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Israel Putnam

2025-05-23T14:03:07Z

24.13.250.145: Undid revision 1291800601 by 81.244.82.42 (talk)

{{Short description|American military officer and landowner (1718–1790)}}
{{redirect|General Putnam}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Israel Putnam
| image = Israel putnam portrait.jpg
| caption = Major General Israel Putnam
| birth_date = {{birth date|1718|01|07}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1790|05|29|1718|01|07}}
| birth_place = [[Danvers, Massachusetts|Danvers]], [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]], [[British America]]
| death_place = [[Brooklyn, Connecticut]]
| placeofburial = [[Israel Putnam Monument]], Brooklyn, Connecticut
| placeofburial_coordinates = {{coord|41|47|11|N|71|56|59|W|display=inline}}
| nickname = "Old Put"
| allegiance = {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} {{flag|United States of America|1777}}
| branch = [[British Army]] (Connecticut Militia) [[Continental Army]]
| rank = [[Major (rank)|Major]] (G.B.) [[Major general]] (U.S.)
| serviceyears = 1755–176?, 1775-1779
| battles = [[French and Indian War]] [[Pontiac's War]] [[American Revolutionary War]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Hannah Pope|1739|1765|reason=died}} {{marriage|Deborah Lothrop|1767}}<ref name=Bragg/>
| signature = Israel Putnam signature.svg
}}

'''Israel Putnam''' (January 7, 1718 – May 29, 1790), popularly known as "'''Old Put'''", was an American military officer and landowner who fought with distinction at the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–1783). He also served as an officer with [[Rogers' Rangers]] during the [[French and Indian War]] (1754–1763), when he was captured by [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] warriors. He was saved from the ritual burning given to enemies by the intervention of French officer Molang, with whom the Mohawks were allied. Putnam's courage and fighting spirit became known far beyond his home of [[Connecticut]]'s borders through the circulation of folk legends in the American colonies and states celebrating his exploits.

==Early life==
[[File:Israel putnam birthplace.jpg|thumb|[[General Israel Putnam House|Israel Putnam's birthplace]], Danvers, Massachusetts; the house still stands and is owned by the Danvers Historical Society.]]
[[File:1911-08-12 MA Danvers Birth Room, Gen. Israel Putnam 01.jpg|thumb|Birth room of General Putnam in Danvers, Massachusetts]]
[[File:Major Israel Putnam in British Uniform 1758.jpg|thumb|Major Israel Putnam in British uniform, 1758]]
Putnam was born in 1718 in Salem Village (now [[Danvers, Massachusetts|Danvers]]), [[Massachusetts]] to Joseph and Elizabeth (Porter) Putnam, a prosperous farming [[Puritan]] [[Putnam family|family]]. His parents had opposed the [[Salem witch trials]] in the 1690s.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Root |editor-first1=Mary Philotheta |title=Chapter Sketches, Connecticut Daughters of the American Revolution: Patron Saints |date=1901 |publisher=Connecticut Daughters of the American Revolution |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQgWAAAAYAAJ |access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref>

Putnam moved west in 1740 at age 22 to [[Mortlake, Connecticut]]<ref name=" McCullough Book">[[#McCullough|McCullough, 2005]], pp. 34–35</ref> (today [[Brooklyn, Connecticut|Brooklyn]]) where land was cheaper.<ref>[[#Tarbox|Tarbox, 1876]], p. 36</ref> While living in Connecticut, Putnam purchased several [[Slavery in the colonial history of the United States|enslaved Africans]] to work on his lands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.courant.com/courant-250/moments-in-history/hc-250-israel-putnam-0507-20140524-story.html|title=Israel Putnam, A Man of Legendary Courage}}</ref> He killed a wolf in 1743 with the help of a group of farmers from Mortlake seeking to safeguard their sheep. They tracked the wolf to its den and tried sending in their dogs, but all the dogs returned frightened or injured by the wolf. They tried smoking out the wolf and burning sulfur at the mouth of the cave, all to no avail. After Putnam arrived, he tried getting his dog to enter the den, with no luck. He also tried to get his servant to enter with a torch and gun to shoot the wolf. His servant refused, as did all the other farmers. Putnam then reportedly crawled into the den with a torch, a musket loaded with buckshot, and his feet secured with rope to be quickly pulled out. While in the den, he killed the wolf.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=14-18}}

In celebration of the event, Putnam was carried in a torch-lit procession through Pomfret in a celebration that lasted until about midnight. He earned the nicknames "Wolf Putnam" and "Old Wolf Put", which stayed with him for decades afterward.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=15, 16, 17, 18}}{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=11-16}}{{sfn|Humphreys|1855|p=10-20}}<ref>Putnam, Daniel. ''Memoirs of the Life, Adventures and Military Exploits of Israel Putnam,'' pp.7-10, Mack & Andrus, Ithaca, New York, 1834.</ref> A section of [[Mashamoquet Brook State Park]] in Pomfret, including the den, is named "[[Israel Putnam Wolf Den]]". The name "Wolf Den Road" in adjacent Brooklyn also attests to the days of wolves.<ref name=Bragg>[[#Bragg|Bragg, Essay]]</ref>

Putnam married twice, first to Hannah Pope in 1739, the mother of his children.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=11, 14}} Two years after her death in 1765, he married Deborah Lothrop.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=49-50}}

==Early military service==
Putnam was one of the first men in Connecticut in 1755 to sign up to serve as a private in the militia in the [[French and Indian War]] at age 37. Over the course of the war, he was promoted to second lieutenant, captain, major, lieutenant colonel, and colonel.{{sfn|Nelson|2011|p=99-100}}{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=21}}{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=17-20, 30, 44}}{{sfn|Humphreys|1855|p=22, 39, 107, 121}} He served with [[Robert Rogers (British Army officer)|Robert Rogers]], who gained fame as the commander of [[Rogers' Rangers]], and the two of them had various exploits together, in one of which Putnam saved Rogers' life.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=23, 24}} Putnam's reputation for courage was made famous by his participation in the war. It was said that "Rogers always sent, but Putnam led his men to action."{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=37, 38}}{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=89}}

In 1757, the Rangers were stationed on an island off [[Fort Edward (village), New York|Fort Edward]]. The following February, Putnam and his Rangers were still on [[Rogers Island (New York)|Roger's Island]] when fire broke out in the row of barracks nearest the magazine. The danger of an explosion was imminent, but Putnam took a position on the roof and poured bucket after bucket of water upon the flames, only descending when the buildings fell only a few feet from the magazine. In spite of his severe wounds, he continued to fight the fire, dashing water upon the magazine until the fire was under control. He was laid up for a month due to burns and exposure.<ref name=Bragg/>

[[File: Rescue of Israel Putnam.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Rescue of Major Israel Putnam near Glens Falls, 1758]]
Putnam was captured on August 8, 1758, by [[Kahnawake]] Indians from a mission settlement south of Montreal during a military campaign near Crown Point in [[Province of New York|New York]]. He was saved from being ritually burned alive by a rainstorm and the last-minute intervention of a French officer.<ref name="Francis Parkman">[[#Parkman|Parkman, 1922]], pp. 458–461</ref>

In 1759, Putnam led a regiment into The Valley of Death in [[Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)|the attack]] on [[Fort Ticonderoga|Fort Carillon]] and he was with the British army that marched on [[Montreal]] in 1760. In 1762, he survived a shipwreck during the [[Siege of Havana|British expedition against Cuba]] that led to the capture of [[Havana]]. Putnam is believed to have brought back Cuban tobacco seeds to [[New England]], which he planted in the [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]] area. This reportedly resulted in the development of the renowned [[Connecticut shade tobacco|Connecticut Wrapper]]. In 1763, during [[Pontiac's Rebellion]], Putnam was sent with reinforcements to relieve [[Pontiac (Ottawa leader)|Chief Pontiac]]'s [[siege of Fort Detroit]].{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=48-49}}

After the war, he returned to his homestead, a remnant of which exists today as [[Putnam Farm]] in Brooklyn, Connecticut. Putnam publicly professed his Christian faith following the [[Seven Years' War]] in 1765 and joined the [[Congregational church|Congregational Church]] in his town.<ref>[[#Tarbox|Tarbox, 1876]], p. 66</ref> He was among those who objected to British tax action policies. Around the time of the [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act]] crisis in 1766, he was elected to the [[Connecticut General Assembly]] and was one of the founders of the state's chapter of the [[Sons of Liberty]]. In the fall of 1765, he threatened Governor [[Thomas Fitch (governor)|Thomas Fitch]] over this issue. He said that Fitch's house "will be leveled with the dust in five minutes" if Fitch did not turn over the stamp tax paper to the Sons of Liberty.<ref>[[#Humphreys|Humphreys, 1804]], p. 285</ref>

==American Revolutionary War==
===Battle of Bunker Hill===
By the eve of the [[American Revolution]], Putnam had become a relatively prosperous farmer and tavern keeper, with more than a local reputation for his previous exploits. On April 20, 1775, while plowing one of his fields with his son, he received news of the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord|Battle of Lexington and Concord]] that started the war the day before. He literally "came off the plow", leaving it in the field and riding {{convert|100|mi|km}} in eight hours, reaching [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] the next day and offering his services to the Patriot cause. Putnam was named a major general, making him second in rank to General [[Artemas Ward]] in the Army of Observation, which preceded the founding of the [[Continental Army]].<ref name=Ferling15>[[#Ferling15|Ferling, 2015]], pp. 127–129</ref>

Putnam was one of the primary figures at the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] in June 1775, both in its planning and on the battlefield. During the battle, Putnam may have ordered [[William Prescott]] to tell his troops, "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes." It is debated exactly who said these words first; they are attributed to a number of officers.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=97}} This command has since become one of the American Revolution's notable quotations. It was given to make the best use of the low ammunition stocks that the troops had.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=90}}

In the planning for the Battle of Bunker Hill, Putnam was likely the one who argued in favor of also fortifying the adjacent hill, which later became known as "[[Bunker Hill Monument|Breed's Hill]]".{{sfn|Borneman|2014|p=350}}{{sfn|Philbrick|2013|p=198}} This hill was closer to Boston, and from the hill cannons could fire on the British forces in Boston, forcing them to come out and attack the hill.{{sfn|Ketchum|1963|p=59-60, 84}} The British suffered heavy casualties as they marched toward the American fortifications. However, the Americans ran out of powder and were eventually forced to retreat. American casualties were 449, while British casualties were 1,054. By the standard of the day the Americans lost, since they gave up the ground. However, Continental Army Brigadier General [[Nathanael Greene]] wrote to his brother that "I wish we could sell them another hill, at the same price."{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=95}}{{sfn|Borneman|2014|p=351-352}}{{sfn|Ketchum|1963|p=122-123, 161-162}}

Years after the battle, and after Putnam's death, he was accused by [[Henry Dearborn]] of failing to supply reinforcements and even of cowardice during the battle. The accusations created a long-standing [[Dearborn-Putnam controversy|controversy]] among veterans, family, friends, and historians.<ref name="Purcell pp.164-168">[[#Purcell|Purcell, 2010]], pp. 164–168</ref> People were shocked by the rancor of the attack, and this prompted a forceful response from defenders of Putnam, including such notables as [[John Adams|John]] and [[Abigail Adams]]. Historian Harold Murdock wrote that Dearborn's account "abounds in absurd misstatements and amazing flights of imagination." The Dearborn attack received considerable attention because at the time he was in the middle of controversy himself. He had been relieved of one of the top commands in the [[War of 1812]] due to his mistakes. He had also been nominated to serve as [[U.S. Secretary of War]] by President [[James Monroe]], but was rejected by the [[United States Senate]] (which was the first time that the Senate had voted against confirming a presidential cabinet choice).<ref name="Purcell pp.164-168"/>{{sfn|Ketchum|1963|p=78}}<ref>Murdock, Harold. ''Bunker Hill, Notes and Queries on a Famous Battle'', Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2010. {{ISBN|1163174912}},</ref>{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=191, 192}}

===Long Island and later service===
[[File:Israel Putnam.jpg|thumb|Letter from Israel Putnam to [[Israel Shreve]], 1777]]
On June 14, 1775, the [[Continental Congress]] voted to create the [[Continental Army]]. [[George Washington]] was chosen as Commander-in-Chief, with Putnam and three others appointed as [[major general]]s under Washington. Of the votes, only Washington and Putnam were unanimous.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=104}}{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=205}}

After Bunker Hill,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fischer|first1=David Hackett|title=Washington's Crossing|page=209}}</ref> Washington arrived and Putnam served under him in the [[Siege of Boston]]. Due largely to the ingenious efforts of [[Henry Knox]] and Putnam's cousin [[Rufus Putnam]], the British were forced to abandon Boston.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=158}}{{sfn|Philbrick|2013|p=274-277}}{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=269-270}}

Putnam subsequently served as temporary commander of the American forces in [[New York City|New York]] while waiting for Washington's arrival there on April 13, 1776. Putnam's fortunes declined at the [[Battle of Long Island]] in August 1776, where he was forced to effect a hasty retreat from the British. Some in the [[Second Continental Congress]] blamed Putnam for the defeat, but Washington, who was in overall command and witnessed the battle, did not.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=120-126}}{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=303-304}}{{sfn|Nelson|2011|p=15-16}}

It is possible that Putnam's efforts saved Washington's life or prevented his capture. As Senator [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] described it, "...it could be argued that we owe our national existence to the fortifications which General Israel Putnam threw up in April 1776 on the [[Buttermilk Channel]] side [of [[Governors Island]], New York]... [British troops] landed on Long Island and headed for George Washington and his army. He had to flee, and he made it because Putnam's artillery firing on [[Brooklyn Heights]], over the Buttermilk Channel, held Howe back just long enough for Washington to escape to Manhattan and for the Revolutionary War to proceed."{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=121}}

With future Vice President [[Aaron Burr]] in his charge, Putnam was fooled in October 1777 by a feint executed by British troops under the command of General [[Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)|Sir Henry Clinton]], making way for Clinton's [[Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery|capture]] of [[Fort Montgomery (Hudson River)|Fort Montgomery]] and [[Fort Clinton]].<ref name=Mark>[[#Mark|Mark, Journal of the American Revolution]]</ref> As was standard procedure, Putnam was relieved of command and brought before a court of inquiry for these losses. It was ascertained that the events in question were the result of a lack of men, not of the fault of any commander, and he was exonerated of any wrongdoing.<ref>[[#Humphreys|Humphreys, 1804]], p. 326</ref>

Putnam had personal friendships and deep respect for many of his British former comrades in arms in the French and Indian War, who were now his enemies. While in command in New York, there were several occasions on which he showed personal courtesies, such as providing newspapers to read or medical attention, to British officers who had become his prisoners of war. This offended many New Yorkers. He also showed an "unconquerable aversion" to many of those who were entrusted with the disposal of Tory property who Putnam felt were instead embezzling the funds. This also led to Putnam becoming unpopular with many influential New Yorkers, who complained to Washington.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=147}}{{sfn|Humphreys|1855|p=238-240}}{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=368-369}}

Washington had also lost some of his faith in Putnam, due to an incident in which Putnam delayed in forwarding troops to Washington when first ordered to do so. One possible explanation was that his wife, mistaken for dead, had apparently been buried alive, expiring in the casket after burial. The grave was later exhumed, and it is possible that Putnam learned of the tragic error at the time he received Washington's order.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=149–153}} Regardless, Washington felt he could not have Putnam in charge of troops in New York without the support of that state, and transferred Putnam to recruiting duties in Connecticut after the court of inquiry finished its investigation of the loss of Forts Montgomery and Clinton. Putnam was later put in command of the Eastern Division, consisting of three brigades of [[2nd New Hampshire Regiment|New Hampshire]] and Connecticut troops. In 1779, he was put in command of the right wing of the army, which included the Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania divisions.{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=396}}

During the winter of 1778–1779, Putnam and his troops were encamped at the site now preserved as the [[Putnam Memorial State Park]] in [[Redding, Connecticut]]. On February 26, 1779, Putnam escaped from the British, riding down a steep slope in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]], for which he became famous.<ref>{{cite web|last=White|first=Carl|title=All "Downhill" For General Israel Putnam (Literally and Figuratively)|url=http://www.greenwichlibrary.org/blog/historically_speaking/2010/08/all-downhill-for-general-israel-putnam-literally-and-figuratively.html|work=Greenwich Library website|access-date=5 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424210758/http://www.greenwichlibrary.org/blog/historically_speaking/2010/08/all-downhill-for-general-israel-putnam-literally-and-figuratively.html|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref> A [[Equestrian statue of Israel Putnam|statue commemorating this escape]] was erected at Putnam Memorial State Park.<ref name="historyofredding">{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofredding.com/June2008Newsletter2.pdf |title= History of Redding website |publisher=historyofredding.com|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> In December 1779, Putnam suffered a paralyzing [[stroke]], which ended his military service.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=173}}

==Personality and characteristics==
Israel Putnam did not fit the stereotype of the taciturn [[New Englanders|New Englander]]. He was a gregarious tavern-keeper, a very industrious farmer, and an aggressive soldier, always looking for an excuse to discipline his soldiers. His farm was one of the most productive in the area (he bought out his partner and paid off his mortgage after only two years).{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=12}} In battle, he would lead from the front, not from behind.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=37, 95, 99, 127}}{{sfn|Humphreys|1855|p=89}} After hours, he would lead his comrades in singing the popular drinking songs of the day.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=228}}

Putnam served as Washington's second in command, and the two shared some key characteristics that other general officers of the time did not. Neither one of them had as much education as elite people of the era had. Putnam's lack of education and unsophisticated manner prompted a captured [[Hessian (soldier)|Hessian]] officer to comment that "This old gray-beard may be a good honest man, but nobody but the rebels would have made him a general." Some of America's proper Philadelphians agreed.{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=336}}<ref>Langguth, A. J. ''Patriots: The Men Who Started the American Revolution,'' p. 425, Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, New York, New York, 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-671-52375-6}}.</ref> However, the common soldier admired Putnam's courage and could see from his many visible battle scars that he knew what it was like to be on the front lines. They knew that he had achieved his position through first-hand experience, rather than just education or family connections. Historian [[Nathaniel Philbrick]] says flatly that "Israel Putnam was the provincial army's most beloved officer."{{sfn|Philbrick|2013|p=182}}{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=39, 41, 48, 70, 75, 76, 105, 106, 107, 151, 174, 175}}<ref>Miller, John C. ''Origins of the American Revolution,'' pp. 398, 430, Little Brown and Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1943.</ref>{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=177, 198, 253, 295, 417}}

Putnam, whose spelling was a language all its own, nevertheless had a way with words. Both Washington and Putnam had to use their words to put down mutinies (on separate occasions) by their long-suffering, disgruntled troops. Biographer [[David Humphreys (soldier)|David Humphreys]], who witnessed the Putnam event, wrote about it as follows:

"The troops who had been badly fed, badly cloathed and worse paid ... formed the design of marching to [[Hartford]], where the General Assembly was then in session, and of demanding redress at the point of the bayonet. Word having been brought to General Putnam that the second Brigade was under arms for this purpose, he mounted his horse, galloped to the Cantonment and thus addressed them:

