wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Korea Football Association

2025-06-27T06:48:05Z

42.60.3.85: /* Selection of national team manager */

{{Short description|Governing body of football in South Korea}}
{{Distinguish|DPR Korea Football Association}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox football association
|Logo = Korea Football Association logo.svg
|Badge_size = 145px
|Founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|19 September 1933}}
|Folded =
|Headquarters = [[Jongno District|Jongno]], [[Seoul]]
|FIFA affiliation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|21 May 1948}}
|Region = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
|Region affiliation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|21 May 1954}}
|Subregion = [[East Asian Football Federation|EAFF]]
|Subregion affiliation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|28 May 2002}}
|President = [[Chung Mong-gyu]]
|Vice-President = [[#Members|5 officials]]
|Website = {{URL|https://www.kfa.or.kr/|kfa.or.kr}}
|upright=20}}
{{Infobox Korean name|hangul=대한축구협회|hanja=大韓蹴球協會|rr=Daehan Chukgu Hyeophoe|mr=Taehan Ch'ukku Hyŏphoe}}

The '''Korea Football Association''' ({{Korean|hangul=대한축구협회|hanja=大韓蹴球協會}}) is the [[Sports governing body|governing body]] of [[Association football|football]] and [[futsal]] within [[South Korea]]. It sanctions professional, semi-professional and amateur football in South Korea. Founded in 1933, the governing body became affiliated with [[FIFA]] twenty years later in 1948, and the [[Asian Football Confederation]] in 1954.

==History==
In 1921, the first [[All Joseon Football Tournament]] was held, and in 1933, the Korea Football Association was organized (following the foundation of Joseon Referees' Association in 1928), which created a foundation to disseminate and develop the sport.<ref>{{cite web |title=The history and result of All Joseon Football Tournament |url=http://www.kfa.or.kr/kfa_history/result_list_014.asp |publisher=KFA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811060955/http://www.kfa.or.kr/kfa_history/result_list_014.asp |archive-date=11 August 2012|language=ko |website=KFA.or.kr}}</ref> Park Seung-bin was the first president of the KFA, charged with the task of promoting and spreading organised football in Korea.<ref name="Presidents">{{cite web |url=http://www.kfa.or.kr/eng_renew/kfa/kfa_02_1.asp |title=KFA former Presidents |publisher=KFA |website=KFA.or.kr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118093947/http://www.kfa.or.kr/eng_renew/kfa/kfa_02_1.asp |archive-date=18 November 2010}}</ref>

The Korea Football Association was reinstated in 1948, following the establishment of the [[South Korea|Republic of Korea]]. The KFA became a member of [[FIFA]], the international football governing body that same year. It later joined the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] (Asian Football Confederation) in 1954.

==Members==
{{updated|10 June 2025}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kfa.or.kr/kfa/?act=executive |script-title=ko:KFA 조직 - 임원명단 |publisher=Korea Football Association |language=ko |access-date=2021-07-10}}</ref>

*President: [[Chung Mong-gyu]]
*Vice-presidents: [[Lee Yong-soo]], [[Park Hang-seo]], Shin Jeong-sik, [[Kim Byung-ji]], [[Shin Tae-yong]]
*Executive director: [[Kim Seung-hee (footballer)|Kim Seung-hee]]
*General secretary: Jeon Han-jin
*Heads of departments
:Fairness: So Jin
:International: Jeon Han-jin
:Technical: [[Lee Jang-kwan]]
:Competition: [[Kim Hyun-tae]]
:Communication: Wi Won-seok
:Referee: Moon Jin-hee
:Ethics: Kim Yoon-ju
:Medical: Kim Gwang-jun
:Development: [[Hyun Young-min]]
*Administrative inspector: Jeong Tae-seok, Lee Tae-ho

==Presidents==
[[Shin Ki-jun]] was the president of the Joseon Referees' Association, but he is not officially recognised as the first president.<ref name="Presidents"/>

<div><li style=display:inline-table;>
{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! President
!Year
|-
| align="center" | 1
| [[Park Seung-bin]]
| 1933–1934
|-
| align="center" | 2
| [[Lyuh Woon-hyung]]
| 1934–1938
|-
| align="center" | 3
| {{ill|Ko Won-hoon|ko|고원훈}}
| 1938–1942
|-
| align="center" | 4
| Ko Won-hoon (2)
| 1942–1945
|-
| align="center" | 5
| {{ill|Ha Kyung-deok|ko|하경덕}}
| 1945–1947
|-
| align="center" | 6
| Ha Kyung-deok (2)
| 1947–1948
|-
| align="center" | 7
| [[Shin Ik-hee]]
|1948–1949
|-
| align="center" | 8
| {{ill|Hong Sung-ha|ko|홍성하}}
|1949
|-
| align="center" | 9
| [[Yun Bo-seon]]
|1949–1950
|-
| align="center" | 10
| Hong Sung-ha (2)
|1950–1952
|-
| align="center" | 11
| Hong Sung-ha (3)
|1952
|-
| align="center" | 12
| [[Chang Taek-sang]]
|1952–1954
|-
| align="center" | 13
| [[Lee Jong-lim]]
|1954–1955
|-
| align="center" | 14
| [[Hyun Jung-ju]]
|1955
|-
| align="center" | 15
| {{ill|Kim Myung-hak|ko|김명학 (1901년)}}
|1955–1956
|-
| align="center" | 16
| Kim Myung-hak (2)
|1956–1957
|-
| align="center" | 17
| [[Kim Yoon-ki]]
|1957–1959
|-
| align="center" | 18
| Kim Yoon-ki (2)
|1959–1960
|-
| align="center" | 19
| {{ill|Jang Ki-young|ko|장기영 (1916년)}}
|1960
|-
| align="center" | 20
| [[Jung Moon-ki]]
|1960–1961
|}
</li> <li style=display:inline-table>
{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! President
!Year
|-
| align="center" | 21
| Jang Ki-young (2)
|1961–1962
|-
| align="center" | 22
| Kim Yoon-ki (3)
|1962
|-
| align="center" | 23
| Jang Ki-young (3)
|1962–1963
|-
| align="center" | 24
| {{ill|Hwang Yeop|ko|황엽}}
|1963
|-
| align="center" | 25
| Kim Yoon-ki (4)
|1963–1964
|-
| align="center" | 26
| {{ill|Min Kwan-sik|ko|민관식}}
|1964
|-
| align="center" | 27
| [[Choi Chi-hwan]]
|1964–1967
|-
| align="center" | 28
| Choi Chi-hwan (2)
|1967–1968
|-
| align="center" | 29
| Choi Chi-hwan (3)
|1968–1969
|-
| align="center" | 30
| Choi Chi-hwan (4)
|1969–1970
|-
| align="center" | 31
| [[Jang Deok-jin]]
|1970–1972
|-
| align="center" | 32
| Jang Deok-jin (2)
|1972–1973
|-
| align="center" | 33
| [[Ko Tae-jin]]
|1973–1975
|-
| align="center" | 34
| Ko Tae-jin (2)
|1975
|-
| align="center" | 35
| [[Kim Yoon-ha]]
|1975–1977
|-
| align="center" | 36
| Kim Yoon-ha (2)
|1977–1978
|-
| align="center" | 37
| Kim Yoon-ha (3)
|1978
|-
| align="center" | 38
| {{ill|Park Joon-hong|ko|박준홍 (정치인)}}
|1978–1979
|-
| align="center" | 39
| [[Choi Soon-Young|Choi Soon-young]]
|1979–1980
|-
| align="center" | 40
| Choi Soon-young (2)
|1980–1983
|}
</li> <li style=display:inline-table>
{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! President
!Year
|-
| align="center" | 41
| Choi Soon-young (3)
|1983–1985
|-
| align="center" | 42
| Choi Soon-young (4)
|1985–1986
|-
| align="center" | 43
| Choi Soon-young (5)
|1986–1987
|-
| align="center" | 44
| [[Lee Jong-hwan]]
|1987–1988
|-
| align="center" | 45
| [[Kim Woo-jung]]
|1988–1989
|-
| align="center" | 46
| Kim Woo-jung (2)
|1989–1993
|-
| align="center" | 47
| [[Chung Mong-joon]]
|1993–1997
|-
| align="center" | 48
| Chung Mong-joon (2)
|1997–2001
|-
| align="center" | 49
| Chung Mong-joon (3)
|2001–2005
|-
| align="center" | 50
| Chung Mong-joon (4)
|2005–2009
|-
| align="center" | 51
| [[Cho Chung-yun]]
|2009–2013
|-
| align="center" | 52
| [[Chung Mong-gyu]]
|2013–2017
|-
| align="center" | 53
| Chung Mong-gyu (2)
|2017–2020
|-
| align="center" | 54
| Chung Mong-gyu (3)
|2021–2024
|-
| align="center" | 55
| Chung Mong-gyu (4)
| 2025–present
|}
</li></div>

==National teams==
Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kfa.or.kr/national/?act=nt_man |title=National teams |publisher=Korea Football Association |language=ko |access-date=2021-09-12}}</ref>

===Men's teams===
*[[South Korea national football team]]
*[[South Korea national under-23 football team]]
*[[South Korea national under-20 football team]]
*[[South Korea national under-17 football team]]
*[[South Korea national under-14 football team]]
*[[South Korea national football B team]] (student)
*[[South Korea national futsal team]]

===Women's teams===
*[[South Korea women's national football team]]
*[[South Korea women's national under-20 football team]]
*[[South Korea women's national under-17 football team]]
*[[South Korea women's national under-14 football team]]
*[[South Korea women's national student football team]]

===Defunct team===
*[[South Korea national beach soccer team]]

==Competitions==
{{See also|{{CURRENTYEAR}} in South Korean football}}
{{updated|the start from 2025 season}}

===Current competitions===
{| class="wikitable"
! Competition
! Note
! Current champions
! Next season
|-
| [[Korean FA Cup]]
| National cup held since 1996.
| [[Pohang Steelers]] ([[2024 Korean FA Cup|2024]])
| [[2025 Korean FA Cup]]
|-
| [[K3 League]]
| Men's semi-professional league held since 2020.
| [[Siheung Citizen FC|Siheung Citizen]] ([[2024 K3 League|2024]])
| [[2025 K3 League]]
|-
| [[K4 League]]
| Men's semi-professional league held since 2020.
| [[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors FC B|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors B]] ([[2024 K4 League|2024]])
| [[2025 K4 League]]
|-
| [[WK League]]
| Women's semi-professional league held since 2009.
| [[Suwon FC Women]] ([[2024 WK League|2024]])
| [[2025 WK League]]
|-
| [[U-League (association football)|U-League]]
| Universities' league held since 2008.
| [[Sun Moon University]] (2024)
| 2025 U-League
|}

===Defunct competitions===
* [[All Joseon Football Tournament]]: National cup held from 1938 to 1940. (Editions from 1921 to 1937 were held by [[Korean Sport & Olympic Committee|Joseon Sports Council]].)
* [[Korean National Football Championship]]: National cup held from 1946 to 2000.
* [[Korean President's Cup National Football Tournament|Korean President's Cup]]: Cup competition contested between semi-professional and amateur clubs from 1952 to 2009.
* [[Korea Cup]]: International competition annually held from 1971 to 1999.
* [[K League]]: Professional league held from 1983 to 1994. (Subsequent seasons have been held by K League Federation.)

==Awards==
{{Main article|KFA Awards}}

===Current awards===
*[[South Korean Footballer of the Year|Player of the Year]]
*Young Player of the Year
*Coach of the Year
*Goal of the Year
*Referee of the Year<ref name="2020KFA">{{cite web |url=https://www.kfa.or.kr/layer_popup/popup_live.php?act=news_tv_detail&idx=23016&div_code=news&check_url=bGF5ZXI=&lang=KOR |script-title=ko:손흥민-장슬기 올해의 선수 선정... 올해의 골은 조규성 |language=ko |publisher=KFA |date=15 December 2020 |access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref>
*Club of the Year<ref name="2020KFA"/>

===Defunct awards===
*Best XI
*Hall of Fame

==Controversies==
===Match-fixing scandal===
The KFA tried to give pardons to 100 people formerly employed in football including [[2011 South Korean football match-fixing scandal|48 match-fixing participants]] on 28 March 2023. However, it rescinded the decision after facing strong objections from fans and sports journalists.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chosun.com/sports/football/2023/03/31/WZCSHOHLLJAKDJXNR3CAF5NUQY/ |script-title=ko:100명 꼼수 사면한 축구협회… 비난 들끓자 사흘만에 철회 |publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |lang=ko |date=2023-03-31}}</ref> [[Lee Dong-gook]], [[Lee Young-pyo]] and [[Cho Won-hee]] were among the high-profile administrators who assumed responsibility and resigned from their positions.

===Selection of national team manager===
Between February and July 2024, the [[South Korea national football team|men's national team]] had no full-time manager after [[Jürgen Klinsmann]] was fired. Two K League coaches had been temporarily filling in during that period. Former selection committee head [[Jung Hae-seong]] abruptly resigned just days before [[Ulsan Hyundai]] coach [[Hong Myung-bo]] was announced as the new manager. As the appointment took place in the middle of the K League season, fans and sports journalists and pundits were highly critical while irate Ulsan fans started holding up banners saying "Get out!" directed at Hong and protested in front of the KFA's headquarters.<ref>{{cite news|title="나가" 울산 팬에 야유받은 홍명보|url=https://www.chosun.com/sports/football/2024/07/11/AZOZ2HIBOZB3XLJBZ2LDJXBRCE/|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=11 July 2024|language=ko}}</ref>

Selection committee member and football commentator [[Park Joo-ho]] was threatened with legal action by the KFA over a video he had uploaded on his YouTube channel on July 8. He had been filming with fellow commentator Kim Hwan to discuss the KFA's lack of progress in selecting a new national team coach over the past five months and had reacted with surprise regarding the real-time news of Hong Myung-bo's appointment as the new manager. After that, he explained his reaction and further reiterated the fact he had no knowledge of the appointment despite being part of the committee responsible for the selection of coaches and his frustration with the disorganized nature of the selection process. The reaction was not edited out and the full video was uploaded, garnering several million views.<ref>{{YouTube|title="국가대표 감독 선임 과정" 모두 말씀드립니다.|id=bUgIWswh06o}}</ref> Park refused to retract his claims of cronyism and disorganized leadership at the very top of the KFA management hierarchy. [[Koo Ja-cheol]] was among the active players who publicly defended Park on his social media account.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=jc_koo13
|author=구자철(Koo jacheol) |postid=C9i4OzXym2T |title=18 July 2024 post|language=ko|date=18 July 2024}}</ref> Hong's [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002 World Cup]] teammates [[Kim Nam-il]] and [[Ahn Jung-hwan]], who had been silent on the issue until then, both corroborated Park's claims and noted that it had been going since the 2002 World Cup.<ref>{{cite news|title="썩어빠진 축협 겁내지 말라"‥박주호 SNS에 응원 '우르르'|url=https://imnews.imbc.com/news/2024/society/article/6616640_36438.html|publisher=[[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]|date=12 July 2024|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=박주호·구자철 등 젊은 축구인들, 축구협회 비판하는 이유는?|url=https://www.chosun.com/sports/football/2024/07/19/3EM45DZ4N5BK7EILTN7OJKZF5U/|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=19 July 2024|language=ko}}</ref> After the massive public outcry from already disgruntled fans and more former players, the KFA stated that it would not pursue legal action against Park but the incident led to the [[Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (South Korea)|Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism]] conducting an independent probe by the Sports Ethics Center and scheduling an inquiry.<ref>{{cite news|title=Top Korean football exec booked over controversial national team hire|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2024-07-24/sports/football/Top-Korean-football-exec-booked-over-controversial-national-team-hire/2097610|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=24 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Football or farce? Inside the Hong Myung-bo appointment saga.|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2024-07-10/sports/football/Football-or-farce-Inside-the-Hong-Myungbo-appointment-saga/2087231|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=10 July 2024}}</ref>

Park Joo-ho resigned from his position and joined football commentator [[Park Moon-sung]] in testifying before an inquiry at the [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]] that September.<ref>{{cite news|title=일어나 악수 건넨 '축구협회 저격수' 박주호, 홍명보 반응 봤더니|url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25280073|work=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]|date=25 September 2024|language=ko}}</ref> During the inquiry, Jung revealed that while he supported Hong's appointment, he disagreed with KFA President [[Chung Mong-gyu]] over the lack of adherence to proper protocol during the selection process.<ref>{{cite news|title=정해성 전 축구협회 전력강화위원장 "역할 여기까지라 봐 사퇴"|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20240924084300007|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|date=24 September 2024|language=ko}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[South Korea national football team]]
* [[K League]]
* [[Football in South Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.kfa.or.kr/ Official website] {{in lang|ko}}
* [https://inside.fifa.com/en/associations/KOR Korea Football Association] at [[FIFA]]
* [https://www.the-afc.com/en/east/korea_republic.html Korea Football Association] at [[Asian Football Confederation]]

{{South Korea national football team}}
{{Football in South Korea}}
{{Futsal in South Korea}}
{{Sports governing bodies in South Korea}}
{{AFC associations}}
{{EAFF football}}
{{KFA sponsors}}

[[Category:Korea Football Association| ]]
[[Category:Association football governing bodies in Asia|South Korea]]
[[Category:1933 establishments in Korea]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Korea under Japanese rule]]
[[Category:Sport in Korea under Japanese rule]]

Chinese people in Korea

2025-06-21T11:23:21Z

42.60.3.85: /* Notable people */

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Chinese people in Korea
| image =
| popplace = [[North Korea]]: [[Chongjin]], [[Pyongyang]], [[Sinuiju]]<ref name="ChosunIlbo20091010"/> [[South Korea]]: [[Busan]], [[Incheon]], [[Seoul]]
| region1 = {{flag|North Korea}}
| pop1 = 10,000
| ref1 =  (2009)<ref name="ChosunIlbo20091010"/>
| region2 = {{flag|South Korea}}
| pop2 = 849,804
| ref2 =  (2022)<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.moj.go.kr/moj/2412/subview.do |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:통계연보|publisher=법무부|access-date=2023-09-01|title=출입국통계}}</ref>
| langs = [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Shanghainese]], [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]), [[Koreanic languages|Korean]]
| rels = [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Taoism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Yiguandao|I-Kuan Tao]], and [[Christianity]]<ref name="auto">{{harvnb|Kim|2004|pp=694–695}}</ref>
}}

A recognizable community of '''Chinese people in Korea''' has existed since the 1880s, and are often known as '''Hwagyo'''. Over 90% of early Chinese migrants came from [[Shandong]] province on the east coast of [[Geography of China|China]].<ref name="Rhee 2009 113" /> These ethnic Han Chinese residents in Korea often held [[Republic of China]] and [[South Korea|Korean]] citizenship. The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] used to govern the entirety of China, but now only governs [[Taiwan]] and a minor part of [[Fujian]] province. Due to the conflation of Republic of China citizenship with Taiwanese identity in the modern era, these ethnic Chinese people in Korea or Hwagyo are now usually referred to as "Taiwanese". However, in reality most Hwagyo hold little to no ties with Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-03 |title=Why are ethnic Chinese leaving South Korea in their thousands? |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/3004369/why-are-ethnic-chinese-leaving-south-korea-their-thousands |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=Movie review: Jang-Gae: The Foreigner – Taipei Times |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/09/30/2003765258 |access-date=2021-10-27 |website=www.taipeitimes.com}}</ref>

After [[China]]'s "[[Chinese economic reform|reform and opening up]]" and subsequent normalization of [[China–South Korea relations]], a new wave of Chinese migration to South Korea has occurred.<ref name="KimHJ">{{citation|url=http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/152641.html|date=2006-08-29|access-date=2006-12-08|title=No 'real' Chinatown in S. Korea, the result of xenophobic attitudes|last=Kim|first=Hyung-jin|periodical=The Hankyoreh|via=Yonhap News}}</ref> In 2009, more than half of the South Korea's 1.1 million foreign residents were PRC citizens; 71% of those are Joseonjok (''[[Chaoxianzu in Korea]]),'' PRC citizens of [[Koreans|Korean]] ethnicity.<ref name="ChosunIlbo20090806">{{citation|periodical=Chosun Ilbo|date=2009-08-06|access-date=2009-10-18|title=More Than 1 Million Foreigners Live in Korea|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/08/06/2009080600243.html}}</ref> There is also a small community of PRC citizens in North Korea.<ref name="lankov245">{{citation|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2009/02/166_13968.html|date=2007-11-18 |title= Chinese Community in NK| first= Andrei|last=Lankov|author-link=Andrei Lankov|periodical=Korea Times|access-date=2009-10-15}}</ref>

