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Colossi of Memnon

2025-10-17T06:34:32Z

219.89.68.193:

{{short description|Two Ancient Egyptian statues near Luxor}}
{{Infobox monument
| name = Colossi of Memnon
| native_name = {{langx|ar-Latn|el-Colossat}}
| image = Colossi of Memnon May 2015 2.JPG
| caption = The Colossi of Memnon in 2015
| location = West of [[Luxor]]
| designer =
| type = statue
| material = [[quartzite]] stone
| length =
| width =
| height = {{convert|18|m|abbr=on|-1}}
| begin =
| complete = 1350 BC
| open =
| restore =
| dismantled =
| dedicated_to = [[Amenhotep III]]
| map_name =
| map_text =
| map_width =
| map_relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|25|43|14|N|32|36|38|E|type:landmark_scale:1000|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}
The '''Colossi of Memnon''' ({{langx|ar-Latn|el-Colossat}} or ''es-Salamat'') are two large stone [[statues]] of the [[Pharaoh]] [[Amenhotep III]], which stand at the front of the ruined [[Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III]], the largest temple in the [[Theban Necropolis]]. They have stood since 1350 BC, and were well known to ancient Greeks and Romans, as well as early modern travelers and [[Egyptology|Egyptologists]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Luxor, Egypt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|work=BBC News|access-date=2012-06-06|archive-date=2013-04-19|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419153726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A2082845|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786066 |title=Places: 786066 (Memnon Colossi) |author=Wilfong, T.|author2= S. Sidebotham|author3= J. Keenan|author4= DARMC|author5= R. Talbert|author6= S. Gillies|author7= T. Elliott|author8= J. Becker |accessdate=March 22, 2013|publisher=Pleiades}}</ref> The statues contain 107 Roman-era inscriptions in Greek and Latin, dated to between AD 20 and 250; many of these inscriptions on the northernmost statue make reference to the Greek mythological king [[Memnon]], whom the statue was then erroneously thought to represent.<ref name="Rosenmeyer 2018 p. "/>

Scholars have debated how the identification of the northern colossus as "Memnon" is connected to the Greek name for the entire [[Theban Necropolis]] as the Memnonium.<ref>Adam Łukaszewicz, [https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/files/The_Journal_of_Juristic_Papyrology/The_Journal_of_Juristic_Papyrology-r1995-t25/The_Journal_of_Juristic_Papyrology-r1995-t25-s131-146/The_Journal_of_Juristic_Papyrology-r1995-t25-s131-146.pdf MEMNON, KING OF EGYPT], The Journal of Juristic Papyrology, Vol. XXV, 1995, pp. 131-146: "Are two different etymologies of Memnonia and Memnon possible in the same area? We are approaching again the very essence of the problem. Is the name of Memnonia a derivative of the appellation of the vocal colossus or is that name independent from the name of Memnon applied to the statue of Amenhotep III? Consequently, the question is whether there was an Egyptian Memnon different from Amenhotep III or was the name of Nebmaatre the unique source of the Memnonian place-names in western Thebes?"</ref>

{{anchor|Etymology|Names}}

== Description ==
The twin statues depict [[Amenhotep III]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 14th century BC) in a seated position, his hands resting on his knees and his gaze facing eastwards (actually ESE in modern bearings) towards the river. Three shorter figures are carved into the front [[throne]] alongside his legs: these are his wife [[Tiye]] and mother [[Mutemwiya]]. The middle between Amenhotep III's ankles would have been an unidentified daughter, although it has been destroyed.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=O'Connor |first1=David Bourke |title=Amenhotep III: perspectives on his reign |last2=Cline |first2=Eric H. |date=1998 |publisher=the University of Michigan press |isbn=978-0-472-10742-1 |location=Ann Arbor (Mich.)}}</ref> The side panels depict the Nile [[ancient Egyptian deities|god]] [[Hapi (Nile god)|Hapi]].
[[File:Antonio Beato, Colosses de Memnon, 19th century.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Antonio Beato]], ''Colosses de Memnon'', 19th century. [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]
The statues are made from blocks of [[quartzite|quartzite sandstone]] which was quarried at [[el-Gabal el-Ahmar]] (near modern-day [[Cairo]]) and transported {{convert|675|km|abbr=on|-1}} overland to [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] (Luxor). The stones are believed to be too heavy to have been transported upstream on the Nile.{{Page needed|date=March 2025}} The blocks used by later Roman engineers to reconstruct the northern colossus may have come from [[Edfu]] (north of [[Aswan]]). Including the stone platforms on which they stand – themselves about {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} – the colossi reach {{convert|18|m|abbr=on|-1}} in height and weigh an estimated 720 tons each.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Colossi of Memnon Revisited |journal= Science |publisher=[[Science (journal)|Science magazine]] |date=1973-12-21 |author=R. F. Heizer |author2=F. Stross |author3=T. R. Hester |author4=A. Albee |author5=I. Perlman |author6=F. Asaro |author7=H. Bowman |doi= 10.1126/science.182.4118.1219 |volume=182 |issue= 4118 |pages=1219–1225 |pmid=17811309|bibcode= 1973Sci...182.1219H |s2cid= 39052980 }}</ref><ref>"The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World", edited by Chris Scarre (1999) Thames & Hudson, London</ref><ref>Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993)</ref> The two figures are about {{convert|15|m|abbr=on|-1}} apart. The size of the statues makes them visible up to over 10 miles away.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Denon |first=Vivant |title=Voyage Dans La Basse Et La Haute Egypte |year=1802 |location=France |publication-date=1802 |pages=13 |language=French |trans-title=Travel to Lower and Upper Egypt}}</ref> Regarding their size; they stood as the guardians of Amenhotep III's mortuary temple. Amenhotep III's process of immortalizing himself in statuary was prevalent, His approach to statuary representation and inscriptions had supported his ideology as being much more than the king of kings. His titles repeatedly called him the "good god".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kozloff |first=Arielle P. |title=Amenhotep III: Egypt's radiant pharaoh |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01196-0 |location=Cambridge; New York}}</ref> Suzanne Bickel describes the height of both colossi were accessible to the surrounding public as a method of allowing all to worship Amenhotep III himself and the gods at his temple.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Birthplace of Amenhotep III |date=2012-02-20 |work=Amenhotep III |pages=16–20 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511997679.002 |access-date=2024-10-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511997679.002 |isbn=978-1-107-01196-0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Both statues are quite damaged, with the features above the waist virtually unrecognizable. The southern statue comprises a single piece of stone, but the northern figure has a large extensive crack in the lower half and above the waist consists of 5 tiers of stone. These upper levels consist of a different type of [[sandstone]], and are the result of a later reconstruction attempt, which [[William de Wiveleslie Abney]] attributed to [[Septimius Severus]].<ref name=WdWA>[https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/abney1876/0020/image ''Thebes and its five greater temples ''], by [[William de Wiveleslie Abney]]; published 1876 by Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington; archived at the [[University of Heidelberg]]</ref> It is believed that originally the two statues were identical to each other, although inscriptions and minor art may have varied.

The original function of the Colossi was to stand guard at the entrance to [[Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III|Amenhotep's memorial temple]] (or [[mortuary temple]]): a massive construct built during the pharaoh's lifetime, where he was worshipped as a god-on-earth both before and after his departure from this world. In its day, this temple complex was the largest and most opulent in [[Ancient Egypt]]. Covering a total of {{convert|35|ha}}, even later rivals such as [[Ramesses II]]'s [[Ramesseum]] or [[Ramesses III]]'s [[Medinet Habu]] were unable to match it in area; even the [[Temple of Karnak]], as it stood in Amenhotep's time, was smaller.
[[File:Colossi of the Plain at Thebes, and Luxor beyond. (1847) - TIMEA.jpg|thumb|Colossi of Memnon, flooded plain]]
[[File:Side panel of Colossi of Memnon 2015 2.JPG|thumb|Side panel detail showing two flanked relief images of the deity [[Hapi (Nile god)|Hapi]] and, to the right, a sculpture of the royal wife [[Tiye]]|alt=]]

== Floods ==
Amenhotep III had positioned the mortuary temple in front of the floodplain of the Nile in an effort to fill a lake in front of the Colossi. Furthermore, this lake acted as a water retention reservoir and prevented the temple from flooding completely during high inundations. Hourig Sourouzian felt that Amenhotep III did not plan for the site to flood altogether as the surrounding wall for the mortuary temple behind the Colossi was constructed primarily of mud brick.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kozloff |first=Arielle P. |title=Amenhotep III: Egypt's radiant pharaoh |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01196-0 |location=New York}}</ref>

With the exception of the Colossi, however, very little remains today of Amenhotep's temple. It stood on the edge of the Nile [[floodplain]], and successive annual inundations gnawed away at its foundations – a 1840s lithograph by [[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]] shows the Colossi surrounded by water – and it was not unknown for later rulers to dismantle, purloin, and reuse portions of their predecessors' monuments.

== Roman era inscriptions ==
The statues contain 107 Roman-era inscriptions in Greek and Latin, dated between 20-250CE; these inscriptions allowed modern travellers to connect the statues to the classical Greek and Latin literature.<ref name="Rosenmeyer 2018 p.">{{cite book | last=Rosenmeyer | first=P.A. | title=The Language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-19-062632-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qVTDwAAQBAJ | access-date=2022-02-13 | page=}}</ref> Many of the inscriptions include the name "Memnon". Several of the inscriptions refer to sounds emitted by the statues,<ref name=":02"/> the most famous being poetry by [[Julia Balbilla]] recording multiple visits during November 130 CE in a party that included the [[Emperor Hadrian]] and his wife [[Vibia Sabina]]. Of the 107 Roman-era inscriptions: 61 of them are written in Greek, 45 are written in Latin, and one bilingual text is written.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosenmeyer |first=Patricia A. |title=The language of ruins: Greek and Latin inscriptions on the Memnon colossus |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-062632-7 |location=New York}}</ref>

They were first studied in detail by [[Jean-Antoine Letronne]] in his 1831 ''La statue vocale de Memnon considérée dans ses rapports avec l'Égypte et la Grèce''<ref>{{cite book | last=Letronne | first=A.J. | title=La statue vocale de Memnon considérée dans ses rapports avec l'Égypte et la Grèce: étude historique faisant suite aux recherches pour servir à l'histoire de l'Égypte pendant la domination des grecs et des romains | publisher=Imprimerie royale | year=1833 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkwGAAAAQAAJ | language=fr}} Also plates available [https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001102566580/ here]</ref> and then catalogued in the second volume (1848) of his ''Recueil des inscriptions grecques et latines de l'Égypte''.<ref>[https://numelyo.bm-lyon.fr/f_view/BML:BML_00GOO0100137001102566580/IMG00000031# Recueil des inscriptions grecques et latines de l'Égypte], volume 2, planches</ref>
<gallery>
File:Colossi of Memnon 2022 19.jpg
File:Colossi of Memnon 2022 23.jpg
File:Colossi of Memnon 2022 26.jpg
File:Colossi of Memnon 2022 30.jpg
File:Memnon 11.jpg|Base inscriptions
File:Ancient Greek Graffiti ... (36688175375).jpg|Leg inscriptions
File:Memnonis crus dexterum - Pococke Richard - 1743.jpg|1743 transcription
File:Memnonis crus alterum - Pococke Richard - 1743.jpg|1743 transcription
</gallery>

== Earthquakes ==

Soon after its construction the temple was destroyed by an earthquake, recently dated by the Armenian Institute of Seismology to around 1200 BC, which left only the two huge colossi at the entrance still standing. These were further destroyed by an earthquake in 27 BC, after which they were partly reconstructed by the Roman authorities.<ref>Archaeoseismological studies at the temple of Amenhotep III, Luxor, Egypt, Arkadi Karakhanyan et al, The Geological Society of America Special Paper 471, 2010</ref>

The 1200 BC earthquake also opened numerous chasms in the ground which meant that many statues were buried, some in pristine condition. These have been the subject of extensive restoration and excavation conducted by the Armenian/German archaeologist Hourig Sourouzian, who has revealed that the complex consisted of three pylons, each fronted by colossal statues, while at the far end a rectangular Temple complex consisted of a peristyle court surrounded by columns. So far four of the statues have been re-erected, with eight waiting to be re-erected, while some 200 statues or pieces of statues are in the Luxor Museum, some on display, others in store awaiting conservation.<ref>Sourouzian, H. and Lawler, A.; Unearthing Egypt's Greatest Temple, Smithsonian Magazine 38, 46–53.</ref>

== Name ==
The modern Arabic name is Kom el-Hatan, but it is generally known by the Roman name as the Temple of Memnon. [[Memnon (mythology)|Memnon]] was a [[hero]] of the [[Trojan War]] and [[King of Ethiopia]], who led his armies from [[Africa]] into [[Asia Minor]] to help defend the beleaguered city of Troy but was ultimately slain by [[Achilles]]. Memnon (whose name means {{em|the Steadfast}} or {{em|Resolute}}<ref>Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexicon</ref>) was said to be the son of [[Eos]], the goddess of dawn.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog|title=Lives of the Necromancers|first=William |last=Godwin|year=1876|page=[https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog/page/n55 32]|publisher=London, F. J. Mason}}</ref> He was associated with colossi built several centuries earlier, because of the reported cry at dawn of the northern statue ([[#Sounds|see below]]), which became known as the {{nowrap|'''Colossus of Memnon'''}}. Eventually, the entire [[Theban Necropolis]] became generally referred to as the Memnonium<ref>Strabo, Rerum Geographicarum. XVII 42-46</ref> making him "Ruler of the west" as in the case of the god [[Osiris]] who was called chief of the [[Amenti|west]].

In the 19th century, William de Wiveleslie Abney noted that "[t]he Arabs called these statues 'Shama' and 'Tama', and when speaking of them together gave them the appelation of Sanamât, or the idols."<ref name=WdWA />

== Sounds ==
In 27 BCE, a large [[earthquake]] reportedly shattered the northern colossus, collapsing it from the waist up and cracking the lower half. Following its rupture, the remaining lower half of this statue was then reputed to "sing" on various occasions – always within an hour or two of sunrise, usually right at dawn. The sound was most often reported in February or March, but this is probably more a reflection of the tourist season rather than any actual pattern.{{sfn|Godwin|1876|p=32}}

The earliest report in literature is that of the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] historian and geographer [[Strabo]], who said that he heard the sound during a visit in 20 BCE, by which time it apparently was already well-known.{{refn|I too, when I was present at the places with Aelius Gallus and his crowd of associates, both friends and soldiers, heard the noise at about the first hour, but whether it came from the base or from the colossus, or whether the noise was made on purpose by one of the men who were standing all round and near to the base, I am unable positively to assert; for on account of the uncertainty of the cause I am induced to believe anything rather than that the sound issued from stones thus fixed.
Strabo, Rerum Geographicarum. XVII 1.46}} The description varied; Strabo said it sounded "like a blow",<ref>Strabo, Rerum Geographicarum. XVII, 561</ref> [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] compared it to "the string of a [[lyre]]" breaking,<ref>Pausania, Attica. I, XLII, 3.</ref> but it also was described as the striking of [[brass]]<ref>Tacito, Annales. II, 61</ref> or whistling.<ref>Plinio, Naturalis Historiae. XXXVI, VII, 10-12.</ref> Other ancient sources include [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] (not from personal experience, but he collected other reports), [[Tacitus]], [[Philostratus]] and [[Juvenal]].{{sfn|Godwin|1876|p=32}} In addition, the base of the statue is inscribed with about 90 surviving inscriptions of contemporary tourists reporting whether they had heard the sound or not.

The legend of the "Vocal Memnon", the luck that hearing it was reputed to bring, and the reputation of the statue's [[Oracle|oracular]] powers became known outside of Egypt, and a constant stream of visitors, including several [[Roman emperor]]s, came to marvel at the statues. The last recorded reliable mention of the sound dates from 196. Sometime later in the Roman era, the upper tiers of sandstone were added (the original remains of the top half have never been found); the date of this reconstruction is unknown, but local tradition places it circa 199,<ref>Septimius Severus https://www.worldhistory.org/Septimius_Severus/</ref> and attributes it to the Roman Emperor [[Septimius Severus]] in an attempt to curry favour with the oracle (it is known that he visited the statue, but did not hear the sound).<ref>
Colossi of Memnon https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/colossi-of-memnon</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Article does not state how it is known that Severus did not hear the sound.|date=June 2021}}

Various explanations have been offered for the phenomenon; these are of two types: natural or man-made. Strabo himself apparently was too far away to be able to determine its nature: he reported that he could not determine if it came from the pedestal, the shattered upper area, or "the people standing around at the base". If natural, the sound was probably caused by rising temperatures and the evaporation of [[dew]] inside the porous rock.<ref>Colossi of Memnon: View of the northern colossi https://curate.nd.edu/show/b8515m63c0t/</ref>

Similar sounds, although much rarer, have been heard from some of the other Egyptian monuments ([[Karnak]] is the usual location for more modern reports). Perhaps the most convincing argument against it being the result of human agents is that it did cease, probably due to the added weight of the reconstructed upper tiers.<ref>Colossi of Memnon § The Singing Statue https://www.worldhistory.org/Colossi_of_Memnon/</ref>

Since the northernmost statue is commonly associated with the renowned acoustic phenomenon, much of the literature and cultural discourse tends to overlook the southern counterpart. Despite its significance as a key structure commissioned by Amenhotep III, this oversight persisted. As a result, many Greco-Roman travelers, drawn by the mystique of the site, would etch their names upon the colossi during their visits, leaving behind inscriptions that reflect their fascination and desire for posterity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosenmeyer |first=Patricia A. |title=The language of ruins: Greek and Latin inscriptions on the Memnon colossus |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-062631-0 |location=New York, NY}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
===Modern images===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Colossi of Memnon.jpg|The colossi of Memnon
File:AmenhotepIII South Colossus.jpg|West (or south) colossus
File:Egypt.ColossiMemnon.01.jpg|East (or north) colossus
File:MEMNON (Ship) (c112-02-03).jpg|[[Sailing card]] for the [[Clipper|clipper ship]] ''Memnon''
File:Memnon-Edit-3.jpg|Panoramic view
</gallery>

===Notable historical images===
<gallery>
File:The Statue of Memnon, at Thebes - Pococke Richard - 1743.jpg|1743 by [[Richard Pococke]]
File:Thèbes. Memnonium (Ramesseum). Détails du colosse du sud. (Restoration) (NYPL b14212718-1267951).jpg|c.1800 from ''[[Description de l'Égypte]]''
File:Thèbes. Memnonium (Ramesseum). Détails de la statue colossalle de Memnon. (Restoration) (NYPL b14212718-1267952).jpg|c.1800 from ''[[Description de l'Égypte]]'', showing the inscriptions
File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 9.jpg|1830s from ''[[The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia]]''
File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 10.jpg |1830s from ''[[The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia]]''
File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 76.jpg |1830s from ''[[The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia]]''
File:Lepsius-Projekt tw 1-2-091.jpg|1850s in Lepsius' ''[[Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien]]''
File:John Beasly Greene (American, born France - (The Colossus of Memnon at Thebes) - Google Art Project.jpg|1851, first ever photographs, by [[John Beasley Greene]]
File:John Beasly Greene (American, born France - (The Colossus of Memnon) - Google Art Project (NgFgaIvzgkFPBw).jpg|1851, first ever photographs, by [[John Beasley Greene]]
File:John Beasly Greene (American, born France - (The Colossus of Memnon) - Google Art Project.jpg|1851, first ever photographs, by [[John Beasley Greene]]
File:Colossi of Memnon 10M.jpg|An Egyptian postage stamp
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Colossal red granite statue of Amenhotep III]]
* [[List of largest monoliths]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* [[Lord Curzon]]: "The Voice of Memnon" in ''Tales of Travel'' (1923)
* [[Rupert T. Gould]]: "Three Strange Sounds: The Cry of Memnon" in ''Enigmas: Another Book of Unexplained Facts'' (1929)
* Armin Wirsching: "Excursion on transport and erection of the Colossi" in: Armin Wirsching: ''Obelisken transportieren und aufrichten in Aegypten und in Rom'' (3rd ed. 2013) {{ISBN|978-3-8334-8513-8}}
* Denon, V. Voyage Dans La Basse Et La Haute Egypte. Paris: s.n., 1802.
* Kozloff, Arielle P. Amenhotep III: Egypt’s Radiant Pharaoh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
* O’Connor, David B., and Eric H. Cline. Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his reign. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 1998.
* Rosenmeyer, Patricia A. The language of Ruins: Greek and Latin Inscriptions on the Memnon Colossus. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2018.
* Weeks, Kent R., and Araldo De Luca. Valley of the Kings. New York, NY: Friedman/Fairfax, 2001.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Colossi of Memnon}}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/interactive/explore-ancient-egypt/ Colossus of Memnon (Nova/PBS)]
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/17A3*.html Book XVII, Strabo's Geography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060806220805/http://www.travellersinegypt.org/archives/2004/08/names_on_the_colossus.html Description by Count de Forbin]
* [https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002717578/resource/cph.3g03963/?sid=14eb48cef6c101732976c3d02e606561 David Roberts: Statues of Memnon Thebes Decr 4th 1838]

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[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century BC]]
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Y Kant Tori Read

2025-07-07T21:52:12Z

219.89.68.193:

{{short description|American rock band (1984–1989)}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2025}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Y Kant Tori Read
| image = Y Kant Tori Read Promo Picture.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = (L-R) Brad Cobb, Matt Sorum, Tori Amos, Steve Caton
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| genre = {{hlist|[[Synth-pop]]|[[new wave music|new wave]]}}
| years_active = 1984–1989
| label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]
| website = 
| current_members =
| past_members = *[[Tori Amos]]
*[[Steve Caton]]
*[[Matt Sorum]]
*Brad Cobb
}}

'''Y Kant Tori Read''' was an American [[synth-pop]] band fronted by singer-songwriter [[Tori Amos]] and active between 1984 and 1989. The band originally consisted of vocalist and keyboardist Amos, guitarist [[Steve Caton]], drummer [[Matt Sorum]] (later of [[Guns N' Roses]]), and bassist Brad Cobb. The band's name comes from an incident in Amos's childhood where she was asked to leave the [[Peabody Conservatory]] because she refused to read sheet music.<ref>David Wallechinsky & Amy Wallace: ''[[The New Book of Lists]]'', p. 9. Canongate, 2005. {{ISBN|1-84195-719-4}}.</ref>

The band released one album, also called ''[[Y Kant Tori Read (album)|Y Kant Tori Read]]'' (1988), which was considered a big commercial failure. [[Atlantic Records]] abandoned the album completely after two months of release. The band worked with record producer [[Joe Chiccarelli]] and Kim Bullard, later of [[Kajagoogoo]].

Two singles were released. The first, "The Big Picture", was commercially issued exclusively as a 7" vinyl single, and without a picture sleeve, though the 12" vinyl promo did have one. The second single, "Cool on Your Island", was issued as a [[cassette single]] and 7" vinyl single, this time with a picture sleeve; and in various promo 7" vinyl singles. Neither single was successful.

A [[music video]] for their song "The Big Picture" was made, but the only member of the band featured was Amos, since by then, unable to withstand pressure from Atlantic Records, she had jettisoned the rest of them with the exception of Steve Caton.

==Discography==
===Album===
*''[[Y Kant Tori Read (album)|Y Kant Tori Read]]'' (1988, 2017 re-release)

====Re-release====
The 2017 [[Rhino Records]] re-release was made available on streaming services, with an additional limited (4000 copies) vinyl released for Fall 2017 Record Store Day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.popmatters.com/tori-amos-finally-lets-her-80s-flag-unfurl-and-reissues-y-kant-tori-read-af-2495379446.html |title=Tori Amos Finally Lets Her '80s Flag Unfurl and Reissues "Y Kant Tori Read" After Three Decades |work=PopMatters |date=September 8, 2017 |access-date=November 3, 2018 |author=Gerard, Chris}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://recordstoreday.com/SpecialRelease/9852 |title=Y Kant Tori Read |website=Record Store Day |access-date=January 6, 2019}}</ref> it was also released as a CD for RSD.

===Singles===
*"[[The Big Picture (song)|The Big Picture]]" (single, 1988)
*"[[Cool on Your Island]]" (single, 1988)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tori Amos}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:American pop music groups]]
[[Category:American synth-pop groups]]
[[Category:Female-fronted musical groups]]
[[Category:Atlantic Records artists]]
[[Category:Tori Amos]]
[[Category:Mixed-gender bands]]

Y Kant Tori Read (album)

2025-07-07T21:51:17Z

219.89.68.193: /* Promotion and release */

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2008}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Y Kant Tori Read
| type = Album
| artist = [[Y Kant Tori Read]]
| cover = ykanttoriread.jpg
| alt =
| released = 1988
| recorded = 1987
| venue =
| studio =
* Hollywood Sound
* South Combe Studios
* Ground Control Studios
* Sound Castle Studios
* [[Capitol Studios]]
* The Grey Room
| genre =
* [[Synth-pop]]<ref name= "Rough Guide 2003">{{cite book |last1= Miles|first1= Almos|editor1-last=Buckley |editor1-first=Peter |title=The Rough Guide to Rock |date=2003 |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-84353-105-0 |pages= 25-26|edition=3rd|chapter= Tori Amos}}</ref>
* [[New wave music|new wave]]<ref name="MusicHound Rock">{{cite book|first= Thor|last= Christensen|editor1-first= Gary |editor1-last= Graff |editor2-first= Daniel |editor2-last= Durchholz |year= 1998 |title= MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide |chapter= Tori Amos|publisher= [[Visible Ink Press]] |location= Detroit |page= 26}}</ref>
* [[hard rock]]<ref name="MusicHound Rock"/>
| length = 49:10
| label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]
| producer = [[Joe Chiccarelli]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Tori Amos]]
| type = studio
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title = Y Kant Tori Read
| year = 1988
| next_title = [[Little Earthquakes]]
| next_year = 1992
}}
{{Singles
| name = Y Kant Tori Read
| type = studio
| single1 = [[The Big Picture (song)|The Big Picture]]
| single1date = 1988
| single2 = [[Cool on Your Island]]
| single2date = 1988
}}}}
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>[{{AllMusic|class=album|id=y-kant-tori-read-mw0000199588|pure_url=yes}} AllMusic review]</ref>
}}
'''''Y Kant Tori Read''''' is the debut and only [[studio album]] by American [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Y Kant Tori Read|of the same name]], fronted by then-unknown singer and songwriter [[Tori Amos]]. It was released in 1988 by [[Atlantic Records]].

==Background==
The band consisted of Amos, singer-pianist [[Kim Bullard]], drummer [[Matt Sorum]] who later joined [[Guns N' Roses]], as well as long-time Amos collaborator guitarist [[Steve Caton]]; other contributors included Richárd Bernard on [[bouzouki]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/y-kant-tori-read-mw0000199588/credits | title=Y Kant Tori Read Credits | website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> and various [[session musician]]s. Due to the title, some critics believed the album was a solo project by a woman named "Tori Read". This was compounded by the fact that Amos is billed simply as "Tori" in the liner notes.

Amos chose producer [[Joe Chiccarelli]], having admired his work on other albums.<ref name="hitquarters.com"/> According to Chiccarelli in an interview with [[HitQuarters]]:

<blockquote>"[Tori Amos] had a very strong vision of what she wanted to do on her first album. And despite the lack of success of that album, it was an interesting process because she was very vocal and very passionate about how she wanted it to sound and what her influences were and the emotions she was trying to convey."<ref name="hitquarters.com"/></blockquote>

Although Amos had effectively disowned the album for many years,{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} Chiccarelli has said that she was very happy with it at the time.<ref name="hitquarters.com">{{cite web |url= http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/2010/June14_8_1_30.html |title=Interview with JOE CHICCARELLI, producer for The Strokes, The Shins, The White Stripes, Frank Zappa |first=Kimbel |last=Bouwman|publisher=[[HitQuarters]]|date=June 14, 2010 |access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref>

==Promotion and release==
The [[eponym]]ous studio album was released in 1988 to poor sales and the band broke up shortly after. Its lack of success and subsequent deletion has made it one of the most sought-after Tori Amos collectibles, fetching upwards of $1,000 in compact disc format in original [[longbox]]. At the height of Amos' career, vinyl copies would often sell for between $300–500 but, due to the decline of music collectibles and the heavy [[bootleg recording|bootlegging]] of the album, they now frequently sell for between $50–80.

Because of the scarcity of legitimate copies of the album it has been heavily bootlegged, so much so that an extensive [[FAQ]] on the topic was created.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://webspace.webring.com/people/af/fuzzbox000/yktrfaq.html|title = Webring| date=November 6, 2020 }}</ref> Bootleg versions generally stem from one of the first editions to surface, on a foreign label called Pacific Records. These usually have six "bonus tracks" from later in Amos' career; "Song for Eric", "Ode to the Banana King (Part 1)", "Happy Phantom" (live), "Ring My Bell", "The Happy Worker" and "Workers". Other editions, particularly one that surfaced in Germany, were issued to intentionally resemble the original and fool legitimate collectors.

The number on the spine of the original CD reads 81845-2. The majority of bootlegs list this number incorrectly because the stolen artwork is taken from the easier to find LP version of the release, which had a different release number.

{{em|Non-promotional}} copies of the record are more desirable than promotionally issued copies. (The reverse is generally the case in music collectibles.) Because the record sold so poorly, the majority of commercially released copies were recalled, stamped with a gold promo stamp, and given a cut-out mark. Thus there are actually more promotional copies of the record than not.

Several singles were released to promote the album, though most promotionally and not commercially. "The Big Picture" was released as a 12" vinyl promotional single with unique artwork; "[[Cool on Your Island]]" was issued as a 7" vinyl promotional single with a special edit version of the song; it was also included as a B-side to a promotional CD featuring the song "[[A Groovy Kind of Love]]" by [[Phil Collins]]. (On ''[[The Rosie O'Donnell Show]]'', Amos told a story from this era of being stopped by police while traveling through Germany because her friend was carrying [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]; when she told the police officer that she was "on a CD with Phil Collins" she was set free.)

One [[music video]] was produced, for the song "The Big Picture", featuring Amos performing on a "ghetto city" sound stage set.

Amos has continued to play a select few songs from this album ("On the Boundary", "Etienne", "Cool on Your Island", and snippets of "Fire on the Side") live in concert. During the 2014 Unrepentant Geraldines tour, however, Amos played a full version of "Fire on the Side", as well as "Floating City" and "Pirates". "The Big Picture" and "Fayth" were performed as mashups with [[George Michael]]'s "[[Faith (George Michael song)|Faith]]" and [[the Cure]]'s "[[Pictures of You (The Cure song)|Pictures of You]]" respectively. She has yet to perform "Heart Attack at 23" and "You Go to My Head" in any capacity.

In 2017, Amos said she had made peace with the album, and was considering reissuing it in the future.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Michelson|first1=Noah|title=Tori Amos Is Releasing Her Most Political Album Yet, But Don't Ask Her To Talk Trump|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/tori-amos-native-invader_us_5991e79ee4b090964298faaf|website=HuffPost|access-date=September 2, 2017|date=August 21, 2017}}</ref> An entirely remastered edition of the album was discreetly released on all digital and streaming services for the first time on September 1, 2017, with no official announcement or promotion. This was followed by a limited physical re-release of the remastered album on CD and transparent orange vinyl by [[Rhino Records]] as part of International [[Record Store Day]]'s [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]] exclusive releases on November 24, 2017. This also resulted in a one-week UK chart entry, at #6, on 06 Dec 2017.