"'My brave lads, whither are you going? Do you intend to desert your Officers and to invite the enemy to follow you into the country? Whose cause have you been fighting and suffering so long in, is it not your own? Have you no property, no parents, wives or children? You have behaved like men so far – all the world is full of your praises – and posterity will stand astonished at your deeds: but not if you spoil all at last. Don't you consider how much the country is distressed by the war, and that your officers have not been any better paid than yourselves? But we all expect better times and that the Country will do us ample justice. Let us all stand by one another then and fight it out like brave Soldiers. Think what a shame it would be for Connecticut men to run away from their officers.'"{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=161, 162}}{{sfn|Humphreys|1855|p=242-246}}{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=384-385}}

Putnam's speech worked. After he finished, "he directed the acting Major of Brigade to give the word for them to shoulder, march to their Regimental parades, and lodge arms. All of which they executed with promptitude and apparent good humor."{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=161, 162}}{{sfn|Humphreys|1855|p=242-246}}{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=384-385}}

After hearing of the mutiny, Washington wrote to Putnam commending him for his success in quelling it. Putnam wrote to Washington that the incident had "not been repeated, or attended with any farther ill consequences.".{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=161, 162}}

Both Washington and Putnam were aggressive by nature and did not hesitate to put themselves in harm's way if that was what was called for in battle. Both were fearless or at least able to function calmly while bullets whizzed around them. Yet, each was nevertheless able to calculate risk and make decisions accordingly. After leading inexperienced men in a successful engagement while being bombarded with cannonballs, Putnam commented, "I wish we could have something of the kind to do every day; it would teach our men how little danger there is from cannon balls, for though they have sent a great many at us, nobody has been hurt by them."{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=44, 77, 79, 118, 119, 157}}{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=204}}{{sfn|Philbrick|2013|p=186}}

Putnam has been criticized by historians as having not been a great strategic thinker, and during one of the planning sessions during the [[siege of Boston]] with Washington and his senior officers, Putnam grew tired of the endless discussion, and went to the window and started observing the British. Washington invited him back to the planning table, and Putnam responded, "Oh, my dear General, you may plan the battle to suit yourself, and I will fight it."{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=270}}{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=119}}

However, Putnam was not without the ability to foresee both effective battlefield strategy and the big picture. He ordered his men to aim for the British officers, knowing the crippling effect it would have. He knew the value of inoculating the American troops against [[small pox]], and the tendency of nervous soldiers to fire too soon and aim too high (possibly thus the orders to not fire until "you see the whites of their eyes" and to "Take aim at the waistbands.").{{sfn|Nelson|2011|p=274-275}}{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=88, 140}}{{sfn|Borneman|2014|p=368}}{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=228}}<ref>Thompson, John M. ''The Revolutionary War,'' p. 38, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., 2004. {{ISBN|0-7922-6734-6}}.</ref>

Putnam had a feel for the common soldier and how to make good use of him. He knew that a soldier was not worried about his head, but if his body was protected with earthworks, he would "fight forever." Putnam also understood that a retreat could be a very effective tactic. "Let me pick my officers, and I would not fear to meet [the enemy] with half the number... I would fight them on the retreat, and every stone wall we passed should be lined with their dead ... our men are lighter of foot, they understand their grounds and how to take advantage of them…"{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=76, 82, 83}}{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=212}}

For one who was not supposed to be much of a strategic thinker, in some cases he was more prescient than his fellow generals. In discussion with [[Joseph Warren]] and General [[Artemas Ward]] before the Battle of Bunker Hill, Putnam advocated aggressive action against the British. Ward replied that "As peace and reconciliation is what we seek for, would it not be better to act only on the defensive and give no unnecessary provocation?" Putnam turned to Warren and said with emphasis, "You know, Dr. Warren, we shall have no peace worth anything, till we gain it by the sword."{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=78}}

Shortly after Washington took command at Cambridge in 1775, he and the other generals hoped for a speedy resolution of the war. On one occasion with them gathered around his dinner table, Washington offered a toast: "A speedy and honorable peace." A few days later, Putnam offered a different one: "A long and moderate war." The sober and seldom-smiling Washington laughed out loud. Washington addressed Putnam, "You are the last man, General Putnam, from whom I should have expected such a toast, you who are always urging vigorous measures, to plead now for a long, and what is still more extraordinary, a moderate, war, seems strange indeed." Putnam replied that a false peace would divide Americans and not be long-lasting. Putnam went on, "I expect nothing but a long war, and I would have it a moderate one, that we may hold out till the mother country becomes willing to cast us off forever."{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=256-257}}{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=55}}

The Revolutionary War would drag on for eight and a half years, the longest in United States history until the [[Vietnam War]]. Washington did not soon forget Putnam's prescient toast. For years after, he more than once reminded Putnam of it.{{sfn|Livingston|1901|p=256-257}}{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=55}}

==Burial==
[[File:Israel Putnam Monument, Brooklyn Connecticut.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Israel Putnam Monument]], Brooklyn Connecticut]]
Putnam died in [[Brooklyn, Connecticut]], in 1790. He was buried in an above-ground tomb in the town's South Cemetery. He is honored with an [[Israel Putnam Monument|equestrian monument]] near his original burial site on Canterbury Road (Route 169).{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=197}}

Over the years, souvenir hunters removed fragments of the headstone of his tomb and eventually the marble marker became badly mutilated, and the overall condition of the tomb was deemed unsuitable for General Putnam's remains; it was removed for safekeeping to the [[Connecticut State Capitol]] in Hartford. Sculptor [[Karl Gerhardt]], who designed the nearby Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument as well as Civil War monuments in New York and New Jersey, was chosen to create a monument to house Putnam's remains. In 1888, Putnam's remains were removed from the Brooklyn cemetery and reinterred in a sarcophagus in the base, and the original headstone inscription was recreated on the monument.{{sfn|Hubbard|2017|p=196}}

==Legacy, namesakes, and honors==
[[File:Statue of Israel Putnam by John Quincy Adams Ward in Bushnell Park, Hartford, CT - January 2016.JPG|thumb|upright=.8|right|[[Statue of Israel Putnam]] by [[John Quincy Adams Ward]]]]
[[File:Ann Hall, General Israel Putnam (copy after painting by John Trumball), undated.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|right|''Posthumous Portrait of General Israel Putnam'' by [[Ann Hall]], after painting by [[John Trumbull]], undated. Watercolor and sepia wash on parchment, 4 1/2 x 3 1/2 in., presently unlocated.]]
Putnam's birthplace in Danvers, Massachusetts, now known as the [[General Israel Putnam House|Putnam House]], has been designated and preserved as a historic structure. His Connecticut farmhouse on [[Putnam Farm]] still stands today and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. A [[statue of Israel Putnam]] stands in Hartford's [[Bushnell Park]], near the [[Connecticut State Capitol]]. It was sculpted by [[John Quincy Adams Ward]] in 1873 and presented to the city in 1874.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hartford War Monuments - REVOLUTIONARY WAR - ISRAEL PUTNAM|url=http://www.hartfordpreservation.org/monuments/|website=Hartford Preservation Alliance, Hartford War Monuments|publisher=Hartford Preservation Alliance|access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref>

Numerous places bear his name, including eight [[county (United States)|counties]], starting with [[Putnam County, New York]], which embraces the east bank of the Hudson Highlands where he once held command. Towns in New York and Connecticut are also named for him. His many namesakes include:
* [[Putnam County, Georgia]]
* [[Putnam County, Illinois]]
* [[Putnam County, Indiana]]
* [[Putnam County, Missouri]]
* [[Putnam County, New York]]
* [[Putnam County, Ohio]]
* [[Putnam County, Tennessee]]
* [[Putnam County, West Virginia]]
* [[Putnam, Connecticut]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA334|year=1903|publisher=Connecticut Magazine Company|page=334}}</ref>
* [[Putnam, New York]]
* Israel Putnam Refectory, a dining hall at the [[University of Connecticut]]
* East Putnam Avenue in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]], named for his path of retreat from the British
*[[Putnam Cottage|Putnam's cottage]], an 18th-century residence that may have served as a tavern at the time of his escape, located on East Putnam Avenue in Greenwich
* [[Putnam Farm]], the remnant of Putnam's original 500-acre holding in Brooklyn, Connecticut
* [[Putnam Memorial State Park]], the oldest state park in Connecticut, where an [[Equestrian statue of Israel Putnam]] by [[Anna Hyatt Huntington]] was dedicated in 1969
* Putnam Avenue, in [[Port Chester, New York]], a continuation of the avenue of the same name in Greenwich, Connecticut.
* Putnam Drive, in [[Port Chester, New York]]
* Putnam Avenue in [[Hamden, Connecticut]]
* Putnam Avenue in [[Hurricane, West Virginia]]
* Putnam Avenue in [[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]]
* Putnam Street in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]]
* Putnam Street in [[Olean, New York]]
* Putnam Pond and Putnam Creek in [[Ticonderoga and Crown Point, NY]]
* Putnam Place in the [[The Bronx|Bronx, New York]], which stands among other local neighborhood streets named for figures from the Revolutionary War and War of 1812
* Israel Putnam Brown Ale, a beer brewed by Black Pond Brews of [[Danielson, Connecticut]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Black Pond Brews|url = http://untappd.com/blackpondbrews|website = Untappd|access-date = 2015-12-24|first = The Untappd|last = Team}}</ref>
* Putnam Avenue in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambridgehistory.org/content/streets-cambridge-some-accounts-their-origin-and-history|title=The Streets of Cambridge- Some Accounts of Their Origin And History {{!}} The Cambridge Historical Society|website=www.cambridgehistory.org|access-date=2016-12-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611063708/http://www.cambridgehistory.org/content/streets-cambridge-some-accounts-their-origin-and-history|archive-date=2016-06-11}}</ref>
* Putnam Engine & Hose Co., No. 2, a Company of the Port Chester, New York Fire Department organized in 1854
* [[Roxbury Russet|Putnam Russet Apple]]. Putnam had a very successful farm in Brooklyn, Connecticut, which was known for its apples and sheep. The farmhouse at Putnam Farm still stands, and the Putnam Russet is still grown by farmers of heirloom apple varieties.
* Putnam Pond, a body of water (and adjacent campground) near [[Ticonderoga, New York]], known locally as "Putt's Pond"
* Several ships including the [[USS General Putnam|USS ''General Putnam'']]

Putnam has been featured in numerous biographies and works of fiction, including an 1876 biography by [[Increase N. Tarbox]], a historian, theologian, and author,<ref>[[#Tarbox|Tarbox, 1876]]</ref> and as the name of the first motel visited by the characters in the 1992 motion picture ''[[My Cousin Vinny]]''. He also appeared in ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'' in a minor role.

His descendants include [[Benjamin Alexander Putnam]], [[Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives]] and [[John Day Putnam]], member of the [[Wisconsin State Assembly]].<ref>{{cite book|title=THE BLUE BOOK OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN|year=1883|page=501}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Borneman|first=Walter R.|title=American Spring: Lexington, Concord, and the Road to Revolution (book)|publisher= Little, Brown and Company|year=2014 |location=New York, Boston, London|isbn=978-0-316-22102-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Cray |first=Robert E. |title=Bunker Hill Refought: Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts, 1775-1825 |publisher=Historical Journal of Massachusetts |year=2001 |url=http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Cray%20winter%202001%20combined.pdf |ref=Cray |access-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505163651/http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Cray%20winter%202001%20combined.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-05 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book |title=Whirlwind, The American Revolution and the War That Won it |last=Ferling |first=John |publisher=Bloomsbury Press, New York, London |year=2015 |isbn=9781620401736 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0fCBwAAQBAJ&q=putnam |ref=Ferling15}}
*{{cite book |last=Hubbard |first=Robert Ernest |title=Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwPFDgAAQBAJ |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2017 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |pages=256 |isbn=978-1-4766-6453-8}}
*{{cite book |title=The Miscellaneous Works of David Humphreys: Late Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Madrid |last=Humphreys |first=David |author-link=David Humphreys (soldier) |publisher=T. and J. Swords |year=1804 |url=https://archive.org/details/miscellaneouswo00washgoog }}, 394 pages
*{{cite book |title=Life of Israel Putnam, Major-General in the Army of the United States |last=Humphreys |first=David |publisher=Sheldon, Lamport & Blakeman |location=New York, New York |year=1855 |url=https://archive.org/details/miscellaneouswo00washgoog }}, 394 pages
*{{cite web|url=http://www.connecticutsar.org/patriots/putnam_israel.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124103559/http://www.connecticutsar.org/patriots/putnam_israel.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=January 24, 2007 |title=Israel Putnam - Sons of the American Revolution, Connecticut | Bragg, Fanny Greye |publisher=connecticutsar.org|access-date=16 August 2015 |ref=Bragg}}
* {{cite book |last=Ketchum |first=Richard M. |title=The Battle for Bunker Hill |publisher=The Cresset Press |location=London, England |year=1963 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFnUxwEACAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Ketchum |first=Richard |title=Decisive Day: The Battle for Bunker Hill |publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8050-6099-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaIFyovYmrkC |ref=ketchum}}
* {{cite book |last=Livingston |first=William Farrand |title=Israel Putnam: Pioneer, Ranger and Major General, 1718-1790 |publisher=Putnam's Sons |location=New York and London |year=1901 |isbn=9780598058287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjNCAAAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite web|last=Mark|first=Steven Paul|title=Too Little Too Late: Battle Of The Hudson Highlands|date=November 20, 2013|url=http://allthingsliberty.com/2013/11/little-late-battle-hudson-highlands/|publisher=Journal of the American Revolution|access-date=20 November 2013 |ref=Mark}}
*{{cite book |last=McCullough|first=David|author-link=David McCullough|title=[[1776 (book)|1776]]|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2005 |location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7432-2671-4 |ref=McCullough}}
*{{cite book |last=Nelson|first=James L.|title=With Fire and Sword: the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Beginning of the American Revolution|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2011 |location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-312-57644-8}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWNIAAAAYAAJ&q=Montcalm+and+Wolfe+Volume+1&pg=PP8 |first=Francis |last=Parkman |title=Montcalm and Wolfe, Vol. 1 |publisher=Little Brown & Co.|year= 1922 |via=Googlebooks |ref=Parkman }}
*{{cite book |last=Philbrick |first=Nathaniel |title=Bunker Hill: A City, a Siege, a Revolution |publisher=Viking Press |year=2013 |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-670-02544-2}}
*{{cite book |title=Sealed with Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America |first=Sarah J. |last=Purcell |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780812203028 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipfXUo66O5wC&q=Henry+dearborn+-+Israel+Putnam+controversy |ref=Purcell}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ipfXUo66O5wC&q=dearborn pages covering account]
*{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeisraelputna00tarbgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeisraelputna00tarbgoog/page/n50 38] |quote=israel putnam, increase tarbox. |first=Increase N. |last=Tarbox |title=Life of Israel Putnam ("Old Put"): Major-general in the Continental Army |publisher=Lockwood, Brooks |year=1876 |ref=Tarbox}}

==Further reading==
* {{gutenberg|no=17049|name="Old Put" The Patriot}} (a biography by [[Frederick Albion Ober]])
* [http://www.greenwichtime.com/default/article/Violent-war-mural-may-not-go-back-to-school-114473.php "'Violent' war mural may not go back to school"], ''Greenwich Time'', 5 June 2006
* [http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/5aa/5aa363c.htm "Heroic America – James Daugherty's Mural Drawings from the 1930s"]

==External links==
{{commons category| Israel Putnam}}
{{Portal |Connecticut|Biography}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060404194948/http://www.israelputnam.com/index.html Israel Putnam Website]
* {{Wikisource-inline|list=
** "[[s:General Putnam|General Putnam]]", a poem by [[Lydia Sigourney]] (1859)
** {{Cite Appletons' |last=Fiske |first=John |author-link=John Fiske (philosopher) |wstitle=Putnam, Israel|year=1900 |notaref=x |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Putnam, Israel|short=x|noicon=x}}
** {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Putnam, Israel|short=x|noicon=x}}
** {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Putnam, Israel|short=x|noicon=x}}
** {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Putnam, Israel|short=x|noicon=x}}
** {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Putnam, Israel|short=x|noicon=x}}
}}
* [http://www.masshist.org/bh/putnambio.html The Massachusetts Historical Society]
* [http://www.putnamcottage.org Putnam Cottage Historic House Museum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140114185804/http://www.danvershistory.org/buildings/putnam.html Danvers Historical Society webpage] - owner of the [[General Israel Putnam House]]

{{American Revolutionary War|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Putnam, Israel}}
[[Category:1718 births]]
[[Category:1790 deaths]]
[[Category:British America army officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the French and Indian War]]
[[Category:Continental Army generals]]
[[Category:Continental Army officers from Connecticut]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Connecticut]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from colonial Connecticut]]
[[Category:People of Connecticut in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:People from Danvers, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Putnam family|Israel]]
[[Category:American slave owners]]

Lorca, Spain

2025-05-22T20:36:49Z

24.13.250.145: Undid revision 1291693189 by 103.240.204.42 (talk)

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lorca
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
| official_name = 
| native_name = 
| image_skyline = Lorca Colegiata de San Patricio and panorama of Lorca from Iglesia de Santa Maria 2.jpg
| image_alt =

| image_flag = Bandera de Lorca.png
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Lorca.svg
| nickname =
| motto = ''Lorca solum gratum, castrum super astra locatum, ensis minans pravis, regni tutissima clavis''
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=285|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|frame-coordinates={{Coord|39.5|N|3.7|W}}|zoom=4|type=point|title=Lorca|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080|text=Interactive map of Lorca.}}
|map_caption = Location of Lorca
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Spain
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Region of Murcia]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Comarcas of Spain|Comarca]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Alto Guadalentín]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Judicial districts of Spain|Judicial district]]
| subdivision_name4 = Lorca
| seat_type = 
| seat =
| coordinates = {{coord|37.6798|N|1.6944|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 353
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1676
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| population_as_of = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
| population_total = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_demonym = Lorquino, lorquina
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Spain|Official language(s)]]
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Spain|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 30800
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Spain|Dialing code]]
| area_code =
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Diego José Mateos Molina (2019)
| leader_party = [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]]
| website = {{Official website|http://www.lorca.es/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lorca''' ({{IPA|es|ˈloɾka|lang|Pronunciation of Lorca in Spanish.ogg}}) is a municipality and city in the autonomous community of the [[Region of Murcia]] in south-eastern Spain, {{convert|36|mi|km|order=flip}} southwest of the city of [[Murcia]]. The municipality had a population of 95,515 in 2020, up from the 2001 census total of 77,477. Lorca has the second largest surface area of municipalities in Spain, {{Convert|1675.21|km2|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hoy.es/20080728/regional/caceres-municipio-extenso-pais-20080728.html|website=Hoy|title=Cáceres, el municipio más extenso del país|date=28 July 2008}}</ref> after [[Cáceres, Spain|Cáceres]]. The city is home to [[Lorca Castle]] and to a [[Collegiate church]] dedicated to [[St. Patrick]].

In the Middle Ages Lorca was a frontier city between Christian and Muslim Spain.<ref name="Simonis2005">{{cite book|author=Damien Simonis|title=Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xq-vZyjaqP8C&pg=PA661|access-date=15 May 2011|year=2005|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-700-5|pages=661–}}</ref> Earlier, during the Roman period, it was the ancient Ilura or Heliocroca.<ref name="Houtsma1993">{{cite book|author=M. Th. Houtsma|title=L-Moriscos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&pg=PA32|access-date=15 May 2011|year=1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09791-9|pages=32–}}</ref>

The city was seriously damaged by a magnitude 5.1 [[2011 Lorca earthquake|earthquake]] on 11 May 2011, killing at least nine people. Due to a shallow [[hypocenter]], the earthquake was much more destructive than usual for earthquakes with similar magnitude.

