woman Alone]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Red Woman (film)|The Red Woman]]'' (1917)
* ''[[A Square Deal]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Marriage Market (1917 film)|The Marriage Market]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Social Leper]]'' (1917)
* ''[[Souls Adrift]]'' (1917)
*''[[Darkest Russia]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Woman Beneath]]'' (1917)
* ''[[Moral Courage (film)|Moral Courage]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Tenth Case]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The False Friend]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Little Duchess]]'' (1917)
* ''[[Maternity (film)|Maternity]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Burglar (1917 film)|The Burglar]]'' (1917)
*''[[The Divorce Game]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Strong Way]]'' (1917)
*''[[The Family Honor (1917 film)|The Family Honor]]'' (1917)
* ''[[Easy Money (1917 film)|Easy Money]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Stolen Paradise]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Iron Ring (1917 film)|The Iron Ring]]'' (1917)
*''[[The Volunteer (1917 film)|The Volunteer]]'' (1917)
*''[[Adventures of Carol]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Bondage of Fear]]'' (1917)
* ''[[Youth (1917 film)|Youth]]'' (1917)
*''[[Man's Woman (1917 film)|Man's Woman]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Dancer's Peril]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Good for Nothing (1917 film)|The Good for Nothing]]'' (1917)
* ''[[Diamonds and Pearls (film)|Diamonds and Pearls]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Dormant Power]]'' (1917)
* ''[[Yankee Pluck]]'' (1917)
*''[[The Page Mystery]]'' (1917)
* ''[[As Man Made Her]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Brand of Satan]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Awakening (1917 film)|The Awakening]]'' (1917)
* ''[[A Maid of Belgium]]'' (1917)
* ''[[Shall We Forgive Her?]]'' (1917)
* ''[[The Heart of a Girl]]'' (1918)
* ''[[The Golden Wall]]'' (1918)

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Balf">{{cite book |last1=Balf |first1=Todd |title=Major : a black athlete, a White era, and the fight to be the world's fastest human being |date=2008 |publisher=Crown Publishers |location=New York |isbn=9780307236586 |pages=51, 53, 101, 102, 250 |edition=1st}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
*Billy Altman, ''Laughter's Gentle Soul: The Life of Robert Benchley''. (New York City: [[W. W. Norton]], 1997. {{ISBN|0-393-03833-5}}).
*William A. Brady, ''Showman: My Life Story.'' New York: E. P. Dutton, 1937.
*''Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly.'' Embellished with Scenes and Illustrations. New York: R. F. Fenno & Company, 1904.

==External links==
{{commons category|William A. Brady}}
* {{IMDb name|0103755|William A. Brady}}
* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1539 ''Showman'' Manuscript] at Dartmouth College Library

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brady, William A.}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:American theatre managers and producers]]
[[Category:Boxing managers]]
[[Category:Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery]]

Governor of Oklahoma

2025-06-09T00:29:33Z

45.49.236.6: remvoed wrong link in a sentance

{{Short description|Head of government of the U.S. state of Oklahoma}}
{{for|a list|List of governors of Oklahoma}}
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Governor
| body = Oklahoma
| insignia = Seal of Oklahoma.svg
| insigniasize = 110px
| insigniacaption = [[Seal of Oklahoma|State seal]]
| flag = Flag of the Governor of Oklahoma.svg
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of the governor of Oklahoma|Flag]]
| termlength = Four years, renewable once
| residence = [[Oklahoma Governor's Mansion]]
| image = File:Kevin Stitt (52251950006) (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbent = [[Kevin Stitt]]
| incumbentsince = January 14, 2019
| style = {{ublist|Governor (informal)|[[The Honourable#United States of America|The Honorable]] (formal)}}
| department = [[Government of Oklahoma]]
| status = {{ublist|[[Head of state]]|[[Head of government]]}}
| formation = November 16, 1907
| inaugural = [[Charles N. Haskell]]
| succession = [[Gubernatorial_lines_of_succession_in_the_United_States#Oklahoma|Line of succession]]
| deputy = [[Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma]]
| salary = $147,000 (2013)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/content/csg-releases-2013-governor-salaries | title=CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries | publisher=The Council of State Governments | date=June 25, 2013 | access-date=November 23, 2014 | archive-date=October 22, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022032437/http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/content/csg-releases-2013-governor-salaries | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| website = {{Official_website}}
}}
{{Politics of Oklahoma}}
The '''governor of Oklahoma''' is the [[head of government]] of the U.S. state of [[Oklahoma]]. Under the [[Oklahoma Constitution]], the governor serves as the head of the Oklahoma [[Executive (government)|executive branch]], of the [[government of Oklahoma]]. The governor is the ''[[ex officio]]'' [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Oklahoma National Guard]] when not called into [[Federal government of the United States|federal]] use. Despite being an executive branch official, the governor also holds [[Legislature|legislative]] and [[judicial power]]s. The governor's responsibilities include making yearly "State of the State" addresses to the [[Oklahoma Legislature]], submitting the [[Oklahoma state budget|annual state budget]], ensuring that state laws are enforced, and that the peace is preserved. The governor's term is four years in length.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor of Oklahoma |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Governor_of_Oklahoma |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref>

The office was created in 1907 when Oklahoma was officially admitted to the federal Union of the United States as the 46th state, by act of the [[United States Congress|Congress of the United States]] and approval by the President. Prior to statehood, the western part of the future state was organized as [[Oklahoma Territory]] (1890-1907). In Oklahoma Territory, the chief executive, the predecessor to the elected state governors, was a territorial [[List of governors of Oklahoma|governor]] with similar powers who was, like other territorial governors, appointed by the President and confirmed by the [[United States Senate]].

From 1834 to 1907, in the eastern portion of modern Oklahoma state, was the unorganized former [[Indian Territory]], which originally encompassed a much larger tract of unassigned public lands west of the [[Mississippi River]] to the [[Rocky Mountains]], reserved for various Native Americans / Indian tribes and nations, removed and transported from the Southeastern United States in the [[1830s]] during the infamous "[[Trail of Tears]]". A federal judge of the [[United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas]], centered in the border town of [[Fort Smith, Arkansas|Fort Smith]], exercised judicial powers and sent individual and posses of [[United States Marshal Service|U.S. Marshals]] and deputy Marshals to patrol that Territory in lieu of an appointed territorial Governor or other local law enforcement, governing structure or [[Territories of the United States|organized territorial government]] such as the several other federal territories in the Western United States (and later further away of territories of [[Alaska Territory|Alaska]] and [[Hawaii Territory|Hawaii]] overseas), during the 19th and early 20th centuries, except for various Indian tribal police on the designated reservations.

The 28th and current '''Governor of Oklahoma''' is [[Kevin Stitt]], a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref>[http://www.ok.gov/governor/About/index.html About Governor Kevin Stitt], Office of the Governor (accessed May 14, 2013)</ref> Sitt was reelected in the [[2022 Oklahoma elections|2022 Oklahoma election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oklahoma Governor Election Results 2022: Live Map {{!}} Midterm Races by County |url=https://www.politico.com/2022-election/results/oklahoma/statewide-offices/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.politico.com |language=en}}</ref> His term expires on January 11, 2027 and he cannot run again as he is term-limited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kevin Stitt |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Kevin_Stitt |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McKeever |first=Sophia |date=2025-04-15 |title=Does Oklahoma Have Term Limits on Their Governor? |url=https://www.termlimits.com/okgovernor/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=U.S. Term Limits |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
===Territorial period===
[[File:Abraham Jefferson Seay.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Abraham Jefferson Seay (1832–1915, served 1892–1893) as the second presidential appointed governor of the [[Oklahoma Territory]] (1890–1907)]]
Before statehood in 1907, modern day-Oklahoma was composed of the [[Oklahoma Territory]] (in the West since 1890) and the [[Indian Territory]] in the original far wider / greater expanse of the old [[Louisiana Purchase]] of 1803, including today's [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] and Western United States. Over subsequent decades through various treaties and outright land grabs, that expanse was later reduced gradually to the eastern half of the modern state from 1834 to 1907. While Indian Territory was semi-independent of the federal government and it's military in far-off Washington, D.C. as Indian nations land, the Oklahoma Territory with its capital city at [[Guthrie, Oklahoma|Guthrie]], was an [[Territories of the United States|organized federal territory]] under the supervision of the President, with his executive departmental secretaries in his [[Cabinet of the United States|presidential cabinet]], and both houses of the [[United States Congress]] (sending a territorial delegate to sit and speak (but no vote) on the floor of the lower chamber of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] at the [[United States Capitol]] in Washington. Within the Oklahoma Territory, a traditional American democratic political system was created with [[Separation of powers]] and tripartite government existed just like the other states and federal government, including a [[legislature|territorial legislature]], a territorial supreme court, and a territorial governor.

The incumbent president of the United States appointed territorial governors and assisting secretary to four-year terms, with "the advice and consent" of the [[United States Senate]].<ref name="brown">Brown, Kenny L. [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/O/OK085.html OKLAHOMA TERRITORY] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114122835/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/O/OK085.html |date=2011-11-14 }}, ''[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/ Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531193517/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/ |date=2010-05-31 }}''. (accessed May 12, 2013)</ref> Despite a set term, the governor served at the pleasure of the sitting American president, meaning that the president or his successor could replace him before his term was up.

The governor was the head of the territorial government. He had the power to veto legislation proposed by the territorial legislature and the power to appoint members to his cabinet of executive departments or bureaus, who in turn had to be ratified by territorial assembly lawmakers. The governor had the power to appoint justices to the territorial high court and any lower court judges. The governor was responsible to the president on addressing issues in the federal territory and served as the representative as the [[federal government of the United States]] in Washington. He was also the [[commander-in-chief]] of any organized the territorial [[militia]].

[[George Washington Steele]] (1839–1922, served 1890–1891), served as the first governor of the Oklahoma Territory, appointed by 23rd President [[Benjamin Harrison]] (1833–1901, served 1889–1893), a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]).<ref name="brown"/> He vetoed the territorial legislature's attempts to move the state capital from [[Guthrie, Oklahoma|Guthrie]] to [[Oklahoma City]] or [[Kingfisher, Oklahoma|Kingfisher]]. He was instrumental in the establishment of two territorial (later state) universities that would eventually become the [[University of Oklahoma]] and the [[Oklahoma State University–Stillwater|Oklahoma State University]] (at [[Stillwater, Oklahoma|Stillwater]]). After only seventeen months in office, Governor Steele resigned effective October 18, 1891. In his place, President Benjamin Harrison then appointed [[Abraham Jefferson Seay]] (1832–1915, served 1892–1893), to the governorship as the second occupant. [[Robert Martin (Oklahoma governor)|Robert Martin]] (1833–1897, served 1890–1893), then serving as the secretary of Oklahoma Territory, served briefly himself as acting governor in the four months interim from October 18, 1891, until February 1892, when Governor-designate Seay arrived and took the oath of office in Guthrie.

[[Frank Frantz]] (1872–1941, served 1906–1907), as the seventh and final governor of the Oklahoma Territory.<ref name="frankfrantz">Everett, Dianna. "[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/F/FR006.html FRANTZ, FRANK (1872–1941)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718092411/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/F/FR006.html |date=2010-07-18 }}," ''[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/ Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531193517/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/ |date=2010-05-31 }}''. (accessed August 12, 2013)</ref> As Oklahoma transitioned from territory to new state, he was also an unsuccessful candidate himself for election as the first governor of the new 46th state in the first state gubernatorial election of 1907 to be held.<ref name="frankfrantz"/>

===Statehood-Present===
After the [[Constitution of Oklahoma|Oklahoma Constitution]] was written and accepted in 1907, the Oklahoma and Indian territories joined to form the U.S. state of [[Oklahoma]]. The office of the governor of Oklahoma replaced the office of territorial governor. The new office was similar, but designed with new restrictions, limits, and legislative and judicial oversight. It was crafted as a "weak governor system" to defend the state against abuses of power that had occurred under the territorial government.

Oklahoma's first governor, [[Charles N. Haskell]] (1860–1933, served 1907–1911), wielded executive power effectively, but in the first 20 years after he left office in 1911, the assertive and dominant [[Oklahoma Legislature]] further reduced and limited the governor's office of several of its traditional powers and [[impeachment|impeached]] two state governors: [[Jack C. Walton|John C. ("Jack") Walton]] (1881–1949, served January–November 1923), and [[Henry S. Johnston]] (1867–1965, served 1927–1929). It was not until [[William H. Murray|William H. ("Alfalfa Bill") Murray]] (1869–1956, served 1931–1935), took office in 1931 that the Oklahoma governorship regained the initiative and executive leadership with expanded its powers.

In 1927, the [[state legislature]] appropriated $75,000 for the construction of a governor's mansion and residence and $25,000 allotted for furnishings. The next year in 1928, the governor and his family moved in.<ref name="savagemansion">Savage, Cynthia. "[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/G/GO022.html Governor's Mansion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030164000/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/G/GO022.html |date=2013-10-30 }}," ''[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/ Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531193517/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/ |date=2010-05-31 }}'' (accessed May 16, 2013)</ref>

As Oklahoma grew and the state government expanded in its responsibilities and services, the office of the governor became gradually more powerful. As more agencies were introduced to perform certain tasks or address certain problems, the governor gained greater indirect influence through the power of appointment.

Initially the governor was not eligible to immediately succeed himself. It was not until 59 years later in 1966 that Oklahoma amended the state constitution to allow the governor to be reelected and serve two consecutive four-year terms (total of eight years), similar to most other American states and the President.

==Election==
The governor of Oklahoma is elected [[direct democracy|directly]] by the voters of Oklahoma during gubernatorial elections held in November during the final year of each four-year gubernatorial term. The candidate with the highest number of votes becomes governor following the election. The [[Constitution of Oklahoma|Oklahoma Constitution]] requires the [[Oklahoma Legislature]] to choose the governor in the case of a tie vote.

Section Three of Article VI of the [[Constitution of Oklahoma|Oklahoma Constitution]] establishes that gubernatorial candidates must be citizens of the United States, at least 31 years old, and residents of Oklahoma for at least ten years prior to their candidacy.

Under Section Four in Article VI of the [[Constitution of Oklahoma|Oklahoma Constitution]], the governor serves a four-year term in office beginning on the second Monday in January. Section Four also states that no person may hold the office for more than two consecutive terms. On November 2, 2010, voters passed a ballot initiative to limit governors to only eight years in office in a lifetime. The initiative also set the gubernatorial term of a lieutenant governor who becomes governor upon the death of the previous governor at two years.

Former governor [[David Walters]] (1991–1995) is eligible for a second term, having only served a single term.

===Oath of office===
"I, ........., do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support, obey, and defend the [[Constitution of the United States]], and the Constitution of the State of Oklahoma, and that I will not, knowingly, receive, directly or indirectly, any money or other valuable thing, for the performance or nonperformance of any act or duty pertaining to my office, other than the compensation allowed by law; I further swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge my duties as Governor of the State of Oklahoma to the best of my ability."