==Track listing==
{{Track listing
| headline = Side one
| all_writing = [[Tori Amos]], except as noted
| title1 = [[The Big Picture (song)|The Big Picture]]
| writer1 = {{hlist|[[Tori Amos]]|[[Kim Bullard]]}}
| length1 = 4:19
| title2 = [[Cool on Your Island]]
| writer2 = {{hlist|Amos|Bullard}}
| length2 = 4:57
| title3 = Fayth
| writer3 = {{hlist|Amos|Brad Cobb}}
| length3 = 4:23
| title4 = Fire on the Side
| length4 = 4:53
| title5 = Pirates
| writer5 = {{hlist|Amos|Bullard}}
| length5 = 4:16
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Side two
| total_length = 49:10
| title6 = Floating City
| length6 = 5:22
| title7 = Heart Attack at 23
| length7 = 5:16
| title8 = On the Boundary
| length8 = 4:38
| title9 = You Go to My Head
| length9 = 3:55
| title10 = Etienne Trilogy
| note10 = "The Highlands" / "Etienne" / "[[The Skye Boat Song|Skyeboat Song]]"
| writer10 = {{hlist|Amos|Bullard|Traditional}}
| length10 = 6:45
}}

==Personnel==
Credits are adapted from the ''Y Kant Tori Read'' liner notes.<ref name=linernotes>{{cite AV media notes|title=Y Kant Tori Read|others=[[Y Kant Tori Read]]|year=1988|publisher=[[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]|type=CD booklet}}</ref>

'''Musicians'''
* [[Tori Amos]] – lead singer, acoustic piano, keyboards
* [[Paulinho Da Costa]] – percussion
* Richard Bernard – [[bouzouki]]
* Gene Black – guitar
* [[Kim Bullard]] – acoustic piano, programming, keyboards
* [[Steve Caton]] – guitar
* [[Vinnie Colaiuta]] – drums
* Devon Dickson – [[bagpipes]]
* Steve Farris – guitars
* [[Tim Landers]] – fretless bass guitar
* [[Fernando Saunders]] – bass guitar
* [[Matt Sorum]] – drums
* Peter White – acoustic guitars
* Eric Williams – [[mandolin]]
* CeCe Bullard
* [[Merry Clayton]]
* James House
* [[Rick Nielsen]]
* [[Robin Zander]]
* [[Nancy Shanks]]
* [[The Valentine Brothers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{discogs master|133409}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19990116233446/http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Alley/4370/yktrfaq.html Y Kant Tori Read FAQ]

{{Tori Amos}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Y Kant Tori Read (Album)}}
[[Category:Tori Amos albums]]
[[Category:1988 debut albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Joe Chiccarelli]]
[[Category:Synth-pop albums by American artists]]

Olivia d'Abo

2025-07-01T03:34:21Z

219.89.68.193:

{{Short description|British actress (born 1969)}}
{{use British English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Olivia d'Abo
| image = Olivia d'Abo 2010.jpg
| alt = d'Abo smiling
| caption = D'Abo in July 2010
| birth_name = Olivia Jane d'Abo
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|1|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = London, England
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| years_active = 1984–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Patrick Leonard]]|2002|2012|reason=divorced}}
| children = 1
| father = [[Mike d'Abo]]
| relatives = [[Maryam d'Abo]] (first cousin once removed)
| website = {{URL|http://www.oliviadabo.net/}}
}}
'''Olivia Jane d'Abo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑː|b|oʊ}}; born 22 January 1969)<ref>a. {{Cite web | url=http://content.ancestry.co.uk/iexec/default.aspx?htx=List&dbid=8964&offerid=0%3a7858%3a0 | title=England & Wales, Birth Index: 1837–1983 database on-line | work=[[Ancestry.com]] | via=Ancestry.co.uk | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526054622/http://content.ancestry.co.uk/iexec/default.aspx?htx=List&dbid=8964&offerid=0%3a7858%3a0 | archive-date=26 May 2007 | url-status=dead}} Original data: General Register Office. England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes. London, England: General Register Office. Lists Olivia Jane d'Abo on the index of births registered in Jan–Mar. 1969. 
b. {{Cite web | url=http://www.oliviadabo.net/bio.html | title=Olivia's Bio | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822090904/http://www.oliviadabo.net/bio.html | archive-date=22 August 2006 | url-status=dead}}</ref> is a British actress and singer. She is known for her roles as Karen Arnold, Kevin Arnold's rebellious teenage [[hippie]] sister in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] comedy-drama series ''[[The Wonder Years]]'' (1988–1993), as [[Serial killer|female serial killer]] [[List of Law & Order: Criminal Intent characters#Nicole Wallace|Nicole Wallace]] in ''[[Law & Order: Criminal Intent]]'', as Marie Blake on ''[[The Single Guy]]'' (1995–1997), and [[Jane Porter (Tarzan)|Jane Porter]] in ''[[The Legend of Tarzan (TV series)|The Legend of Tarzan]]'' (2001–2003). Her film appearances include roles in ''[[Conan the Destroyer]]'' (1984) and ''[[Bank Robber (film)|Bank Robber]]'' (1993).

==Early life and education==
D'Abo was born on 22 January 1969 in London, England, the daughter of Maggie London, an English model and actress primarily active in the 1960s, and [[Mike d'Abo]], an English singer and member of 1960s musical group [[Manfred Mann]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/65/Olivia-d-Abo.html | title=Olivia d'Abo Biography | publisher=Filmreference.com | access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> She has an older brother, two half-brothers and one half-sister: elder brother Ben, younger half-brother Bruno, and younger sibling twins Ella and Louis (born July 2007) on her father's side. Olivia and Ben both attended high school in the United States at Los Feliz Hills School (formerly the Apple School) in Los Angeles, and d'Abo attended Pacoima Junior High School in [[Pacoima, Los Angeles]].

She is the [[Consanguinity|first cousin once removed]] of [[Maryam d'Abo]] (b. 1960),<ref>{{cite tweet | user=OliviadAbo | number=679008274314739712 | date=21 December 2015 | title=@Martytude yes ! She's my beautiful cousin ;)}}</ref> an actress best known for her performance as [[The Living Daylights|Kara Milovy]] in the 1987 [[James Bond]] film ''[[The Living Daylights]]''. Olivia and Maryam bought a house together in Los Angeles when Olivia was 19 years old.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Sanz | first1=Cynthia | last2=Sheff | first2=Vicki | title=D'Abo, Teen Rebel of Wonder Years, Handles Fame and a Romance with Julian Lennon Just Like a Grown-Up | work=[[People (magazine)|People]] | date=21 May 1990 | url=https://people.com/archive/olivia-dabo-teen-rebel-of-wonder-years-handles-fame-and-a-romance-with-julian-lennon-just-like-a-grown-up-vol-33-no-20/ | access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref>

==Career==

===Acting career===
D'Abo's film debut was the supporting role of Princess Jehnna in ''Conan the Destroyer'', released on 29 June 1984. Two months later, she appeared in the supporting role of Paloma the peasant girl in ''[[Bolero (1984 film)|Bolero]]'' (1984).

D'Abo portrayed Karen Arnold in the ABC comedy-drama series ''The Wonder Years'' for the show's first four seasons, from 1988 to 1991, with two guest star appearances in the show's final two seasons. In 1992, she guest-starred in the ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' episode titled "[[True Q]]" as Amanda Rogers.

D’Abo played a lesbian visiting college professor/writer named Perry Marks, who became friends with Julia Salinger, for 3 episodes in season 5 (1999) of ''[[Party of Five]]''.

An unreleased pilot for an ABC sitcom she led, ''Olivia Masters' Life'', was released on her official website. The pilot shows young, tenacious American woman Olivia Masters as she tries to find her calling and acclimate herself into the professional world, which is not always professional or a breeze, as she finds out.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Abo |first=Olivia |date=1990s |title=Olivia Masters Life |website=Olivia D'Abo.net |url=https://www.oliviadabo.net/video/olivia-masters-life/ |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

D'Abo made five appearances as a recurring villain Nicole Wallace in the NBC [[police procedural]] drama series ''Law & Order: Criminal Intent'' between 2002 and 2008. She reprised the character in the 2013 episode "The Catacombes" in the French police procedural drama series ''[[Jo (TV series)|Jo]]'', a show created by [[René Balcer]], who also created ''Criminal Intent''.

In 2007, d'Abo played Abby Carter, the ex-wife of Sheriff [[Jack Carter (Eureka)|Jack Carter]], in the [[Syfy|Sci-Fi Channel]] series ''[[Eureka (2006 TV series)|Eureka]]'' for two episodes. She has had numerous supporting roles in other television series and films including ''[[The Spirit of '76 (1990 film)|The Spirit of '76]]'' (1990), ''[[Greedy (film)|Greedy]]'' (1994), ''[[The Big Green]]'' (1995), and ''[[The Twilight Zone (2002 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' (2002). Onstage, she appeared in the 2005 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] theatrical production of ''[[The Odd Couple (play)|The Odd Couple]]'' alongside [[Matthew Broderick]] and [[Nathan Lane]].

In animation, d'Abo provided the voices of [[Sonya Blade]] in ''[[Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm]]'' (1996); [[Royal Flush Gang|Melanie Walker/Ten]] in ''[[Batman Beyond]]'' (1999–2000); [[Star Sapphire (comics)|Star Sapphire]] in ''[[Justice League (TV series)|Justice League]]'' (2001); and [[Morgaine le Fey (DC Comics)|Morgaine le Fey]] in ''[[Justice League Unlimited]]'' (2004); Tak in ''[[Invader Zim]]'' (2001–2002); Jane Porter in ''[[The Legend of Tarzan (TV series)|The Legend of Tarzan]]''; [[Jedi|Jedi Master]] [[List of Star Wars characters#Luminara Unduli|Luminara Unduli]] in ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'' (2008), which she reprised the character in the cameo role in ''[[Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker]]'' (2019); [[Carol Ferris]] in ''[[Green Lantern: First Flight]]'' (2009); and [[Black Widow (Natasha Romanova)#Clone of Natalia Romanova|Natalia Romanoff]] in ''[[Ultimate Avengers]]'' and ''[[Marvel Animated Features#Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Panther|Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Panther]]'' (both 2006).

In February 2013, d'Abo began filming for ''[[Tesla Effect: A Tex Murphy Adventure]]'' (working title: ''Project Fedora''), a video game that combined live-action footage with 3D graphics.

===Music career===
D'Abo is a singer-songwriter, guitarist, and pianist.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://store.nexternal.com/shared/StoreFront/default.asp?&ProductID=11&Target=products.asp | title=''Not TV'' album blurb at Inner Knot | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718004432/http://store.nexternal.com/shared/StoreFront/default.asp?&ProductID=11&Target=products.asp | archive-date=18 July 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> She has composed and performed for various soundtracks. Her single "Broken" is in the film ''[[Loving Annabelle]]''. Her debut album, ''Not TV'', was released in July 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/not-tv-mw0000791288 | title=Not TV - Olivia d'Abo - Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards - AllMusic | last=Stafford | first=Charity | work=[[AllMusic]] | access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref>

D'Abo also performed backing vocals for [[Julian Lennon]]'s ''[[Help Yourself (Julian Lennon album)|Help Yourself]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olivia d'Abo {{!}} Credits|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/olivia-dabo-mn0000473653/credits|access-date=18 September 2021|website=AllMusic|language=en}}</ref> and a duet with [[Seal (musician)|Seal]]'s "Broken". She also co-wrote the song "Love Comes from the Inside" with Italian singer [[Laura Pausini]], which was featured on Pausini's English-language debut album, ''[[From the Inside (Laura Pausini album)|From the Inside]]''.

D'Abo performed a duet on Bon Jovi's "Livin' on a Prayer" for their 2003 acoustic album ''This Left Feels Right''.

===Podcast appearances===
In October 2015, d'Abo started a weekly podcast called ''Every Friday with Dan and Olivia'', co-hosting the program with Dan Miles of the ''Friends of Dan'' music podcast.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Every Friday with Dan and Olivia on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/every-friday-with-dan-and-olivia/id1050815184|access-date=18 September 2021|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 8 July 2016, d'Abo appeared on [[Ken Reid (comedian)|Ken Reid]]'s ''TV Guidance Counselor'' podcast.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 2016|title=TV Guidance Counselor Podcast: TV Guidance Counselor Episode 160: Olivia d'Abo|url=https://tvguidancecounselor.libsyn.com/tv-guidance-counselor-episode-160-olivia-dabo|access-date=18 September 2021|website=tvguidancecounselor.libsyn.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
D'Abo’s engagement to singer [[Julian Lennon]] ended in 1992.<ref name="amomama">{{Cite web |last=Cardiga |first=Manuela |date=26 February 2020 |title=Glimpse into Olivia D'Abo's Life after 'The Wonder Years', Including Her Divorce and Son |website=news.amomama.com |url=https://news.amomama.com/196165-a-glimpse-olivia-dabos-life-the-wonder-y.html |access-date=31 August 2020}}</ref>
Her son, Oliver William d'Abo, was born in 1995.<ref name="amomama"/> In 1998, she became engaged to actor [[Thomas Jane]] after working with him on several projects including ''The Velocity of Gary'' and ''Jonni Nitro''. In 2001, the couple called off the engagement.<ref name="amomama"/> D'Abo was married to songwriter and music producer [[Patrick Leonard]] from 2002 to 2012.<ref name="amomama" />

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|1984
|''[[Conan the Destroyer]]''
|Princess Jehnna
|
|-
|''[[Bolero (1984 film)|Bolero]]''
|Paloma
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1986
|''[[Flying (film)|Flying]]''
|Robin Crew
|
|-
|''Mission Kill''
|Rebel Girl
|
|-
|''[[Bullies (film)|Bullies]]''
|Becky Cullen
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Into the Fire (1988 film)|Into the Fire]]''
|Liette
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1989
|''[[Beyond the Stars]]''
|Mara Simons
|
|-
|''[[Another Chance (film)|Another Chance]]''
|
|
|-
|1990
|''{{sortname|The|Spirit of '76|The Spirit of '76 (1990 film)}}''
|Chanel-6
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1993
|''[[Point of No Return (1993 film)|Point of No Return]]''
|Angela
|
|-
|''[[Bank Robber (film)|Bank Robber]]''
|Selina
|
|-
|''[[Wayne's World 2]]''
|Betty Jo
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|1994
|''{{sortname|The|Last Good Time}}''
|Charlotte Zwicki
|
|-
|''[[Greedy (film)|Greedy]]''
|Molly Richardson
|
|-
|''[[Clean Slate (1994 film)|Clean Slate]]''
|Judy
|
|-
|''[[Pom Poko]]''
|Koharu
|Voice, English dub<ref name="btva2">{{cite web |title=Olivia d'Abo (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Olivia-dAbo/ |access-date=30 September 2023 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref>
|-
|''[[Asterix Conquers America]]''
|Additional voices
|English dub, uncredited
|-
|rowspan="3"|1995
|''{{sortname|The|Big Green}}''
|Miss Anna Montgomery
|
|-
|''[[Kicking and Screaming (1995 film)|Kicking and Screaming]]''
|Jane
|
|-
|''[[Live Nude Girls]]''
|Chris
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Hacks (1997 film)|Hacks]]''
|Lynn
|
|-
|1998
|''{{sortname|The|Velocity of Gary * * (Not His Real Name)|nolink=1}}''
|Veronica
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1999
|''{{interlanguage link|Soccer Dog: The Movie|es||fr|Soccer Dog|hy|Ֆուտբոլի արքան|ru|Король футбола|uk|Король футболу}}''
|Elena
|
|-
|''{{sortname|A|Texas Funeral}}''
|Charlotte
|
|-
|''[[Seven Girlfriends]]''
|Hannah
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2000
|''Jonni Nitro''
|Jonni Nitro
|
|-
|''It Had to Be You''
|Tracy Meltempi
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001
|''{{sortname|The|Enemy|nolink=1}}''
|Sgt. Penny Johnson
|
|-
|''[[Tarzan & Jane]]''
|Jane Porter
|Voice, [[direct-to-video]]
|-
|2003
|''{{sortname|The|Animatrix}}''
|Rox
|Voice, segment: "Matriculated"<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|''[[Ultimate Avengers]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Black Widow (Natasha Romanova)|Natalia Romanova / Black Widow]]
|rowspan="2"|Voice, direct-to-video<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|''[[Marvel Animated Features#Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Panther|Ultimate Avengers 2]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007
|''[[Dante's Inferno (2007 film)|Dante's Inferno]]''
|Beatrice
|Voice
|-
|''{{sortname|A|Poor Kid's Guide to Success|nolink=1}}''
|Lisa Maerd
|
|-
|2008
|''{{sortname|The|Awakening Fire|nolink=1}}''
|Narrator
|Short film
|-
|2009
|''[[Green Lantern: First Flight]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Carol Ferris]] / [[Star Sapphire (DC Comics character)|Star Sapphire]]
|rowspan="2"|Voice, direct-to-video<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|2012
|''[[Justice League: Doom]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''Impirioso''
|Luccia Rosso
|
|-
|''[[The Devil's Violinist]]''
|Primrose Blackston
|
|-
|2014
|''Sleeping Beauty''
|Queen Tambria
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015
|''Stolen from the Suburbs''
|Milena
|
|-
|''Robo-Dog''
|Miranda Austin
|
|-
|''A Christmas Eve Miracle''
|Sharron Holden
|
|-
|2016
|''Blue Weekend''
|Lisa Crawford
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''[[Invader Zim: Enter the Florpus]]''
|Tak's Ship
|Voice<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|''[[Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker]]''
|[[Luminara Unduli]]
|Voice, cameo<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
|''Unbelieveable!!!!!''
|Female Larrisha
| Filmed in 2015
|-
|''Angie: Lost Girls''
|Hayley
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Traveling Light (2021 film)|Traveling Light]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Rene |date=2022-08-19 |title=''Traveling Light'' Review: Stuck in Close Quarters, Staving Off COVID and Boredom |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/reviews/traveling-light-review-1235345464/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Bandit (film)|Bandit]]''
|Linda Craig
|
|-
|2023
|''Staycation''
|Grace Baxter
|
|-
|2023
|''[[The Nana Project]]''
|
|Post-production<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2022-05-12 |title=Robin Givens Mockumentary ''The Nana Project'' Adds Sierra McCormick, Tony Todd, Katie Sarife & More |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/robin-givens-mockumentary-the-nana-project-adds-tony-todd-katie-sarife-more-1235022415/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1985
|''[[Not My Kid]]''
|Student
|Television film; uncredited{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}
|-
|1985–86
|''[[Growing Pains (TV series)|Growing Pains]]''
|Terry / Wendy
|2 episodes
|-
|rowspan="2"|1987
|''[[One Big Family]]''
|Joy Fairbanks
|Episode: "Joy to the Hattons"
|-
|''Really Weird Tales''
|Tippy
|Television film; segment: "All's Well that Ends Strange"
|-
|rowspan="4"|1988
|''[[Simon & Simon]]''
|Allison Tyner / Angel
|Episode: "Shadows"
|-
|''[[Crash Course (film)|Crash Course]]''
|Maria Abeja
|Television film
|-
|''[[Tour of Duty (TV series)|Tour of Duty]]''
|Leslie
|Episode: "Soldiers"
|-
|''{{sortname|The|Bronx Zoo|The Bronx Zoo (TV series)}}''
|Terri Avila
|Episode: "Behind Closed Doors"
|-
|1988–93
|''{{sortname|The|Wonder Years}}''
|Karen Arnold
|Main (93 episodes)
|-
|1991
|''{{sortname|The|Legend of Prince Valiant}}''
|Vesta / Jasmine / Lady Ilene
|Voice, 2 episodes
|-
|rowspan="2"|1992
|''Midnight's Child''
|Anna Bergman
|Television film
|-
|''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]''
|Amanda Rogers
|Episode: "[[True Q]]"
|-
|1993
|''For Love and Glory''
|Emily Doyle
|Television film
|-
|1995–97
|''{{sortname|The|Single Guy}}''
|Deliah / Marie Blake
|Episode: "Pilot" / Main (season 2, 22 episodes)
|-
|1996
|''[[Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm]]''
|[[Sonya Blade]]
|Voice, main role (13 episodes)<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|1997
|''[[Dad's Week Off]]''
|Cherice
|Television film
|-
|rowspan="3"|1998
|''[[Adventures from the Book of Virtues]]''
|[[Anne Sullivan]]
|Voice, episode: "Patience"
|-
|''{{sortname|The|Wild Thornberrys}}''
|Jao
|Voice, episode: "Only Child"<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|''[[Fantasy Island (1998 TV series)|Fantasy Island]]''
|Florence Jenkins
|Episode: "Secret Self"
|-
|1999
|''[[Party of Five]]''
|Perry Marks
|3 episodes
|-
|1999–2000
|''[[Batman Beyond]]''
|Ten / Melanie Walker
|Voice, 3 episodes<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|2000
|''[[3rd Rock from the Sun]]''
|Andrea
|Episode: "Dick Solomon's Day Off"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001
|''{{sortname|The|Triangle|The Triangle (film)}}''
|Charlotte 'Charlie' Duval
|Television film
|-
|''[[Spin City]]''
|Allison Wright
|3 episodes
|-
|2001–03
|''{{sortname|The|Legend of Tarzan|The Legend of Tarzan (TV series)}}''
|Jane Porter
|Voice, main role
|-
|2002
|''{{sortname|The|Twilight Zone|The Twilight Zone (2002 TV series)}}''
|Shannon
|Episode: "[[The Lineman (The Twilight Zone)|The Lineman]]"
|-
|2002–03
|''[[Invader Zim]]''
|Tak, Tak's Ship, Bus Driver
|Voice, 3 episodes<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|2002–08
|''[[Law & Order: Criminal Intent]]''
|Elizabeth Hitchens, Nicole Wallace
|5 episodes
|-
|2002
|''[[Justice League (TV series)|Justice League]]''
|Star Sapphire, [[Morgaine le Fey (DC Comics)|Morgaine le Fey]]
|Voice, recurring role (6 episodes)<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|2003
|''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]''
|Emma Wallace
|Episode: "Double Agent"
|-
|2004
|''[[Justice League Unlimited]]''
|Morgaine le Fey
|Voice, episode: "Kid Stuff"<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|2007
|''[[Eureka (2006 TV series)|Eureka]]''
|Dr. Abby Carter
|2 episodes
|-
|2008–09
|''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]''
|Luminara Unduli
|Voice, recurring role (7 episodes)<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|2010
|''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]''
|[[Elasti-Girl]]
|Voice, episode: "The Last Patrol!"<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
|''[[Generator Rex]]''
|Five
|Voice, 3 episodes<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|''We Have Your Husband''
|Olivia
|rowspan="2"|Television film
|-
|2012
|''Nuclear Family''
|Doctor Hughes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''[[Jo (TV series)|Jo]]''
|Madeleine Haynes
|Episode: "The Catacombes"
|-
|''[[Elementary (TV series)|Elementary]]''
|Nigella Mason
|Episode: "The Marchioness"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|''[[Psych]]''
|Dierdre
|Episode: "[[Psych season 8#ep111|Lock, Stock, Some Smoking Barrels and Burton Guster's Goblet of Fire]]"
|-
|''Presumed Dead in Paradise''
|Patricia Ashland
|rowspan="3"|Television film
|-
|2015
|''[[When Duty Calls]]''
|Commander Kathryn Chapman
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|''Inspired to Kill''
|Charlie
|-
|''[[Code Black (TV series)|Code Black]]''
|Ruth Goldman
|Episode: "What Lies Beneath"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|''Secs & Execs''
|Leslie Mulligan-Ross
|Television film (also Web Series)
|-
|''[[American Dad]]''
|Flight Attendant
|Voice, episode: "The Bitchin' Race"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|''The Wrong Son'' (also known as ''Her Son's Secret'')
|Sarah
|rowspan="3"|Television film
|-
|''Millennial Rules''
|Gail Dunn
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''The Madam of Purity Falls''
|Courtney
|-
|''[[Jane the Virgin]]''
|Clarissa
|Episode: "Chapter Ninety-Seven"
|}

===Video games===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1997
|''Titanic Explorer''
|Various
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005
|''[[Medal of Honor: European Assault]]''
|Manon du Champ
|
|-
|''[[Neopets: The Darkest Faerie]]''
|Jerdana / Aisha Peasant
|<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|2009
|''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Republic Heroes]]''
|Luminara Unduli
|<ref name="btva2" />
|-
|2011
|''[[Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters]]''
|Queen Aga'po
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|''[[The Elder Scrolls Online]]''
|Additional voices
|
|-
|''[[Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham]]''
|Star Sapphire
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Infinite Crisis (video game)|Infinite Crisis]]''
|[[Catwoman]]
|<ref>{{cite video game | url=https://game.infinitecrisis.com/en/infinite-crisis-creditsb | title=[[Infinite Crisis (video game)|Infinite Crisis]] | publisher=[[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]] | developer=[[Turbine (company)|Turbine]] | scene=Credits, Voice Over Talent | year=2015}}</ref>
|}

==Theatre==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1990
|''It's a Girl''
|Linda Bragg
|Odyssey Theatre
|-
|1993
|''[[Scenes from an Execution]]''
|Supporta
|[[Mark Taper Forum]]
|-
|2005–06
|''{{sortname|The|Odd Couple|The Odd Couple (play)}}''
|Gwendolyn Pigeon
|[[Brooks Atkinson Theatre]]
|-
|2010
|''It's Just Sex''
|Joan
|Two Roads Theatre
|-
|2010–11
|''[[Cyrano de Bergerac (play)|Cyrano de Bergerac]]''
|Roxane
|Ruskin Theatre
|-
|2011
|''Entertaining Mr. Sloane''
|Kath
|The Actor's Company
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:d'Abo, Olivia}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:20th-century English actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century English singers]]
[[Category:20th-century English women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century English actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century English singers]]
[[Category:21st-century English women singers]]
[[Category:Actresses from London]]
[[Category:Actresses from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:D'Abo family|Olivia]]
[[Category:British child actresses]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:English people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:English stage actresses]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:English voice actresses]]
[[Category:English women songwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from London]]
[[Category:Singers from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Songwriters from California]]
[[Category:Writers from Los Angeles]]

Spring Temple Buddha

2025-07-01T02:20:10Z

219.89.68.193: /* Description */

{{Short description|Colossal statue of Vairocana Buddha in Henan, China}}
{{Infobox monument
|monument_name = Spring Temple Buddha
|native_name = 中原大佛 Zhōngyuán dàfú
|image = Spring Temple Buddha picturing Vairocana, in Lushan County, Henan, China.png
|caption = Spring Temple Buddha with its pedestals
|location = Foquan Temple, [[Shiren Mountain|Fodushan Scenic Area]], [[Lushan County, Henan|Lushan County]], [[Pingdingshan]], [[Henan]], China
|designer =
|type = [[Statue]]
|material = Copper cast
|length =
|width =
|height =
{{plainlist |
* '''Statue''': {{Convert|128|m|ft}}
* '''Including base''': {{Convert|208|m|ft}}
}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zatpw.com/read.php?tid-23558.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-10-24 |archive-date=2008-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228062715/http://www.zatpw.com/read.php?tid-23558.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|begin =
|complete = 1 September 2008
|open =
|dedicated_to = [[Vairocana Buddha]]
|map_image =
|map_caption =
|map_width =
|coordinates = {{coord|33.775082|N|112.450925|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:CN_scale:10000|name=Spring Temple Buddha (Lushan, China)|display=inline,title}}
|lat =
|long =
|extra =
}}
The '''Zhongyuan Buddha''' ({{zh|c=中原大佛|p=zhōngyuán dàfó}}; {{lit|Big Buddha of the Great Plains}} and {{zh|s=鲁山大佛|t=魯山大佛|p=Lǔshān dàfó}}) or better known in English as the '''Spring Temple Buddha''' is a [[List of tallest statues|colossal statue]] depicting [[Vairocana Buddha]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2023|reason=Identity of the statue unclear}} located in Foquan Temple ({{zh|c=佛泉寺|p=fó quán sì}}; {{lit|Buddha [[:wiktionary:泉#Chinese|Natural-Spring]] Temple}}) in the Zhaocun township of [[Lushan County, Henan]], [[China]], built between 1997 and 2008. It is located within the ''Fodushan Scenic Area'', close to National Freeway 311. At {{convert|128|m|ft}}, excluding a {{convert|25|m|ft}} [[lotus throne]], it is the [[List of tallest statues|second-tallest statue in the world]] after the ''[[Statue of Unity]]'' in [[Gujarat]], [[India]], which surpassed it in 2018 with a height of {{convert|182|m|ft}}.<ref>{{in lang|zh}} {{cite web|url=http://zhai.fosss.org/goto_zy.asp?id=5421|title= 中国佛山金佛-153米卢舍那佛 - 墨宝斋|lang=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901212700/http://zhai.fosss.org/goto_zy.asp?id=5421 |archive-date=2008-09-01 }}</ref><ref name="斯威夫特著（英）乔纳森 2018 p. 258">{{cite book | author=斯威夫特著（英）乔纳森 | title=格列佛游记 | publisher=新华出版社 | series=义务教育语文新课标必读丛书 | year=2018 | isbn=978-7-5166-4003-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hK1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT258 | language=zh | access-date=2024-05-06 | page=258}}</ref>

==Description==
Taking into account the {{convert|25|m|ft}} pedestal/building atop which it is placed, the monument has a total height of {{convert|153|m|ft}}. {{As of|2008|October}}, the hill on which the statue stands was reshaped to form two further pedestals, the upper one being {{val|15|u=m}} tall. The total height of the monument is now said to be {{convert|208|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{in lang|zh}} {{cite web|url=http://www.zatpw.com/read.php?tid-23558.htm|title=世界第一大佛鲁山大佛|lang=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228062715/http://www.zatpw.com/read.php?tid-23558.htm |archive-date=2008-12-28 }}</ref><ref name="BEIJING BOOK CO. INC. 2023 p. 271">{{cite book | title=红星闪耀中原 | publisher=BEIJING BOOK CO. INC. | year=2023 | isbn=978-7-5559-1433-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dbxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT271 | language=zh | access-date=2024-05-06 | page=271}}</ref>

The project as a whole was estimated to cost around $55 million, $18 million of which was to be spent on the statue. It was originally estimated to consist of 1,100 pieces of copper cast, with a total weight of 1,000 tonnes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/media_reports/1315785.stm |title=China enters biggest Buddhist statue race |publisher=BBC News |date=6 May 2001}}</ref>

The Spring Temple Buddha derives its name from the nearby Tianrui hot spring, whose water, at {{convert|60|C|F}}, is renowned in the area for its curative properties. The Foquan Temple, built during the [[Tang dynasty]], houses the [[Bell of Good Luck]], placed on top of the Dragon Head peak. This bronze bell weighs 116 tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kungfuhome.net/Htmls/Scenic/Scenic_308.shtml |title=Fodushan Scenic Area |access-date=2010-01-01 |archive-date=2018-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930155457/http://www.kungfuhome.net/Htmls/Scenic/Scenic_308.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Inscribed within the statue's chest is a small [[swastika]], the ancient Indian symbol of good fortune.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
河南鲁山县世界最高的佛教造像 - panoramio.jpg|Spring Temple Buddha
河南中原大佛 - panoramio.jpg|Spring Temple Buddha
河南大佛 - panoramio.jpg|Spring Temple Buddha
Spring Temple Buddha picturing Vairocana, in Lushan County, Henan, China.png|Spring Temple Buddha
Lszydfs.png|Hand of the Buddha
Foot of the Spring Temple Buddha.png|Foot of the Spring Temple Buddha
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Religion}}
{{Height comparison of notable statues}}
* [[List of tallest statues]]
* [[Grand Buddha at Ling Shan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*Photographs:
**[http://lh4.ggpht.com/grasscase/SHG_JVDFc1I/AAAAAAAAATM/62B3vf9nzGU/s800/200505061818260.jpg Close-up]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20090412065328/http://en.hnta.cn/Htmls/Scenic/Scenic_225.shtml Fodushan scenic area]

{{S-start}}
{{s-ach|rec}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Laykyun Sekkya]] 116 m (381 ft)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of tallest statues|World's tallest statue]]|years=2008–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Statue of Unity]] 182 m (597 ft)}}
{{S-end}}

{{Buddhist temples in China}}
{{Colossal Buddha statues}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Henan]]
[[Category:Colossal Buddha statues in China]]
[[Category:Bronze Buddha statues]]
[[Category:Copper sculptures in China]]
[[Category:Gold sculptures in China]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Pingdingshan]]
[[Category:2008 sculptures]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2008]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Henan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in China]]
[[Category:World record holders]]

Sur offering

2025-06-29T21:52:09Z

219.89.68.193:

A '''sur offering''' (Sanskrit: [[Homa_(ritual)#Buddhism|homa]]) is a [[Tibetan Buddhist]] practice in which a mixture of flour, sweets and dairy products, sometimes with additional valuable or aromatic substances, is consecrated and placed in a fire or burned as [[incense]]{{fact|date=July 2022}}. The resulting fragrant smoke is offered to the objects of [[Refuge (Buddhism)|refuge]] and shared with all sentient beings.

Tiny, high-pitched cymbals called [[tingsha]]s may be struck while the offering is burned; these call sentient beings, especially hungry ghosts ([[preta]]s), to share it and satisfy their hunger. Partaking of this blessing purifies their [[karma]] and allows them to pass on to a blessed [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]].

The practice may be long or short, as time and circumstances allow, and generally does not require initiation from a [[lama]]. The [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]] of the practice is dedicated to the benefit of deceased persons or animals, especially during the 49 days after death, during which they are believed to be in the [[bardo]] state. Sur offerings may also be done to dispel negative or harmful influences, such as [[ghosts]].

== External links ==
*[http://www.fpmt.org/teachers/zopa/advice/tsunami.asp Advice from Lama Zopa on helping disaster victims]
*[http://www.khandro.net/nature_fire_deities.htm General discussion on Khandro.net of fire and smoke offerings]
*[http://www.tibetantreasures.com/mandala_and_sur_offering_sur_offering.html Tibetan Treasures page with sur offering supplies and teaching]

[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist practices]]

{{Tibetan-Buddhism-stub}}

Mission creep

2025-06-29T04:59:42Z

219.89.68.193: /* Non-military examples */

{{Short description|Expansion of a project beyond its initial goals}}
{{For|the episode of Person of Interest|Mission Creep (Person of Interest)}}
{{War}}
'''Mission creep''' is the gradual or incremental expansion of an intervention, project or mission, beyond its original scope, focus or [[Objective (goal)|goal]]s, a [[ratchet effect]] spawned by initial success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navyleague.org/seapower/three_decades_of_mission_creep.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130005607/http://www.navyleague.org/seapower/three_decades_of_mission_creep.htm|title=''Three Decades of Mission Creep Loy: "The 'Do More With Less' Well Has Run Dry"'' last retrieved February 15, 2007.|archive-date=November 30, 2006}}</ref> Mission creep is usually considered undesirable due to how each success breeds more ambitious interventions until a final failure happens, stopping the intervention entirely.

The term was originally applied exclusively to [[military operation]]s, but has recently been applied to many other fields, making the phrase [[Autological word|autological]]. The phrase first appeared in 1993, in articles published in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and in ''[[The New York Times]]'' concerning the [[United Nations peacekeeping]] mission during the [[Somali Civil War]].