Between 2018 and 2020, the presence of Chinese ([[Han Chinese]]) workers was felt more than ethnic Korean-Chinese workers, as evidenced by the noticeable increase in conversations in Mandarin. In 2023, [[Chaoxianzu]], the Korean-Chinese community in South Korea, including those with Korean nationality, numbers over 800,000, roughly half of the entire ethnic Korean population in China. With the increase in permanent residency and nationality acquisition, it appears that there is a trend of settling and establishing roots in South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-18 |title=재한조선족사회 30년 총정리[2부] 현안분석과 제언 |url=https://www.ekw.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=10995 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=EKW이코리아월드(동포세계신문) |language=ko}}</ref>

==Terminology==
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Chinese people in Korea
| t = 韓國華僑, 旅韓華僑
| s = 韩国华侨, 旅韩华侨
| p = Hánguó Huáqiáo, Lǚhán Huáqiáo
| skhangul = 한국화교, 재한중국인
| skhanja = 韓國華僑, 在韓中國人
| skrr = Hanguk Hwagyo, Jaehan Junggugin
| skmr = Han'guk Hwagyo, Chaehan Chunggugin
| nkhangul = 조선화교, 재조선중국인
| nkhanja = 朝鮮華僑, 在朝鮮中國人
| nkrr = Joseon Hwagyo, Jaejoseon Chunggugin
| nkmr = Chosŏn Hwagyo, Chaejosŏn Chunggugin
| ibox-order = zh, ko1, ko4, ko3
}}

When writing in English, scholars use a number of different terms to refer to Chinese people in Korea, derived from [[Sino-Korean vocabulary]] but use different expressions for two languages. One common one is {{transliteration|ko|hanguk hwagyo}} (Korean) or ''lühan huaqiao'' (Mandarin), meaning "Chinese staying in Korea".<ref>{{harvnb|Kim|2004|p=688}}</ref> The Korean reading is often shortened to ''hwagyo'' (also spelled {{transliteration|ko|huakyo}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freekorea.us/2017/08/01/propaganda-in-the-age-of-kim-jong-un-a-discussion-with-professor-b-r-myers/|title=Propaganda in the age of Kim Jong-Un: A discussion with Professor B.R. Myers|website=Freekorea.us|date=August 2017 |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> which simply means "overseas Chinese" but in English literature typically refers specifically to the overseas Chinese of Korea. Other authors call them ''huaqiao'', but this term might be used to refer to overseas Chinese in any country, not just Korea, so sometimes a qualifier is added, for example "Korean-''Huaqiao''".<ref name="Choi 2001 2">{{harvnb|Choi|2001|p=2}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rhee|2009|p=112}}</ref> The terms "Chinese Korean" and "Korean Chinese" are also seen.<ref name="Choi 2001 2"/><ref>{{citation|title=Article: The vanishing of Chinatown: Chinese fail to thrive in South Korea|date=1996-08-03|access-date=2009-10-15|newspaper=The Economist|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18546294.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162808/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18546294.html|archive-date=2018-06-12}}</ref> However, this usage may be confused with [[Koreans in China]], who are also referred to by both such names.

==Overview==
{{Main|Korean clan names of foreign origin#China}}

According to [[Niigata Sangyo University]] Professor Jin Guanlin, "It can be said that from the end of the Chinese [[Warring States period|Warring States]] period to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, many Chinese moved to Manchuria and the Korean peninsula, blended among the indigenous people, and over time forgot about their Chinese origins."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Guanglin |title=A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names |journal=Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia |date=2014 |volume=5 |page=32 |url=http://www.sciea.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_JIN.pdf |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> Many scholars came from China during the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Western and Eastern Jin]], [[Northern and Southern dynasties]], Sui, and Tang periods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Guanglin |title=A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names |journal=Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia |date=2014 |volume=5 |pages=32–33 |url=http://www.sciea.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_JIN.pdf |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> Large-scale immigration from China diminished greatly during the [[Later Silla]] period, but resumed during the [[Goryeo]] period by people escaping turmoil in China.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Guanglin |title=A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names |journal=Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia |date=2014 |volume=5 |page=33 |url=http://www.sciea.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_JIN.pdf |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> Many northern Chinese fled to Korea during the transition period between Yuan and Ming.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Guanglin |title=A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names |journal=Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia |date=2014 |volume=5 |page=33 |url=http://www.sciea.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_JIN.pdf |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> There was little immigration from China during the first half of the Joseon period, but many Han Chinese settled in Korea during the [[Imjin War]] as well as during the fall of Ming.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Guanglin |title=A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names |journal=Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia |date=2014 |volume=5 |pages=22–23 |url=http://www.sciea.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_JIN.pdf |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> Many scholars came from the Ming to escape the Qing during the 17th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Guanglin |title=A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names |journal=Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia |date=2014 |volume=5 |page=33 |url=http://www.sciea.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_JIN.pdf |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref>

==History==

===Early history===

According to traditional Korean historiography of the [[Samguk Sagi]], the mythical Chinese sage [[Jizi]] came to Korea during the [[Shang dynasty]] and established the semi-legendary [[Gija Joseon]] in the 11th century BCE.<ref>[[Ilyon]], ''Samguk Yusa'', translated by T. Ha & G. Mintz (1997), Yonsei University Press, p. 33</ref> Later in the 3rd century BCE, [[Wiman of Gojoseon]] from the state of [[Yan (state)|Yan]] fled to Korea after he was defeated by forces from the Han Dynasty after he rebelled against the Han dynasty.<ref>Lee, Ki-baik: ''Walled-Town States and Confederated Kingdoms.'' The New History of Korea, page 16-17. Harvard University Press, 1984</ref> Wiman later overthrew [[Jun of Gojoseon]] and established [[Wiman Joseon]].

Chinese colonists settled in the [[Four Commanderies of Han]] after the Han dynasty conquered [[Wiman Joseon]], especially in [[Lelang Commandery]]. Ethnic Han colonies peasants were set up at Lelang.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Atlas of the Classical World, 500 BC--AD 600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOzKGAAACAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|isbn=978-0-7607-1973-2|page=2.24}}</ref>

Other minority ethnicities from China such as the Xianbei, Khitan, and Jurchen also migrated into the Korean peninsula.

Fleeing from the [[Mongols]], in 1216 the [[Khitan people|Khitans]] invaded [[Goryeo]] and defeated the Korean armies multiple times, even reaching the gates of the capital and raiding deep into the south, but were defeated by Korean General [[Kim Chwi-ryeo]] who pushed them back north to [[Pyongan Province|Pyongan]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Kim Chwi-ryeo|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0010816|website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]|publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]]|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Goryeosa: Volume 103|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E9%AB%98%E4%B8%BD%E5%8F%B2103%E5%8D%B7|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> where the remaining Khitans were finished off by allied Mongol-Goryeo forces in 1219.<ref name="EbreyWalthall2013">{{cite book|author1=Patricia Ebrey|author2=Anne Walthall|title=Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F2XLmIVAaYC&q=khitan+defeated+goryeo&pg=PA177|date=1 January 2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-133-60651-2|pages=177–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Ki-Baik|title=A New History of Korea|date=1984|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]|isbn=067461576X|page=148}}</ref> These Khitans are possibly the origin of the [[Baekjeong]].

Xianbei descendants among the Korean population carry surnames such as Mo ({{Korean|모}}; {{zh|c=[[w:zh:慕姓|慕]]}}{{efn|{{zh|p=mù|w=mu}}, shortened from [[Murong]]}}), Seok Sŏk Sek ({{Korean|labels=no|석}}; {{zh|labels=no|c=[[w:zh:石姓|石]]}}{{efn|{{zh|p=shí|w=shih}}, shortened from Wushilan ({{zh|t=烏石蘭}})}}), Won Wŏn ({{Korean|labels=no|원}}; {{zh|labels=no|c=[[w:zh:元姓|元]]}}{{efn|{{zh|p=yuán|w=yüan}}. This is the adopted Chinese surname of the [[Tuoba]]}}), [[Namwon Dokgo clan|Dokgo]] ({{zh|t=[[w:zh:獨孤|獨孤]]}}{{efn|{{zh|p=Dúgū|w=Tuku}}, from the Chinese [[Dugu (surname)|Dugu]]}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surname.info/dokgo/nam_won.html |language=ko |script-title=ko:성씨정보 - 남원독고씨 (南原獨孤氏) - 시조(始祖) : 독고신(獨孤信)|website=Surname.info|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surname.info/dokgo/ingu/dokgo.html |language=ko |script-title=ko:성씨정보 - 독고씨 (獨孤氏) - 인구 분포도 (人口分布圖) |website=Surname.info|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rootsinfo.co.kr/info/roots/view_bon.php?H=%D4%BC%CD%B5&S%253D%25B5%25B6%25B0%25ED |language=ko |script-title=ko:씨(獨孤氏)의 본관 :: 뿌리를 찾아서|website=Rootsinfo.co.kr|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.djjunggu.go.kr/prog/fanmOrgn/hyo/sub03_04/view.do?orgnNo=339|title=성씨유래검색> 효문화 사이트|first=효문화|last=사이트|website=hyo.djjunggu.go.kr|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815045755/http://hyo.djjunggu.go.kr/html/hyo/museum/museum_040401_2.html?mng_no=339|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/1207177?availability=Family+History+Library |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:FamilySearch Catalog: 남원독고씨족보 南原獨孤氏族譜, 2권, 930-1935 — FamilySearch.org|website=familysearch.org|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surname.info/dokgo/nam_won-roots.html |language=ko |script-title=ko:성씨정보 - 남원 독고씨 (南原獨孤氏) - 상계 세계도(上系世系圖) |website=Surname.info|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surname.info/dokgo/nam_won-population.html |language=ko |script-title=ko:성씨정보 - 남원독고씨 (南原獨孤氏) - 인구 분포도 (人口分布圖)|website=Surname.info|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>

One of [[Mencius]]' descendants moved to Korea and founded the [[Sinchang Maeng clan]]. A Chinese descended from a student of Confucius founded the [[Muncheon Gong clan]] and [[Gimpo Gong clan]] in Korea.

During the [[Yuan dynasty]], one of [[Confucius]]' descendants, who was one of the sons of [[Duke Yansheng]] {{ill|Kong Huan|zh|孔浣}}, named Kong Shao ({{zh|labels=no|t=孔紹}}), moved from China to [[Goryeo]] era Korea and established a branch of the family there called the [[Gong clan of Qufu]] after marrying a Korean woman, the daughter of Jo Jin-gyeong ({{lang|ko|曹晉慶}}) during [[Toghon Temür]]'s rule. This branch of the family received [[Korean nobility|aristocratic rank]] in [[Joseon]] era Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qz.gov.cn/English/Recent/201405/t20140519_278510.htm|title=Descendants of Confucius in South Korea Seek Roots in Quzhou|date=19 May 2014|website=QUZHOU.CHINA|access-date=February 4, 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150204113943/http://www.qz.gov.cn/English/Recent/201405/t20140519_278510.htm|archive-date=4 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6355971.html|title=South Korea home to 80,000 descendants of Confucius – People's Daily Online|website=En.people.cn|access-date=18 August 2016|archive-date=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828231834/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6355971.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029_4.htm|title=New Confucius Genealogy out next year -- china.org.cn|website=China.org.cn|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2016-03/11/content_37999541.htm|title=China Exclusive: Korean Confucius descendants trace back to ancestor of family tree - China.org.cn|website=China.org.cn|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-03/11/c_135179011.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312012847/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-03/11/c_135179011.htm|archive-date=March 12, 2016|
title=China Exclusive: Korean Confucius descendants trace back to ancestor of family tree |website=Xinhuanet.com|access-date=18 August 2016}}</ref> [[:zh:曲阜孔氏 (朝鮮半島)|曲阜孔氏 (朝鮮半島)]] [[w:ko:곡부 공씨|곡부 공씨]]

Two Japanese families, a Vietnamese family, an Arab family, a [[Qocho|Uighur]] family, four Manchuria originated families, three Mongol families, and 83 Chinese families migrated into Korea during Goryeo.<ref name="Yi1975">{{cite book|author=Kwang-gyu Yi|title=Kinship system in Korea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMU9AAAAIAAJ&q=The+clans+which+came+into+Korea+from+outside+in+historical+times+are+reported:+eighty-three+from+China,+three+from+Mongolia,+four+from+Manchuria,+one+from+Uigul+,+one+from+Arab,+one+from+Vietnam,+and+two+2+from+Japan.+Under+the+Japanese+...|year=1975|publisher=Human Relations Area Files|page=146}}</ref>

Goryeo era Korea accepted [[Lý dynasty]] of Vietnam as royal refugees.<ref>{{citation|last=Kelly|first=Tim|date=2006-09-18|title=Ho Chi Minh Money Trail|periodical=Forbes|url=http://members.forbes.com/global/2006/0918/028.html|access-date=2007-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216073522/http://members.forbes.com/global/2006/0918/028.html|archive-date=2018-02-16}}</ref> The Lý familial origins were from south China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2013/09/07/the-stranger-kings-of-the-ly-and-tran-dynasties/|title=The Stranger Kings of the Lý and Trần Dynasties|date=7 September 2013|website=Leminhkhai.wordpress.com|access-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910021017/http://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2013/09/07/the-stranger-kings-of-the-ly-and-tran-dynasties/|archive-date=10 September 2013}}</ref> [[Fujian]] province, Jinjiang village, was the origin of Lý Thái Tổ ({{lang|vi-Hant|李公蘊}}), the ancestor of the Lý dynasty ruling family and Lý Công Uẩn.<ref>{{lang|zh-Hant|[[:s:夢溪筆談/卷25|夢溪筆談·卷二十五·雜誌二]] 「桓死，安南大亂，久無酋長。其後國人共立閩人李公蘊為主。」]}} {{full citation needed|date=February 2020}}</ref><ref name="quanzhou">{{cite web|url=http://www.fjsen.com/d/2010-10/12/content_3755527.htm|language=zh-cn|script-title=zh:千年前泉州人李公蕴越南当皇帝越南史上重要人物之一 - 城事 - 东南网|website=[[Fjsen]]|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522152954/http://www.fjsen.com/d/2010-10/12/content_3755527.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qzwb.com/gb/content/2008-12/18/content_2975986.htm|language=zh-cn|script-title=zh:两安海人曾是安南皇帝有关专家考证李公蕴、陈日煚籍属晋江安海-泉州网|website=Qzwb.com|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401054806/http://www.qzwb.com/gb/content/2008-12/18/content_2975986.htm|archive-date=1 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas|pages=228|author=Lynn Pan|year=1998|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=0674252101}}</ref> These sources have been confirmed by [[Trần Quốc Vượng (historian)|Trần Quốc Vượng]].<ref name="Nguyen1997">{{cite book|author=Cuong Tu Nguyen|title=Thiền Uyển Tập Anh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12MEAAAAYAAJ&q=2%29,+points+out+that+according+to+a+Chinese+source,+Ly+Cong+Uan+was+originally+from+Fujian,+China.+Tran+Quoc+Vtfcing+is+of+the+opinion+that+Uan+himself|year=1997|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1948-4|page=371}}</ref>

[[Chen Li (emperor)|Chen Li]], who was the second and the last emperor of the Chinese [[Chen Han]] dynasty settled in Korea after he had surrendered his state to the Ming Dynasty. Chen's became the progenitor of the [[Yangsan Jin clan]]. The Chinese [[Ming Xia]] emperor [[Ming Yuzhen]]'s son Ming Sheng was given the noble title Marquis of Guiyi by the [[Ming dynasty]] emperor [[Zhu Yuanzhang]] after his surrender. Ming Sheng was then exiled to Korea and Zhu Yuanzhang asked the Korean king to treat him as a foreign noble by giving his descendants and family corvée and taxation exemptions. These were granted by a patent from the Korean king which lasted until the invading soldiers in the [[Qing invasion of Joseon]] destroyed the Ming family's patents. The Korean official Yun Hui-chong's daughter married Ming Sheng in March 1373. Ming Sheng was 17 and Chen Li was 21 when they were sent to Korea in 1372 by the Ming dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goodrich |first1=Luther Carringto |title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644, Volume 2 |date=1976 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=023103833X |page=1072 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1072}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting |date=2000 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=3540656308 |page=1072 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrGAXH_ne4IC&pg=PA1072}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Farmer |editor1-first=Edward L. |title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule |date=1995 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9004103910 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Serruys |first1=Henry |title=The Mongols in China During the Hung-wu Period (1368–1398). |date=1959 |publisher=Impr. Sainte-Catherine |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46GPAAAAMAAJ&q=ming+sheng+korea}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Serruys |first1=Henry |title=Sino-Mongol Relations During the Ming, Volume 1 |date=1967 |publisher=Institut belge des hautes études chinoises |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEQvAAAAYAAJ&q=ming+sheng+korea}}</ref> The Chinese Ming family exists as the [[Korean clan]]s, [[Yeonan Myeong clan]], [[Seochok Myeong clan]] and [[Namwon Seung clan]].<ref>{{Cite book|language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:서촉명씨 西蜀明氏|publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]]|url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=290979&cid=42835&categoryId=42835&mobile}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Jin Guanglin |author-link=:ja:金光林 (歴史学者) |date=2014 |title=A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names |journal=Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia |volume=5 |via=[[Society for Cultural Interaction in East Asia]] |url=http://www.sciea.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_JIN.pdf |page=20}}</ref> Additionally, many Ming refugees fled to Korea during the [[Transition from Ming to Qing]]. Ming China had previously aided Joseon Korea during the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Japanese invasions of Korea]], and so Ming Generals such as [[Chen Lin (Ming dynasty)|Chen Lin]] were viewed favorably as war heroes and their descendents welcomed in Korea. For example, in 1644, when the [[Qing dynasty]] replaced the Ming, Chen's grandchild, Chen Yusong (陳泳素) migrated to Korea and started the Jin Clan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jin|first=Guanglin|date=2014|title=A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names|journal=Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia |volume=5 |publisher=[[Society for Cultural Interaction in East Asia]]|url=http://www.sciea.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_JIN.pdf |page=23}}</ref>

Individual Chinese are recorded on the Korean Peninsula as early as the 13th century, with some going on to found [[Bon-gwan|Korean clans]].<ref name="Rootsweb">For example, the [[Deoksu Jang clan]], founded by a [[Hui Chinese]] in 1275. See {{cite web|url=http://www.rootsinfo.co.kr/name/n06/n060213.html|work=Rootsinfo.co.kr (Korean language) |language=ko-kr |script-title=zh:덕수장씨 |trans-title=Deoksu Jang Clan |access-date=2006-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119133702/http://www.rootsinfo.co.kr/name/n06/n060213.html|archive-date=2005-11-19}}</ref> However, there was little recognisable community until July 1882, when the [[Qing dynasty]] sent Admiral {{ill|Wu Changqing|zh|吳長慶}} and 3,000 troops at the request of the Korean government to aid in quelling [[Imo Incident|a rebellion]]. Accompanying the troops were some 40 Chinese merchants and other civilians.<ref name="KimHJ"/><ref>{{harvnb|Kim|2004|p=689}}</ref> In August that same year, Qing Superintendent for Trade for the Northern Ports [[Li Hongzhang]] lifted restrictions on coastal trade and signed the [[China–Korea Treaty of 1882]] ("Regulations for Maritime and Overland Trade Between Chinese and Korean Subjects"), and two further agreements the following year, which granted Chinese merchants permission to trade in Korea.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamashita|2001|p=56}}</ref>

Unlike in other Asian countries, 90% of the early overseas Chinese in Korea came from [[Shandong]], rather than the southern coastal provinces of [[Guangdong]] and [[Fujian]].<ref name="Rhee 2009 113">{{harvnb|Rhee|2009|p=113}}</ref> During the late 19th and early 20th century Shandong was hard hit by famine, drought, and banditry especially in its northwest, and caused many to migrate to other parts of China and Korea.<ref>{{harvnb|Larsen|2008|p=261}}</ref> See [[Shandong people]]. Chinese merchants did well in competition with the Japanese due to their superior access to credit.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamashita|2001|p=63}}</ref> They were not confined to port cities, and many did business in inland parts of Korea. Generally speaking, Japanese traders were more interested in quick profits, while the Chinese established relationships with customers.<ref>{{harvnb|Duus|1995|pp=256–257}}</ref> The earliest Chinese school in Korea, the Joseon Hwagyo Primary School, was established in 1902 in [[Incheon]].<ref>{{harvnb|Yi|2007|p=111}}</ref>

===Under Japanese rule===
[[File:Seoul Overseas Chinese Primary School.jpg|thumb|right|The gate of the Overseas Chinese Primary School in [[Myeong-dong]], [[Seoul]].]]