== History ==
=== Prehistory and Antiquity ===
Archaeological excavations in the Lorca area have revealed that it has been inhabited continuously since Neolithic times, 5,500 years ago. The earliest permanent settlement is in the [[Guadalentín River]] valley, likely because of the presence of water sources, mineral resources, and the strategic positiom along a natural communication route with Andalusia. On the hillside below the castle and the town archaeological digs have revealed the remains of an important population of the ''[[El Argar]]'' culture during the [[Bronze Age]].<ref name="Molina2006">{{cite book|last=Molina|first=Ángel Luis Molina|title=Estudios sobre Lorca y su comarca|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J67hYfdkHJcC&pg=PA132|access-date=14 May 2011|year=2006|publisher=EDITUM|isbn=978-84-8371-648-9|page=132}}</ref>

During the Roman period, a settlement here was called ''Eliocroca'',<ref name="SmedleyRose1845">{{cite book|last1=Smedley|first1=Edward|last2=Rose|first2=Hugh James|last3=Rose|first3=Henry John|title=Encyclopaedia metropolitana: or Universal dictionary of knowledge ... comprising the twofoldadvantage of a philosophical and an alphabetical arrangement, with appropriate engravings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZxGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA344|access-date=14 May 2011|year=1845|publisher=B. Fellowes|page=344}}</ref> detailed in the [[Antonine Itinerary]] and located right on [[Via Augusta]]. Elicroca was important enough to become a bishopric, [[suffragan]] of the primatial Metropolitan [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo|Archbishopric of Toledo]], but this status would be lost under Islam.

=== Feudal and modern era ===
In 713, the Teodomiro Pact was signed,<ref name="Constable1997">{{cite book|last=Constable|first=Olivia Remie|title=Medieval Iberia: readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish sources|url=https://archive.org/details/medievaliberiare00cons|url-access=registration|access-date=14 May 2011|year=1997|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-1569-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/medievaliberiare00cons/page/37 37]}}</ref> referring to the city and its domains with the name "Lurqa". Under this pact, the population was integrated into an autonomous Christian state, along with six other cities, governed by [[Theodemir (Visigoth)|Theudimer]] (Teodomiro). These political arrangements lasted until his death. Then a Muslim reorganization of the state took place, carried out by Abb-al-Rahman II, who turned the territory into a [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] dependency. This led to the formation of the Taifa kingdoms,<ref name="Messier2010">{{cite book|last=Messier|first=Ronald A.|title=The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rfxoq5MzHa4C&pg=PA95|access-date=4 May 2011|date=19 August 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38589-6|page=95}}</ref> with the [[Taifa of Lorca]] as one of these kingdoms, first created in 1042,<ref name="Salgado1991">{{cite book|last=Salgado|first=Felipe Maíllo|title=Crónica anónima de los Reyes de Taifas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7vY7m52DWYC&pg=PA43|access-date=14 May 2011|year=1991|publisher=[[Ediciones Akal]]|isbn=978-84-7600-730-3|page=43}}</ref> when Lorca declared its independence from the [[taifa of Valencia|emirate of Valencia]]. Its first governor was [[Ma'n Ibn Sumadih]], its power extending from the city to [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]] and [[Baza, Granada|Baza]]. During the Arab period it was known as ''Lurka'' and the old part of the town, made up of narrow streets and alley-ways, achieved its present shape under Moorish rule. The eminent scholar of the Almoravid-era, [[Ibn 'Atiyya|Ibn Atiyyah]] Andalusi of Granada died in the town in the year 542A.H corresponding to around the year 1147.
[[File:Porche de San Antonio.jpg|left|thumb|170px|Saint Anthony's Porch]]

The taifa was shortly recreated in 1228, after the fall of the [[Almoravids]], until it conquered by the [[Taifa of Murcia]]; in 1244, [[Fernando III]], King of [[Castilla y León]] and his son and heir, Prince Alfonso, the future [[Alfonso X of Castile]], conquered Lorca.<ref name="Barca1999">{{cite book|last=Barca|first=Pedro Calderón de la|title=El santo rey don Fernando: primera parte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slLI08tqAbgC&pg=PA96|access-date=14 May 2011|year=1999|publisher=Edition Reichenberger|isbn=978-3-931887-69-8|page=96}}</ref> The main tower of the fortress of Lorca was named ''Torre Alfonsina'' in honour of the King. The city continued to grow, as in Arab times, and became the main town in an emerging rich agricultural region, although the border hindered economic development.

Lorca, known as the city of 100 [[Coat of Arms]], is where the [[Moors]] and the [[Visigoths]] battled for control of the land; initially they both controlled the land up to the border on the north including the city of Larcia while in later years, the [[Christians]] and the [[Moors]] controlled the city and the land up to the southern border.<ref name="Lipscomb2005"/>

During the late Middle Ages, Lorca was a dangerous border town, spearhead of the Christian kingdom of Murcia (belonging to the Castilian crown) against the Moorish [[Emirate of Granada]]. Lorca served as a base for launching raids into enemy territory. The [[Battle of Los Alporchones]], took place here in 1452, during the reign of [[Juan II of Castile]], who ten years earlier had granted the Lorca the title of "[[city|ciudad]]." The Kingdom of Murcia took Granada in 1492.<ref name="Cobb1992">{{cite book|last=Cobb|first=Noel|title=Archetypal imagination: glimpses of the gods in life and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0akHi-6VgQC&pg=PA118|access-date=14 May 2011|date=1 September 1992|publisher=SteinerBooks|isbn=978-0-940262-47-8|page=118}}</ref>

After the threat of war with Granada disappeared, the city changed in appearance, carrying out a series of urban reforms and developing trade. The numerous public works to be carried out attracted labourers from elsewhere, resulting in an increase in the population to 8,000 people. Among the new buildings include the [[College of Saint Patrick]], erected in 1553,<ref name="AznarVelázquez1945">{{cite book|last1=Aznar|first1=José Camón|authorlink1=José Camón Aznar|last2=Velázquez|first2=Instituto Diego|title=La Arquitectura plateresca: por José Camón Aznar....|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSTqAAAAMAAJ|access-date=14 May 2011|year=1945|publisher=Instituto Diego Velázquez|page=147}}</ref> which is the religious centre of the city, as well as numerous convents, such as La Merced, Santo Domingo and San Francisco.
[[File:Castillo de Lorca (Fortaleza del Sol).JPG|thumb|left| Castle of Lorca]]
In the seventeenth century, Lorca took shape as a modern city, but still had defensive duties due to the Ottoman threat along the coast.
This century witnessed the expulsion of the Moors, the plague, which killed half the population, and droughts and locust plagues. Nevertheless, from 1660 a spectacular recovery and development began; amongst the construction of new buildings was the [[Palacio de Guevara]], built in 1694 and a fine example of [[baroque architecture]].<ref name="Coupe2010">{{cite book|last=Coupe|first=Alison|title=Michelin Green Guide Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djx05VxWn5MC&pg=PA498|access-date=14 May 2011|year=2010|publisher=Michelin Apa Publications|isbn=978-1-906261-92-4|page=498}}</ref> The eighteenth century is of vital importance for the city, being one of the regions favoured by the Bourbon reforms. Lorca truly became a modern city, losing its medieval character. The population grew, and urban sprawl began as immigrants settled in the suburbs of San Cristóbal and San José. The defensive wall disappeared, which is indicative of the greater security of the times. The city became a haven for painters, sculptors and engravers.

On 30 April 1802, a great calamity struck the town of Lorca. The walls of a nearby reservoir gave way, flooding the town and destroying many buildings and killing up to 700 people.<ref name="SmedleyRose1845"/><ref name="KingMas2001">{{cite book|last1=King|first1=Russell|last2=Mas|first2=Paolo de|last3=Mansvelt-Beck|first3=J.|title=Geography, environment and development in the Mediterranean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J749Us2CoQAC&pg=PA271|access-date=14 May 2011|date=February 2001|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-90-5|page=271}}</ref> In the nineteenth century, the War of Independence and [[yellow fever]] epidemics and recurring droughts brought famine to the region and brought about the emigration of more than twelve thousand people. By 1845 Lorca had become the largest and most populous municipality in Murcia.<ref name="SmedleyRose1845"/> Trade declined during the first half of the century, although in 1865 it received its first steam engine, the Sewer-Lorca railway opened in 1885 and the Baza-Lorca railway opened in 1890,<ref name="Bradshaw's railway manual, shareholders' guide and official directory">{{cite book|title=Bradshaw's railway manual, shareholders' guide and official directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmbXAAAAMAAJ|access-date=14 May 2011|year=1894|publisher=W. J. Adams}}</ref> bringing integration of the region in the domestic market, enabling the movement of mineral deposits and people. Restoration in the late 19th century brought with it a period of prosperity and political calm, the roundabouts of San Vicente, the [[Teatro y Colón]], the [[Casino Artístico y Literario]] in 1885, the [[Teatro Guerra]] in 1861, and the [[Plaza de Toros]] in 1892, etc. were amongst the notable building developments of this time. The 1878 edition of ''The Globe Encyclopaedia of Universal Information'' described Lorca (spelled as'' 'Liorca')'' thus:
: a town of Spain, province of Murcia, on the Sangonera, {{Convert|50|mi|km|order=flip}} W. of Carthagena. It has an old Moorish castle, and manufactures of silks, soap, dye-stuffs, leather, paper, etc... Near Liorca are important lead mines. Pop. 40,000.<ref name="Globe">{{cite book|editor-last=Ross|editor-first=J.M. |year=1878|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkCwPOyRWTgC|title=The Globe Encyclopaedia of Universal Information|volume=IV|location= Edinburgh, Scotland|publisher= Thomas C. Jack, Grange Publishing Works|access-date= 2009-03-18|page=135}}</ref>
[[File:Calle de la Corredera.JPG|thumb|right|Calle de la Corredera]]
In the early twentieth century, intensive exploitation of mineral deposits of the coastal zone meant a revival of economic life in the region. The [[Spanish Civil War]] paradoxically brought about the beginning of population recovery, but in the post-World War II years the population stagnated as a result of emigration. But today the flow has been reversed: the leather, pottery, cement and butcheries make the municipality an agricultural and livestock industrial tone, involving a large percentage of the population. The twentieth century in Lorca has been a technological take-off, with slow and gradual change of social structures, the specialization of the productive sectors, etc.

On October 19, 1973, Lorca and [[Puerto Lumbreras]] suffered a terrible flood that took more than 50 lives.<ref name="KingMas2001"/>
[[File:Sinagoga lorca.jpg|thumb|Excavation of the Lorca synagogue found in 2002.]]
In 2002, during archeological excavations of the [[Lorca Castle]], the old [[Jewish Quarter (diaspora)|Judería]], or Jewish quarter, was uncovered, including the Synagogue of Lorca, which was one of the few [[synagogues]] in Spain that was not converted into a church after the [[Expulsion of the Jews from Spain|expulsion of the Jews]]. Items found during the excavation can be viewed at the Lorca Archeological Museum, including [[menorahs]] and other [[judaica]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=CASTELLANO |first1=ORGE |title=Spanish towns unearth ancient synagogues to bring back Jewish history — and tourists |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/spanish-towns-unearth-ancient-synagogues-to-bring-back-jewish-history-and-tourists/ |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lorca |url=https://jguideeurope.org/en/region/spain/murcia/lorca/#:~:text=The%20Jewish%20presence%20in%20Lorca,the%20surroundings%20of%20Lorca%20Castle. |website=JGuide Europe |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref>

On January 29, 2005, an earthquake of 4.6 magnitude on the Richter scale with epicentre in the districts of [[La Paca]] (1,068 inhabitants in 2005) and [[Zarcilla de Ramos]] (1,077 inhabitants in 2005), caused damage especially in the structure of various buildings, and in [[Avilés, Murcia|Avilés]], [[Coy, Spain|Coy]], [[Doña Inés]], [[Don Gonzalo]], [[El Pardo, Lorca|El Pardo]], [[La Canaleja]] and [[Zarzadilla de Totana]]. This was however to be topped by worse.

In 2008, Lorca received the annual Honorary Diploma of Europe Awards from the [[Council of Europe]].

===2011 earthquake===
{{main|2011 Lorca earthquake}}
[[File:Hundimiento de la iglesia de Santiago tras el terremoto de Lorca.jpg|thumb|right|Damage to a church in Lorca]]
The town was seriously damaged by a magnitude 5.3 [[2011 Lorca earthquake|earthquake]] on 11 May 2011, killing at least nine people.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|last=Tremlett|first=Giles|title=Spain Shocked by Deadly Earthquake|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/12/spain-earthquake-havoc-questions|access-date=12 May 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|date=12 May 2011}}</ref>
The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) said the larger earthquake had a preliminary 5.3 magnitude, it was so superficial that the magnitude was like a 7 magnitude normal earthquake, and struck {{convert|350|km}} south-southeast of Madrid at 6:47 p.m. (1647 GMT, 12:47 p.m. EDT).{{Cite quote|date=January 2012}} The quake was about 1 km (0.6 mi) deep, and was preceded by the smaller one with a 4.5 magnitude in the same spot.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}

[[Lorca Castle]], a fortress of medieval origin constructed between the 9th and 15th centuries suffered serious damages to its walls and the Espolón Tower during this earthquake.<ref>{{cite web|author=M. Carmen Cruz |url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20110511/minuto-minuto-dos-mujeres-embarazadas-entre-ocho-muertos-terremoto-lorca/431935.shtml |title=Minuto a minuto: El funeral por las víctimas será esta tarde en el recinto de Santa Quiteria |publisher=RTVE.es |access-date=15 May 2011|date=2011-05-14 }}</ref>

== Titular see of Elicroca ==
The Ancient diocese was nominally restored as a [[titular see]] in 1969.

It has had the following incumbents, of both the lowest (episcopal) and intermediary (archiepiscopal) ranks :
* Titular Archbishop Paul Clarence Schulte (1970.01.03 – 1984.02.17)
* Titular Bishop Héctor Julio López Hurtado, [[Salesians]] (S.D.B.) (1987.12.15 – 1999.10.29)
* Titular Bishop Manuel Neto Quintas, [[Dehonians]] (S.C.I.) (2000.06.30 – 2004.04.22)
* Titular Bishop Matthias König (2004.10.14 – ...), [[Auxiliary Bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Paderborn|Paderborn]]

== Geography and climate ==
[[File:Lorca area.png|thumb|right|350px|Relief map. The [[Guadalentín River]] valley can be seen between the mountainous area of the northwest and northeast and the higher land between the valley and the coastline]]
The town is situated at an elevation of {{Convert|1200|ft|m|order=flip}} in eastern Spain between [[Granada]] and Murcia. It was part of the hura<ref name="Houtsma1993"/> of [[Tidmir]] in the Muslim period when it became well known for its fertile soil and subsoil, and for its strategic location. It is situated on the southern slopes of the [[Siera del Cano]] mountains. The [[Guadalentín River]] flows through the town.<ref name="Houtsma1993"/>

The municipality of Lorca is bound by [[Caravaca de la Cruz]] and [[Cehegín]] to the north, [[Mula (Murcia)|Mula]], [[Aledo, Murcia|Aledo]], [[Totana]] and [[Mazarrón]] to the east, [[Águilas]] to the south and [[Pulpí]], [[Puerto Lumbreras]], [[Huércal-Overa]], [[Vélez Rubio]] and [[Vélez Blanco]] to the east. The town of Lorca itself is located {{convert|36|mi|km|order=flip}} southwest of the city of [[Murcia]] and roughly {{Convert|25|mi|km|order=flip}} north of the coastal town of [[Aguilas]].<ref name="GM">{{cite map|title=[[Google Maps]]|publisher=Google}}</ref> Lorca is connected to [[Puerto Lumbreras]] in the southwest by [[European Route 15]] (Route A-7) and the village of [[Barranco del Prado]] just to the north. Beyond this the C-3211 road connects it to the city of [[Caravaca de la Cruz]] much further to the north.<ref name="GM"/>
Several towns and villages lie in the municipality, including [[La Paca]], [[Palm Zarcilla]], [[Avilés, Murcia|Avilés]], [[Coy, Spain|Coy]], [[Doña Inés]], [[Don Gonzalo]], [[El Pardo, Lorca|El Pardo]], [[La Canaleja]] and [[Zarzadilla de Totana]].

The municipality is very large at {{Convert|1676|km2|abbr=on}} and has a range of geographical features, extending from the coastline to the mountainous areas of the northwest and northeast of the municipality. Lorca formed around the [[Guadalentín River]] (in Arabic "mud river") in an arid valley. In fact, agriculture heavily depends on water transferred from the [[Tagus]] river in Central Spain. Irrigation channels were laid out all over the country by the [[Moors]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. These agricultural plains lie to the south of the main town in the valley, a strip which expands into the western part of the municipality. The area to the north is mountainous; to the northeast is the [[Parque Natural Sierra Espuna]].

===Districts of Lorca===
Lorca is divided into these districts:
{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
! width=25% valign="top" align="left" style="font-weight:normal"|
* Alfonso X El Sabio.
* Calvario.
* La Viña.
* Los Ángeles.
* San Antonio.
* San Cristóbal.
! width=25% valign="top" align="left" style="font-weight:normal"|
* San Fernando.
* San José.
* San Juan.
* Santa María.
* San Pedro.
* Santiago.
|}

===Beaches of Lorca===
The municipality of Lorca extends to the Mediterranean. There are many beaches in its {{convert|8|km|0|abbr=on}} litoral stretch of the coast line surrounded by hills with coves with sparse to dense vegetation.<ref name=Lorca>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lorcaturismo.es/solplayaing/index.asp|title=Sun and Beach|access-date=16 May 2011|publisher=LOrca Tourism|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517074244/http://www.lorcaturismo.es/solPlayaING/index.asp|archive-date=17 May 2008}}</ref><ref name=Beaches>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spain.info/no/resultados/resultados.html?municipio=Lorca&c1=Beaches&c2=Beaches&text=false|title=Beaches|access-date=16 May 2011|publisher=Sokersultat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320100611/http://www.spain.info/no/resultados/resultados.html?municipio=Lorca&c1=Beaches&c2=Beaches&text=false|archive-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> Some of the popular beaches are: The Calnegre, a sand beach, 1200 m long and 20 m wide, is peaceful with the calm sea;<ref name=Lorca/><ref name=Beaches/> Cala Leña, part of the Blana Cove with backdrop of hills covered with good vegetation and facing crystal clear sea water;<ref name=Beaches/> El Ciscar, a gravel beach surrounded by low hills;<ref name=Beaches/> El Muerto beach with volcanic black sand and rock faces;<ref name=Beaches/> La Galera gravel beach in the backdrop of a cove and rock cliffs covered by vegetation;<ref name=Beaches/> Los Hierros, a gravel beach;<ref name=Beaches/> Larga beach, a 500 m wide gravel beach; and La Junquera, a small gravely beach with rocky landforms.<ref name=Lorca/><ref name=Beaches/> Calnegre beach is one of the best beaches in Spain

===Climate===
Lorca has a [[desert climate|cold desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''BWk'') closely bordering on a [[desert climate|hot desert climate]] (Köppen: ''BWh''),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos|title=Valores Climatológicos Normales |website=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia |access-date=4 September 2024}}</ref> with mild winters and hot summers, while precipitation is scarce throughout the year. It is one of the driest cities in [[Spain]] and [[Europe]], as well as one of very few areas with a desert climate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://murciatoday.com/rain_free-corner-of-murcia-named-the-driest-spot-in-europe_1000014908-a.html|title=Driest spots in the Murcia region |website=murciatoday |access-date=4 September 2024}}</ref> During the winter, temperatures below {{convert|0|C|F}} occasionally occur, while on summer temperatures above {{convert|35|C|F}} are common, with peaks above {{convert|40|C|F}}.