==History==

===Somali Civil War===
The first two articles to use the term in the ''Washington Post'' were both by columnist [[Jim Hoagland]] ("Prepared for Non-Combat", April 15, 1993, and ''Beware 'mission creep' In Somalia'', July 20, 1993). The ''New York Times'' used the term for the first time in an article by correspondent John H. Cushman, Jr. written after the [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|October 4, 1993 firefight]] in the capital of [[Somalia]], [[Mogadishu]], in which eighteen American military personnel were killed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/10/world/mission-in-somalia-is-to-secure-city.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm|title=Mission in Somalia is to secure city|work=[[New York Times]]|date=1993-10-10}}</ref>

The U.S. and subsequent [[Operation Restore Hope|United Nations mission in Somalia]] (Restore Hope) would seem to be a classic example of mission creep. Begun in late 1992 as a U.S. [[humanitarian relief]] operation in the final months of the [[George H. W. Bush]] administration, the intervention was converted into a U.N. operation on June 4, 1993. While the initial Bush administration justification for entering Somalia focused on "humanitarian assistance," realities on the ground helped drive ever growing requirements. On June 5, 1993, Somali warlord [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]]'s clan forces killed 23 [[Pakistan]]i peacekeepers who were part of the UNISOM II mission. This battle led to a [[UN Security Council]] decision seeking to capture those responsible for the deaths of the Pakistani peacekeepers. Along with growing objectives seeking longer term stability (rather than short-term humanitarian assistance), the search for Aidid fostered a more confrontational environment through the summer of 1993. In October 1993, 18 American soldiers died in the [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|Battle of Mogadishu]]. This incident led to a much more defensive U.S. and UN presence in Somalia. U.S. forces withdrew in early 1994 and all UN forces were withdrawn in late February and early March 1995 during [[Operation United Shield]].

===First Libyan Civil War===
In the context of the [[First Libyan Civil War]], the phrase was used frequently with regard to the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|intervention on the part of the multi-state coalition]]. It appeared as early as March 7, 2011, when a [[Reuters]] article wrote that Britain's vision of a [[no-fly zone]] over the country would be "likely to experience 'mission creep' and move closer to American thinking on the need to target (Libyan leader) Gaddafi's defenses".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-libya-air-idUSTRE72668920110307?pageNumber=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154243/http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-libya-air-idUSTRE72668920110307?pageNumber=2|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 5, 2016|title=Analysis: West divided on Libya "no-fly" options|author=David Brunnstrom|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=2011-03-07}}</ref> On March 31, 2011, with the campaign in its second week, [[United States Secretary of Defense|U.S. Defense Secretary]] [[Robert Gates]] told a Senate hearing that "I am preoccupied with avoiding mission creep and avoiding having an open-ended, very large-scale American commitment in this respect".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8420670/Libya-31-March-as-it-happened.html|title=Libya: 31 March as it happened|author=John Bigham|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=2011-03-31}}</ref> A joint article written by the leaders of the United Kingdom, United States and France that appeared on April 14, 2011, stated that Gaddafi "must go, and for good". Some British MPs warned that this statement represented mission creep, as it exceeded the parameters of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|UN Resolution 1973]], which stressed humanitarian objectives and did not include [[regime change]] as a stated goal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fd53a158-6793-11e0-9138-00144feab49a.html#axzz1Jg6TpBnS|title=PM rejects charge of Libya 'mission creep'|author=Jim Pickard|publisher=[[Financial Times]]|date=2011-04-15}}</ref>

===Retroactive applications of the term===
Although the term mission creep is a 1990s invention, examples can be observed throughout military history. For instance, many of the wars of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]]'s [[Kingdom of France|France]] began with small limited goals, but quickly escalated to much larger affairs.

Another early example of mission creep is the [[Korean War]].<ref>[http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/01winter/record.htm ''Exit Strategy Delusions'' last retrieved February 15, 2007.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203182759/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/01winter/record.htm |date=February 3, 2007 }}</ref> It began as an attempt to save [[First Republic of South Korea|South Korea]] from invasion by the [[North Korea|North]], but after that initial success expanded to an attempt to reunite the peninsula, a goal that eventually proved unattainable. That attempt resulted in a long and costly retreat through [[North Korea]] after the intervention of the [[China|Chinese]].<ref name="korean war">{{cite web |url=http://history-world.org/korean_war.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050608073500/http://history-world.org/korean_war.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 8, 2005 |title=Korean War |publisher=World History Center |access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> [[NBC]] reporter [[David Gregory (journalist)|David Gregory]] has cited the [[Vietnam War]] as an important example of mission creep, defining it as "the idea of, you know, gradually surging up forces, having nation-building goals, and running into challenges all along the way."<ref>[http://www.jcs.mil/speech.aspx?id=1235 JCS Speech – Meet the Press] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607222916/http://www.jcs.mil/speech.aspx?id=1235 |date=2011-06-07 }}. [http://www.jcs.mil/ Joint Chiefs of Staff website]. Accessed August 24, 2009.</ref>

In 1956, [[Aneurin Bevan]], politician and architect of Britain's [[National Health Service]], gave a speech before the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on December 5 against Britain's mission creep in the [[Suez Crisis]] against Egypt. "I have been looking through the various objectives and reasons that the government have given to the House of Commons for making war on Egypt, and it really is desirable that when a nation makes war upon another nation it should be quite clear why it does so. It should not keep changing the reasons as time goes on."<ref>{{hansard|1956/dec/05/middle-east#column_1281|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> The speech was considered one of the 14 greatest speeches of the 20th century by ''[[The Guardian]]'', along with speeches by Churchill, Kennedy, and Mandela. Eventually the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations played major roles in forcing Britain, France and Israel to withdraw from Egypt.<ref>Roger Owen "Suez Crisis" ''The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World'', Second edition. Joel Krieger, ed. Oxford University Press Inc. 2001.</ref>

===Non-military examples===
Another example of a non-military use of the term mission creep is in connection with [[fusion centers]]. Fusion centers were originally created as a counter-terrorism measure in the wake of the [[false flag]] [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001 via the [[Department of Homeland Security]]. Fusion centers were intended to facilitate the collaboration and sharing of information across various levels of government and private sector entities connected with Americas's critical infrastructures. By 2011 there were 72 fusion centers in the United States. Fusion centers have been criticized for sharing information on crimes other than terrorism - potentially violating the [[civil rights]] of American citizens - which has been described as mission creep.<ref>Monahan, Torin (2009) [http://publicsurveillance.com/papers/FC-CJM.pdf The Murky World of Fusion Centres]. Criminal Justice Matters 75(1): 20–21.</ref>

The [[International Monetary Fund]], founded to maintain fixed exchange rates for developed countries, transitioned to funding developing countries in the 1970s. In 2005, scholars Sarah Babb and Ariel Buira remarked that the evolving goals of the IMF represented mission creep.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-071031|doi-access=free|title=Corrupting International Organizations|year=2019|last1=Vreeland|first1=James Raymond|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=22|pages=205–222}}</ref>

Within recent decades U.S. police forces (and [[SWAT]] teams in particular) have become increasingly militarized and expanded in focus in a manner described by ''The Economist'' as mission creep.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2014/03/20/cops-or-soldiers|title=Cops or soldiers?|year=2014|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bracket creep]] is the slow movement of lower-income individuals to higher tax brackets as a result of inflation.
* [[Escalation of commitment]] describes continuing a decisive course despite negative outcomes.
* [[Feature creep]] is an analogous phenomenon in [[software engineering]].
* [[Ratchet effect]] is the inability of a system to reduce its scope once it expands.
* [[Scope creep]] is an analogous phenomenon in [[project management]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mission Creep}}
[[Category:Military doctrines]]
[[Category:English phrases]]

Jordan Cronenweth

2025-06-28T17:16:50Z

219.89.68.193: Defining, not codifying.

{{Short description|American cinematographer (1935–1996)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jordan Cronenweth
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname = Jordan Scott Cronenweth
| birth_date = {{birth date|1935|02|20}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1996|11|29|1935|02|20}}
| death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| yearsactive = 1962–1992
| spouse =
| children = [[Jeff Cronenweth]]
| parents =
}}
'''Jordan Scott Cronenweth''', {{small|[[American Society of Cinematographers|ASC]]}} (February 20, 1935 – November 29, 1996) was an American cinematographer.

Considered to be one of the greatest and most influential cinematographers of all time, he is best remembered for his [[BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography|BAFTA Award]]-winning work on the groundbreaking [[science fiction film]] ''[[Blade Runner]],''<ref name="lightman">Lightman, Herb A. and Richard Patterson (March 1999). [http://www.theasc.com/magazine/mar99/blade/ Cinematography for Blade Runner.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010609/http://www.theasc.com/magazine/mar99/blade/|date=2007-09-28}} ''American Cinematographer''</ref> which is credited for defining the [[cyberpunk]] aesthetic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinematography for Blade Runner - page 1 |url=https://theasc.com/magazine/mar99/blade/pg1.htm |access-date=2017-09-20 |website=theasc.com |archive-date=2016-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129052958/http://www.theasc.com/magazine/mar99/blade/pg1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-17 |title=Blade Runner: The Cinematography of Jordan Cronenweth |url=http://www.diyphotography.net/blade-runner-cinematography-jordan-cronenweth/ |access-date=2017-09-20 |work=DIY Photography |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907081154/http://www.diyphotography.net/blade-runner-cinematography-jordan-cronenweth/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1987, he was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography]] and he received an [[American Society of Cinematographers Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases|ASC Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases]] for his work on ''[[Peggy Sue Got Married]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-17 |title=Blade Runner: The Cinematography of Jordan Cronenweth |url=http://www.diyphotography.net/blade-runner-cinematography-jordan-cronenweth/ |access-date=2017-09-07 |work=DIY Photography |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907081154/http://www.diyphotography.net/blade-runner-cinematography-jordan-cronenweth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-09 |title=ICG Announces Top 10 Influential Cinematographers |url=http://www.creativeplanetnetwork.com/news/news-articles/icg-announces-top-10-influential-cinematographers/415189 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907082404/http://www.creativeplanetnetwork.com/news/news-articles/icg-announces-top-10-influential-cinematographers/415189 |archive-date=2017-09-07 |access-date=2017-09-07 |work=Creative Planet Network |language=en}}</ref>

==Style==
A contemporary of [[Conrad L. Hall]], his style consisted of heavily textured, [[film noir]]-inspired photography, seen in such films as ''[[Zandy's Bride]]'', ''[[Gable and Lombard]]'', ''[[Altered States]],'' and ''[[Peggy Sue Got Married]]''.

== Education ==
Born in Los Angeles on February 20, 1935, Cronenweth went to [[North Hollywood High School]] in [[North Hollywood, Los Angeles|North Hollywood]] and later was a student at [[Los Angeles City College]]. He majored in engineering. While in college he interned as a [[Film laboratory|film lab assistant]] at [[Columbia Pictures]] and acted as a cameraman on the 1955 musical film [[Oklahoma! (film)|''Oklahoma!'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/cronenwethjordan.htm|title=JORDAN CRONENWETH|website=www.cinematographers.nl|access-date=2017-09-07|archive-date=2017-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420002234/http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/cronenwethjordan.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

His widely acclaimed<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ohmycinema.blogspot.com/p/blade-runner.html|title="Oh, My...." Cinematography: Blade Runner|website="Oh, My...." Cinematography|access-date=2017-09-07|archive-date=2018-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902220525/http://ohmycinema.blogspot.com/p/blade-runner.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://evanerichards.com/2009/1358|title=The Cinematography of "Blade Runner" (1982) – Evan E. Richards|date=2009-07-23|work=Evan E. Richards|access-date=2017-09-07|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907080351/http://evanerichards.com/2009/1358|url-status=live}}</ref> work on the science fiction-noir ''[[Blade Runner]]'' won the Best Cinematography Award from the [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]] and received a [[British Society of Cinematographers|BSC Award]] nomination and [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Film Award]]. He won a 1987 [[American Society of Cinematographers|ASC]] Award and earned an [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Academy Award]] nomination for ''[[Peggy Sue Got Married]]''. Cronenweth was initially hired as the director of photography for ''[[The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension]]'', but halfway through production, producers replaced him with [[Fred J. Koenekamp]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movieline.com/2011/01/26/jeff-cronenweth-on-his-oscar-nomination-for-the-social-network-and-joining-his-father-as-a-nominee/|title=Jeff Cronenweth on His Oscar Nomination for The Social Network and Joining His Late Father as a Nominee|last=Ryan|first=Mike|date=2011-01-26|publisher=Movieline.com|access-date=2012-04-01|archive-date=2012-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110201607/http://www.movieline.com/2011/01/26/jeff-cronenweth-on-his-oscar-nomination-for-the-social-network-and-joining-his-father-as-a-nominee/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2003 poll of his peers conducted by the International Cinematographers Guild placed Cronenweth among the ten most influential cinematographers of all time.<ref name="lattop11">Staff report (October 17, 2003). Cinematographers pick their Top 11. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Top+10+Most+Influential+Cinematographers+Voted+on+by+Camera+Guild.-a0108995062 "Top 10 Most Influential Cinematographers Voted on by Camera Guild," October 16, 2003.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109110930/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Top+10+Most+Influential+Cinematographers+Voted+on+by+Camera+Guild.-a0108995062 |date=January 9, 2014 }} Retrieved January 28, 2011.</ref>

== Personal life ==
He and his first wife Carol had three children, Christie, Tim, and two-time [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Oscar]]-nominated cinematographer [[Jeff Cronenweth]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.empireonline.com/features/cinematographers/19.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-29 |archive-date=2015-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706120505/http://www.empireonline.com/features/cinematographers/19.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jordan Cronenweth's second marriage was to Shane Cronenweth for 17 years.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

== Illness and death ==
Jordan Cronenweth was originally misdiagnosed with [[multiple sclerosis]] in 1978,{{cn|date=March 2025}} and diagnosed with [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson’s disease]] in 1981.{{cn|date=March 2025}} He continued working in film and commercials as a cinematographer, and in several commercials as director/cameraman for another 13 years despite considerable physical challenges.

He was replaced six weeks into the production of ''[[Alien 3]]'' after falling ill, and died in 1996 at the age of 61 as a result of Parkinson's disease.<ref name="latobit">Staff report (December 25, 1996). Memorial Service Set for Cronenweth. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''</ref>

==Filmography==
'''Short film'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Notes
|-
| 1969
| ''A Christmas Memory''
| [[Frank Perry]]
| Segment of ''[[Trilogy (film)|Trilogy]]''; With Vincent Saizis and [[Conrad Hall]]
|}

'''Feature film'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Director
|-
| 1970
| ''[[Brewster McCloud]]''{{efn|With [[Lamar Boren]]}}
| [[Robert Altman]]
|-
| 1971
| ''[[The Touch of Satan]]''
| Don Henderson
|-
|rowspan=2|1972
| ''[[Cry for Me, Billy]]''
| [[William Graham (director)|William A. Graham]]
|-
| ''[[Play It as It Lays (film)|Play It as It Lays]]''
| [[Frank Perry]]
|-
|rowspan=3|1974
| ''[[The Nickel Ride]]''
| [[Robert Mulligan]]
|-
| ''[[Zandy's Bride]]''
| [[Jan Troell]]
|-
| ''[[The Front Page (1974 film)|The Front Page]]''
| [[Billy Wilder]]
|-
| 1976
| ''[[Gable and Lombard]]''
| [[Sidney J. Furie]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1977
| ''[[Handle with Care (1977 film)|Handle with Care]]''
| [[Jonathan Demme]]
|-
| ''[[Rolling Thunder (film)|Rolling Thunder]]''
| [[John Flynn (director)|John Flynn]]
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Altered States]]''
| [[Ken Russell]]
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Cutter's Way]]''
| [[Ivan Passer]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1982
| ''[[Best Friends (1982 film)|Best Friends]]''
| [[Norman Jewison]]
|-
| ''[[Blade Runner]]''
| [[Ridley Scott]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1986
| ''[[Just Between Friends]]''
| [[Allan Burns]]
|-
| ''[[Peggy Sue Got Married]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Francis Ford Coppola]]
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Gardens of Stone]]''
|-
| 1990
| ''[[State of Grace (1990 film)|State of Grace]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Phil Joanou]]
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Final Analysis]]''
|}
{{notelist}}

'''TV movies'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Director
|-
| 1973
| ''[[Birds of Prey (1973 film)|Birds of Prey]]''
|rowspan=4|[[William Graham (director)|William A. Graham]]
|-
| 1977
| ''[[One in a Million: The Ron LeFlore Story]]''
|-
| 1978
| ''And I Alone Survived''
|-
| 1979
| ''Transplant''
|}

'''Concert film'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Notes
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Stop Making Sense]]''
| [[Jonathan Demme]]
|
|-
| 1988
| ''[[U2: Rattle and Hum]]''
| Phil Joanou
| Colour segment
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Get Back (film)|Get Back]]''
| [[Richard Lester]]
| With [[Robert Paynter]]
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Title
! Result
|-
|rowspan=4|1982
| [[BAFTA Awards]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|rowspan=4|''Blade Runner''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]]
| [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[New York Film Critics Circle]]
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[British Society of Cinematographers]]
| [[British Society of Cinematographers Award for Best Cinematography in a Theatrical Feature Film|Best Cinematography]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|1986
| [[Academy Awards]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|rowspan=2|''Peggy Sue Got Married''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[American Society of Cinematographers]]
| [[American Society of Cinematographers Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases|Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography]]
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0005675|name=Jordan Cronenweth}}
*[http://brmovie.com/Profiles/BR_Maker_Cronenweth.htm BRmovie.com] – Jordan Cronenweth Profile

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Jordan Cronenweth
| list =
{{American Society of Cinematographers Theatrical Release Award}}
{{BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography}}
{{Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematography}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cronenweth, Jordan}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:American cinematographers]]
[[Category:Best Cinematography BAFTA Award winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from Parkinson's disease in California]]
[[Category:Film people from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Los Angeles City College alumni]]
[[Category:North Hollywood High School alumni]]

Harley Schwadron

2025-06-27T07:03:02Z

219.89.68.193: /* Books */

{{short description|American cartoonist}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2010}}
'''Harley Schwadron''' is an American [[cartoonist]] whose work appears in newspapers and magazines. His work appears regularly in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', ''[[Barron's Magazine]]'', ''[[Forbes]]'', ''[[Harvard Business Review]]'', ''[[Playboy]]'', ''[[National Law Journal]]'', ''[[Reader's Digest]]'' as well as many smaller publications. He draws a daily syndicated business panel, ''9 to 5'', for [[Tribune Content Agency]].<ref name="tca">{{cite web |title=9 to 5 comics by Harley Schwadron |url=https://tribunecontentagency.com/premium-content/comics/9-to-5/ |website=Tribune Content Agency}}</ref>

Schwadron's op-ed cartoons appear in such publications as ''[[Washington Post]]'', ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'', ''[[Washington Times]]'', ''[[Liberal Opinion Week]]'' and many others. For many years he worked as a cartoonist for England's ''[[Punch Magazine]]''. He lives and works in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]].

==Books==
Schwadron has illustrated many books, including ''No Husband Should Be Without a Wife'' (with Dick Emmons), ''The Money is the Gravy: Finding a Career that Nourishes You'' (Time Warner), ''101 President Jokes'' (Scholastic), ''101 Cat and Dog Jokes'' (Scholastic), and more than 25 ''[[Chicken Soup for the Soul]]'' books. His cover and inside illustrations have appeared in [[University of Michigan]] ''Alumnus'', [[Bowdoin College|Bowdoin]] Alumni Magazine, U. Michigan ''Dividend'' Magazine and U-M Institute for Social Research newsletters, among others. His "Zeke the Geek" posters illustrated a U. Michigan campus computer password safety campaign. His cartoons have been reprinted in more than 1000 college and professional textbooks.

While at the University of Michigan, Schwadron was the 1982 winner of the College Cartoonist Charles M. Schulz Award, presented by the [[National Journalism Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scripps.com/foundation/programs/nja/previouswinners09-10.pdf |publisher=Scripps.com | title=2009 National Journalism Awards: Previous Winners |access-date=2014-12-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306085010/http://www.scripps.com/foundation/programs/nja/previouswinners09-10.pdf |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Schwadron's first worked as an urban affairs reporter for the ''[[Hartford Times]]'' and then became a writer and law school alumni magazine editor at the University of Michigan News Service. After 20 years as a writer and editor, he became a full-time cartoonist in 1985.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.schwadroncartoons.com Official Harley Schwadron website]
*[http://www.gocomics.com/9to5 Cartoons by Schwadron]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schwadron, Harley}}
[[Category:American magazine cartoonists]]
[[Category:American editorial cartoonists]]
[[Category:20th-century American illustrators]]
[[Category:21st-century American illustrators]]
[[Category:Bowdoin College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Michigan staff]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Playboy cartoonists]]
[[Category:Punch (magazine) cartoonists]]
[[Category:American humorists]]
[[Category:American magazine editors]]
[[Category:20th-century American journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century American journalists]]
{{US-cartoonist-stub}}

AS Nancy Lorraine

2025-06-23T20:08:01Z

219.89.68.193:

{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
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| clubname = Nancy
| image = AS Nancy logo.svg
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| fullname = Association Sportive Nancy Lorraine
| nickname = ''Les Chardons'' (The [[Thistles]])<ref name="ASNLnickname">{{Cite web|url=https://footnickname.wordpress.com/2022/10/23/886-as-nancy-lorraine-les-chardons/|title=#886 – AS Nancy Lorraine : les Chardons|date=23 October 2022|language=fr|publisher=Footnickname|access-date=18 November 2022|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024220026/https://footnickname.wordpress.com/2022/10/23/886-as-nancy-lorraine-les-chardons/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1967}}
| ground = [[Stade Marcel Picot]]
| capacity = 20,087
| owner = [[Chien Lee]] Krishen Sud <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2023/08/09/les-trois-choses-a-retenir-de-la-lettre-ouverte-publiee-par-les-actionnaires-de-l-as-nancy-lorraine-krishen-sud-et-chien-lee |title="AS Nancy Lorraine: the three things to remember from the open letter published by Krishen Sud and Chien Lee" |access-date=13 September 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811103714/https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2023/08/09/les-trois-choses-a-retenir-de-la-lettre-ouverte-publiee-par-les-actionnaires-de-l-as-nancy-lorraine-krishen-sud-et-chien-lee |url-status=live }}</ref>
| chairman = Nicolas Holveck<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asnl.net/58/actualites/actualites/fiche/29565 |title=Nancy Lorraine is pleased to announce the appointment of Nicolas Holveck as Executive Chairman |access-date=13 September 2023 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005151626/https://www.asnl.net/58/actualites/actualites/fiche/29565 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| manager = [[Pablo Correa]]
| league = {{French football updater|Nancy}}
| season = {{French football updater|Nancy2}}
| position = {{French football updater|Nancy3}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.asnl.net/}}
| current = 2024–25 AS Nancy Lorraine season
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}}

'''Association Sportive Nancy Lorraine''' ({{IPA|fr|asɔsjɑsjɔ̃ spɔʁtiv nɑ̃si lɔʁɛn}}), known as '''AS Nancy Lorraine''', and more commonly as '''Nancy''', is a French [[Association football|football]] club founded in 1967 and based in [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], [[Grand Est]]. The club plays its home matches at the [[Stade Marcel Picot]] located in [[Tomblaine]] in the inner suburbs of Nancy, and currently competes in the [[Ligue 2]] from 2025–26, the second tier of [[Football in France|French football]], after being crowned champions on May 2, 2025 and secure promotion from [[Championnat National]] in [[2024–25 Championnat National|2024–25]] season.<ref>[https://c.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2025/05/03/la-victoire-contre-nimes-la-montee-en-ligue-2-le-titre-de-champion-de-national-la-fete-a-picot-merci-l-as-nancy-lorraine “victoire-contre-nimes-la-montee-en-ligue-2-le-titre-de-champion-de-national-la-fete-a-picot-merci-l-as-nancy-lorraine”]</ref>

The club was founded in 1910 by Maurice de Vienne under the name of '''Union sportive Frontière''', then was later renamed '''Association sportive Lorraine''' in 1928. In 1967, following the collapse of [[FC Nancy]], the club created a professional section and as such changed its name to become Association Sportive Nancy Lorraine. The club currently plays at the Stade Marcel-Picot, a 20,000 seats capacity stadium located in the town of Tomblaine, where its head office is also located. The infrastructures of the training center are located within the forest of Haye business park, in [[Bois-de-Haye]].

The club has won 7 titles until this day: the [[Coupe de France]] (1978), the [[Coupe de la Ligue]] (2006) and five [[Ligue 2]] champion titles (1975, 1990, 1998, 2005 and 2016). The club also has three participations in European competitions to its credit: one participation in the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] in 1979 and two participations in the [[UEFA Europa League]] in 2007 and 2008.

In December 2020, [[Chien Lee]], PMG, Partners Path Capital and Krishen Sud acquired [[AS Nancy|AS Nancy Lorraine]] and [[Chien Lee]] became the chairman of the board,<ref>[https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/as-nancy-ligue-2-takeover-chien-lee-pacific-media-group “AS Nancy acquired by Chinese-American consortium”]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://c.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2021/02/05/as-nancy-lorraine-chien-lee-officiellement-president-du-conseil-d-administration |title="AS Nancy Lorraine : Chien Lee officiellement président du conseil d'administration" |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614091147/https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2021/02/05/as-nancy-lorraine-chien-lee-officiellement-president-du-conseil-d-administration |url-status=live }}</ref> replacing [[Jacques Rousselot]] who had been in charge since 1995.

In June 2023, AS Nancy's shareholding was consolidated between two of the owners, Krishen Sud and [[Chien Lee]], who now own almost 100% of the Club.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2023/08/09/les-trois-choses-a-retenir-de-la-lettre-ouverte-publiee-par-les-actionnaires-de-l-as-nancy-lorraine-krishen-sud-et-chien-lee |title="AS Nancy Lorraine: the three things to remember from the open letter published by Krishen Sud and Chien Lee" |access-date=13 September 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811103714/https://www.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2023/08/09/les-trois-choses-a-retenir-de-la-lettre-ouverte-publiee-par-les-actionnaires-de-l-as-nancy-lorraine-krishen-sud-et-chien-lee |url-status=live }}</ref>

ASNL is renowned as a club with a good training center. One of the club's most notable players is [[Michel Platini]], the former president of [[UEFA]]. Platini began his career at the club in 1972, playing eight seasons with Nancy. He scored the only goal in the aforementioned Coupe de France final and won two [[France Football|French Player of the Year]] awards whilst playing with the club. Platini also established himself as a [[France national football team|French international]] while at the club and went on to achieve numerous team and individual accolades after his departure from Nancy. He is considered to be, arguably, the club's greatest player ever and, upon entering the section of the club's official website showing Nancy's greats, a picture of a young Platini is displayed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tous les anciens joueurs de l'ASNL |url=http://www.asnl.net/145/club_histoire_joueurs |publisher=AS Nancy |access-date=14 January 2011 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430193206/http://www.asnl.net/145/club_histoire_joueurs |url-status=live }}</ref> Other notable players to have played for ASNL include [[Mustapha Hadji]], winner of the African [[Ballon d'Or]] in 1998, his brother [[Youssouf Hadji]], with more than 300 matches in the colors of the club, [[Olivier Rouyer]] and [[Tony Vairelles]]. Other players have emerged or shown great promise at the club, such as [[Tony Cascarino]], [[Jean-Michel Moutier]], [[Roger Lemerre]], [[Aleksandr Zavarov]], [[Bernard Zénier]], [[Clément Lenglet]], [[Michaël Cuisance]], [[Amine Bassi]] and [[Neil El Aynaoui]].

== History ==
{{See also|FC Nancy}}
Prior to the creation of AS Nancy, the city of Nancy was host to football by [[FC Nancy]] and ''US Frontière''. FC Nancy was formed in 1901, while ''US Frontière'' was founded in 1910. Both clubs were a part of the ''Ligue de Lorraine''. FC Nancy continued to play football through the professional transition. The club achieved very little during its 64 years of existence only winning the second division twice in 1946 and 1958. FC Nancy did reach the final of the [[Coupe de France]] in 1953 and 1962, however, on both appearances, the club lost to [[Lille OSC|Lille]] and [[AS Saint-Étienne|Saint-Étienne]], respectively. In 1965, with the club enduring financial difficulties during the [[1963–64 French Division 2|1963–64 season]], mainly due to the club's being abandoned by the city's municipality and its supporters according to its president, Nancy folded shortly before the new season.

[[File:Supporter asnl.jpg|thumb|upright|250px|Supporters in the Nancy stands]]

The idea of a new professional club in the city was thought of by Claude Cuny in spring 1964 based on amateur ''Association sportive Lorraine'', formerly known as ''Union sportive Frontière''. Cuny had previously worked with FC Nancy, but left the club prior to its destruction. Cuny is considered one of the leaders of French football mainly because of his innovative ideas and strategies. After forming Nancy, he created the first youth academy of French football. Prior to the club beginning its life as a football club, Cuny devised a strategy to immerse the club into the city's public. First, he sent out over 18,000 letters and petitions to draw interest to the team. Once the public gained notice, Cuny organised friendly matches to raise funds for the club. After accruing enough money, Cuny sought to turn the club professional, and, despite several setbacks, on 16 June 1967, Nancy were granted professional status and inserted into [[Ligue 2|Division 2]], the second level of French football. The club's first manager was [[René Pleimelding]], a former French international who played for FC Nancy. Nancy, subsequently, recruited several former FC Nancy players such as [[Antoine Redin]], as well as players from the [[Lorraine (region)|region]] such as Michel Lanini, Gérard Braun and Roger Formica.

[[File:Michel Platini en 1978, 'Argentina 78', Panini figurina n°90.jpg|thumb|upright|250px|[[Michel Platini]] spent eight seasons with the club.]]

In Nancy's [[1967–68 French Division 2|inaugural season of football]], the club finished tenth in the league table and reached the Round of 16 in the [[Coupe de France]]. Two seasons later, the club earned promotion to Division 1 and finished in 13th place in [[1970–71 French Division 1|its first season in the league]]. In 1972, [[Michel Platini]] arrived at the club, initially with the club's reserve team. His first full season as a player came in the 1974–75 season whilst the club was playing in the second division, having suffered relegation from Division 1 the previous season. The season was a success for both club and player: Nancy achieved its first major honour winning Division 2, while Platini appeared in 32 league matches and scored 17 goals. In the ensuing three seasons in Division 1, Nancy, led by Platini, [[Jean-Michel Moutier]], [[Carlos Curbelo (footballer)|Carlos Curbelo]], [[Francisco Rubio|Paco Rubio]] and [[Philippe Jeannol]], finished in the top ten. Platini won the [[France Football|French Player of the Year]] award in two of those seasons. In 1978, Nancy achieved its highest honour to date after winning the [[Coupe de France]]. In the final, the club faced [[OGC Nice|Nice]] and defeated its southern foes 1–0 with Platini scoring the lone goal. [[President of the French Republic|President]] [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] presented Platini with the trophy to cap off the victory. Nancy's Coupe de France triumph saw the club qualify for [[UEFA|European competition]] for the first time in its short history. The club participated in the [[1978–79 European Cup Winners' Cup|1978–79 edition]] of the [[European Cup Winners' Cup]] and were eliminated in the second round after losing 4–3 on aggregate to Swiss club [[Servette FC|Servette]]. The club played most of the season without Platini who was injured.

Platini left the club after the season, however most of the club's nucleus remained. In the team's first season without Platini, Nancy finished in 11th place. In the next three seasons, Nancy finished in the top ten. After the 1984 season, Moutier and Rubio became the last of the club's influential players to depart and Nancy suffered a free-fall finishing in the next three seasons. The implosion concluded after the [[1986–87 French Division 1|1986–87 season]] when Nancy finished in 19th place, thus falling back to Division 2. The only ray of sunshine for the club during this declining stint was the [[testimonial match]] held for Platini on 23 May 1988 following the players' club and international retirement. That evening, fans were treated to an exhibition that featured Platini, [[Pelé]] and [[Diego Maradona]].