By 1910, when [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea formally came under Japanese rule]], the number of Chinese in Korea had risen to 12,000.<ref name="doRosario">{{citation|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/55a/326.html|title=Seoul's invisible Chinese rise up|last=do Rosario|first=Louise|date=2000-10-22|access-date=2006-12-08|periodical=The Straits Times}}</ref> Chinese migrants established schools in [[Seoul]] in 1910, [[Busan]] in 1912, [[Sinuiju]] in 1915, [[Nampho]] in 1919, and [[Wonsan]] in 1923.<ref>{{harvnb|Yi|2007|p=112}}</ref>

The number of Chinese in Korea would expand to 82,661 by 1942, but contracted sharply to 12,648 by 1945 due to economic hardships faced during [[World War II]].<ref name="Rhee 2009 114">{{harvnb|Rhee|2009|p=114}}</ref>

===Division of Korea===
====North Korea====
After the [[surrender of Japan]] and the liberation of Korea from Japanese rule, Chinese living in the northern half of Korea quickly established new schools and rebuilt Chinese-language education, with aid from the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP). In April 1949, the CCP's Northeast Administrative Committee formally handed control of these schools over to the North Korean government, which began some efforts to integrate them into the national educational system.<ref>{{harvnb|Mu|2003}}</ref> Early financial assistance from the North Korean government actually helped to maintain and expand Chinese education; the schools continued operation even during the Korean War, and the era after the cessation of hostilities up to around 1966 was described as a "golden era" for the schools. After that time, the North Korean government began to pursue a policy of reform and indigenisation towards the schools.<ref>{{harvnb|Mu|2001}}</ref> However, as of the late 1990s, there were still four Chinese middle schools which followed the PRC curriculum.<ref name=lankov245/> Some of their graduates go on to PRC universities; for example, [[Jinan University]] in [[Guangzhou]] had over 100 overseas Chinese students from North Korea {{as of|2002|lc=on}}.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dprktime.com/koreaclass/index-1.html |script-periodical=zh:时代朝鲜网 |language=zh-Hans |script-title=zh:中国是祖国，朝鲜是家乡 |access-date=2009-10-15 |author=李成爱 |date=2002-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204192818/http://www.dprktime.com/koreaclass/index-1.html |archive-date=February 4, 2008 }}</ref> [[Yanbian University]] in the [[Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture]] of China also began offering [[teacher education|training programmes for teachers]] in overseas Chinese schools in North Korea beginning in 2002; 38 students from their first class graduated in 2005.<ref>{{citation|url=http://newspaper.ybu.edu.cn/show.php?newsid=349|periodical=Yanbian University News|date=2005-09-05|access-date=2009-10-15|language=zh-cn|script-title=zh:首届朝鲜华侨教师大专班毕业|last1=Zhang|first1=Shunxing (张顺兴)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707030910/http://newspaper.ybu.edu.cn/show.php?newsid=349|archive-date=2011-07-07}}</ref>

Being foreign citizens, North Korea's Chinese people were not eligible to join the ruling [[Workers' Party of Korea|Korean Workers Party]] or advance in the military or the civil bureaucracy. On the other hand, they were allowed somewhat greater freedoms, such as the right to own a radio that was not sealed to only allow being tuned to North Korean stations (as long they did not listen to foreign stations in the presence of North Koreans). More importantly, since around 1980 they were allowed to travel abroad, and participate in the important and profitable export-import business.<ref name=lankov245/> After the PRC government came out in support of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874]] in June 2009, which imposed sanctions in North Korea, it was reported that North Korean surveillance and repression of Chinese residents had increased, and many had chosen to avoid making trips out of the country to avoid scrutiny. One Chinese resident was allegedly charged with espionage.<ref name="ChosunIlbo20091010"/> Some Chinese in North Korea managed to flee to South Korea, but the South Korean government refused to grant them South Korean citizenship, so they became stateless.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://apnews.com/article/immigration-south-korea-north-korea-cb0d9f5188a35e6192829a120dabdf2c|title= Chinese-North Korean defectors face hardship in South Korea|work=The Associated Press|date=October 19, 2021}}</ref>

The population of PRC citizens in North Korea was estimated as 14,351 persons (in 3,778 households) in 1958, shrinking to a mere 6,000 by 1980, as they had been encouraged by the North Korean government to leave for China in the 1960s and 70s.<ref name=lankov245/> Recent estimates of their population vary. China's official [[Xinhua News Agency]] published a figure of 4,000 overseas Chinese and 100 [[international student]]s in 2008.<ref>{{citation|url=http://2008.163.com/08/0427/10/4AHEVUT600742CMG.html |publisher=[[163.com]] 2008 Beijing Olympics|date=2008-04-27|access-date=2009-09-16 |language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:平壤中国留学生和华侨火炬手的心声祝福北京奥运}}</ref> The ''[[Chosun Ilbo]]'', a South Korean newspaper, gave a higher estimate of 10,000 people in 2009.<ref name="ChosunIlbo20091010">{{citation|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/10/10/2009101000229.html|date=2009-10-10|access-date=2009-10-15|periodical=Chosun Ilbo|title=Chinese in N.Korea 'Face Repression'}}</ref> They live mostly in [[Pyongyang]] and in the areas near the Chinese border.<ref name=lankov245/>

====South Korea====
[[File:Busan chinatown.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Paifang|gate]] of [[Busan]]'s [[Chinatown]], located in Choryang-dong, [[Dong District, Busan|Dong-gu]]]]

Prior to and during the [[Korean War]], many Chinese residing in the northern half of the Korean peninsula migrated to the southern half.<ref name="Rhee 2009 114"/> After the [[division of Korea]], the Chinese population in South Korea would remain stable for some time; however, when Park Chung Hee took power in a coup on May 16, 1961, he began to implement currency reforms and property restrictions which severely harmed the interests of the Chinese community, spurring an exodus.<ref name="Rhee 2009 113"/> [[Incheon]] once had the largest Chinese population in Korea, but as the pace of emigration increased, the number diminished. It is estimated that only 26,700 of the old Chinese community now remain in South Korea; they largely hold [[Taiwanese nationality law|Republic of China nationality]].<ref name="KimHJ"/>

However, in recent years, immigration from mainland China has increased; 696,861 persons of [[Chinese nationality law|PRC nationality]] have immigrated to South Korea, making them 55.1% of the total 1,139,283 foreign citizens living in South Korea. Among them are 488,100 of Korean descent (70% of PRC citizens in South Korea, and 40% of the total number of foreign citizens), and 208,761 of other ethnicities. Most of these new residents live in [[Seoul]] and its surroundings.<ref name="ChosunIlbo20090806"/>

There is a Chinese-language primary school in [[Myeong-dong]], as well as a high school in Seodaemun.<ref name="SeoulOCHS">{{citation|url=http://www.scs.or.kr/ |language=zh-Hant |script-title=zh:韓國漢城華僑中學|publisher=Seoul Overseas Chinese High School|access-date=2006-12-08}}</ref>

===Secondary migration===
Due to the South Korean regulations in the 1960s which limited foreign property ownership, many Chinese in South Korea left the country.<ref name="Kim 2004 690">{{harvnb|Kim|2004|p=690}}</ref> During the 1970s, 15,000 are estimated to have moved to the [[United States]], and another 10,000 to Taiwan. Further outmigration occurred during the [[1997 Asian Financial Crisis]].<ref name="Rhee 2009 115">{{harvnb|Rhee|2009|p=115}}</ref> Others went to the PRC after its [[gaige kaifang|reform and opening up]], to pursue commercial opportunities or simply to return to their ancestral hometowns.<ref name="Kim 2004 690"/> For example, in [[Rizhao]], Shandong alone, there are 8,200 returned overseas Chinese.<ref>{{harvnb|Chao|1998|p=463}}</ref>

Many Chinese from Korea who migrated to the U.S. have settled in areas with large [[Korean American]] communities, such as [[Los Angeles]], and have tended to integrate into the [[Korean American]] rather than [[Chinese American]] community.<ref name="Rhee 2009 115"/> Yet, some who went to the United States or Taiwan found they could not adapt to life there either due to linguistic and cultural barriers, and ended up returning to South Korea, in a form of [[circular migration]].<ref name="Kim 2004 690"/>

==History of Overseas Chinese in Korea==
Overseas Chinese are persons born in China who subsequently settled in and work in other countries. The origin of overseas Chinese in Korea can be found in the [[Imo Incident]] (Im-O Military Revolt) in 1882.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:[특별기고] 한국 화교 그 애잔한 이름 - 일간투데이|url = http://www.dtoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=175107|website =Dtoday.co.kr|date=12 August 2015 |access-date = 2015-12-07}}</ref> At that time, the Chinese military leader {{ill|Wu Changqing|zh|吳長慶}} came to fetch the Chinese military 4000 people in order to rectify the Imo Incident in Korea and the settlement of Overseas Chinese began from the Qing dynasty merchants that came along to procure munitions.<ref name=":0" /> As the [[Chinese concession of Incheon]] was set to near Incheon Jemulpo Port in 1884, in earnest, the Overseas Chinese came to Korea and was nationally spread.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:한국화교이야기 > 한국화교현황 {{!}} 인천차이나타운|url = http://www.ichinatown.or.kr/introduction/overseas_chinese/drift.asp|website = Ichinatown.or.kr|access-date = 2015-12-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223054713/http://www.ichinatown.or.kr/introduction/overseas_chinese/drift.asp|archive-date = 2015-12-23 |title=Ichinatown.or.kr }}</ref> But overseas Chinese society was atrophied because of various institutional limits and discrimination of the government.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:[수도권] '130년 역사' 화교들, 인천 떠난다...왜?|url = http://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1002729365|website = SBS NEWS| date=10 December 2014 |access-date = 2015-12-07|language = ko-KR}}</ref> Since then, Korea conducted favorable policy for foreigners. In 1998, overseas Chinese have become increasingly stable as 22,917 people In 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:한국은 화교자본 성공 못한 유일한 나라...인천특구·새만금도 외면|url = http://news.mk.co.kr/newsRead.php?no=990922&year=2014|website=[[Maeil Business Newspaper]]|date=14 July 2014 |access-date = 2015-12-07}}</ref> And the rise of China and the 21st century global era, especially, Since the 1997 IMF crisis, as importance of foreign capital was emphasized, Overseas Chinese in Korea has arranged the foundation of a new leap forward.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:한국화교이야기 > 한국화교현황 {{!}} 인천차이나타운|url = http://www.ichinatown.or.kr/introduction/overseas_chinese/jump.asp|website = Ichinatown.or.kr|access-date = 2015-12-07 |title=Ichinatown.or.kr }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:인천시립박물관 특별전 '오래된 이웃, 화교'|url = http://www.ajunews.com/view/20141127102925703|website=[[Aju Business Daily]]| date=27 November 2014 |access-date = 2015-12-07|language = ko-KR}}</ref>

==Cuisine==
{{Main article|Korean Chinese cuisine}}

==Religion==
It has been documented that most Chinese in South Korea are followers of [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Taoism]]. Chinese have established some folk temples dedicated to various gods, which provide networks linking back to mainland China or Taiwan. Otherwise, there are no formal [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese Buddhist]] and [[Taoist temple]]s in Korea. Chinese Buddhists attend temples of [[Korean Buddhism]]. Many Chinese belong to [[Yiguandao|I-Kuan Tao]], a religious movement originating from Chinese folk religion. Since the 1990s, Christianity has made some inroads among the Chinese of Korea, with at least one Chinese-language church established by a pastor from Taiwan. Chinese Catholics attend Korean Catholic churches.<ref name="auto"/>

==Education==
{{Expand section|date=March 2016}}

There are multiple ROC (Taiwan) Chinese international schools in South Korea:

* [[Seoul Chinese Primary School]]
* [[Seoul Overseas Chinese High School]]
* Yeongdeugpou Korea Chinese Primary School ({{zh|t=永登浦華僑小學}}; {{Korean|한국영등포화교소학교}})
* Overseas Chinese Elementary School Busan ({{zh|labels=no|t=韓國釜山華僑小學}}; {{Korean|labels=no|부산화교소학교}})
* [[Overseas Chinese Middle and High School Busan]] ({{zh|labels=no|t=韓國釜山華僑中學}})
* Overseas Chinese Elementary School Daegu ({{Korean|labels=no|한국대구화교초등학교}}) ({{zh|labels=no|t=韓國大邱華僑小學}})
* [[Overseas Chinese Middle and High School Daegu]] ({{zh|labels=no|t=韓國大邱華僑中學}})
* Overseas Chinese School Incheon ({{Korean|labels=no|인천화교소·중산중고등학교}}) ({{zh|labels=no|t=仁川華僑中山中學}})
* Suwon Zhongzheng Chinese Elementary School ({{zh|labels=no|t=水原華僑中正小學}}; {{Korean|labels=no|수원화교중정소학교}})
* Overseas Chinese Elementary School Uijongbu ({{zh|labels=no|t=議政府華僑小學}}; {{Korean|labels=no|의정부화교소학교}})
* Wonju Chinese Elementary School ({{zh|labels=no|t=原州華僑小學校}}; {{Korean|labels=no|원주화교소학교}})
* Chungju Chinese Elementary School ({{zh|labels=no|t=忠州華僑小學校}}; {{Korean|labels=no|충주화교소학교}})
* Onyang Chinese Elementary School ({{zh|labels=no|t=溫陽華僑小學校}}; {{Korean|labels=no|온양화교소학교}})
* Kunsan Chinese Elementary School ({{zh|labels=no|t=群山華僑小學}}; {{Korean|labels=no|군산화교소학교}})

== Criminal image ==
According to the Korean Justice Ministry in 2010, the crime rate of the 610,000 Chinese in the country was at 2.7%, which was lower than the 3.8% crime rate of native South Koreans.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramstad|first=Evan|date=2011-08-23|title=Foreigner Crime in South Korea: The Data|language=en-US|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-KRTB-2071|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220104175101/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-KRTB-2071|archive-date=2022-01-04|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

However, according to politics professor Lee Jean-young at [[Inha University]], many Chinese of Korean descent, who mostly came from rural areas and had a low level of education, did not follow public etiquette rules during the early years of their settlement, such as [[spitting]] on streets and [[litter]]ing anywhere. He added that this combined with local media reporting of crimes by ethnic Korean-Chinese people and their depiction as criminals on TV had increased South Korean animosity towards them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hyun-ju|first=Ock|date=2017-09-24|title=[Feature] Ethnic Korean-Chinese fight 'criminal' stigma in Korea|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170924000289|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202005913/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170924000289|archive-date=2020-12-02|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|language=en}}</ref> With the prevalence of [[Korean ethnic nationalism]], a 2015 survey had 59% of South Korean respondents expressing negative perceptions of Joseonjok<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 13, 2015|title=20·30대 청년 10명 중 6명, '조선족'에 부정적|work=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]|url=https://news.joins.com/article/19065453|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101214341/https://news.joins.com/article/19065453|archive-date=2020-01-01}}</ref> and online hate speech has been documented in some top comments for sites such as [[Nate (web portal)|Nate]] and [[Naver]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 2018|title=Hate Speech against Immigrants in Korea: A Text Mining Analysis of Comments on News about Foreign Migrant Workers and Korean Chinese Residents* (page 281)|url=http://snuac.snu.ac.kr/2015_snuac/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/10-2_%ED%8A%B9%EC%A7%91-2_Injin-Yoon.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205175450/http://snuac.snu.ac.kr/2015_snuac/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/10-2_%ED%8A%B9%EC%A7%91-2_Injin-Yoon.pdf|archive-date=2020-12-05|website=[[Seoul National University]]|publication-place=[[Ritsumeikan University]]}}</ref>