{{Weather box
| location = Lorca (1991-2020), extremes (1955-present)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 27.6
| Feb record high C = 29.0
| Mar record high C = 34.0
| Apr record high C = 36.4
| May record high C = 37.9
| Jun record high C = 41.9
| Jul record high C = 44.5
| Aug record high C = 45.0
| Sep record high C = 41.9
| Oct record high C = 34.1
| Nov record high C = 32.0
| Dec record high C = 29.3
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 16.1
| Feb high C = 17.3
| Mar high C = 19.8
| Apr high C = 22.3
| May high C = 26.2
| Jun high C = 30.8
| Jul high C = 34.0
| Aug high C = 34.0
| Sep high C = 29.3
| Oct high C = 24.8
| Nov high C = 19.4
| Dec high C = 16.8
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 10.0
| Feb mean C = 11.1
| Mar mean C = 13.4
| Apr mean C = 15.8
| May mean C = 19.6
| Jun mean C = 23.8
| Jul mean C = 26.7
| Aug mean C = 27.0
| Sep mean C = 23.1
| Oct mean C = 18.8
| Nov mean C = 13.7
| Dec mean C = 10.8
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 3.9
| Feb low C = 4.9
| Mar low C = 7.0
| Apr low C = 9.4
| May low C = 12.9
| Jun low C = 16.7
| Jul low C = 19.4
| Aug low C = 20.0
| Sep low C = 16.8
| Oct low C = 12.7
| Nov low C = 7.8
| Dec low C = 4.8
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = -6.0
| Feb record low C = -5.5
| Mar record low C = -3.7
| Apr record low C = -0.8
| May record low C = 1.6
| Jun record low C = 7.8
| Jul record low C = 9.3
| Aug record low C = 8.2
| Sep record low C = 5.8
| Oct record low C = 1.8
| Nov record low C = -3.0
| Dec record low C = -5.5
| year record low C =
| Jan precipitation mm = 16.1
| Feb precipitation mm = 15.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 22.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 21.7
| May precipitation mm = 19.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 11.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 1.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 8.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 29.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 24.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 24.6
| Dec precipitation mm = 19.8
| year precipitation mm =
| precipitation color = green
| Jan precipitation days = 2.5
| Feb precipitation days = 2.6
| Mar precipitation days = 3.2
| Apr precipitation days = 3.5
| May precipitation days = 2.8
| Jun precipitation days = 1.5
| Jul precipitation days = 0.2
| Aug precipitation days = 1.0
| Sep precipitation days = 3.0
| Oct precipitation days = 3.1
| Nov precipitation days = 3.5
| Dec precipitation days = 2.4
| year precipitation days =
| unit precipitation days = 1 mm
| Jan humidity = 65
| Feb humidity = 62
| Mar humidity = 60
| Apr humidity = 56
| May humidity = 53
| Jun humidity = 48
| Jul humidity = 49
| Aug humidity = 53
| Sep humidity = 61
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 67
| Dec humidity = 67
| year humidity =
| source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]] (AEMET OpenData)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opendata.aemet.es/centrodedescargas/inicio|title=AEMET OpenData|access-date=4 September 2024|language=es}}</ref>
| date = September 2024
| source =
}}

== Notable landmarks ==
===Lorca Castle===
[[File:Castillo de Lorca1.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The [[Lorca Castle]] that overlooks the city of Lorca with Alfonis and Espolón Towers]]
{{Main|Lorca Castle}}
The Lorca Castle, which overlooks the city of Lorca from a strategic location, and is thus distinctly visible from a distance, was built by the Moorish inhabitants during the 13th century. Its history dates back to the Islamic period when it was built between 8th and 12th centuries; some remnants of which are still seen in the form of water systems in the older part of the castle.<ref name="JenkinsJenkins2006">{{cite book|author1=Debbie Jenkins|author2=Marcus Jenkins|title=A Brit's Scrapbook: Going Native in Murc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LL1YsrgKd1cC&pg=PA63|access-date=15 May 2011|date=June 2006|publisher=Cabal Group Limited|isbn=978-1-905430-21-5|pages=63–64}}</ref> The Alfonsí Tower is of a rectangular shape which is built in the castle. The castle has a polygonal floor plan. The tower has three sections. Gothic vaulted ceilings are seen in its three sections.<ref name=Alfon>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spain.info/en/conoce/monumentos/murcia/castillo_de_lorca.html|title= Castillo de Lorca – Lorca Castle|access-date=15 May 2011|publisher=Canoce|date= 2007-04-23}}</ref> It also has the Espolón Tower. During the final stages of Christian reconquest, the Moors had taken refuge in the castle. Alphonse tower was added to the fort defences when Alfonso X had retaken the city in 1243 provided security to the turrets and crenels of the fort.<ref name="Lipscomb2005"/> The castle is now a popular place for holding fiestas and civic functions.<ref name="JenkinsJenkins2006"/> The castle is also transformed into a theme park with fine display of "dioramas, actors in costumes and various gadgetry."<ref name="Simonis2009"/>

===Plaza de España===
[[File:Colegiata San Patricio.jpg|thumb|300px|Colegiata de San Patricio on the Plaza de España.]]
The Plaza de España (Spanish Square) is one of the most emblematic monuments of the city, located in the heart of Lorca's historical centre. Containing the Collegiate San Patricio and the Chambers of the Collegiate members, the Casa del Corregidor and Posito, the granary of the 16th century, amongst others<ref name="Simonis2009"/> They were built between the 16th and 18th centuries. The Plaza has been declared a Cultural Monument.

=== Colegiata de San Patricio ===
[[File:Lorca - Fachada de la Colegiata de San Patricio.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Facade of the Colegiata de San Patricio]]
The Collegiate Church of San Patricio is a Renaissance-style building situated on the Plaza de España. It was declared a National Historic-Artistic site by decree of January 27, 1941. The Collegiate is the only one in Spain which is under the patronage of [[St. Patrick]]. The dedication to the Irish saint, has its origins in the [[Battle of Los Alporchones]], fought on March 17, 1452 (St. Patrick's Day) against people of the city of Granada.
The church began construction in 1533 under [[Pope Clement VII]] on the spot of the old church of San Jorge. Construction, however, was delayed until 1704.<ref name="Lipscomb2005">{{cite book|last=Lipscomb|first=Kelly|title=Adventure Guides Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4X9sClzDMC&pg=PA345|access-date=19 May 2011|date=15 February 2005|publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc|isbn=978-1-58843-398-5|page=345}}</ref> The church features a baroque façade with Renaissance interiors.<ref name="Simonis2009"/>

===Museums===
The city has many museums of which the Museo de Arqueologico Municipal maintained by the Plaza de Juan Moreno is popular. There is also an embroidery museum. The city hall has many paintings of battles that were fought in and around Lorca. Paintings of local artists are also on display here.<ref name="JenkinsJenkins2006"/>

;Museo Arqueológico
[[File:Museo lorca.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Archaeological Museum of Lorca]]]]
The [[Archaeological Museum of Lorca]] is located in the renovated "House of Salazar" which had been built in the early seventeenth century. The museum is a store house of all the archaeological antiquaries found during excavations in several historical areas of Lorca and from other regions in Spain. Limestone statues made in the Lavant area of Lorca decorate the façade. These statues carved are of Mary Natareloo Salazar flanked by figures of two naked female torsos.<ref name="Simonis2009"/><ref name=Museum>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museoarqueologicodelorca.com/index.php?id=edificio|title= Historia de la casa de María Natarello Salazar|access-date=16 May 2011|publisher= museoarqueologicodelorca.com}}</ref> Inside the museum exhibits are in several sections arranged in a sequence. In the lobby and the first section of the museum the exhibits are: Prehistoric [[Paleolithic]] (95000-32000 BC) and [[Chalcolithic]] period (32,000 to 9000 BC) finds seen in the flint section consist of antiquaries of scrapers, knives and points used by the hunters and gatherers who lived in Black Hill of Jofré and the Correia in Lorca; utensils arrowheads, axes, polished piece, handmade pottery, beads of people who lived in the region of Lorca during the late Neolithic period (3500 BC); the Copper Age (3000 BC) findings of funerary objects found in the caves of the hills in Lorca; stone architecture of the [[megaliths]] of the Black Hill in Lorca; the later part of the third millennium idols made from clay, bone and stone from the excavations from the Glorieta de San Vicente (Lorca city), one particular item of display is the triangular plate of stone painted in black with schematic rock art painting and other animal on the shoulder blade; the two columns of Emperor Augustus (8–7 BC) and Emperor Diocletian; and the Roman period mosaics, faces of Venus and the nine females of the period.<ref name="Simonis2009"/><ref name=Museum/><ref name="Section1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.museoarqueologicodelorca.com/index.php?id=sala1|title= Sala1|access-date=16 May 2011|publisher= museoarqueologicodelorca.com}}</ref>

===Other monuments===
[[File:Posito de Lorca.jpg|thumb|right|16th century granary]]
[[File:San Francisco lorca2.jpg|thumb|right|Iglesia de San Francisco]]
[[File:San julian lorca.jpg|thumb|right|San Julián]]
Lorca is studded with ancient monuments built in baroque architecture, Roman villas, palaces, unique works of art.<ref name=Porch>{{Cite web|url=http://www.masainternational.com/spain/lorca|title=Lorca|access-date=16 May 2011|publisher=Masinternational.com}}</ref>
In the central part of the town, La Casa de Guevara is one of the ancient baroque buildings built between 16th and 18th centuries by the Guevara family. Another historical monument is the Iglesia de San Mateo, which has an impressive vaulted interior.<ref name="JenkinsJenkins2006"/>

*A Roman Milepost of 10 BC of [[Emperor Augustus]] period over which a statue of San Vincente erected in the 15th century is an important landmark on the Columnia Milenaria."<ref name="JenkinsJenkins2006"/> It is located on the located on the Calle de la Corredera
*[[Lorca City Hall]], built in the 17th–18th centuries, initially as a prison<ref name="JenkinsJenkins2006"/>
* Medieval walls and gate or porch of ''San Antonio'' (13th-early 14th centuries) of Arabic origin was the main entrance gate then.<ref name=Porch/>
* Monumental complex of ''Santo Domingo'' (16th–18th centuries), formed by the namesake church, the ''Capilla del Rosario'' and remains of a convent's cloister.
* [[Iglesia de San Francisco (Lorca)]] (1561–1735), also known as the temple of San Francisco, is a national monument. It was first built by the [[Franciscan Order]] in the middle of the 16th century which was later totally rebuilt in the 17th century. It has many baroque altar pieces made by Ginés López in 1694. In the 18th century, Jerónimo Caballero added two high altarpieces of the [[transept]] that are dedicated to the [[Anthony the Great|Saint Antonio]] and to [[True Cross|Vera Cruz]] and to the [[Blood of Christ]]. In 1941, the 'Virgin de los Dolores' altarpiece made by José Capuz was added.<ref name=San>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lorcaturismo.es/turismoUrbanoING/monumentosDetalle.asp?id=17|title=San Francisco Church|access-date=16 May 2011|publisher=lorcaturismo|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921110907/http://lorcaturismo.es/turismoUrbanoING/monumentosDetalle.asp?id=17|archive-date=21 September 2010}}</ref>
* Palace of the counts of San Julián, in Baroque-Neo[[mudéjar]] style (17th century)
*''Huerto Ruano'' Palace, an urban villa from the 19th century
* [[Casa del Corregidor (Lorca)|Casa del Corregidor]], house built in the 18th century<ref>{{Cite web|last=Murcia|first=Instituto de Turismo de la Región de|title=Casa del Corregidor : Official Murcia Region tourist site|url=https://www.murciaturistica.es/en/monument/casa-del-corregidor-244/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=murciaturistica.es|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pósito de los Panaderos (Lorca)|Pósito de los Panaderos]], granary house, built in the 16th century
* [[Columna Miliaria]], Roman structure
* [[Convento Virgen de las Huertas]], Franciscan convent destroyed during a raid in 1653 and rebuilt
* [[Convento de las Mercedarias]] (16th century)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Murcia|first=Instituto de Turismo de la Región de|title=Convento de las Madres Mecedarias : Official Murcia Region tourist site|url=https://www.murciaturistica.es/en/monument/convento-de-las-madres-mecedarias-5602/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=murciaturistica.es|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Palacio de Guevara]] (17th–18th century)
* [[Antiguo Convento de la Merced]]
* [[Antiguo Colegio de la Purísima]] (18th century), now housing the Conservatorio de Música Narciso Yepes.
* [[Iglesia del Carmen (Lorca)|Iglesia del Carmen]], 18th-century church
* Iglesia de San Cristóbal (17th–18th century).
* [[Iglesia de San Diego]] (17th century).
* [[Iglesia de San Mateo (Lorca)|Iglesia de San Mateo]] (18th–19th century).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Murcia|first=Instituto de Turismo de la Región de|title=Iglesia de San Mateo : Official Murcia Region tourist site|url=https://www.murciaturistica.es/en/monument/iglesia-de-san-mateo-278/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=murciaturistica.es|language=en}}</ref>
* Casino Artístico, Andalusian-style building, designed by Manuel Martínez Lorca.
* [[Teatro Guerra]] is the oldest theatre in the Murcia Region, inaugurated in 1861.
* Cámara Agrícola (early twentieth century), [[Art Nouveau]] building, unusual in this part of the Region of Murcia, designed by [[Mario Spottorno]],
* Puente de Piedra (19th century), bridge
* Puente de la Torta (1910), bridge built in 1910 from concrete
* [[Plaza de Toros]] (1892).

== Economy ==
[[File:Ayuntamiento de Lorca2.JPG|thumb|[[Lorca City Hall]]]]
After most of the land and water supplies had been held for centuries by a minority of landowners and by Roman Catholic [[Order (religious)|religious orders]], Lorca began a period of sluggish economic growth during the 1960s.

Still today, its economy is largely based on agriculture and stock breeding (pigs and brown cows), although its service industries make it the commercial capital of the surrounding area. The economy of the town is thus dependent largely on export of pork products and textiles.<ref name="Simonis2009"/> It also has saltpetre, gunpowder, and lead-smelting works. In recent years, Lorca has experienced a population growth because of peasant immigration, mostly coming from [[Ecuador]] and [[Morocco]].

Lorca has launched a programme to boost its economy by attracting local, national and international industrial houses to set up base in the city and its precincts by identifying land for allotment to set up industrial parks, Research and Development (R&D) projects. Some of the important recent actions taken by the [[Lorca City Hall]] relate to allotment of {{Convert|52|ha}} of land for development through 60 local entrepreneurial projects, {{Convert|77|ha}} to promote investments that would create employment and maximize the Lorca economy, {{Convert|130|ha}} allotted to [[Turkey|Turkish]] investors to develop corporate projects, approval of land programmes for development of Serrata Industrial Park by the Lorca Land and Housing firm (SUVILOR) to develop five parks, setup Health Sciences University Campus for the 2010–2011 under agreements with [[Israel]]i firms. Further advantages cited for firms to set up their establishments in Lorca are the approved plans for the allotment of land of {{Convert|100000|m2|abbr=on}} in [[Hoya, Spain|Hoya]] {{Convert|800000|m2|abbr=on}} in [[Purias]] and the identification of land for Zarcilla de Ramos, Zarzadilla de Totana, La Paca and Almendricos for development of industries.<ref name=Invest>{{Cite web|url=http://www.investinmurcia.com/invest/docbasico.jsp?id=3&sub=&s=&doc=562|title=Lorca, internationally recognised industrial location|access-date=15 May 2011|publisher=Investmentmurcia in Spain|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324031540/http://www.investinmurcia.com/invest/docbasico.jsp?id=3&sub=&s=&doc=562|archive-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>

The [[Region of Murcia]], the City Council of Lorca, the Chamber of Commerce of Lorca and the Confederation of Entrepreneurs of the Region of Lorca (Ceclor), as a consortium, have formed the LORCATUR to develop cultural tourism of Lorca. The emphasis is on promoting urban tourist circuits and thematic itineraries. To this end, plans have been taken up to conserve, preserve and restore the built heritage of the city, regenerate urban areas for residents and tourists, and diversify the historical and cultural heritage.<ref name=tourism>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culture-routes.lu/picture/IMG/pdf/Best_practice_24.pdf|title=Best practice 24: Protection and rehabilitation of the Lorca, Spain|access-date=15 May 2011|publisher=Culture Routes|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929041741/http://www.culture-routes.lu/picture/IMG/pdf/Best_practice_24.pdf|archive-date=29 September 2011}}</ref>

== Cultural activity ==
[[File:Mantos del Triunfo del Cristianismo.JPG|thumb|right|Semana Santa]]
===Holy Week===
The Holy Week celebration popularly known as the [[Semana Santa in Spain|Semana Santa]]. Semana Santa festival has been popularised since 1855. It is said to be the best festival held anywhere in Spain where two brotherhoods vie with each other to display two colours namely the Azul (blue) and Blanco (white) for the highly competitive festive display of cloaks. Each of the brotherhood in Lorca, on this occasion, carries an image of [[Virgin Mary]] – one draped in a blue cloak and another in white cloak with a banner and a museum. Music played on this occasion is of a different rhythm is reverential and vigorously mixing the story of [[Old Testament]] and the [[New Testament]]. Apart from this annual festival, there are four small museums where exhibits of Semana Santa costumes are on display. These costumes are finely embroidered on silk and depict historical and religious scenes; some of these cloaks are as long as {{Convert|5|m}}.<ref name="Simonis2009">{{cite book|author=Damien Simonis|title=Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1pFbOvxN1wC&pg=PA705|access-date=15 May 2011|date=1 March 2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-000-9|pages=705–706}}</ref>

===Other Fiestas===
Fiesta celebration for La Virgen de Las Huertas is held on 8 September every year.<ref name="JenkinsJenkins2006"/>