===Last election===
{{Main|2022 Oklahoma gubernatorial election}}
[[File:2022 Oklahoma gubernatorial election results map by county.svg|thumb|right|350px|Oklahoma gubernatorial election 2022 results map.
{{legend|red|Counties won by [[Kevin Stitt]]}}
{{legend|blue|Counties won by [[Joy Hofmeister]]}}]]

{{Election box begin
|title = 2022 Oklahoma gubernatorial election results
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Kevin Stitt
| party = Republican Party (United States)
| votes = 639,484
| percentage = 55.45%
| change = +1.12%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Joy Hofmeister
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 481,904
| percentage = 41.79%
| change = -0.44%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Natalie Bruno
| party = Libertarian Party (United States)
| votes = 16,243
| percentage = 1.41%
| change = -2.03%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Ervin Yen]]
| party = Independent politician
| votes = 15,653
| percentage = 1.36%
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box total
| votes = 1,153,284
| percentage = 100.0%
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Powers and duties==
===Executive powers===
The governor, according to the [[Constitution of Oklahoma|Oklahoma Constitution]], must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." The governor is vested with "supreme [[Executive (government)|executive power]]" as the state's "Chief Magistrate" and acts as head of the executive branch of Oklahoma. The governor has the power to issue [[executive order]]s that have the effect of law. The governor is the "conservator of the peace throughout the State," making him or her the chief [[Law enforcement officer|peace officer]] in the state. In the position of chief peace officer, the governor commands [[List of law enforcement agencies in Oklahoma|state and local law enforcement agencies]]. If law enforcement entities cannot execute the law, then the governor, acting as [[Commander-in-chief]] of Oklahoma's [[Oklahoma Military Department|state militia]], may call out the [[Oklahoma National Guard]] to "execute the laws, protect the public health, suppress insurrection, and repel invasion." The governor is assisted in managing the military of Oklahoma by the [[Adjutant General of Oklahoma]], an appointee of the governor.

The governor has the power to commission officers not otherwise commissioned by the law of Oklahoma and has the power of appointment. When any office at the state level becomes vacant for any reason, the governor, unless otherwise provided by law, has the power to appoint a person to fill such vacancy, who shall continue in office until the election or appointment of a successor. If the office of an Oklahoma member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] or [[United States Senate]] becomes vacant the governor calls a special election to fill the remainder of the term. In the case of United States senators, the governor is empowered by the U.S. Constitution to appoint someone immediately to fill the vacant Senate seat temporarily until a special election can be held.

Within the executive branch of Oklahoma government, the governor is assisted by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma]], the [[Oklahoma Secretary of State|secretary of state of Oklahoma]], the [[Attorney General of Oklahoma]], and the [[Oklahoma State Treasurer|state treasurer of Oklahoma]], among others. While the other high-level executive offices are elected directly by the people of Oklahoma, the secretary of state is appointed by the governor with the consent of the [[Oklahoma Senate]] for a four-year term. Due to the large number of state agencies, the governor is assisted in running the government through the use of the [[Oklahoma Governor's Cabinet|Oklahoma State Cabinet]]. Through the Cabinet, the governor can address the assembled heads of Oklahoma's executive branch departments which oversee Oklahoma's agencies. A secretary appointed by the governor heads each department and carries out his [[executive order]]s through that department.

The governor is an [[Ex officio member|ex officio]] chair of numerous state commissions and committees, including the Oklahoma Commissioners of Land Office and the [[Oklahoma Ethics Commission]]. While there are executive and state commissions of which the governor is not a member, the governor has appointment power to those entities with the advice and consent of the [[Oklahoma Senate]], such as with the Board of Regents of the [[University of Oklahoma]].

The governor is also responsible for preparing the proposed [[Oklahoma state budget]] presented to the [[Oklahoma Legislature]] in February for the next [[fiscal year]] beginning in July. After state legislators negotiate the terms of the budget with the governor, the [[Oklahoma House of Representatives]] drafts a general appropriations bill that must be approved by the legislature and signed by the governor.

===Legislative and judicial powers===
Like the president of the United States, the governor plays a major role in the legislative process. Every bill that is passed by both the [[Oklahoma Senate]] and [[Oklahoma House of Representatives]], and every resolution requiring the assent of both chambers of the legislature, must, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. The governor may choose to sign it or veto it and send it back to the legislature. The governor's veto can only be overridden by a two-thirds approval vote from each house.<ref>[http://www.okhouse.gov/Information/CourseOfBills.aspx Course of Bills], Oklahoma House of Representatives (accessed May 14, 2013)</ref>

The governor has the power of the [[line-item veto]], which allows them to sign part of [[appropriation bill]]s into law, while sending appropriations items they disagree with back to the legislature. Items disapproved by the governor in this manner become void, unless the legislation is re-passed in both the [[Oklahoma House of Representatives]] and [[Oklahoma Senate]] with a two-thirds vote in favor of overriding the veto.

Bills that are part of the governor's agenda are often drafted at the initiative of the governor or governor's staff. In annual and special messages to the [[Oklahoma Legislature]], the governor may propose legislation. The most important annual message to state lawmakers takes place in the annual [[State of the State address]]. Before a joint session of the [[Oklahoma Legislature]], the governor outlines the status of the state and legislative proposals for the upcoming year. The governor is in a strong position to influence public opinion and thereby to influence the actions of state legislators.

The governor has the power to convoke the legislature, or the [[Oklahoma Senate]] only, on extraordinary occasions. During extraordinary sessions, state legislators can only act on subjects the governor recommends for consideration. When ever a vacancy occurs within the state legislature, the governor shall issue a [[writ of election]] to fill such vacancies. In case of a disagreement between the two houses of the legislature, at a regular or special session, the governor may adjourn them to such time as he shall deem proper, not beyond the day of the next stated meeting of the legislature. The governor may convoke the [[Oklahoma Legislature]] at or adjourn it to another place, when, in his opinion, the public safety or welfare, or the safety or health of the members require it. Such a change or adjournment must be concurred by two-thirds votes in all branches of the legislature.

The governor plays an active role within the judicial branch of Oklahoma government. Oklahoma has a [[Oklahoma Judicial Nominating Commission|Judicial Nominating Commission]] consisting of thirteen members that review all potential justices and judges of Oklahoma's appellate courts, such as the [[Oklahoma Supreme Court]], and review them to determine if they qualify to hold their respective positions. Of these thirteen members, the governor appoints six without the consent of the [[Oklahoma Legislature]]. The governor's appointments serve for a term of six years each; the terms are staggered so that approximately one-third of the appointments become vacant every two years.

In the event of a vacancy upon the [[Oklahoma Supreme Court]] or on the Court of Criminal Appeals, the Judicial Nominating Committee submits three nominees to fill the vacancy to the governor and [[Oklahoma Supreme Court]] chief justice. The governor must appoint one to fill the vacancy within 60 days or the appointment is turned over to the chief justice.

The governor also possess the power to grant [[Commutation (law)|commutation]]s, [[pardon]]s and paroles for all offenses, except cases of [[Impeachment in the United States|impeachment]], upon such conditions and with such restrictions and limitations as he may deem proper, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law. The governor does not have the power to grant paroles if a convict has been sentenced to death or sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. To grant a pardon to an individual, he must submit the name of the individual to the [[Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board]] composed of five members, three of which are appointed by the governor at the beginning of his term in office to serve a term that coincides with his own. After reviewing the applicant for clemency, and a favorable vote from the majority, the board may empower the governor to make such acts of as he deems necessary.

The governor has the power to grant after conviction, [[Clemency#Related concepts|reprieve]]s, or a [[leave of absence]] not to exceed sixty days, without the action of the board. The governor is required to communicate to the [[Oklahoma Legislature]], at each regular session, each case of reprieve, commutation, parole or pardon, granted, stating the name of the convict, the crime of which he was convicted, the date and place of conviction, and the date of commutation, pardon, parole and reprieve.

===Foreign relations===
The governor, as Oklahoma's head of state, serves as the chief representative of Oklahoma to the United States and to the world. Deals between Oklahoma and foreign powers (including other U.S. states and the United States) are negotiated by the governor. This reflects the governor's position as the spokesman for the state and the state's interests to other state and world leaders. However, the governor may not make [[treaty|treaties]] with other nations or other U.S. states, as this is prevented by the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]].

In discharging his duty as chief spokesman, the governor may be required to testify before the [[United States Congress]] or meet with the President of the United States to address national issues that may affect the state. It is the governor's responsibility to promote Oklahoma's industries to the world economy as the spokesman for industrial development within the state. Along with those responsibilities comes the role of chief promoter of Oklahoma's goods and services to foreign consumers.

As Oklahoma's head of state, the governor may travel through the country to promote Oklahoma in a general interest or travel abroad to serve as proponent of America's interests.

===Emergency powers===
Pursuant to the [[Oklahoma Emergency Management Act of 2003]] and the [[Catastrophic Health Emergency Powers Act]], in case a natural or man-made emergency or a catastrophic health emergency occurs or is anticipated in the immediate future, the governor gains [[state of emergency|emergency powers]] to better respond to the emergency and combat the threat. Either the governor through [[executive order]] or the [[Oklahoma Legislature]] through [[concurrent resolution]] may declare a state of emergency. Once declared, the governor may exercise additional emergency powers. At any time, the governor (through executive order) or the state legislature (through concurrent resolution) may declare an end to the state of emergency and suspend the governor's emergency powers.

Upon the declaration of an emergency, the governor is allowed a limited-form of [[rule by decree]]. He assumes direct regulatory control over essential resources of the state. It will then be the responsibility of the governor to determine the priorities of such resources and allocate them as the governor may deem necessary. These resources include, but are not limited to, food, manpower, health and health manpower, water, transportation, economic stabilization, electric power, petroleum, gas, and solid fuel, industrial production, construction and housing.

The focus of the governor's emergency powers is to ensure the security and stability of the state. The governor receives comprehensive [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|police power]]s in an emergency. In discharging those power to enforce laws, rules and regulations relating to [[emergency management]], the governor assumes direct operational control of emergency management forces of the state, including the [[Oklahoma National Guard]], state police agencies, state and local health departments, as well as county sheriff's offices and local police departments. These emergency police powers extend to providing for the evacuation of the state's population from any affected or threatened area or areas within the state, regulating the conduct of civilians and the movement of pedestrians and vehicular traffic, and regulating public meetings and gatherings. The governor is responsible for providing for the care of all those regulated by their orders.

During a state of emergency, the governor is authorized to use the services, equipment, supplies and facilities of all departments, offices and agencies of the state to the maximum extent practicable. State, county, and local officers and personnel must cooperate with the governor in emergency management, based upon he governor's direction. Any state, county, or local official that willful fails to obey any order, rule or regulation issued by the governor may be removed from office by the governor. However, before removal, officers must receives the charges against them and have an opportunity to defend themselves. Pending the presentation of charges, the governor may suspend such officers for a period not to exceed thirty days. Any vacancy resulting from removal or suspension shall be filled by the governor until it is filled as provided by state law. However, according to the [[Constitution of Oklahoma|Oklahoma Constitution]], the governor may not remove from office the elective state executive officers, the justices of the [[Oklahoma Supreme Court]], the judges of the [[Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals]], and members of the [[Oklahoma Legislature]].

When carrying out the functions of emergency powers, the governor is immune from civilly liable for any loss or injury resulting from any decision, determination, order or action in the performance of the governor's assigned duties and responsibilities during a stated emergency. However, this immunity does not apply when such loss or injury is caused by the gross negligence, or willfully and unnecessarily act by the governor.

==Relationship with lieutenant governor==
The [[lieutenant governor of Oklahoma]] is elected at the same election as the governor, but not jointly as the [[running mate]] of the gubernatorial candidate. Oklahoma currently has a governor and a lieutenant governor of the same party, as both Governor [[Kevin Stitt]] and Lieutenant Governor [[Matt Pinnell]] are of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].

The first instance of an Oklahoma governor serving alongside a lieutenant governor of a different political party began in 1963, when [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] governor [[Henry Bellmon]] served alongside [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] lieutenant governor [[Leo Winters]]. Since then, there have been three more instances. In 1967, Republican governor [[Dewey F. Bartlett]] served alongside Democratic lieutenant governor [[George Nigh]]. In 1987, Bellmon served alongside Democratic lieutenant governor [[Robert S. Kerr III]]. Finally, in 2002, Democratic governor [[Brad Henry]] served alongside Republican lieutenant governor [[Mary Fallin]].

The governor may appoint the lieutenant governor to their cabinet. For example, Governor [[Mary Fallin]] appointed Lieutenant Governor [[Todd Lamb (politician)|Todd Lamb]] to serve as her small business advocate within her [[Oklahoma Governor's Cabinet|Cabinet]] – although Lamb later resigned that position due to disagreements with the Governor.

A lieutenant governor can also serve as [[Acting governor]]. When acting as the governor, the [[Constitution of Oklahoma|Oklahoma Constitution]] provides all the powers of the governor to the lieutenant governor. This includes the power of signing or vetoing legislation, making political appointments, calling out the [[Oklahoma National Guard]], or granting [[pardon]]s. The need for the lieutenant governor to act as the governor may be due to the governor's absence from the state, or the inability to discharge the powers and duties of the office. When acting as governor, the lieutenant governor holds the powers of the governor until the governor returns to the state or found to be able to discharge the powers and duties of the office.

==Office of the Governor==
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Office of the Governor
|seal = Flag of the Governor of Oklahoma.svg
|seal_width = 150px
|formed = 1907
|preceding1 = [[Oklahoma Territory|Office of the Territorial Governor]]
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction =
|employees = 39 unclassified
|budget = $1.98 million
|headquarters = [[Oklahoma State Capitol]] [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma
|minister1_name = [[Kevin Stitt]]
|minister1_pfo = Governor
|chief1_name = Denise Northrup
|chief1_position = Chief of Staff
|website = [http://gov.ok.gov Office of the Governor]
}}

The '''Office of the Governor''' is the state agency that supports the governor in the performance of gubernatorial duties. The agency consists of the governor's staff and is headed by the governor's chief of staff. Staffers are political appointees and serve at the pleasure of the governor. They work in the governor's [[Oklahoma State Capitol]] offices in [[Oklahoma City]], the governor's [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] office and the [[Oklahoma Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]].

As of 2013, the agency has an annual budget of approximately $1.98 million.<ref>[http://www.ok.gov/OSF/documents/bud13.pdf Executive Budget], Office of State Finance (accessed May 12, 2013)</ref> The budget provides funding for employee salaries and benefits, operation and upkeep of the governor's offices in the [[Oklahoma State Capitol]] and [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]], and the operation and upkeep of the [[Oklahoma Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]].

==Residence==
{{Main|Oklahoma Governor's Mansion}}

Since 1928, Oklahoma governors reside in the [[Oklahoma Governor's Mansion]]. Before its construction, governors lived in various locations around [[Guthrie, Oklahoma|Guthrie]] and [[Oklahoma City]]. Governor [[Charles N. Haskell]] set up his administration's office and his official residence within a hotel in Oklahoma City. The [[Oklahoma Legislature]] provided for the construction of an official residence after years of debate in 1927. The next year, in 1928, the mansion was completed.<ref name="savagemansion"/>

Built by an Oklahoma City architectural firm, Layton, Hicks and Forsyth, the mansion is of Dutch-Colonial style.<ref name="savagemansion"/> Carthage [[limestone]] was used so the exterior of the Mansion would complement the [[Oklahoma State Capitol]], which is located to the west of the mansion. The state legislature allocated $100,000 of state money ($75,000 for construction and $25,000 for furnishing) to the project. Two years later, another $39,000 was set aside to complete outbuildings and landscaping. Though originally having 19 rooms, today the {{convert|14000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} Mansion has 12, including a library, parlor, dining room, grand ballroom, kitchen, sunroom and five bedrooms.

The mansion also serves as an active museum. Throughout the mansion there are antiques and artwork from both museum and private collections. The museum is designed to provide a glimpse into Oklahoma's history and culture. Artists represented in oil and bronze include [[N. C. Wyeth|N.C. Wyeth]], [[Charles Marion Russell]], [[Thomas Moran]] and Albert Beirstadt.

==Succession==
{{see also|Gubernatorial lines of succession in the United States#Oklahoma}}
As per the [[Constitution of Oklahoma|Oklahoma Constitution]], if the governor is impeached, resigns, dies, leaves the state, fails to qualify or is unable to serve, the [[Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma|lieutenant governor]] fills the vacancy, either temporarily or for the remainder of the gubernatorial term.