==Notable people==

*[[Hu In-jeong]], volleyball player (received South Korean citizenship through naturalization)<ref>{{cite news|title=후인정-김세진 동갑내기 맞수대결|url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/sports/sports_general/31398.html|work=[[The Hankyoreh]]|date=19 October 2019|language=ko}}</ref>
*[[Ha Hee-ra]], actress (granted South Korean citizenship after marrying actor [[Choi Soo-jong]])<ref>{{cite news|title=알고보면 중국인의 피가 섞인 사람들|url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/23397367|work=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]|date=27 February 2019|language=ko}}</ref>
*[[Ju Hyun-mi]], [[Trot (music)|trot]] singer<ref>{{cite news|title=주현미 "화교 출신 父, 4남매 홀로 키운 母...원망스럽다" ('회장님네 식구들')|url=https://www.chosun.com/entertainments/broadcast/2023/12/25/X364XLDZKE7NXK74NDLHWY3E6A/|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=25 December 2023|language=ko}}</ref>
*[[Sun Sheng Xi]], singer-songwriter<ref>{{cite news|title=그동안 너무 ‘상견니’했어요, 한국! 가수 손성희 인터뷰|url=https://genie.co.kr/magazine/subMain?ctid=1&mgz_seq=12929|publisher=[[Genie Music]]|date=15 April 2025|language=ko}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Taiwan|South Korea|China|Society}}
*[[South Korea-Taiwan relations]]
*[[Taiwanese people]]
*[[Waishengren]]
*[[Incheon Chinatown]]
*[[Korean clan names of foreign origin]]
*[[Koreans in China]]
*[[Koreans in Taiwan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{citation|last=Chao|first=Zhongchen|script-chapter=zh:山东省日照市旅汉华侨的调查报告 |trans-title=Report of Fieldwork on the Returned Overseas Chinese of South Korea in Rizhao, Shandong |pages=463–484|title=The last half century of Chinese overseas|editor-first=Elizabeth|editor-last=Sinn|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-962-209-446-8}}
*{{citation|last=Choi|first=Sheena|year=2001|title=Gender, Ethnicity and Market Forces: Observations of Ethnic Chinese in Korea|series=East Asia: History, Politics, Sociology and Culture Series|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8153-4030-0}}
*{{citation|last=Duus|first=Peter|year=1995|title=The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-21361-0}}
*{{citation|chapter=Overseas Chinese Financial Networks and Korea|first=Takeshi|last=Hamashita|title=Commercial networks in modern Asia|editor-first=Shinya|editor-last=Sugiyama|editor2-first=Linda|editor2-last=Grove|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7007-1419-3|pages=56–70}}
*{{citation|last=Kim|first=Kwang-ok|chapter=Chinese in Korea|pages=688–697|title=Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world|editor-first=Melvin|editor-last=Ember|editor2-first=Carol R.|editor2-last=Ember|editor3-first=Ian A.|editor3-last=Skoggard|isbn=978-0-306-48321-9|year=2004|publisher=Springer}}
*{{citation|last=Kraus|first=Charles|year=2014|title=Bridging East Asia's Revolutions: The Overseas Chinese in North Korea, 1945–1950|volume=11|number=2|journal=The Journal of Northeast Asian History|url=http://contents.nahf.or.kr/english/item/level.do;jsessionid=7CA130B117657B78E060B18EDDE3CDE8?levelId=jn_020e_0020&langTypes=e}}
*{{citation|last=Larsen|first=Kirk|year=2008|title=Tradition, Treaties, and Trade: Qing Imperialism and Choson Korea, 1850–1910|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02807-4}}
*{{citation|language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:朝鲜华侨教育的历史回顾 |year=2001|volume=1|number=4|issn=1002-5162|journal=Overseas Chinese History Studies|url=http://www.ilib.cn/A-ISSN~1002-5162%282001%2904-0058-10.html|author=慕德政 [Mu Dezheng]|ref=CITEREFMu2001|access-date=2009-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707044558/http://www.ilib.cn/A-ISSN~1002-5162(2001)04-0058-10.html|archive-date=2011-07-07}}
*{{citation|language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:朝鲜华侨教育的现状 |author=慕德政 [Mu Dezheng]|issn=1009-3311|year=2003|volume=36|number=2|journal=Social Sciences Journal of Yanbian University|url=http://www.ilib.cn/A-ISSN~1009-3311%282003%2902-0025-04.html|ref=CITEREFMu2003|access-date=2009-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707044553/http://www.ilib.cn/A-ISSN~1009-3311(2003)02-0025-04.html|archive-date=2011-07-07}}
*{{citation|last=Rhee|first=Young-ju|chapter=Diversity within Chinese Diaspora: "Old" versus "New" huaqiao Residents in South Korea|title=Diasporas: Critical and Interdisciplinary Perspectives|isbn=978-1-904710-68-4|editor-first=Jane|editor-last=Fernandez|publisher=Inter-Disciplinary Press|location=Oxford, United Kingdom|year=2009|pages=111–126|chapter-url=http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/DCIP-1.1b.pdf|access-date=2009-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228021232/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/DCIP-1.1b.pdf|archive-date=2010-12-28}}
*{{citation|last=Yi|first=Jeong-hui|journal=<> |year=2007|script-title=ko:중일전쟁과 조선화교: 조선의 화교소학교를 중심으로 |trans-title=The Sino-Japanese War and the Overseas Chinese in Korea: Focused on the Joseon Overseas Chinese Primary School |script-journal=ko:중국근현대사연구 |pages=107–129|url=http://www.k-modernchina.com/jour/35/35-05.pdf|issn=1598-8287|access-date=2009-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713130837/http://www.k-modernchina.com/jour/35/35-05.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-13}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation|year=1996|title=Narratives of Migration: From the Formation of Korean Chinese Nationality in the PRC to the Emergence of Korean Chinese Migrants in South Korea|first=Heh-rahn|last=Park|publisher=University of Washington|series=Ph.D. dissertation|oclc=36173120|hdl=1773/6450}}
*{{citation|last1=Yang|first1=Pil-seung|last2=Yi|first2=Jeong-hui|title=ko:차이나타운없는나라: 한국화교경제의어제와오늘|trans-title=A Country without a Chinatown: Yesterday and Today in the Overseas Chinese Economy of Korea|location=Seoul|publisher=Samseong Gyeongje Yeonguso|year=2004|isbn=978-89-7633-242-4|oclc=58047117}}
**Also published in Chinese as {{citation|last1=Liang |first1=Bicheng (梁必承)|last2=Li |first2=Zhengxi (李正熙) |translator-last=Quan |translator-first=Min (全敏) |language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:韩国, 沒有中国城的国家 : 21世纪型中国城的出现背景 |location=Beijing|publisher=Tsinghua University|isbn=978-7-302-12742-0|oclc=273498122|year=2006}}
*{{citation |language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:嵌入性适应模式：韩国华侨文化与生活方式的变迁 |trans-title=A Model of Embedded Adaptability: The Evolution of Society and Lifestyle Among Overseas Chinese in Korea |last1=Lu |first1=Yilong (陆益龙)|location=Beijing|publisher=China Social Sciences Press|year=2006|isbn=978-7-5004-5921-7|oclc=173283674}}
*{{citation|last=Wang|first=Mun-yong|script-title=ko:한국 화교 의 생활 과 정체성|trans-title=Life and Identity of Overseas Chinese in Korea|series=구술사료선집 [Materials of Oral History Series]|publisher=[[National Institute of Korean History]]|location=Gwancheon, Gyeonggi-do|year=2007|isbn=978-89-8236-390-0|oclc=262402436}}
*{{citation|title=At home in the Chinese diaspora: memories, identities and belongings|chapter=Politics, Commerce, and Construction of Chinese 'Otherness' in Korea: Open Port Period (1876–1910)|first=Sheena|last=Choi|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2008|isbn=978-0-230-50698-5|editor-first=Khun Eng|editor-last=Kuah-Pearce|editor2-first=Andrew P.|editor2-last=Davidson|pages=128–145}}

{{Immigrants and expatriates in Korea}}
{{Overseas Chinese2}}

[[Category:Chinese diaspora in Korea| ]]
[[Category:Chinese expatriates in Korea| ]]
[[Category:Demographics of North Korea]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Korea|Chinese]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in North Korea|Chinese]]
[[Category:Korean people of Chinese descent| ]]

St. Andrew's Catholic Church (Pasadena, California)

2025-06-16T15:00:22Z

42.60.3.85: /* Carlo Wostry murals */

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Andrew Catholic Church
| fullname =
| image = File: Saint Andrew's Church, Pasadena.jpg
| imagesize =
| landscape =
| caption =
| location = 311 N. Raymond Avenue [[Pasadena, California]] 91103
| country = {{flag|USA}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|34.15066|-118.14933|type:landmark_region:US-CA|display=inline,title}}
| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| tradition =
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| website = [http://saintandrewpasadena.org/ saintandrewpasadena.org]
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| founded date = 1886
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| dedicated date = 1927 (current church building)
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| architect = [[Ross Montgomery (architect)|Ross Montgomery]] 
[[Robert Brown Young]]
| architectural type = [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]]; [[Byzantine Revival architecture|Byzantine Revival]]
| style =
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| construction cost = $1,000,000
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| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Archdiocese of Los Angeles]]
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| division = [[San Gabriel Pastoral Region]]
| subdivision =
| archbishop = [[José Horacio Gómez]]
| bishop = [[Brian Nunes]]
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| pastor = [[Marcos Gonzalez]]
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'''St. Andrew's Catholic Church''' is a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] church in [[Pasadena, California]]. Founded in 1886, it is the oldest Catholic parish in Pasadena and one of the oldest in Los Angeles County. Its [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]] [[campanile]] bell tower is visible for miles and is one of the landmarks of Pasadena. The interior of the current church, built in 1927, was modeled after the [[Santa Sabina|Basilica of Santa Sabina]] in Rome, while the façade was modeled after the church of [[Santa Maria in Cosmedin]], down the hill and slightly upriver from Santa Sabina.

==The church building==
The current home of St. Andrew's Church, built in 1927 at an estimated cost of $1,000,000, is widely regarded as one of the most beautiful and important churches in Southern California. The style of architecture, without and within, is that of early Christian churches of the Byzantine era.<ref name=Hogue/> The architect, [[Ross Montgomery (architect)|Ross Montgomery]], and the church's pastor, John Michael McCarthy, both traveled to Italy studying early Byzantine architecture to find inspiration for the new church in Pasadena.<ref name=Hogue/><ref name="onlinearchive">[http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c86m37ff/ Online Archive of California: Ross Montgomery]</ref> The ''Los Angeles Times'' later commented on the contributions of Montgomery and McCarthy: "The collaboration of the architect and the priest has produced an edifice that will remain a monument to the memory of both."<ref name=Hogue/> Montgomery and McCarthy found their principal inspiration at [[Santa Sabina]], a basilica in Rome built in 432 A.D., on which they modeled St. Andrew's.<ref name=Dedication/><ref name=Lees>{{cite news|author=Hermine Lees|title=History of St. Andrew Church|publisher=The Tidings|date=2004-05-07|url=http://www.the-tidings.com/2004/0507/andrewside.htm}}</ref>
[[File:Bell Tower at St. Andrew's (Pasadena, California).JPG|thumb|175px|left|Bell Tower at St. Andrew's]]
At a dedication Mass in May 1928, hundreds of children participated in a religious procession at 6 a.m. when the [[Blessed Sacrament]], covered by a canopy, was moved from the old church on Fair Oaks to the new church.<ref name=Dedication/> Bishop [[John Joseph Cantwell|John Cantwell]] declared the new church "the pride of the diocese and a worthy replica of the ancient church on the banks of the Tiber."<ref name=Dedication>{{cite news|title=Mass Sung In New Church: Bishop Cantwell Speaks at St Andrews' Being Completed at Cost of $1,000,000|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1928-05-28}}</ref>

In 1930, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote of the church: "Pasadena, world-renowned for its semi-tropic loveliness, has received a new distinction that, a century hence, may be regarded as greater than all that has gone before. For in the heart of Pasadena, at Raymond avenue and Chestnut street, like a jeweled crown on the head of a Byzantine queen, rises beautiful St. Andrew's Catholic Church. 'Beautiful St. Andrew's!' That appellation will remain long after the last of the present generation has passed. The building and decorations mark a new epoch in religious architecture on the Pacific Coast."<ref name=Hogue>{{cite news|author=Fred Hogue|title=Church's Mural Paintings Masterful: St. Andrew's, Pasadena, to Enshrine New Jewel With Completion of Colorful, Titanic Figures of Disciples and Saints|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1930-12-28}}</ref>

The ''Architectural Guidebook to Los Angeles'' says of St. Andrew's: "Early Christian fabric with [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] [[campanile]] right out of old [[Ravenna]]. The rich interior is marvelous, as is the contribution of the church outlines to the cityscape. Best seen from the [[Foothill Freeway]] going east at sunset..."<ref>{{cite book|author=David Gebhard, Robert Winter|title=An Architectural Guidebook to Los Angeles, p. 415|publisher=Gibbs Smith|year=2003|isbn=1-58685-308-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWl29hn0C9gC&q=carlo+wostry+mural&pg=PA415}}</ref>

==Carlo Wostry murals==
[[File:Altar mural, St. Andrew's Church, Pasadena.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Mural above altar at St. Andrew's]]
Though the church structure was erected in 1927, it took eight years to complete the murals, stations of the cross, and other internal decorations. The church commissioned the Italian painter, [[Carlo Wostry]], for the murals and stations of the cross. Wostry had previously painted murals in [[Trieste]], [[Venice]], [[Paris]], and New York, but regarded his works at St. Andrew's to be the "crowning work" of his artistic life.<ref name=Hogue2/> He dedicated five years of his life to the interior decoration of St. Andrew's,<ref name=Hogue2>{{cite news|author=Fred Hogue|title=Murals of Savior's Life to Be Blessed This Morning: Paintings in St. Andrew's Church, Pasadena, Completed After Five Years Work by Noted Italian Artist|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1935-06-23}}</ref> spending time working both at the church and at a secluded studio in the Hollywood Hills.<ref name=Hogue/> Initially commissioned for the murals above the altar, the parishioners were so enchanted with Wostry's work that they raised funds to have him paint the chapel in the north nave, on which Wostry spent a year on his portrayal of the Madonna seated on a throne with winged angels above her.<ref name=Hogue2/> In 1932, Wostry received a further commission to paint the stations of the cross, and returned to Trieste to complete the commission. On seeing Wostry's murals in Pasadena, the ''Los Angeles Times'' in 1930 declared him "a worthy descendant of the great Italian mural painters of the Renaissance."<ref name=Hogue/> Twenty-four of Wostry's murals were exhibited in Trieste before being shipped to Pasadena. An article in an Italian newspaper expressed disappointment that the works were leaving Italy for installation in a place "where the people have money but no genuine art appreciation."<ref name=Hogue2/> When the totality of his work was completed in 1935, the ''Los Angeles Times'' wrote that Wostry's murals at St. Andrew's were "a revelation to the western art world" and the best "in any church in the two Americas."<ref name=Hogue2/>

==Parish history==

===Early years (1886–1918)===
In 1886, Patrick Harnett from the [[Cathedral of Saint Vibiana]] in [[Downtown Los Angeles]] was assigned to create a new parish for the Catholic community residing in the Pasadena area.<ref name=Lees/> Prior to the creation of a parish in Pasadena, local Catholics had to travel to the [[Mission San Gabriel Arcángel|San Gabriel Mission]] or to Downtown Los Angeles for Mass.<ref name=Lees/> The first Mass in Pasadena was celebrated at a hotel on Fair Oaks and Colorado Streets.<ref name=Lees/> The city's first church was built at the corner of Pasadena Avenue and Bellefontaine. In 1888, the first resident pastor, Andrew Cullen, named the parish for St. Andrew.<ref name=Lees/>

In April 1906, the week following the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]], a solemn requiem Mass was held at St. Andrew's for the dead in San Francisco. The high altar was draped with black and the mourning insignia displayed, and music was solemn with a full choir assisting in the chants.<ref name=Requiem/> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reported "there were fully one thousand persons present," including many civic leaders, representatives from other churches and "many prominent citizens."<ref name=Requiem>{{cite news|title=Honors of Catholics: Solemn Requiem Mass for the Dead in San Francisco Held in Pasadena|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1906-04-27}}</ref>

===John Michael McCarthy (1918–1944)===
John Michael McCarthy, a native of [[Brooklyn, New York]], was the parish's fifth pastor, serving in that role for 26 years from 1918 to 1944. He was one of the first California priests to be named monsignor, and was known as the "adobe priest" for his love of the Mexican people. He was also known as the "padre of the boulevard" because of his daily custom of walking the streets of Pasadena, offering spiritual counsel and material gifts to those in need.<ref name=McCarthy/> His successor, Bishop McGucken, said, "The public street became his sanctuary, and the good Padre was no vague humanitarian during his daily missions of mercy ... He was the last link with the heritage of Old California."<ref name=McCarthy/> During McCarthy's pastorship, the parish opened a high school and in 1927 built the present church at Raymond and Chestnut Streets. McCarthy remained at St. Andrew's as pastor emeritus from 1944 until his death in 1951. McCarthy's funeral was attended by some 800 parishioners and church officials.<ref name=McCarthy>{{cite news|title=Pontifical Mass Celebrated for Msgr. McCarthy, 'Adobe Priest'|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1951-08-02}}</ref>

===The McGucken and Hourihan years (1944–1982)===
Bishop [[Joseph Thomas McGucken|Joseph T. McGucken]], a native of Los Angeles who attended Polytechnic High School, was McCarthy's successor as pastor at St. Andrew's, serving from 1944 to 1955. In addition to serving as pastor at St. Andrew's, Bishop McGucken was the Vicar General of the Los Angeles Archdiocese. In 1955, he left St. Andrew's when he was appointed the Bishop of Sacramento. The parish gave Bishop McGucken a gala farewell celebration at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium, with a performance by [[Dennis Day]], several choirs, and an Army color guard.<ref>{{cite news|title=Public Farewell Reception Scheduled for Bishop McGucken in Pasadena|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1955-11-25}}</ref> Bishop McGucken served as Bishop of Sacramento from 1955–1962, and later as Archbishop of San Francisco from 1962-1977.

St. Andrew's had another long-serving priest in [[James Hourihan]], a native of Ireland, educated at [[All Hallows College]], Dublin, who served at St. Andrew's first as assistant pastor from 1931-1936 and then as pastor for 27 years from 1955 to 1982.<ref>{{cite news|title=Msgr. James Hourihan; Pastor in Pasadena for 27 Years|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1997-07-10}}</ref> In 1986, Hourihan published a 224-page history of St. Andrew's parish.

===Recent years===
Tobias P. English, an Air Force veteran during the [[Korean War]], was pastor at St. Andrew's from 1982 to 1999. After his retirement, English remained at St. Andrew's as pastor emeritus.

Following [[Hurricane Katrina]], the parish of St. Andrew's paid rent on an apartment for a young mother and her infant daughter for six months. In addition to a crib and Christmas gifts, the parish council provided emotional support.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholiccharitiesla.org/Hurricanes2005current.html |title=Welcome to Catholic Charities of Los Angeles, Inc. |website=www.catholiccharitiesla.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104112315/http://www.catholiccharitiesla.org/Hurricanes2005current.html |archive-date=2006-01-04}}</ref>

In July 2004, associate pastor, Marcos Gonzalez, was the subject of a 2,300-word feature in the ''Los Angeles Times'' concerning the "new breed" of "devoutly conservative" priests ordained under Pope [[John Paul II]].<ref name=Gonzalez>{{cite news|author=Teresa Watanabe|title=A New Breed of Priest; Marcos Gonzalez, like others ordained under Pope John Paul II, is devoutly conservative, a stark contrast with those of the Vatican II era|work=Los Angeles Times|date=2004-07-31}}</ref> Gonzalez, born in [[Fidel Castro]]'s Cuba, identified two pivotal figures in his teenage years: "John Paul in my church life and [[Ronald Reagan]] in my civil life."<ref name=Gonzalez/> Gonzalez drew attention for a passionate homily against [[abortion]] and [[Christian views on contraception|artificial birth control]] and for his outspoken views on [[pre-marital sex]].<ref name=Gonzalez/> One long-time parishioner said she was "startled and gratified" at Gonzalez's homilies: "The older priests seem to slip aside and not mention these things in their homilies, but Gonzalez is not afraid to speak out."<ref name=Gonzalez/> In the article, St. Andrew's pastor, Frank Colborn, noted that many younger priests like Gonzalez do not seem to share his passion for [[ecumenism]] and social justice causes such as worker rights, though even Colborn said he had come to share the concern over the lack of adherence to church teachings. He said, "The negative side of toleration and inclusiveness is that things become so fuzzy that you don't stand for anything anymore. We're not in the business of throwing people out of the church, but we need to find some way to get people to take seriously that the church does stand for something."<ref name=Gonzalez/>

==The school==

In 1897, the parish opened a Catholic school called the "Academy of Holy Names" (later renamed St. Andrew Catholic School) in a house on North Fair Oaks Avenue. The [[Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary]] ran the school, and in 1898 they purchased land to build a permanent brick school at Fair Oaks and Walnut Street. The school moved to its current location in 1923, and the existing school building was built in 1949. While he was still serving as a cardinal, [[Pope Pius XII]] visited St. Andrew's Church and School. Sister Mary Petra recalled, "He blessed us and admired our church."<ref name=School/> The high school portion of the school closed in 1980.<ref name=School>{{cite news|author=Jocelyn Y. Sister Daleen is the principal of the school today Stewart|title=Hundreds of Alumni Gather for Centennial of Pioneer Catholic School; Church: Founded after U.S. bishops began to encourage parishes to open classrooms, St. Andrew in Pasadena gave generations a bond rooted in tradition and discipline|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1997-09-14}}</ref> In September 1997, hundreds of alumni of the St. Andrew School gathered for a reunion to celebrate the school's 100th anniversary.<ref name=School/>

==Pastors==
The priests who have served as pastor at St. Andrew's are:
* Andrew Cullen, 1888–1890
* Cornelius Scannel, 1890–1896
* Patrick Farrelly, 1897–1909
* William Quinlan, 1909–1918
* John M. McCarthy, 1918–1944
* [[Joseph Thomas McGucken]], 1944–1955
* James Hourihan, 1955-1982 (assistant pastor at St. Andrew's, 1931–1937, and pastor emeritus, 1982–1997)
* Tobias P. English, 1982 to 1999
* Frank Colborn, 1999 to 2007
* Paul Sustayta (2007 to 2019)
* Marcos Gonzalez (2019–Present)

==Mass schedule==
As of 2025,<ref>https://www.saintandrewpasadena.org/mass-schedule</ref> the Mass schedule at St. Andrew Church, Pasadena, was:
* Weekdays (English): 8:15 a.m. (Monday - Friday)
* Weekdays (Spanish): 6:30 p.m. (Monday - Friday)
* Saturdays: 8:15 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. (vigil)
* Sundays: 6:30 a.m. (Spanish), 8:00 a.m. (English), 9:30 a.m. (English), 11:00 a.m. (Spanish), 12:30 p.m. (English), 2:00 p.m. (Spanish) and 5:00 p.m. (English)
* Tuesday Holy Hour (Adoration and Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament and Confessions) 7:00 p.m - 8:00 p.m
* Friday Confessions 9:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m.
* Saturday Confession 4:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m.