== Education ==
Centres of education in Lorca:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listado de centros|url=https://transparencia.carm.es/documents/184026/184318/Directorio+de+centros+educativos+p%C3%BAblicos/5822499b-8648-4325-88fe-e10101e3bb66|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Portal de Transparencia Región de Murcia|pages=21–23|archive-date=2017-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214124149/http://transparencia.carm.es/documents/184026/184318/Directorio+de+centros+educativos+p%C3%BAblicos/5822499b-8648-4325-88fe-e10101e3bb66|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
! width=25% valign="top" align="left" style="font-weight:normal"|
* Primary Schools
** Colegio San Francisco de Asís
** Colegio Madre de Dios
** Colegio "Ciudad del Sol"
** C.P. Alfonso X El Sabio
** C.P. Almendricos
** C.P. Andrés García Soler
** C.P. Andrés Manjón
** C.P. Casa del niño
** C.P. Comarcal Marchena
** C.P. Comarcal Pasico-Campillo
** C.P. José Robles
** C.P. Juan González
** C.P. Juan Navarro
** C.P. La Torrecilla
** C.P. Las librilleras
** C.P. Muñoz Barberán
** C.P. Narciso Yepes
** C.P. Ntra. Sra. De La Asunción
** C.P. Pasico Campillo
** C.P. Pérez de Hita
** C.P. Petra González
** C.P. Preescolar Muñoz Barberán
** C.P. Purias
** C.P. Sagrado Corazón
** C.P. San Cristóbal
** C.P. San Fernando
** C.P. San José
** C.P. Villaespesa
** C.P. Virgen de las Huertas
** C.P. Zarzadilla de Ramos
** C.P. Zarzadilla de Totana
** C.P. Zona Calvario

! width=25% valign="top" align="left" style="font-weight:normal"|
* High schools
** Instituto José Ibánez Martín
** Instituto Príncipe de Asturias
** Instituto Ramón Arcas Meca
** Instituto Ros Giner
** Instituto San Juan Bosco
** Instituto Sierra Almenara de Purias
** Instituto La Paca
** Instituto nº 6
* Libraries
** Biblioteca Municipal Pilar Barnés
** Biblioteca Príncipe de Asturias
** Biblioteca De la Paca
** Biblioteca de La Hoya
** Biblioteca de Almendricos
** Biblioteca de Zarcilla de Ramos
** Biblioteca de Purias
** Biblioteca Marchena-Aguaderas
** Biblioteca Infantil
** Centro Cultural
* Others
** [[Escuela Oficial de Idiomas]]
** Escuela de Capacitación Agraria
** Centro Público de Educación Especial Pilar Soubrier
** Centro de Educación Temprana
** Centro de Educación de Personas Adultas "Alto Guadalentín"
** Centro Integrado de Formación Profesional, rama sanitaria.
* Universities
** Campus Universitario de Ciencias Sociosanitarias (University of Murcia)

|}

== Healthcare ==
The public health system that exists in Lorca is managed by the [[Servicio Murciano de Salud]] (SMS). In February 2010, Rafael Méndez Hospital was accredited University General Hospital.<ref name="hospital">{{cite web |url=http://www.laverdad.es/murcia/v/20100219/lorca/rafael-mendez-recibe-acreditacion-20100219.html |title=El Rafael Méndez recibe la acreditación de Hospital General Universitario |access-date=19 May 2011 |publisher= [[La Verdad (Murcia)|La Verdad]] |language=es|date=2010-02-19 }}</ref>

[[File:Hospital Rafael Méndez (Lorca-Murcia 2008).jpg|thumb|300px|Hospital General Universitario Rafael Méndez]]

=== Hospitals ===
* Hospital General Universitario Rafael Méndez<ref name="hospital" />
* Hospital Virgen del Alcázar

=== Health centres ===
The health centres below are placed in the municipality:
* Centro de Salud Lorca-San Diego<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Zona Básica de Salud: 46-Lorca/San Diego|url=http://www.murciasalud.es/caps.php?op=mostrar_zbs&id_zbs=46&idsec=6|access-date=2021-03-19|website=MurciaSalud, el portal sanitario de la Región de Murcia}}</ref>
* Centro de Salud Lorca-Sur
* Centro de Salud Lorca-Centro<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Zona Básica de Salud: 45-Lorca/Centro|url=http://www.murciasalud.es/caps.php?op=mostrar_zbs&id_zbs=45&idsec=6|access-date=2021-03-19|website=MurciaSalud, el portal sanitario de la Región de Murcia|language=Spanish}}</ref>
* Centro de Salud La Paca<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Zona Básica de Salud: 48-Lorca/La Paca|url=http://www.murciasalud.es/caps.php?op=mostrar_zbs&id_zbs=48&idsec=6|access-date=2021-03-19|website=MurciaSalud, el portal sanitario de la Región de Murcia}}</ref>
* Centro de Salud Sutullena<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centro de Salud Lorca Sutullena|url=http://www.murciasalud.es/caps.php?op=mostrar_centro&id_centro=277&idsec=6|access-date=2021-03-19|website=MurciaSalud, el portal sanitario de la Región de Murcia|language=Spanish}}</ref>

=== Clinics ===
The primary care health centre with the fewest functions below are located in the municipality:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zona Básica de Salud: 88-Lorca/San Cristóbal|url=http://www.murciasalud.es/caps.php?op=mostrar_zbs&id_zbs=88&idsec=6|access-date=2021-03-19|website=MurciaSalud, el portal sanitario de la Región de Murcia}}</ref><ref name=":0" />{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Consultorio La Torrecilla
* Consultorio Morata
* Consultorio Coy
* Consultorio Zarzadilla de Totana
* Consultorio Las Terreras
* Consultorio Tova-La Parroquia
* Consultorio Campillo
* Consultorio Escucha
* Consultorio Ramonete
* Consultorio Cazalla
* Consultorio Zarcilla de Ramos
* Consultorio Doña Inés
* Consultorio La Campana / Pozo Higuera
* Consultorio Aguaderas
* Consultorio Campo López
* Consultorio Avilés
* Consultorio La Hoya
* Consultorio Marchena
* Consultorio Puente La Pía
* Consultorio Purias
* Consultorio Tercia
* Consultorio Consejero
* Consultorio Almendricos
* Consultorio Torrecilla
{{div col end}}

== Sports ==
===Sports teams===
[[File:Lorca - Villarreal B 1.JPG|thumb|right|[[Estadio Francisco Artés Carrasco]]]]
;Athletics
* [[Atletismo Eliocroca]], an athletic club participating at the regional level (cross country, indoor track, outdoor track, route, half marathon, [[marathon]], 100 km).

;Football
* [[Lorca FC]], football team previously based in the hamlet of La Hoya which is currently active in [[Tercera División]].
* [[CF Lorca Deportiva]], football team in [[Segunda División B]]
* [[Lorca Deportiva CF]] (2002–2010)
* [[Lorca Atlético CF]] (2010–2012)
* [[Unión Deportiva Zarcilla]], football team which is active in the [[Preferente Autonómica de la Región de Murcia]].

;Rugby
* Club Rugby Lorca

;Futsal
* [[Ciudad de Lorca Fútbol Sala]]

;Basketball
* [[Indigo Química]], basketball team that plays in the [[Primera Autonómica]].

;Handball
* [[Club Balonmano Lorca]], team that plays in the [[Segunda División Nacional Masculina y Femenina]].
* [[Asociación Deportiva Eliocroca]], team that plays in [[Segunda División Nacional]].

;Volleyball
* [[Asociación Deportiva Eliocroca]], team which plays in the [[Liga FEV]].

;Swimming
* [[Club Natación Lorca]].

===Sports stadiums and venues===
* [[Estadio Francisco Artés Carrasco]]
* [[Complejo deportivo Europa]]
* [[Ciudad deportiva de La Torrecilla]]
* [[Pabellón municipal de San José]]
* [[Pabellón municipal San Antonio]]
* [[Pabellón municipal de Almendricos]]
* [[Pabellón municipal de Las Alamedas]]

== Notable people ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Joaquín Arderíus]]
* [[José Luis Munuera]] (1972–), comics artist
* [[Juan de Toledo]], architect
* [[Juan Zurano]] (1948–), retired professional cyclist
* [[Narciso Yepes]], guitarist
* [[Rafael Maroto]], (1783–1853) military general
* [[Ramiro de Lorca]] (1452–1502), condottiero
{{div col end}}
==See also==
* [[List of municipalities in the Region of Murcia]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources and external links==
{{commons category|Lorca}}
{{Americana Poster}}
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0700.htm GigaCatholic on Elicirca bishopric, with titular incumbent biography links]
* [http://www.lorca.es Ayuntamiento de Lorca]
* [https://www.camaralorca.com/ Cámara de Comercio e Industria de Lorca]
* [http://www.museoarqueologicodelorca.com Museo Arqueológico Lorca]
* [http://www.viva-murcia.com/lorca_p128.php Viva Murcia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124112422/http://www.viva-murcia.com/lorca_p128.php |date=2021-01-24 }} community info/photos from Lorca town

{{Murcia}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Lorca, Spain| ]]
[[Category:Municipalities in the Region of Murcia]]

Federico García Lorca

2025-05-22T20:26:10Z

24.13.250.145: Undid revision 1291691669 by 2402:A00:401:8E50:BD58:F1A5:BA49:E45 (talk)

{{Short description|Spanish poet, dramatist and theatre director (1898–1936)}}
{{About||the statue|Monument to Federico García Lorca|the poems by Radnóti and Kavvadias|Works related to Federico García Lorca#Poetry}}
{{Hatnote|In this [[Spanish naming customs|Spanish name]], the first or paternal surname is ''García'' and the second or maternal family name is ''Lorca''. However, the playwright is usually known, unusually, by his maternal surname ''Lorca''.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Federico García Lorca
| image = Federico García Lorca. Huerta de San Vicente, Granada.jpg
| alt =Federico García Lorca smiling, standing in front of a theatre poster
| caption = García Lorca in 1932
| birth_name = Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1898|6|5}}
| birth_place = [[Fuente Vaqueros]], [[province of Granada|Granada]], [[Restoration (Spain)|Kingdom of Spain]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1936|8|19|1898|6|5}}
| death_place = near [[Alfacar]], Granada, [[Spanish Republic]]
| education = [[Columbia University]] [[University of Granada]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Playwright
* poet
* theatre director
}}
| nationality = [[Spaniards|Spanish]]
| father = Federico García Rodríguez
| mother = Vicenta Lorca Romero
| movement = [[Generation of '27]]
| notable_works =
| awards =
| signature = Federico García Lorca signature.svg
}}

'''Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca'''{{efn|English: {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ɑːr|ˌ|s|iː|ə|_|ˈ|l|ɔːr|k|ə}} {{respell|gar|SEE|ə|_|LOR|kə}}; {{IPA|es|feðeˈɾiko ðel saˈɣɾaðo koɾaˈθon de xeˈsus ɣaɾˈθi.a ˈloɾka|lang|small=no}}.}}{{efn|According to [[Spanish naming customs#Forms of address|Spanish naming customs]], a person usually only uses their father's surname as their main surname. As García is a very widely used name, García Lorca is usually referred to by both his paternal and maternal surnames, and often only by his maternal one. See, for example, [http://www.newstatesman.com/theatre/2008/11/lorca-play-johnston-stage "Translating Lorca"] (''[[New Statesman]]'', 10 November 2008).|group= n}} (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936) was a Spanish poet, playwright, and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the [[Generation of '27]], a group consisting mostly of poets who introduced the tenets of European movements (such as [[symbolism (arts)|symbolism]], [[futurism]], and [[surrealism]]) into [[Spanish literature]].<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Generation-of-1927 Generation of 1927]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online''. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., n.d. Web. 18 November 2015</ref>

He initially rose to fame with ''[[Romancero gitano]]'' (''Gypsy Ballads'', 1928), a book of poems depicting life in his native [[Andalusia]]. His poetry incorporated traditional Andalusian motifs and [[avant-garde]] styles. After a sojourn in [[New York City]] from 1929 to 1930—documented posthumously in ''[[Poeta en Nueva York]]'' (''Poet in New York'', 1942)—he returned to Spain and wrote his best-known plays, ''[[Blood Wedding]]'' (1932), ''[[Yerma]]'' (1934), and ''[[The House of Bernarda Alba]]'' (1936).

García Lorca was [[homosexual]] and suffered from [[Depression (mood)|depression]] after the end of his relationship with sculptor [[Emilio Aladrén Perojo]]. García Lorca also had a close emotional relationship for a time with [[Salvador Dalí]], who said he rejected García Lorca's sexual advances.

García Lorca was [[#Assassination|assassinated]]<ref>Ian Gibson, ''The Assassination of Federico García Lorca''. Penguin (1983) {{ISBN|0-14-006473-7}}</ref><ref name="review">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Michael |date=24 November 1977 |title=The Lorca Murder Case |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=8337 |journal=The New York Review of Books |volume=24 |issue=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906221112/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=8337 |archive-date=6 September 2009 |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Estefania |first=Rafael |date=18 August 2006 |title=Poet's death still troubles Spain |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5262420.stm |access-date=14 October 2008}}</ref> by [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] forces at the beginning of the [[Spanish Civil War]]. His remains have never been found, and the motive remains in dispute; some theorize he was targeted for being [[gay men|gay]], a [[socialist]], or both, while others view a personal dispute as the more likely cause.

==Life and career==
===Early years===
[[File:Federico García Lorca a los seis años de edad.jpg|thumb|García Lorca {{circa|1904}}]]
Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/rmcd/9780415362436/lorca.asp |website=Routledge Modern and Contemporary Dramatists |title=Federico Garcia Lorca |archive-date=2011-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727091330/http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/rmcd/9780415362436/lorca.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> was born on 5 June 1898, in [[Fuente Vaqueros]], a small town 17 km west of [[Granada]], southern Spain.<ref name="Maurerix" /> His father, Federico García Rodríguez, was a prosperous landowner with a farm in the fertile ''vega'' (valley) near Granada and a comfortable villa in the heart of the city. García Rodríguez saw his fortunes rise with a boom in the [[sugar]] industry. García Lorca's mother, Vicenta Lorca Romero, was a teacher. In 1905, the family moved from Fuente Vaqueros to the nearby town of [[Valderrubio]] (at the time named Asquerosa). In 1909, when the boy was 11, his family moved to the regional capital of Granada, where there was the equivalent of a high school; their best-known residence there is the summer home called the [[Huerta de San Vicente]], on what were then the outskirts of the city of Granada. For the rest of his life, he maintained the importance of living close to the natural world, praising his upbringing in the country.<ref name="Maurerix">Maurer (2001) p. ix</ref> All three of these homes—Fuente Vaqueros, Valderrubio, and Huerta de San Vicente—are today museums.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.patronatogarcialorca.org/casamuseo.php |title=Patronato Federico García Lorca, Fuentevaqueros, Granada, Spain |website=www.patronatogarcialorca.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.museolorcavalderrubio.com/ |title=Casa Museo Federico Garcia Lorca – Valderrubio |website=www.museolorcavalderrubio.com |access-date=19 July 2015 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815013631/http://museolorcavalderrubio.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://huertadesanvicente.com/recuerdos.php |title=Huerta de San Vicente |website=huertadesanvicente.com}}</ref>[[File:Federico_garcia_lorca_con_su_hermana_isabel_en_granada_en_1914.jpg|thumb|García Lorca with his sister {{ill|Isabel García Lorca|es}} in Granada {{circa|1914}}|left]]
In 1915, after graduating from secondary school, García Lorca attended the [[University of Granada]]. During this time his studies included law, literature, and composition. Throughout his adolescence, he felt a deeper affinity for music than for literature. When he was 11 years old, he began six years of piano lessons with Antonio Segura Mesa, a harmony teacher in the local conservatory and a composer. It was Segura who inspired Federico's dream of a career in music.<ref name=Stevenson2007>{{cite journal |last1=Stevenson |first1=Robert |title='Musical Moments' in the Career of Manuel de Falla's Favorite Friend Federico García Lorca |journal=Inter-American Music Review |volume=17 |issue=1–2 |date=Summer 2007 |pages=265–276 |id={{ProQuest|1310726}} |url=https://revistas.uchile.cl/index.php/IAMR/article/view/53424/56060 }}</ref> His first artistic inspirations arose from scores by [[Claude Debussy]], [[Frédéric Chopin]] and [[Ludwig van Beethoven]].<ref name=Stevenson2007/> Later, with his friendship with composer [[Manuel de Falla]], Spanish folklore became his muse. García Lorca did not turn to writing until Segura's death in 1916, and his first prose works, such as "Nocturne", "Ballade", and "Sonata", drew on musical forms.<ref name="Maurerx">Maurer (2001) p. x</ref> His milieu of young intellectuals gathered in El Rinconcillo at the Café Alameda in Granada. In 1916 and 1917, García Lorca travelled throughout [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]], [[León (historical region)|León]], and [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], in northern Spain, with a professor of his university, who also encouraged him to write his first book, ''{{ill|Impresiones y paisajes|es}}'' (''Impressions and Landscapes''—printed at his father's expense in 1918). [[Fernando de los Rios]] persuaded García Lorca's parents to let him move to the progressive, [[Oxbridge]]-inspired [[Residencia de Estudiantes]] in Madrid in 1919, while nominally attending classes at the [[Complutense University of Madrid|University of Madrid]].<ref name="Maurerx" />

===As a young writer===
[[File:Salvador Dalí, Federico García Lorca, Barcelona, 1925.jpg|thumb|Federico García Lorca with Salvador Dalí, Turó Park de la Guineueta, Barcelona, 1925]]At the Residencia de Estudiantes in Madrid, García Lorca befriended [[Luis Buñuel]] and [[Salvador Dalí]] and many other creative artists who were, or would become, influential across Spain.<ref name="Maurerx" /> He was taken under the wing of the poet [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]], becoming close to playwright [[Eduardo Marquina]] and [[Gregorio Martínez Sierra]], the Director of [[Madrid]]'s Teatro Eslava.<ref name="Maurerx" />

In 1919–20, at Sierra's invitation, he wrote and staged his first play, ''[[The Butterfly's Evil Spell]]''. It was a verse play dramatising the impossible love between a cockroach and a butterfly, with a supporting cast of other insects; it was laughed off the stage by an unappreciative public after only four performances and influenced García Lorca's attitude to the theatre-going public for the rest of his career. He would later claim that ''[[Mariana Pineda (play)|Mariana Pineda]]'', written in 1927, was, in fact, his first play. During his time at the Residencia de Estudiantes, he pursued degrees in law and philosophy, though he had more interest in writing than in study.<ref name="Maurerx" />

García Lorca's first book of poems, ''Libro de poemas'', was published in 1921, collecting work written from 1918, and selected with the help of his brother Francisco (nicknamed Paquito). They concern the themes of religious faith, isolation, and nature that had filled his prose reflections.<ref name="Maurerxi">Maurer (2001) p. xi</ref> Early in 1922, at Granada García Lorca joined the composer [[Manuel de Falla]] in order to promote the [[Concurso de Cante Jondo]], a festival dedicated to enhancing [[flamenco]] performance and its [[cante jondo]] style. The year before, García Lorca had begun to write his ''{{ill|Poema del cante jondo|es}}'' ("Poem of the Deep Song", not published until 1931), so he naturally composed an essay on the art of [[flamenco]],<ref>Federico García Lorca, "El cante jondo (Primitivo canto andaluz)" (1922), reprinted in a collection of his essays entitled ''Prosa'' (Madrid: Alianza Editorial 1969, 1972) at 7–34.</ref> and began to speak publicly in support of the ''Concurso''. At the music festival in June, he met the celebrated [[Manuel Torre]], a flamenco ''cantaor''. The next year in Granada he also collaborated with Falla and others on the musical production of a play for children, ''La niña que riega la albahaca y el príncipe preguntón'' (''The Girl that Waters the Basil and the Inquisitive Prince'') adapted by Lorca from an Andalusian story.<ref>José Luis Cano, ''García Lorca'' (Barcelona: Salvat Editores 1985) at 54–56 (''Concurso''), at 56–58 (play), and 174.</ref> Inspired by the same structural form of sequence as "Deep Song", his collection ''Suites'' (1923) was never finished and was not published until 1983.<ref name="Maurerxi" />[[File:Postal de Federico a Antonio de Luna.jpg|thumb|Postcard from Lorca and Dalí to Antonio de Luna, signed "Federico". "Dear Antoñito: In the midst of a delicious ambience of sea, phonographs and cubist paintings I greet you and I hug you. Dalí and I are preparing something that will be 'moll bé.' Something 'moll bonic.' Without realizing it, I have deposited myself in the Catalan. Goodbye Antonio. Say hello to your father. And salute yourself with my finest unalterable friendship. You've seen what they've done with Paquito! (Silence)" Above, penned by Dalí: "Greetings from Salvador Dalí"]]