In the [[1988–89 French Division 2|1988–89 season]], Nancy earned promotion back to the first division. However, the club spent the entire decade rotating between Division 1 and Division 2. The club won two second-division titles during this stint and finally earned promotion back to the first division, now called [[Ligue 1]], for the [[2005–06 Ligue 1|2005–06 season]] after winning Ligue 2. In Nancy's first season back in Ligue 1, the club won the [[Coupe de la Ligue]] defeating Nice 2–1 in [[2006 Coupe de la Ligue Final|the final]]. Nancy supporters arrived at the [[Stade de France]] courtesy of 11 special trains, while more than 300 buses and thousands of cars from the city also arrived in Paris. The cup victory allowed Nancy to participate in the [[2006–07 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]] with the club eventually making it to the Round of 32 before losing to [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]. The first half of the [[2007–08 Ligue 1|2007–08 season]] for Nancy was the club's best ever start to a season in the top division with 35 points after 19 games and sitting in second place. On 4 November 2007, in a match against [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Bordeaux]], the club celebrated its 40th anniversary of existence with a special event involving many of the club's former players, club officials, presidents, and coaches. After a good second half start, Nancy sat in third place on the final match day of the season. However, the club finished one spot short of qualifying for the [[UEFA Champions League]], losing 3–2 to [[Stade Rennais F.C.|Rennes]], while fourth-placed [[Olympique de Marseille|Marseille]] defeated [[RC Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] 4–3 to claim the spot. Nancy still managed to claim the league's best defence, alongside Nice. The 30 goals conceded equalled the club's record achieved in the 1976–77 season. After managing mid-table performances during the following 4 years at the top-flight, the club got relegated in May 2013, finishing only 2 points behind 17th place [[AC Ajaccio|Ajaccio]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lfp.fr/ligue1/classement#sai=81&journee1=1&journee2=38&cat=Gen|title=LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - Ligue 1 - Classement officiel, général, domicile, extérieur, attaque, défense|website=www.lfp.fr|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=11 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211140844/http://www.lfp.fr/ligue1/classement#sai=81&journee1=1&journee2=38&cat=Gen|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following their relegation, the club nearly got promoted back to the first division, finishing 4th and 3 points shy behind [[Stade Malherbe Caen|Caen]] and a spot to the top-flight. Nancy remained a strong candidate for promotion during the entire [[2014–15 Ligue 2|2014–15 season]], but ultimately finished 5th, 6 points behind 3rd place [[Angers SCO|Angers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/classement#sai=83&journee1=1&journee2=38&cat=Gen|title=LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - Ligue 2 - Classement officiel, général, domicile, extérieur, attaque, défense|website=www.lfp.fr|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=9 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909015202/http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/classement#sai=83&journee1=1&journee2=38&cat=Gen|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:ASNL FCM 1967-2010.jpg|thumb|upright|250px|Season by season ranking of ASNL and FC Metz]]
AS Nancy is the rival of [[FC Metz|Metz]], a city in Lorraine. The match between the two teams is one of the most dangerous encounters in the French football, often classified at the highest level of risk matches because of clashes between supporters of the two camps. This match is a regional derby for the supremacy of a city.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}

The following year, the club still was a strong candidate for promotion. Finally, on 25 April 2016, after 3 years of absence, the club assured promotion to [[Ligue 1]] with 3 games to spare by beating [[FC Sochaux-Montbéliard|Sochaux]] 1–0 on match day 35. On match day 37, they beat [[Evian Thonon Gaillard F.C.|Evian]] 1–0 to clinch the [[Ligue 2]] title, their fifth second division crown after 1975, 1990, 1998 and 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/rapport/J37|title=LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - Rapport Après-Match - Ligue 2 - 2015/2016 - 37ème journée|website=www.lfp.fr|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=10 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510094349/http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/rapport/J37|url-status=live}}</ref>

The following season, [[2016–17 Ligue 1|2016–17]], the club finished in 19th place, and were relegated to the Ligue 2 after one season. They remained in that division until [[2021–22 Ligue 2|2022]], being relegated to the [[Championnat National]] for the first time in club history.
[[File:Nancy FC crowned champions 2024-25-1.jpg|right|250px|thumb|AS Nancy Lorraine crowned champions and secure promotion to Ligue 2 on May 2, 2025.]]
On 2 May 2025, Nancy crowned champions and secure promotion to [[Ligue 2]] from next season after defeat [[Nîmes Olympique]] with narrowly 1-0 a goal winning by Teddy Bouriaud in 53th minute, ended three years in third tier and return to second tier after three years absence.<ref>[https://c.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2025/05/03/la-victoire-contre-nimes-la-montee-en-ligue-2-le-titre-de-champion-de-national-la-fete-a-picot-merci-l-as-nancy-lorraine “victoire-contre-nimes-la-montee-en-ligue-2-le-titre-de-champion-de-national-la-fete-a-picot-merci-l-as-nancy-lorraine”]</ref>

[[File:Finale OGCN-ASNL.jpg|thumb|upright|250px|40.000 fans of Nancy in [[Stade de France]] during the [[2006 Coupe de la Ligue Final|2006 Coupe de la Ligue final]] ]]

==Home Stadium==
Opened on August 8, 1926, the Stadium originally known as the University Stadium or Essey Bridge Sports Park, was originally intended for the Lorrain University Stadium. Fully devoted to the cause of FC Nancy, Marcel Picot, a hatter installed in the 1930s in the city centre, will become president of the club and leave his name to the compound.
The complete renovation of the Marcel Picot stadium, led by the Bernt-Morillon-Thouveny agency on behalf of the Urban Community, took place between 1999 and 2003. It increased the capacity of the stadium to 20,087 seats and covered. Another expansion project is planned, bringing the stadium's capacity to 32,000 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pss-archi.eu/immeubles/FR-54526-16264.html?Tomblaine-Stade%2520Marcel%2520Picot |title="Stade Marcel Picot" |access-date=11 February 2021 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155619/http://www.pss-archi.eu/immeubles/FR-54526-16264.html?Tomblaine-Stade%2520Marcel%2520Picot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asnl.net/73/stade_presentation |title="THE MARCEL-PICOT STADIUM" |access-date=11 February 2021 |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617081850/https://www.asnl.net/73/stade_presentation |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Players ==

=== Current squad ===
{{updated|31 January 2025}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asnl.net/144/effectif/joueurs/index/ |title=L'équipe professionnelle |publisher=asnl.net |access-date=1 July 2017 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620114355/http://www.asnl.net/144/effectif/joueurs/index/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no= 3|nat=FRA|name=Gwilhem Tayot|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= 4|nat=MLI|name=[[Alassane Diaby]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= 5|nat=BIH|name=[[Ćazim Suljić]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= 6|nat=FRA|name=Teddy Bouriaud|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= 7|nat=FRA|name=[[Benjamin Gomel]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= 8|nat=FRA|name=Walid Bouabdeli|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= 9|nat=FRA|name=Cheikh Touré|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=FRA|name=[[Adrian Dabasse]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=FRA|name=[[Oumar Sidibé (footballer, born 2001)|Oumar Sidibé]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=FRA|name=Adrien Julloux|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=MRT|name=[[Bakari Camara]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=GLP|name=[[Nicolas Saint-Ruf]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=FRA|name=Zakaria Fdaouch|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=FRA|name=[[Martin Sourzac]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=FRA|name=[[Maxence Carlier]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=FRA|name=[[Simon Ebonog]]|pos=MF|other={{small|on loan from [[Le Havre AC|Le Havre]]}}}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=HAI|name=[[Martin Expérience]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=FRA|name=Brandon Bokangu|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=FRA|name=[[Lucas Pellegrini]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=NGA|name=[[Jimmy Evans (footballer, born 1999)|Jimmy Evans]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=SEN|name=Aliou Thiaré|pos=DF|other={{small|on loan from [[Le Havre AC|Le Havre]]}}}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=FRA|name=[[Sidi Cissé]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=FRA|name=Marco Giagnorio|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=40|nat=MAR|name=Yanis Kouini|pos=GK}}
{{Fs end}}

===Out on loan===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=FRA|name=[[Louis Carnot]]|pos=MF|other={{small|at [[Andrézieux-Bouthéon FC|Andrézieux]] until 30 June 2025}}}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=MAR|name=Amine Mokhtari|pos=MF|other={{small|at [[Dinan Léhon FC|Dinan Léhon]] until 30 June 2025}}}}
{{Fs end}}

=== Notable former players ===
Below are the notable former players who have represented Nancy in [[Ligue 1|league]] and international competition since the club's foundation in 1967. To appear in the section below, a player must have played in at least 100 official matches for the club.

''For a complete list of Nancy players, see [[:Category:AS Nancy Lorraine players]]''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Éric Bertrand (footballer)|Éric Bertrand]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Frédéric Biancalani]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Stéphane Capiaux]]
*{{flagicon|France}} Bernard Caron
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Albert Cartier]]
*{{flagicon|France}} Didier Casini
*{{flagicon|France}} Jean-Claude Cloët
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Carlos Curbelo (footballer)|Carlos Curbelo]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Gaston Curbelo]]
*{{flagicon|France}} Paul Fischer
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Neil El Aynaoui]]
*{{flagicon|France}} Roger Formica
*{{flagicon|France}} Charles Gasperini
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Franck Gava]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Bruno Germain]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Massadio Haïdara]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Vincent Hognon]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Philippe Jeannol]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Cédric Lécluse]]
*{{flagicon|France}} Éric Martin
*{{flagicon|France}} Sylvain Matrisciano
*{{flagicon|France}} Laurent Moracchini
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Youssef Moustaid]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Jean-Michel Moutier]]
*{{flagicon|France}} Pierre Neubert
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Amine Bassi]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Benjamin Nicaise]]
*{{flagicon|France}} Jean Palka
*{{flagicon|France}} Jacky Perdrieau
*{{flagicon|France}} Didier Philippe
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Michel Platini]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Sébastien Puygrenier]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Éric Rabésandratana]]
*{{flagicon|France}} Jean-Pierre Raczynski
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Olivier Rambo]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Olivier Rouyer]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Francisco Rubio|Paco Rubio]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Tony Vairelles]]
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[André Luiz Silva do Nascimento|André Luiz]]
*{{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Djamel Bakar]]
*{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Mustapha Hadji]]
*{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Youssef Hadji]]
*{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Monsef Zerka]]
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Ryszard Tarasiewicz]]
*{{flagicon|Republic of Ireland}} [[Tony Cascarino]]
*{{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Issiar Dia]]
*{{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Pape Diakhaté]]
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleksandr Zavarov]]
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Pablo Correa]]
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Rubén Umpiérrez]]
{{div col end}}

== Club officials ==

*'''Chairman''': [[Chien Lee]]
*'''President''': Krishen Sud<ref>https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/football/nancy-lorraine/national-le-president-et-proprietaire-de-las-nancy-a-lorigine-de-deux-altercations-en-tribune-vip-943211be-f7fd-11ef-b38f-dff807deb5c8</ref>
*'''General Secretary''': Pascal Rivière
*'''Manager''': [[Pablo Correa]]

=== Managerial history ===
[[File:Arsene Wenger JHayes (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Arsène Wenger]] was Nancy Manager from 1984 to 1987]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dates<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/players/trainers-fran-clubs.html |title=France – Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs |access-date=14 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208111417/http://rsssf.com/players/trainers-fran-clubs.html |archive-date=8 February 2011 |website=[[RSSSF]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
! Name
! Notes
|-
| 1967–70
| [[René Pleimelding]]
| Nancy's first official coach.
|-
| 1970–79
| [[Antoine Redin]]
| Led the club to the first division and won the [[Coupe de France]]
|-
| 1979–82
| Georges Huart
|
|-
| 1982–84
| Hervé Collot
|
|-
| 1984–87
| [[Arsène Wenger]]
|
|-
| 1987–90
| [[Robert Dewilder]]
|
|-
| 1990–91
| [[Aimé Jacquet]]
|
|-
| July 1991 – Oct 91
| [[Marcel Husson]]
|
|-
| Oct 1991 – June 94
| [[Olivier Rouyer]]
|
|-
| July 1994 – June 00
| [[László Bölöni]]
| First manager outside France to coach the team.
|-
| July 2000 – 3 June
|[[Francis Smerecki]]
|
|-
| July 2002 – 2 Nov
| [[Moussa Bezaz]]
|
|-
| Nov 2002 – 11 June
| [[Pablo Correa]]
| Led the club back to Ligue 1 and won the [[Coupe de la Ligue]]
|-
| June 2011 – 13 Jan
| [[Jean Fernandez]]
| Drove the club into relegation standing. Left in the winter as a free agent, unable to lead the team out of a losing spiral.
|-
| Jan 2013 – 13 Oct
| [[Patrick Gabriel]]
|
|-
| Oct 2013 – 17 Aug
| [[Pablo Correa]]
|
|-
| Aug 2017 – 18 Jan
| [[Vincent Hognon]]
|
|-
| Jan 2018 – 18 Apr
| [[Patrick Gabriel]]
|
|-
| Apr 2018 – 18 Oct
| [[Didier Tholot]]
|
|-
| Oct 2018 – May 2019
| [[Alain Perrin]]
|
|-
| May 2019 – May 2021
| [[Jean-Louis Garcia]]
|
|-
| May 2021 – Sep 2021
| [[Daniel Stendel]]
|
|-
| Sep 2021 – Jan 2022
| [[Benoît Pedretti]]
| Caretaker manager
|-
| Jan 2022 – Nov 2023
| [[Albert Cartier]]
|-
| Nov 2023 - Present
| [[Pablo Correa]]
|}

== Honours ==

=== Domestic ===
*'''[[Coupe de France]]'''
**'''Winners:''' [[1978 Coupe de France Final|1977–78]]
*'''[[Coupe de la Ligue]]'''
**'''Winners:''' [[2006 Coupe de la Ligue Final|2005–06]]
*'''[[Ligue 2]]'''
**'''Champions (5):''' [[1974–75 French Division 2|1974–75]], [[1989–90 French Division 2|1989–90]], [[1997–98 French Division 2|1997–98]], [[2004–05 Ligue 2|2004–05]], [[2015–16 Ligue 2|2015–16]]
*'''[[Coupe Gambardella]]'''
**'''Runners-up:''' 1973–74
*'''[[Championnat National]]'''
**'''Champions:''' 2024-25<ref>[https://c.estrepublicain.fr/sport/2025/05/03/la-victoire-contre-nimes-la-montee-en-ligue-2-le-titre-de-champion-de-national-la-fete-a-picot-merci-l-as-nancy-lorraine “victoire-contre-nimes-la-montee-en-ligue-2-le-titre-de-champion-de-national-la-fete-a-picot-merci-l-as-nancy-lorraine”]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|AS Nancy-Lorraine}}
* {{official website|https://www.asnl.net/1/accueil}}

{{AS Nancy}}
{{Ligue 2 teamlist}}
{{Championnat National}}
{{Championnat National 3 Group I}}
{{Lorraine topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nancy}}
[[Category:AS Nancy Lorraine| ]]
[[Category:Sport in Nancy, France|AS]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Grand Est]]
[[Category:Ligue 1 clubs]]

Kingdom of the Spiders

2025-06-23T04:34:07Z

219.89.68.193: /* Rumored sequel */Tautology.

{{short description|1977 film by John Cardos}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kingdom of the Spiders
| image = Kingdomofthespiders.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[John Cardos|John "Bud" Cardos]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Igo Kantor]]
* Jeffrey M. Sneller
}}
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* [[Alan Caillou]]
* Richard Robinson
}}
| story = {{plainlist|
* [[Stephen Lodge (author)|Stephen Lodge]]
* Jeffrey M. Sneller
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[William Shatner]]
* [[Tiffany Bolling]]
* [[Woody Strode]]
* [[Altovise Davis]]
* [[Lieux Dressler]]
* [[David McLean (actor)|David McLean]]
* Natasha Ryan
* Marcy Lafferty
}}
| music = [[Dorsey Burnette]]
| cinematography = John Arthur Morrill
| editing = {{plainlist|
* Igo Kantor
* [[Steven Zaillian]]
}}
| studio = Arachnid Productions Ltd.
| distributor = [[Dimension Pictures (1970s company)|Dimension Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|1977|11|23}}
| runtime = 89 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=''Kingdom of the Spiders'' |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kingdom-of-the-spiders-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0yoti2odm|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $1 million<ref name="ray">Fred Olen Ray, ''The New Poverty Row: Independent Filmmakers as Distributors'', [[McFarland & Company|McFarland]], 1991, p. 157</ref>
| gross = $17 million<ref>{{cite web |title=Kingdom of the Spiders, Box Office Information |url=https://the-numbers.com/movies/1977/0KOTS.php |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=January 25, 2012}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kingdom of the Spiders''''' is a 1977 American [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[horror film]] directed by [[John Cardos|John "Bud" Cardos]] and produced by [[Igo Kantor]] and Jeffrey M. Sneller. The [[screenplay]] is credited to Richard Robinson and [[Alan Caillou]], from an original story by Sneller and [[Stephen Lodge (author)|Stephen Lodge]]. Part of the eco-horror subgenre,<ref name=Syfyobscure>{{cite web |last=Kaye |first=Don |title=Rediscover These 20 Obscure Horror Films from the 1970s |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/rediscover-these-20-obscure-horror-films-1970s |website=[[Syfy.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516091026/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/rediscover-these-20-obscure-horror-films-1970s |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |date=June 16, 2017}}</ref> ''Kingdom of the Spiders'' centers on a rural town in [[Camp Verde, Arizona]] which lies in the migration path of a horde of [[tarantula]]s turned aggressive due to pesticides having depleted their normal food sources. The film was released by Dimension Pictures (not to be confused with the distributor [[Dimension Films]]). It stars [[William Shatner]], [[Tiffany Bolling]], [[Woody Strode]], [[Lieux Dressler]], and [[Altovise Davis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kingdom of the Spiders -- The Best of William Shatner|date=January 8, 2010|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/15115/kingdom-of-the-spiders-the-best-of-william-shatner|publisher=[[DreadCentral]]|access-date=August 6, 2024|archive-date=August 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806173700/https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/15115/kingdom-of-the-spiders-the-best-of-william-shatner/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Dr. Robert "Rack" Hansen, a [[veterinarian]] in rural [[Verde Valley]], [[Arizona]], receives an urgent call. Farmer Walter Colby's prize [[Calf (animal)|calf]] is sick, and dies shortly afterward. Hansen sends samples of the calf's blood to a university lab in [[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]].

Diane Ashley, an [[arachnologist]], arrives to tell Hansen that the calf was killed by [[spider]] [[venom]]. Hansen greets the news with skepticism. Undaunted, Ashley tells him that she wishes to examine the carcass and the area where it became sick. Hansen escorts Ashley to Colby's farm. Colby's wife, Birch, discovers their dog is dead, also from a massive injection of spider venom. Colby shows Hansen and Ashley a massive "spider hill" he recently found on a back section of his farmland, which is filled with [[tarantula]]s. Ashley theorizes that the tarantulas are converging due to the heavy use of [[pesticide]]s, which are eradicating their natural food supply. In order to survive, the spiders, normally cannibalistic, are combining to attack and eat larger animals.

Hansen and Ashley return to the Colby farm to burn the spider hill. A [[bull]], attacked by tarantulas, runs out of a barn. Colby douses the spider hill with gasoline and lights it on fire, but many of the spiders escape using a tunnel. Colby is attacked by tarantulas while driving his truck the next day, sending the truck over the side of a hill. Hansen happens upon the accident scene and he and Sheriff Gene Smith find Colby's body encased in spider thread. Ashley is notified by her colleagues that a sample of venom from one of the spiders is five times more toxic than normal. The sheriff locates several more spider hills on Colby's property.

The mayor of [[Camp Verde, Arizona|Camp Verde]] orders the sheriff to spray the hills and the surrounding countryside with pesticide. Ashley protests that pesticide would be at best a short term solution, since other spiders will continue to use the same migration path to find more food, and that the town should bring in birds and rats (tarantulas' natural enemies) to balance the ecosystem. The mayor dismisses the idea, fearing that having a large number of spiders and rats would scare away patrons of the [[Agricultural show|county fair]]. A [[crop duster]] is enlisted to spray the pesticide. Once airborne, the pilot is attacked by tarantulas, causing him to fly wildly, spraying the residential areas of the town with toxic pesticide, and finally crash.

The spiders begin assaulting residents, killing Birch and Hansen's sister-in-law, Terri. Hansen arrives at their home and rescues Terri's daughter, Linda. Hansen, Ashley and Linda take refuge in the Washburn Lodge and consult with the sheriff, who tells them the spiders are everywhere and Camp Verde is cut off. Sheriff Smith drives into town, while Hansen and the other survivors at the lodge plan to load up an RV and escape. However, the spiders have them trapped in the lodge, and they barricade themselves inside. Smith arrives at Camp Verde and finds the town under siege by the spiders. He is killed when another car crashes into a support post under the town's water tower, causing it to fall on his vehicle.

At the lodge, the spiders destroy a [[Fuse (electrical)|fuse]], shutting off power. Hansen ventures into the basement to change the fuse. He succeeds, but is besieged by spiders who break through a basement window, and after getting back upstairs faints from the venom. The next day, the survivors rig up a radio receiver and listen for news of the attacks. To their surprise, the radio broadcast does not mention the attack; the outside world is oblivious to what happened. Hansen pries off the boards from one of the lodge's windows, and discovers the building, along with the entire town of Camp Verde, is encased in spider silk cocoons.

==Cast==
* [[William Shatner]] as Rack Hansen
* Natasha Ryan as Linda Hansen
* Marcy Lafferty as Terri Hansen
* [[Tiffany Bolling]] as Diane Ashley
* [[Woody Strode]] as Walter Colby
* [[Altovise Davis]] as Birch Colby
* [[Lieux Dressler]] as Emma Washburn
* [[David McLean (actor)|David McLean]] as Gene Smith
* [[Roy Engel]] as Mayor Connors
* Joe Ross as Vern Johnson
* Adele Malis-Morey as Betty Johnson
* Audrey McCracken as little girl

== Production ==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2019}}
Kantor told ''[[Fangoria (magazine)|Fangoria]]'' magazine in 1998<ref name="Fangoria">{{cite magazine |last1=Bearden |first1=Keith |last2=Weaver |first2=Tom |title=Eight Legs Is Enough |magazine=[[Fangoria (magazine)|Fangoria]] |date=May 1998 |number=172 |pages=12–17, 67}}</ref> that the film did indeed use 5,000 of the large, hairy spiders, though a number of rubber model spiders were also used during production. The live tarantulas were procured by offering Mexican spider wranglers [[United States dollar|US]]$10 for each live tarantula they could find; this meant that $50,000 of the film's $500,000 budget went towards the purchase of spiders.

The large number of tarantulas kept on hand led to some unusual production difficulties. Not only did each spider have to be kept warm, but because of the creatures' cannibalistic tendencies, all 5,000 spiders had to be kept in separate containers. Additionally, tarantulas are usually shy around people, so fans and air tubes often had to be used to get the spiders to move toward their "victims".

The venom of most tarantulas is not dangerous to humans, causing no more harm than a [[bee sting]] (unless the person is allergic to the venom). This is why the film mentions that the species which appears in the film has venom five times more potent than normal. The worst injury most of the actors suffered was troublesome itching, caused by the spiders shedding their bristles.

==Reception==
In a retrospective feature on 1970s horror films, ''[[Syfy.com]]'' called ''Kingdom of the Spiders'' "surprisingly scary", said the film is strong on tension from beginning to end, and praised Shatner's restrained performance, though they felt that the use of a cheap matte for the closing shot prevented it from being a classic horror ending.<ref name=Syfyobscure/> ''[[Dread Central]]'' disagreed on this point in their review of the [[DVD]] release, with reviewer Steve Barton saying the final shot is "one of the best horror endings of the century. The last frame of film has haunted this reviewer for decades, and I’m willing to bet it will have the same harrowing effect on you." He found the film was filled with both unintentional silliness and genuinely intense scenes of horror, and said the DVD's bonus features are highly entertaining.<ref>{{cite web |last=Barton |first=Steve |title=Kingdom of the Spiders (DVD) |url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/15187/kingdom-of-the-spiders-dvd/ |website=[[Dread Central]] |access-date=5 November 2023 |date=January 13, 2010 |archive-date=November 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105045612/https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/15187/kingdom-of-the-spiders-dvd/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Home media==
[[Shout! Factory]] released ''Kingdom of The Spiders'': Special Edition on DVD in early 2010.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Kingdom of the Spiders Special Edition |url=http://www.dvddrive-in.com/features/kingdomofthespiderspromo.htm |publisher=[[Shout! Factory]] |access-date=September 1, 2014}}</ref>

== Rumored sequel ==
[[File:Kingdom_of_the_Spiders_2_Advert.jpg|thumb|right|Advert for the [[American Film Market]]]]
Rumors have occasionally surfaced that a sequel to ''Kingdom of the Spiders'' was in production. Shatner told ''Fangoria'' in 1998 that he was working with [[Cannon Films]] in the late 1980s to produce a sequel, titled simply ''Kingdom of the Spiders 2''. The actor claimed that he supplied the film's premise, which would have featured a man being tortured by his enemies, preying upon his intense fear of spiders, to get him to reveal a secret. Cannon went so far as to take out a full-page advertisement in ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' magazine announcing that Shatner would direct and star in the film, but the studio went bankrupt before production could begin.

In 2003, the website for Port Hollywood, a film production company run by Kantor and Howard James Reekie, posted a brief synopsis of the plot of another proposed sequel, to be titled ''Kingdom of the Spiders II'', suggesting that the villainous spiders would this time be driven to attack humans due to secret government experiments involving [[extremely low frequency]] (or ELF). The synopsis also details [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] imagery that would factor into the plot.<ref>[http://www.porthollywood.com/kingdom-of-the-spiders-ii PortHollywood: Kingdom of the Spiders II]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''porthollywood.com''</ref>

== Legacy ==
Kantor hinted in his ''Fangoria'' interview that ''[[Arachnophobia (film)|Arachnophobia]]'', which [[Steven Spielberg]] produced, bears several similarities to ''Kingdom of the Spiders''. "I thought it was a copy", Kantor stated, "but you don't go and sue Spielberg!"<ref name="Fangoria"/><ref>[http://www.grindhousedatabase.com/index.php/Kingdom_of_the_Spiders/Fun_Facts Kingdom of the Spiders/Fun Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210112756/http://www.grindhousedatabase.com/index.php/Kingdom_of_the_Spiders/Fun_Facts |date=February 10, 2012 }}. ''The Deuce: Grindhouse Cinema Database''. January 29, 2009. Retrieved January 27, 2012.</ref>

==In popular culture==
The film was featured on the [[Rifftrax]] April 23, 2013 [[video on demand]] download, with commentary by ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'' alumni [[Michael J. Nelson]], [[Kevin Murphy (actor)|Kevin Murphy]] and [[Bill Corbett]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kingdom of the Spiders |url=http://www.rifftrax.com/vod/kingdom-spiders |website=[[RiffTrax]] |access-date=September 1, 2014 |archive-date=July 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730075102/http://www.rifftrax.com/vod/kingdom-spiders |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0076271}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041207014351/http://employees.oxy.edu/jerry/bts/index1.htm Behind-the-scenes production photos] Collection of [[Stephen Lodge (screenwriter)|Stephen Lodge]]

{{John Cardos}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 horror films]]
[[Category:1970s monster movies]]
[[Category:American monster movies]]
[[Category:American natural horror films]]
[[Category:American science fiction horror films]]
[[Category:Films about spiders]]
[[Category:Films directed by John Cardos]]
[[Category:Films set in Arizona]]
[[Category:Dimension Pictures films]]
[[Category:1970s English-language films]]
[[Category:1970s American films]]
[[Category:1977 science fiction films]]
[[Category:English-language science fiction horror films]]

George Drakoulias

2025-06-21T19:17:17Z

219.89.68.193:

{{Short description|Greek-American music producer}}
{{BLP refimprove|date=June 2023}}
'''George Drakoulias''' (born 1965) is a [[Greek-American]] [[music producer]] and a former [[A&R]] executive at the [[American Recordings (US)|American Recordings]] label.

Drakoulias grew up in [[Syosset, New York]], and attended [[Syosset High School]], where he started his musical career with a band called Lifeline. He went to college at [[New York University]] (NYU), where he majored in music and business. There he befriended Rick Rubin, whom he met after he started dating an ex-girlfriend of Rubin's. He became one of the first hires for Rubin's [[Def Jam]] label. After Rubin left Def Jam to move to [[Los Angeles]] and form the Def American label, which was later retitled [[American Recordings (US)|American Recordings]], Drakoulias moved with him and became a producer. Drakoulias signed [[The Black Crowes]],<ref>{{citation |url=http://teamrock.com/feature/2017-05-12/the-black-crowes-and-the-making-of-the-southern-harmony-and-musical-companion |title=The Black Crowes and the making of The Southern Harmony And Musical Companion |author=Bill DeMain |website=Teamrock.com|date=2017-05-12 |access-date=2017-07-26}}</ref> [[The Jayhawks]] and [[The Freewheelers (band)|The Freewheelers]] to American Recordings, and produced albums for all three. He has also produced albums for artists including [[Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers]], [[Maria McKee]], [[Primal Scream]], [[Madrugada (band)|Madrugada]], [[Screaming Trees]] and [[Unida]]. He has also produced tracks for [[Kula Shaker]] and served as a music supervisor for a number of movies, including ''[[Blades of Glory]]'', ''[[School of Rock]]'', ''[[Star Trek (2009 film)|Star Trek]]'', ''[[Team America: World Police]]'', ''[[Tropic Thunder]]'', ''[[The Runaways (2010 film)|The Runaways]]'', ''[[Zodiac (film)|Zodiac]]'', ''[[The Hangover]]'', ''[[The Hangover Part II]]'' and ''[[Super 8 (2011 film)|Super 8]]'', ‘’[[Joker (2019 film)|Joker]]’’, ‘’[[Barbie (film)|Barbie]]’’. Drakoulias also plays bass guitar on the [[Glenn Danzig & the Power and Fury Orchestra]] song "Less Than Zero".

==Cultural references==
* Drakoulias is mentioned in the "Stop That Train" section of the song [[B-Boy Bouillabaisse]] on the [[Beastie Boys]] album ''[[Paul's Boutique]]'' in the [[Lyrics|lyric]], "Sat across from my man reading [[El Diario La Prensa|El Diario]], riding the train down from the [[Spanish Harlem|El Barrio]]. Went from the station, to [[Orange Julius]], I brought a [[hot dog]] from who? George Drakoulias."
* The character Oseary Drakoulias in the film ''[[The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou]]'' is named after Drakoulias and [[Guy Oseary]].
* The character Big George Drakoulias, played by [[Billy Bob Thornton]] in the film ''[[Dead Man]]'', is named after Drakoulias. ([[Jared Harris]], incidentally, plays a character named after [[Benmont Tench]] of [[Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers|the Heartbreakers]] in the same film.)
* In a nod to his work on ''Star Trek'', an alien predator which hunts down young [[James T. Kirk]] on Delta Vega (in the novelization of the film, Kirk describes it as the "bastard offspring" of a [[polar bear]] and a [[gorilla]]) is officially named the ''drakoulias''.

==Albums produced==
* (1990) ''[[Shake Your Money Maker (album)|Shake your Money Maker]]'', [[The Black Crowes]]
* (1991) ''White Trash'', [[White Trash (American band)|White Trash]]
* (1992) ''[[The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion]]'', [[The Black Crowes]]
* (1992) ''[[Hollywood Town Hall]]'', [[The Jayhawks]]
* (1993) ''[[You Gotta Sin to Get Saved]]'', [[Maria McKee]]
* (1994) ''[[Give Out But Don't Give Up]]'', [[Primal Scream]]
* (1994) ''[[Carnival of Light (album)|Carnival of Light]]'', [[Ride (band)|Ride]] ("How Does It Feel To Feel?")
* (1995) ''[[Tomorrow the Green Grass]]'', [[The Jayhawks]]
* (1996) ''[[Dust (Screaming Trees album)|Dust]]'', [[Screaming Trees]]
* (1996) '' Waitin' for George'', [[The Freewheelers (band)|The Freewheelers]]
* (1997) ''[[Glow (Reef album)|Glow]]'', [[Reef (band)|Reef]]
* (1998) ''[[No. 4 Record]]'', [[You Am I]]
* (2002) ''[[The Red Record]]'', [[Gosling (band)|Loudermilk]]
* (2002) ''[[The Last DJ]]'', [[Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers]]
* (2004) ''[[Tambourine (album)|Tambourine]]'', [[Tift Merritt]]
* (2005) ''[[The Deep End (Madrugada album)|The Deep End]]'', [[Madrugada (band)|Madrugada]]
* (2006) ''[[The Believer (Rhett Miller album)|The Believer]]'', [[Rhett Miller]]
* (2007) ''[[8 Diagrams]]'', [[Wu-Tang Clan]] ("The Heart Gently Weeps", "Weak Spot")
* (2007) ''[[Low Stars (album)|Low Stars]]'', [[Low Stars]]
* (2008) ''[[Another Country (Tift Merritt album)|Another Country]]'', [[Tift Merritt]]
* (2008) ''[[You Can Do Anything]]'', [[The Zutons]]
* (2008) ''[[Addicted to Company Part 1]]'',[[Paddy Casey]]
* (2008) ''[[Back to the River]]'', [[Susan Tedeschi]]
* (2012) ''[[Blind Sighted Faith]]'', [[The Dunwells]] ("So Beautiful")
* (2020) ''[[Wreckless Abandon]]'', [[The Dirty Knobs]]

==Film produced==
* (2014) ''[[She's Funny That Way (film)|She's Funny That Way]]'' (Producer)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p72165|pure_url=yes}} AllMusic profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031018113808/http://www.taxi.com/faq/ar/drakoulias.html TAXI interview with George Drakoulias]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Drakoulias, George}}
[[Category:American people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Record producers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:People from Syosset, New York]]
[[Category:Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development alumni]]
[[Category:New York University Stern School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Syosset High School alumni]]

Natalie Sawyer

2025-06-21T04:48:41Z

219.89.68.193:

{{Short description|TV & Radio presenter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}
{{ Infobox presenter
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Natalie Lorraine Sawyer
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1979|10|23}}
| birth_place = [[Ealing]], [[London]], England
| show =
| station =
| network =
| timeslot =
| show2 =
| station2 =
| network2 =
| timeslot2 =
| style =
| country =
| prevshow =
| parents =
| web =
}}

'''Natalie Lorraine Sawyer''' (born 23 October 1979)<ref>{{cite web| title = Nat backs Ladies' Day| publisher = Sky Sports| url = http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11662_5219281,00.html| access-date = 27 October 2009}}</ref> is an English television and [[podcast]] presenter and [[Talksport]] radio presenter.