If, during a vacancy of the office of governor, the lieutenant governor is impeached, displaced, resigns, dies, is absent from the state, or becomes incapable of performing the duties of the office, the [[President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate|president pro tempore]] of the state senate is the next official in the gubernatorial line of succession. The [[List of Speakers of the Oklahoma House of Representatives|Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives]] is third in line of gubernatorial succession.<ref>"[https://www.ok.gov/OEM/documents/Digest%20of%20State%20LawsTitle%2063%20-%202007.pdffact]," ''Digest of State Laws – Updated/Revised Title 63 – July 2007'' (accessed April 19, 2017).</ref>

If the governor, lieutenant governor, senate president pro tempore, and speaker are unable to act as governor, then the next official in the line of succession becomes the '''emergency interim successor'''. As the emergency interim successor to the governor, the officer may exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the governor until a new governor is elected or until the disability is removed from the governor or higher official. However, the emergency interim successor does not inherit the title of governor, unless there is a man-made or natural emergency or disaster has occurred in the United States. The [[Oklahoma Legislature]], by [[concurrent resolution]], may terminate the authority of any emergency interim successor to exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the governor.

===Line of succession===
As provided by the [[Constitution of Oklahoma|Oklahoma Constitution]] and the [[Oklahoma Emergency Interim Executive and Judicial Succession Act]], the line of succession to the governorship is as follows:

{| class=wikitable
|-
!#
! Office
! Current Officer
|-
!
|align=center|'''May succeed to governorship'''
|
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
!
|'''Governor of Oklahoma'''
|[[Kevin Stitt]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
!1
|[[Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma]]
|[[Matt Pinnell]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
!2
|[[President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate|President Pro Tempore ''of the Senate'']]
|[[Lonnie Paxton]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
!3
|[[List of Speakers of the Oklahoma House of Representatives|Speaker of the House of Representatives]]
|[[Kyle Hilbert]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
!
|align=center|'''May serve as Emergency Interim Successor'''
|
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
!4
|[[Oklahoma State Auditor and Inspector|State Auditor and Inspector]]
|[[Cindy Byrd]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
!5
|[[Attorney General of Oklahoma|Attorney General]]
|[[Gentner Drummond]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
!6
|[[Oklahoma State Treasurer|State Treasurer]]
|[[Todd Russ]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
!7
|[[Oklahoma Superintendent of Public Instruction|State School Superintendent]]
|[[Ryan Walters (politician)|Ryan Walters]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
!8
|[[Oklahoma Labor Commissioner|Labor Commissioner]]
|[[Leslie Osborn]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
!9
|rowspan="3"|[[Oklahoma Corporation Commission|Corporation Commissioner]] (by length of tenure)
|[[Todd Hiett]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
! 10
|[[Kim David]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
! 11
|[[Brian Bingman]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|}

==See also==
*[[List of governors of Oklahoma]]
*[[List of governors of Oklahoma|Governors of Oklahoma Territory]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.governor.state.ok.us/ Official Governor of Oklahoma home page]

{{Oklahoma}}
{{Governors of Oklahoma}}
{{US Chief Executives}}
{{Current U.S. governors}}
{{Oklahoma Executive offices}}
{{OK law enforcement}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Governor Of Oklahoma}}
[[Category:Governor of Oklahoma|*]]
[[Category:State law enforcement agencies of Oklahoma]]
[[Category:1907 establishments in Oklahoma]]

José Enrique de la Peña

2025-06-08T23:40:31Z

45.49.236.6: /* Life */ fixed

{{confused|José Enrique Peña}}
'''Jose Enrique de la Peña''' (1807-1840) was a colonel in the Mexican Army. Under General [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]], de la Peña participated in the [[Battle of the Alamo]].

In 1955, a book of his memoirs of the battle was published. The memoirs are controversial in that they said that [[Davy Crockett]] did not die fighting (as is the common belief), but instead surrendered (along with his Tennessee boys) during the battle of the Alamo and was later executed. Historians disagree on whether the memoirs are accurate.

==Life==
De la Peña was born in [[Jalisco, Mexico]] in 1807. After training as a mining engineer, he entered the [[Mexican Navy]] in 1825, as a cadet first-class. Within two years he was promoted to [[second lieutenant]],<ref name=todish118>Todish ''et al.'' (1998), p. 118.</ref> and in 1827 he requested an assignment as part of the Mexican Legation to a European country. The assignment was not granted. Between July and November 1828, he wrote a series of articles for ''El Sol''. Published under the pseudonym "Lover of the Navy", the articles were highly critical of [[David Porter (naval officer)|David Porter]], the American-born commander of the Mexican navy.<ref name=groneman116>Groneman (1999), p. 116.</ref> Later that year, de la Peña travelled to [[Veracruz]] to report for sea duty. During his journey he met Antonio López de Santa Anna, the commander of the state of Vera Cruz.<ref name=todish119/> De la Peña received Santa Anna's permission to remain in [[Xalapa, Veracruz|Jalapa]] rather than continue on to Veracruz.<ref name=groneman116/> Under Santa Anna's command, he participated in the battle of Tampico, which drove Spanish invaders from Mexico.<ref name=todish119/>

In September 1829, de la Peña wrote several more articles critical of the Mexican navy. Rather than use a pseudonym, he signed the articles with his initials "JEP".<ref name=groneman116/> At some point that year de la Peña was transferred into the service of General [[Melchor Múzquiz]]. Little is known of his life over the next several years. In 1830 he suffered from [[smallpox]].<ref name=todish119/> The following year he attended military college to study arithmetic, algebra, speculative geometry, and plane trigonometry. After completing his studies, in October 1831 he was ordered to accompany students to Acapulco for shipboard duty.<ref name=groneman117>Groneman (1999), p. 117.</ref> He did not follow the order, later explaining that he was ill. By the end of the year he reported for duty on the [[corvette]] ''Morales''.<ref name=todish119>Todish (1998), p. 119.</ref>

When Santa Anna assumed power in 1833 de la Peña requested a commission as a lieutenant colonel in the Mexican Army. He was granted a post as captain of a cavalry unit.<ref name=todish119/> In May 1833, he was assigned to a legation in London. Although he had requested such assignments for seven years,<ref name=groneman117/> de la Peña did not wish to travel to London, whose climate and language he disliked.<ref name=groneman119>Groneman (1999), p. 119.</ref> After unsuccessful attempts to be change his assignment to France, de la Peña withdrew his request and instead asked to become a part of the Federal Division of the President.<ref name=groneman117/><ref name=groneman118>Groneman (1999), p. 118.</ref> He was transferred to the Federal Division in December 1833, but in May 1834 he requested to be assigned to the Mexican Legation in the United States; this request was denied.<ref name=todish119/>

By the onset of the [[Texas Revolution]] in October 1835, de la Peña had been demoted to lieutenant and was a staff officer for the elite Zapadores Battalion. However, when the Mexican Army of Operations marched into Texas to subdue the revolution in January 1836, de la Peña was serving as an aide for Colonel Francisco Duque of the Toluca Battalion. The Toluca Battalion joined the rest of Santa Anna's army in [[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]] on March 4, 1836, eleven days after the siege of the Texas garrison in the [[Alamo Mission]] had begun. Santa Anna launched an assault on the Alamo in the early hours of March 6.<ref name=todish119/> Duque was assigned to lead one of the four assault columns, and he requested that de la Peña accompany him. De la Peña remained at the front until Duque fell wounded and then returned to the rear to find General [[Manuel Fernández Castrillón]], second-in-command of that column. At least twice more de la Peña returned to the front lines to accept or deliver messages. His only wound was a serious bruise.<ref name=groneman120>Groneman (1999), p. 120.</ref> After the [[Battle of the Alamo]], de la Peña saw no further action.<ref name=todish119/> However, he saw campaign action till the end of the Texas war, till he arrived in [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas|Matamoros]], Mexico, by the beginning of June 6, 1836.
After Santa Anna was captured at the [[Battle of San Jacinto]], de la Peña retreated with the rest of the Mexican army back to Mexico, arriving in [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas|Matamoros]] on June 6, 1836.<ref name=groneman120/>

The Zapadores Battalion had an unfilled slot for a captain, and de la Peña was soon promoted to take that position. For the next few months de la Peña requested letters of combat commendations from other officers for his heroic actions during the Texas campaigns, receiving ones from Lieutenant Colonel Ampudia, Duque, Lieutenant Colonel Amat, and even from General [[Jose de Urrea]], who had not been part of the battle of the Alamo.<ref name=groneman122>Groneman (1999), p. 122.</ref> And all of them testified to his brave actions in the Alamo death fight, hence they all agreed to write recommendation affidavits testifying to De la Pena's brave conduct in the Alamo battle. In December 1836 de la Peña was in Mexico City, where he testified in the inquiry into the actions of General [[Vicente Filisola]] during the army's retreat from Texas.<ref name=todish119/> Filisola was accused of cowardice for ordering the Mexican army to [[Matamoros, Tamaulipas|Matamoros]] when there was no reason to do so. He claimed to have done this on orders from Santa Anna, who was a prisoner of the Texans. This action from both these men is surely unnatural; a general(Filisola) in the battlefield, obeying orders from his superior, who was a prisoner of the enemy. During this time, de la Peña wrote a newspaper articles criticizing Filisola, which he signed "An Admirer of Texas". Filisola knew that de la Peña had authored the article and the following week published a counterattack, referring to de la Peña as "Peñita". De la Peña then published a very long article defending himself and further criticizing Filisola. His letters of commendation were published in conjunction with the article.<ref name=groneman122/> The articles also mentioned that de la Peña had kept a diary during his time in Texas.<ref name=todish119/>

De la Peña was promoted to lieutenant colonel by April 1837. That month, he was sent to [[Sonora]], where he served under General Urrea.<ref name=todish119/> On January 7, 1838, de la Peña published a "fiery proclamation" exhorting his garrison in the District of Baroyecca to support liberty and Urrea.<ref name=groneman122/> The following week he issued a similar proclamation, published in ''El Cosmopolita'' in the town of Los Alamos.<ref name=groneman123>Groneman (1999), p. 123.</ref> De la Peña joined Urrea in an uprising to overthrow Santa Anna and restore the [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|Constitution of 1824]]. While De la Pena was in Texas, he had kept a diary which was not published till 1955. It was located by researcher J. Sanchez Garza and subsequently translated into English by Carmen Perry of the [[Daughters of the Republic of Texas]].

Imprisoned in 1838, following his involvement in the Urrea rising, De la Peña was freed in 1840 and discharged from military service. Suffering from poor health he is believed to have died shortly thereafter. There is no reference to his name in surviving records after that year.

==Alamo memoirs==
While in prison,{{when|date=December 2024}}{{why|date=December 2024}} de la Peña wrote an article about some of his experiences fighting in Texas.<ref name=todish119/>
<blockquote>If those in the cultured countries name us savages and assassins, none more than general Santa Anna has given an occasion to this. In the Alamo he ordered the murder of a few unfortunates who had survived the catastrophe, and whom general Castrillón presented imploring his mercy. Among those had been a man who pertained to the natural sciences, whose love of it had conducted him to Texas, and who locked himself up in the Alamo not believing it safe by his quality of foreigner, when general Santa Anna surprised [San Antonio].<ref name=groneman123>Groneman (1999), p. 123.</ref></blockquote>
This article contained de la Peña's first mention of the execution of [[Texian]] survivors at the Alamo, but did not mention names of any of those executed and did not claim that de la Peña was an eyewitness.<ref name=todish119/> The article was never published and the original copies have been lost. Although a reprint survives, because of the lack of publication it is difficult to determine the authenticity of the documents.<ref name=todish119/>

In 1955, Jesús Sanchez Garza published a book called ''La Rebellion de Texas—Manuscrito Inedito de 1836 por un Ofical de Santa Anna'' purporting to be de la Peña's memoirs. ''Inedito'' means "unpublished" in Spanish, meaning that this was the first time the memoirs were publicly available.<ref name=todish120/> Garza self-published the book, which included the diary, 40 pages of introductory material on de la Peña and an additional 90 pages of supporting documents, including the only known copy of the article de la Peña wrote from prison. The book had little impact on historical research into the Alamo as it had only a limited printing in Spanish in Mexico, and many researchers did not know it existed.<ref name=groneman125>Groneman (1999), p. 125.</ref> In 1975 the [[Texas A&M University Press]] published an English translation of the book, called ''With Santa Anna in Texas: A Personal Narrative of the Revolution''.<ref name=todish120>Todish ''et al.'' (1998), p. 120.</ref> The English publication caused a scandal within the United States as it asserted that Crockett did not die in battle.<ref name=todish120/> Because the original book was self-published, no editor or publisher ever vetted its authenticity.<ref name=groneman128>Groneman (1999), p. 128.</ref> Garza never explained how he gained custody of the documents or where they were stored after de la Peña's death.<ref name=groneman136/>

Historian Bill Groneman, found it suspicious that Garza's compilation was published in 1955, at the height of interest in Crockett and the Alamo caused by Walt Disney's television series about Crockett's life. Groneman also points out that the journals are made up of several different types of paper from several different paper manufacturers, all cut down to fit.<ref name=groneman136>Groneman (1999), p. 136.</ref> Historic illustrator Joseph Musso also questions the validity, also basing his suspicions on the timing of the diaries' release. However, James Crisp, a history professor from [[North Carolina State University]], has studied the papers and is convinced they are genuine. In October 2001, in a Southwestern Historical Quarterly article, Dr. David B. Gracy II, and his science team, attested to the authenticity of De la Pena's work. This analysis found that the type of ink and paper used in the manuscript was used by the Mexican military in the 1830's, and that the handwriting matched that of de la Peña's in other archived Mexican military documents.<ref>Gracy II, David B. (October 2001). "Just As I Have Written It: A Study of the Authenticity of the Manuscript of José Enrique de la Peña's Account of the Texas Campaign". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 105 (2): 254–294.</ref> The original manuscript, consisting of 200 loose pages, was auctioned in 1998 for $387,500. It now resides at the Center for American History at the [[University of Texas at Austin]].<ref name=cnn>{{citation|title=Texans buy controversial diary that challenges Alamo legend |date=November 19, 1998 |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9811/19/alamo.auction |accessdate=2008-04-15 |publisher=CNN.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210053242/http://www.cnn.com/US/9811/19/alamo.auction/ |archivedate=February 10, 2008 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
Borroel, Roger, translator of many Mexican army/governmental documents of the Texas War of 1836, and researcher.