Over the next few years, García Lorca became increasingly involved in Spain's [[avant-garde]]. He published a poetry collection called ''Canciones'' (''Songs''), although it did not contain songs in the usual sense. Shortly after, Lorca was invited to exhibit a series of drawings at the [[Galeries Dalmau#1927: Federico García Lorca|Galeries Dalmau]] in Barcelona, from 25 June to 2 July 1927.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934456&view=dalmau&lang=en |title=Exposició de dibuixos de Federico García Lorca |last=Dalmau |first=Josep |date=2 July 1927 |place=Barcelona}}</ref> Lorca's sketches were a blend of popular and avant-garde styles, complementing ''Canción''. Both his poetry and drawings reflected the influence of traditional [[Andalusians|Andalusian]] motifs, [[Cubist]] syntax, and a preoccupation with sexual identity. Several drawings consisted of superimposed dreamlike faces (or shadows). He later described the double faces as self-portraits, showing "man's capacity for crying as well as winning," in line with his conviction that sorrow and joy were as inseparable as life and death.<ref name="Stainton">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSPQXJGRt6oC&q=dalmau&pg=PT502 |last=Leslie |first=Stainton |title=Lorca – a Dream of Life |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |date=2013 |isbn=978-1448213443}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| width = 350px
| align = left
| quoted = true
| salign = right
| quote = <poem>
Green wind. Green branches.
The ship out on the sea
and the horse on the mountain.
With the shadow at the waist
she dreams on her balcony,
green flesh, green hair,
with eyes of cold silver.
</poem>
| source = From "Romance Sonámbulo", ("Sleepwalking Romance"), García Lorca
}}

''[[Romancero gitano]]'' (''Gypsy Ballads'', 1928), part of his Cancion series, became his best-known book of poetry.<ref name="Maurerxii">Maurer (2001) p. xii</ref> It was a highly stylised imitation of the ballads and poems that were still being told throughout the Spanish countryside. García Lorca describes the work as a "carved altar piece" of Andalusia with "gypsies, horses, archangels, planets, its Jewish and Roman breezes, rivers, crimes, the everyday touch of the smuggler and the celestial note of the naked children of [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]]. A book that hardly expresses visible Andalusia at all, but where the hidden Andalusia trembles."<ref name="Maurerxii" /> In 1928, the book brought him fame across Spain and the Hispanic world, and it was only much later that he gained notability as a playwright. For the rest of his life, the writer would search for the elements of Andaluce culture, trying to find its essence without resorting to the "picturesque" or the clichéd use of "local colour".<ref name="Maurerxiii">Maurer (2001) p. xiii</ref>

His second play, ''[[Mariana Pineda (play)|Mariana Pineda]]'', with stage settings by Salvador Dalí, opened to great acclaim in [[Barcelona]] in 1927.<ref name="Maurerx" /> In 1926, García Lorca wrote the play ''[[The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife (play)|The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife]]'', which would not be shown until the early 1930s. It was a farce about fantasy, based on the relationship between a flirtatious, petulant wife and a hen-pecked shoemaker.[[File:LorcaSundial.jpg|thumb|Lorca as a student at [[Columbia University]], 1929]]From 1925 to 1928, he was passionately involved with Dalí.<ref>[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]: "From 1925 to 1928, García Lorca was passionately involved with Salvador Dalí. The intensity of their relationship led García Lorca to acknowledge if not entirely accept, his own homosexuality."</ref> Although Dali's friendship with Lorca had a strong element of mutual passion,{{efn|For more in-depth information about the Lorca-Dalí connection see ''Lorca-Dalí: el amor que no pudo ser'' and ''The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí'', both by [[Ian Gibson (author)|Ian Gibson]].}} Dalí said he rejected the erotic advances of the poet.<ref name="conversations">{{cite web |last=Bosque |first=Alain |url=http://www.ubu.com/historical/dali/dali_conversations.pdf |title=Conversations with Dalí |date=1969 |pages=19–20 |quote=S.D.: He was homosexual, as everyone knows, and madly in love with me. He tried to screw me twice... I was extremely annoyed, because I wasn't homosexual, and I wasn't interested in giving in. Besides, it hurts. So nothing came of it. But I felt awfully flattered vis-à-vis the prestige. Deep down I felt that he was a great poet and that I owe him a tiny bit of the Divine Dalí's asshole.}}</ref> With the success of "Gypsy Ballads", came an estrangement from Dalí and the breakdown of a love affair with sculptor [[Emilio Aladrén Perojo]]. These brought on an increasing depression, a situation exacerbated by his anguish over his [[homosexuality]]. He felt he was trapped between the persona of the successful author, which he was forced to maintain in public, and the tortured, authentic self, which he could acknowledge only in private. He also had the sense that he was being pigeon-holed as a "gypsy poet". He wrote: "The gypsies are a theme. And nothing more. I could just as well be a poet of sewing needles or hydraulic landscapes. Besides, this gypsyism gives me the appearance of an uncultured, ignorant and primitive poet that you know very well I'm not. I don't want to be typecast."<ref name="Maurerxiii" />

Growing estrangement between García Lorca and his closest friends reached its climax when [[surrealist]]s Dalí and [[Luis Buñuel]] collaborated on their 1929 film ''[[Un Chien Andalou]]'' (''An Andalusian Dog''). García Lorca interpreted it, perhaps erroneously, as a vicious attack upon himself.<ref>Buñuel, Luis. ''My Last Sigh''. Translated by Abigail Israel. University of Minnesota Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-8166-4387-3}}. P. 66.</ref> At this time Dalí also met his future wife [[Gala Dalí|Gala]]. Aware of these problems (though not perhaps of their causes), García Lorca's family arranged for him to make a lengthy visit to the United States in 1929–30.

In June 1929, García Lorca travelled to the US with Fernando de los Rios on the [[RMS Olympic|RMS ''Olympic'']], a sister liner to the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']].<ref name="Maurerxiv" /> They stayed mostly in New York City, where Rios started a lecture tour and García Lorca enrolled at [[Columbia University School of General Studies]], funded by his parents. He studied English but, as before, was absorbed more by writing than by study. At Columbia, he lived in room 617 in [[Furnald Hall]] before moving to room 1231 in [[John Jay Hall]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CU summer housing: Lorca slept here – News from Columbia's Rare Book & Manuscript Library |url=https://blogs.cul.columbia.edu/rbml/2018/05/21/cu-summer-housing-lorca-slept-here/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=blogs.cul.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Dinitia |date=2000-07-04 |title=Poetic Love Affair With New York; For Garcia Lorca, the City Was a Spiritual Metaphor |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/04/books/poetic-love-affair-with-new-york-for-garcia-lorca-city-was-spiritual-metaphor.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He also spent time in [[Vermont]] and later in [[Havana]], Cuba.

His collection ''[[Poeta en Nueva York]]'' (''Poet in New York'', published posthumously in 1940) explores alienation and isolation through some graphically experimental poetic techniques and was influenced by the [[Wall Street crash]] which he personally witnessed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/43294226 |last=García Lorca |first=Federico |title=Poeta en Nueva York |place=Madrid |date=1958}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/3426914 |author=Río, Ángel del |title=Historia de la Literatura Española |place=New York |date=1948 |pages=340–343}}</ref>
<ref>Río, Ángel del. Columbia University. Amelia A. de del Rio. Barnard College. II Antología general de la Literatura Española, Federico García Lorca, pp. 785–791, Libro De Poemas, 1960 . Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York Library of Congress Card Number 60-6296</ref>

This condemnation of urban capitalist society and materialistic modernity was a sharp departure from his earlier work and label as a folklorist.<ref name="Maurerxiv">Maurer (2001) p. xiv</ref> His play of this time, ''[[The Public (play)|El público]]'' (''The Public''), was not published until the late 1970s and has never been published in its entirety, the complete manuscript apparently lost. However, the [[Hispanic Society of America]] in New York City retains several of his personal letters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hispanicsociety.org/ |title=Hispanic Society of America |date=16 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lorcanyc.com/program |title=Lorca in NY}} 5 April – 20 July 2013, Back Tomorrow: Federico García Lorca / Poet in New York, New York Public Library Exhibition. Fifth Avenue at 42nd Street Stephen A. Schwarzman Building, Wachenheim Gallery.</ref>

===The Second Republic===
García Lorca's return to Spain in 1930 coincided with the fall of the dictatorship of [[Miguel Primo de Rivera|Primo de Rivera]] and the establishment of the [[Second Spanish Republic]].<ref name="Maurerxiv" /> In 1931, García Lorca was appointed director of a student theatre company, Teatro Universitario La Barraca (The Shack). It was funded by the [[Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic's]] Ministry of Education, and it was charged with touring Spain's rural areas in order to introduce audiences to classical Spanish theatre free of charge. With a portable stage and little equipment, they sought to bring theatre to people who had never seen any, with García Lorca directing as well as acting. He commented: "Outside of Madrid, the theatre, which is in its very essence a part of the life of the people, is almost dead, and the people suffer accordingly, as they would if they had lost their two eyes, or ears, or a sense of taste. We [La Barraca] are going to give it back to them."<ref name="Maurerxiv" /> His experiences travelling through impoverished rural Spain and New York (particularly amongst the disenfranchised African-American population), transformed him into a passionate advocate of the theatre of social action.<ref name="Maurerxiv" /> He wrote "The theatre is a school of weeping and of laughter, a free forum, where men can question norms that are outmoded or mistaken and explain with living example the eternal norms of the human heart."<ref name="Maurerxiv" />

While touring with ''La Barraca'', García Lorca wrote his now best-known plays, the "Rural Trilogy" of ''[[Blood Wedding]]'', ''[[Yerma]]'' and ''[[The House of Bernarda Alba]]'', which all rebelled against the norms of bourgeois Spanish society.<ref name="Maurerxiv" /> He called for a rediscovery of the roots of European theatre and the questioning of comfortable conventions such as the popular drawing-room comedies of the time. His work challenged the accepted role of women in society and explored taboo issues of homoeroticism and class. García Lorca wrote little poetry in this last period of his life, declaring in 1936, "theatre is poetry that rises from the book and becomes human enough to talk and shout, weep and despair."<ref name="Maurerxv">Maurer (2001) pxv.</ref>
[[File:Federicogarcialorca1.jpg|thumb|Bust of Federico García Lorca in [[Santoña]], Cantabria]]
Travelling to Buenos Aires in 1933, to give lectures and direct the Argentine premiere of ''Blood Wedding'', García Lorca spoke of his distilled theories on artistic creation and performance in the famous lecture ''Play and Theory of the [[Duende (art)|Duende]]''. This attempted to define a schema of artistic inspiration, arguing that great art depends upon a vivid awareness of death, connection with a nation's soil, and an acknowledgement of the limitations of reason.<ref name="Maurerxv" /><ref>''Arriving Where We Started'' by Barbara Probst, 1998. She interviewed surviving FUE/Barraca members in Paris.</ref>

As well as returning to the classical roots of theatre, García Lorca also turned to traditional forms in poetry. His last poetic work, ''Sonetos de amor oscuro'' (''Sonnets of Dark Love'', 1936), was long thought to have been inspired by his passion for [[Rafael Rodríguez Rapún]], young actor and secretary of La Barraca.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eldiariocantabria.publico.es/articulo/entrevistas/rafael-rodriguez-rapun-ultimo-gran-amor-federico-garcia-lorca/20201106214213085858.html|title = 'Rafael Rodríguez Rapún fue el último gran amor de Federico García Lorca'|first=Julia|last= Roiz Menéndez| date=7 November 2020 }}</ref> Documents and mementos revealed in 2012, suggest that the actual inspiration was [[Juan Ramírez de Lucas]], a 19-year-old with whom Lorca hoped to emigrate to Mexico.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news |last=Tremlett |first=Giles |title=Name of Federico García Lorca's lover emerges after 70 years: Box of mementoes reveals that young art critic Juan Ramírez de Lucas had brief affair with Spanish poet |date=10 May 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/may/10/name-garcia-lover-emerges |place=UK |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> The love sonnets are inspired by the 16th-century poet [[San Juan de la Cruz]].<ref name="Maurerxvii">Maurer (2001), pxvii.</ref> La Barraca's subsidy was cut in half by the rightist government elected in 1934, and its last performance was given in April 1936.

Lorca spent summers at the [[Huerta de San Vicente]] from 1926 to 1936. Here he wrote, totally or in part, some of his major works, among them ''[[When Five Years Pass]]'' (''Así que pasen cinco años'') (1931), ''Blood Wedding'' (1932), ''Yerma'' (1934) and ''Diván del Tamarit'' (1931–1936). The poet lived in the Huerta de San Vicente in the days just before his arrest and assassination in August 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.huertadesanvicente.com/e_pre_huerta.php |title=Huerta de San Vicente |publisher=Huerta de San Vicente |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref>

Although García Lorca's drawings do not often receive attention, he was also a talented artist.<ref>Cavanaugh, Cecilia J., "Lorca's Drawings And Poems".</ref><ref>Hernández, Mario, "Line of Light and Shadow" (trans), 383 drawings.</ref>

==Assassination==
Political and social tensions had greatly intensified after the July 1936 murder of prominent monarchist and anti-[[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]] spokesman [[José Calvo Sotelo]] by [[Guardia de Asalto|Republican Assault Guards]] ([[Guardia de Asalto|Guardias de asalto]]).<ref>Zhooee,'' [[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 20 July 1936</ref> García Lorca knew that he would be considered abhorrent by the rising [[Right-wing politics|right wing]] for his outspoken [[Socialism|socialist]] views.<ref name="Maurerxvii" /> Granada was so tumultuous that it had not had a mayor for months; no one dared accept the job. When García Lorca's brother-in-law, Manuel Fernández-Montesinos, agreed to accept the position, he was assassinated within a week. On the same day he was shot, 19 August 1936, García Lorca was arrested.<ref name="Gibson 1996 255">{{Cite book |last=Gibson |first=Ian |title=El assasinato de García Lorca |publisher=Plaza & Janes |year=1996 |isbn=978-84-663-1314-8 |location=Barcelona |page=255 |language=es}}</ref>

It is thought that García Lorca was shot and killed by Nationalist militia<ref>{{cite book| last = Graham | first = Helen | title = The Spanish Civil War. A very short introduction| publisher = Oxford University Press| date = 2006| page = 28|isbn =978-0192803771| url = https://academic.oup.com/book/878}}</ref><ref>Beevor, Antony. ''Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939.'' Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 100</ref> on 19 August 1936.<ref>Preston, Paul. ''The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution & Revenge.'' Harper Perennial. London. 2006. pp. 107–108</ref> The author [[Ian Gibson (author)|Ian Gibson]] in his book ''The Assassination of García Lorca'' argues that he was shot with three others (Joaquín Arcollas Cabezas, Francisco Galadí Melgar and Dióscoro Galindo González) at a place known as the Fuente Grande ('Great Spring') which is on the road between [[Víznar]] and [[Alfacar]].<ref>Gibson, Ian. ''The Assassination of Federico García Lorca.'' Penguin Books. London. 1983. p. 164</ref> Police reports released by radio station [[Cadena SER]] in April 2015, conclude that Lorca was executed by fascist forces. The Franco-era report, dated 9 July 1965, describes the writer as a "socialist" and "freemason belonging to the Alhambra lodge", who engaged in "homosexual and abnormal practices".<ref>{{cite web |last=López |first=Alexandro |title=Documents confirm fascists murdered Spanish poet Federico Garcia Lorca |date=30 April 2015 |website=World Socialist Web Site |access-date=21 March 2021 |url=http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/04/30/lorc-a30.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Cadena |last=Ser |title=Los documentos sobre la muerte de Lorca |date=22 April 2015 |access-date=21 March 2021 |url=http://cadenaser.com/ser/2015/04/22/album/1429728588_493577.html#1429728588_493577_1429729133}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=El Pais |title=Lorca murdered after confessing, says Franco-era police report |url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/04/23/inenglish/1429783994_803509.html |date=23 April 2015 |website=El Pais |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref>

Significant controversy exists about the motives and details of García Lorca's murder. Personal, non-political motives have been suggested. García Lorca's biographer, Stainton, states that his killers made remarks about his sexual orientation, suggesting that it played a role in his death.<ref>Stainton, ''Lorca: A Dream of Life''.</ref> Ian Gibson suggests that García Lorca's assassination was part of a campaign of mass killings intended to eliminate supporters of the Leftist Popular Front.<ref name="Gibson 1996 255" /> However, Gibson proposes that rivalry between the right-wing [[Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right]] (CEDA) and the fascist [[Falange Española de las JONS|Falange]] was a major factor in Lorca's death. At the time of his arrest, Lorca was hiding in the house of Luis Rosales, two of whose brothers were high-ranking [[Falange Española de las JONS|Falange]] members. Former CEDA Parliamentary Deputy [[Ramón Ruiz Alonso]] arrested García Lorca at the Rosales's home, and was the one responsible for the original denunciation that led to the arrest warrant's being issued.

{{Quote box
| width = 350px
| align = right
| salign = right
| quote = <poem>
Then I realized I had been murdered.
They looked for me in cafes, cemeteries and churches
.... but they did not find me.
They never found me?
No. They never found me.
</poem>
| source = From "The Fable and Round of the Three Friends", ''Poet in New York'' (1929), García Lorca
}}

It has been argued{{by whom|date=June 2024}} that García Lorca was apolitical and had many friends in both Republican and Nationalist camps. Gibson disputes this in his 1978 book about the poet's death.<ref name="Gibson 1996 255" /> He cites, for example, ''[[Mundo Obrero]]''{{'}}s published manifesto, which Lorca later signed, and alleges that García Lorca was an active supporter of the Popular Front.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gibson |first=Ian |title=El assasinato de García Lorca |publisher=Plaza & Janes |year=1996 |isbn=978-84-663-1314-8 |location=Barcelona |page=52 |language=es}}</ref> García Lorca read out this manifesto at a banquet in honour of fellow poet [[Rafael Alberti]] on 9 February 1936.