Sawyer parted company with [[Sky Sports News]] in March 2018, after 18 years of service having initially joined the production team.<ref>{{cite web| title = Sky shows Natalie Sawyer the door after 18 years| work = The Times| date = 29 March 2018| url = https://www.thetimes.com/sport/article/sky-sports-news-lets-sawyer-go-after-18-years-k8l3sltns| access-date = 30 March 2018}}</ref> From the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] onwards Sawyer began presenting ''[[The Game (podcast)|The Game]]'' for ''[[The Times]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/daily-world-cup-podcast-with-natalie-sawyer-out-now-stqp9q6xr |title=Daily World Cup podcast with Natalie Sawyer out now |date=15 June 2018 |newspaper=The Times|access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==

She was married to former Sky Sports News colleague [[Sam Matterface]] and they have a son named Sawyer, born on 28 October 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/sport/soccer/soccer-news/sky-sports-news-presenter-natalie-12274695 |title=Sky Sports News presenter Natalie Sawyer leaves after 18 years with company |newspaper=Irish Mirror |date=29 March 2018 |first=Liam |last=Prenderville |access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>

Sawyer is a fan of [[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]] football club. In 2012 the club featured her in an advertising campaign that saw her image used on a bus in an effort to promote their ticket prices.<ref>{{cite web| title = Brentford FC launch branded bus campaign with Sky Sports News Presenter - and Brentford supporter - Natalie Sawyer| publisher = Brentford FC| url = https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/brentford-launch-branded-bus-campaign_56519| access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> She was born to an English father and a Bulgarian mother.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/dec/23/natalie-sawyer-small-talk|title=Natalie Sawyer: 'Everyone is trying to get Jim White on Twitter' |newspaper=The Guardian |date=23 December 2011 |first=Tom |last=Lutz |access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.tvnewsroom.co.uk/biography-images/natalie-sawyer-4794/ Natalie Sawyer at TV Newsroom]

{{TalkSport}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sawyer, Natalie}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English people of Bulgarian descent]]
[[Category:People from Ealing]]
[[Category:Sky Sports presenters and reporters]]
[[Category:Alumni of Leeds Trinity University]]

Abel Ferrara

2025-06-19T17:18:24Z

219.89.68.193:

{{short description|American film director}}
{{use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Abel Ferrara Cannes 2017.jpg
| caption = Abel Ferrara at the [[2017 Cannes Film Festival]]
| name = Abel Ferrara
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|7|19}}
| birth_place = [[The Bronx]], New York City, U.S.
| othername = {{hlist|Jimmy Boy L|Jimmy Laine}}
| yearsactive = 1971–present
| occupation = {{cslist|Director|screenwriter|actor|producer|musician|songwriter}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Nancy Ferrara|1982|end=divorced}}
* Cristina Chiriac
}}
| partner =
| children = 3
}}
'''Abel Ferrara''' ({{IPA|it|ferˈraːra|lang}}; born July 19, 1951)<ref>Nicole Brenez, [https://books.google.com/books?id=k8iLpYdw6mMC&dq=nicholas+st+john+abel+ferrara+high+school&pg=PA2 ''Abel Ferrara''], University of Illinois Press, 2007 page 2</ref> is an American filmmaker. He is best known for the provocative and often controversial content in his movies and his use and redefinition of [[neo-noir]] imagery. A long-time independent filmmaker, some of his best known movies include the [[New York City|New York]]-set, gritty crime thrillers ''[[The Driller Killer]]'' (1979), ''[[Ms .45]]'' (1981), ''[[King of New York]]'' (1990), ''[[Bad Lieutenant]]'' (1992), and ''[[The Funeral (1996 film)|The Funeral]]'' (1996), chronicling violent crime in urban settings with spiritual overtones.

Ferrara also worked in a wide array of genres, including the sci-fi remake [[Body Snatchers (1993 film)|''Body Snatchers'']] (1993), [[cyberpunk]] thriller ''[[New Rose Hotel (film)|New Rose Hotel]]'' (1998), the religious drama [[Mary (2005 film)|''Mary'']] (2005), the black comedy ''[[Go Go Tales]]'' (2007), and the biopic [[Pasolini (film)|''Pasolini'']] (2014), as well as in several [[Documentary film|documentary]] filmmaking projects.

==Early life==
Ferrara was born in [[the Bronx]] of [[Italians|Italian]] and [[Irish people|Irish]] descent.<ref>{{cite news|last=Goldstein|first=Patrick|title=MOVIES The Prince of Darkness Director Abel Ferrara practices a kind of gonzo filmmaking, and his violent vision isn't a particularly popular one in Hollywood|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1990-10-28|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/59945608.html?dids=59945608%3A59945608&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Oct+28%2C+1990&author=PATRICK+GOLDSTEIN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=MOVIES+The+Prince+of+Darkness+Director+Abel+Ferrara+practices+a+kind+of+gonzo+filmmaking%2C+and+his+violent+vision+isn%27t+a+particularly+popular+one+in+Hollywood&pqatl=google|access-date=2009-11-21|archive-date=July 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724221509/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/59945608.html?dids=59945608%3A59945608&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Oct+28%2C+1990&author=PATRICK+GOLDSTEIN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=MOVIES+The+Prince+of+Darkness+Director+Abel+Ferrara+practices+a+kind+of+gonzo+filmmaking%2C+and+his+violent+vision+isn%27t+a+particularly+popular+one+in+Hollywood&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was raised [[Catholicism|Catholic]], which influenced much of his work.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/movies/12lim.html |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Struggling With Faith and Gentrification |first=Dennis |last=Lim |date=2008-10-12 |access-date=2010-04-23}}</ref> At 8 years old, he moved to [[Peekskill]] in [[Westchester County, New York]] and he started making movies at [[Rockland Community College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lohud.com/story/entertainment/2019/05/20/director-abel-ferrara-unrated-moma/3677852002/|title='Bad Lieutenant' filmmaker Abel Ferrara got his start at Rockland Community College|website=lohud.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> Later, he attended the film conservatory at [[SUNY Purchase]], where he directed several [[short film]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmmakermagazine.com/1338-abel-ferrara-mary/|title=Abel Ferrara, Mary|last=Dawson|first=Nick|website=Filmmaker Magazine|date=October 18, 2008|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early work 1971-1981===
[[File:The Driller Killer.jpg|thumb|210px|Ferrara (far right) in The Driller Killer]]
Ferrara studied at the [[San Francisco Art Institute]]; one of his teachers and influences there was the famous [[avant-garde]] director [[Rosa von Praunheim]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven nights with Abel Ferrara |url=https://www.americancinematheque.com/series/seven-nights-with-abel-ferrara-a-17-film-retrospective-with-live-scores/ |work=American Cinematheque |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> In the early 1970s, while still in art school, Ferrara directed a number of independently produced short films which included ''The Hold Up'' and ''Could This Be Love''. Finding himself out of work after leaving film school in 1976, Ferrara directed his first feature film which was a [[pornographic film]] titled ''[[9 Lives of a Wet Pussy]]'', using a pseudonym.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Pleasure and Pain of Cult Horror Films: An Historical Survey|last1=Paszylk|first1=Bartlomiej|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-3695-8|page=153|chapter=''The Driller Killer''|date=9 March 2009}}</ref> Starring with his then-girlfriend, he recalled having to step in front of the camera for one scene to perform in a hardcore sex scene: "It's bad enough paying a guy $200 to fuck your girlfriend, then he can't get it up."<ref name=Guardian>{{cite interview |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/aug/05/abel-ferrara-interview |title=Abel Ferrara: 'I made Scarface look like Mary Poppins' |date=5 August 2010 |newspaper=The Guardian |interviewer=Andrew Purcell |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Ferrara first drew a [[cult following]] with his second feature film, an [[exploitation film|exploitation]] movie titled ''[[The Driller Killer]]'' (1979), an urban [[slasher film]] about an artist (played by the director himself) who goes on a killing spree with a [[power drill]]. In the United Kingdom, the movie made it on a list of [[Video nasty|"video nasties"]] created by moral crusaders that led to prosecutions under the [[Obscene Publications Act 1959]] and to the passing of [[Video Recordings Act 1984|new legislation]] which forced all video releases to appear before the [[British Board of Film Classification]] for rating.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://bbfc.co.uk/education-resources/education-news/video-nasties| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314004331/http://bbfc.co.uk/education-resources/education-news/video-nasties| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 14, 2013|title=Video Nasties |publisher=British Board of Film Classification|website=bbfc.co.uk|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref>

The director's next feature was ''[[Ms .45]]'' (1981), a "[[Rape and revenge film|rape revenge"]] movie about a mute garment worker turned murderer ([[Zoe Lund|Zoë Tamerlis]]). Reviewers called it "a provocative, disreputable movie, well worth seeing".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.timeout.com/london/film/ms-45|title=Ms .45 (2015), directed by Abel Ferrara {{!}} Film review|date=2015-08-22|website=timeout.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822095955/http://www.timeout.com/london/film/ms-45|access-date=2019-09-09|archive-date=2015-08-22}}</ref>

===Rise to international fame 1984–1998===
In 1984, Ferrara was hired to direct ''[[Fear City]]'', starring [[Melanie Griffith]], [[Billy Dee Williams]], [[Rae Dawn Chong]] and [[María Conchita Alonso]]. When a "[[kung fu]] slasher" stalks and murders young women who work in a seedy [[Times Square]] [[strip club]], a disgraced boxer portrayed by [[Tom Berenger]] uses his fighting skills to defeat the killer.<ref>{{Citation|title=Fear City (1984) |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fear_city|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>

Ferrara worked on two [[Michael Mann (director)|Michael Mann]]-produced television series, directing the two-hour pilot for ''[[Crime Story (U.S. TV series)|Crime Story]]'' (aired September 18, 1986), starring [[Dennis Farina]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/5490|title=Crime Story. 1986. Directed by Abel Ferrara|website=[[Museum of Modern Art|MOMA]].org|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref> and two episodes of the series ''[[Miami Vice]]''.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.artinterviews.com/abelFerrara.html|title=Abel Ferrara Interview|website=artinterviews.com|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref>

''[[King of New York]]'' (1990) stars [[Christopher Walken]] as gangster Frank White, [[Laurence Fishburne]], [[Wesley Snipes]], [[David Caruso]] and [[Giancarlo Esposito]]. The movie received overall mixed reviews, but Ferrara was praised for his strong command of mood and style. Critic [[Roger Ebert]] wrote, "What Ferrara needs for his next film is a sound screenplay."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/king-of-new-york-1990 |title=King Of New York Movie Review (1990) |last=Ebert |first=Roger |website=RogerEbert.com |language=en |access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref>

''[[Bad Lieutenant]]'' (1992) credits Ferrara and actress [[Zoë Tamerlis]], who plays the woman who helps the Lieutenant [[Freebasing|freebase]] [[heroin]] in the movie, as co-writers of the script, but Tamerlis claimed that she wrote it alone.<ref>{{Citation |title=Zoe Tamerlis on the script of "Bad Lieutenant" |date=April 30, 2009 |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g68u0cARNjk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/g68u0cARNjk |archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live |language=en |access-date=2019-09-09}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/81012/13-great-facts-about-bad-lieutenant |title=13 Great Facts About Bad Lieutenant |date=2017-11-20 |website=mentalfloss.com |language=en |access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref> ''Bad Lieutenant'' received [[Spirit Awards]] nominations for Best Director and Best Actor, and despite its controversial content, the movie was lauded by critics. Director [[Martin Scorsese]] named it one of his top 10 films of the 1990s.<ref>[http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20000226/COMMENTARY/41219001/1023 Roger Ebert & The Movies (show #1426), 26 February 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414001924/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20000226/COMMENTARY/41219001/1023 |date=April 14, 2010 }}. Rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-15.</ref>

In 1993, Ferrara was hired for two Hollywood studio movies: another remake of ''[[Invasion of the Body Snatchers]]'', titled ''[[Body Snatchers (1993 film)|Body Snatchers]]'' (1993), for [[Warner Bros.]]; and ''[[Dangerous Game (1993 film)|Dangerous Game]]'' (1993), starring [[Harvey Keitel|Keitel]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], for [[MGM]].

In the mid-1990s Ferrara directed two well-received independent movies:
''[[The Addiction]]'' (1995),<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-addiction-v133607/awards|title=The Addiction (1995): Awards|website=Allmovie.com |access-date=Feb 9, 2014}}</ref> photographed in black-and-white, stars [[Lili Taylor]] as a philosophy student who succumbs to a [[vampire]] as she studies the problem of evil and philosophical [[pedagogy]], represented by the most violent events of the 20th century. The movie also features [[Christopher Walken]], [[Annabella Sciorra]], [[Edie Falco]], [[Kathryn Erbe]] and [[Michael Imperioli]]. It was co-produced by [[Russell Simmons]].

''[[The Funeral (1996 film)|The Funeral]]'' (1996),<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-funeral-v136162/awards|title=The Funeral (1996)|website=Allmovie.com |access-date=Feb 9, 2014}}</ref> starring Walken, Sciorra, [[Chris Penn]], [[Isabella Rossellini]], [[Benicio del Toro]], [[Vincent Gallo]] and [[Gretchen Mol]], was nominated for five [[12th Independent Spirit Awards|Independent Spirit Awards]] including [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Director|Best Director]].

Following the success of ''[[The Funeral (1996 film)|The Funeral]]'', Ferrara had an infamous interview with [[Conan O'Brien]] on October 23, 1996. Ferrara was believed to be intoxicated and struggled through the interview, often slurring and covering his face as well as waving around a cigarette. O'Brien would later state that Ferrara was his "worst guest ever".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/12/conan-obrien-abel-ferrara-worst-interview-guest-1202024783/|title=Conan O'Brien Names Director Abel Ferrara His Worst Guest in 25 Years — Here's Why|date=December 3, 2018}}</ref> Eventually, O'Brien revealed to Ferrara's frequent collaborator [[Willem Dafoe]] that Ferrara "ran away" and that the segment producer had to "run down the street" to catch him and bring him back to the set. Dafoe said to O'Brien, "You did your best … and so did he!"

After making ''[[The Blackout (1997 film)|The Blackout]]'' (1997) with [[Matthew Modine]] and [[Dennis Hopper]], he contributed to the [[Anthology|omnibus]] television movie ''Subway Stories''. Ferrara then made ''[[New Rose Hotel (film)|New Rose Hotel]]'' (1998), which reunited him with Christopher Walken.
[[File:Abel Ferrara.jpg|thumb|210px|Ferrara in 2008]]

===Move to Europe 2001 – present===
Ferrara returned three years later with ''[['R Xmas]]'' (2001), which starred [[Drea de Matteo]] and [[Ice-T]]. He recorded commentaries for ''Driller Killer''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2016/nov/30/the-driller-killer-humanist-abel-ferrara-moral-choices |title=The Driller Killer and the humanist behind the blood and sickening crunch |last=Righelato |first=Rowan |date=30 November 2016 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> and ''King of New York''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/sep/19/dvdreviews.thriller |title=DVD review: King of New York SE |last=Mackie |first=Rob |date=18 September 2008 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> and made ''[[Mary (2005 film)|Mary]]'' (2005), a religious-themed multi-plot movie starring [[Juliette Binoche]], [[Matthew Modine]], [[Forest Whitaker]], [[Heather Graham (actress)|Heather Graham]], [[Marion Cotillard]], and [[Stefania Rocca]]. ''Mary'' premiered at the [[Venice Film Festival]] in 2005. It swept the awards ceremony, garnering the Grand Jury Prize, SIGNIS Award and two others. It was shown at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2005 TIFF Archives (10 posts)| website=bombippy.com |url=http://www.bombippy.com/archives/movies/2005_tiff/|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>

In 2007, Ferrara directed ''[[Go Go Tales]]'' a comedy with Modine, [[Bob Hoskins]] and [[Willem Dafoe]] that premiered at the Cannes Film Festival but was not shown in the United States until a special screening at the [[Anthology Film Archives]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/07/movies/07gogo.html|title='Go Go Tales' With Willem Dafoe − Review|last=Dargis|first=Manohla|date=2011-01-06|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-04|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In 2009, ''Jekyll and Hyde'' was set to star Forest Whitaker and [[50 Cent]]. After disagreements with Warner Bros., the movie was shelved in 2010.<ref name=Guardian/>

In 2009, ''[[Napoli Napoli Napoli|Napoli, Napoli, Napoli]]'' premiered out of competition at the [[66th Venice International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jul/30/venice-film-festival-ferrara-herzog|title=Werner Herzog's Bad Lieutenant joins Venice film festival contenders|date=2009-07-30|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> The docudrama received little attention and poor reviews but [[Werner Herzog]]'s reboot ''[[Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans]]'' was selected for competition at the prestigious festival. Asked about the Herzog film, Ferrara was quoted widely saying "I wish these people die in hell".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jul/30/venice-film-festival-ferrara-herzog|title=Werner Herzog's Bad Lieutenant joins Venice film festival contenders|last=Brown|first=Mark|date=2009-07-30|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-12-04|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In September 2011, ''[[4:44 Last Day on Earth]]'', starring [[Willem Dafoe]] and Shanyn Leigh, premiered at the main competition of the [[68th Venice International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/lineup/off-sel/venezia68/ |title=Venezia 68: International competition of feature films |access-date=2011-08-28 |work=Venice |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927003322/http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/lineup/off-sel/venezia68/ |archive-date=2011-09-27}}</ref>

Ferrara's ''[[Welcome to New York (2014 film)|Welcome to New York]]'', a fictionalized version of the [[New York v. Strauss-Kahn|Dominique Strauss-Kahn sexual assault case]] starring [[Gérard Depardieu]] and [[Jacqueline Bisset]], was released on [[video on demand]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/18/cannes-film-festival-strauss-kahn-film-under-fire/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0|title=Cannes Film Festival: Strauss-Kahn Film Under Fire|access-date=June 15, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 18, 2014|first=Rachel|last=Donadio}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Child|first=Ben|title=Gerard Depardieu to star in film inspired by Dominique Strauss-Kahn |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/feb/06/gerard-depardieu-dominique-strauss-kahn|access-date=April 17, 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=February 6, 2012|location=London}}</ref> Ferrara's ''[[Pasolini (film)|Pasolini]]'' (2014) about the titular [[Pier Paolo Pasolini|Italian director]] stars [[Willem Dafoe]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/director-abel-ferrara-mysterious-1975-691898|title=Director Abel Ferrara on Mysterious 1975 Death of Pier Paolo Pasolini: 'I Know Who Killed Him'|access-date=June 15, 2014|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|date=March 28, 2014}}</ref>

After a 4-year long hiatus, Ferrara came back in 2019 with [[Tommaso (2019 film)|''Tommaso'']], a new feature starring Dafoe and set in Rome. The film had its world premiere at the [[72nd Cannes Film Festival]] on 20 May 2019. It was released in the United States by [[Kino Lorber]].

The following year, with ''[[Siberia (2020 film)|Siberia]]'' (2020), Ferrara and Dafoe collaborated for the sixth time. Inspired by [[Carl Jung]]'s ''[[The Red Book (Jung)|The Red Book]]'', the script was written by Ferrara and [[Chris Zois]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr.|title=He's Back! Abel Ferrara To Launch Willem Dafoe-Starrer 'Siberia' On Croisette|date=14 May 2015|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]| url=https://deadline.com/2015/05/abel-ferrara-willem-dafoe-siberia-cannes-1201426703/|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rife |first=Katie |title=Get Involved, Internet: Help Abel Ferrara and Willem Dafoe make a movie about dreams |date=14 May 2015 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |url=https://www.avclub.com/article/get-involved-internet-help-abel-ferrara-and-willem-219468 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> The film had its world premiere at the main competition of the [[70th Berlin International Film Festival]], on 24 February 2020. It was released in the United States by [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]] in 2021. Shortly after Ferrara directed the documentary ''[[Sportin' Life (2020 film)|Sportin' Life]]'', about the beginning of [[quarantine]] measures in [[Europe]] a few days after the [[Berlinale]] premiere of ''[[Siberia (2020 film)|Siberia]]'', during the start of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Encinias |first=Joshua |date=2020-06-04 |title=Abel Ferrara on Filmmaking in Quarantine and the Spiritual Quest of Tommaso |url=https://thefilmstage.com/abel-ferrara-on-filmmaking-in-quarantine-and-the-spiritual-quest-of-tommaso/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> The documentary had its world premiere at the [[77th Venice International Film Festival|77th Venice Film Festival]] on 4 September 2020.

Since 2020 he has interpreted [[Gabriele Tinti (poet)|Gabriele Tinti]]'s poetry giving voice to the masterpieces in the [[Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica]], [[Pinacoteca di Brera]], [[Museo Nazionale di San Marco]], [[Ca' d'Oro]], [[Musée Jacquemart-André]] and [[Museo Nazionale Romano]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://purple.fr/diary/abel-ferrara-reads-gabriele-tintis-poems-at-the-pinacoteca-di-brera-milan/| title=Abel Ferrara reads Gabriele Tinti's poems at the Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan |date=2021-02-11 |access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.raicultura.it/letteratura/articoli/2021/03/Abel-Ferrara-legge-Bleedings-di-Gabriele-Tinti-ffc15582-fe2f-421b-bd6a-9c97ef9b2218.html |title=Abel Ferrara reads Gabriele Tinti's poems |access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref>

In August 2021, ''[[Zeros and Ones]]'', starring [[Ethan Hawke]], had its world premiere at the main competition of the [[74th Locarno Film Festival]], during the festival Ferrara won the [[Best Direction Award (Locarno International Film Festival)|Best Direction Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiang |first=Jessica |date=2021-08-14 |title=Golden Leopard Winner 'Vengeance is Mine, All Others Pay Cash' Heads Impressive Slate Of Locarno Awards |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/locarno-film-festival-awards-2021-1235041709/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was released in limited theaters and on demand by [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]] on November 19, 2021.

In 2022, Ferrara's [[Padre Pio (film)|''Padre Pio'']], starring [[Shia LaBeouf]] and [[Asia Argento]], premiered at the "[[Giornate degli Autori]]" section of the [[79th Venice International Film Festival|79th Venice Film Festival]] on September 2, 2022. The film was released in the [[United States]] by [[Gravitas Ventures]] on June 2, 2023. During the film's production, LeBeouf notably converted to [[Catholicism]].

==Personal life==
Ferrara is married to actress Cristina Chiriac, who is more than 40 years younger than him, and they have a daughter, Anna.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/abel-ferraras-tommaso-projectionist-land-at-kino-lorber-1272010|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|title=Abel Ferrara's 'Tommaso,' 'The Projectionist' Land at Kino Lorber (Exclusive)|last=Vlessing|first=Etan|date=January 21, 2020|access-date=February 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shoard|first=Catherine|title=Abel Ferrera turns to Kickstarter: 'I'm gonna hurt people with this film'|date=18 May 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/18/abel-ferrera-kickstarter-cannes-siberia|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref> He was previously married to Nancy Ferrara.<ref>{{cite web|last=Maslin|first=Janet|title=Review/Film; A Movie Within a Movie, With a Demure Madonna|date=19 November 1993|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F0CE5DF103AF93AA25752C1A965958260?|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref> Ferrara has two adopted children: Endira and Lucy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abel Ferrara Biography (1952?-)|work=Film Reference|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/90/Abel-Ferrara.html|access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hoban|first=Phoebe|title=Raising Cain|date=1 February 1993|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgAAAAAMBAJ&q=endira+ferrara&pg=PA40|access-date=23 December 2016}}</ref> He was also in a romantic relationship with actress Shanyn Leigh.<ref>{{cite web|last=Macnab|first=Geoffrey|title=Willem Dafoe: 'I have a charmed life'|date=3 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/willem-dafoe-i-have-a-charmed-life-7466484.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305171219/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/willem-dafoe-i-have-a-charmed-life-7466484.html |archive-date=2012-03-05 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hoberman|first=J.|title=Home for the End of Days|date=19 March 2012|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|url=https://nymag.com/movies/features/abel-ferrara-2012-3/|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref>

Ferrara lives in Rome, Italy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Righelato|first=Rowan|title=Abel Ferrara: 'Pasolini's death is not some kind of fictional event'|date=11 September 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/sep/11/abel-ferrara-pier-paolo-pasolini-death-interview|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref> He moved there following the [[9/11 attacks]] because it was easier for him to find financing for his movies in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lim|first=Dennis|title=Struggling With Faith and Gentrification|date=10 October 2008|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/movies/12lim.html|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref>

Raised Catholic, Ferrara started describing himself as Buddhist in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shoard|first=Catherine|title=Abel Ferrara at Cannes: 'You gotta be careful what you say … but I'm not'|date=23 May 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/may/23/abel-ferrara-interview|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref> When asked if he had converted, Ferrara responded,

{{cquote|It’s not a conversion, you’re not a card-carrying Catholic, you’re brought up Italian, so you’re brought up with those images. All the great art is financed by the Church so they have a monopoly on the paintings, and they’re powerful images, the whole nine yards of it. But Jesus was a living man, and so were Buddha and Muhammad. These three guys changed the fucking world, with their passion and love of other human beings. All these guys had was their word, and they came from fucking nowhere. I’m not saying Nazareth is nowhere – I’m sure Jesus came from a very cool neighbourhood. |author=Abel Ferrara<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gray |first1=Carmen |title=The spiritual side of Abel Ferrara |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/22491/1/the-spiritual-side-of-abel-ferrara |website=Dazed |language=en |date=12 November 2014}}</ref>}}

Ferrara said in 2020 that Buddhism "is a practice for me, not a religion".<ref>{{cite web|last=Bukuras|first=Joe|title=From porn to 'Padre Pio': Meet the director who felt drawn to tell the saint's story|date=August 30, 2022|website=Catholic News Agency|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/252162/padre-pio-movie-director-abel-ferrara-past-films-pornography|accessdate=September 23, 2022}}</ref> In 2022, he stated he considered [[Padre Pio]] his "spirituality model".<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Elettra|last=Solero|title=Abel Ferrara: Padre Pio è il mio modello di spiritualità|language=it|magazine=Dipiù|date=November 18, 2022|number=46|pages=69–70}}</ref>

==Influences==
Influences on Ferrara's work include "the [[The Rolling Stones|Stones]] and [[Bob Dylan|Dylan]] … [[Leonardo da Vinci|DaVinci]], [[Stanley Kubrick]], [[Woody Allen]] and all of the great New York film makers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artinterviews.com/abelFerrara.html|title=Abel Ferrara Interview|website=www.artinterviews.com|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref> He has also credited [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] and [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]] as influences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CAe3KScvB4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/3CAe3KScvB4| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Cryptekeeper 041 Abel Ferrara/4H44 dernier jour sur terre|last=cryptekeeper|date=3 December 2012|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mubi.com/notebook/posts/the-pursuit-of-freedom-abel-ferrara-discusses-welcome-to-new-york|title=The Pursuit of Freedom: Abel Ferrara Discusses "Welcome to New York"|last=Kasman|first=Daniel|date=7 June 2014|access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artinterviews.com/abelFerrara.html|title=Abel Ferrara Interview|last=Carli|first=Vittorio|access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Short film===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Writer
! width=65 | Actor
! Notes
|-
| 1971
| ''Nicky's Film''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1972
| ''The Hold Up''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1973
| ''Could It Be Love''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''42 One Dream Rush''
| {{yes}}
|
|
| Segment "Dream Piece"
|-
|rowspan=2| 2012
| ''No Saints''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''My Big-Assed Mother''
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Role: Charles Bukowski
|-
| 2017
| ''Hans''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|}

===Feature films===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Writer
! Notes
|-
| 1976
| ''[[9 Lives of a Wet Pussy]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| [[Pornographic film]] Credited as Jimmy Boy L.
|-
| 1979
| ''[[The Driller Killer]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Ms .45]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Fear City]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[China Girl (1987 film)|China Girl]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Cat Chaser]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1990
| ''[[King of New York]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Bad Lieutenant]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1993
| ''[[Body Snatchers (1993 film)|Body Snatchers]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dangerous Game (1993 film)|Dangerous Game]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[The Addiction]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[The Funeral (1996 film)|The Funeral]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[The Blackout (1997 film)|The Blackout]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[New Rose Hotel (film)|New Rose Hotel]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[['R Xmas]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Mary (2005 film)|Mary]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Go Go Tales]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[4:44 Last Day on Earth]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014
| ''[[Welcome to New York (2014 film)|Welcome to New York]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Pasolini (film)|Pasolini]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2013/more/global/ferrara-capricci-prep-pasolini-1200579433/|title=Ferrara, Dafoe Re-team for 'Pasolini'|access-date=June 15, 2014|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=August 16, 2013|first=John|last=Hopewell}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Tommaso (2019 film)|Tommaso]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Siberia (2020 film)|Siberia]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Zeros and Ones]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Padre Pio (film)|Padre Pio]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|}

'''Acting roles'''
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1976
| ''[[9 Lives of a Wet Pussy]]''
| Old Man
|
|-
| 1979
| ''[[The Driller Killer]]''
| Reno
|rowspan=2| Credited as "Jimmy Laine"
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Ms .45]]''
| 1st rapist
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Body Snatchers (1993 film)|Body Snatchers]]''
|
|
|-
| 2006
| ''Exes''
| Cain
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)|Daddy Longlegs]]''
| Robber
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Don Peyote]]''
| Taxi cab driver
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Sculpt (film 2016)|Sculpt]]''
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Black Butterfly (2017 film)|Black Butterfly]]''
| Pat
|
|-
| 2018
| ''Buon Lavoro''
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://buonlavoroilfilm.it/|title=Homepage |website=Buon Lavoro − Il film}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Marty Supreme]]''
| {{TBA}}
| Post-production
|}

===Documentary films===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Writer
! width=65 | Himself
! Notes
! {{Ref heading}}
|-
| 1977
| ''Not Guilty: For Keith Richards''
| {{yes}}
|
|
| Short
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Chelsea on the Rocks]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Napoli Napoli Napoli]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''Mulberry St.''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017
| ''[[Alive in France]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''Piazza Vittorio''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Cox |first=Gordon |date=23 August 2017 |title=Vanessa Redgrave, Alex Gibney, Griffin Dunne Documentaries Join New York Film Festival Slate (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/new-york-film-festival-2017-documentary-lineup-list-1202536831/}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''Talking with the Vampires''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Short
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Murthi |first=Vikram |date=19 December 2016 |title=Isabelle Huppert, Nicolas Cage and Willem Dafoe Star in Abel Ferrara's New Film 'Siberia' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2016/12/isabelle-huppert-nicolas-cage-and-willem-dafoe-abel-ferrara-siberia-1201760734/ |access-date=7 January 2017 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[The Projectionist (2019 documentary film)|The Projectionist]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Bramesco |first=Charles |date=23 April 2019 |title=The Projectionist review – Abel Ferrara's wistful, indulgent ode to cinema |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/apr/28/the-projectionist-review-abel-ferrara-ode-to-cinema |access-date=9 November 2020 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Sportin' Life (2020 film)|Sportin' Life]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Venice Film Festival 2020: Competition Light On Studios, Strong On Global Arthouse & Women Directors – Full List |url=https://deadline.com/2020/07/venice-film-festival-2020-lineup-full-list-1202996720/ |access-date=August 1, 2020 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Turn in the Wound]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
|1985
|''[[Miami Vice]]''
|"The Home Invaders", "The Dutch Oven"
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Crime Story (American TV series)|Crime Story]]''
| Pilot episode
|-
| 2012
| ''Pizza Connection''
| Web series
|}

'''TV movies'''
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
| 1986
| ''[[The Gladiator (1986 film)|The Gladiator]]''
|
|-
| 1988
| ''[[The Loner (film)|The Loner]]''
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Subway Stories|Subway Stories: Tales from the Underground]]''
| Segment "Love on the A Train"
|}

===Music video===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Writer
|-
| 1996
| ''[[California (Mylène Farmer song)|Mylène Farmer: California]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[The Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner|Ben Folds Five: Don't Change Your Plans]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2004
| ''Abenaa: "Rain"''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|}

==Recurring collaborators==
Ferrara has recast many of the same actors in his movies, most notably [[Christopher Walken]], [[Harvey Keitel]] and [[Willem Dafoe]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ruilova|first=Aïda|title=Abel Ferrara|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=February 13, 2013|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/abel-ferrara#_}}</ref> Other actors he has recast include [[Annabella Sciorra]] and [[Matthew Modine]] as well as character actors such as [[Victor Argo]], [[Paul Calderón]] and [[Giancarlo Esposito]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dee|first=Jake|title=Dissecting Director Abel Ferrara!|date=7 January 2014|url=https://www.joblo.com/horror-movies/news/dissecting-director-abel-ferrara}}</ref> [[David Caruso]] is another one of Ferrara's frequent film collaborators.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indie Filmmaker Abel Ferrara Will Bring Short Eyes Back to Broadway|date=24 February 2010|url=http://www.broadway.com/buzz/147166/indie-filmmaker-abel-ferrara-will-bring-short-eyes-back-to-broadway/}}</ref> ''Ms .45'' (1981) star [[Zoë Tamerlis Lund|Zoë Lund]] collaborated with Ferrara again on ''Bad Lieutenant'' (1992), which she co-wrote.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vestby|first=Ethan|title=Abel Ferrara On Artistic Freedom, Collaboration, 'Ms. 45,' Pier Paolo Pasolini & More|date=9 December 2013|website=thefilmstage.com|url=http://thefilmstage.com/features/abel-ferrara-on-artistic-freedom-collaboration-ms-45-pier-paolo-pasolini-more/}}</ref> [[Gretchen Mol]] has worked with Ferrara twice.<ref>{{cite web| last=Hillis|first=Aaron|title=Gretchen Mol Indulges in "An American Affair"|date=26 February 2009|publisher=[[Ifc.com]]|url=http://www.ifc.com/fix/2009/02/gretchen-mol-indulges-in-an-am/2}}</ref> [[Forest Whitaker]] starred in Ferrara's movies ''Mary'' (2005) and ''Body Snatchers'' (1993).<ref>{{cite web|last=Nastasi|first=Alison|title=Abel Ferrara's 'Jekyll and Hyde' Coming Soon From Warner Bros.|date=19 November 2009|website=[[Moviefone]]|url=http://news.moviefone.com/2009/11/19/abel-ferraras-jekyll-and-hyde-coming-soon-from-warner-bros/|access-date=6 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210155608/http://news.moviefone.com/2009/11/19/abel-ferraras-jekyll-and-hyde-coming-soon-from-warner-bros/|archive-date=10 December 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