==References==
*{{Citation|last=Groneman|first=Bill|title=Death of a Legend: The Myth and Mystery Surrounding the Death of Davy Crockett|publisher=Republic of Texas Press|location=[[Plano, Texas]]|year=1999|isbn=978-1-55622-688-5}}
*{{citation|last=Nofi|first=Albert A.|authorlink=Albert Nofi|title=The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History|publisher=Combined Books, Inc.|year=1992|place=[[Conshohocken, Pennsylvania]]|isbn=0-938289-10-1}}
*{{citation|last=Todish|first=Timothy J.|last2=Todish|first2=Terry|last3=Spring|first3=Ted|title=Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution|publisher=Eakin Press|year=1998|location=[[Austin, Texas]]|isbn=978-1-57168-152-2}}

==External links==
*[http://heartofsanantonio.com/alamo/Esparza.html First Hand Alamo Accounts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511233400/http://heartofsanantonio.com/alamo/Esparza.html |date=2008-05-11 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080925194354/http://www.cnn.com/US/9811/19/alamo.auction/ CNN, Journals Challenge Texas Legend]
*[http://www.cah.utexas.edu/exhibits/Pena/translation.html Diary Excerpts of the death of Will Travis and Davey Crockett] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224005442/http://www.cah.utexas.edu/exhibits/Pena/translation.html |date=2008-12-24 }}
*[http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/alamo/doubts.htm Diary Examinations]
*[http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/texas.htm Facts, Research, and Legends of the Alamo]
*[http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/adp/archives/delapena/delapena1.html The Lindley-Crisp Debate]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pena, Jose Enrique de la}}
[[Category:1807 births]]
[[Category:1840 deaths]]
[[Category:Mexican soldiers]]
[[Category:Mexican Republic combatants of the Texas Revolution]]

Richard Overy

2025-06-08T21:14:04Z

45.49.236.6: /* Life and career */ fiied

{{Short description|British historian (born 1947)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Richard Overy
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRHistS|FBA|size=100%}}
| image = Richard Overy.JPG
| image_size = 225px
| alt =
| caption = Overy lecturing at [[King's College London]] in 2015
| birth_name = Richard James Overy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1947|12|23}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| alma_mater = [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]]
| occupation = Historian
| era =
| known_for = Studies on [[military history]], especially the Second World War
| credits = ''Why the Allies Won'', ''The Air War: 1939–1945''
}}

'''Richard James Overy''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRHistS|FBA}} (born 23 December 1947) is a British historian who has published on the history of World War II and [[Nazi Germany]]. In 2007, as ''[[The Times]]'' editor of ''Complete History of the World'', he chose the 50 key dates of world history.<ref name="article2687623">{{cite web |date=19 October 2007|url = https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/europe-travel/the-50-key-dates-of-world-history-nkg0fc9hbb5|title = The 50 key dates of world history|work = [[The Times]]|access-date = 2 April 2009 |last=Overy|first=Richard}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Overy, after being educated at [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]], and becoming a [[research fellow]] at [[Churchill College, Cambridge|Churchill College]], taught history at Cambridge from 1972 to 1979, as a fellow of [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens' College]] and from 1976 as a university assistant lecturer. He moved to [[King's College London]], where he became professor of modern history in 1994. He was appointed to a professorship at the [[University of Exeter]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/history/staff/overy/ |title=Professor Richard Overy |website=University of Exeter |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref>

In 2021, Overy helped to curate objects for displays in the [[Imperial War Museum]]'s Second World War galleries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=11 October 2021 |title=University of Exeter expert advises on Imperial War Museums' ground-breaking new Second World War and Holocaust exhibition |publisher=University of Exeter |url=https://history.exeter.ac.uk/news/articles/universityofexeterexperta.html |access-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508104311/https://history.exeter.ac.uk/news/articles/universityofexeterexperta.html |archive-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> Some of these objects included flight goggles and a leather helmet once used by [[Billy Strachan]].<ref name=":0" />

===Dispute with Timothy Mason===
{{Overly detailed|section|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Billy Strachan IWM display.jpg|thumb|A museum display created by Overy in the [[Imperial War Museum]] featuring objects once belonging to [[Billy Strachan]].]]
In the late 1980s, Overy was involved in a historical dispute with [[Timothy Mason (historian)|Timothy Mason]] that mostly played out on the pages of ''[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]]'' over the reasons for the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. Mason had contended that a "flight into war" had been imposed on [[Adolf Hitler]] by a structural economic crisis, which confronted Hitler with the choice of making difficult economic decisions or aggression. Overy argued against Mason's thesis by maintaining that though Germany was faced with economic problems in 1939, their extent cannot explain aggression against Poland and the outbreak of war was caused by the Nazi leadership. For Overy, the problem with Mason's thesis was that it rested on assumptions that were not shown by records, information that was passed on to Hitler about Germany's economic problems.<ref name="p102">Mason, Tim, & R. J. Overy, "Debate: Germany, 'domestic crisis' and the war in 1939", in ''The Origins of The Second World War'', edited by Patrick Finney, London, United Kingdom: Edward Arnold, 1997, p. 102</ref>

Overy argued that there was a difference between economic pressures induced by the problems of the [[Four Year Plan]] and economic motives to seize raw materials, industry and foreign reserves of neighbouring states as a way of accelerating the Four Year Plan.<ref>Overy, Richard (1999), "Germany, 'Domestic Crisis' and War in 1939", in Christian Leitz (ed.), ''The Third Reich'', Oxford; Blackwell, pp. 117–118</ref> Overy asserted that the repressive capacity of the German state as a way of dealing with domestic unhappiness was somewhat downplayed by Mason.<ref name="p102" /> Finally, Overy argued that there is considerable evidence that Germany felt that it could master the economic problems of rearmament; as one civil servant put it in January 1940, "we have already mastered so many difficulties in the past, that here too, if one or other raw material became extremely scarce, ways and means will always yet be found to get out of a fix".<ref>Overy (1999), "Germany, 'Domestic Crisis' and War in 1939", in ''The Third Reich'', p. 108</ref>

==Awards and honours==
*1977: Fellow of the [[Royal Historical Society]]
*2000: Fellow of the [[British Academy]]
*2003: Fellow of King's College
*2001: [[Samuel Eliot Morison Prize]] of the [[Society for Military History]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh-hq.org/awards/morison.html |title=Samuel Eliot Morison Prize previous winners |publisher=Society for Military History |access-date=December 25, 2017}}</ref>
*2004: [[Wolfson History Prize]], ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany; Stalin's Russia''
*2005: [[Hessell-Tiltman Prize]], ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia''

==In media==
*Overy was featured in the 2003 ITV documentary ''[[Breaking the Silence: Truth and Lies in the War on Terror]]''.
*Overy was featured in the 2006 BBC docudrama ''[[Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial]]''.
*KGNU's Claudia Cragg – interview with Overy on "Countdown To War" for Remembrance Day (Veteran's Day) 2010.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cragg, Claudia |url=http://ccragg123.libsyn.com/armistice-day-one-professor-richard-overy-1939-countdown-to-war- |title=Chatting Up A Storm with Claudia Cragg |website=ChatChat – Claudia Cragg|date=11 November 2010 |access-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>
*Overy was a featured commentator in the 2018 series ''[[Hitler's Circle of Evil]]''.

==Publications==
* ''William Morris, Viscount Nuffield'' (1976), {{ISBN|0-900362-84-7}}.
* ''The Air War: 1939–1945'' (1980), {{ISBN|1-57488-716-5}}.
* ''The Nazi Economic Recovery, 1932–1938'' (1982), {{ISBN|0-521-55286-9}}.
* ''Goering: The "Iron Man"'' (1984), {{ISBN|1-84212-048-4}}.
* ''All Our Working Lives'' (with Peter Pagnamenta, 1984), {{ISBN|0-563-20117-7}}.
* ''The Origins of The Second World War'', edited by Patrick Finney, London: Edward Arnold, Hodder Education Publishers (1997), Third Edition (2008) {{ISBN|0-340-67640-X}}.
* Co-written with Timothy Mason: "Debate: Germany, 'Domestic Crisis' and War in 1939", pp. 200–240 in ''Past and Present'', Number 122, February 1989; reprinted as "Debate: Germany, 'Domestic Crisis' and the War in 1939" in ''The Origins of The Second World War'' (1997).
* ''The Road to War'' (with Andrew Wheatcroft, 1989), {{ISBN|0-14-028530-X}}.
* ''The Inter-War Crisis, 1919–1939'' (1994), {{ISBN|0-582-35379-3}}.
* ''War and Economy in the Third Reich'' (1994), {{ISBN|0-19-820290-3}}.
* ''Why the Allies Won'' (1995), {{ISBN|0-224-04172-X}}.
* ''The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Third Reich'' (1996), {{ISBN|0-14-051330-2}}.
* ''The Times Atlas of the Twentieth Century'' (ed., 1996), {{ISBN|0-7230-0766-7}}.
* ''Bomber Command, 1939–45'' (1997), {{ISBN|0-00-472014-8}}.
* ''Russia's War: Blood upon the Snow'' (1997), {{ISBN|1-57500-051-2}}. There was a companion [[Russia's War: Blood upon the Snow|10-part television documentary series]].
* ''The Times History of the 20th Century'' (1999), {{ISBN|0-00-716637-0}}.
* ''The Battle'' (2000), {{ISBN|0-14-029419-8}} (republished as ''The Battle of Britain: The Myth and the Reality'').
* ''Interrogations: The Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945'' (2001), {{ISBN|0-7139-9350-2}} (republished as ''Interrogations: Inside the Minds of the Nazi Elite'').
* ''Germany: A New Social and Economic History. Vol. 3: Since 1800'' (ed. with [[Sheilagh Ogilvie]], 2003), {{ISBN|0-340-65215-2}}.
* ''The Times Complete History of the World'' (6th ed., 2004), {{ISBN|0-00-718129-9}}.
* ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia'' (2004), {{ISBN|0-7139-9309-X}}.
* ''Collins Atlas of Twentieth Century History'' (2005), {{ISBN|0-00-720170-2}}.
* ''Imperial War Museum's Second World War Experience Volume 1: Blitzkrieg'' (2008), {{ISBN|978-1-84442-014-8}}.
* ''Imperial War Museum's Second World War Experience Volume 2: Axis Ascendant'' (2008), {{ISBN|978-1-84442-008-7}}.
* ''1939: Countdown to War'' (2009), {{ISBN|978-960-16-3467-8}}.
* ''The Morbid Age: Britain Between the Wars'' (2009), {{ISBN|978-0-7139-9563-3}}.
* ''The Bombing War: Europe 1939–1945'' (2013), {{ISBN|0713995610}} (later published as ''The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe, 1940–1945'', {{ISBN|978-0-670-02515-2}}).
* ''A History of War in 100 Battles'' (2014), {{ISBN|9780007452507}}.
* ''RAF: The Birth of the World's First Air Force'' (2018), {{ISBN|978-0-393-35724-0}}
* ''Blood and Ruins: The Great Imperial War, 1931–1945'' (2021), {{ISBN|978-0-713-99562-6}}
* ''Why War?'' (2024), {{ISBN|978-1-324-02174-2}}
* ''Rain of Ruin: Tokyo, Hiroshima, and the Surrender of Japan'' (2025), {{ISBN|978-1-324-10530-5}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Richard Overy}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/richard-overy-FBA The British Academy, profile]
* [http://www.quns.cam.ac.uk/page-249 Official register of fellows of Queens' College, Cambridge]
* [http://huss.exeter.ac.uk/history/staff/overy/biog.php Biography of Richard Overy, University of Exeter]
* [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?num=100&hl=en&lr=&q=author%3ARJ+author%3AOvery&btnG=Search Google Scholar] List of publications by Overy
* {{C-SPAN|9265194}}

{{Wolfson History Prize Winners|state=collapsed}}
{{University of Exeter|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|United Kingdom|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Overy, Richard}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Exeter]]
[[Category:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British military historians]]
[[Category:British military writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of King's College London]]
[[Category:Fellows of Queens' College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Historical Society]]
[[Category:Historians of fascism]]
[[Category:Historians of Nazism]]
[[Category:British historians of World War II]]
[[Category:Wolfson History Prize winners]]

Maclean's

2025-06-08T21:02:33Z

45.49.236.6: /* History */ fixed

{{short description|Canadian monthly magazine}}
{{for|Macleans toothpaste|Macleans (toothpaste)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox magazine
| image_file = Maclean's cover 2008-09-22.jpg
| image_caption = Cover of the September 22, 2008 issue
| title = Maclean's
| editor = Sarah Fulford
| editor_title = Editor-in-Chief
| frequency = '''Print:''' Monthly (semi-monthly/fortnightly 1920–1966, 1975–1978, weekly 1978–2016) '''Digital:''' Monthly
| total_circulation = Paid print: 225,963<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp|title=eCirc for Consumer Magazines|date=June 30, 2016|work=Alliance for Audited Media|access-date=October 1, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170123200306/http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp|archive-date=January 23, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| circulation_year = June 2016
| category = [[magazine]] (general interest until 1975)
| publisher = [[St. Joseph Communications]] (since 2019)
| firstdate = {{start date and age|1905|10|df=yes}}<ref>"[http://www.macleans.ca/about/index.jsp Read about our History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713054110/http://www.macleans.ca/about/index.jsp |date=July 13, 2007 }}." Macleans.ca. Retrieved May 6, 2009</ref> (as The Business Magazine) {{start date|1911|df=yes}}<ref>"[http://www.canadapost.ca/cpo/mc/aboutus/news/pr/2005/2005_april_stamp_macleans.jsf Canada Post honours a Canadian publishing icon: New stamp celebrates 100 years of Maclean's magazine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607063630/http://www.canadapost.ca/cpo/mc/aboutus/news/pr/2005/2005_april_stamp_macleans.jsf |date=June 7, 2009 }}." News Releases. Canada Post Corporation. April 12, 2005. Retrieved May 6, 2009</ref> (as Maclean's)
| based = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]
| country = [[Canada]]
| language = English
| website = {{Official URL}}
| issn = 0024-9262
}}
{{Canadian news media}}
'''''Maclean's''''' is a Canadian [[magazine]] founded in 1905 which reports on Canadian issues such as [[politics]], [[pop culture]], trends and current events. Its founder, publisher [[John Bayne Maclean]], established the magazine to provide a uniquely Canadian perspective on current affairs and to "entertain but also inspire its readers".<ref name=":0" /> [[Rogers Media]], the magazine's publisher since 1994 (after the company acquired Maclean-Hunter Publishing), announced in September 2016 that ''Maclean's'' would become a monthly beginning January 2017, while continuing to produce a weekly issue on the [[Texture app]].<ref name="rogers.com">{{cite press release|url=https://about.rogers.com/cnwposts/rogers-media-unveils-new-magazine-content-strategy/|title=Rogers Media Unveils New Magazine Content Strategy{{snd}} About Rogers}}</ref> In 2019, the magazine was bought by its current publisher, [[St. Joseph Communications]].<ref name=sjctgam>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-toronto-life-owner-st-joseph-communications-to-buy-rogers-magazines/ "Toronto Life owner St. Joseph Communications to buy Rogers magazines"]. ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', March 20, 2019.</ref>

==History==
''The Business Magazine'' was founded in October 1905 by then 43-year-old publisher and entrepreneur [[lieutenant colonel|Lt.-Col.]] [[John Bayne Maclean]], who wrote the magazine's aim was not "merely to entertain but also to inspire its readers".<ref name=":0" /> It was renamed ''The Busy Man's Magazine'' in December 1905, and began providing "uniquely Canadian perspective" on varied topics such as immigration, national defence, home life, [[women's suffrage]], and fiction. Maclean renamed the magazine after himself in 1911, dropping the previous title as too evocative of a business magazine for what had become a general interest publication.<ref name=":0">[http://www.macleans.ca/about-macleans/macleans-the-first-100-years/ Maclean's: The First 100 Years] Aston, S. and Ferguson, S. ''Maclean's''</ref>

Maclean hired [[Thomas B. Costain]] as editor in 1914. Costain invigorated the magazine's coverage of the [[First World War]], running first-person accounts of life on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] as well as Maclean's own critiques of Canada's war effort. Maclean's articles came into conflict with wartime censorship regulations, and Costain was ordered to remove one such article from the May 1918 issue as it was too critical of war policy.<ref name=":0" />

Costain encouraged literary pieces and artistic expressions and ran fiction by [[Robert W. Service]], [[Lucy Maud Montgomery]], Herbert Joseph (Hopkins) Moorhouse, [[O. Henry]], and [[Ray Bradbury]]; commentary by [[Stephen Leacock]] and illustrations by [[C. W. Jefferys]], F. S. Coburn, and several [[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven]] members, including [[A. J. Casson]], [[Arthur Lismer]], and [[J. E. H. MacDonald]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1919, the magazine moved from monthly to fortnightly publication and ran an [[Investigative journalism|exposé]] of the drug trade by [[Emily Murphy]]. In 1925 the circulation of the magazine was 82,013 copies.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Mary|last=Vipond|title=Canadian Nationalism and the Plight of Canadian Magazines in the 1920s|journal=The Canadian Historical Review|date=March 1977|volume=58|issue=1|pages=43–65|doi=10.3138/CHR-058-01-04|s2cid=161469193|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/570471/pdf|access-date=January 2, 2017|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Costain left the magazine to become a novelist and was replaced by J. Vernon Mackenzie who remained at the helm until 1926. During his tenure, ''Maclean's'' achieved national stature.<ref name=":0" />

After Mackenzie, H. Napier Moore became the new editor. An Englishman, he saw the magazine as an expression of Canada's role in the [[British Empire]]. Moore ultimately became a figurehead with the day-to-day running of the magazine falling to managing editor [[W. Arthur Irwin]], a Canadian nationalist, who saw the magazine as an exercise in nation-building, giving it a mandate to promote national pride. Under Irwin's influence, the magazine's covers promoted Canadian scenery and imagery. The magazine also sponsored an annual short story contest on Canadian themes and acquired a sports department. Irwin was also responsible for orienting the magazine towards both small and big "L" [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberalism]].