==See also==
* [[San Gabriel Pastoral Region]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Saint Andrew Church (Pasadena, California)}}
* [http://www.the-tidings.com/2004/0507/andrewside.htm History of St. Andrew Church in ''Tidings'' by Hermine Lee, May 2004]
* [http://saintandrewpasadena.org/ Saint Andrew Catholic Church, Pasadena, December 2009]

{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasadena Andrew's Catholic Church}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1928]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in California]]
[[Category:Education in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Private elementary schools in California]]
[[Category:Catholic elementary schools in California]]
[[Category:Bell towers in the United States]]
[[Category:Churches in Pasadena, California|Andrew's Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pasadena, California|Andrew's Catholic Church]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States]]

Luke Chia-Liu Yuan

2025-06-10T08:02:43Z

42.60.3.85: /* Early life and education */

{{Short description|Chinese-American physicist}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Yuan (surname)|Yuan]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name=Luke Yuan
|image = File:Chieng-Shiung Wu's Wedding.png
|caption = Luke Yuan (left) with Chien-Shiung Wu (second from left) on their wedding day in the garden of Mr. and Mrs. [[Robert Millikan]]
|birth_date={{birth date|1912|4|5|df=y}}
|birth_place=[[Anyang]], [[Henan]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
|nationality=
|death_date={{death date and age|2003|2|11|1912|4|5|df=y}}
|death_place=[[Beijing]], [[China]]
|field = [[Physics]]
|work_institution = [[RCA Laboratories]] [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] Synchrotron Radiation Research Center
|alma_mater = [[Yenching University]] [[California Institute of Technology]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Robert A. Millikan]]
|spouse=[[Wu Chien-shiung]] (m. 1942–97)
|children=Vincent Yuan ({{zh|t=袁緯承|labels=no}})
| father = [[Yuan Kewen]]
| relatives = [[Yuan Shikai]] (grandfather)
}}

'''Luke Chia-Liu Yuan''' ({{zh|t=袁家騮|s=袁家骝|p=Yuán Jiāliú|w=Yüan Chia-liu}}; April 5, 1912 – February 11, 2003) was a Chinese-American physicist. He was the husband of the famous physicist [[Chien-Shiung Wu]], who disproved the [[parity (physics)|conservation of parity]].

==Early life and education==
[[File:Yuan Shi-Kai.jpg|thumb|right|Yuan Shikai]]
Born in [[Anyang]], [[Henan]], Yuan was the grandson of [[Yuan Shikai]], the second president of the [[Republic of China]], via his third Korean concubine Lady Kim.<ref name=Obit>{{cite news|title=Luke Yuan / Physicist, educator, science benefactor|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Luke-Yuan-Physicist-educator-science-2668264.php|accessdate=14 August 2013|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=23 February 2003}}</ref>

Yuan lived a simple middle class life during the early years, and his father [[Yuan Kewen]] was an intellectual who did not agree with his family's ambitions, especially that of his father. He criticized his father's seizure of power from [[Sun Zhongshan]] in a poem, “Pity that there are frequent storms up there; It is not wise to climb all the way to the top floor of a mansion.”{{sfn|Chiang|2014|pp=58}}

Yuan Kewen was under house arrest after the years he spent away from [[Beijing]] in [[Tianjin]] and [[Shanghai]]. During this time, the young Luke was raised by his mother in the then-provincial [[Anyang, Henan|Anyang village in Henan]].

Yuan would make trips with his mother, sister, and two brothers every New Year's Day to visit his Kewen's older brother [[Yuan Keding]]. Keding had the same views on power and politics as Yuan Shikai and required Luke to dress up formally and kowtow to him during every visit, which made Luke intimidated of him. The family had to depend on Luke's uncle Keding for financial support.

Luke studied in Anyang then at age 13, he went to [[Tianjin Nankai High School|Nankai High School]] in [[Tianjin]] for a month, but then transferred to The Academy of Modern Learning, run by a London-based missionary. Luke received a rather good science education there, with a Cambridge University educated Dr. Hart teaching physics, and his maternal uncle teaching mathematics. Luke matriculated at the [[Tsin Ku University|College of Industry and Commerce]] in 1928 as a major in engineering.

He transferred to Yenching University in 1930, where the Chinese theoretical physicist Xie Yu-Ming was a professor. Luke's interest in radio led to radio communications as a serious hobby. He graduated in 1932, stayed in the graduate school for two more years, and received a master's degree. It was after graduation that Luke worked in Tangshan Coal Mine for one year. The President of Yenching University and later US Ambassador to China, [[Leighton Stuart]], was also a radio communications hobbyist, and befriended Luke. Stuart knew of the scholarship at UC Berkeley and asked Luke if he was interested. This was the trigger for Luke's studying abroad in 1936.{{sfn|Chiang|2014|pp=58-60}}

After Yuan attended [[Yenching University]] in [[Beijing]] he would go to the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California at Berkeley]] and the [[California Institute of Technology]] to study physics. He began living in the [[United States]] in 1936.

That same year, he attended the University of California, Berkeley and met renowned physicist [[Chien-Shiung Wu]], whom he married in 1942.<ref name="McGrayne">{{cite book|last=McGrayne|first=Sharon Bertsch|title=Nobel Prize Women in Science : their lives, struggles, and momentous discoveries|year=1998|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780309072700|edition=Rev.}}</ref>{{rp|259}} They were married at the home of Yuan's advisor [[Robert A. Millikan]] and his wife, with a Caltech instructor and priest officiating the wedding.{{sfn|Chiang|2014|pp=66}}

Since the physics department head Raymond Birge would not provide full scholarship grants to Yuan and Wu, Yuan transferred to Caltech, where he did his doctoral training under the Nobel laureate Millikan.{{sfn|Chiang|2014|pp=65}}<ref name="McGrayne" />{{rp|262}}

Wu frequently teased Yuan since her parents were rebel leaders who fought Yuan Shikai in the early days of [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|the republic]].{{sfn|Chiang|2014|pp=245}} She took part in the [[Manhattan Project]] and found a solution on [[Xenon-135]] that allowed the [[B reactor]] to operate in order to build the atomic bomb. Wu also conducted the [[Wu Experiment]] which got her the [[Wolf Prize in Physics]].

==Professional career==
[[File:Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997) in 1963 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|left|Chien-Shiung Wu was a [[particle physics|particle]] [[nuclear physics|and nuclear physicist]] who conducted experiments on [[beta decay]], such as the [[Wu experiment]].]]
Yuan worked at [[RCA Laboratories]] and then [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] as a senior physicist and science educator. In 1958, he was awarded Guggenheim Fellowship for Natural Sciences.<ref>{{cite news |title=LUKE CHIA-LIU YUAN |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/luke-chia-liu-yuan/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |agency=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation}}</ref> Yuan was elected a member of [[Academia Sinica]] the next year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Luke C. L. Yuan |url=https://academicians.sinica.edu.tw/index.php?r=academician-n%2Fshow&id=393 |access-date=15 June 2021 |agency=Academia Sinica}}</ref> He helped found the Synchrotron Radiation Research Center of [[Taiwan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chns.org/s.php?id=46&id2=198|title=中華民國核能學會 - 使用預設報表}}</ref> and Wu-Yuan Natural Science Foundation. Yuan would often travel to and from Brookhaven in [[Long Island]], and on weekends return to the family's [[Manhattan]] home near [[Columbia University]] where Wu worked as its first female physics professor.<ref name="nytobit">{{cite news|title=Luke Yuan, 90, Senior Physicist At Brookhaven|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/23/world/luke-yuan-90-senior-physicist-at-brookhaven.html|work=New York Times|first1=Eric|last1=Pace|date=23 February 2003|accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref>

==Final years==
[[File:浏河镇明德中学_吴健雄像.jpg|right|thumb|Statue of Wu in the campus of Ming De School, where Wu and Yuan are buried]]
Throughout Yuan's marriage, he would often spend time taking care of his son Vincent Yuan and the housework. Yuan learned to become adept at making [[Lion's head (food)|Lion's head]], chicken, sautéed vegetables, wonton, and many other dishes that the family cherished.

Both would attend numerous conventions and win multiple awards all over the world during their retirement.{{sfn|Chiang|2014|pp=181}} Six years after Wu died in New York, Yuan would spend more time in China. For over a year, Yuan was ill and died on February 11, 2003, in Beijing.

He is survived by his granddaughter, Jada Yuan or Wu Hanjie (a writer in [[New York City]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.santafenewmexican.com/life/features/writer-who-grew-up-in-pojoaque-visiting-times-list-of/article_2723ca89-4056-52f5-9454-654cd31583b5.html|title=Writer who grew up in Pojoaque visiting 'Times' list of 52 Places to Go|date=17 May 2018 }}</ref> son Vincent (nuclear physicist of [[New Mexico]]), and brother Yuan Jiaji of [[Tianjin]].<ref name="nytobit" />

Some of the things that he and his wife had were donated to the Cheng-Shiung Wu Memorial Hall, which is located in Nanjing, China. Both of their ashes were buried in front of the Mingde Middle School, where Wu studied as a child.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weinstock|first=Maya|title=Channeling Ada Lovelace: Chien-Shiung Wu, Courageous Hero of Physics|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/channeling-ada-lovelace-chien-shiung-wu-courageous-hero-of-physics/|date=2013-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chien- Shiung Wu Memorial Hall|url=http://www.gonanjingchina.com/explore-nanjing-china/nanjing-travel-blog/nanjing-history-culture-and-religion/nanjing-celebrities/chien-shiung-wu-memorial-hall|website=gonanjingchina|date=2 March 2017|accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
|last = Chiang |first = Tsai-Chien
|year = 2014
|title = Madame Chien-Shiung Wu: The First Lady of Physics Research
|publisher = World Scientific
|isbn = 978-981-4374-84-2
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yuan, Luke Chia-Liu}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Family of Yuan Shikai]]
[[Category:American people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Chinese emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Chinese people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:Members of Academia Sinica]]
[[Category:People from Anyang]]
[[Category:UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni]]
[[Category:Yenching University alumni]]
[[Category:Burials in Suzhou]]

Chang Dai-chien

2025-06-06T15:33:05Z

42.60.3.85: /* Forgeries */

{{Short description|Chinese artist and forger}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Zhang (surname)|Chang (Zhang)]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Chang Dai-chien Zhang Daqian
| native_name = 張大千
| image = Chang Dai-chien.jpg
| birth_name = Zhāng Zhèngquán (張正權)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1899|5|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Neijiang]], [[Sichuan]], China
| death_date = {{death date and age|1983|4|2|1899|5|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]
| nationality = Republic of China (ROC)
| field = [[Painting]]
| movement = ''[[guohua]]'', [[impressionism]], [[expressionism]]
| module = {{Infobox Chinese |child=yes |t=張大千 |s=张大千 |p=Zhāng Dàqiān |w=Chang Ta-ch'ien | mi= {{IPAc-cmn|zh|ang|1|-|d|a|4|.|q|ian|1}}}}
| spouse = Xie Shunhua (謝舜華), Huang Ningsu (黃凝素), Zheng Qingrong (曾慶蓉), Yang Wanjun (楊婉君), Xu Wenbo (徐雯波)
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chang Dai-chien
| children = Zhang Xinrui (eldest daughter) (長女張心瑞)、 Zhang Xincheng (son) (子張心澄)、Zhang Xinsheng (youngest daughter)(么女張心聲)
}}
'''Chang Dai-chien''' or '''Zhang Daqian''' ({{zh|t=張大千|w='''Chang Ta-ch'ien'''}}; 10 May 1899 – 2 April 1983) was one of the best-known and most prodigious [[Chinese art]]ists of the twentieth century. Originally known as a ''[[guohua]]'' (traditionalist) painter, by the 1960s he was also renowned as a modern impressionist and expressionist painter. In addition, he is regarded as one of the most gifted master [[art forgery|forgers]] of the twentieth century.

==Background==
Chang was born in 1899 in [[Sichuan]] Province to a financially struggling but artistic family, whose members had converted to [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianart.com/exhibitions/changdaichien/bio.html |title=Chang Dai-chien Biography |author= |date= |website=asianart.com |publisher= |access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref> His first commission came at age 12, when a traveling fortune-teller requested he paint her a new set of divining cards. At age 17 he was captured by [[Warlord Era|bandits]] while returning home from boarding school in [[Chongqing]]. When the bandit chief ordered him to write a letter home demanding a ransom, he was so impressed by the boy's brushmanship that he made the boy his personal secretary. During the more than three months that he was held captive, he read books of poetry which the bandits had looted from raided homes.<ref name=Smithsonian>{{''He was a Lion Among Painters'', Constance A. Bond, [[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]], January 1992, p. 90}}</ref>

In 1917, Chang moved to [[Kyoto]] to learn textile dyeing techniques. He later returned to [[Shanghai]] in 1919 and established a successful career selling his paintings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000093394|title=Zhang Daqian|website=Grove Art Online|year=2003|language=en|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t093394|access-date=2020-04-28|last1=Bennett|first1=Elizabeth F.|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4}}</ref>

The governor of [[Qinghai]], [[Ma Bufang]], sent Chang to [[Kumbum Monastery|Sku'bum]] to seek helpers for analyzing and copying [[Dunhuang]]'s Buddhist art.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLcWyecDpIcC&pg=PA205|title=Amdo Tibetans in transition: society and culture in the post-Mao era: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000|author=Toni Huber|year=2002|publisher=BRILL|page=205|isbn=90-04-12596-5}}</ref>

Due to the [[Chinese Communist Revolution|political climate of China in 1949]], he left the country and then moved to [[Mendoza, Argentina]] in 1952. Two years later, he resided in [[São Paulo|São Paulo, Brazil]].

In the 1967 Chang settled in [[Carmel-by-the-Sea, California]]. During their stay, he and his wife lodged at the Dolores Lodge, owned by Thomas Chew and currently known as the Carmel Country Inn, situated at the intersection of Dolores Street and 3rd Avenue. They stayed in a distinctive cabin that had a set of connected rooms. By 1968, they had relocated to their personal residence, which the artist dubbed 'K'e-yi Chu' - meaning "barely habitable" or "just okay" when translated. Their home was situated on the western side of Crespi Avenue, precisely six houses south of Mountain View Avenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ci.carmel.ca.us/sites/main/files/file-attachments/homes_of_famous_carmelites_0.pdf?1564762654 |title=Homes of Famous Carmelites|website=ci.carmel.ca.us |place=Carmel-by-the-Sea, California|date=1992|page=|access-date=2023-04-11}}</ref>

They toured extensively around Northern California. Chang's first California solo exhibition in 1967 at [[Stanford University]] attracted an opening reception crowd of a thousand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianart.com/exhibitions/changdaichien/intro.html |title = Chang Dai-chien: Painting From Heart to Hand}}</ref> Finally he settled in [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]] in 1978.<ref name=Brit>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105634/Zhang-Daqian ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']</ref><ref name="Sullivan">{{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Michael|title=Modern Chinese artists: a biographical dictionary|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|year=2006|page=215|isbn=0-520-24449-4|oclc=65644580}}</ref> During his years of wandering he had several wives simultaneously, curried favor with influential people, and maintained a large entourage of relatives and supporters. He also kept a pet [[gibbon]]. He affected the long robe and long beard of a scholar.<ref name=Smithsonian/>

A meeting between Chang and [[Picasso]] in [[Nice]], [[France]] in 1956 was viewed as a summit between the preeminent masters of Eastern and Western art. The two men exchanged paintings at this meeting.<ref name=Brit/>

==Artistic career==
[[File:Phoenix headed harp, Sui Dynasty, Mogao Caves.webp|thumb|Painting in [[Mogao Caves|Mogao Cave]] 327,<ref>{{cite book |title= Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings of the Second |editor= Neville Agnew |author= Bo Lawergren |chapter= Harps on the Ancient Silk Road|url=https://www.hunter.cuny.edu/physics/faculty/lawergren/repository/files/Harps%20on%20the%20Ancient%20Silk%20Road_small%20-at%20Dunhuang.pdf |page=119 |quote= Depiction of an arched harp from the Mogao Grottoes (cave 327).}}</ref> dated to the Western Xia (1036-1226 A.D.),<ref>{{cite web |title= DUNHUANG STUDIES - CHRONOLOGY AND HISTORY |url= http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/dunhuang/dhhistory.html |website=silkroadfoundation.org/ |quote= CREDIT - The Dunhuang webpages are researched and contributed by Prof. Ning Qiang}}</ref> of which Chang would paint a replica. That painting was titled "中的飞天" Flying Sky or Flying Feintian.<ref>{{cite web |title= Photo Gallery › Photo › Silk Road 4-2 |date=17 April 2016 |access-date= 14 November 2022 |url= https://www.snuma.net/xe/?mid=gallery&l=zh-TW&category=31071&document_srl=35424}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= 张大千在敦煌到底做了什么？幕后的人物到底是谁？ |trans-title=What did Zhang Daqian do in Dunhuang? Who are the people behind the scenes? |language= zh
|date= 20 August 2018 |url= https://www.sohu.com/a/248978541_99919830}}</ref>]]

In the early 1920s, Chang started pursuing professional studies in Shanghai, where he studied with two famous artists, Zeng Xi and Li Ruiqing. His elder brother Zhang Shanzi, who was a famous painter at the time, brought him to a literary salon in 1924 where his first appearance impressed the attendants. His first exhibition of 100 paintings was in 1925 at Ningbo Association in Shanghai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Zhu|first=Haoyun|date=2012|title=Zhang Daqian: A World-renowned Artist|url=https://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/31242105/Zhang_Daqian__a_World_renowned_Artist.htm|journal=China & the World Cultural Exchange|volume=12|pages=18–23}}</ref>

In the late 1920s and 1930s, Chang moved to Beijing where he befriended other famous artists, including Yu Feian, Wang Shensheng, Ye Qianyu, Chen Banding, [[Qi Baishi]], and [[Pu Xinyu]]. Chang had collaborated with Pu on painting and calligraphy. At the time, there was an idiom "Chang from the south, Pu from the north (南張北溥)" for those two of the most renowned artists in China. There was also a saying that Chang was "southern counterpart of Pu Xinyu in shan-shui painting, Qi Baishi in flower-and-bird painting, and Xu Cao in figure painting".<ref name=":0" />

In the 1930s he worked out of a studio on the grounds of the [[Master of the Nets Garden]] in [[Suzhou, Jiangsu|Suzhou]]. In 1933, while an exhibition of modern Chinese paintings organized by [[Xu Beihong]] was held in Paris, France, and Zhang's exhibited painting "Golden Lotus (金荷)" was purchased by the French government. In 1935, he accepted the invitation from [[Xu Beihong]] to be a professor at National Central University Art Department in [[Nanjing]]. In the same year, his portfolio was published in Shanghai. In 1936, his personal exhibition was held in the [[United Kingdom]].

In the early 1940s, Chang led a group of artists in copying the Buddhist wall paintings in the [[Mogao Caves|Mogao]] and [[Yulin Caves|Yulin]] caves. In order to copy the inner layer of the multilayered murals in the Mogao Caves, Chang removed and damaged several outer layers of the paintings in Cave 108, 130 and 454. In 1943, he exhibited his copies of murals and supported the establishment of the Dunhuang Art Institute, the predecessor of the Dunhuang Research Academy. In 1945, Chang's works, as a part of a [[UNESCO]]'s touring contemporary art exhibition, were shown in [[Paris]], [[London]], [[Prague]] and [[Geneva]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zhang Daqian|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000093394|website=Grove Art Online|year=2003|language=en|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T093394|access-date=2020-05-04|last1=Bennett|first1=Elizabeth F.|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4}}</ref>

In the late 1950s, his deteriorating eyesight led him to develop his splashed color, or ''pocai'', style, which combines abstract expressionism with traditional Chinese styles of painting.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=8 Facts You Need to Know About Zhang Daqian, the Picasso of the East {{!}} Feature Series {{!}} THE VALUE {{!}} Art News|url=https://en.thevalue.com/articles/eight-facts-about-zhang-daqian|access-date=2020-06-16|website=TheValue.com|language=en-US}}</ref> In the 1970s, he mentored painter [[Minol Araki]].