<div class="center">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"
! rowspan=2 {{diagonal split header 2|Actor|Work}}
! {{small|1979}}!! {{small|1981}}!! {{small|1986}}!! {{small|1987}}!! {{small|1990}}!! {{small|1992}}!! {{small|1993}}!! {{small|1993}}!! {{small|1995}}!! {{small|1996}}!! {{small|1997}}!! {{small|1998}}!! {{small|2001}}!! {{small|2005}}!! {{small|2007}}!! {{small|2008}}!! {{small|2009}}!! {{small|2011}}!! {{small|2014}}!! {{small|2014}}!! {{small|2019}}!! {{small|2020}}!! {{small|2021}}!! {{small|2022}}
|-
! {{verth|''[[The Driller Killer]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[Ms .45]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[Crime Story (U.S. TV series)|Crime Story]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[China Girl (1987 film)|China Girl]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[King of New York]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[Bad Lieutenant (1992 film)|Bad Lieutenant]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[Body Snatchers (1993 film)|Body Snatchers]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[Dangerous Game (1993 film)|Dangerous Game]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[The Addiction]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[The Funeral (1996 film)|The Funeral]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[The Blackout (1997 film)|The Blackout]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[New Rose Hotel (film)|New Rose Hotel]]''}} !! {{verth|''[['R Xmas]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[Mary (2005 film)|Mary]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[Go Go Tales]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[Chelsea on the Rocks]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[Napoli Napoli Napoli]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[4:44 Last Day on Earth]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[Welcome to New York (2014 film)|Welcome to New York]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[Pasolini (film)|Pasolini]]''}}!! {{verth|''[[Tommaso (2019 film)|Tommaso]]''}}!! {{verth|''[[Siberia (2020 film)|Siberia]]''}}!! {{verth|''[[Zeros and Ones]]''}} !! {{verth|''[[Padre Pio (film)|Padre Pio]]''}}
|-
! [[Asia Argento]]
| || || || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}}
|-
! [[Victor Argo]]
| || || || || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || || {{X mark}} || || {{X mark}} || || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! [[Paul Calderón]]
| || || || || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || || || ||
|-
! [[David Caruso]]
| || || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! Cristina Chiriac
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} ||
|-
! [[Willem Dafoe]]
| || || || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || || || {{X mark}} || || || {{X mark}} || || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || ||
|-
! [[Giancarlo Esposito]]
| || || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || ||
|-
! Abel Ferrara
| {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || ||
|-
! Anna Ferrara
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} ||
|-
! [[Ethan Hawke]]
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || {{X mark}} ||
|-
! [[Paul Hipp]]
| || || || {{X mark}} || || {{X mark}} || || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || || || || ||
|-
! [[Dennis Hopper]]
| || || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || ||
|-
! [[Harvey Keitel]]
| || || || || || {{X mark}} || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! Shanyn Leigh
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || || || || ||
|-
! [[Zoë Tamerlis Lund|Zoë Lund]]
| || {{X mark}} || || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! [[Matthew Modine]]
| || || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || || || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! [[Gretchen Mol]]
| || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! [[James Russo]]
| || || || {{X mark}} || || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! [[Riccardo Scamarcio]]
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || {{X mark}} || || || ||
|-
! [[Annabella Sciorra]]
| || || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! [[Christopher Walken]]
| || || || || {{X mark}} || || || || {{X mark}} || {{X mark}} || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! [[Forest Whitaker]]
| || || || || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || {{X mark}} || || || || || || || || || ||
|}
</div>
Beginning with ''The Driller Killer'' in 1979 through ''The Projectionist'' in 2019, Ferrara most [[List of film director and cinematographer collaborations#F|frequently]] worked with [[Ken Kelsch]] as his cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmmakermagazine.com/107567-filmmaking-is-like-combat-90-boredom-5-panic-and-5-terror-ken-kelsch-on-four-decades-as-a-cinematographer/|title="Filmmaking is Like Combat — 90% Boredom, 5% Panic and 5% Terror": Ken Kelsch on Four Decades as a Cinematographer|last=Louison|first=Evan|website=Filmmaker Magazine|date=May 22, 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Nominated work
! Award
! Result
! {{Ref heading}}
|-
|1993
|''[[Bad Lieutenant]]''
|[[Independent Spirit Award for Best Director#1990s|Independent Spirit Award for Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Body Snatchers (1993 film)|Body Snatchers]]''
|[[1993 Cannes Film Festival#In competition - Feature film|Palme d'Or]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|1995
|''[[The Addiction]]''
|[[Golden Berlin Bear]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|1996
|''[[The Funeral (1996 film)|The Funeral]]''
|[[Independent Spirit Award for Best Director#1990s|Independent Spirit Award for Best Director]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|1998
|''[[The Blackout (1997 film)|The Blackout]]''
|Worst Director − Yoga Awards
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catacric.org/todos-los-premios-yoga/1998-novena-edicion-2/|title=1998 (novena edición) : Los Catacric y los YoGa|language=EN|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* {{commons-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|1206}}
* [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/aug/05/abel-ferrara-interview Guardian interview, 5 August 2010]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100815071648/http://www.filmannex.com/posts/blog_show_post/film-annex-launches-nickys-film-sound-design-remix-contest/14203 Nicky's Film sound design and remix contest]

{{Abel Ferrara}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferrara, Abel}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Morris Park, Bronx]]
[[Category:People from Peekskill, New York]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American Buddhists]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American pornographic film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from New York City]]
[[Category:American horror film directors]]
[[Category:State University of New York at Purchase alumni]]
[[Category:Postmodernist filmmakers]]

SE Palmeiras

2025-06-19T17:09:09Z

219.89.68.193:

{{Short description|Brazilian professional football club}}
{{Redirect|Palmeiras}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}

{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Palmeiras
| image = Palmeiras logo.svg
| upright = 0.85
| fullname = Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras
| nickname = ''Verdão'' (Big Green) ''Alviverde'' (Green and White) ''Periquito'' ([[Plain parakeet]]) ''Porco'' (Pig, adopted in 1987) ''Palestra Itália''
| founded = {{Start date and age|1914|8|26|df=y}}, as Palestra Itália
| ground = [[Allianz Parque]]
| capacity = 43,713<ref name="WTorre Engenharia">{{cite web |url=http://laudosestadios.fpf.org.br/Laudo%20Engenharia%20-%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo%20-%20Est.%20Arena%20Allianz%20Parque%20-%20Palmeiras-%2029-10-16.pdf |title=Laudo de Engenharia - Allianz Parque |publisher=WTorre Engenharia |date=2014-10-29 |access-date=2015-07-19 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211015/http://laudosestadios.fpf.org.br/Laudo |url-status=live }}</ref>
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = [[Leila Pereira]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Abel Ferreira]]
| league = {{Brazilian football updater|Palmeiras}}
| season = {{Brazilian football updater|Palmeiras2}}
| position = {{Brazilian football updater|Palmeiras3}}
| pattern_la1 = _palmeiras25h
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| American = true
| website = {{URL|https://www.palmeiras.com.br/|palmeiras.com.br}}
| current = 2025 SE Palmeiras season
}}
{{Palmeiras sections}}
'''Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras''' ({{IPA|pt-BR|sosjeˈdadʒi ispoʁˈtʃivɐ pawˈmejɾɐs|lang|Sociedade-esportiva-palmeiras-pronunciation-ptbr.ogg}}), commonly known as '''Palmeiras''', is a Brazilian professional [[association football|football]] club based in the city of [[São Paulo]], in the district of [[Perdizes (district of São Paulo)|Perdizes]]. Palmeiras is one of the most popular clubs in [[South America]], with an approximate 21 million supporters and 198,656 affiliated fans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.palmeiras.com.br/avanti|title=Avanti - Palmeiras|access-date=29 June 2022|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628130205/https://www.palmeiras.com.br/avanti/|url-status=live}}</ref> The football team plays in the [[Campeonato Paulista]], the [[States of Brazil|state of]] [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]'s premier [[State football leagues in Brazil|state league]], as well as in the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brasileirão Série A]], the top tier of the [[Brazilian football league system]].

The Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras was founded by Italian immigrants on 26 August 1914, as "[[:pt:Palestra Italia|Palestra Itália]]" ({{IPA|pt-BR|paˌlɛstɾiˈtaljɐ|pron}}). However, the club changed its name on 14 September 1942, as a result of Brazil joining the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in the [[World War II|Second World War]] against [[Italy]] ("Itália" in Portuguese) and the [[Axis powers|Axis]] powers. Since then, Palmeiras has won 18 top-tier national competitions, including a record 12 [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]], 4 [[Copa do Brasil|Copas do Brasil]], 1 [[Copa dos Campeões]], and 1 [[Supercopa do Brasil]] making it the most successful club in top-tier domestic competitions in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.br/photos/12983/0-palmeiras-se-consolida-como-maior-campeao-nacional|title=ESPN - Tudo pelo esporte|access-date=8 August 2018|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808110412/https://www.foxsports.com.br/photos/12983/0-palmeiras-se-consolida-como-maior-campeao-nacional|url-status=live}}</ref> In international club football, the ''Verdão'' (Big Green One) has won the first ever international tournament known as [[Copa Rio (international tournament)|Copa Rio]] in 1951,<ref name="UOL Esporte">{{Cite news|url=https://esporte.uol.com.br/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2016/07/22/primeiro-campeao-global-fifa-parabeniza-palmeiras-por-titulo-da-copa-rio.htm|title=Fifa parabeniza Palmeiras por ser '1º campeão intercontinental de clubes' - Futebol|work=UOL Esporte|access-date=27 March 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613015246/https://esporte.uol.com.br/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2016/07/22/primeiro-campeao-global-fifa-parabeniza-palmeiras-por-titulo-da-copa-rio.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> the 1999, 2020 and 2021 [[Copa Libertadores]], the [[2022 Recopa Sudamericana]], and the 1998 [[Copa Mercosul]]. The club has also been successful at a regional level as they have won 5 Interstate titles ([[Torneio Rio – São Paulo]]), and 26 State Championship titles ([[Campeonato Paulista]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.palmeiras.com.br/historia/titulos|title=Títulos – Palmeiras|access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215151528/http://www.palmeiras.com.br/historia/titulos|url-status=live}}</ref>

Palmeiras currently occupies the second position on [[CBF ranking|CBF]] and the first position [[CONMEBOL]] rankings, and was the first Brazilian club to win the [[IFFHS World's Best Club|IFFHS Men's Club World Ranking]] in 2021.

The squads for all five [[FIFA World Cup]]s and two Olympic gold medals won by [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] have had at least one Palmeiras player in them, an honour shared with cross-city rivals [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Brasil nunca ganhou uma Copa sem jogadores de São Paulo e Palmeiras no elenco |url=https://esportefera.com.br/noticias/futebol,brasil-nunca-ganhou-uma-copa-sem-jogadores-de-sao-paulo-e-palmeiras-no-elenco,70002308134 |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=Fera |language=pt-BR |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009151532/https://esportefera.com.br/noticias/futebol,brasil-nunca-ganhou-uma-copa-sem-jogadores-de-sao-paulo-e-palmeiras-no-elenco,70002308134 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Com ouro nas Olimpíadas, Palmeiras mantém tradição vencedora na seleção brasileira |url=https://esportes.r7.com/lance/com-ouro-nas-olimpiadas-palmeiras-mantem-tradicao-vencedora-na-selecao-brasileira-08082021 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=R7 |date=8 August 2021 |language=pt-BR }}</ref>

The name Palmeiras usually refers to the football club, yet its athletic department competes in more than a dozen different sports. These include [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras (basketball)|basketball]]<ref name=deRose2014>{{cite web |url=https://vivaobasquetebol.wordpress.com/2014/03/26/palmeiras-um-gigante-tambem-no-basquete/ |title=Palmeiras: um gigante também no basquete |trans-title=Palmeiras: a giant also in basketball |work=Viva O Basquetebol |first=Dante |last=de Rose, Junior |access-date=June 14, 2025 |language=pt-br |date=March 26, 2014}}</ref> and roller hockey (rink hockey), American football, archery, and karate among others.

==History==
{{Main|History of SE Palmeiras}}
[[File:Blason duche fr Savoie.svg|left|thumb|150px|First crest in 1915]]
[[File:Palestra Itália-1916.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Photo of Palestra Italia in 1916]]
[[File:Palestra Italia 1920.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Photo of Palestra Italia State Champion in 1920]]

===Foundation===
At the beginning of the 20th century, several young Italians decided to start a club whose main goal was to form a football team that would be representative of the Italian community, and face the big names of São Paulo's football elite. Just over three decades earlier, Italy had been unified – a fact that was not known to some Italian-Brazilians and to some non-Italian Brazilians.

There were numerous Italian clubs, but each one represented an Italian province or was geared to activities other than [[Association football|football]]. At the time, the game was starting to take hold and drew many players and fans.

The founders of the club sought out the ''Fanfulla'' newspaper, which was the media outlet that defended the interests of Italians in Brazil, and entrusted young Vincenzo Ragognetti – another supporter of the idea – to draft an invitation to those interested in forming a sports club.

After several meetings, 46 interested individuals (led by Luigi Marzo and Luigi Cervo) gathered at the Alhambra Room on what is now Rua do Riachuelo, and founded a sports club for all Italian-Brazilians named "Palestra Italia" on 26 August 1914. Ezequiel Simone was named club president. The Italian Consulate in São Paulo became interested in the new club because it would help spread the word among Italians that their country now had one flag and one anthem.

After some initial difficulties, Palestra Italia played its first game in the town of Votorantim (São Paulo State) – beating Savoia 2–0 with goals from Bianco and Alegretti to win the Taça Savoia, the club's first title.<ref name="palmeiras.com.br">{{Cite web |url=http://www.palmeiras.com.br/en/history/timeline.asp |title=Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras' Official Website |access-date=March 22, 2011 |archive-date=July 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712180046/http://www.palmeiras.com.br/en/history/timeline.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 [[File:Palestra Itália-1932.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Photo of Palestra Italia in 1932]]

===1920–1945: First state title and new stadium===
[[File:Nascimento Palestra Itália.jpg|thumb|120px|Oscar Francisco Nascimento in 1930]]

In 1916, the team joined the city's main sports league and played its first official championship match. The following year it would be runner-up in the São Paulo State Championship, facing [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]] for the first time. Palestra won that initial game 3–0 with three goals from Caetano; it also won the rematch 3–1 of what would become the team's chief rivalry. In 1920, Palestra Italia captured the São Paulo State championship with a victory over the rugged Paulistano squad in the deciding match.

Palestra continued to grow as a sports club and also began acquiring more assets. [[Estádio Palestra Itália]], purchased in 1920, was remodeled and expanded in 1933, when it became the first Brazilian stadium with concrete grandstands and barbed-wire fences. Starting in 1964, the playing field would be suspended, which gave fans a complete, broad view and also created space in the lower levels.

The club continued to grow and win more championships, and at the outset of the 1930s became the three-time São Paulo State football and basketball champion – a feat that prompted Palestra fans to chant in celebration: "With the feet or with the hands, Palestra is the best in the land."<ref name="palmeiras.com.br"/>

===A Leader Dies, A Champion is Born===
[[File:Oberdan Cattani.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Oberdan Cattani]]]]
[[File:Palestra Itália-CampeãoPaulista-1940.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Photo of Palestra Italia State Champion in 1940]]
[[File:Arrancada Heroica.jpg|thumb|200px|Palmeiras in 1942]]

In 1942 during World War II, the government of President Getúlio Vargas issued a decree banning any organization from using names related to the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan). Palestra Italia was forced to change its name and became Palestra São Paulo ("palestra" is a Greek word, loosely translated as "gymnasium," which therefore did not violate this rule). However, the change still did not soothe political and sporting pressures to alter the name completely. At risk of forfeiting all its assets to other clubs and being ejected from the championship that it currently led, Palestra was forced to change its name a second time. The night before the last game of the [[Campeonato Paulista|state championship]], scheduled for 20 September 1942, the Palestra board of directors held a heated meeting and changed the club's name. When the debate reached its peak, Dr. Mario Minervino took the floor and asked club Secretary, Dr. Pascoal W. Byron Giuliano, to note in the minutes:

– "They don't want us to be Palestra, so then we shall be Palmeiras – born to be champions."

Tensions flared during the final league match, where Palmeiras's opponent was São Paulo Futebol Clube (SPFC), which was laying claim to the assets of the former Palestra Italia.

Palmeiras took the field carrying the Brazilian flag under the leadership of army Captain Adalberto Mendes. Palmeiras was leading the match by 3–1 when a penalty was given in its favor. At that moment, the SPFC ordered its players to consider the Palmeiras squad an enemy of the homeland and pulled its side off the field amid jeers from even the club's own fans. The celebrations began on the spot. The next day, newspapers contained a photograph of Palmeiras entering the field with the headline: "A Leader Dies, A Champion is Born."<ref name="palmeiras.com.br"/>

===Copa Rio: recognition as world champions===
[[File:Taça Rio.jpg|thumb|200px|Copa Rio 1951 Trophy]]

In January 1951, the Brazilian sports newspaper ''O Globo Sportivo'' ran a lead story reporting that FIFA President [[Jules Rimet]] would grant unconditional support to holding a world club championship in [[Rio de Janeiro]].

The first [[Copa Rio (international tournament)|Copa Rio]] was held in 1951, with the participation of eight squads, divided into two brackets of four teams apiece: [[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama (Brazil)]], [[FK Austria Wien|Austria Vienna (Austria)]], [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional (Uruguay)]], and [[Sporting Clube de Portugal|Sporting CP (Portugal)]], playing in Rio; and Palmeiras (Brazil), [[Juventus FC|Juventus (Italy)]], [[Red Star Belgrade|Red Star (Yugoslavia)]], and [[Olympique de Marseille|Olympique (France)]] playing in São Paulo.
Clubs such as Malmo, Rapid Vienna, Tottenham, Newcastle, Barcelona, Lousanne were invited to participate in the tournament, but they were not interested, and preferred to participate in the [[Latin Cup]] with teams such as [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] and [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico de Madrid]]. The importance of the 1951 Copa Rio is linked to the fact that it was the first interclub competition with worldwide coverage, having been created even before the Intercontinental Cup. The competition was organized by the Brazilian Sports Confederation, with aid and authorization from FIFA, and was sponsored by the municipal government of Rio de Janeiro. As a result, FIFA states that Palmeiras is the de facto holder of the title of the first worldwide club competition in history, by stating in the 2022 competition that Palmeiras already had a title. But by 2022, the official page of the international clubs in the FIFA official website, only reported winners from 2000 to 2022, so Palmeiras would not be considered the 1951 winner. Two editions of the Copa Rio took place in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] in 1951; Palmeiras was the winner of the tournament while [[Fluminense Football Club|Fluminense]], also a co-organizer of the 1952 event, won in 1952. While FIFA statute did establish that official international competitions could only be organized by FIFA or continental confederations, this rule was only effective as of 1955,<ref name=":F1542">For FIFA statute, official competitions are those for representative teams organized by FIFA or any confederation. Representative teams are usually national teams but also club teams that represent a confederation. cfr. {{cite web|url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/19a43d5f3a4c750b/original/vga5sv1yxeayptzrdudx-pdf.pdf|title=FIFA Statutes, April 2016 edition|page=5|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206042201/https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/19a43d5f3a4c750b/original/vga5sv1yxeayptzrdudx-pdf.pdf|url-status=live}} cfr. {{cite web|url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/2d5d33a48d2c98ce/original/mkbo3nwk4btahl9gwtwl-pdf.pdf|title=FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2018: Statistical-kit|date=10 December 2018|page=13|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809010005/https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/2d5d33a48d2c98ce/original/mkbo3nwk4btahl9gwtwl-pdf.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":F153">In accordance with the regulations integrated in the FIFA Statute, official competitions for club teams can be defined as those organized under the auspices of FIFA, confederations and member associations, or authorized by them, excluding friendly matches and test matches; say the confederal and interconfederal cups (arranged by FIFA or confederations), the championships and the national cups (arranged by member associations). cfr. {{cite web|url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/3f3e15cc1ab8977b/original/datdz0pms85gbnqy4j3k-pdf.pdf|title=LAWS OF THE GAME 2015/16|language=en|page=18|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311174803/https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/datdz0pms85gbnqy4j3k.pdf|url-status=live}} cfr. {{cite web|url=https://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/02/70/95/52/regulationsonthestatusandtransferofplayersjune2016_e_neutral.pdf|title=REGULATIONS on the Status and Transfer of Players 2016|page=5|access-date=July 18, 2019|archive-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212031013/https://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/02/70/95/52/regulationsonthestatusandtransferofplayersjune2016_e_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead}} cfr. {{cite web|url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/24f8f89c53f207d6/original/dcu3yijbaqnz9op1y1jf-pdf.pdf|title=FIFA Governance Regulations (FGR) 2016|editor=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|pages=6–7, 9–11|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214174937/https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/24f8f89c53f207d6/original/dcu3yijbaqnz9op1y1jf-pdf.pdf|url-status=live}} cfr. {{cite web|url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/75c63731a2f58da4/original/pywuivvlfl5aqvhsw2i7-pdf.pdf|title=Regulations Governing International Matches|pages=15, 25|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524205945/https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/75c63731a2f58da4/original/pywuivvlfl5aqvhsw2i7-pdf.pdf|url-status=live}} cfr. {{cite web|url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/19a43d5f3a4c750b/original/vga5sv1yxeayptzrdudx-pdf.pdf|title=FIFA Statutes, April 2016 edition|pages=5, 19–21, 33–35, 37, 44, 74|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206042201/https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/19a43d5f3a4c750b/original/vga5sv1yxeayptzrdudx-pdf.pdf|url-status=live}} cfr. {{cite web|url=http://www.publico.pt/noticia/fifa-ignora-taca-latina-do-benfica-fc-porto-e-o-clube-portugues-com-mais-titulos-1495851|title=FIFA ignora Taça Latina do Benfica, FC Porto é o clube português com mais títulos|date=25 May 2011|language=pt|access-date=July 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616073533/http://www.publico.pt/noticia/fifa-ignora-taca-latina-do-benfica-fc-porto-e-o-clube-portugues-com-mais-titulos-1495851|archive-date=June 16, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Until 1955 FIFA limited itself to authorizing the creation of international competitions for clubs only if they were organized by at least two member associations. From 1955 he assigned the confederations the exclusive right to organize competitions deemed official. cfr. {{cite web|url=https://kassiesa.net/uefa/files/2004-uefa-50-years-european-cup.pdf|title=50 years of the European Cup|author=Union des Associations Européennes de Football|date=October 2004|pages=7–9|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507123910/https://kassiesa.net/uefafiles/2004-uefa-50-years-european-cup.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> so this was not the case for the Copa Rio, which was organized by the Brazilian Federation.<ref name="COPA RIO 1951">{{cite journal|title=65 anos da Copa Rio de 1951: lembre 14 fatos e curiosidades do Mundial do Palmeiras|url=http://www.goal.com/br/news/10692/futebol-paulista/2016/07/21/25801642/65-anos-da-copa-rio-de-1951-lembre-14-fatos-e-curiosidades|journal=Goal.com (In Portuguese)|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330001650/https://www.goal.com/br/news/10692/futebol-paulista/2016/07/21/25801642/65-anos-da-copa-rio-de-1951-lembre-14-fatos-e-curiosidades|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="COPA RIO">{{cite journal|title=Copa Rio - Torneio Internacional De Campeões|url=https://www.campeoesdofutebol.com.br/copa_rio.html|journal=Campeoesdofutebol.com.br (In Portuguese), 02/22/2015|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330001645/https://www.campeoesdofutebol.com.br/copa_rio.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Palmeiras has requested several times that FIFA officially recognize this tournament as a Club World Cup, but as of yet to no avail.<ref name="COPA RIO 51">{{cite journal|date=15 June 2018|title=Palmeiras pediu ajuda da Conmebol para reconhecer 1951 como Mundial|url=https://www.correiodoestado.com.br/esportes/palmeiras-pediu-ajuda-da-conmebol-para-reconhecer-1951-como-mundial/330091/|journal=Correiodoestado.com.br/FOX SPORTS (In Portuguese)|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330001641/https://www.correiodoestado.com.br/esportes/palmeiras-pediu-ajuda-da-conmebol-para-reconhecer-1951-como-mundial/330091/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=11 August 2014|title=Ao GloboEsporte.com, explicação da entidade que comanda o futebol é de que Copa Rio tem nível mundial, mas é diferente dos torneios organizados depois de 2000|url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/2014/08/fifa-ve-titulo-de-51-do-verdao-como-de-nivel-mundial-mas-separa-campeoes.html|language=pt|website=globoesporte.globo.com|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630151108/http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/2014/08/fifa-ve-titulo-de-51-do-verdao-como-de-nivel-mundial-mas-separa-campeoes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Time do Palmeiras, 1951.tiff|thumb|left|250px|Palmeiras team profiled before the final against Juventus in 1951 at Maracanã Stadium]]
In 2006, Palmeiras prepared a document for FIFA, describing the 1951 Copa Rio in detail, in order to request official confirmation of their victory as the first ever club football world championship.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.com.br/noticia/431273_joseph-blatter-palmeiras-foi-o-primeiro-campeao-mundial-de-clubes|title=Joseph Blatter: 'Palmeiras nao foi campeão Mundial porque o Campeonato que ganharam ainda nao era considerado como mundial'|work=ESPN|access-date=27 March 2018|language=pt|archive-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212107/http://www.espn.com.br/noticia/431273_joseph-blatter-palmeiras-foi-o-primeiro-campeao-mundial-de-clubes|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.observatoriodofluminense.com.br/editoriais/2016/09/dossie-mundial-52-redacao|title=Dossiê Mundial 52 (Redação)|work=OBSERVATORIO DO FLU|access-date=27 March 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202052525/http://www.observatoriodofluminense.com.br/editoriais/2016/09/dossie-mundial-52-redacao|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2014/08/1498255-blatter-diz-que-fifa-vai-reconhecer-palmeiras-como-campeao-mundial.shtml|title=Blatter diz que Fifa vai reconhecer Palmeiras como campeão mundial|work=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616154325/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2014/08/1498255-blatter-diz-que-fifa-vai-reconhecer-palmeiras-como-campeao-mundial.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://esportes.estadao.com.br/noticias/futebol,ao-estado--fifa-confirma-mundial-de-1951-para-o-palmeiras,1813361|title=Ao Estado, Fifa confirma Mundial de 1951 para o Palmeiras - Esportes|work=Estadão|access-date=27 March 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330140721/http://esportes.estadao.com.br/noticias/futebol,ao-estado--fifa-confirma-mundial-de-1951-para-o-palmeiras,1813361|url-status=live}}</ref> The document argued that the participation of FIFA officials [[Stanley Rous]] and [[Ottorino Barassi]] in the organization of the 1951 competition was a clear indication of FIFA's blessing, and that FIFA had sent Barassi to represent FIFA in the organization of the tournament. Rous and Barassi were primarily involved in negotiations with European clubs, while Barassi also helped organize the framework of the competition. In a 1951 interview, however, FIFA President [[Jules Rimet]] praised the Brazilian initiative, but denied any FIFA involvement in or responsibility for it.

In May 2007, Palmeiras received a letter from FIFA, signed by then Secretary-General [[Urs Linsi]], recognizing Palmeiras as club world champions of 1951.<ref name=":1" /> However, FIFA president [[Sepp Blatter]] later declared that the matter was still being evaluated.

In April 2013, FIFA General-Secretary [[Jérôme Valcke]], again recognized Palmeiras as champions of the "''first Club World Cup ever held''" in written communication to the Brazilian Minister of Sports, [[Aldo Rebelo]].
[[FIFA Council|FIFA Executive Committee]] recognized Palmeiras as champions of the "''first worldwide club competition''" in 2014, while, [[FIFA]] president [[Joseph Blatter]] stated to the Brazilian press that Palmeiras's victory had been effectively recognized by FIFA and they should therefore be considered club world champions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/2014/08/presidente-da-fifa-reconhece-titulo-de-51-como-mundial-do-palmeiras.html|title=Presidente da Fifa reconhece título de 51 como mundial do Palmeiras|date=9 August 2014|access-date=22 September 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413134154/http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/2014/08/presidente-da-fifa-reconhece-titulo-de-51-como-mundial-do-palmeiras.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 July 2016, FIFA celebrated the 65-year anniversary of the 1951 Copa Rio title won by Palmeiras. On [[Instagram]], FIFA posted: ''"Green is the color of envy. 'The Big Green Ones' were the envy of the world on this day 65 years ago. A Liminha-inspired Palmeiras edged a Juventus team including [[Giampiero Boniperti]] & a Danish triumvirate to become the sport's first intercontinental world club champions. 100,000 watched that at the Maracanã. One million flooded the streets of São Paulo to welcome their heroes home''."<ref name="UOL Esporte"/>

A distinction between a "worldwide competition" (''worldwide in reach but that does not necessarily indicate the world champion'') and a "competition awarding the label of world champion" rose in January 2017, when FIFA issued the following statement: "''At its meeting in [[São Paulo]] on 7 June 2014 the FIFA Executive Committee agreed to the request presented by CBF to acknowledge the 1951 tournament between European and South American clubs as the first worldwide club competition, and Palmeiras as its winner. FIFA acknowledges and values the initiatives to establish worldwide club competitions throughout history. This is the case of tournaments involving European and South American clubs, such as the pioneering Copa Rio, played in 1951 and 1952, and the Intercontinental Cup. However, it was not until 2000 that FIFA organised the maiden FIFA Club World Cup, with representatives from all six confederations. The winners of this competition, which went on to be staged annually from 2005 onwards, are the ones officially considered by FIFA as club world champions''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pvc.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2017/03/30/fifa-documentou-a-ministro-que-palmeiras-ganhou-copa-do-mundo-de-clubes/|title=PVC - Fifa documentou a ministro que Palmeiras ganhou Copa do Mundo de clubes|access-date=22 September 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031143534/https://pvc.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2017/03/30/fifa-documentou-a-ministro-que-palmeiras-ganhou-copa-do-mundo-de-clubes/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{cite web|language=pt|title=Fifa diz que títulos antes do Mundial de 2000 não são considerados oficiais|url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/noticia/2017/01/fifa-diz-que-titulos-antes-do-mundial-de-2000-nao-sao-considerados-oficiais.html|work=globoesporte.globo.com|date=27 January 2017|access-date=22 September 2020|archive-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711124812/http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/noticia/2017/01/fifa-diz-que-titulos-antes-do-mundial-de-2000-nao-sao-considerados-oficiais.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 October 2017, the FIFA Council changed its position: while not promoting the statistical unification of the Intercontinental Cup and the Club World Cup, in respect to the history of the two tournaments<ref name="kit20172">{{cite web|title=FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2017: Statistical Kit FIFA|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215063613/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompcwc/02/67/91/87/statskit_fcwc2017_event_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 15, 2017|pages=15, 40, 41, 42}}</ref> (which merged in 2005),<ref name="FIFA Activity Report 20053">{{cite journal|date=April 2004 – May 2005|title=FIFA Club World Championship TOYOTA Cup: Solidarity – the name of the game|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/01/68/21/16//activityreport2005en.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=FIFA Activity Report 2005|location=Zurich|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|page=60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011001522/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/01/68/21/16//activityreport2005en.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2012|access-date=17 December 2012}}</ref> it made the Intercontinental Cup an official world title, recognizing all its winners as club world champions with the same title as [[FIFA Club World Cup]] winners: "FIFA Club World Champions."<ref name=":F154233224">"While it does not promote the statistical unification of tournaments, that is, has not absorbed to the Intercontinental Cup (merged with FIFA Club World Cup in 2005), the title was conferred by an official document from the world federation so it is legally a FIFA world title" cfr. {{cite web|title=FIFA Club World Cup Qatar 2019|url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/105e5661ec9f3acb/original/gqfp3nkwm0zh8ra3xgyi-pdf.pdf|page=12|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717232059/https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/105e5661ec9f3acb/original/gqfp3nkwm0zh8ra3xgyi-pdf.pdf|url-status=live}} cfr.</ref><ref name=":F15423">For FIFA statute, official competitions are those for representative teams organized by FIFA or any confederation. Representative teams are usually national teams but also club teams that represent a confederation in the interconfederal competitions or a member association in a continental competition cfr. {{cite web|title=FIFA Statutes, April 2016 edition|url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/19a43d5f3a4c750b/original/vga5sv1yxeayptzrdudx-pdf.pdf|page=5|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206042201/https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/19a43d5f3a4c750b/original/vga5sv1yxeayptzrdudx-pdf.pdf|url-status=live}} cfr. {{cite web|date=10 December 2018|title=FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2018: Statistical-kit|url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/2d5d33a48d2c98ce/original/mkbo3nwk4btahl9gwtwl-pdf.pdf|page=13|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809010005/https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/2d5d33a48d2c98ce/original/mkbo3nwk4btahl9gwtwl-pdf.pdf|url-status=live}} cfr. {{cite web|title=2018/19 UEFA Champions League regulations|url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/uefaorg/Regulations/02/55/82/79/2558279_DOWNLOAD.pdf|page=10|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512114219/http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/uefaorg/Regulations/02/55/82/79/2558279_DOWNLOAD.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In April 2019, [[FIFA]] president [[Gianni Infantino]], in an interview with Brazilian media, reiterated FIFA's perspective that only the winners of the Intercontinental Cup and the Club World Cup were officially world champions. Also in April 2019, former [[FIFA]] president [[Joseph Blatter]] (who held office until December 2015) again stated to the Brazilian press that Palmeiras had been recognized as world club champions by FIFA in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/placar/palmeiras-e-campeao-mundial-e-ponto-final-diz-joseph-blatter/|title='Palmeiras é campeão mundial e ponto final', diz Joseph Blatter|access-date=22 September 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001095733/https://veja.abril.com.br/placar/palmeiras-e-campeao-mundial-e-ponto-final-diz-joseph-blatter/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-16 |title=Palmeiras é campeão mundial e ponto final, diz ex-presidente da Fifa |url=https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/5510246/palmeiras-e-campeao-mundial-e-ponto-final-diz-blatter-ex-presidente-da-fifa |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=ESPN.com |language=pt}}</ref>

In February 2021, the [[FIFA]] website praised Palmeiras's victory in the Copa Rio thus: <blockquote>{{blockquote|"A world championship had been dreamed of and discussed for years by some of football's foremost shot-callers – Jules Rimet, Ottorino Barassi and Stanley Rous among them – and was finally scheduled for 1951 in Brazil, which had recently hosted the FIFA World Cup. The eight-team competition involved some of Europe's top teams, Uruguayan behemoths Nacional and Brazilian duo Vasco da Gama and Palmeiras, who qualified as Rio-Sao Paulo Tournament winners".<ref name="Superheroes in green">{{cite web|title=Superheroes in green|url=https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/superheroes-in-green|date=6 February 2021|editor=fifa.com|language=en|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=13 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313174300/https://www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/news/superheroes-in-green|url-status=live}}</ref>|col2=|col3=}}</blockquote>

In any case, the Copa Rio was the first intercontinental football tournament to bring together the most prestigious clubs from the most important leagues around the world. The matches were played at the same locations in which the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]] games had been played the year before. The tournament triggered discussions within continental football federations about exploring club football internationally, which eventually led to the launch of international championships such as the European Cup (now known as the [[UEFA Champions League]]) and the [[Copa Libertadores]].