During the [[Second World War]], ''Maclean's'' ran an overseas edition for Canadian troops serving abroad. By the time of its final run in 1946, the "bantam" edition had a circulation of 800,000. ''Maclean's'' war coverage featured war photography by [[Yousuf Karsh]], later an internationally acclaimed portrait photographer, and articles by war correspondents John Clare and [[Lionel Shapiro]].

Irwin officially replaced Moore as editor in 1945, and reoriented the magazine by building it around news features written by a new cadre of writers that included [[Pierre Berton]], [[W. O. Mitchell]], [[Scott Young (writer)|Scott Young]], [[Ralph Allen (journalist)|Ralph Allen]], and Blair Fraser.

Allen became editor upon Irwin's acceptance of a diplomatic posting in 1950. This era of the magazine was noted for its articles on the Canadian landscape and profiles of town and city life. The feature article, "Canada's North", by [[Pierre Berton]], promoted a new national interest in the Arctic. Prominent writers during this period included [[Robert Fulford (journalist)|Robert Fulford]], [[Peter Gzowski]], [[Peter C. Newman]], [[Trent Frayne]], [[June Callwood]], McKenzie Porter, [[Robert Thomas Allen]] and [[Christina McCall]]. Exposés in the 1950s challenged the criminal justice system, explored [[LSD]], and discussed [[artificial insemination]].

''Maclean's'' published an editorial the day after the [[1957 Canadian federal election|1957 federal election]] announcing the predictable re-election of the [[Louis St. Laurent|St. Laurent]] [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]]. Written before the election results were known, Allen failed to anticipate the upset election of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]] under [[John Diefenbaker]].

The magazine struggled to compete with television in the 1960s, increasing its international coverage and attempting to keep up with the [[sexual revolution]] through a succession of editors including Gzowski and [[Charles Templeton]]. Templeton quit after a short time at the helm due to his frustration with interference by the publishing company, [[Maclean-Hunter]].

In 1961, ''Maclean's'' began publishing a [[French-language]] edition, ''Le Magazine Maclean'', which survived until 1976, when the edition was absorbed by ''[[L'actualité]]''.

Peter C. Newman became editor in 1971, and attempted to revive the magazine by publishing feature articles by writers such as [[Barbara Frum]] and [[Michael Enright (broadcaster)|Michael Enright]], and poetry by [[Irving Layton]]. [[Walter Stewart (journalist)|Walter Stewart]], correspondent and eventually [[managing editor]] during this period, often clashed with Newman. In 1975 Newman brought in columnist [[Allan Fotheringham]]. Fotheringham made famous ''The Back Page'', where he wrote for 27 years.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hawthorn |first=Tom |date=August 19, 2020 |title=Allan Fotheringham was loved, revered and loathed but never ignored |url=https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/allan-fotheringham-was-loved-and-loathed-but-never-ignored/ |access-date=June 21, 2022 |website=Maclean's}}</ref> Readers would go to read ''The Back Page'' first and then proceed to read the magazine from back to front.<ref name=":1" />

Under Newman, the magazine switched from being a monthly general interest publication to a bi-weekly news magazine in 1975, and to a weekly newsmagazine three years later. The magazine opened news bureaus across the country and international bureaus in [[London, England]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=":0" />

In 1982, when Newman retired, his managing editor, Kevin Doyle, became editor-in-chief. Doyle, a former reporter for ''The Canadian Press'' in [[Ottawa]] and a New York-based writer for ''[[Newsweek]]'', expanded coverage of news and opened a [[Moscow]] bureau. On his watch the magazine published the first of yearly annual polls by Allan Gregg on the Canadian condition and the controversial university ranking issue, which became an annual mini-franchise for the magazine. At its peak, the magazine had 2.3 million weekly readers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/kevin-doyle-macleans-chief-raised-the-bar-for-canadian-journalism/article24950800/|title=Kevin Doyle: Maclean's chief raised the bar for Canadian journalism|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=June 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macleans.ca/society/life/remembering-macleans-editor-kevin-doyle-1943-2015/|title=Remembering Maclean's editor Kevin Doyle, 1943-2015|website=www.macleans.ca|date=May 26, 2015 }}</ref>

When Doyle left ''Maclean's'' in 1993, publisher Brian Segal appointed [[Robert Lewis (journalist)|Robert Lewis]] as editor-in-chief.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/former-macleans-editor-robert-lewis-named-new-canadian-journalism-foundation-chair-508301231.html|title=Former Maclean's editor Robert Lewis named new Canadian Journalism Foundation chair|website=www.newswire.ca|access-date=September 5, 2018}}</ref> The managing editor under Doyle, Lewis had opened the magazine's Ottawa bureau in 1975 when it became a newsmagazine. Under Doyle, Lewis was responsible for the launch of the first university ranking issue. While he was editor, writer Ann Dowsett Johnston won several National Magazine Awards (NMA) for the annual university issue<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/author/cr-107498/ann-dowsett-johnston|title=Ann Dowsett Johnston|access-date=September 5, 2018}}</ref> and the magazine received an honourable mention in the 1998 Michener Awards for investigative reporting on sexual harassment and rape in the Canadian military.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.michenerawards.ca/english/winaward/1998-michener-award-winner-toronto-star/|title=Michener Awards Foundation {{!}} 1998 Michener Award Winner – Toronto Star|website=www.michenerawards.ca|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> The article by Jane O'Hara also won two medals at the National Magazine Awards in 1999, including the President's Medal, and "remains one of the most significant and studied feature stories in the history of Canadian magazines," according to an official NMA history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.magazine-awards.com/tag/macleans/|title=Maclean's – National Magazine Awards|website=blog.magazine-awards.com|access-date=September 5, 2018}}</ref>

===21st century===
In 2001, [[Anthony Wilson-Smith]] became the 15th editor in the magazine's history. He left the post at the end of February 2005 and was replaced by [[Kenneth Whyte]], who also served as the magazine's publisher.

Whyte, who previously edited ''[[Saturday Night (magazine)|Saturday Night]]'' and the ''[[National Post]]'', brought a [[right-wing politics|right-wing]] focus to the magazine, bringing in conservative columnist [[Mark Steyn]], hiring [[Andrew Coyne]] away from the ''Post'', and rehiring [[Barbara Amiel]]. He also added a comedy feature by former [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] strategist Scott Feschuk, and a column by [[Andrew Potter]], who previously wrote for left-leaning periodicals.

The October 4, 2010, edition of the magazine — published online September 24, 2010 — had a cover article with the headline: "Quebec: The Most Corrupt Province", with the subheading, "Why does Quebec claim so many of the nation's political scandals?" The cover illustration featured the [[Quebec Winter Carnival]] mascot, Bonhomme, carrying a suitcase overflowing with cash.<ref name=corrupt>Patriquin, Martin, "[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/09/24/the-most-corrupt-province/ Quebec: The most corrupt province]," ''Maclean's''. September 24, 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2011</ref><ref name=hamilton>Hamilton, Graeme. [https://nationalpost.com/Charest+making+lemonade+from+Maclean+magazine+lemons/3599648/story.html Charest making lemonade from Maclean's magazine lemons.] ''National Post''. September 29, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010</ref>

This depiction angered some [[Quebec]] politicians and organizers of the Carnival.<ref>Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. [https://www.cbc.ca/news2/pointofview/2010/09/macleans-is-the-oct-4-cover-offensive.html Maclean's: Is the Oct. 4 cover with Bonhomme Carnaval offensive?] September 24, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2021</ref> Quebec [[Premier]] [[Jean Charest]], wrote a letter to the editor of ''Maclean's'' condemning the magazine's "twisted form of journalism and ignorance", calling it "[[sensationalist]]", "far from serious", "simplistic", and "offensive", saying the editor "discredited" the magazine.<ref name=hamilton/><ref name=charest>Raw Document: [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/read-jean-charests-letter-to-macleans-magazine/article1369825/ Read Jean Charest's letter to Maclean's magazine.] ''The Globe and Mail''. September 30, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2021</ref><ref name=seguin>Séguin, Rhéal. [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/as-charest-bristles-macleans-stands-by-scathing-report-on-quebec-corruption/article1214191/ As Charest bristles, Maclean's stands by scathing report on Quebec corruption.] ''The Globe and Mail''. September 29, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2021</ref>

The magazine refused to back away from its position vis-à-vis corruption in Quebec.<ref name=hamilton/> A bilingual editorial said that Charest's response to the ''Maclean's'' article was an attempt to "implicate ordinary citizens in a scandal created by [its] politicians".<ref name=hamilton/><ref name=editorial>"[http://www.macleans.ca/2010/09/29/we-believe-quebecers-deserve-better-and-they-seem-to-agree/ We believe Quebecers deserve better, and they seem to agree]", Editorial. ''Maclean's''. September 29, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2011</ref> ''Maclean's'' acknowledged "that neither its cover story nor an accompanying column provided empirical evidence that Quebec is more corrupt than other provinces".<ref name=hamilton/> Yet, "that does not mean we are required to suspend all judgment in the face of a preponderance of evidence—scandal after scandal at every level of government in the province, all of them involving not just one or two bad actors but [[systemic corruption]].<ref name=editorial/>

Not all opinion in Quebec ran contrary to ''Maclean's'' position. The French-language ''[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]'', the province's leading broadsheet, wrote that "[''Maclean's''] claim that Quebec has a higher number of scandals is 'undeniable'."<ref name=editorial/>

Despite the steadfast position of ''Maclean's'' editorial board, the magazine's publisher issued a qualified apology. On September 30, 2010, referring to the controversy, [[Brian Segal]], the president of [[Rogers Communications#Publishing|Rogers Publishing]], apologized for "any offence that the cover may have caused", saying the province "is an important market for the company and we look forward to participating in the dynamic growth of the province and its citizens".<ref>"[http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/September2010/30/c6718.html Rogers Publishing comments on the recent issue of Maclean's Magazine]", ''[[Canada Newswire]]''. September 30, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010</ref>

The organizers of [[Carnaval de Québec]] sued ''Maclean's'' over the cover showing the iconic figure, settling out of court in November 2010.<ref>Postmedia News. [https://nationalpost.com/todays-paper/Quebec+carnival+settles+with+Maclean/3787204/story.html "Quebec carnival settles with Maclean's".] ''National Post''. November 6, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010</ref>

Rogers Communications announced in September 2016 that, due to falling print ad revenue, the magazine would change its printing schedule from weekly to monthly beginning in January 2017 although it would continue to offer weekly digital editions via Rogers' ''Texture'' digital bundle.<ref name="thestar.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2016/09/30/rogers-to-stop-print-editions-of-four-magazines.html|title=Maclean's among magazines hit by Rogers media overhaul |website=thestar.com|date=September 30, 2016 }}</ref>

On March 20, 2019, Rogers announced a deal to sell the magazine to [[St. Joseph Communications]].<ref name="sjctgam" /> ''Maclean's'' continues to publish 12 editions annually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.macleans.ca/about-us/ |access-date=June 21, 2022 |website=Maclean's}}</ref>

==Canadian Islamic Congress complaint==
{{Main|Human rights complaints against Maclean's magazine}}
In December 2007, the [[Canadian Islamic Congress]] (CIC) launched complaints with the [[Canadian Human Rights Commission]], [[British Columbia Human Rights Commission]], and the [[Ontario Human Rights Commission]] against ''Maclean's,'' accusing it of publishing 18 articles between January 2005 and July 2007 the group considered [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]] in nature, including a column by [[Mark Steyn]] titled "The future belongs to Islam".<ref>Canadian Islamic Congress, "[http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/December2007/04/c7400.html Human Rights Complaints Launched Against Maclean's Magazine]", ''[[Canada Newswire]]''. December 4, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2009</ref><ref>Awan, Khurrum, et al. ''[http://www.canadianislamiccongress.com/ar/Report_on_Macleans_Journalism.pdf Maclean's Magazine: A Case Study of Media-Propagated Islamophobia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209102120/http://canadianislamiccongress.com/ar/Report_on_Macleans_Journalism.pdf |date=December 9, 2008 }}''. Canadian Islamic Congress. 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2009</ref><ref>Steyn, Mark. "[https://www.macleans.ca/culture/the-future-belongs-to-islam/ The future belongs to Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722075647/http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20061023_134898_134898|date=July 22, 2009}}," ''Maclean's''. October 20, 2006. Retrieved May 6, 2009</ref> According to the CIC complaint (as discussed in a ''[[National Post]]'' article by [[Ezra Levant]]), Maclean's is "flagrantly Islamophobic" and "subjects Canadian Muslims to hatred and contempt".<ref name=censorship>Levant, Ezra. "[https://nationalpost.com/most_popular/story.html?id=175234 Censorship In The Name of 'Human Rights'] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20071220040028/http://www.nationalpost.com/most_popular/story.html?id=175234 |date=December 20, 2007 }}", ''National Post''. December 18, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2009</ref> In contrast, Levant said the complainants were "illiberal censors who have found a quirk in our legal system, and are using it to undermine our Western traditions of freedom".<ref name=censorship/> On October 10, 2008, the B.C. Human Rights Tribunal dismissed the allegations of "hate speech" made by the Canadian Islamic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-10 |title=B.C. panel rejects Muslim complaint vs. Maclean's |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/b-c-panel-rejects-muslim-complaint-vs-maclean-s-1.332541?cache=?clipId=68597 |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref> Maclean's consistently took the position that Steyn's article, an excerpt from his best-selling book, ''[[America Alone]]'', is a worthy contribution to an important debate on geopolitical and demographic issues, and that plaintiff's demands for equal space for a rebuttal was unreasonable and untenable.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20071204_165238_4452 |title=Maclean's editor responds to CIC allegations | Macleans.ca - Canada - Features |access-date=2011-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428203931/http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20071204_165238_4452 |archive-date=April 28, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Accusations that Maclean's supported Islamophobic articles and writers continued after the Oct. 26, 2013 issue featured an interview with singer [[Celine Dion]] wherein the singer was reported as making racist and insensitive comments about Muslim women's right to wear religious clothing under the proposed Quebec Charter of Values.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iannacci |first=Elio |date=October 26, 2013 |title=Céline Dion in conversation |url=https://www.macleans.ca/culture/arts/on-the-highest-note-she-ever-hit-her-insecurities-and-what-she-thinks-of-quebecs-charter-of-values-2/ |access-date=June 21, 2022 |website=Maclean's}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 11, 2013 |title=World famous star Céline Dion Criticizes Muslims living in Québec |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2013/11/111891/world-famous-star-celine-dion-criticizes-muslims-living-in-quebec |access-date=June 21, 2022 |website=Morocco World News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jedwab |first=Jack |date=2013-10-29 |title=Dear Celine Dion: You're wrong about the veil law |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/dear-celine-dion-youre-wrong-about-the-veil-law/article15132164/ |access-date=2022-06-21}}</ref> During a press conference in [[Montreal]] on November 9, 2013, Dion's husband and manager [[Rene Angelil]] refuted claims that the singer made such comments, touching on both his and Celine's shared ancestry: "… both Céline and I share family coming from the Middle-East — me from Lebanon and Syria and her fathers family from Lebanon also… to say she'd make these comments is hurtful to both Céline and her Muslim fans and we have made contact with Maclean's through our legal team."