In 1957, Zhang Daqian was invited to hold exhibitions in The [[Louvre]] and [[Guimet Museum|Musée Guimet]] in Paris, where [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]] was also holding a show. Zhang seized this opportunity to meet with him. Picasso was delighted to meet Zhang and even asked him to criticise his Chinese paintings. Zhang directly told Picasso that he did not have the right brushes to do Chinese art. Ten years later, Picasso received a gift from Zhang– two Chinese writing brushes made from the hair of 2500 three-year-old cows.<ref name=":1" />

==Forgeries==
Chang's forgeries are difficult to detect for many reasons. First, his ability to mimic the great Chinese masters:

{{blockquote |So prodigious was his virtuosity within the medium of Chinese ink and colour that it seemed he could paint anything. His output spanned a huge range, from archaising works based on the early masters of Chinese painting to the innovations of his late works which connect with the language of Western abstract art.<ref>{{citation|last1=Jiazi|first1=Chen|title=Chang Dai-Chien: The Enigmatic Genius|publisher=Asian Civilisations Museum|location=Singapore|year=2001|page=9|first2=Ken|last2=Kwok|isbn=981-4068-21-7|oclc=48501375}}</ref>}}

Second, he paid scrupulous attention to the materials he used. "He studied paper, ink, brushes, pigments, seals, seal paste, and scroll mountings in exacting detail. When he wrote an inscription on a painting, he sometimes included a postscript describing the type of paper, the age and the origin of the ink, or the provenance of the pigments he had used."

Third, he often forged paintings based on descriptions in catalogues of lost paintings; his forgeries came with ready-made provenance.<ref name= "challenging">{{cite book|last=Fu|first=Shen CY|title=Challenging the Past: The Paintings of Chang Dai-Chien|publisher=Arthur M Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; University of Washington Press|location=Seattle, Washington|year=1991|pages=37–38|chapter=3. Painting theory|isbn=0-295-97125-8|oclc=23765860}}</ref>

Chang's forgeries have been purchased as original paintings by several major art museums in the United States, including the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]:

{{blockquote |Of particular interest is a master forgery acquired by the Museum in 1957 as an authentic work of the tenth century. The painting, which was allegedly a landscape by the [[Five Dynasties]] period master [[Guan Tong]], is one of Chang’s most ambitious forgeries and serves to illustrate both his skill and his audacity.<ref name="MFA">{{cite web|url=http://www.artknowledgenews.com/Zhang_Daqian_Master_Painter-Master_Forger.html|title=Zhang Daqian — Master Painter/Master Forger|year=2006|work=Art Knowledge News|publisher=Art Appreciation Foundation|access-date=24 March 2010}}</ref>}}

It can be hard to attribute works to Chang since his style was so varied. Not only did he create his own work as well as forging other artists, but others would forge his originals.

Additionally, in China, "forgery" does not hold the same nefarious connotation as it does in Western culture. What would be considered illegal forgery in the United States is not necessarily as criminal in China. Actions he took to fall under the Western definition of forgery include aging work with electric hairdryers, and creating fake provenance with his collection of seals that he could use to mark past "owners" of the work. To further this provenance, his friend [[Puru (artist)|Puru]], a cousin of [[Puyi]] and member of the [[House of Aisin-Gioro|former imperial family]], would provide a [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] authenticating the work's imperial origins.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Richard|first=Paul|date=1991-11-24|title=THE AMAZING CHANG DAI-CHIEN, FORGING TIES TO THE PAST|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1991/11/24/the-amazing-chang-dai-chien-forging-ties-to-the-past/3bc913a6-d63e-4455-a9ee-cbd5a273a5a4/|access-date=2020-05-14|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

Art historian [[James Cahill (art historian)|James Cahill]] claimed that the painting ''The Riverbank'', a masterpiece from the [[Southern Tang]] dynasty, held by the [[New York Metropolitan Museum of Art]], was likely another Chang forgery. The silk the piece is painted on could be carbon dated to help authenticate it, however since there has been some restoration on it—the border repaired and the painting remounted and reglued—not only would getting a sample to test be difficult, but there would be no guarantee the sample only contains original material.<ref name="WaPostMag">{{cite journal|last=Pomfret|first=John|date=17 January 1999|title=The Master Forger|journal=The Washington Post Magazine|page=W14}}</ref>

Museum curators are cautioned to examine Chinese paintings of questionable origins, especially those from the [[bird-and-flower painting|bird and flower]] genre with the query, "Could this be by Chang Dai-chien?"<ref name="MFA"/> Joseph Chang, Curator of Chinese Art at the [[Sackler Museum]], suggested that many notable collections of Chinese art contained forgeries by the master painter.<ref name="WaPostMag"/>

It is estimated that Chang made more than 10 million dollars selling his forgeries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://authenticationinart.org/aia-archive/aia-unmasked-forgers/|title=Authentication in Art Unmasked Forgers}}</ref>

== Notable works ==
* 1932 "Meditating at Lakeside"
*1941 "Flying Deity"
*1944 "Lady Red Whisk" (《紅拂女》)
*1944 "Reproduction of Dunhuang Fresco-Mahasattva"
*1944 "Tibetan Women with Dogs" (《番女掣厖图》)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zhang Daqian|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00201544|website=Benezit Dictionary of Artists|year=2011|language=en|doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00201544|isbn=978-0-19-977378-7|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref>
*1947 "Living in the Mountains on a Summer Day after Wang Meng"
*1947 "Lotus and Mandarin Ducks"
*1947 "Sound of the Flute on the River"
*1948 "Children Playing under a Pomegranate Tree"
*1949 "Dwelling in the Qingbian"
*1949 "Refreshments beneath a Pine"
*1950 "Indian Dancer"
*1953 "Ancient Beauty"
* 《金箋峨嵋記青山中花》(pocai [[Shan Shui]])
*1960 "Lotus "
*1962 "Panorama of Blue Mountains"
*1962 "Strange Pines of Mount Huang"
*1964 "The Poet Li Bai"
* 1965 "Cottages in Misty Mountains"
*1965 "First Light in the Gorges in Autumn"
*1965 "Snowy Mountain"
* 1965 "Splashed-color" landscape<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/49805|title=Zhang Daqian {{!}} "Splashed-color" landscape {{!}} China {{!}} The Met|access-date=April 28, 2020}}</ref>
*1965 "Spring Clouds on Country River"
*1966 "Spring Mist"
*1966 "Woman with Screen Painted with Lotus Blossom"
*1967 "Rain and Fog"
*1967 "Waterfall on a Mountain in Spring"
*1968 “Mist at Dawn” 《春雲曉靄》
* 1968 "Aafchen See" (《愛痕湖》)
*1968 "Morning Mist"
*1968 "Poetic Landscape"
*1968 "Swiss Peaks"
* 1968 "The Great Yangtze River" (《長江萬里圖》)
*1968 "The Lake of the Five Pavilions"
*1968 "Tormented Landscape"
* 1969 "Manchurian Mountains"
*1970 "Secluded Valley "
*1970 "Vast Landscape with Waterfalls and Pines"
* 1971《可以橫絕峨嵋巔》(pocai [[Shan Shui]])
*1972 " Lakeshore"
*"Scenery by the Lake"《湖畔風景》(pocai [[Shan Shui]])：張大千於1972年74歲時，於美國加州十七哩海岸(17 Mile Drive)小半島所繪之公園湖畔風景潑彩山水圖(住居環蓽盦附近)
*1973 "Sailing in the Wu Gorges"
* 1973《青城天下幽》潑彩山水圖<ref name="jpg青城天下幽">參閱 {{Cite web|title=图片展示 |publisher=卓克艺术网 |url=http://www.zhuokearts.com/sysviewpic.htm?pic=http://download.zhuokearts.com/Auction/2011/10/9/zc-6963-457.jpg |access-date=2013-10-04}}</ref>
*1974 "Night Strolling in Xitou"
* 1978《長江江靜瀨船秋水釣魚》(pocai [[Shan Shui]])
* 1979《闊浦遙山系列》潑彩山水圖、《摩耶精舍外雙溪》(pocai [[Shan Shui]])、巨幅金箋《金碧潑彩紅荷花圖》
*1980 "Clouds at Mount Ali"
* 1981《台北外雙溪摩耶精舍》(pocai [[Shan Shui]])
*1981 "Blue and Green Landscape"
*1981 "Majestic Waterfall"
*1982 “Peach Blossom Spring” 《桃源圖》
* 1982《人家在仙堂》潑彩山水圖、《春雲曉靄》(pocai [[Shan Shui]])、大風堂作潑彩山水圖、《水殿幽香荷花圖》、《水墨紅荷圖》等作品。
* 1983《廬山圖》(pocai [[Shan Shui]])

==See also==
*[[National Palace Museum]]
*[[Yu Youren]]

==Bibliography==
* Shen, Fu. ''Challenging the past: the paintings of Chang Dai-chien''. Washington, D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; Seattle: University of Washington Press, c. 1991. (OCLC {{OCLC search link|23765860}})
* Chen, Jiazi. ''Chang Dai-Chien: the enigmatic genius''. Singapore : Asian Civilisations Museum, ©2001. (OCLC {{OCLC search link|48501375}})
* Yang, Liu. ''Lion among painters: Chinese master Chang Dai Chien''. Sydney, Australia: Art Gallery of New South Wales, ©1998. (OCLC {{OCLC search link|39837498}})

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.npm.gov.tw/exh96/dai-chien/ Chang Dai-chien Residence Memorial Hall] at National Palace Museum
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100807235814/http://gallery.sfsu.edu/exhibitions/chang/ Chang Dai-chien in California] at San Francisco State University
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110427014113/http://www3.icm.gov.mo/gate/gb/www.icm.gov.mo/exhibition/daqian/BiographyE.asp Chang Dai-chien] at the Cultural Affairs Bureau of [[Macao]]
*{{YouTube|VKGCSzMNqvU|Video tour of the Chang Dai-chien Residence Memorial Hall}}
*[http://jamescahill.info/the-writings-of-james-cahill/chang-ta-chiens-forgeries/211-chang-ta-chiens-forgeries Annotated list of Chang Ta-ch'ien's Forgeries] by [[James Cahill (art historian)|James Cahill]]
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/161950 Straddling East and West: Lin Yutang, a modern literatus: the Lin Yutang family collection of Chinese painting and calligraphy], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (available online as PDF), which contains material on Chang Dai-chien (see table of contents)

{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chang, Dai-chien}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Art forgers]]
[[Category:20th-century Chinese painters]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Nanjing University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National Central University]]
[[Category:People from Neijiang]]
[[Category:Painters from Sichuan]]
[[Category:Educators from Sichuan]]
[[Category:Chinese male painters]]
[[Category:Taiwanese people from Sichuan]]
[[Category:Buddhist artists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Chiang Chung-Cheng]]
[[Category:20th-century Chinese male artists]]

Ignatius C. Wang

2025-06-05T15:01:28Z

42.60.3.85: /* Priesthood */

{{Short description|Chinese-born American Catholic bishop}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]], [[The Most Reverend]]
| name = Ignatius Chung Wang 汪中璋
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco|Auxiliary Bishop Emeritus of San Francisco]] [[Titular Bishop]] of [[Sitipa]]
| image = Bishop Ignatius Wang.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Bishop Ignatius Wang in February 2008
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco|San Francisco]]
| diocese =
| appointed = December 13, 2002
| enthroned = January 30, 2003
| retired = May 16, 2009
| predecessor =
| successor =
| previous_post =
| other_post = Titular Bishop of [[Sitipa]]
| ordination = July 4, 1959
| ordained_by =
| consecration = January 30, 2003
| consecrated_by = [[William Levada]], [[Patrick Joseph McGrath]], and [[John Charles Wester]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1934|02|27}}
| birth_place = [[Beijing|Peking]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| coat_of_arms =
| motto = ''Quid retribuam Domino'' (What shall I repay the Lord?)
}}

{{Infobox bishopstyles
| name= Ignatius Chung Wang
| dipstyle=
*[[Excellency|His Excellency]]
*[[The Most Reverend]]
| offstyle=[[Your Excellency]]
| relstyle=[[Bishop]]
| image = Coat of arms of Ignatius Chung Wang.svg
| image_size = 200px
}}

'''Ignatius Chung Wang''' (born February 27, 1934) is a Chinese-born American bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. He served as an [[Auxiliary Bishop|auxiliary bishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco|Archdiocese of San Francisco]] in California from 2002 to 2009. Wang is the first Asian-American and [[Chinese American|Chinese-American]] to be appointed as a Catholic bishop.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Ignatius Wang was born in [[Beijing]] in what was then the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] on February 27, 1934. He attended Catholic schools in the former [[British Hong Kong|British Colony of Hong Kong]], then started his studies for the priesthood at the [[Holy Spirit Seminary|Regional Seminary for South China]] in Hong Kong.<ref name="catholic hierarchy" />

=== Priesthood ===
On July 4, 1959, Wang was ordained into the priesthood for the Prefecture of [[Jian'ou|Kienow]] in China at the Church of St. Francis of Assisi in [[Hong Kong]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=BISHOP IGNATIUS C. WANG|url=https://17184.sites.ecatholic.com/bishop-ignatius-c-wang|access-date=December 14, 2021|website=Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco}}</ref> However, the [[People's Republic of China]] refused to allow Wang to serve as a priest in Kienow.

In 1962, Wang began studies in Rome, receiving a [[Doctor of Canon Law (Catholic Church)|Doctor of Canon Law]] degree. His first assignment was as a parish priest and [[vicar general]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint George's in Grenada|Diocese of Saint George's in Grenada]].<ref name=":0"/>

In 1974, the Vatican allowed Wang to transfer to [[San Francisco]], the home of his sister and her children. When she died of cancer, Wang became the children's guardian. Wang's first assignment in the Archdiocese of San Francisco was as [[parochial vicar]] for some of the parishes.<ref name=":0"/>

In 1981, Wang was appointed as director of the Office of Chinese Catholic Ministry. He initiated a ritual blessing of ancestors at the [[Chinese New Year]]'s Mass. In 1982, he was posted as pastor of St. Francis of Assisi Parish in San Francisco, becoming the first Chinese-American Catholic pastor in San Francisco.<ref name=":0"/> He also became a member of the archdiocesan Tribunal and coordinator of the Chinese Apostolate.

In 1989, [[Pope John Paul II]] named Wang as a [[Prelate of Honor|prelate of honor]] with the title of monsignor.<ref name=":0"/>

=== Auxiliary Bishop of San Francisco ===
On December 13, 2002, John Paul II appointed Wang as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of San Francisco and [[Roman Catholic titular Bishop of Sitipa|titular bishop of Sitipa]]. He was consecrated by Cardinal [[William Joseph Levada|Levada]] on January 30, 2003.<ref name="catholic hierarchy">{{cite web | url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bwang.html | title=Bishop Ignatius Chung Wang | publisher=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] | access-date=2007-05-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_15_39/ai_97997778 | title=National Catholic Reporter article | access-date=2007-04-07 | work=National Catholic Reporter | first=Gill | last=Donovan | year=2003 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028104616/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_15_39/ai_97997778 | archive-date=2007-10-28 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese-american Becomes 1st Asian Catholic Bishop In U.s. |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2002/12/15/chinese-american-becomes-1st-asian-catholic-bishop-in-us/ |newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |date=15 December 2002 |access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/news/6885-first-asian-american-catholic-bishop-to-speak-sept-29/ |title=First Asian-American Catholic bishop to speak Sept. 29 |author=Michael O. Garvey |date=21 September 2003 |work=Notre Dame News |publisher=[[University of Notre Dame]] |access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref>

On May 16, 2009, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] received Wang's letter of resignation as auxiliary bishop of San Francisco, having reached the mandatory retirement age of 75 for bishops.<ref name="catholic hierarchy" />

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Biography|Catholicism|California}}
{{div col}}
* [[Catholic Church hierarchy]]
* [[Catholic Church in the United States]]
* [[Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sfarchdiocese.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco Official Site]

==Episcopal succession==
{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{succession box
|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco|Auxiliary Bishop of San Francisco]]
|before= -
|after= -
|years= 2003-2009 | }}
{{s-end}}

{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wang, Ignatius C.}}
[[Category:21st-century American Roman Catholic titular bishops]]
[[Category:Chinese emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco]]
[[Category:People from Beijing]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic titular bishops of Sitipa]]

{{US-RC-bishop-stub}}

Sal Castro

2025-06-05T14:09:06Z

42.60.3.85:

{{short description|American schoolteacher}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Sal-Castro.png
| image size = 170px
| caption = At the May 17, 2006 screening of ''Walkout'' in the Isla Vista Theatre in [[Isla Vista, California]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|10|25}}
| birth_place = [[Boyle Heights, Los Angeles]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|04|15|1933|10|25}}
| death_place = [[Silver Lake, Los Angeles]]<ref>Elaine Woo, [http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-sal-castro-20130416,0,6720373.story Sal Castro dies at 79; L.A. teacher played role in 1968 protests], ''Los Angeles Times'', April 15, 2013</ref>
| nationality = American
| other_names =
| known_for = [[East L.A. walkouts|East Los Angeles high school walkouts]]
| occupation = Teacher
}}

{{Chicano and Mexican-American series}}
'''Salvador B. Castro''' (October 25, 1933 – April 15, 2013) was a [[Mexican Americans|Mexican-American]] [[Education|educator]] and [[Activism|activist]]. He was most well known for his role in the 1968 [[East L.A. walkouts|East Los Angeles high school walkouts]], a series of protests against unequal conditions in [[Los Angeles Unified School District]] (LAUSD) schools. After he retired from teaching, he continued to lecture about his experiences and the importance of education, especially for [[Mexican Americans]].

==Early life and education==
Castro was born in Los Angeles and began kindergarten at Belvedere Elementary School in [[East Los Angeles (region)|East Los Angeles]], but moved to [[Mexico]] when his father was forcibly repatriated during the "[[Repatriation Movement]]". There he attended a private elementary school in [[Mazatlán]], [[Sinaloa]]. Returning to East L.A. while still in grade school, he experienced discrimination for speaking [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in the classroom. After graduating from [[Cathedral High School (Los Angeles, California)|Cathedral High School]], a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] school, he was drafted into the [[United States Army|Army]]. He saw no combat action as [[Korean War|hostilities with Korea]] ceased shortly after his entry, but was stationed at bases in [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[Fort Jackson (South Carolina)|Fort Jackson]], [[South Carolina]]. Always interested in [[higher education]], he was particularly impressed by the campus of [[College of William and Mary]] while stationed in Virginia but he left the Army to marry his high school sweetheart, and attended [[Los Angeles City College]] (LACC) before transferring to L.A. State, later known as [[California State University Los Angeles]] (Cal State LA) where he obtained his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[social sciences|social science]].

==Career and activism==
Around 1956, while still a student at LACC, he got his first job in the educational field, as an assistant playground director in the [[inner city]] neighborhood school. He held various positions in the Los Angeles-area schools before being hired at [[Belmont High School (Los Angeles)|Belmont High School]] in [[Downtown Los Angeles]] as an [[Interpreting|interpreter]] and [[social studies]] teacher. He began coaching Mexican-American students to run for positions in [[Students' union|student government]]. At a campaign assembly, candidates from the new political party addressed the student body in Spanish; when addressing the student body in Spanish was prohibited at that time. This prompted the cancellation of the assembly and the suspension of the offending students. Castro, who was ignorant of the rule, had given the go-ahead to use Spanish, and was immediately transferred to [[Abraham Lincoln High School (Los Angeles)|Lincoln High School]] in [[Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles, California|Lincoln Heights]], in North East Los Angeles.

Meanwhile, Castro continued his education, undertaking a [[Master's Degree|Master's]] program at Cal State LA. He joined the Mexican-American Education Committee, a group of graduate students who made recommendations to the [[Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors]] on ways to improve services to Mexican-American students. The only committee recommendation the supervisors acted on, however, was the creation of an "Urban Affairs Liaison", which had little effect on the quality of education in Los Angeles schools. Nonetheless, Castro began meeting informally with Mexican-American college students, who were by this time beginning to call themselves [[Chicano]]s and Chicanas, and a network of Mexican American education activists began forming.

The result of the network was the holding of Chicano Youth Leadership Conferences (CYLC), training grounds for student activists, the first of which was held in 1963. At conferences, students discussed inequalities between schools within the LAUSD, the need for [[bilingual education|bilingual]] and culturally relevant education, and the need for systemic reforms that would place students on the track to higher education. They founded the Piranya Café, which became the headquarters for the [[Chicano Movement|movement]].

As Castro helped students make demands of the school board, underground newspapers floated the idea of a [[boycott]] of East L.A. schools. When district officials ignored the students' demands, calls for a boycott grew stronger. In March 1968, students from [[Wilson High School (Los Angeles)|Wilson High School]] [[Walkout|walked out]] after the school principal cancelled a performance of the [[Neil Simon]] [[Play (theatre)|play]] ''[[Barefoot in the Park]]''. The next day, another walkout was staged in protest of a school policy prohibiting male students from wearing their hair long.