Many anti-communists were sympathetic to García Lorca or assisted him. In the days before his arrest, he found shelter in the house of the artist and leading [[FET y de las JONS|Falange]] member, [[Luis Rosales]]. Evidence suggests that Rosales was very nearly shot as well by the Civil Governor Valdés for helping García Lorca. Poet [[Gabriel Celaya]] wrote in his memoirs that he once found García Lorca in the company of [[Falangism|Falangist]] José Maria Aizpurúa. Celaya further wrote that Lorca dined every Friday with Falangist founder and leader [[José Antonio Primo de Rivera]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Arnaud Imatz, "La vraie mort de Garcia Lorca" 2009 40 La Nouvelle Revue d'Histoire, 31–34, at pp. 31–2, quoting from the Memoirs}}</ref> On 11 March 1937, an article appeared in the [[Falangist]] press denouncing the murder and lionizing García Lorca; the article opened: "The finest poet of Imperial Spain has been assassinated."<ref>Luis Hurtado Alvarez, Unidad (11 March 1937)</ref> Jean-Louis Schonberg also put forward the 'homosexual jealousy' theory.<ref>{{Cite book |title="Federico Garcia Lorca. L'homme – L'oeuvre" 1956 (Paris, Plon)}}</ref>

==Search for remains==
[[File:Lorca Olive Tree.jpg|thumb|upright|Olive tree marking putative site of Lorca's burial, as it was in 1999]]
The later 20th, and particularly the 21st centuries have seen numerous, unsuccessful attempts to locate García Lorca's remains. The first published account is in a 1949 book by the British Hispanist [[Gerald Brenan]], ''The Face of Spain''.<ref>Gerald Brenan, ''The Face of Spain'', Chapter 6, 'Granada'. (Serif, London, 2010).</ref> By the 21st century advances in technology gave scope for identifying remains of victims of Francoist repression. The year 2000 saw the foundation of the [[Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory]], which grew out of the quest by a sociologist, [[Emilio Silva|Emilio Silva-Barrera]], to locate and identify the remains of his grandfather, who was shot by Franco's forces in 1936.

Three efforts have been made in the 21st century to locate García Lorca's body. The first, in 2009, in the García Lorca Memorial Park; the second, in 2014, less than a kilometre from the first excavation,<ref>[https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2014/11/18/inenglish/1416327923_257506.html "New search for Lorca's grave begins"]. ''El País'', 19 Nov 2014.</ref> and the last, in 2016, in [[Alfacar]].<ref>[https://viajesbaratoseuropa.com/granada-abre-barranco-lleno-versos-muertos/ "Granada abre un barranco lleno de versos y muertos"] </ref> In 2008, a Spanish judge opened an investigation into García Lorca's death. The García Lorca family dropped objections to the excavation of a potential gravesite near Alfacar, but no human remains were found.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Giles Tremlett |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/18/federico-garcia-lorca-grave-alfacar |title=No remains found |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=14 August 2012 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7624887.stm |title=Lorca family to allow exhumation |date=18 September 2008 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=28 May 2009}}</ref> The investigation was ultimately dropped and a further investigation was begun in 2016, but met with no more success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/17/argentina-judge-investigation-federico-garcia-lorca-spain |title=Judge opens investigation into death of Spanish poet Federico García Lorca |website=The Guardian |date=18 August 2016 |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref>

In late October 2009, a team of archaeologists and historians from the University of Granada began excavations outside Alfacar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abend |first=Lisa |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1932879,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031093053/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1932879,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2009 |title=Exhuming Lorca's remains and Franco's ghosts |date=29 October 2009 |access-date=14 August 2012 |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> The site was identified three decades previously by a man who said he had helped dig Lorca's grave.<ref>Gibson pp. 467–8</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Giles Tremlett in Madrid |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/18/federico-garcia-lorca-grave-alfacar |title=article "Spanish archeologists fail to find Federico García Lorca's grave" |date=18 December 2009 |work=The Guardian|access-date=14 August 2012 |location=London}}</ref> Lorca was thought to be buried with at least three other men beside a winding mountain road that connects the villages of [[Víznar]] and Alfacar.<ref>"Lorca's Granada" pp. 113–123</ref>

The excavations began at the request of another victim's family.<ref name = BBC/> Following a long-standing objection, the Lorca family also gave their permission.<ref name = BBC/> In October 2009, Francisco Espínola, a spokesman for the Justice Ministry of the [[Andalusia]]n regional government, said that after years of pressure, García Lorca's body would "be exhumed in a matter of weeks."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Woolls |first=Daniel |title=Spain: Garcia Lorca Grave to be Opened in Weeks |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2010004347_apeuspaincivilwar.html?syndication=rss |website=The Seattle Times |date=5 October 2009 |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030072147/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2010004347_apeuspaincivilwar.html?syndication=rss |archive-date=30 October 2009}}</ref> Lorca's relatives, who had initially opposed an exhumation, said they might provide a [[DNA]] sample in order to identify his remains.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news |last=Kingstone |first=Steve |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8331049.stm |title=article 28 October 2009 |date=28 October 2009 |work=BBC News |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref>

In late November 2009, after two weeks of excavating the site, organic material that was believed to be human bones was recovered. The remains were taken to the University of Granada for examination.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theleader.info/article/20640/spain/costa-del-sol/lorcas-grave-first-bones-found/ |title="The Leader" Article "First bones found" |publisher=Theleader.info |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225113141/http://www.theleader.info/article/20640/spain/costa-del-sol/lorcas-grave-first-bones-found/ |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref> But in mid-December 2009, doubts were raised as to whether the poet's remains would be found.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idINIndia-44806720091217?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true |last=Castillo |first=Raquel |title=Doubts rise over Spanish poet Lorca's remains |date=17 December 2009 |website=Reuters |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=11 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211061209/http://in.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idINIndia-44806720091217?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true |url-status=dead }}</ref> The dig produced "not one bone, item of clothing or bullet shell", said Begoña Álvarez, justice minister of Andalucia. She added, "the soil was only 40 cm (16in) deep, making it too shallow for a grave."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8421210.stm |title=article "Spanish dig fails to find grave of poet Lorca" |date=18 December 2009 |work=BBC News |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Giles Tremlett in Madrid |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/18/federico-garcia-lorca-grave-alfacar |title=article 18 Dec 09 – "No remains found" |date=18 December 2009 |work=The Guardian|access-date=14 August 2012 |location=London}}</ref> The failed excavation cost €70,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/lorca-s-grave-may-be-uncovered-78-years-after-execution-1.2023059 |last=Hedgecoe |first=Guy |newspaper=The Irish Times |title=Lorca's grave may be uncovered 78 years after execution |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref>

In January 2012, a local historian, Miguel Caballero Pérez, author of "The last 13 hours of García Lorca",<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elimparcial.es/libros/miguel-caballero-perez-las-trece-ultimas-horas-en-la-vida-de-garcia-lorca-89324.html |title="Las trece ultimas horas en la vida de Garcia Lorca" (in Spanish) |publisher=Elimparcial.es |access-date=2014-03-19}}</ref> applied for permission to excavate another area less than half a kilometre from the site, where he believes Lorca's remains are located.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govan |first=Fiona |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8997854/New-search-underway-for-civil-war-grave-of-poet-Lorca.html# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108085521/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8997854/New-search-underway-for-civil-war-grave-of-poet-Lorca.html |archive-date=2012-01-08 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New search underway for civil war grave of poet Lorca |date=6 January 2012 |access-date=2014-03-19 |work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London}}</ref>

Claims in 2016, by Stephen Roberts, an associate professor in Spanish literature at Nottingham University, and others that the poet's body was buried in a well in Alfacar have not been substantiated.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/13/remains-of-federico-garca-lorca-hidden-at-the-bottom-of-a-well/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/13/remains-of-federico-garca-lorca-hidden-at-the-bottom-of-a-well/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Remains of Federico García Lorca 'hidden at the bottom of a well' |website=The Telegraph |last=Badcock |first=James |date=13 April 2016 |access-date=21 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2021, it was reported that there would be an investigation of [[Mass grave|mass graves]] at Barranco de Víznar (a locality near Víznar where there is a memorial to Lorca). This project had the support of families who believed that relatives were buried there. The archaeologist directing the investigation explained that the poet was only one of hundreds of people whose remains might be uncovered.<ref name="Publico">{{Cite news |last=Cano |title=Fusilados en el Barranco |language=Spanish |url=https://www.publico.es/sociedad/fusilados-barranco-viznar-historia-400.html |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> Excavations at the site have continued,<ref name="Pais">{{Cite news |last=Junquera |first=Natalia |date=April 2024 |title=Un niño sin nombre entre los fusilados del barranco de Víznar |url=https://elpais.com/espana/2024-04-20/un-nino-sin-nombre-entre-los-fusilados-del-barranco-de-viznar.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |language=Spanish}}</ref> and are still in progress as at 2025.<ref>[https://cadenaser.com/andalucia/2025/03/07/el-hallazgo-de-tres-nuevas-fosas-comunes-en-el-barranco-de-viznar-eleva-a-144-la-cifra-de-victimas-exhumadas-radio-granada/ El hallazgo de tres nuevas fosas en el Barranco de Víznar eleva a 144 la cifra de víctimas exhumadas]</ref>

==Censorship==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2022}}
[[Francisco Franco]]'s [[FET y de las JONS|regime]] placed a general ban on García Lorca's work, which was not rescinded until 1953. That year, a (censored) ''Obras completas'' (''Complete Works'') was released. Following this, ''Blood Wedding'', ''Yerma'' and ''The House of Bernarda Alba'' were successfully played on the main Spanish stages. ''Obras completas'' did not include his late heavily homoerotic ''Sonnets of Dark Love'', written in November 1935 and shared only with close friends. They were lost until 1983/4 when they were finally published in draft form. (No final manuscripts have ever been found.) It was only after Franco's death that García Lorca's life and death could be openly discussed in Spain. This was not only because of political censorship, but also because of the reluctance of the García Lorca family to allow the publication of unfinished poems and plays prior to the publication of a critical edition of his works.

South African Roman Catholic poet [[Roy Campbell (poet)|Roy Campbell]], who enthusiastically supported the Nationalists both during and after the Civil War, later produced acclaimed translations of Lorca's work. In his poem "The Martyrdom of F. Garcia Lorca", Campbell wrote,

<blockquote><poem>
Not only did he lose his life
By shots assassinated:
But with a hammer and a knife
Was after that—translated.<ref>Roy Campbell, ''Selected Poems'', [[Henry Regnery Company]], 1955. Page 283. "On the Martyrdom of F. Garcia Lorca."</ref></poem></blockquote>

==Memorials==
[[File:Madrid - Plaza de Santa Ana, monumento a García Lorca.jpg|thumb|right|[[Monument to Federico García Lorca]], Madrid|alt=A bronze statue of García Lorca, hands in front of him, a lark taking flight from his hands]]
In Granada, the city of his birth, the [[Park Federico García Lorca]] is dedicated to his memory and includes the Huerta de San Vicente, the Lorca family summer home, opened as a museum in 1995. The grounds, including nearly two hectares of land, the two adjoining houses, works of art, and the original furnishings have been preserved.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.huertadesanvicente.com |title=Huertadesanvicente.com |publisher=Huertadesanvicente.com |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref> There is a statue of Lorca on the Avenida de la Constitución in the city centre, and a cultural centre bearing his name was opened in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.universolorca.com/en/lugar/federico-garcia-lorca-center/|title=Federico García Lorca center|publisher=Universo Lorca|access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref>

The Parque Federico García Lorca, in Alfacar, is near Fuente Grande; in 2009, excavations in it failed to locate Lorca's body. Close to the olive tree indicated by some as marking the location of the grave, there is a stone memorial to Federico García Lorca and all other victims of the Civil War, 1936–1939. Flowers are laid at the memorial every year on the anniversary of his death, and a commemorative event including music and readings of the poet's works is held every year in the park to mark the anniversary. On 17 August 2011, to remember the 75th anniversary of Lorca's assassination and to celebrate his life and legacy, this event included dance, song, poetry and dramatic readings and attracted hundreds of spectators. At the Barranco de Víznar, between [[Víznar]] and Alfacar, there is a memorial stone bearing the words "''Lorca eran todos, 18-8-2002''" ("All were Lorca ..."). The Barranco de Víznar is the site of mass graves and has been proposed as another possible location of the poet's remains.
[[File:Federico Garcia Lorca - De profundis - Langebrug, Leiden.JPG|thumb|left|The poem ''De profundis'' in [[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]], the last of a set of 110 [[Wall poems in Leiden]] to be painted]]

Lorca is honoured by [[Monument to Federico García Lorca|a statue]] prominently located in Madrid's [[Plaza de Santa Ana]]. Political philosopher [[David Crocker]] reported in 2014 that "the statue, at least, is still an emblem of the contested past: each day, the Left puts a red kerchief on the neck of the statue, and someone from the Right comes later to take it off".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/articles_papers_reports/957.html |title=Democratic Development and Reckoning with the Past: The Case of Spain in Comparative Context |access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> In [[Paris]] Lorca is commemorated in the Federico García Lorca Garden on the [[Seine]].

Lorca's one-time room at the [[Hotel Castelar]] in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he lived for six months in 1933, has been kept as a museum.<ref>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Buenos Aires''. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, 2001.</ref> In 2014, Lorca was one of the inaugural honourees in the [[Rainbow Honor Walk]], a [[List of halls and walks of fame|walk of fame]] in San Francisco's [[Castro District, San Francisco|Castro neighborhood]] noting [[LGBTQ]] people who have "made significant contributions in their fields".<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |url=https://quirkytravelguy.com/lgbt-walk-fame-rainbow-honor-san-francisco/ |title=The Rainbow Honor Walk: San Francisco's LGBT Walk of Fame |last=Shelter |first=Scott |date=14 March 2016 |website=Quirky Travel Guy |language=en-US |access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sfist.com/2014/09/02/castros_rainbow_honor_walk_dedicate/ |title=Castro's Rainbow Honor Walk Dedicated Today|date=2 September 2014 |website=SFist – San Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, & Sports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810075052/https://sfist.com/2014/09/02/castros_rainbow_honor_walk_dedicate/ |archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gaysonoma.com/2016/07/second-lgbt-honorees-selected-for-san-franciscos-rainbow-honor-walk/ |title=Second LGBT Honorees Selected for San Francisco's Rainbow Honor Walk |last=Carnivele |first=Gary |date=2 July 2016 |website=We The People |access-date=2019-08-12}}</ref> The Indonesian composer [[Ananda Sukarlan]] has composed music based on some of his poems in 2016 to commemorate the 80th anniversary of his death, commissioned by the Spanish Embassy in Indonesia and the Ubud Writers & Readers Festival (Bali) where it was premiered by soprano [[Mariska Setiawan]].

The Fundación Federico García Lorca, directed by Lorca's niece Laura García Lorca, sponsors the celebration and dissemination of the writer's work and is currently{{when|date=March 2016}} building the {{ill|Centro Federico García Lorca|es}} in Madrid. The Lorca family deposited all Federico documents in their possession with the foundation, which holds them on their behalf.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.garcia-lorca.org/Home/Idioma.aspx |title=The Lorca Foundation |publisher=Garcia-lorca.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718184329/http://www.garcia-lorca.org/Home/Idioma.aspx |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref>

==Major works==
===Poetry collections===
* ''{{ill|Impresiones y paisajes|es}}'' (''Impressions and Landscapes'' 1918)
* ''Libro de poemas'' (''Book of Poems'' 1921)
* ''{{ill|Poema del cante jondo|es}}'' (''Poem of the Deep Song''; written in 1921 but not published until 1931)
* ''Suites'' (written between 1920 and 1923, published posthumously in 1983)
* ''Canciones'' (''Songs'' written between 1921 and 1924, published in 1927)
* ''[[Romancero gitano]]'' (''Gypsy Ballads'' 1928)
* ''Odes'' (written 1928)
* ''Poeta en Nueva York'' (written 1930 – published posthumously in 1940, first translation into English as ''[[Poet in New York]]'' 1940)<ref>{{cite book | last=Classe | first=O. | title=Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: A-L | publisher=Taylor & Francis | publication-place=London; Chicago | date=2000 | isbn=978-1-884964-36-7 | oclc=45749095}}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías|es}}'' (''Lament for Ignacio Sánchez Mejías'' 1935)
* ''{{ill|Seis poemas galegos|es}}'' (''Six Galician poems'' 1935)
* ''{{ill|Sonetos del amor oscuro|es}}'' (''Sonnets of Dark Love'' 1936, not published until 1983)
* ''Lament for the Death of a Bullfighter and Other Poems'' (1937)
* ''Primeras canciones'' (''First Songs'' 1936)
* ''{{ill|Diván del Tamarit|es}}'' (''The Tamarit Divan'', poems written 1931–34 and not published until after his death in a special edition of ''Revista Hispánica Moderna'' in 1940).
* ''Selected Poems'' (1941)

===Select translations===
* ''Poem of the Deep Song – Poema del Cante Jondo'', translated by Carlos Bauer (includes original Spanish verses). [[City Lights Books]], 1987 {{ISBN|0-87286-205-4}}
* ''Poem of the Deep Song'', translated by [[Ralph Angel]]. Sarabande Books, 2006 {{ISBN|1-932511-40-7}}
* ''Gypsy Ballads: A Version of the Romancero Gitano of Federico García Lorca'' Translated by Michael Hartnett. Goldsmith Press 1973
* "Poet in New York-Poeta en Nueva York," translated by Pablo Medina and Mark Statman (includes original Spanish, with a preface by Edward Hirsch), Grove Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-8021-4353-2}}; 0-8021-4353-9
* ''Gypsy Ballads'', bilingual edition translated by [[Jane Duran]] and Gloria García Lorca. [[Enitharmon Press]] 2016
* ''Sonnets of Dark Love'' - ''The Tamarit Divan'', bilingual edition translated by [[Jane Duran]] and Gloria García Lorca with essays by Christopher Maurer and Andrés Soria Olmedo. [[Enitharmon Press]] 2016
* ''Yerma'', translated by Kathryn Phillips-Miles and Simon Deefholts, {{Cite web|url=https://theclaptonpress.com/yerma-by-federico-garcia-lorca/|title=The Clapton Press|date=18 October 2020}} 2020. ISBN 978-1-9996453-9-9
* ''The Dream of Apples: Selected Poems of Federico García Lorca'', bilingual edition translated by Rebecca Seiferle, winner of the Stephen Mitchell Prize for excellence in translation. [https://www.greenlindenpress.com/books/the-dream-of-apples Green Linden Press 2024.]