On January 19, 2014, it was reported by Québécois media that Maclean's and Dion's team had reached an agreement outside of court with Maclean's making a (now redacted) apology to Dion within the original article.

=="Too Asian?" article==
{{Main|Maclean's "Too Asian" controversy}}
In the November 2010 university ranking issue under the editorship of [[Kenneth Whyte]] and Mark Stevenson, reporter Stephanie Findlay and senior writer Nicholas Köhler wrote an article about the perceived over-representation of Asian students at Canadian universities, entitled "Too Asian?"<ref>Findlay, Stephanie and Köhler, Nicholas. [http://www.macleans.ca/2010/11/10/too-asian/ "Too Asian?"] ''Maclean's''. November 10, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010</ref> This led to allegations that ''Maclean's'' intentionally perpetuated racial stereotypes to court controversy for the sake of publicity.<ref>[https://www.straight.com/blogra/open-letter-call-eliminate-anti-asian-racism Open letter: A call to eliminate anti-Asian racism.] November 23, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2021</ref><ref name="theglobeandmail.com">Friesen, Joe. [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/macleans-no-longer-worthy-of-public-funding-senator-says/article1320410/ Maclean's no longer worthy of public funding, senator says.] ''The Globe and Mail''. December 17, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2021</ref><ref name="Letter to Heritage Minister">Poy, Vivienne. [http://www.viviennepoy.ca/english/speeches/2010Speeches/Moore,J_161210%282%29.pdf Letter to Heritage Minister.] December 16, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010</ref><ref>Chinese Canadian National Council. [http://www.ccnc.ca/content/pr.php?entry=230 CCNC Rejects Letter from Rogers Publishing.] December 22, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010</ref><ref>Poy, Vivienne. [http://www.viviennepoy.ca/english/speeches/2010Speeches/racial%20stereotyping-e.pdf Debates of the Senate: Racial Stereotyping by the Media.] November 24, 2010.</ref> Amidst criticism from a number of student unions and politicians, on December 16, 2010, Toronto's city council voted to request an apology from ''Maclean's'' magazine as the third Canadian city to do so after Victoria and Vancouver.<ref>Dale, Daniel. [https://www.thestar.com/news/article/908934--council-asks-maclean-s-for-too-asian-apology Council asks Maclean's for 'Too Asian?' apology.] ''Toronto Star''. December 20, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010</ref><ref>Toronto City Council. [http://app.toronto.ca/tmmis/viewAgendaItemHistory.do?item=2011.MM2.7 Request for Apology for the media article "Too Asian?"] December 16, 2010.</ref> In a letter to the [[Minister of Canadian Heritage]], Senator [[Vivienne Poy]] suggested that public outrage over the ''Maclean's'' article, "defined as material that is denigrating to an identifiable group", should deem it ineligible for government funding.<ref name="theglobeandmail.com"/><ref name="Letter to Heritage Minister"/>

==Editors-in-chief==
*W. Arnot Craick (1905—1910)<ref name="editor">{{cite news |last1=Allen |first1=Glen |title=An Editor's Magazine |url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1985/12/30/an-editors-magazine |work=Maclean's |date=December 30, 1985}}</ref>
*Roy Fry (1911—1913)<ref name="confidence">{{Cite web|title=Maclean's — October 1955|url=https://archive.macleans.ca/issue/19551015|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Maclean's {{!}} The Complete Archive|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Thomas B. Costain]] (1914—1921)<ref name="editor"/><ref name="confidence"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thomas B. Costain {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/thomas-b-costain|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>
*J. Vernon Mackenzie(1921—1926)<ref name="editor"/><ref name="confidence"/>
*H. Napier Moore (1926—1945)<ref name="editor"/><ref name="confidence"/>
*[[W. Arthur Irwin]] (1945—1950)<ref name="editor"/><ref name="confidence"/>
*[[Ralph Allen (journalist)|Ralph Allen]] (1950—1960)<ref name="editor"/>
*Blair Fraser (1960—1962)<ref name="editor"/>
*Ken Lefolii (1962—1964)<ref name="editor"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=1964-08-02|title=5 Quit Canadian Magazine, Charging Owners Interfered (Published 1964)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/02/archives/5-quit-canadian-magazine-charging-owners-interfered.html|access-date=2020-12-01|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*Borden Spears (1964—1969)<ref name="editor"/>
*[[Charles Templeton]] (1969)
*[[Peter Gzowski]] (1970)
*[[Peter C. Newman]] (1971—1982)<ref name="editor"/>
*Kevin Doyle (1982—1993)
*[[Robert Lewis (journalist)|Robert Lewis]] (1993—2000)
*Anthony Wilson-Smith (2000—2005)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Maclean's editor steps down|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/macleans-editor-steps-down/article974118/|access-date=2020-12-01}}</ref>
*[[Kenneth Whyte]] (2005—2011)
*Mark Stevenson (2011—2016)
*Alison Uncles (2016—2022)
*Sarah Fulford (2022—present)

==''Guide to Canadian Universities''==
{{See also|Rankings of universities in Canada}}
[[Image:Maclean's 2008 university guide.gif|thumb|Cover of 2008 ''Guide to Canadian Universities'']]

The ''Maclean's Guide to Canadian Universities'' is published annually in March. It is also known as ''Maclean's University Guide''. It includes information from the Maclean's University Rankings, an issue of the magazine proper that is published annually in November, primarily for students in their last year of high school and entering their first year in Canadian universities. Both the ''Guide'' and the rankings issue feature articles discussing [[Canadian universities]] and ranking them by order of quality. The rankings focus on taking a measure of the "undergraduate experience",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/865429/maclean-s-unveils-its-21st-annual-university-rankings|title=Maclean's – Maclean's unveils its 21st annual University Rankings|work=newswire.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macleans.ca/education/unirankings/our-18th-annual-rankings/|title=Maclean's 2008 University Rankings – Macleans.ca|first=Mary|last=Dwyer|work=Maclean's|date=December 19, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="macleans.ca">{{cite web |url=http://www.macleans.ca/education/universities/article.jsp?content=20031106_133202_2948 |title=Overall Rankings Charts | Macleans.ca - Education - Universities |access-date=2013-04-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205234751/http://www.macleans.ca/education/universities/article.jsp?content=20031106_133202_2948 |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> comparing universities in three peer groupings: Primarily Undergraduate, Comprehensive, and Medical Doctoral.

Schools in the Primarily Undergraduate category are largely focused on undergraduate education, with relatively few graduate programs. Comprehensives have a significant amount of research activity and a wide range of graduate and undergraduate programs, including professional degrees. Medical Doctoral institutions have a broad range of PhD programs and research, as well as medical schools.

In early 2006, ''Maclean's'' announced that in June 2006, it would be introducing a new annual issue called the University Student Issue. The issue would feature the results of a survey of recent university graduates from each Canadian university. However, many universities, such as the [[University of Calgary]], [[McMaster University]], and the [[University of Toronto]], refused to take part in this exercise. The three institutions stated that they questioned the "magazine's ability to conduct a survey that would be rigorous and provide accurate and useful information to students and their parents".<ref>"[http://dailynews.mcmaster.ca/story.cfm?id=3960 Universities opt out of Maclean's graduate survey]", ''McMaster Daily News''. April 19, 2006. Retrieved May 6, 2009</ref> In response, ''Maclean's'' sought the results of two university-commissioned student surveys: the Canadian Undergraduate Survey Consortium (CUSC) and the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE).<ref>Farran, Sandy. "[http://www.macleans.ca/education/universities/article.jsp?content=20060626_129371_129371 How we got these survey results: At some schools, all we had to do was ask. Others were less forthcoming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007150451/http://www.macleans.ca/education/universities/article.jsp?content=20060626_129371_129371 |date=October 7, 2007 }}," ''Maclean's''. June 26, 2006. Retrieved May 6, 2009</ref> Results from these surveys, along with ''Maclean's'' own graduate survey, were published in the June 26, 2006, edition of ''Maclean's''.

For the November 2006 University Rankings issue, 22 Canadian universities refused to provide information directly to ''Maclean's''. To rank those universities, the magazine relied on data it collected itself, as well as data drawn from third party sources such as [[Statistics Canada]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} Among the universities that refused to provide information directly to ''Maclean's'' in the fall of 2006 were: [[University of British Columbia]], [[University of Toronto]], [[Dalhousie University]], [[McMaster University]], [[University of New Brunswick]], [[University of Manitoba]], [[Université du Québec|Université du Québec network]], [[Simon Fraser University]], [[University of Alberta]], [[University of Calgary]], [[University of Lethbridge]], [[Toronto Metropolitan University|Ryerson University]], [[Université de Montréal]], [[University of Ottawa]], [[York University]], [[Concordia University (Montreal)|Concordia University]], [[University of Western Ontario]], [[Lakehead University]], [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]], [[Carleton University]], and [[University of Windsor]]. The withholding of data served as a means of voicing the universities' displeasure with the methodology used to determine the ''Maclean's'' ranking.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/11-universities-bail-out-of-maclean-s-survey-1.570771 11 universities bail out of Maclean's survey]. [[CBC News]]. August 14, 2006. Retrieved May 6, 2009</ref> [[Indira Samarasekera]], president of [[University of Alberta|The University of Alberta]], further discussed this in the article, "Rising Up Against Rankings", published in the April 2, 2007, issue of ''[[Inside Higher Ed]].''<ref>Samarasekera, Indira. "[https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2007/04/02/rising-against-rankings Rising Up Against Rankings]," ''Inside Higher Ed''. April 2, 2007. Retrieved December 20, 2021</ref>

The University Rankings Issue contains a compilation of different charts and lists judging the different aspects of universities in different categories. The three main areas listed in chart form in the University Rankings Issue as at November 3, 2006, are: the overall rankings themselves, the university student surveys, and the magazine's "national reputational rankings" of the schools.

The National Reputational Rankings, like the main university rankings, are broken into three subcategories: medical doctoral, comprehensive, and primarily undergraduate and are based on opinions of the quality of the universities. The quality opinions gathered were contributed by secondary school principals, guidance counsellors, organization and company heads, and recruiters. The results of the reputational rankings are included in the main university rankings, and account for 16% of a university's total ranking score.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

===Criticism===
A University of Windsor team, led by professors Stewart Page and Ken Cramer, conducted an annual analysis of the ''Maclean's Guide to Canadian Universities'' since its inception, publishing compiled findings as ''The Marketing of Canadian University Rankings: A Misadventure Now 24 Years Old'', in 2016, summarized by its authors as:<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Marketing of Canadian University Rankings: A Misadventure Now 24 Years Old|last1=Cramer|first1=Kenneth M.|last2=Page|first2=Stewart|last3=Burrows|first3=Vanessa|last4=Lamoureux|first4=Chastine|last5=Mackay|first5=Sarah|last6=Pedri|first6=Victoria|last7=Pschibul|first7=Rebecca|doi=10.22329/celt.v9i0.4434|journal=Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching|volume=9|page=232|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1104469.pdf|year=2016}}</ref>

{{quote|Based on analyses of Maclean’s ranking data pertaining to Canadian universities published over the last 24 years, we present a summary of statistical findings of annual ranking exercises, as well as discussion about their current status and the effects upon student welfare. Some illustrative tables are also presented. Using correlational and cluster analyses, for each year, we have found largely nonsignificant, inconsistent, and uninterpretable relations between rank standings of universities and Maclean’s main measures, as well as between rank standings and the many specific indices used to generate these standings. In our opinion, when assessed in terms of their empirical characteristics, the annual data show generally that this system of ranking is highly limited in terms of its practical or academic value to students.|''The Marketing of Canadian University Rankings: A Misadventure Now 24 Years Old''}}

Co-author Stewart Page had observed, in 2012, that numerous Canadian schools had withdrawn active cooperation from ''Maclean’s'' annual surveys.<ref>Page, Stewart [https://academicmatters.ca/final-observations-of-canadian-university-rankings-a-misadventure-now-over-two-decades-long/ "Final Observations of Canadian University Rankings: A Misadventure Now Over Two Decades Long"] ''Academics Matter'', Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations, November 20, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 20234.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Media in Canada]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://archive.macleans.ca/issues|title=The 2010s: 2019 {{!}} The Complete Maclean's Archive }}{{snd}} 100,000 stories from 1905 to 2008 are free to read.
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.macleans.ca/education-hub/|title=Maclean's Education hub }}

{{St. Joseph Communications}}
{{University ranking systems}}
{{Canadian journalism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Maclean's| ]]
[[Category:1905 establishments in Ontario]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in Canada]]
[[Category:News magazines published in Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian news websites]]
[[Category:Online magazines published in Canada]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in Canada]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1905]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Toronto]]
[[Category:Weekly news magazines]]
[[Category:St. Joseph Media magazines]]

ABC Color

2025-06-08T18:00:23Z

45.49.236.6: ifixed.

{{Short description|Paraguayan newspaper}}{{Infobox newspaper
| name = ABC Color
| motto = ''Un diario joven con fe en la Patria'' ("A young newspaper with faith in the Fatherland") ''El diario de mayor circulación de la República'' ("The newspaper with the largest circulation in the Republic") ''El diario completo'' ("The complete newspaper")
| logo = Abc color.PNG
| image = Abc-color.jpg
| caption = Façade of the ''ABC Color'' headquarters
| type = Daily morning newspaper
| format =
| foundation = August 8, 1967
| ceased publication =
| owners =
| publisher =
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| staff =
| language = Spanish
| political =
| circulation =
| headquarters = [[Asunción]], [[Paraguay]]
| sister newspapers =
| oclc =
| ISSN =
| website = [http://www.abc.com.py/ www.abc.com.py]
}}

'''''ABC Color''''' is a [[Paraguay]]an [[daily newspaper]] that is part of Editorial Azeta S.A., a subsidiary of Grupo Azeta. It was established in 1967 by Aldo Zuccolillo. Founded in August 1967, it is often regarded as Paraguay's [[newspaper of record]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Folch |first=Christine |year=2019 |chapter=Currency |title=Hydropolitics: The Itaipu Dam, Sovereignty, and the Engineering of Modern South America |series=Princeton Studies in Culture and Technology |volume=39 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher= Princeton University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctvdf0j6c |isbn=9780691186597 |quote=ABC Color, the Paraguayan paper of record |quote-page=81}}</ref>

==History==
ABC Color was founded August 8, 1967 by Aldo Zuccolillo. It was the first newspaper in [[Paraguay]] to introduce color pages and the tabloid format. It also became the first to be distributed nationwide, reaching beyond the capital. It is one of the most widely read daily newspapers in Paraguay.

In its formative years, ''ABC Color'' supported [[Alfredo Stroessner]]'s autocratic regime. During the founding event of the newspaper, Zuccolillo declared this is "a great newspaper serving a great government".

However, in the late 1970s and during the 1980s, ''ABC Color'' took a more critical position. This shift resulted in Zuccolillo being imprisoned for several days in 1983 due to his dissent against the regime. It also caused the forced suspension of the newspaper from March 22, 1984, until the end of Stroessner's dictatorship, in 1989. Additionally, months before the suspension, José María Orlando, a [[Uruguayans|Uruguayan]] journalist who collaborated with the newspaper, was expelled from the country.<ref name="Gonzalez Delvalle">{{cite news |last1=Gonzalez Delvalle |first1=Alcibiades |title=Our Newspaper Remembers Two Contradictory Birthdays|url=https://www.abc.com.py/nacionales/2021/03/22/nuestro-diario-recuerda-dos-cumpleanos-contradictorios/ |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=ABC |date=Mar 22, 2021}}</ref>

After its suspension, journalists associated with ''ABC Color'' were prohibited from establishing or participating in other media outlets. The editor was detained multiple times subsequently. Following the end of the dictatorship, the newspaper resumed publication on March 22, 1989, after a five-year hiatus.