Following the small walkouts, students from the five public schools in East Los Angeles and North East Los Angeles ([[Theodore Roosevelt High School (Los Angeles)|Roosevelt]], Wilson, Lincoln, [[Garfield High School (Los Angeles)|Garfield]], and Belmont), with the aid of local Chicano college students (like [[David Sanchez (activist)|David Sanchez]] and [[Vickie Castro]]), coordinated unified protests. Dubbed the "[[East L.A. walkouts|Chicano Blowouts]]", the first day of protests were peaceful, but the second day was marred by [[Police brutality|police violence]] against students from Roosevelt and Belmont high schools, who, unlike protesters at the other schools, had no protection from college students.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ayyoub|first=Loureen|date=2020-08-29|title=Chicano Moratorium Recognizes 50 Year Anniversary in East LA|work=SPECTRUM NEWS|publisher=Charter Communications|url=https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/human-interest/2020/08/29/chicano-moratorium-recognizes-50-year-anniversary-in-east-la}}</ref>

In the wake of the [[Demonstration (people)|demonstrations]], Castro was arrested and charged with 15 counts of [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] to disrupt public schools and 15 counts of conspiracy to [[Disturbing the peace (crime)|disturb the peace]]. Twelve others, many of whom were [[Brown Berets]] members, were also arrested and charged. The charges were dropped in 1972.

Castro continued educating and pressing for educational reform in Los Angeles-area schools.

[[Anaheim]]'s [[Savanna High School]] celebrates Sal Castro Day every March 27.

{{Quote box |width=300px|align=right|bgcolor=#FFFFF0|salign=left|quote =
'''Sal Castro speaking in 1963 with the principal of [[Belmont High School (Los Angeles, California)|Belmont High School]] in Los Angeles, where he was a teacher:'''
 
"You know, Mrs. Lord, more than half the kids are Latino, Mexican kids, and we've got no kids in any of the leadership positions or even this program." She said, "Mr. Castro, the Mexican kid has a charming passivity, and you tell me you want to take that away?" I said, "Oh, shit, I've got problems here."

|source = — from "''Teaching Is a Fight • An Interview with Sal Castro''" (2010).<ref>[http://www.rethinkingschools.org/archive/25_02/25_02_ochoa.shtml ''Teaching Is a Fight • An Interview with Sal Castro''] "Rethinking Schools", Winter 2010.</ref>}}

==Later activities==
In the [[2006 in film|2006]] [[HBO]] [[film]] ''[[Walkout (film)|Walkout]]'', Castro's role was played by [[Michael Peña]]. [[Edward James Olmos]] directed the film.

Also in 2006, Castro was highly critical of radio DJs who encouraged students to walk out of classes in [[2006 U.S. immigration reform protests|protest]] of [[United States House of Representatives]] [[H.R. 4437|resolution 4437]], which, if passed by the [[United States Senate]], will impose stiffer penalties on [[Illegal immigration|unauthorized immigrants]] and their employers. While not opposed to the demonstrations themselves, Castro was concerned that those encouraging the protests did not accompany the students to protect them as he and the other organizers of the 1968 walkouts had.

He also publicly denounced the members of the [[Minuteman Project]] as racists.

Castro continued to lecture student groups across the country and helps run leadership conferences for high school students. He was a Park and Recreation Commissioner for the [[Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation]].

==Legacy==
On October 13, 2009, the Los Angeles Board of Education voted to name a new Middle School, located on the campus of [[Belmont High School (Los Angeles, California)|Belmont High School]], Sal Castro Middle School. The school was officially dedicated on Saturday June 5, 2010 with a ribbon-cutting ceremony.

"As President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] said when told that he had won the Nobel Peace Prize, I too am surprised and honored that a school is being named after me," said Castro, visibly moved by the honor. "It is extremely humbling for me and East L.A. kids to be put on the same list with giants of our country, including Lincoln, Jefferson, Washington, Grant, Roosevelt, and Garfield; also, Kennedy, Mendez and Ochoa. "I know that by naming a school after me you are really honoring the students who, 41 years ago, tried to improve education with their courageous walkouts," he added.

"The naming of the Middle school on the Belmont High School campus in honor of Sal Castro is much more than a token acknowledgement of his long career in education; it serves as a constant reminder to those staffing the school and to those served by the school, to strive for the model of education to which Sal Castro has devoted his entire life" said former student and mentee [[Carlos R. Moreno]], a current California Supreme Court judge who spoke before the board in favor of naming the school after his mentor.

In 2022 Castro's alma mater Cal State LA posthumously honored him with an honorary doctorate and named its newly-inaugurated ethnic studies program for Los Angeles County teachers (Sal Castro Academy for Urban Teacher Leaders) after him.<ref>{{cite news|title=Renowned educator and social justice advocate Sal Castro awarded posthumous honorary doctorate at Cal State LA Commencement|url=https://news.calstatela.edu/2022/05/23/educator-social-justice-advocate-sal-castro-posthumous-honorary-doctorate-at-cal-state-la/|publisher=[[California State University, Los Angeles]]|date=May 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sal Castro Academy encourages collaboration in training educators to be student-centered advocates|url=https://news.calstatela.edu/2025/03/12/sal-castro-academy-encourages-collaboration-in-training-educators-to-be-student-centered-advocates/|publisher=[[California State University, Los Angeles]]|date=March 12, 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Castro was married to his high school sweetheart Charlotte Lerchenmuller, herself a Cal State LA alumnus. They have two sons and two grandchildren. He died in Los Angeles on April 15, 2013 of thyroid cancer.<ref>Teresa Watanabe, [http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-sal-castro-teacher-who-led-68-chicano-student-walkouts-dies-at-79-20130415,0,4019352.story Sal Castro, teacher who led '68 Chicano student walkouts, dies at 79], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', April 15, 2013</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[[XISPAS]] interview with Sal Castro, parts [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718131352/http://www.xispas.com/opinion/sal1.htm one] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20080602074911/http://www.xispas.com/archives/castro/sal2.htm two]

==External links==
{{Portal|Greater Los Angeles|Biography|Latino and Hispanic American}}
*[http://www.chicano.ucla.edu/center/documents/csrcp_CastroProgram.pdf Castro and the Chicano Youth Leadership Conference]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Castro, Sal}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Schoolteachers from California]]
[[Category:Activists for Hispanic and Latino American civil rights]]
[[Category:American civil rights activists]]
[[Category:American people of Mexican descent]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Boyle Heights, Los Angeles]]

Timothy Manning

2025-06-04T05:41:46Z

42.60.3.85: /* Later life and death */

{{Short description|Irish American prelate}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Cardinal
| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]]
| name = Timothy Manning
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Archbishop emeritus of Los Angeles]]
| image = Timothy Manning 1973.jpg
| caption = Manning in 1973
| province =
| diocese =
| see = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]
| appointed = May 26, 1969 (Coadjutor)
| enthroned = January 21, 1970
| ended = June 4, 1985
| predecessor = [[James Francis McIntyre]]
| successor = [[Roger Mahony]]
| ordination = June 16, 1934
| consecration = October 15, 1946
| consecrated_by = [[Joseph Thomas McGucken]]
| cardinal = March 5, 1973
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]]
| rank =
| other_post = [[List of titular churches in Rome|Cardinal Priest of S. Lucia a Piazza d'Armi]]
| previous_post ={{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Coadjutor Archbishop of Los Angeles]] (1969–1970) [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Fresno|Bishop of Fresno]] (1967–1969) [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Auxiliary Bishop of Los Angeles]] (1946–1967)}}
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1909|11|15|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ballingeary]], [[Ireland]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|6|23|1909|11|15|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| buried = [[Calvary Cemetery, East Los Angeles|Calvary Cemetery]], Los Angeles, California
| nationality =
| religion =
| residence =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| motto = MAGNIFICAT
| coat_of_arms = Coat of arms of Timothy Manning.svg
}}
{{Ordination
| date of consecration = October 15, 1946
| consecrated by = [[Joseph Thomas McGucken]]
| bishop 1 = [[Juan Alfredo Arzube]]
| consecration date 1 = May 25, 1971
| bishop 2 = [[William Robert Johnson]]
| consecration date 2 = May 25, 1971
| bishop 3 = [[Manuel Duran Moreno]]
| consecration date 3 = February 19, 1977
| bishop 4 = [[Thaddeus Anthony Shubsda]]
| consecration date 4 = February 19, 1977
| bishop 5 = [[Phillip Francis Straling]]
| consecration date 5 = November 6, 1978
| bishop 6 = [[Donald William Montrose]]
| consecration date 6 = May 12, 1983
| bishop 7 = [[William Levada]]
| consecration date 7 = May 12, 1983
| bishop 8 = [[John Thomas Steinbock]]
| consecration date 8 = July 14, 1984
}}
{{Infobox cardinal styles
| cardinal name = Timothy Manning
| dipstyle = [[His Eminence]]
| offstyle = Your Eminence
| relstyle = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]
| See = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]
| image = Coat of arms of Timothy Manning.svg
| image_size = 200px
}}
'''Timothy Manning''' (Irish: ''Tadhg Ó Mongáin'') (November 15, 1909 – June 23, 1989) was an [[Irish Catholics|Irish Catholic]] prelate who served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Archbishop of Los Angeles]] from 1970 to 1985. He was elevated to the [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinalate]] in 1973.

==Early life and ministry==
Timothy Manning was born in [[Ballingeary]], [[Ireland]], to Cornelius and Margaret (née Cronin) Manning.<ref name=cardinals>{{cite news|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|title=MANNING, Timothy|url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-m.htm#Manning|last=Miranda|first=Salvador}}</ref> Originally attending [[Mungret College]] in [[Limerick]], he followed a call for [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priests]] in the [[United States]] and entered [[Saint Patrick Seminary, Menlo Park|St. Patrick Seminary]] in [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], [[California]], in 1928.<ref name=obituary>{{cite news|date=1989-06-24|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Timothy Cardinal Manning, 79; Guided Los Angeles Archdiocese|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2D9103FF937A15755C0A96F948260}}</ref> Manning was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] on June 16, 1934,<ref name=hierarchy/> and then furthered his studies at the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in [[Rome]], obtaining his [[Doctor of Canon Law|doctorate in canon law]] in 1938.<ref name=obituary/>

Upon his return to the States, he did [[Parish (Catholic Church)|pastoral]] work in the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Archdiocese of Los Angeles]], also serving as [[Personal assistant|secretary]] to Archbishop [[John Joseph Cantwell]] from 1938 to 1946. Manning was raised to the rank of [[Monsignor|Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness]] on April 15, 1943, and later [[Monsignor|Domestic Prelate of His Holiness]] on November 17, 1945.<ref name=cardinals/> He became [[Chancellor (ecclesiastical)|chancellor]] for the Archdiocese on March 19, 1946.<ref name=cardinals/>

==Episcopal career==
On August 3, 1946, Manning was appointed [[Auxiliary bishop|Auxiliary Bishop]] of Los Angeles and [[Titular bishop|Titular Bishop]] of [[Lesbi|Lesvi]] by [[Pope Pius XII]]. He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal consecration]] on the following October 15 from Bishop [[Joseph Thomas McGucken]], with Bishops [[James Edward Walsh]], [[Maryknoll|MM]], and [[Thomas Arthur Connolly]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]].<ref name=hierarchy>{{cite news|work=Catholic-Hierarchy.org|title=Timothy Cardinal Manning|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmanning.html}}{{Self-published source|date=May 2016}}</ref>

He became [[vicar general]] of the Archdiocese on November 29, 1955, and attended the [[Second Vatican Council]] from 1962 to 1965.

===Bishop of Fresno===
Manning was named the first [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Fresno|Bishop of Fresno]] on October 16, 1967. During his tenure, he supported the organization of a [[Trade union|labor union]] for [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] [[Farmworker|farm workers]], and sought to help wine producers and [[Harvest (wine)|grape pickers]] reconcile their differences.<ref name=obituary/>

===Archbishop of Los Angeles===
After less than two years in Fresno, Manning was named [[Coadjutor bishop|Coadjutor Archbishop]] of Los Angeles and Titular Archbishop of [[Capri|Capreae]] on May 26, 1969. He succeeded [[James Francis McIntyre]] as the third [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Archbishop of Los Angeles]] on January 21, 1970. While a strong proponent of ecclesiastical authority, Manning took a more gentle style than his predecessor.<ref name=time>{{cite news|date=1973-02-12|work=[[TIME Magazine]]|title=New Red Hats|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903838,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214083926/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903838,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 14, 2008}}</ref> The end of McIntyre's tenure saw tensions with the clergy and minorities<ref name=obituary/> and, following Manning's ascension, the new archbishop stated, "My first reaction was to make it known that I was here to listen."<ref name=obituary/> He instituted ministries for [[African American|blacks]] and [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanics]], a [[Presbyterium|presbyterial council]] to grant the clergy greater participation in the governance of the Archdiocese, and an Inter-[[Parish (Catholic Church)|Parochial]] Council to extend the same participation to the [[laity]].<ref name=obituary/> Shortly after becoming Archbishop, a majority of the [[Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary]], who had feuded with McIntyre, left the [[Consecrated life (Catholic Church)|religious life]] and founded a lay community.<ref name=nuns>{{cite news|date=1970-02-16|work=[[TIME Magazine]]|title=The Immaculate Heart Rebels|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904171,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001001430/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904171,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 1, 2007}}</ref> He also supported the 1973 merger of the all-male Loyola University and all-female Marymount College into [[Loyola Marymount University]] in 1973; McIntyre had resisted attempts to allow co-education in the Archdiocese's Catholic university and colleges.

[[Pope Paul VI]] created him [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal-Priest]] of [[List of titular churches in Rome|S. Lucia a Piazza d'Armi]] in the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of March 5, 1973. During the [[Vietnam War]], Manning counseled young men on their right to become [[conscientious objector]]s.<ref name=obituary/> Staunchly [[anti-abortion]], the Archbishop declared that any Catholic who cooperated in an [[abortion]] would suffer [[excommunication]] from the Church, including the mother herself.<ref name=obituary/> In 1974, in response to the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court's]] ruling on ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'', he testified before the [[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Property Rights|Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments]] of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]], saying, "An amendment is necessary first of all to protect the lives of the unborn children who can be killed—indeed, are being killed at this very moment—in the wake of the Supreme Court's decisions. But it is also needed to restore integrity to the law itself, to make the American legal system once more the guarantor and protector of all human rights and the human rights of all."<ref name=roe>{{cite news|date=1974-03-07|work=[[Priests for Life]]|title=1974 Testimony of Timothy Cardinal Manning to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary|url=https://www.priestsforlife.org/magisterium/bishops/cardinalmanningtestimony.htm}}</ref>

Manning was one of the [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclaves, August and October 1978|cardinal electors]] who participated in the [[Papal conclave|conclaves]] of [[Papal conclave, August 1978|August]] and [[Papal conclave, October 1978|October 1978]], which selected [[Pope John Paul I|Popes John Paul I]] and [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] respectively. Before entering the August conclave, he noted that the Church "has no political support in many places" and called for a [[pope]] who could "change people through warmth."<ref name=conclave>{{cite news|date=1978-08-28|work=[[TIME Magazine]]|title=In Rome, a Week off Suspense|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916332-4,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102201103/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916332-4,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 2, 2012}}</ref> In 1981, John Paul II sent him as a special papal envoy to the celebration in [[Drogheda]], Ireland of the third centennial of Saint [[Oliver Plunkett]]'s [[martyr]]dom.<ref name=cardinals/> He called for a halt to the [[deportation]] of [[El Salvador|Salvadoran]] [[Salvadoran Civil War|civil war]] [[refugee]]s in 1983.<ref name=obituary/>

==Later life and death==
After fifteen years in Los Angeles, Manning retired as archbishop on June 4, 1985. He took up residence at [https://www.holyfamily.org/ Holy Family Parish] in [[South Pasadena, California|South Pasadena]].<ref name=obituary/>

Manning died on June 23, 1989, at the [[USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center|Norris Cancer Hospital]] of the [[University of Southern California]], aged 79.<ref name=obituary/> He is buried at [[Calvary Cemetery, East Los Angeles|Calvary Cemetery]] in [[East Los Angeles, California|East Los Angeles]].<ref name=cardinals/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.la-archdiocese.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Diocese of Fresno|Bishop of Fresno]]
| before = erected
| after = [[Hugh Aloysius Donohoe]]
| years = 1967–1970}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Archbishop of Los Angeles]]
| before = [[James Francis McIntyre]]
| after = [[Roger Mahony]]
| years = 1970–1985}}
{{s-end}}

{{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Fresno}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manning, Timothy}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from County Cork]]
[[Category:20th-century American cardinals]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Pius XII]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Paul VI]]
[[Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council]]
[[Category:American anti-abortion activists]]
[[Category:Irish emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Saint Patrick's Seminary and University alumni]]
[[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]
[[Category:Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles)]]
[[Category:People educated at Mungret College]]

Japanese sawshark

2025-06-03T02:45:59Z

42.60.3.85: /* Conservation */

{{Short description|Species of shark}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Japanese sawshark
| image = Pristiophorus japonicus.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Pristiophorus
| species = japonicus
| authority = [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1870
| range_map = Pristiophorus japonicus distmap.png
| range_map_caption = Range of the Japanese sawshark
}}
{{Portal|Sharks}}
[[File:Pristiophorus japonicus 2.jpg|thumb|A Japanese sawshark laying on the sea-bottom]]
The '''Japanese sawshark''' (''Pristiophorus japonicus'') is a [[species]] of [[sawshark]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Pristiophoridae]]. This shark has a long, narrow rostrum. Its first dorsal fin originates behind the tips of the pectoral fins, and its [[caudal fin]] is angled almost straight in line with the body. The Japanese sawshark reaches a maximum length of up to {{convert|1.36|m|abbr=on}}.

==Range and habitat==
Found in the northwest [[Pacific Ocean]] around [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Taiwan]], and northern [[China]] between latitudes [[48th parallel north|48°N]] and [[22nd parallel north|22°N]]. It is found over the sandy or muddy bottoms of the continental shelf at depths of {{convert|50|to|800|m|abbr=on}}. This species may vertically migrate in the water column because of changes in temperature.

==Behavior==
The Japanese sawshark has a varied diet of small benthic organisms. Like seemingly all sawsharks, this species is [[ovoviviparous]]. After an unknown gestation period, the female shark gives live birth to around 12 pups. These pups average around {{convert|30|cm|abbr=on}} long. At sexual maturity the male is {{convert|80|to|100|cm|abbr=on}} long, and the female is around {{convert|100|cm|abbr=on}} long.