In the end, Palmeiras won the first intercontinental championship of the pre-international era of football, making the 'Copa Rio' one of the most important starting points of globalization for football. The 'Copa Rio' was important at the time but Palmeiras is still not recognized as an intercontinental champion by FIFA.

===The "Academy" becomes a Brazilian giant===
[[File:Ademir da Guia (1974).jpg|thumb|left|180px|Ademir da Guia]]

In the 1960s, the standard of quality of Palmeiras played – led by the one who would come to symbolize this period of football excellence, [[Ademir da Guia]] – led the Palestra Italia team to be called the "Academy" of Brazilian football.

[[File:Time do Palmeiras, 1960.tif|thumb|right|200px|The First Academy in 1960]]

The first Academy had [[Djalma Santos]], Djalma Dias, [[Dudu (footballer, born 1939)|Dudu]], Ademir da Guia, [[Julinho Botelho]], [[Vavá]], Liminha and Chinesinho as some of the outstanding players.
[[File:Time do Palmeiras na Taça de Prata, 1969.tif|thumb|right|200px|The Second Academy in 1969]]
[[File:Luís Pereira and Dražen Mužinić.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Luís Pereira (right) at the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]]]]
Managed by Filpo Núñez, Palmeiras players won the most important national competition in 1965, the Rio – São Paulo championship, with stand-out performances. Blow-outs against top rivals included seven goals scored against [[Santos FC|Santos]], five against [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]] in their home stadium of the [[Maracanã Stadium|Maracanã]], five against [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]], and another four scored against [[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco]]. The title came to Palmeiras in another lopsided victory against Botafogo at Pacaembú Stadium in São Paulo.

That same year, the Brazilian Sports Federation (CBD) used the entire Palmeiras roster to inaugurate the [[Mineirão|Mineirão Stadium]] and represent Brazil in an official national team match against Uruguay for the Inconfidência Cup. The day that it donned the green and white, Palmeiras as Brazil was victorious 3–0 over the Uruguayan blue.

In the previous year, Palmeiras had won the Rio de Janeiro Quadricentennial Cup ([[Torneio do IV Centenário do Rio de Janeiro de 1965]]) by beating the Paraguay national team 5–2 and besting [[Peñarol]] of Uruguay in the final.

By the end of the 1960s, Palmeiras won the Copa do Brasil and the Roberto Gomes Pedrosa tournament – the Brazilian Championship equivalent at the time.

These victories laid the groundwork for the second Palmeiras Academy, with players like [[Luís Pereira]], [[Leivinha]], [[Emerson Leão]], Dudu, [[Ademir da Guia]] and [[César Augusto da Silva Lemos|César]].

Led by [[Osvaldo Brandão]], the team captured several titles in the 1970s. It was a three-time São Paulo state champion – emerging undefeated in one of those tournaments – a two-time Brazilian champion, a three-time winner of Spain's Ramón de Carranza Trophy, and the winner of Argentina's Mar del Plata Trophy – considered the South American Club Championship.<ref name="palmeiras.com.br"/>

===1980s: The lost decade===
[[File:Pré jogo- Palmeiras 3 x 3 Corinthians (06-09-2015) @ Allianz Parque, SP, Brasil. (21314835289).jpg|thumb|250px|Palmeiras's supporters]]
Already used to victories at the "Academy" in the 1960s and 1970s, Palmeiras fans saw the 1980s come and go without championships or titles. In 1986, Palmeiras fielded a good team – routing Corinthians 5–1 and playing a historic game in the semifinals of the São Paulo State Championship against that same rival, prevailing 3–0. Ten years after winning its last State title, Palmeiras finally arrived at the final of the state championship, but lost to [[Associação Atlética Internacional (Limeira)|Inter de Limeira]].

On 29 October 1986, Palmeiras fans adopted the pig as their mascot. At a game against [[Santos FC|Santos]], the rival fans were chanting "pig"; the Palmeiras crowd responded with "Come On Pig!! Come On Pig!! Olé Olé Olé..." and "Go Piiiig...." A few days later, Placar sports magazine popularized the new nickname when it published an issue with Jorginho Putinatti – the symbol of that generation – holding a pig in his lap.

There were two noteworthy events during this decade. In the 1983 State Championship against Santos, referee José de Assis Aragão scored a goal for Palmeiras in the 47th minute of the second half. Striker Jorginho kicked the ball inside the penalty area, the ball was on its way out, but hit Aragão – who was on the goal line about a meter from the goal and went into the Santos net. The game ended in a 2–2 tie – much to the chagrin of Santos.

The second unexpected event occurred on 11 November 1988, when striker Gaúcho saved two penalties against [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]] in a game for the Brazilian Championship at Maracanã. Gaúcho was put in goal after keeper Zetti broke his leg in the final minutes of the match. The game ended in a tie, and advanced to the penalty shootout phase. During the shootout, Gaúcho stopped two shots, from Aldair and Zinho. To cap off the evening, he scored a penalty himself while wearing the goalkeeper's jersey.
[[File:Edmundo.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Edmundo]]
In 1989, Palmeiras had another chance to win a title. Undefeated until the penultimate match, the team was eliminated when it lost to Bragantino in the semifinals of the São Paulo State Championship. The 1980s ended without significant victories, but the 1990s would make up for that.<ref name="palmeiras.com.br"/>

===The end of the 20th century – The Greatest in Brazil===

Palmeiras found itself in the midst of a sixteen-year drought, without any significant trophies, until 1992, when the club signed a sponsorship deal with Italian dairy giant [[Parmalat]]. The deal lasted for eight years and quickly turned Palmeiras into Brazil's richest club.

In the 1990s, Palmeiras enjoyed countless achievements, winning numerous important titles. In the first full year of the relationship with Parmalat, the team won the [[Campeonato Paulista|Campeonato Paulista in 1993]], beating its biggest rival [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]] in the final, under the command of coach [[Vanderlei Luxemburgo]] and with a squad featuring [[Evair]], [[Zinho]], [[Edmundo (footballer)|Edmundo]], [[César Sampaio]], [[Mazinho]], [[Antônio Carlos Zago|Antônio Carlos]], Roberto Carlos and [[Edílson]] .
[[File:27 07 2019 Campeonato Brasileiro Jogo do Palmeiras x Vasco da Gama (48392264671) - Vanderlei Luxemburgo.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Vanderlei Luxemburgo]]
That same year, Palmeiras also captured the Rio-São Paulo Championship, once again against [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]], and the [[1993 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]]. In 1994, it achieved the unprecedented feat of winning consecutive state championships and Brazilian championships, the latter victory coming against [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]] once again.

In [[1996 Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras season|1996]] Palmeiras won the friendly [[Copa Euro-América|Euro-America Cup]], defeating the [[Bundesliga]] champions and future [[1996-97 UEFA Champions League]] and [[1997 Intercontinental Cup]] champions [[Borussia Dortmund]] by a score of 6–1. Later, the team handily won the [[1996 Campeonato Paulista]], scoring more than 100 goals and accumulating historic victories, such as a 6-0 thrashing of [[Santos FC]]. [[Rivaldo]], [[Muller]], [[Djalminha]] and [[Luizão (footballer, born 1968)|Luizão]] were the standouts of this historic team.

Palmeiras also had a remarkable sequence of games in the [[1996 Copa do Brasil]], beating [[Clube Atletico Mineiro]] 5-0 (7-1 on aggregate) and defeating the [[1995 Copa Libertadores]] winners [[Gremio]] in the semifinals, but the team eventually suffered a surprise loss to [[Cruzeiro EC]], who would eventually win the [[1997 Copa Libertadores]].

In 1998, Palmeiras won the [[1998 Copa do Brasil]] and the [[1998 Copa Mercosur]], both against [[Cruzeiro EC]]. The latter was the first official international cup won by Palmeiras since 1951.

[[File:Marcoswikipediafront.JPG|thumb|right|160px|Marcos]]

===1999 – The first Copa Libertadores trophy===
{{see also|Copa Libertadores}}
[[File:Zinho.JPG|thumb|left|160px|Zinho]]
Already famous for winning the [[1991 Copa do Brasil]], [[1994 Copa do Brasil]], [[1995 Copa Libertadores]], and [[1996 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]], [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]] was hired as manager in 1997 and led the team to a number of important trophies, including their first [[1999 Copa Libertadores|Copa Libertadores]].

Palmeiras faced a challenging road to the finals, defeating the [[1998 Copa Libertadores|defending champions]] [[Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]] in the round of 16 by 5–3 on aggregate (including coming back to secure a historic 4–2 away victory), rival [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]] in the quarterfinals on penalties, and [[1996 Copa Libertadores]] winners [[Club Atletico River Plate|River Plate]] in the semifinals by 3–1 on aggregate.

The final matches were against [[Deportivo Cali]] from Colombia, the [[1978 Copa Libertadores]] runners up. In the first leg in [[Cali]], Deportivo beat Palmeiras 1–0. In the second leg, at [[Estádio Palestra Itália]], Palmeiras beat Deportivo 2–1 and won the competition in a penalty shootout.

Important players from that team were [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] winners [[Marcos Roberto Silveira Reis|Marcos]], [[Zinho]] and [[Roque Júnior]], as well as [[Alexsandro de Souza|Alex]], [[Evair Aparecido Paulino|Evair]], [[Paulo Nunes]], and [[César Sampaio]].

That same year, Palmeiras disputed the [[1999 Intercontinental Cup|1999 Intercontinental Cup in]] [[Tokyo]], but were defeated by [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] of England. Despite enjoying the better of the game, Palmeiras had a goal from [[Alex (footballer, born 1977)|Alex]] ruled out, and conceded a goal after an uncharacteristic mistake by [[Marcos (footballer, born 1973)|Marcos]], one of the team's stars and future [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] champion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trivela.uol.com.br/ha-15-anos-palmeiras-pressionava-manchester-united-mas-perdia-o-titulo-mundial/|title=Há 15 anos, Palmeiras jogava melhor que o Manchester United, mas perdia o título Mundial |publisher=Trivela |date=November 30, 2014|access-date=February 6, 2016|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305211501/http://trivela.uol.com.br/ha-15-anos-palmeiras-pressionava-manchester-united-mas-perdia-o-titulo-mundial/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Luiz Felipe Scolari.jpeg|thumb|left|160px|Luiz Felipe Scolari]]

===2000 – Four finals disputed===
In 2000, Palmeiras disputed four finals. First, the team won the [[Torneio Rio-São Paulo|Rio-São Paulo Tournament]] after beating [[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]] by 6–1 on aggregate in the final. In the first leg, in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Palmeiras beat Vasco 2–1. In the second leg, at [[Estádio do Morumbi|Morumbi Stadium]], Palmeiras prevailed by a score of 4–0.

The club again reached the [[2000 Copa Libertadores]] finals, this time against [[Boca Juniors]] from [[Argentina]]. In the first leg in [[Buenos Aires]], the game ended 2–2. In the second leg, at the [[Estádio do Morumbi|Morumbi]] in São Paulo, the game ended 0–0, with Boca winning the competition in a penalty shootout and preventing a consecutive championship for Palmeiras.

After the Copa Libertadores final, [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]] left Palmeiras, along with a number of players. Given the circumstances, Palmeiras invested in younger players and won the first ever [[Copa dos Campeões|Brazilian Champions' Cup]] after beating [[Sport Club do Recife|Sport Recife]] in the final. The result qualified the club to play in their 3rd consecutive [[Copa Libertadores]] in [[2001 Copa Libertadores|2001]].

At the end of the year, the club also reached the quarterfinals of the [[Copa João Havelange|2000 Campeonato Brasileiro]] playoffs and played their 3rd consecutive [[2000 Copa Mercosur|Copa Mercosur]] final, which was also their 5th consecutive [[CONMEBOL]] championship final since the second half of 1998 ([[1998 Copa Mercosur]], [[1999 Copa Libertadores]], [[1999 Copa Mercosur]], [[2000 Copa Libertadores]], and the [[2000 Copa Mercosur]]).

The young Palmeiras team eventually lost the [[2000 Copa Mercosur]] final to a [[Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]] full of stars such as [[Romario]], [[Juninho Paulista]], and [[Euller (footballer, born 1971)|Euller]]. The team was called “''bom e barato''” (good and cheap) and their success triggered a new management philosophy in the club, which was eventually proven to not be as effective in subsequent years.

Having won key national and international competitions, Palmeiras was proclaimed [[Brazilian football]]'s ''Best Team of the 20th Century of Brazil'' by the [[Federação Paulista de Futebol|São Paulo State Football Federation]] (FPF), the ''[[Folha de S.Paulo|Folha de]] [[O Estado de S. Paulo|São Paulo]]'' and ''[[O Estado de S. Paulo|Estado de São Paulo]]'' newspapers, and the ''Placar'' magazine.<ref name="palmeiras.com.br"/>

===2000s – Difficult years===
[[File:Palmeiraslduwikipedia.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Palmeiras against [[Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito|Liga Deportiva Universitaria]] in 2009]]
Parmalat's sponsorship ended in 2000, leaving Palmeiras in dire straits. After reaching the [[2001 Copa Libertadores]] semi-finals (where they lost to the [[Boca Juniors]]), the club had a bad 2002 season that ended in relegation to the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|Série B]], but immediately returned in 2004.

The 2004 and 2005 seasons were rather successful, with the team finishing in 4th both years and qualifying for the [[Copa Libertadores|Libertadores]] in 2005 and 2006. Palmeiras was eliminated by rivals [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] in the Round of 16 in both years.

In 2007, [[Edmundo (footballer)|Edmundo]] played his last season for the club, just missing out on the top 4 in [[2007 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]] in the final game of the season.

In 2008, Palmeiras arrived at a sponsorship agreement with Traffic, a sports marketing agency. The club made big investments on new players and [[Vanderlei Luxemburgo]]. This new strategy paid dividends as Palmeiras won their [[2008 Campeonato Paulista|22nd Paulista Championship]], capped off with a 5–0 victory over [[Associação Atlética Ponte Preta|Ponte Preta]] in the second leg of the final. Palmeiras finished 4th in the [[2008 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Campeonato Brasileiro]], which qualified them for the [[2009 Copa Libertadores|2009]] edition of the [[Copa Libertadores]].

===Allianz Parque===
[[File:Imagens da Cidade de São Paulo e Zoológico da Capital Paulista. (47480340301).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Allianz Parque]]
The year of 2008 also marked the beginning of the planning phase for a new stadium for the club, as well as remodeling the social club, to prepare Palmeiras for the club's centenary year in 2014. The planned arena is now known as [[Allianz Parque]].

In 2009, the club reached the quarterfinals of Copa Libertadores, eventually losing to Uruguayan side [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] on away goals.
In the same season, Palmeiras came close to winning the [[2009 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brazilian League]], but political problems inside the club caused internal turmoil and affected on-field performances, and Palmeiras finished the season in fifth place.

From 2010 to 2014, Palmeiras played its home matches in the municipal [[Estádio do Pacaembu|Pacaembu]], as the [[Estádio Palestra Itália]] was demolished.

===2012: Copa do Brasil and relegation===
[[File:Assuncaowiki.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Marcos Assunção]]
In 2012, Palmeiras won the [[2012 Copa do Brasil|Copa do Brasil]] for the second time, beating [[Coritiba Foot Ball Club|Coritiba]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/jogo/copa-do-brasil-2012/11-07-2012/coritiba-palmeiras.html| title=Paraíso Verde! Na Bola Parada, Palmeiras É Bi da Copa do Brasil| publisher=Globo Esporte| access-date=6 February 2016| archive-date=15 July 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715060018/http://globoesporte.globo.com/jogo/copa-do-brasil-2012/11-07-2012/coritiba-palmeiras.html| url-status=live}}</ref> Led by manager [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]] and captained by midfielder [[Marcos Assunção]], Palmeiras did not suffer a defeat in the entire tournament.

Less than three months after winning the Copa do Brasil, Scolari would leave the club due to poor performances in the league. He was replaced by [[Gilson Kleina]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://esportes.br.msn.com/colunistas/g%C3%ADlson-kleina-%C3%A9-o-novo-t%C3%A9cnico-do-palmeiras-contrato-at%C3%A9-o-fim-de-2013|title=Esportes - Futebol, UFC, F1, Campeonatos do Brasil e do Mundo |publisher=MSN |access-date=July 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925013718/http://esportes.br.msn.com/colunistas/g%C3%ADlson-kleina-%C3%A9-o-novo-t%C3%A9cnico-do-palmeiras-contrato-at%C3%A9-o-fim-de-2013|archive-date=September 25, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> the manager of [[Associação Atlética Ponte Preta|Ponte Preta]], but the team failed to improve its performances and was relegated to the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série B]] for the second time in its history after a draw against [[Clube de Regatas Flamengo|Flamengo]] on November 18, [[2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2012]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazetaesportiva.net/noticia/2012/11/palmeiras/love-marca-no-fim-e-deixa-palmeiras-muito-perto-da-serie-b.html|title=Love marca no fim e determina rebaixamento do Palmeiras|work=Gazetaesportiva.Net|access-date=July 21, 2015|archive-date=29 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929053512/http://www.gazetaesportiva.net/noticia/2012/11/palmeiras/love-marca-no-fim-e-deixa-palmeiras-muito-perto-da-serie-b.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2013–2015: Beginning of a resurgence===
[[File:Allianz Parque - Palmeiras Campeão Brasileiro de 2016.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Palmeiras' supporters at Allianz Parque]]
In 2013, now under the administration of newly elected President [[Paulo Nobre]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/2013/01/paulo-nobre-derrota-perin-e-e-o-novo-presidente-do-palmeiras.html| title=Eleito presidente do Palmeiras, Nobre afirma: 'Não sou salvador da pátria| date=21 January 2013| publisher=Globo Esporte| access-date=6 February 2016| archive-date=23 January 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123193105/http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/2013/01/paulo-nobre-derrota-perin-e-e-o-novo-presidente-do-palmeiras.html| url-status=live}}</ref> Palmeiras was easily promoted back to the first division with six games to spare, ensuring their participation in the [[2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2014 Série A]] for the club's centennial season.

Palmeiras suffered a setback early on in its 2014 [[2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|centennial]] season as head coach Kleina was sacked, swiftly followed by the departure of striker [[Alan Kardec]] and defender [[Henrique Adriano Buss|Henrique]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/brasileirao/2014-04-28/alan-kardec-deixa-palmeiras-e-acerta-com-rival-sao-paulo-revela-paulo-nobre.html| title=Alan Kardec deixa Palmeiras e acerta com rival São Paulo, revela Paulo Nobre| publisher=O DIA| access-date=6 February 2016| archive-date=7 February 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207002419/http://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/brasileirao/2014-04-28/alan-kardec-deixa-palmeiras-e-acerta-com-rival-sao-paulo-revela-paulo-nobre.html| url-status=live}}</ref> Argentinian [[Ricardo Gareca]] was signed to coach the team after the break for the [[2014 FIFA World Cup|World Cup in Brazil]], but failed to meet expectations and was sacked after a short spell. [[Dorival Júnior]] replaced Gareca until the end of the season, as the club was fighting against relegation. With first-choice goalkeeper [[Fernando Prass]] and midfielder [[Jorge Valdivia]] both returning from injury, the players led Palmeiras throughout the second half of the season as the club managed to avoid relegation and finished the season in 16th place.<ref>{{cite news|title=Palmeiras mark centenary amid relegation fears|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/feedarticle/11507406|agency=Reuters|date=August 26, 2014|first=Andrew|last=Downie|work=theguardian.com|access-date=September 1, 2014|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208082140/http://www.theguardian.com/football/feedarticle/11507406|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Another Copa do Brasil====
[[File:Ze-2-cc3b3pia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Zé Roberto]]
In 2015, Palmeiras underwent an extensive rebuilding project, hiring a new coach and new football director. The club signed 25 players over the year and promoted several new talents from the club's youth teams, while almost every player from the 2014 squad was moved on. Palmeiras also improved its official paid supporters program, ''Avanti'', eventually reaching 114,000 paid supporters.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.palmeiras.com.br/noticias/ler/35546-avanti-atinge-50-mil-socios-em-2015-e-fica-proximo-de-bater-recorde-do-flamengo#.VrYo7TYrL-Y| title=Avanti atinge 50 mil sócios em 2015 e fica próximo de bater recorde do Flamengo| publisher=SE Palmeiras| access-date=February 6, 2016| archive-date=April 24, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424232228/http://www.palmeiras.com.br/noticias/ler/35546-avanti-atinge-50-mil-socios-em-2015-e-fica-proximo-de-bater-recorde-do-flamengo#.VrYo7TYrL-Y| url-status=dead}}</ref>

This was also Palmeiras' first season playing in their newly built stadium, the [[Allianz Parque]], which seated 43,713 fans and included fully covered spectator seating; it was inaugurated on 19 November 2014.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://esportes.terra.com.br/sport/palmeiras-leva-gol-de-ex-e-decepciona-1-no-allianz-parque,16123b280aac9410VgnVCM4000009bcceb0aRCRD.html| title=Palmeiras leva gol de "ex" e decepciona 1ª no Allianz Parque| publisher=Terra| access-date=February 6, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207002618/http://esportes.terra.com.br/sport/palmeiras-leva-gol-de-ex-e-decepciona-1-no-allianz-parque,16123b280aac9410VgnVCM4000009bcceb0aRCRD.html| archive-date=February 7, 2016| url-status=dead| df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Palmeiras reached the [[2015 Campeonato Paulista]] finals, which they lost on penalties to rivals [[Santos FC]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://esportes.terra.com.br/palmeiras/santos-x-palmeiras-pela-final-do-campeonato-paulista-2015,9535992309a48c21dac389744356ceb533upRCRD.html| title=Santos vence Palmeiras nos pênaltis e é campeão paulista| publisher=Terra| access-date=February 6, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206234034/http://esportes.terra.com.br/palmeiras/santos-x-palmeiras-pela-final-do-campeonato-paulista-2015,9535992309a48c21dac389744356ceb533upRCRD.html| archive-date=February 6, 2016| url-status=dead| df=mdy-all}}</ref>

On 9 June 2015, manager [[Oswaldo de Oliveira]] was sacked by Palmeiras due to a slow start to the [[2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Campeonato Brasileiro]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/2015/06/palmeiras-demite-oswaldo-de-oliveira.html | title=Palmeiras demite Oswaldo de Oliveira | date=9 June 2015 | publisher=Globo Esporte | access-date=6 February 2016 | archive-date=10 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610223631/http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/2015/06/palmeiras-demite-oswaldo-de-oliveira.html | url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 June 2015, Palmeiras reached an agreement with [[Marcelo Oliveira]], recently sacked by [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] despite having won the Brazilian league with them in [[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2013]] and [[2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2014]].

Palmeiras won the [[2015 Copa do Brasil]] on 2 December 2015. After a 1–0 loss to Santos in the first leg, the players were received at the stadium by more than 40,000 supporters both inside and outside Allianz Parque. Palmeiras won the second leg 2–1, with both goals scored by [[Dudu (footballer, born 1992)|Dudu]], before winning the trophy on penalties (with Fernando Prass saving a penalty and converting the winning penalty). [[Gabriel Jesus]] was the great revelation of that team, while the experience of midfielder [[Zé Roberto]] was also fundamental for Palmeiras to win the competition.

With this title, Palmeiras increased its supremacy as Brazil's greatest champion, with 12 national titles (8 league titles, 1 Brazilian Champions Cup and 3 Copa do Brasil titles).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fpf.org.br/Not%C3%ADcias/%C3%9Altimas+Not%C3%ADcias/2015-12/94777/Palmeiras+chega+a+11+t%C3%ADtulos+e+se+isola+como+maior+campe%C3%A3o+nacional| title=Palmeiras chega a 11 títulos e se isola como maior campeão nacional| publisher=Federação Paulista de Futebol (FPF)| access-date=February 6, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207012349/http://www.fpf.org.br/Not%C3%ADcias/%C3%9Altimas+Not%C3%ADcias/2015-12/94777/Palmeiras+chega+a+11+t%C3%ADtulos+e+se+isola+como+maior+campe%C3%A3o+nacional| archive-date=February 7, 2016| url-status=dead| df=mdy-all}}</ref> As champions of the 2015 Copa do Brasil, Palmeiras also secured a place in the [[2016 Copa Libertadores]] group stage.

===2016–2018: Back on top of Brazilian football===
[[File:BARCELONA-PALMEIRAS - 35626337991 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Yerry Mina]]
On 12 March 2016, Palmeiras reached a verbal agreement with [[Cuca (footballer, born 1963)|Cuca]] to become its new manager.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://esportes.terra.com.br/palmeiras/palmeiras-confirma-contratacao-de-cuca-como-novo-treinador,1efd1efcfa25bd98e254b0842a4c113exc9k0cth.html |title=Palmeiras confirma contratação de Cuca como novo treinador |access-date=November 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122073216/https://esportes.terra.com.br/palmeiras/palmeiras-confirma-contratacao-de-cuca-como-novo-treinador,1efd1efcfa25bd98e254b0842a4c113exc9k0cth.html |archive-date=November 22, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Palmeiras re-signed [[Zé Roberto]], while also signing other key players for the 2016 season, including [[Dudu (footballer, born 1992)|Dudu]], [[Edu Dracena]], [[Moisés Lima Magalhães|Moisés]], [[Róger Guedes]], [[Jean (footballer, born 1986)|Jean]], [[Yerry Mina]], and [[Tchê Tchê]].

====2016: 9th national title====
[[File:Brasil estreia contra a África do Sul no Mané Garrincha — копия (2).jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Gabriel Jesus]]]]
After a dominant year, leading the league for 29 weeks, Cuca led Palmeiras to their ninth league title, and first in 22 years, making it the club with the most league titles in Brazil. [[Gabriel Jesus]] was the team's leading scorer with 12 goals. On 27 November 2016, Palmeiras was guaranteed the title before the 38th week, beating Chapecoense at home 1–0 with a goal from [[Fabiano Leismann|Fabiano]] in the 26th minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arazao.com.br/noticia/80576/palmeiras-vence-a-chapecoense-e-garante-o-titulo-do-campeonato-brasileiro/|title=Palmeiras vence a Chapecoense e garante o título do Campeonato Brasileiro|publisher=A Razao|language=pt|date=27 November 2016|access-date=January 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202061536/http://www.arazao.com.br/noticia/80576/palmeiras-vence-a-chapecoense-e-garante-o-titulo-do-campeonato-brasileiro/|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> With an attendance of 40,986 supporters, this broke the old record attendance of 40,035 from 12 July 2016 against Santos.

====2018: 10th national title====
[[File:DuduPalmeiras2018.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Dudu in 2018]]
On 25 November 2018, Palmeiras clinched its 10th [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Campeonato Brasileiro]] title after defeating [[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco]] 1–0 in [[Rio de Janeiro]]. On 2 December 2018, Palmeiras played their last game of the season in front of a record-breaking crowd of 41,216. With a 3–2 win over [[Esporte Clube Vitória|Vitória]], Palmeiras set a new Campeonato Brasileiro record for the longest undefeated streak (23 matches).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/placar/campeonato-brasileiro/palmeiras-e-vitoria-02122018/|title=Com Bolsonaro na arquibancada, Palmeiras vence Vitória|publisher=Veja|language=pt|date=2 December 2018|access-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203221359/https://veja.abril.com.br/placar/campeonato-brasileiro/palmeiras-e-vitoria-02122018/|archive-date=December 3, 2018|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===2020: Treble===
[[File:Breno-lopes-palmeiras-wikipedia-2021 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Breno Lopes (footballer, born 1996)|Breno Lopes]]]]
In 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil|COVID-19 pandemic]], Palmeiras beat archrival Corinthians in a historic final of the Campeonato Paulista. In the first final in the history of the competition without any spectators, Palmeiras won after beating Corinthians in a penalty shootout.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2020/08/08/palmeiras-x-corinthians.htm|title=Com drama, Palmeiras vence o Corinthians nos pênaltis e é campeão paulista|publisher=UOL|language=pt|date=8 August 2020|access-date=22 September 2020|df=mdy-all|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927103751/https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2020/08/08/palmeiras-x-corinthians.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 30 January 2021, Palmeiras, led by Portuguese coach Abel Ferreira, won the [[2020 Copa Libertadores]] against [[Santos Futebol Clube|Santos]] by a score of [[2020 Copa Libertadores Final|1–0]] at the [[Maracanã Stadium|Maracanã]], in [[Rio de Janeiro]]. It was Palmeiras' second title in the competition.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/55874806|title= Copa Libertadores: Palmeiras score added-time winner to beat Santos|date= 30 January 2021|work= BBC Sport|access-date= 31 January 2021|archive-date= 31 January 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210131000049/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/55874806|url-status= live}}</ref> [[Breno Lopes (footballer, born 1996)|Breno Lopes]] scored the only goal of the match nine minutes into second-half stoppage time.

As champions, Palmeiras qualified for the [[2020 FIFA Club World Cup]] in [[Qatar]] and earned the right to play against the winners of the [[2020 Copa Sudamericana]] in the [[2021 Recopa Sudamericana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conmebol.com/es/palmeiras-conquista-por-segunda-vez-la-gloria-eterna|title=Palmeiras conquista por segunda vez la Gloria Eterna|publisher=CONMEBOL.com|date=30 January 2021|language=es|access-date=31 January 2021|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131031924/https://www.conmebol.com/es/palmeiras-conquista-por-segunda-vez-la-gloria-eterna|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2021, Palmeiras won the [[2020 Copa do Brasil]], defeating [[Grêmio]] with an overall score of 3–0. It was the 4th Copa do Brasil title for Palmeiras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/sport/football-palmeiras-beat-gremio-to-win-copa-do-brasil-14358208 |title=Football: Palmeiras beat Gremio to win Copa do Brasil |publisher=channelnewsasia.com |date=8 March 2021 |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308175553/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/sport/football-palmeiras-beat-gremio-to-win-copa-do-brasil-14358208 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Audiência com Abel Ferreira, Técnico do Palmeiras (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Abel Ferreira]]]]

===2021: Defending the Libertadores===
[[File:Palmeiras x Flamengo - Libertadores - Final - Torcida.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Palmeiras' supporters at Estadio Centenario]]
On 27 November 2021, Palmeiras won the [[2021 Copa Libertadores]] against [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]], with a score of [[2021 Copa Libertadores Final|2–1]], in a single match in a decisive confrontation held at [[Estadio Centenario]], in [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]. Once again led by the Portuguese coach Abel Ferreira, Palmeiras managed to win the second consecutive title in less than a year – the first time they ever achieved such feat in their history.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://ge.globo.com/futebol/libertadores/jogo/27-11-2021/palmeiras-flamengo.ghtml|title= A América continua verde! Palmeiras bate Flamengo e leva o tri da Libertadores|date= 27 November 2021|work= ge|access-date= 27 November 2021|language= Portuguese|archive-date= 27 November 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211127214340/https://ge.globo.com/futebol/libertadores/jogo/27-11-2021/palmeiras-flamengo.ghtml|url-status= live}}</ref>

[[Raphael Veiga]] and [[Deyverson]] scored for the ''Verdão'' five minutes into the first half and into extra time respectively. [[Gabriel Barbosa]] scored the only goal for Flamengo at 72 minutes.

As champions, Palmeiras qualified for the [[2021 FIFA Club World Cup]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]], and earned the right to play against the winners of the [[2021 Copa Sudamericana]] in the [[2022 Recopa Sudamericana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://conmebollibertadores.com/cards/NewsReaderWeb/bem-vindo-tri-palmeiras-vence-flamengo-na-prorrogacao-e-se-sagra-campeao-no-centenario|title=Bem-vindo, tri! Palmeiras vence Flamengo na prorrogação e se sagra campeão no Centenário|publisher=CONMEBOL.com|date=27 November 2021|language=Portuguese|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091712/https://conmebollibertadores.com/cards/NewsReaderWeb/bem-vindo-tri-palmeiras-vence-flamengo-na-prorrogacao-e-se-sagra-campeao-no-centenario|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 January 2022 the [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]] announced Palmeiras as the winner of the Men's World Best Club Ranking of 2021. It was the first time a Brazilian club finished a year on top of this ranking.

===2022: Setting new records===
[[File:Palmeiras-campeao-paulista-2022.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Palmeiras squad with the Campeonato Paulista trophy]]
In January 2022, Palmeiras' under-20s won the [[Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior]] for the first time, defeating rival [[Santos FC]] 4–0 in the final. This victory brought home the only major youth trophy that had yet to be won by Palmeiras, and served as the culmination of a sustained period of investment in the youth teams, beginning in 2013.

In February 2022, Palmeiras played the [[2021 FIFA Club World Cup]] and finished in the second place after beating [[Al Ahly SC|Al-Ahly]] in the semifinals, and losing the final match 2–1 in extra time against [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] after a penalty confirmed by the [[Video assistant referee|video assistance referee]].

In March 2022, Palmeiras defeated [[Athletico Paranaense]] by 4–2 on aggregate and won the [[2022 Recopa Sudamericana]].

[[File:Palmeiras-campeao-recopa-2022.png|thumb|right|250px|The Palmeiras squad with the Recopa trophy]]

In April 2022, Palmeiras won their 24th [[2022 Campeonato Paulista|Campeonato Paulista]] after beating [[Sao Paulo FC]] in the Finals by 5–3 on aggregate, coming back from a 3–1 loss in the first leg.