Since resuming publication, ''ABC Color'' has featured a variety of supplements, including "Deportivo," "Motor °360," "El ABC Escolar," "Cultural," and "Económico." Notable discontinued supplements include "De mujer a mujer," "El ABC Estudiantil" (ceased in 2015), and "Salud familiar," which became part of "Nosotras" magazine in 2019. "ABC Rural" now appears as an addition to the Wednesday edition, and "Casa y Jardín" was also integrated into "Nosotras" magazine in 2019. The "Weekend" supplement ended in 2020, "Mundo Digital" in 2016, among others. The newspaper also published various magazines such as "Revista ABC," "Empresas y Negocios" (2012-2020), "Mundo Judicial" (2016-2017), "Nosotras" (2010-2019), "Gastronomía" (printed until 2019, then moved online), and "VIP" (2013-2020). In 1996, ABC Digital was launched, marking the first online presence for a Paraguayan newspaper and remains the most visited news website in the country.

In 2016, ''ABC Color'' was the media outlet with the highest number of daily readers and social media followers (on platforms such as Facebook and Twitter) in Paraguay. That year, the daily readership of ABC Digital's website exceeded 400,000, including users accessing via mobile phones, computers, or tablets, either through the website directly or via the app available in the Play Store and App Store. The circulation of its printed editions, including newspapers and periodicals, was recorded at 54,000 copies. Additionally, it became the first communication website in the country to surpass one million followers on its Facebook fan page.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{in lang|es}} [http://www.abc.com.py/ ABC Color]

[[Category:Newspapers published in Paraguay|ABC Color]]
[[Category:Spanish-language newspapers|ABC Color]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1967]]

{{Paraguay-newspaper-stub}}

Bayer Corporation

2025-06-08T16:57:02Z

45.49.236.6: fixed.

{{Short description|Chemical company and American subsidiary of Bayer AG}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bayer Corporation
| logo = Logo Bayer.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1954}}
| founder = Werner Baumann
| defunct =
| location_city =
| location_country = U.S.
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Nationwide
| key_people = Philip Blake (Senior Bayer Representative USA)<ref>{{cite web|title=About Bayer in the US|url=http://www.bayerus.com/about/bayerinus/Leadership/CorpLeadership.aspx|accessdate=30 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411215306/http://www.bayerus.com/about/BayerInUS/Leadership/CorpLeadership.aspx|archive-date=11 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| industry = [[Pharmaceuticals]], [[Agricultural Chemicals]],
| products = [[prescription drugs|prescription medications]] [[OTC drug|over the counter drugs]] [[nutritional supplements]] diagnostic products [[veterinary|animal health]] products [[crop protection]] products 
| services =
| revenue = {{gain}}$17.0 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (€15.1 billion) {{small|(2019)}} <ref name="Bayer Corp Data">{{cite web|title=Bayer: North America|url=http://www.bayer.com/en/North-America.aspx|accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 20,735 (2019)<ref name="Bayer Corp Data"/>
| parent = [[Bayer]]
| divisions =
| subsid = Bayer Animation
| homepage = {{url|https://bayerus.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Bayer Corporation''' (also known as '''Bayer USA''') is the American subsidiary of [[Bayer AG]]. Its main offices are located in [[Whippany, New Jersey]]. In addition it has 40 fully consolidated subsidiary companies<ref name="Bayer Corp Data"/> located in 19 different states.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Communities|url=http://www.bayerus.com/About/BayerInUS/OurCommunities.aspx|accessdate=25 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413015915/http://www.bayerus.com/about/BayerInUS/OurCommunities.aspx|archive-date=13 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is headquartered in [[Whippany, New Jersey|Whippany]], [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayer in the Community |url=https://www.bayer.com/en/us/our-locations |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250422093759/https://www.bayer.com/en/us/our-locations |archive-date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.bayer.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Bayer AG began marketing in the United States soon after the company's inception in [[Germany]]. In the late 19th century, they began to sell their trademark medication, [[aspirin]]. While the name "aspirin" became synonymous with Bayer for over a quarter of a century, the company's patents and [[trademark|trademarks]] were seized by the United States [[Office of Alien Property Custodian]] in 1917, due to Germany's enemy status in [[World War I]]. These assets were later auctioned and sold to [[Sterling Drug]].

===Mobay===
In 1954, Bayer AG and [[Monsanto]] reached an agreement for establishment of a joint venture that was to be called [[Mobay]]. Initially established in [[St. Louis]], Mobay established its headquarters in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] in 1958, moving to a location in [[Robinson Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania|Robinson Township]] in 1960.<ref name="Bayer50">{{cite book|title=Bayer 50 Pittsburgh|date=September 2008|publisher=Bayer Corporate Communications|location=Pittsburgh, PA|page=11}}</ref> A [[polyurethane]]s manufacturing site in [[New Martinsville, West Virginia]] began operation in 1955.<ref name="Milestones">{{cite book|last=Verg|first=Erik|title=The Bayer Story. Milestones 1863-1988|date=1988|publisher=Bayer AG|location=Leverkusen, Germany|isbn=3-921349-48-6|page=440|url=http://www.bayer.com/en/milestones-the-bayer-story.pdfx?forced=true}}</ref>{{rp|440}}

In 1964 the [[United States Department of Justice]] brought antitrust action against Mobay, resulting in Bayer AG reaching an agreement to purchase Monsanto's share of the company in 1967.<ref name="Milestones"/>{{rp|440–441}} In October 1971 Mobay, along with five other Bayer-owned chemical-related subsidiaries in the United States, merged into a single company called Baychem Chemical Company and headquartered in [[New York City]]. By 1974 the company relocated to Pittsburgh under the name Mobay Chemical Company.<ref name="Bayer50"/>{{rp|24}}<ref name="Milestones"/>{{rp|487}} In that same decade two additional United States companies were acquired and merged into Mobay: [[Cutter Laboratories]] in 1974 and [[Miles Laboratories]] in 1978.<ref name="Milestones"/>{{rp|489}}

In 1992 Bayer consolidated its United States operations under the name Miles, and the Mobay name was discontinued.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=REISCH|first=MARC|date=1991-09-30|title=Bayer reorganizes U.S. operations as Miles Inc.|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=69|issue=39|pages=7|doi=10.1021/cen-v069n039.p007|issn=0009-2347}}</ref>

In 1994, Bayer reacquired full rights to all former Bayer products<ref>{{Cite web|last=SEC|title=Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Registration of securities 20FR12B/A|url=https://sec.report/Document/0000950133-02-000128/|access-date=2020-08-19|website=SEC.report|language=en}}</ref> after they purchased the Winthrop division of [[Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] drugs from [[Glaxo|GlaxoSmithKline]], and the Miles name was discontinued.

In 2012, Bayer relocated the top United States administrative head to the Bayer HealthCare site in [[Whippany, New Jersey|Whippany]]. In 2019, Bayer announced the end of it operations at its Pittsburgh site.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bayer to close its Robinson site, impact 600 employees |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/business/career-workplace/2019/01/15/Bayer-pharmaceutical-closing-shut-down-Robinson-Pittsburgh-600-workers-Monsanto/stories/201901150104 |website=www.post-gazette.com |accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref> Later that year Bayer agreed to sell its Pittsburgh facilities to [[Covestro]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Covestro to buy former Bayer headquarters site, as Bayer cuts Pittsburgh presence |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/business/healthcare-business/2019/12/04/Covestro-Bayer-headquarters-Robinson-acquisition/stories/201912040098?cid=search |website=www.post-gazette.com |accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref>

===Bayer MaterialScience divestiture===
On September 18, 2014, the Board of Directors of Bayer AG announced plans to float the Bayer MaterialScience business on the stock market as a separate entity.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bayer to Spin Off Plastics Group to Focus on Health Care|url=http://nyti.ms/Xn0BOB|accessdate=13 October 2014|work=New York Times|date=September 18, 2014}}</ref> This transaction was completed in the fall of 2015 with the establishment of [[Covestro|Covestro AG]].<ref>Sheenagh Matthews and Alex Webb for Bloomberg News. October 6, 2015 [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-06/covestro-jumps-on-first-day-of-trading-in-frankfurt-after-ipo Covestro Jumps on First Day of Trading in Frankfurt After IPO]</ref>

==Products==
Noted over-the-counter Bayer products include [[Aleve]], Bayer Aspirin, [[Alka-Seltzer]], Phillip's Laxatives, [[Bactine]], One-A-Day Vitamins, Flintstone Vitamins, and [[Midol]]. The company also markets prescription medications, animal medications, and diagnostic and medical testing equipment. Aside from the medical arm of the company, Bayer also creates many different chemicals and agricultural products.

== Lawsuit and settlement ==
In 2018, Bayer purchased the American agricultural product producer Monsanto Co.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bayer To Pay More Than $10 Billion To Resolve Cancer Lawsuits Over Weedkiller Roundup|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/24/882949098/bayer-to-pay-more-than-10-billion-to-resolve-roundup-cancer-lawsuits|access-date=2020-06-25|website=NPR.org|date=24 June 2020 |language=en|last1=Chappell |first1=Bill }}</ref> With the purchase, Bayer also took on litigation against its weedkiller product, Roundup, which was subject to thousands of lawsuits, representing nearly 100,000 people,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-24|title=Bayer to pay up to $10.9 billion to settle bulk of Roundup weedkiller cancer lawsuits|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bayer-litigation-settlement-idUSKBN23V2NP|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref> claiming the product caused their cancer.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-25|title=Bayer to pay $10.9bn to settle weedkiller cases|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53174513|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref> While Bayer denied wrongdoing, it did reach a 2020 settlement of $10 billion to eliminate uncertainty and resolve outstanding claims.<ref>{{Cite news|last3=Randazzo|first1=Ruth|last1= Bender|first2= Laura |last2=Kusisto |first3=Sara|date=2020-06-24|title=Bayer to Pay Up to $10.9 Billion to Settle Lawsuits Over Roundup Weedkiller|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bayer-reaches-10-5-billion-settlement-over-weedkiller-roundup-11593017309|access-date=2020-06-25|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

==Subsidiaries==
* [[Bayer#Bayer CropScience|Bayer CropScience LLC]]
* [[Bayer#Bayer HealthCare|Bayer Health Care LLC]]
* [[Bayer#Bayer Business Services|Bayer Business and Technology Services LLC]]

==Philanthropic activities==
In 1953, Bayer Corporation founded the first of three foundations that were later merged into the Bayer USA Foundation to support philanthropic giving in the United States.<ref name="bayer-usa-foundation-1953">About the Bayer USA Foundation: http://www.bayerus.com/Foundation/history.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419143726/http://www.bayerus.com/Foundation/History.aspx |date=2012-04-19 }}</ref><ref name="msms-overview">Newsroom Community Outreach: {{cite web |url=http://bayerus.online-pressroom.com/index.cfm/resources/community-outreach/ |title=Community Outreach - Bayer Online Pressroom |accessdate=2012-04-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418111214/http://bayerus.online-pressroom.com/index.cfm/resources/community-outreach/ |archivedate=2012-04-18 }}</ref> Foundation grants focus on education and workforce development, and environment and sustainability.

Making Science Make Sense (MSMS) is a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics ([[STEM fields|STEM]]) [[social responsibility]] program to provide hands-on, inquiry-based educational opportunities in the United States.<ref name="msms-overview" /> The program focuses on promoting science and scientific principles to students in grades K-20. Astronaut [[Mae Jemison]] is the national spokesperson for MSMS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Our National Spokesperson |url=http://www.bayerus.com/MSMS/MSMS_About/NationalSpokesperson/Spokesperson.aspx |accessdate=4 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516132756/http://www.bayerus.com/msms/MSMS_About/NationalSpokesperson/Spokesperson.aspx |archivedate=16 May 2014 }}</ref>

==See also==
*{{Portal-inline|Companies}}
*[[Contaminated haemophilia blood products]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://bayerus.com Official website]
* [https://bayerus.com/Foundation/Foundation_Home.aspx Bayer USA Foundation]
* [https://usatoday.com/money/companies/management/advice/2008-11-16-bayer-greg-babe-obama_N.htm 2008 USA Today Q&A with CEO Greg Babe]



{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bayer Usa}}
[[Category:Companies based in Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1863]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies based in New Jersey]]

WDET-FM

2025-05-04T03:54:09Z

45.49.236.6: Fixed.

{{Short description|Public radio station in Detroit}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox radio station
| name = WDET-FM
| logo = Wdet logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| city = [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]
| country = US
| area = [[Metro Detroit]]
| branding = 101.9 WDET
| airdate = {{Start date and age|1948|12|18}}
| frequency = 101.9 [[MHz]] {{HD Radio}}
| format = [[Public radio]] [[Talk radio|News and Talk]]
| erp = 48,000 [[watt]]s
| haat = {{convert|169|meters}}
| class = B
| facility_id = 71189
| coordinates = {{Coord|42|21|6|N|83|03|48|W|type:landmark}}
| callsign_meaning = Detroit
| former_callsigns =
| affiliations = [[National Public Radio]] [[Public Radio Exchange]] [[American Public Media]]
| owner = [[Wayne State University]]
| webcast = [http://www.wdet.org/listen-live/ Listen live player]
| website = [http://www.wdet.org/ wdet.org]
| licensing_authority= [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]]
}}

'''WDET-FM''' (101.9 [[Hertz|MHz]]) is a [[public radio]] [[radio station|station]] in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]. It is owned by [[Wayne State University]] with its [[radio studio|studio]]s and [[transmitter]] in the [[Cass Corridor]] neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WDET-FM 101.9 MHz - Detroit, MI |url=https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/finder?call=wdet&x=0&y=0&sr=Y&s=C |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=radio-locator.com}}</ref> WDET [[broadcasts]] shows from [[National Public Radio]], [[Public Radio International]] and [[American Public Media]]. The station is the primary provider of news involving the [[Automotive industry in the United States|American automotive industry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.michiguide.com/dials/rad-d/wdet.html |title=WDET-FM 101.9, Detroit |website=www.michiguide.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000203042224/http://michiguide.com/dials/rad-d/wdet.html |archive-date=2000-02-03}} </ref> and the Michigan Association of Broadcasters (MAB) named WDET the 2021 and 2022 Public Radio Station of the Year.

WDET-FM has an [[effective radiated power]] (ERP) of 48,000 [[watt]]s. It is licensed to broadcast using [[HD Radio]] technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/sta_det.pl?Facility_id=71189|title=Station Search Details}}</ref> WDET-FM's signal covers much of [[Southeast Michigan]] and part of [[Southwestern Ontario]].

==Programming==
On weekdays, WDET-FM airs news and talk programming, mostly national shows with local news cut-ins: ''[[Morning Edition]], [[All Things Considered]], [[Fresh Air]], [[On Point]]'' and ''[[Marketplace (radio program)|Marketplace]]''. It also produces a two-hour talk program,''The Metro'' with Tia Graham and Robyn Vincent. There are five hours of local music programming each day.

On weekends, a mix of talk shows and music programs are heard. Talk shows include ''[[Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!]], [[Radio Lab]], [[On The Media]], '' and ''[[Latino USA]]''. Music programs include ''[[Acoustic Café]], Ann Delisi's Essential Music, Rob Reinhart's Essential Music, Soul Saturday, This Island Earth with Ismael Ahmed, The Progressive Underground with Chris Campbell, Destination Jazz with Ed Love'' and ''Jay's Place with Jay Butler''. (Butler was a longtime air personality on [[WDTK|WQBH]] and [[WJLB]].)