==Conservation==
With little information on population size or frequency of bycatch, the Japanese sawshark is listed by the [[IUCN Red List]] as being Least Concern. Due to its [[benthic]] lifestyle, and because the range of this shark is heavily fished, it is safe to assume that the Japanese sawshark is at considerable risk of being caught as bycatch in [[bottom trawling]] and [[[gillnet]] operations. Because of its habitat and behavior, this shark poses no threat to humans.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{FishBase_species| genus = Pristiophorus | species = japonicus | month = May | year = 2006}}
* {{Cite journal | author = Rigby, C.L., Walls, R.H.L., Derrick, D., Dyldin, Y.V., Herman, K., Ishihara, H., Jeong, C.-H., Semba, Y., Tanaka, S., Volvenko, I.V. & Yamaguchi, A. | name-list-style=amp | title = ''Pristiophorus japonicus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2021 | page = e.T161634A124518986 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2021 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161634/124518986 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161634A124518986.en | s2cid=243550151 | access-date = 27 April 2021| doi-access = free }}

==External links==
* [http://shark-references.com/species/view/Pristiophorus-japonicus Species Description of Pristiophorus japonicus at www.shark-references.com]

{{Selachimorpha|P.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q29113}}

[[Category:Pristiophorus|Japanese sawshark]]
[[Category:East China Sea]]
[[Category:Fish of Japan]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1870|Japanese sawshark]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther|Japanese sawshark]]

Wakefield Girls' High School

2025-06-01T14:45:29Z

42.60.3.85: /* External links */

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2018}}

{{Infobox school
| name = Wakefield Girls' High School
| logo = File:Coat of Arms of Wakefield Girls' High School.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| image = Wakefield Girls Grammar School - geograph.org.uk - 944603.jpg
| caption = Wakefield Girls' High School
| alt = Exterior Wakefield Girls' High School
| image_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|53.6869|-1.5036|type:edu_region:GB_dim:100|format=dec|display=inline,title}}
| motto = Each For All and All For God
| established = {{Start date|1878|df=y}}
| closed =
| type = [[Private schools in the United Kingdom|Private school]]
| religious_affiliation =
| president =
| head_label =
| head = Mrs Judith Tingle
| r_head_label =
| r_head =
| chair_label =
| chair =
| founder =
| specialist =
| address = Wentworth Street
| city = [[Wakefield]]
| county = [[West Yorkshire]]
| country = England
| postcode = WF1 2QS
| local_authority = [[City of Wakefield]]
| ofsted =
| urn = 108305
| staff =
| enrolment = 665 {{As of|2016|01|lc=on}}
| gender = Girls
| lower_age = 8
| upper_age = 18
| houses =
| colours =
| publication =
| free_label_1 =
| free_1 =
| free_label_2 =
| free_2 =
| free_label_3 =
| free_3 =
| website = http://www.wgsf.org.uk
}}
'''Wakefield Girls' High School''' (WGHS) is a [[Private schools in the United Kingdom|private school]] in [[Wakefield]], England, established in 1878 in Wentworth House. The initial enrolment of 59 pupils has since increased to 665.<ref name="edubase">{{cite web|title=EduBase – Wakefield Girls' High School|url=http://www.education.gov.uk/edubase/establishment/summary.xhtml?urn=108305|website=EduBase|publisher=[[Department for Education]]|access-date=3 February 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==Community==
The school is part of the Wakefield Grammar School Foundation, comprising Wakefield Girls' High School [[Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield|Queen Elizabeth Grammar School]] and Wakefield Grammar Pre-Preparatory School.

==Education==
In 2021, 29% of students earnt A* grades at A Level. 63% of students achieved straight A* and A grades awarded in three or more subjects and 85% of students achieved grades A* to B.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A-Level Results 2021|url=https://wgsf.org.uk/wghs/a-level-results-2021/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Wakefield Girls High School|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Also in 2021, over 75% of all GCSE entries were awarded 9 – 7 grades with one-third being awarded grade 9.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GCSE Results 2021|url=https://wgsf.org.uk/wghs/gcse-results-2021/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Wakefield Girls High School|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Notable alumnae==

* [[Dame Barbara Hepworth]], artist
* [[Anne Mueller|Dame Anne Mueller]], British civil servant and academic. Second Permanent Secretary at the Cabinet Office from 1984 to 1987 and then at HM Treasury from 1987 to 1990. She was Chancellor of De Montfort University from 1991 until 1995.
* [[Monica Edwards]], children's author<ref>WGHS Archives housed at West Yorkshire Archive Service – attended from September 1920 to July 1921</ref>
* [[Helen Fielding]], author of ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)|Bridget Jones's Diary]]''
* [[Joanne Harris]], author of ''[[Chocolat (novel)|Chocolat]]''
* [[Katherine Kelly (actress)|Katherine Kelly]], actress
* [[Usha Prashar|Baroness Prashar]], member of the [[House of Lords]]
* [[Honey Watson]], writer and Mandarin–English translator
* [[Marjorie Williamson|Dame Elsie Marjorie Williamson]] [[Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|DBE]], British academic, educator, physicist and Principal of [[Royal Holloway College]], [[University of London]]
* [[Nichi Hodgson]], British journalist, broadcaster, and author.
* [[Heidi Allen]], British former politician, served as Member of Parliament South Cambridgeshire 2015 – 2019, February 2019 resigned, leader of [[Change UK]], [[University of London]]

==Coat of arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = [[File:Coat of Arms of Wakefield Girls' High School.svg|200px]]
|escutcheon = Per chevron Sable and Azure, in chief two leopards' faces and in base a fleur-de-lys Or; a bordure Ermine.
|crest = On a wreath Or, Azure, Argent and Sable, An owl Argent, crowned with an ancient crown Or, standing within a chaplet of leaves Proper and roses silver, barbed and seeded Proper, and between two pens Azure, the quills gold.
|motto = 'Each for all and all for god'
|notes = Granted 10 January 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Wakefield_Girls%27_High_School |title=Wakefield Girls' High School |publisher=Heraldry of the World |accessdate=15 February 2023}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Wakefield Girls High School}}
* [https://wgsf.org.uk/wghs/ Official Website]
* [https://www.isc.co.uk/schools/england/yorkshire-area-west/wakefield/wakefield-girls-high-school/ Profile] on the [[Independent Schools Council]] website
* [http://www.wgsf.org.uk Wakefield Grammar School Foundation website]

{{Schools in the City of Wakefield}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Girls' schools in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Private schools in the City of Wakefield]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1878]]
[[Category:1878 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Schools in Wakefield]]
[[Category:Member schools of the Girls' Schools Association]]

Bradford Grammar School

2025-05-31T16:43:04Z

42.60.3.85: /* External links */

{{Short description|Independent school in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Bradford Grammar School
| logo = Bradford Grammar School arms.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| image =
| image_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|53.81455|-1.76981|type:edu_region:GB_dim:100|format=dec|display=inline,title}}
| motto = {{Langx|la|hoc age}}
| motto_translation = Do this
| established = {{start date and age|1548}}
| closed =
| type = [[Private schools in the United Kingdom|Private]] [[day school]] [[Grammar school]]
| religious_affiliation =
| president =
| head_label = Headmaster
| head = Simon Hinchliffe
| r_head =
| chair_label =
| chair =
| founder =
| specialist =
| address = A650 Keighley Road
| city = [[Bradford]]
| county = [[West Yorkshire]]
| country = England
| postcode = BD9 4JP
| local_authority =
| ofsted =
| staff =
| enrolment = 1122
| gender = [[Co-educational]]
| lower_age = 4
| upper_age = 18
| houses =
| colours = Blue & Maroon {{colour box|Blue}}{{colour box|Maroon}}
| publication =
| free_label_1 = Built
| free_label_2 = Co-education since
| free_2 = 1999
| free_label_3 =
| free_3 =
| website = {{url|bradfordgrammar.com}}
}}

'''Bradford Grammar School''' ('''BGS''') is a [[co-educational]] [[Private schools in the United Kingdom|private]] [[day school]] located in [[Frizinghall]], [[Bradford]], [[West Yorkshire]], England.
Entrance is by examination. For the [[sixth form]] admission is based on [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSE]] results. The school gives means-tested [[Bursary|bursaries]] to help with fees. Like many other [[independent school]]s, BGS also offers a small number of [[scholarship]]s based on academic achievement.

== History ==
[[File:Bradford GS.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bradford Grammar School]]
The school was founded in 1548 and granted its [[Royal Charter|Charter]] by [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] in 1662.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgs.bradford.sch.uk/senior-school/about-the-school/History%20of%20the%20school/Index.html|title=History of the School|publisher=Bradford Grammar School|access-date=1 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905124145/http://www.bgs.bradford.sch.uk/senior-school/about-the-school/History%20of%20the%20school/Index.html|archive-date=5 September 2011|url-status = dead}}</ref> The Reverend [[William Hulton Keeling]] became the headmaster in 1871. He had transformed the [[Northampton Grammar School|grammar school in Northampton]], and here he did the same, joining forces with the merchant [[Jacob Behrens]], Bradford Observer editor [[William Byles]] and [[Vincent William Ryan]] Vicar of Bradford.<ref name=orb/> The school was considered as good as the best public schools in 1895 and Keeling died in 1916 having been given the [[Freedom of the City]]. His daughter [[Dorothy Keeling]] ran [[The Bradford Guild of Help]] and transformed voluntary work in the UK.<ref name=orb>{{citation |title=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |date=23 September 2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/72786 |work=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |pages=ref:odnb/72786 |editor-last=Matthew |editor-first=H. C. G. |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/72786 |access-date=24 December 2022 |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=B.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Second World War ===
The new school building in Frizinghall was actually completed in 1939, however the start of the [[Second World War]] prevented the building from being opened as a school. During the war, the main school building was used as a Primary Training Centre,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/63/a1080163.shtml The people's war] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120722033801/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/63/a1080163.shtml |date=22 July 2012 }} A recollection by a soldier who was at BGS during the war</ref> and there is still evidence of this around the building. During this time, many BGS pupils were evacuated to [[Settle, North Yorkshire|Settle]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/90/a4046690.shtml |title=The peoples war |access-date=6 June 2007 |archive-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721233941/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/90/a4046690.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> and returned when the building was released from army occupation and completed. Inside the school there is a large memorial to the former pupils who died in the war.

===Frizinghall railway station===
[[Frizinghall railway station]] closed in 1965 and remained closed for 22 years. During this time, staff and pupils at the school campaigned to get the station reopened. In the end, it was due to the efforts of an English teacher, Robin Sisson,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/obituaries/robin-sisson-1-2507846|title=Robin Sisson}}</ref> that the station was reopened as a halt.

Until 1975 it was a [[direct grant school|direct grant grammar school]], and when this scheme was abolished it chose to become independent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1978/mar/22/direct-grant-schools|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=22 March 1978|title=Direct Grant Schools}}</ref> The school [[motto]] is {{langx|la|Hoc Age}}  ({{Gloss|Do This}}).<ref>[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/hoc+age Merriam-Webster definition of ''Hoc-Age'']</ref>

==Education==
31 courses are offered for A-Levels, and 97% of sixth-form pupils went on to study further education or deferred a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isbi.co.uk/isbi-viewschool/1971-BRADFORD_GRAMMAR_SCHOOL.html|title=Bradford Grammar School – Bradford – West Yorkshire – BD9 4JP}}</ref>

== Sport ==
The school has a rowing club, which is affiliated to [[British Rowing]], with a boat code of BRG.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishrowing.org/club/bradford-grammar-school-bc/ |title=Bradford Grammar School BC |website=Speedway in Memoriam |access-date=16 February 2025 }}</ref>

== Alumni ==
{{See also|Category:People educated at Bradford Grammar School}}

*[[John Sharp (Archbishop of York)|John Sharp]] (1645–1714), [[Archbishop of York]]
*[[Abraham Sharp]] (1653–1742), mathematician and scientific instrument maker
*[[David Hartley (philosopher)|David Hartley]] (1705–1757), philosopher and physician
*[[John William Whittaker]] (1790–1854), clergyman
*[[Louis Addin Kershaw]] (1845–1899), Chief justice
*[[Frederick Delius]] (1862–1934), composer
*[[Ernest Leopold Sichel]] (1862–1941), artist
*Sir [[Charles Harris (civil servant)|Charles Harris]] (1864–1943), civil servant
*[[Henry de Beltgens Gibbins]] (1865–1907), economic historian
*[[John Coates (tenor)|John Coates]] (1865–1941), singer
*[[William Binnie (engineer)|William Binnie]] (1867–1949), civil engineer
*Sir [[Frank Watson Dyson]]<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=768881|title=Sir Frank Watson Dyson. 1868–1939|journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society|last1=Eddington |first1=A. S. |year=1940 |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=159–172 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1940.0015 |s2cid=161595112 |doi-access=free }}</ref> (1868–1939), [[Astronomer Royal]]
*[[Charles Thomson Rees Wilson|Charles Wilson]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FCTRW|title=Janus: The Papers of C. T. R. Wilson}}</ref>(1869–1959), physicist
*[[John Lawrence Hammond]]<ref>[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jhammond.htm Schoolnet info] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617045731/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jhammond.htm |date=17 June 2007 }}</ref> (1872–1949), historian and journalist
*Sir [[William Rothenstein]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bradlibs.com/localstudies/delius/pages/schooldays.htm |title=Bradford Libraries |access-date=7 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929021404/http://www.bradlibs.com/localstudies/delius/pages/schooldays.htm |archive-date=29 September 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> (1872–1945), artist
* [[Henry Ernest Stapleton]] (1878–1962), chemist, numismatist
*[[Christopher Lintrup Paus]]<ref>{{cite book |date= 1963 |chapter=Paus, Christopher Lintrup, C.B.E.|title=Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage |page= 1813 }}</ref>
*[[Albert Rutherston]] (1881–1953), painter and illustrator
*[[Humbert Wolfe]] (1885–1930), poet and civil servant
*[[Charles Fairburn]] (1887–1945), railway engineer
*[[Eric Craven Gregory]] (1887–1959), benefactor of the arts
*[[John Rawlings Rees]] (1890–1969), [[psychiatry|psychiatrist]]
*Sir [[Mortimer Wheeler]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brad.ac.uk/archsci/depart/resgrp/southasia/charsadda/charsadda-panel4-low.pdf|title=Archaeological Sciences}}</ref> (1890–1976), archaeologist and broadcaster
*[[Arthur Raistrick]] (1896–1991), civil engineer, [[industrial archaeology|industrial archaeologist]] and pacifist
*[[Harry McEvoy]] (1902–1984), breakfast cereal manufacturer
*[[Richard Eurich]] (1903–1992), painter
*[[H. L. A. Hart]]<ref>[http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/jurisprudence/hart.shtml Oxford biography] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629221006/http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/jurisprudence/hart.shtml |date=29 June 2007 }}</ref> (1907–1992), legal philosopher
*[[Geoffrey Barraclough]]<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-17199153.html History Honor Society]</ref> (1908–1984), historian
*[[W. H. Walsh|William Henry Walsh]] (1913–1986), philosopher
*[[Kenneth Garside]] (1913–1983), Academic Librarian and Military Intelligence Officer
*[[Michael Wharton]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article719197.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604121403/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article719197.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2011|title=Login}}</ref> (1913–2006), columnist Peter Simple
*[[Alan Bullock]]<ref>[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/press/chancellor/bullock.htm Leeds University Honorary graduands] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501052749/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/press/chancellor/bullock.htm |date=1 May 2007 }}</ref> (1914–2004), a.k.a. Baron Bullock of Leafield, historian
*[[Denis Healey|Denis Healey, Baron Healey]]<ref>[http://www.politicospublishing.co.uk/titles.php/itemcode/9 Autobiography] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201902/http://www.politicospublishing.co.uk/titles.php/itemcode/9 |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> (1917–2015), [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]
* [[Ken Morrison]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/centenary/celebration_ceremony/morrison_citation.htm|title=University of Leeds Centenary 1904 – 2004 – Centenary celebration ceremony – Presentation addresses – Sir Ken Morrison citation, by Victor Watson}}</ref> (1931–2017), Executive Chairman of [[Morrisons]]
*[[Alan Smithson]] (1936–2010), bishop of Jarrow
*[[David Hockney]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davidhockney.com/bio.shtml|title=Bio – David Hockney}}</ref> (born 1937), artist
*[[Duncan Kirkbride Nichol]], chief executive of NHS, 1985 -1993
*[[David Miliband]] (born 1965), former [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs]]
*[[Malcolm Laycock]]<ref name="Vacher">{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Vacher |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/nov/10/malcolm-laycock-obituary |title=Malcolm Laycock Obituary |work=The Guardian |date=10 November 2009 |accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> (1938–2009), radio presenter and producer
*[[Vivian Nutton]] (born 1943), classicist and medical historian
*[[Paul Slack]] (born 1943), historian
*[[Michael Jack]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021220110009/http://www.michaeljackmp.org.uk/about.htm Michael Jack official website]</ref> (born 1946), politician
*[[Jonathan Silver]] (1949–1997), [[entrepreneur]] and art gallery owner<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4711024/King-of-Salts-Mill.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031024103/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4711024/King-of-Salts-Mill.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=31 October 2012 | title=King of Salt's Mill | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date=22 November 1997 | accessdate=11 November 2013 | first=David | last=Hockney | author-link=David Hockney }}</ref>
*[[Colin Lawson]] (born 1949) clarinetist, academic and Director of the [[Royal College of Music]]
*[[Nick Toczek]] (born 1950), [[writer]] and performer
*[[Victoria Braithwaite]] (1967–2019), animal behaviour scientist
*[[Boris Rankov]] (born 1954), Professor of Roman History at Royal Holloway, University of London; 6-time Boat Race winner with Oxford
*[[John Bainbridge Webster]] (born 1955), Chair of Systematic Theology at King's College, [[University of Aberdeen]]
*[[Alastair Campbell]] (born 1957), journalist, former [[Downing Street Press Secretary]] (1997–2000) and the first [[Downing Street Director of Communications]] (2000–2005)
*[[David Wootton (lord mayor)|David Wootton]] (born 1958), Lord Mayor of London
*[[Roger Mosey]] (born 1958), Master of Selwyn College, Cambridge
*[[John Mann (British politician)|John Mann]], (born 1960), [[Member of Parliament]] for Bassetlaw
* [[Steven Wells]] (1960–2009) Ranting poet, punk journalist, novelist, comedy writer for [[On The Hour]].
*[[Ashley Metcalfe]] (born 1963), former [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]] cricketer
*[[Andrew Jones (British politician)|Andrew Jones]] (born 1963), Member of Parliament for Harrogate and Knaresborough
*[[Adrian Moorhouse]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20120706235931/http://archive.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/2003/3/18/114809.html T&A article]</ref> (born 1964), [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medallist swimmer
*[[Richard Nerurkar]], (born 1964), [[marathon]] and [[10,000 metres]] runner
*[[Enzo Cilenti]], (born 1974) actor
*[[Robert Ashforth]], (born 1976) professional rugby union player (Fly half)
*[[Jon Sen]], (born 1974) TV producer, Executive Producer [[EastEnders]]{{cn|date=December 2023}}
*[[Dan Scarbrough]] (born 1978), England [[rugby union]] player (Full back / Wing){{cn|date=December 2023}}
*[[Robert Hardy (bassist)|Robert Hardy]]<ref>[http://playlouder.com/news/+franzferdinandex/ PlayLouder interview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120444/http://playlouder.com/news/%2Bfranzferdinandex/ |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> (born 1980), bassist of [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]]
*[[Charlie Hodgson]]<ref>[http://www.rfu.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/RFUHome.News_Detail/StoryID/5910 RFU profile] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181823/http://www.rfu.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/RFUHome.News_Detail/StoryID/5910 |date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> (born 1980), England [[rugby union]] player (Fly half)
*[[John Hollingworth (actor)|John Hollingworth]] (born 1981), English actor
*[[Benson Taylor]] (born 1983), film composer
*[[Uzair Mahomed]] (born 1987), cricketer
*[[Alistair Brownlee]]<ref name="Brownlee brothers">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-34404373|title=Brownlee brothers return to Bradford Grammar School|date=30 September 2015|work=BBC News|accessdate=7 June 2024}}</ref> (born 1988) British triathlete; brother of Jonathan Brownlee
*[[Jonathan Brownlee]]<ref name="Brownlee brothers"/> (born 1990) British triathlete; brother of Alistair Brownlee.
*[[Yuan Yang (politician)|Yuan Yang]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Yuan Yang |url=https://www.bradfordgrammar.com/portfolio-items/yuan-yang/ |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=Bradford Grammar School }}</ref> (born 1990) Member of Parliament for Earley and Woodley
*[[Georgie Henley]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/2258280.child-star-georgie-is-back-in-narnia/|title=Child star Georgie is back in Narnia|last=Barnett|first=David|date=9 May 2008|work=Telegraph & Argus|accessdate=7 June 2024}}</ref> (born 1995), actress
*[[Will Luxton]] (born 2003), cricketer <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/bradfordgrammar_oldbradfordian-bgsfamily-yorkshirecricket-activity-7252252191237844992-yjxY?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop |title=Old Bradfordian, William Luxton |work=Old Bradfordians LinkedIn|access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Listed buildings in Bradford (Manningham Ward)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.bradfordgrammar.com/}}
* [https://www.isc.co.uk/schools/england/yorkshire-area-west/bradford/bradford-grammar-school/ Profile] on the [[Independent Schools Council]] website
* [http://www.bgsoba.com/ BGS Old Bradfordian Association]
* [http://www.bgsbc.co.uk BGS Boat Club website]

{{Schools in the City of Bradford}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference]]
[[Category:Private schools in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Schools in Bradford]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 1540s]]
[[Category:1548 establishments in England]]
[[Category:People educated at Bradford Grammar School|*]]