===Plays===
* ''Christ: A Religious Tragedy'' (unfinished 1917)
* ''[[The Butterfly's Evil Spell]]'': (written 1919–20, first production 1920)
* ''[[The Billy-Club Puppets]]'': (written 1922–5, first production 1937)
* ''[[The Puppet Play of Don Cristóbal]]'': (written 1923, first production 1935)
* ''[[Mariana Pineda (play)|Mariana Pineda]]'' (written 1923–25, first production 1927)
* ''The Curse of the Butterfly'', first production 1927 in the Teatro Eslava, Madrid
* ''[[The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife (play)|The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife]]'': (written 1926–30, first production 1930, revised 1933)
* ''[[The Love of Don Perlimplín and Belisa in the Garden]]'': (written 1928, first production 1933)
* ''[[The Public (play)|The Public]]'': (written 1929–30, first production 1972); only an incomplete draft is known
* ''[[When Five Years Pass]]'': (written 1931, first production 1945)
* ''[[Blood Wedding]]'': (written 1932, first production 1933)
* ''[[Yerma]]'' (written 1934, first production 1934)
* ''[[Doña Rosita the Spinster]]'': (written 1935, first production 1935)
* ''[[Play Without a Title]]'': (only one act, written 1936, first production 1986)
* ''[[The House of Bernarda Alba]]'': (written 1936, first production 1945)
* ''Dreams of my Cousin Aurelia'': (unfinished)

===Short plays===
* ''El paseo de Buster Keaton'' (''[[Buster Keaton]] goes for a stroll'' 1928)
* ''La doncella, el marinero y el estudiante'' (''The Maiden, the Sailor and the Student'' 1928)
* ''Quimera'' (''Dream'' 1928)

===Filmscripts===
* ''Viaje a la luna'' (''Trip to the Moon'' 1929)

===Operas===
* ''Lola, la Comedianta'' (''Lola, the Actress/Comedian'', unfinished collaboration with [[Manuel de Falla]] 1923)

===Drawings and paintings===
* ''Salvador Dalí'', 1925. 160 × 140 mm. Ink and coloured pencil on paper. Private collection, Barcelona, Spain
* ''Bust of a Dead Man'', 1932. Ink and coloured pencil on paper. Chicago, Illinois

==Works related to García Lorca==

{{main article|Works related to Federico García Lorca}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Cao, Antonio |title=García Lorca y las Vanguardias |publisher=Tamesis |year=1984 |isbn=0-729-30202-4 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gibson, Ian |title=Federico García Lorca |publisher=Faber and Faber |year=1989 |isbn=0-571-14224-9 |location=London |oclc=21600658}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stainton, Leslie |title=Lorca: A Dream of Life |publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux |year=1999 |isbn=0-374-19097-6 |location=London |oclc=246338520}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Doggart |editor-first1=Sebastian |editor-link1=Sebastian Doggart |editor-last2=Thompson |editor-first2=Michael |title=Fire, Blood and the Alphabet: One Hundred Years of Lorca |publisher=[[University of Durham]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-907310-44-3 |location=Durham |oclc=43821099}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mario Hernandez Translated by Christopher Maurer |title=Line of Light and Shadow: The Drawings of Federico García Lorca |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1991 |isbn=0-8223-1122-4}}
* Maurer, Christopher (2001) ''Federico García Lorca: Selected Poems'' Penguin.
* Lorca, Francisco Garcia. ''In the Green Morning: Memories of Frederico'' (Peter Owen, 1989) translated by Christopher Maurer, prologue by Mario Hernandez.

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Auclair |first=Marcelle |title=Enfances et mort de Garcia Lorca |publisher=[[Éditions du Seuil]] |year=1968 |location=Paris, France |language=fr |oclc=598851 |author-link=Marcelle Auclair}} (477 pages)
::*Spanish translation: {{Cite book |last1=Auclair |first1=Marcelle |title=Vida y Muerte de García Lorca |last2=García Lorca |first2=Federico |last3=Alberti |first3=Aitana (trans.) |publisher=[[:es:Era (Editorial)|Ediciones Era]] |year=1972 |location=Mexico City |language=es |oclc=889360 |author-link=Marcelle Auclair}} (411 pages). Includes excerpts from García Lorca's works.
* {{Cite book |last=Cao, Antonio |title=García Lorca y las Vanguardias |publisher=Tamesis |year=1984 |isbn=0-729-30202-4 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mayhew, Jonathan. |title=Apocryphal Lorca: Translation, Parody, Kitsch |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-226-51203-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pastor |first=Ben (pseudonym for Maria Verbena Volpi) |title=The Horseman's Song |publisher=Bitter Lemon Press |year=2019 |isbn=9-781-91224-2115 |location=London}}. The plot of the novel centres around the investigation into Garcia Lorca's murder.
* {{Cite news |last=Eisenberg |first=Daniel |url=http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/Lorca/Unanswered_Questions_about_Lorca's_Death.htm |title=Unanswered Questions about Lorca' Death |work=Angélica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327025211/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/Lorca/Unanswered_Questions_about_Lorca's_Death.htm |archive-date=27 March 2018 |year=1990 |volume=1 |pages=93–107 |author-link=:es:Daniel Eisenberg}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|Author:Federico García Lorca|Federico García Lorca}}
{{commons category|Federico García Lorca}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106130748/http://garcia-lorca.org/ The Lorca Foundation]
* [http://www.huertadesanvicente.com/ Huerta De San Vicente, Grandada]—The Lorca Family home now a museum
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/lorca-was-censored-to-hide-his-sexuality-biographer-reveals-1644906.html "Lorca censored to hide sexuality"]—article in ''[[The Independent]]'', 14 March 2009
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120205223558/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/garcialorca_f.html LGB biography of García Lorca]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=56772 |name=Federico García Lorca}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Federico García Lorca |sopt=w}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2937}}
* [https://mir-es.com/ne.php?g=lorca Federico Garcia Lorca Poems]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130622033800/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/Lorca/Lorca_and_censorship__The_Gay_Artist_Made_Heterosexual.htm "Lorca and Censorship: The Gay Artist Made Heterosexual"]—essay by Eisenberg, D.; [[Florida State University]]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/apr/23/federico-garcia-lorca-spanish-poet-killed-orders-spanish-civil-war Federico García Lorca was killed on official orders, say 1960s police files]—''The Guardian''
* [http://damnable-iron.com/lorca_jeff_cloves.html A film of Lorca's poetry read at a Lorca Festival in Stroud, England]

{{Lorca plays}}
{{Blood Wedding}}
{{The House of Bernarda Alba}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garcia Lorca, Federico}}
[[Category:Federico García Lorca| ]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1930s missing person cases]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Columbia University School of General Studies alumni]]
[[Category:Executed Spanish people]]
[[Category:Executed writers]]
[[Category:Spanish-language poets]]
[[Category:Galician-language writers]]
[[Category:Spanish gay writers]]
[[Category:Generation of '27]]
[[Category:Spanish LGBTQ dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Gay dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:LGBTQ Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Spanish LGBTQ poets]]
[[Category:Gay poets]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in Spain]]
[[Category:Modernist theatre]]
[[Category:People executed by Francoist Spain]]
[[Category:People executed by Spain by firearm]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Granada]]
[[Category:People killed in the Spanish Civil War]]
[[Category:Sonneteers]]
[[Category:LGBTQ theatre directors]]
[[Category:Spanish male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Spanish male poets]]
[[Category:Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War]]
[[Category:Spanish theatre directors]]
[[Category:University of Granada alumni]]
[[Category:Unsolved murders in Spain]]
[[Category:Victims of anti-LGBTQ hate crimes]]
[[Category:Violence against LGBTQ people in Spain]]
[[Category:War crimes of the Spanish Civil War]]
[[Category:Writers from Andalusia]]
[[Category:Spanish murder victims]]
[[Category:Spanish anti-fascists]]
[[Category:Victims of the White Terror (Spain)]]
[[Category:Violence against gay men]]

MW

2025-05-14T23:52:29Z

24.13.250.145:

'''MW''' or '''mW''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}
==Science and technology==
*[[MediaWiki]], (MW) free and open-source wiki software
*[[Megawatt]], (MW) a unit of power
*[[Milliwatt]], (mW) one thousandth of a watt
*[[.mw]], the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Malawi
*[[Medium wave]], (MW) frequency range of 530 to 1700 kHz (commonly called the AM band)
*Molecular weight, a former term for [[molecular mass]]
*[[Microwave]], a type of electromagnetic wave
*[[Moment magnitude scale]] (Mw), a measure of earthquake size
*[[Weight average molecular weight]]
*.mw, the file extension of a [[Maple (software)]] worksheet

==Arts and entertainment==
===Games===
*''[[Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare]]'', a 2007 first person shooter
*''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2019 video game)|Call of Duty: Modern Warfare]]'', a 2019 first person shooter
*''[[MechWarrior]]'', a video game series first released in 1989
*[[Need for Speed: Most Wanted (disambiguation)]], two racing video games released in 2005 and 2012

===Other media===
*[[MW (manga)|''MW'' (manga)]], a manga series by Osamu Tezuka
*[[Miss World]], an international beauty pageant
*[[Museums and the Web]], an international conference series
*[[MW (film)|''MW'' (film)]], a 2009 Japanese film
*''[[Mythic Warriors]]'', a cartoon series
* [[MW (Indian magazine)|''MW'' (Indian magazine)]], an Indian men's lifestyle magazine

==Companies==
*[[Men's Wearhouse]], a men's dress apparel retailer
*[[Merriam-Webster]], an American publisher of dictionaries etc.
*[[Mountain West Conference]], an American collegiate sports conference
*[[Mokulele Airlines]] (IATA airline designator MW)

==Places==
*[[Malawi]] (ISO 3166-1 country code)
*[[Midwestern United States]] region
*[[Manhattan West]], New York, NY, USA

==Other uses==
*[[Master of Wine]], a wine expertise qualification
*[[Miracle Whip]], a brand of mayonnaise

==See also==
{{canned search|mw|m-w}}
*[[MWI (disambiguation)]]
*[[MW-1]], a German munitions dispenser
*[[MWA (disambiguation)]]
* {{srt}}
* [[MUU (disambiguation)]]
* [[MUV (disambiguation)]]
* [[MVU (disambiguation)]]
* [[MVV (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Bulimulus adserseni

2025-05-03T12:25:20Z

24.13.250.145: Undid revision 1288555964 by 92.21.189.131 (talk)

{{Short description|Species of gastropod}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Bulimulus adserseni
| authority = (Coppois, 1985)
| synonyms =
|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Parent, C. |date=2003 |title=''Bulimulus adserseni'' |volume=2003 |page=e.T43990A10837794 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T43990A10837794.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''''Bulimulus adserseni''''' is a [[species]] of [[tropical]] air-breathing [[land snail]], a [[pulmonate]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]] in the subfamily [[Bulimulinae]].

This species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[List of non-marine molluscs of Ecuador|Ecuador]]. Its natural [[habitat]] is subtropical or tropical dry [[forest]]s. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1602547}}

[[Category:Bulimulus]]
[[Category:Gastropods described in 1985]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

{{Orthalicidae-stub}}

Brutus Buckeye

2025-05-01T18:40:19Z

24.13.250.145: Undid revision 1288295321 by 66.195.238.249 (talk)

{{Short description|Mascot of the Ohio State Buckeyes}}
{{Infobox mascot
| name = Brutus Buckeye
| image = Brutus Buckeye in 2017.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = Brutus during the Army game in 2017
| university = The Ohio State University
| conference = Big Ten Conference
| conference_short = Big Ten
| description = Anthropomorphic [[Aesculus glabra|buckeye]] nut
| name_origin = Winning entry in competition
| first_seen = 1965
| related_mascots =
| official_website =
| =
}}
'''Brutus Buckeye''' is the athletics mascot of [[Ohio State University]] and an anthropomorphic [[Aesculus glabra|buckeye]] nut. Brutus made his debut in 1965, with periodic updates to design and wardrobe occurring in the years since. As a member of the spirit squad, Brutus Buckeye travels to many events around the university and often makes appearances around [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]].

==History==
Ohio State students Ray Bourhis and Sally Huber decided Ohio State needed a mascot in 1965 and convinced the athletic council to study the matter. At the time, mascots were generally animals brought into the stadium or arena. A buck deer was contemplated, but, because bringing live animals as mascots was common at the time, this was rejected as impossible.<ref name="library">[http://library.osu.edu/projects/OSUvsMichigan/brutus2.html OSU vs UM | Brutus Buckeye] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004041653/http://library.osu.edu/projects/OSUvsMichigan/brutus2.html |date=2011-10-04 }}, Ohio State University Libraries, October 14, 2009. Retrieved on October 19, 2011.</ref> Instead, the buckeye was selected, as the buckeye is the official state tree of [[Ohio]]. A simple [[papier-mâché]] nut was constructed by students, worn over the head and torso, with legs sticking out. It made its appearance at the [[University of Minnesota|Minnesota]] vs. Ohio State homecoming football game on October 30, 1965. The heavy papier-mâché nut did not last and it was soon replaced by a [[fiberglass]] shell. On November 21, 1965, The Columbus Dispatch reported that judges picked Brutus Buckeye to be the new mascot's name after a campus-wide "Name the Buckeye" contest. The winning name was the idea of then Ohio State student Kerry J. Reed, 21. "[[Block O]]" agreed to care for Brutus in December.<ref name="chronology">[http://ohiostatebuckeyes.collegesports.com/sports/c-cheer/spec-rel/osu-c-cheer-brutus.html Brutus Buckeye Chronology], The Ohio State University Cheerleading. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.</ref>
In the early 2000s, the Brutus costume was stolen before a game. The mascot was forced to wear the old costume.

Brutus has a buckeye head and block O hat, scarlet and grey shirt emblazoned "Brutus" and "00", red pants with an Ohio State towel hanging over the front, and high white socks with black shoes. Male and female students both serve as Brutus Buckeye.

== Appearances ==
[[File:Brutus in TX 2006.JPG|thumb|Brutus in [[Austin, Texas]], before a football game against the [[Texas Longhorns]]]]
* Brutus Buckeye appears in ESPN [[This Is SportsCenter]] advertisements eating lunch and performing aerobics with [[Richard Simmons]].
* Brutus appears strapped to the back of a truck in [[Home Depot]] commercials advertising [[Glidden (paints)|Glidden]] paint.
* Brutus appears in the [[NCAA Football series]] and [[NCAA March Madness series]] of video games as a mascot and has his own mascot team.
*During the 2002–2003 NCAA football season, Brutus was 1 of 12 contestants competing to be the [[Capital One]] National Mascot of the Year. Brutus appeared in approximately 4 commercials depicting the faux competition between the 12 mascots. He appeared again for the 2010–11 NCAA football season, this time with fifteen other mascots and then again in the 2011–12 NCAA football season.
*In 2006, Brutus appeared on ''[[The Daily Show]]'''s [[Midwest Midterm Midtacular]] as a guest correspondent and was interviewed by [[Jon Stewart]]. In the middle of the interview, Brutus is caught and eaten by a giant squirrel, a play on the idea that he is a nut.<ref>{{cite video | people = Jon Stewart | title = Brutus Buckeye | url = http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thu-november-2-2006/brutus-buckeye | medium = TV-Series | publisher = Comedy Central |date = 2006}}</ref>
*Brutus was the subject of a comic series from the College of Pharmacy at the University entitled "Adventures in Pharmacy". Episodes depicted Brutus as a patient stricken with common household illnesses including the influenza, gout and the common cold. Adventures in Pharmacy was created as a community service by the Ohio State College of Pharmacy, the Department of Athletics, and Columbus Public Schools. One of the goals of this program was to educate students about the role pharmacists play in health care and the treatment of common illnesses.

==2010 tackling==
On September 18, 2010, the [[Ohio Bobcats]] football team played the Ohio State Buckeyes in Columbus. As the Buckeyes were running onto the field, Brandon Hanning, dressed as [[Rufus the Bobcat]], saw Sean Stazen, dressed as Brutus Buckeye, leading the charge. Hanning failed in his initial sideswiping attempt on Brutus, losing his mascot head in the process. Hanning then got back on his feet, ran after Stazen, jumped on his back and continued to hit the Brutus mascot in the head. Hanning was then pulled aside by security who told him to stop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/DV-Mascot-Brawl-Raw-/452bf748f78b52c1ecf50e6e150e2f59|title=DV Mascot Brawl (Raw) {{!}} AP Archive|last=|first=|date=|website=www.aparchive.com|type=|access-date=2018-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thelantern.com/2010/09/brutus-cant-break-silence-about-bobcat-brawl/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413082924/http://thelantern.com/2010/09/brutus-cant-break-silence-about-bobcat-brawl/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-04-13|title=Brutus can't break silence about bobcat brawl {{!}} The Lantern|date=2015-04-13|access-date=2018-11-10}}</ref> Neither mascot was injured, and Ohio State won the game, the final score 43-7.

In a post-game interview, Hanning explained that this was his sole purpose in trying out to be the mascot. "It was actually my whole plan to tackle Brutus when I tried out to be mascot," Hanning explained, "I tried out about a year ago, and the whole reason I tried out was so I could come up here to Ohio State and tackle Brutus."

After the game, Hanning was terminated from his position as Ohio University's mascot, was banned from further affiliation with the school's athletic department, and he dropped out to attend [[Hocking College]]. Ohio University issued an apology, stating they "regret the negative effect [Hanning's actions] may have on the relationship between the two schools".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/college/ohio-mascot-realizes-his-goal-of-tackling-ohio-states-mascot-college-football/|title=Ohio mascot realizes his goal of tackling Ohio State's mascot {{!}} College football|date=2010-09-20|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=2018-11-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.boston.com/sports/colleges/football/articles/2010/09/20/school_sorry_its_mascot_attacked_brutus_buckeye/|title=Bobcat's goal: Take down Brutus Buckeye|last=Viviano|first=JoAnne|date=2010-09-20|work=Boston.com|access-date=2018-11-10}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
<references/>

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070115070108/http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/sports/c-cheer/spec-rel/090305aaa.html "Brutus Turns 40"], Ohio State University Athletics Department press release, September 3, 2005. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
*Blundo, Joe, [http://shop.dispatch.com/newsarchive/ArchiveList.asp "Their Child Is a Nut, But They're Proud"]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Columbus Dispatch'', October 16, 2006.
*Kehoe, Susan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20050407133731/http://www.thelantern.com/news/2005/01/03/Campus/Up.Close.And.Personal.With.Brutus.Buckeye-830391.shtml "Up close and personal with Brutus Buckeye"], ''[[The Lantern]]'', January 3, 2005. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
*Lestini, Gregory J. & Glenn, Anna, [http://www.thelantern.com/news/1996/11/22/Sports/Brutus.Buckeye.Recognized.Nut.At.Ohio.State-40556.shtml "Brutus Buckeye, recognized nut at Ohio State"]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Lantern'', November 22, 1996. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
*Martin, Melissa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20050403055157/http://www.thelantern.com/news/2002/03/07/Sports/Brutus.Threads.Under.Scrutiny-206265.shtml "Brutus' threads under scrutiny"], ''The Lantern'', March 7, 2002. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
*Sowash, Audra, [https://www.thelantern.com/2001/04/brutus-buckeye-costume-fits-man-woman-equally/ "Brutus Buckeye costume fits man, woman equally"], ''The Lantern'', April 12, 2001. Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
*[http://buckeye50.com/Photos_Brutus_Buckeye_Page.html "Brutus Photo Page"], ''Buckeye 50 Yard Line'', Retrieved on November 5, 2008.

==Books==
*Dean, Meredith; Marshall, Michelle; & Cleverley, James. ''The Spirit of a Buckeye: Brutus Buckeye's Lessons for Life''. Cleverley Created, Ltd., Columbus, Ohio. {{ISBN|0-9675664-0-1}}.
*Bourhis, Ray; Lanyon, Sally. ''The Autobiography of Brutus Buckeye.'' Orange Frazer, Ltd., Wilmington, Ohio. {{ISBN|978-1939710-376}}.

==External links==
* [http://brutusbuckeyebook.com Autobiography of Brutus Buckeye]

{{Ohio State University|traditions}}
{{Ohio State Buckeyes football navbox}}
{{Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball navbox}}
{{Big Ten Mascots}}

[[Category:Ohio State Buckeyes]]
[[Category:Ohio State University Spirit and Traditions]]
[[Category:Big Ten Conference mascots]]
[[Category:Anthropomorphic objects]]
[[Category:Mascots introduced in 1965]]
[[Category:Object mascots]]