The Detroit Radio Information Service (DRIS) broadcasts on a subcarrier of WDET. DRIS serves the visually impaired community with live and pre-recorded readings of daily and weekly print publications via special radio receiver or streaming. There are plans to launch an [[HD Radio|HD-2]] [[digital subchannel|subchannel]] which would play eclectic music and some news programs.

==History==
===United Auto Workers===
WDET-FM was dedicated on {{Start date and age|1948|12|18}}.<ref>[https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1950/RADIO%20&%20TV%20ALL%20YB%201950%20B&W-11.pdf Broadcasting Yearbook 1950] page 172, [[Broadcasting & Cable]]</ref> The first air date was Feb. 13, 1949. It was originally owned by the [[United Auto Workers]] Union. It mostly broadcast public service programs under station manager [[Ben Hoberman]]. The studios were on Capital Street near Rouge Park. The station was not financially viable and the UAW-CIO sought to sell it.<ref>{{cite news | author= |title= WDET-FM to suspend operations| publisher= The Detroit Free Press| page= 4| date= 27 March 1952}}</ref>

===Detroit Public Radio===

What was then Wayne University (it joined the state university system in 1956) bought the station for one [[US Dollar|dollar]] in 1952 and converted it to non-commercial status. The irregular programming schedule included mainly classical music and faculty lectures. In May 1960, WDET began broadcasting from the 15th floor of the [[Maccabees Building]] near the Wayne State University campus.<ref>{{cite news| author=| title= FM Highlights| date= 16 May 1960| publisher= Detroit Free Press| page= 8TV}}</ref> Their new studio had previously been used by [[WXYT (AM)|WXYZ]] radio. The cramped space, named Back Alley Studios,<ref>{{cite news| last= Gonzalez| first= John D.| title= Voice from past helps to revive radio drama| date= 19 September 1987| publisher= Detroit Free Press| page= 15A}}</ref> was too small to house the management staff. They worked from an old house on campus. John Buckstaff, who became general manager in 1968, developed the station's format until he resigned in 1981. Jazz, modern music, and volunteer-produced programming were added.<ref>{{cite news| last= Angelo| first= Frank| title= Here's how you can help yourself| publisher= Detroit Free Press| date= 23 May 1973| page=7A}}</ref> In the early 1970s, WDET-FM began adding shows from the new public radio network, NPR, including ''All Things Considered'' and ''Morning Edition''. There were volunteer-produced talk programs geared to a specific audience, such as ''Gayly Speaking'' and ''Indian to Indian.''<ref>{{cite web| url=https://aadl.org/node/202335| title= WDET-FM Oct 1976 Program Guide}}</ref> Judy Adams, who would be a music host and program director until 2005, was hired in 1974.

The conflict of programming time for niche audiences or a wider audience would be a theme for many years.<ref>{{cite news| last= Zurawik| first= Dave| title= Private groups vs. WDET: Who's serving who what?| date= 21 Oct 1979| publisher= Detroit Free Press| page= A3}}</ref> Station management and volunteer producers often clashed, and the station struggled financially.<ref>{{cite news| last= Heron| first= W. Kim| title= Radio host protests show cancellation| date= 4 Oct 1980| publisher= Detroit Free Press| page=7D}}</ref> Buckstaff said that the station's strength was its variety, and that "you're bound to run into something you don't like."<ref>{{cite news| last= Angelo| first= Frank| title= Here's how you can help yourself| publisher= Detroit Free Press| date= 23 May 1973| page=7A}}</ref> In 1972, the station held a press conference to announce that they needed $65,000 (about $490,000 in 2024 dollars) to avoid going off the air. <ref>{{cite news| last= Mackay| first= Roberta| title= WDET faces money crisis| publisher= Detroit Free Press| date= 21 March 1972| page= 8c}}</ref> As of 1975, however, it was the seventh most-listened to public radio station in the country and had a record-setting pledge drive. <ref>{{cite news| author=| title= WDET Campaign raises $36,000| date= 15 Nov 1975| publisher= Detroit Free Press| page= 11A}}</ref>

In May 1982, Marvin Granger became general manager. Much of the volunteer-made programming did not have a professional sound, he felt, and he cancelled many of these programs and oriented the station to a general audience. Many felt that this changing of the station's identity left some groups without a voice, but Granger stated that programs with small audiences were not financially viable.<ref> {{cite news |last= Heron| first= W. Kim| title= New WDET pilots to keep same course| publisher= The Detroit Free Press| page= 6D| date= 26 Dec 1983}}</ref> Granger resigned in December 1983 and news director Caryn Mathes became general manager. She would lead the station until February 2005.

The listening audience greatly expanded in the 1980s, along with revenue. In 1983, Ed Love, Ann Delisi, Martin Bandyke and Ralph Valdez were hired as music hosts. Jazz programs were aired during the week, with folk, blues and classical on the weekends. There were several other music shows in a variety of genres. Other music hosts from the 1980s included Nkenge Zola, Famous Coachman, and Dave Dixon.

The broadcast facilities in the Maccabees Building were considered "unhealthy and dangerous"<ref>{{cite web| url= https://bog.wayne.edu/meetings/65/DPAC_WDET-FM-_status_report_1983-84-Sept_1984.pdf| title= WDET-FM: A Status Report: Fiscal 1983-84}}</ref> and the station began planning improvements.
On November 29 1985, the studio was damaged by an electrical fire and thousands of records were destroyed. The studio was cleaned and repaired, and the station was off the air for less than a day.<ref> {{cite news |last=McGraw| first= Bill| title= WDET counts losses after fire hits station| publisher= The Detroit Free Press| page=A3| date= 2 Dec 1985}}</ref> A new studio was custom-built on the first floor of 6001 Cass Ave and it became WDET's home in September 1987.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://bog.wayne.edu/meetings/94/DPAC_WDET_annual_report-March_1988.pdf| title= WDET-FM: Annual Report October 1 1986-September 30 1987}}</ref>

WDET's antenna remained attached to the tower atop the Maccabees Building, which was then owned by [[Detroit Public Schools Community District]]. When the antenna began to fail, the university claimed that the tower's condition was too poor to hang a new antenna on.<ref>{{cite news| last= Betzold| first= Michael| title= Dispute jams chance to boost public FM| publisher= Detroit Free Press| date= 15 March 1990| page= B1}}</ref> The dispute over who would pay to repair the tower was ultimately resolved when WDET chose to build its own tower. In 1995, WDET began using its new tower on Canfield Street, as well as studios in the new University Towers building.

===Increasing local content===
In 2004, WDET-FM implemented extensive programming changes. The station dropped many NPR programs such as ''[[Fresh Air]]'' and ''[[Car Talk]]'', as well as some popular local music shows such as ''Folks Like Us'' and ''[[Arkansas Traveler (radio show)|Arkansas Traveler]]''. This was done to promote more locally produced music programming. However, it was followed by a decline in listener [[Fundraising|pledges]].

In the fall of 2005, new general manager Michael Coleman (replacing Caryn Mathes, who departed for [[WAMU]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]) made changes to WDET's schedule again, dropping many of the weekday music programs in favor of a more news-oriented format. He brought back all of the previously dropped programming and added new NPR-produced programs. Particularly controversial was the dismissal of long-time midday host Martin Bandyke. [[Media in Detroit|Local media outlets]] reported he may have violated [[conflict of interest]] rules by accepting gifts from record companies. Bandyke later hosted morning [[drive time]] at [[Adult Alternative]]-formatted [[WQKL]] [[107.1 FM]] in [[Ann Arbor]].

===Controversy over changes===
As a result of the 2005 format change, some listeners filed a [[class action lawsuit]] against the station for fraudulently taking donations for programming that was planned on being discontinued. Disgruntled former listeners also held two protests. The first occurred in front of WDET's offices a few days after Christmas. The second occurred near [[Cobo Hall]] during the [[North American International Auto Show]].

Organizers promised that the rally would draw 5,000 people, though less than one hundred showed up, and a plan to protest WDET's changes during the [[Super Bowl XL]] festivities also failed to occur.

On Thursday May 11, 2006, Michael Coleman announced another major shake-up at WDET. Six employees were laid off including long-time music host Jon Moshier. Several others were forced to accept pay cuts, demotions, or reductions in hours.

===2007 Programming changes===
On Monday April 2, 2007, WDET implemented several programming changes. The following programs were removed from the schedule: "[[Day to Day]]" (which was terminated by NPR, not WDET), "Front Row Center", "Live From Studio A", "The Best of the DSO", Liz Copeland's "Alternate Take", Chuck Horn's "Seventh Journey", "The Ralph Valdez program", Mick Collin's "Night Train", and "The W. Kim Heron Program". New additions included the locally produced "Detroit Today" as well as NPR programs "[[Talk of the Nation]]", "[[Marketplace (radio program)|Marketplace]]", "Marketplace Money", "[[BBC World Service]]", "[[Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!]]", and "The Changing World". "Destination Jazz: The Ed Love Program" was reduced from five to three hours, and Michael Julien's "Global Mix" was reduced from five to two hours. Combined with previous changes, the station moved to a more news oriented format. WDET now has less local and indie music coverage, although the station continues to offer several musical genres on weekends.

On September 15, 2007, WDET added the show "[[Tell Me More]]" with Michel Martin from NPR News on weekdays at 1 pm, which replaced "[[World Have Your Say]]" from the [[BBC Radio|BBC]]. "Deep River" with Robert Jones moved to Sunday afternoons, and "[[The Tavis Smiley Show]]" was added to the weekend line up, on Friday evenings and Sunday mornings.

===2007 to present===

Ann Delisi, who had resigned in March 1995, <ref>{{cite news| last= Johnson| first= L.A.| title= Radio Delisi| publisher= Detroit Free Press| page= 1F| date= 29 March 1995}}</ref> returned to WDET as a music host in February 2009. J Mikel Ellcessor, general manager for four years, resigned in 2013. Craig Fahle and Michelle Sbinovich shared the general manager duties, with Sbinovich assuming sole leadership in 2014. [[Detroit Free Press]] editorialist [[Stephen Henderson (journalist)|Stephen Henderson]] began hosting the station's daily talk show in March 2015.

Present general manager Mary Zatina assumed leadership on January 2 2020. She, with program director Adam Fox, added several hours of local music and talk to the schedule as of February 5 2024.<ref>{{cite news| last= Hinds| first= Julie| title= Detroit public radio station WDET-FM marks 75th anniversary with major local programming news| url= https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/television/2024/01/23/detroits-wdet-fm-drops-national-shows-in-favor-of-new-local-programs/72316763007/| publisher= Detroit Free Press| date= 23 January 2004}}</ref>

==Broadcast transmitter==
WDET transmits from a [[radio masts and towers|tower]] at 554 feet (169 meters) in [[height above average terrain]] (HAAT) near the intersection of Cass Avenue and Canfield Street near the Wayne State University campus. WDET broadcasts with an [[effective radiated power]] (ERP) of 48,000 watts, so it is [[grandfather clause|grandfathered]] at slightly more power than would be permitted today in the Detroit area, for its HAAT. According to the FCC, the same antenna height setup if being newly licensed today would only be allotted 39,000 watts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FMpower - Find ERP for an FM Station Class {{!}} Federal Communications Commission |url=https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/fmpower |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=www.fcc.gov |language=en}}</ref>

A failed air conditioner damaged the transmitter during the summer of 2020. The backup transmitter had poor sound quality and a fundraising campaign was begun to replace the equipment. The [[Kresge Foundation]] helped fund the new transmitter (a [[Nautel]] GV30N) which went on the air in October 2021.<ref>{{cite news| last= Rubin| first= Neal| title= WDET's new transmitter goes live. So long, static on Detroit public radio| publisher= The Detroit Free Press| url= https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2021/10/19/kresge-foundation-provides-wdet-transmitter-eliminating-static-and-frequency-creep/8515620002/| date= 19 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FM station data|71189|WDET-FM}}
*[http://reuther.wayne.edu/node/9260 WDET Program Guides and Reports] at the [[Walter P. Reuther Library]] spanning 1951–2002.

{{Wayne State University}}
{{Detroit Radio}}
{{NPR Michigan}}{{United Auto Workers|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Radio stations in Detroit|DET-FM]]
[[Category:Wayne State University]]
[[Category:United Auto Workers]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:NPR member stations]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 1948]]
[[Category:College radio stations in Michigan|DET-FM]]

Morris Friedman

2025-05-04T03:30:53Z

45.49.236.6: Fixed.

{{Short description|American stenographer}}
'''Morris Friedman''' was, until 1905,<ref name="AnthonyLukas">Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 687.</ref> the private stenographer for Pinkerton detective [[James McParland]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Davis |first=Oscar King |title=Ex-Pinkerton Man Talks for Haywood |journal=New York Times |year=1907 |issue=June 30 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/06/30/104990506.pdf |accessdate=2008-10-18 | format=PDF}}</ref> Friedman came to the attention of the public when he published an exposé of [[Labor spies|anti-union actions by the private detective industry]] which was called ''[[The Pinkerton Labor Spy]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Morris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rQBAAAAYAAJ |title=The Pinkerton's Labor Spy |date=1907 |publisher=Wilshire book Company |language=en}}</ref>
The book focused in particular on how mining and ore milling companies used spies during the [[Colorado Labor Wars]].

Friedman was called as a witness at the trial of the Secretary-Treasurer of the [[Western Federation of Miners]] (WFM), [[Bill Haywood|Big Bill Haywood]]. The ''Idaho Daily Statesman'' described the Russian-born Friedman as,

<blockquote>
... a striking looking young fellow, rather languid ... with a shock of black hair, and his features of the marked Hebrew type. Heavy, thick glasses magnify his naturally large eyes and his smooth shaven face is very pale. He was slow and deliberate in his actions, like the railway conductor who knew the train wouldn't leave without him.<ref name="AnthonyLukas" />
</blockquote>

Friedman "described dirty tricks used by the Pinkertons to subvert the WFM, including the use of undercover operatives within the WFM who padded bills to drain the Federation treasury and reduced payments to miners to build dissatisfaction with Haywood."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Linder |first=Doug |title=The Trial of William D. Big Bill Haywood |url=http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_ACCT.HTM |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20101213014525/http://www.law.umkc.edu:80/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_ACCT.HTM |archive-date=2010-12-13 |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=www.law.umkc.edu}}</ref>

Friedman described the Pinkertons as a secret police force.<ref>The Eye That Never Sleeps, A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, Frank Morn, 1982.</ref> Under questioning by [[Clarence Darrow]], defense attorney for Bill Haywood, Friedman identified Pinkerton agents who had infiltrated the Western Federation of Miners: [[Charlie Siringo]], who became recording secretary of the miners' union in [[Burke, Idaho]]; A. H. Crane, secretary of the [[Cripple Creek, Colorado]] union; C. J. Connibear, president of the [[Florence, Colorado]] union; R. P. Bailey, a member of the [[Victor, Colorado]] union; and A. W. Gratias, president of the union at [[Globeville, Denver|Globeville]]. Pinkerton Agent [[George W. Riddell]], former president of the [[Eureka, Utah|Eureka]] miners union in Utah, was forced to resign when Friedman published the book.<ref>Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, pages 687-688.</ref>

Friedman provided the attorneys with a stack of documents which had been signed by McParland, attesting to the authenticity of his observations. Many reporters thought that the witness's testimony indicated "...that many of the infiltrators were actually [[agents provocateurs]] who'd committed crimes to bring the unions into disrepute."<ref>Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 688.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Organized labor|United States}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Friedman, Morris}}
[[Category:Pinkerton (detective agency)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{US-law-enforcement-bio-stub}}