In November 2022, Palmeiras won their 11th [[2022 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Campeonato Brasileiro]] after a solid season, having lost only three games. The trophy was the remaining possible trophy to be won by [[Abel Ferreira]] in South America.

===2023: Another victorious season===
In January 2023, Palmeiras won the Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior for the second time in a row, defeating [[América Mineiro]] 2-1 in the final. The ''Verdão'' then added the [[2023 Supercopa do Brasil]] to their trophy cabinet on 28 January 2023 after scoring 4-3 against [[Clube de Regatas Flamengo]]. The match was played at [[Estadio Nacional Mane Garrincha|Mane Garrincha Stadium]] in [[Brasília]].

As they did the season before they reached the Campeonato Paulista finals without a single loss, however, Palmeiras lost the first leg of the final by a 2-1 scoreline against [[Esporte Clube Água Santa]], but proceeded to win the second leg 4-0 as they had done the year before to win their 25th, and second consecutive Campeonato Paulista title.

In the [[Copa Libertadores]], Palmeiras entered directly into the group stage and was drawn into Group C alongside Barcelona from Guayaquil, Ecuador, Bolívar from Bolivia, and Cerro Porteño from Paraguay, having the best campaign in the group stage. In the round of 16, eliminated [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético-MG]] after winning the first leg away at Mineirão 1-0 and drawing 0-0 at home at Allianz Parque. In the quarterfinals, they faced [[Deportivo Pereira]] from Colombia. Palmeiras won the first leg at [[Estadio Hernán Ramírez Villegas|Estádio Hernán Ramírez Villegas]] with a 4-0 victory and drew 0-0 in the second leg at home. In the semifinals, they were defeated by Argentine side [[Boca Juniors]] after drawing both matches and losing in the penalty shootout.

In the [[Copa do Brasil]], Palmeiras entered in the third round, where they faced [[Tombense Futebol Clube|Tombense]] by draw and won 5-3 on aggregate. They defeated [[Fortaleza Esporte Clube|Fortaleza]] 3-1 on aggregate in the round of 16 but were eliminated in the quarterfinals by their rival [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] with a 1-3 aggregate score.

In the Campeonato Brasileiro, with young [[Endrick (footballer, born 2006)|Endrick]] standing out as the main highlight Palmeiras debuted at home against Cuiabá. They frequently held the second place in the tournament standings but reached the top of the table in the 34th round and maintained their position until the end of the competition. They clinched their 12th Brazilian title by drawing with [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] in the final round, further solidifying their status as the most successful national champion and repeating their achievement from 1994 when they last secured consecutive championships.

=== Current season (2024) ===
Palmeiras' season started on 4 February 2024, with the [[Supercopa do Brasil]], where they faced their local rivals São Paulo. The match ended in a 0–0 draw, and São Paulo won 4–2 on penalties to claim their first title in the tournament.

In the [[Campeonato Paulista]], Palmeiras was placed in Group B. Palmeiras remained unbeaten until the first leg of the finals, where they lost 1-0 to [[Santos FC|Santos]]. In the second leg at their home stadium, Allianz Parque, Palmeiras defeated Santos 2-0, securing their 26th title.

Palmeiras got knocked out of the Copa Libertadores in the Round Of 16 competition phase. They faced Botafogo as their opponents, they lost 2-1 in the first leg at the Estadio Olimpico Nilton Santos. In the second leg, they conceded two more goals but scored 3, the last one being a last-minute goal that was disallowed because of the video assistant referee. The score ended 4-3 on aggregate.

==Stadium==
{{Main|Allianz Parque}}
[[File:Estádio Palestra Itália2.JPG|thumb|200px|The old [[Estádio Palestra Itália]]]]

===Estádio Palestra Itália (1917–2010)===
The [[Estádio Palestra Itália]] was home of Palmeiras from 1917 to 2010. The venue was also known as ''Parque Antártica'' because the area was a park built by the Antarctica Paulista Brewing Company in the beginning of the last century, before being acquired by Palmeiras in 1920. In the past its capacity was listed as 35,000 spectators. However, even though its grandstands were extended in the late 1990s, it held only seats 27,640 people<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.futebolpaulista.com.br/estadio.php?cod=18 |title=Federação Paulista de Futebol, notícias de futebol, jogos de futebol, Marco Polo del Nero |access-date=2008-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029182124/http://futebolpaulista.com.br/estadio.php?cod=18 |archive-date=October 29, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}. 'Federação Paulista de Futebol'', article "Estádio_Palestra_Itália". Accessed on January 3, 2008.''</ref> due to regulations which enforce safety and comfort.

[[File:Estádio Palestra Itália3.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Estádio Palestra Itália in 2010]]

It was one of the most important Brazilian grounds, considering the amount of decisive and important matches played there. Examples of matches played in Palestra Itália include [[1999 Copa Libertadores]] final, the [[Copa Mercosur]] finals of 1998, 1999 and 2000, [[1996 Copa do Brasil]] final and several [[Campeonato Paulista]] finals.

The last official match played in the stadium was against Grêmio for the Série A on 22 May 2010, and the last match played was a friendly against [[Boca Juniors]] on 9 July 2010.

===Allianz Parque (2014–present)===
[[File:Allianz Parque - Amistoso Palmeiras x Red Bull.jpg|thumb|220px|right|The new [[Allianz Parque]]]]
[[File:GateA AllianzParque.jpg|thumb|220px|External view]]
[[File:Pós jogo- Palmeiras 3 x 3 Corinthians (06-09-2015) @ Allianz Parque, SP, Brasil. (21222435432).jpg|thumb|220px|External view]]

Opened in November 2014, the Allianz Parque has 43,713 covered seats, being 25,395 lower seats, 14,888 upper seats and 3,430 in the cabins.<ref name="WTorre Engenharia"/> The stadium was built for multipurpose events. Many other facilities are in place, including an enhanced parking area, a VIP area, a media center for up to 1,000 media members, 3 restaurants and bars and a heliport. The first official game at Allianz Parque was held on 19 November 2014, between Palmeiras and Sport in the Brazilian Série A, when hosts Palmeiras lost to Sport Recife 0–2. The first official goal of the stadium was scored by Ananias.

On 14 June 2015, Palmeiras won their first Brasileirão match in Allianz Parque with a 2–1 win over [[Fluminense FC|Fluminense]].

==Kit==
{{Commons|Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras kits}}
Palmeiras' first kit consisted of green jerseys, white shorts and green socks. Palmeiras' first jersey was blue jersey tribute to Italian National team. After that, a green with a horizontal white band, and a white with a red Savoy cross as the crest.<ref>''Almanaque do Futebol Paulista 2000'', by José Jorge Farah Neto and Rodolfo Kussarev Jr., published by Editora Panini Brasil and A Bola da Bola, page 414.</ref> Palmeiras have played in blue shirts many times as a tribute to the Italian National Team. Their supporters are also well known for creating the ''mancha verde'' (green stain) of fog and smoke when Palmeiras is entering the pitch.

From 2007 to 2009 Palmeiras used a third jersey: a light yellow shirt with a dark green shorts and socks, one of the most successful and best sellers from Adidas.

In 2010 Palmeiras the light yellow jersey became the second jersey, and started using a blue and white shirt, with white shorts, for their third jersey.

In 2016, Palmeiras announced the extension of the sponsorship agreement with Crefisa and FAM (Faculdade das Américas), which have exclusivity in the uniform of Palmeiras. The two companies, which are part of the same group controlled by the couple José Roberto Lamacchia and Leila Pereira, paid Palmeiras around R$78 million ($20 million) a year, the highest amount ever deposited by a partner in the history of Palmeiras. Palmeiras' uniform is among the most valuable uniforms in [[CONMEBOL|South America]] since 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atribuna.com.br/noticias/noticias-detalhe/esportes/palmeiras-renova-com-patrocinadores-e-camisa-valoriza/?cHash=33d7ebf3f9817de5eecadb8a176352f1 |url-status=dead |title=Palmeiras renova com patrocinadores e camisa valoriza |work=A Tribuna |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008055305/http://www.atribuna.com.br/noticias/noticias-detalhe/esportes/palmeiras-renova-com-patrocinadores-e-camisa-valoriza/?cHash=33d7ebf3f9817de5eecadb8a176352f1 |archive-date=October 8, 2016}}</ref>

===Manufacturer and sponsors===
Crefisa, a Brazilian bank, announced it would sponsor Palmeiras for the 2015 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esportes.terra.com.br/sao-paulo/novo-chapeu-palmeiras-supera-sao-paulo-e-fecha-com-crefisa,f75a5f138021b410VgnVCM20000099cceb0aRCRD.html|title=Novo chapéu? Palmeiras supera São Paulo e fecha com Crefisa|work=Terra|access-date=January 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124163214/http://esportes.terra.com.br/sao-paulo/novo-chapeu-palmeiras-supera-sao-paulo-e-fecha-com-crefisa,f75a5f138021b410VgnVCM20000099cceb0aRCRD.html|archive-date=January 24, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> After their success in the [[2016 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2016 Campeonato Brasileiro]], Crefisa announced it would increase fundings to R$90 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://torcedores.com/noticias/2017/01/crefisa-patrocinio-palmeiras-investir|title=Crefisa Deve Aumentar Patrocíno e Palmeiras Pode Ganhar Força Para Investir|work=Torcedores|date=January 3, 2017|access-date=January 3, 2017|archive-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107075113/http://torcedores.com/noticias/2017/01/crefisa-patrocinio-palmeiras-investir|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!Period
![[Kit (association football)|Kit]] manufacturer
!Shirt partner
|-
|1977–1986
|rowspan=3| [[Adidas]]
||''None''
|-
|1987–1988
|| [[Agip]]
|-
|1989–1992
|| [[Coca-Cola]]
|-
|1993–1995
|| [[Rhumell]]
|rowspan=3| [[Parmalat]]
|-
|1996–1999
|| [[Reebok]]
|-
|1999–2000
|rowspan=2| [[Rhumell]]
|-
|2001–2002
|rowspan=3| [[Pirelli]]
|-
|2002–2005
|| [[Diadora]]
|-
|2006–2007
|rowspan=7| [[Adidas]]
|-
|2008
|| [[FIAT]]
|-
|2009–2010
|| [[Samsung]]
|-
|2010–2012
|| [[FIAT]]
|-
|2012–2013
|| [[Kia Motors|KIA]]
|-
|2013–2014
|| ''None''
|-
|2015–2018
|rowspan=2|[[Crefisa]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidente da Crefisa comemora sucesso da parceria|url=http://www.verdao.net/noticia.php?n=14677|access-date=17 July 2015|language=pt|archive-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207005733/http://www.verdao.net/noticia.php?n=14677|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019–2024
| rowspan="2"| [[Puma (brand)|Puma]]
|-
|2025-present
|[[Sportingbet]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=Palmeiras apresenta novo patrocinador máster; contrato pode chegar a R$ 170 milhões |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/2025/01/13/palmeiras-apresenta-novo-patrocinador-master-contrato-pode-chegar-a-r-170-milhoes.ghtml |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=ge |language=pt-br}}</ref>
|}

=== Kit deals ===
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2019}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left"
!Kit Supplier
!Period
!Contract announcement
!Contract duration
!Value
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Adidas]]
| January 2006–December 2018
| style="text-align: center;" |2005-09-13
| 2006–2008 (first period)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://esportes.estadao.com.br/noticias/futebol,palmeiras-assina-contrato-com-a-adidas,20050913p21265|title=Palmeiras assina contrato com a Adidas - Esportes|website=Estadão|language=pt-BR|access-date=2019-12-22|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222120503/https://esportes.estadao.com.br/noticias/futebol,palmeiras-assina-contrato-com-a-adidas,20050913p21265|url-status=live}}</ref>
2009–2011 (second period)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogdopaulinho.com.br/2008/10/14/palmeiras-renova-com-adidas/|title=Palmeiras renova com Adidas|last=Paulinho|date=2008-10-14|website=Blog do Paulinho|language=pt-BR|access-date=2019-12-22|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222120504/https://blogdopaulinho.com.br/2008/10/14/palmeiras-renova-com-adidas/|url-status=live}}</ref>

2012–2014 (third period)

2015–2016 (fourth period)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.verdaoweb.com.br/news.asp?nID=7897|title=Palmeiras renova contrato com Adidas por dois anos|website=VerdaoWeb.Com.Br|language=pt-br|access-date=2019-12-22|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408080612/https://www.verdaoweb.com.br/news.asp?nID=7897|url-status=live}}</ref>

2017–2018 (fifth period)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://espn.com.br/blogs/varalespn/661472_adidas-fica-na-camisa-do-palmeiras-ate-dezembro-de-2018-e-garante-mais-cerca-de-r-40-milhoes|title=Adidas fica na camisa do Palmeiras até dezembro de 2018 e garante mais cerca de R$ 40 milhões {{!}} Blogs|website=ESPN|language=pt|access-date=2019-12-22|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222120505/http://www.espn.com.br/blogs/varalespn/661472_adidas-fica-na-camisa-do-palmeiras-ate-dezembro-de-2018-e-garante-mais-cerca-de-r-40-milhoes|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
|$1.5 million per year (2006–2008)

$4.0 million per year (2009–2011)

$5.6 million per year (2012–2014)

$5.7 million per year (2015–2016)

$6.2 million per year (2017–2018)
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Puma (brand)|Puma]]
| 2019–present
| style="text-align: center;" |2018-03-23
| 1 January 2019 – 31 December 2021 (3 years)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/palmeiras-puma-kit-deal |title=Palmeiras ink kit supply deal with Puma |date=23 March 2018 |access-date=4 February 2019 |archive-date=24 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524154515/http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/palmeiras-puma-kit-deal |url-status=live }}</ref>
1 January 2022 – 31 December 2024 (3 years)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmeiras anuncia renovação com Puma até 2024 |url=https://www.lance.com.br/palmeiras/palmeiras-anuncia-renovacao-com-puma-ate-2024.html |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Lance! |language=pt-BR |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415060940/https://www.lance.com.br/palmeiras/palmeiras-anuncia-renovacao-com-puma-ate-2024.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[United States dollar|$]]7.5 million per year<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://anythingpalmeiras.com/2018/03/23/palmeiras-and-puma-officialise-partnership/ |title=Palmeiras and PUMA officialise partnership |date=23 March 2018 |access-date=4 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231031/https://anythingpalmeiras.com/2018/03/23/palmeiras-and-puma-officialise-partnership/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Supporters ==
[[File:Torcida do Palmeiras-2007.JPG|thumb|right|270px|Palmeiras' supporters in the [[Estádio Palestra Itália]]]]

Originally, Palmeiras was a club heavily supported by Brazilians of Italian descent in São Paulo State. Over time, that distinction has reduced, and today the fan base is very diverse.

Palmeiras' largest [[Torcida organizada|supporters group]] are the Mancha Alvi-Verde (''White and Green Stain'', a green version of [[Phantom Blot]]), TUP (the oldest group), Acadêmicos da Savóia (the newest group), among others. There are big concentrations of Palmeiras fans across Brazil and in some places across the world known as “consulados” (consulates).

According to the famous Brazilian journalist and Palmeiras fan [[Joelmir Beting]], who was a huge fan of the club, “it is unnecessary to explain the emotion of supporting Palmeiras to its fans, and impossible to do it to the non-fans”. This became one of the club's mottos and reflected in the walls of [[Allianz Parque]]'s home dressing room.

== Rivalries ==
[[File:PalmeirasXCorinthians-Pacaembu2010.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Palmeiras against [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]] in 2010]]

=== Corinthians ===
{{Main|Paulista Derby}}

Palmeiras' biggest rival is [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]]. The rivalry between the two clubs is considered Brazil's greatest, and the most intense in country, entering the conversation of being one of the biggest rivalries in the world, and considerably one of the oldest as well. Their matches are known as the Paulista Derby.

The most important matches between the two clubs were the [[Copa Libertadores 1999|1999 Copa Libertadores]] quarterfinals and [[Copa Libertadores 2000|2000 Copa Libertadores]] semifinals, both won by Palmeiras on penalties.

Palmeiras and Corinthians played the [[1994 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]] final, also won by Palmeiras 4–2 on aggregate.

Other relevant Palmeiras and Corinthians matches:

* '''Palmeiras 4-0 Corinthians''', [[1993 Campeonato Paulista]] Final Match – Palmeiras ended a series of 16 years without winning a championship.
* '''Palmeiras 1-0 Corinthians''', [[1974 Campeonato Paulista]] Final Match – Palmeiras won the Campeonato Paulista and increased Corinthians's negative series without winning any championships to 21 years.
* '''Palmeiras 1-1 Corinthians''', [[1954 Campeonato Paulista]] Final Match – Corinthians won the Campeonato Paulista dedicated to São Paulo City's quadricentennial.
* '''Palmeiras 8-0 Corinthians''', [[1933 Campeonato Paulista]] Season Match – Largest score of the Derby.

[[File:Choque rei - palmeiras e sao paulo - campeonato brasileiro de 2007 - 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Palmeiras against São Paulo in 2007]]

The Derby is often featured in Brazilian popular culture. The game is the central plot of [[Amácio Mazzaropi|Mazzaropi]]'s film ''O Corintiano'' (1967), about a barber who is also a Corinthians fan that does not charge services from other Corinthians fans and does not like to provide services to Palmeiras fans.

In [[O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta]], the rivalry between Palmeiras and Corinthians played a major role in the plot.

=== Santos ===
{{Main|Clássico da Saudade}}

[[Santos FC]] is another major rival; the games between the two clubs are called the Clássico da Saudade (''The Good Times Classic''). Located in the [[Santos, São Paulo|city of the same name]], only 76 km (47,5 mi) from São Paulo, Santos is also one of the 4 big clubs of the [[São Paulo (state)|state]].

The most important matches between the two clubs were the [[2020 Copa Libertadores final|2020 Copa Libertadores Final]] and [[2015 Copa do Brasil]] Final, both won by Palmeiras.

=== São Paulo ===
{{Main|Choque-Rei}}

[[São Paulo FC]] is another local rival; the games between the two clubs are called the Choque-Rei (''Clash of Kings'').

The most important matches between the two clubs were played in [[Copa Libertadores]]. Palmeiras won the [[Copa Libertadores 2021]] quarterfinals by 4–1 on aggregate. [[Sao Paulo FC]] won the second round matches of [[Copa Libertadores 1994]], [[Copa Libertadores 2005]] and [[Copa Libertadores 2006]].

The most recent final match featuring both teams was the [[2022 Campeonato Paulista]] won by Palmeiras. The first leg was held on 30 March 2022, and São Paulo FC defeated Palmeiras 3–1. The second leg was held on 3 April 2022 and Palmeiras made a comeback to defeat their rivals 4–0.

== Club culture ==

===Official mascot===
The club's official mascots are a green [[parakeet]], named Periquito, and a [[pig]], named Gobatto.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.palmeiras.com.br/news/2018/07/09/periquito-e-gobbato--mascotes-oficiais-reforcam-palmeiras-com-acoes-especiais.shtml |title=Periquito e Gobbato: Mascotes oficiais reforçam Palmeiras com ações especiais |access-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626032131/http://www.palmeiras.com.br/news/2018/07/09/periquito-e-gobbato--mascotes-oficiais-reforcam-palmeiras-com-acoes-especiais.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1986, at the Campeonato Paulista playoffs, supporters adopted the pig as their mascot.<ref name="pig">{{cite web |title=Palmeiras |url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/pelenet/palmeiras/ficha.jhtm |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Pelé.net |language=pt |archive-date=14 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214072918/http://noticias.uol.com.br/pelenet/palmeiras/ficha.jhtm |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the parakeet is the official mascot, fans will refer to and yell: "PORCO!" (Pig) enthusiastically during matches, as the pig became their preferred mascot.

On 6 November 2016, Palmeiras incorporated the pig as one of the official mascots of the club.

===Media===

Palmeiras official YouTube channel, [https://youtube.com/palmeiras TV Palmeiras], has more than 1.8 million subscribers. The channel often exhibits highlights of the training sessions, pre-game preparations, post-game interviews, history facts, etc.

Palmeiras official Instagram account, [https://instagram.com/palmeiras?igshid=Zjc2ZTc4Nzk= Palmeiras], has more than 4.4 million subscribers.

Some other channels are dedicated to Palmeiras, for example the [https://youtube.com/c/PodPorco PodPorco], which is a podcast managed by Palmeiras fans with the purpose of interviewing people identified with the club, including players, former managers, journalists, famous supporters, etc.

===Anthem===
Palmeiras' anthem was composed in 1949 by conductor Antonio Sergi. Sergi also wrote the lyrics for the anthem, but did that under the pseudonym Gennaro Rodrigues.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.letras.mus.br/palmeiras/397875/| title=Hino do Palmeiras| publisher=Letras| access-date=6 February 2016| archive-date=6 February 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206233514/https://www.letras.mus.br/palmeiras/397875/| url-status=live}}</ref>

==Players==
===First-team squad===
{{Updated|14 March 2025}}<ref name="Elenco de Futebol Profissional">{{cite web|title=Elenco de Futebol Profissional|url=http://www.palmeiras.com.br/futebol/elenco|access-date=29 April 2016|language=pt|archive-date=21 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421074050/http://www.palmeiras.com.br/futebol/elenco|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=Brazil|pos=GK|name=Mateus}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Marcos Rocha]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|vice-captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Bruno Fuchs (footballer)|Bruno Fuchs]]|other=on loan from [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=Argentina|pos=DF|name=[[Agustín Giay]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=Argentina|pos=MF|name=[[Aníbal Moreno]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Vanderlan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=Brazil|pos=MF|name=[[Felipe Anderson]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=Colombia|pos=MF|name=[[Richard Ríos]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=Brazil |pos=FW|name=[[Vitor Roque]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Brazil|pos=FW|name=[[Paulinho (footballer, born July 2000)|Paulinho]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Brazil|pos=FW|name=[[Bruno Rodrigues (footballer, born 1997)|Bruno Rodrigues]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Mayke]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Micael (footballer, born 2000)|Micael]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Brazil|pos=GK|name=[[Marcelo Lomba]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=Paraguay|pos=DF|name=[[Gustavo Gómez]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=Uruguay|pos=FW|name=[[Facundo Torres]]}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Brazil|pos=MF|name=[[Maurício (footballer, born 2001)|Maurício]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Brazil|pos=GK|name=[[Weverton (footballer, born 1987)|Weverton]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=Uruguay|pos=DF|name=[[Joaquín Piquerez]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Brazil|pos=MF|name=[[Raphael Veiga]]}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Murilo Cerqueira|Murilo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=Brazil|pos=MF|name=[[Lucas Evangelista]]}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=Brazil|pos=FW|name=[[Luighi]]}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=Uruguay|pos=MF|name=[[Emiliano Martínez (footballer, born 1999)|Emiliano Martínez]]}}
{{Fs player|no=34|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Kaiky Naves|Naves]]}}
{{Fs player|no=38|nat=Brazil|pos=MF|name=Figueiredo}}
{{Fs player|no=39|nat=Brazil|pos=FW|name=[[Thalys (footballer)|Thalys]]}}
{{Fs player|no=40|nat=Brazil|pos=MF|name=[[Allan (footballer, born 2004)|Allan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=41|nat=Brazil|pos=FW|name=[[Estêvão Willian|Estêvão]]}}
{{Fs player|no=42|nat=Argentina|pos=FW|name=[[José Manuel López (footballer)|José Manuel López]]}}
{{Fs player|no=43|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Luiz Benedetti|Luis Benedetti]]}}
{{Fs end}}

===Reserve team===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs end}}

===Out on loan===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Brazil|pos=GK|name=[[Kaique Pereira]]|other=at [[S.C. Farense|Farense]] until 30 June 2025}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Caio Paulista]]|other=at [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]] until 31 December 2025}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Gabriel Vareta]]|other=at [[Al-Fayha FC|Al-Fayha]] until 10 July 2025}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Gustavo Garcia (footballer, born 2002)|Garcia]]|other=at [[C.D. Nacional]] until 30 June 2025}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Italy|pos=DF|name=[[Fellipe Jack]]|other=at [[Como 1907]] until 30 June 2025}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Michel (footballer, born 2003)|Michel]]|other=at [[Moreirense F.C.|Moreirense]] until 30 June 2026}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Brazil|pos=MF|name=[[Pedro Lima (footballer, born 2003)|Pedro Lima]]|other=at [[NK Osijek]] until 30 June 2025}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Brazil|pos=MF|name=[[Rômulo (footballer, born 2001)|Rômulo]]|other=at [[Ceará Sporting Club|Ceará]] until 31 December 2025}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Brazil|pos=FW|name=[[Ruan Ribeiro]]|other=at [[Vila Nova Futebol Clube|Vila Nova]] until 30 November 2025}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Brazil|pos=FW|name=[[Vitor Hugo (footballer, born 2003)|Vitinho]]|other=at [[Grêmio Novorizontino|Novorizontino]] until 31 December 2025}}
{{Fs end}}

===Notable players===
{{Main|List of Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players}}

==Management==
{{Main|List of Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras managers}}

===Current staff===
[[File:Abel Ferreira.jpg|thumb|200px|Abel Ferreira]]
{{Fb cs header}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Head coach |s=[[Abel Fernando Moreira Ferreira|Abel Ferreira]]}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Assistant manager |s=João Martins [[Vítor Castanheira]] Carlos Martinho [[Andrey Lopes]]}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Goalkeeping coach |s=Rogério Godoy Thales Damasceno}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Performance analysts |s=Rafael Costa Roberto Torrecilhas Rogério Abreu Guilherme Camargo}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Health and performance center |s=Dr. Gustavo Magliocca}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Medical coordinator |s=Dr. Pedro Pontin}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Scientific coordinator |s=Dr. Daniel Gonçalves}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Physiotherapy coordinator |s=Fred Manhães}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Physiology coordinator |s=Thiago Santi}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Doctors |s=Dr. Gilberto Cunha Dr. Victor Soraggi}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Medical radiologist |s=Dr. André Yamada}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Physiotherapists |s=Marcelo Gondo Rodrigo Alencar Gustavo Kaschel Bruno Presotto}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Psychologist |s=Gisele Silva}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Fitness coaches |s=Marco Aurélio Schiavo Thiago Maldonado}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Physiologists |s=Vinicius Ponzio}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Neuroscientist |s=Luciane Moscaleski}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Nutritionists |s=Mirtes Stancanelli}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Nutrition technician|s=Elaine Francelino de Souza}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Dentist |s=Vitor Ugo Salvoni}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Osteopath |s=José Eduardo}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Masseur |s=Sérgio Luís De Oliveira Paulo Oliveira Santos Alan Wagner Gabriel Filho}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Nurse|s=Weber Guimarães}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Nursing technician|s=Daniel Lima}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Podiatrist|s=Rosãngela Rêgo}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Market analyst|s=Guilherme Dias Guilherme Ximenez Tássio Dias}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Data analyst|s=Emerson Oki Matheus Amorim Tiago Piva}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Football director|s=Anderson Barros}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Legal and business manager|s=Leonardo Holanda}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Operational manager|s=Leonardo Piffer}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Process manager|s=Luís Gustavo Andrade}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Supervisor|s=Artur Albuquerque}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Attorney|s=Ulisses Bresciani Marcus Salinas}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Legal assistance|s=Bruna Herculano}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Logistics|s=Marcelo Alejandro}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Operational|s=Gabriel Rodrigues Adilson Andrade Leandro Silveira}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Kit man|s=Benildo Medrado Geovan Lima Flavio da Silva}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Security|s=Edvaldo 'TKS' Querino Oliver Leonis Paulo Dorfman Cachoeira}}
{{Fb cs footer|u=7 May 2025 |s=[http://www.palmeiras.com.br/futebol/comissao Palmeiras]|date=May 2025}}


===Presidents===
The club associates congregate in a general assembly every four years to elect the seventy-six members of the Conselho Deliberativo (''Deliberating Council'')<ref>''Estatuto da Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras'' (club statute), art. 52.</ref> who in their turn chose amongst them a president for a two-year mandate.<ref>''Estatuto da Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras'' (club statute), art. 83.</ref> As of 2006 the president can only be re-elected once.<ref>''Estatuto da Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras'' (club statute), art. 113.</ref>

These are all Palmeiras presidents since the club's foundation:<ref>Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras official records and meeting minutes</ref><ref>Luxur Oak - [https://okchoi.online/gabriel-jesus/ Gabriel Jesus] – Tiền Đạo Cắm Xuất Sắc Của Pháo Thủ Thành London. Okchoi Vietnam Football News</ref>

{|
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Name
! Years
|-
| align="left" |Ezequiel Simone
| align="left" |1914
|-
| align="left" |Leonardo Pareto
| align="left" |1915
|-
| align="left" | Augo Vaccaro
| align="left" |1915
|-
| align="left" |Ludovico Bacchiani
| align="left" |1916
|-
| align="left" |Guido Farti
| align="left" |1917
|-
| align="left" |Dulio Frugoli
| rowspan="2" align="left" |1918
|-
| align="left" |Valentino Sola
|-
| align="left" |Menotti Falchi
| align="left" |1919–1920
|-
| align="left" |David Pichetti
| align="left" |1921–1922
|-
| align="left" |Francisco De Vivo
| align="left" |1923–1924
|-
| align="left" |Giuseppe Perrone
| align="left" |1925–1927
|-
| align="left" |Eduardo Matarazzo
| align="left" |1928–1931
|-
| align="left" |Dante Delmanto
| align="left" |1932–1934
|-
| align="left" |Raphael Parisi
| align="left" |1934–1938
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Name
! Years
|-
| align="left" |Ítalo Adami
| align="left" |1939–1940
|-
| align="left" |Enrico de Martino
| align="left" |1939–1940
|-
| align="left" |João Minervino
| align="left" |1939–1940
|-
| align="left" |Ítalo Adami
| align="left" |1941–1944
|-
| align="left" |Francisco Patti
| align="left" |1945–1946
|-
| align="left" |Higino Pellegrini
| align="left" |1947–1948
|-
| align="left" |Ferrúcio Sandoli
| align="left" |1949–1950
|-
| align="left" |Mário Frugiuelle
| align="left" |1951–1952
|-
| align="left" |Pascoal Walter Byron Giuliano
| align="left" |1953–1954
|-
| align="left" |Mário Beni
| align="left" |1955–1958
|-
| align="left" |Delfino Facchina
| align="left" |1959–1970
|-
| align="left" |Paschoal Walter Byron Giuliano
| align="left" |1971–1976
|-
| align="left" |Jordão Bruno Sacomani
| align="left" |1977–1978
|-
| align="left" |Brício Pompeu Toledo
| align="left" |1977–1978
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Name
! Years
|-
| align="left" |Delfino Facchina
| align="left" |1979–1980
|-
| align="left" |Brício Pompeu Toledo
| align="left" |1981–1982
|-
| align="left" |Paschoal Walter Byron Giuliano
| align="left" |1983–1984
|-
| align="left" |Nélson Tadini Duque
| align="left" |1985–1988
|-
| align="left" |Carlos Bernardo Facchina Nunes
| align="left" |1989–1992
|-
| align="left" |Mustafá Contursi Goffar Majzoub
| align="left" |1993–2005
|-
| align="left" |Afonso Della Monica Netto
| align="left" |2005–2009
|-
| align="left" |[[Luiz Gonzaga Belluzzo]]
| align="left" |2009–2011
|-
| align="left" |Arnaldo Tirone
| align="left" |2011–2012
|-
| align="left" |[[Paulo Nobre]]<ref>[http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/2013/01/paulo-nobre-derrota-perin-e-e-o-novo-presidente-do-palmeiras.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123193105/http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/2013/01/paulo-nobre-derrota-perin-e-e-o-novo-presidente-do-palmeiras.html|date=23 January 2013}}. ''Globo Esporte'', article "Eleito presidente do Palmeiras, Nobre afirma: 'Não sou salvador da pátria'". Accessed on January 21, 2013.</ref>
| align="left" |2013–2016
|-
| align="left" |Mauricio Galiotte<ref>[http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/2016/11/candidato-unico-mauricio-galiotte-e-eleito-para-presidencia-do-palmeiras.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127145830/http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/2016/11/candidato-unico-mauricio-galiotte-e-eleito-para-presidencia-do-palmeiras.html|date=27 November 2016}}. ''Globo Esporte'', article "Novo presidente, Galiotte quer que Cuca continue no Palmeiras em 2017'". Accessed on November 26, 2016.</ref>
| align="left" |2016–2021
|-
| align="left" |[[Leila Pereira]]<ref>[https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/noticias-palmeiras-leila-pereira-eleita-presidente.ghtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121001522/https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/palmeiras/noticia/noticias-palmeiras-leila-pereira-eleita-presidente.ghtml|date=21 November 2021}}. ''Globo Esporte'', article "Leila Pereira é eleita a primeira presidente mulher da história do Palmeiras e promete time vitorioso'". Accessed on November 20, 2021.</ref>
| align="left" |2021–
|}
|}

==Records==
===Top scorers===
[[File:Heitor (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|Heitor]]
These are Palmeiras's top scorers since its foundation (data as of 10 December 2023):

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! #
! Name
! Goals
! Games
! Years
|-
|1
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Heitor (footballer, born 1898)|Heitor]]
|323
|357
|1916–31
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[César Augusto da Silva Lemos|César Maluco]]
|182
|327
|1967–74
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ademir da Guia]]
|155
|902
|1961–77
|-
|4
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Eduardo Lima (Brazilian footballer)|Lima]]
|149
|467
|1938–54
|-
|5
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Servílio de Jesus Filho|Servílio]]
|139
|292
|1963–68
|-
|6
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Francisco Rodrigues (Brazilian footballer)|Rodrigues]]
|131
|240
|1950–55,1957
|-
|7
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Humberto Tozzi|Humberto]]
|127
|138
|1953–58, 1960–61
|-
|8
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Evair Aparecido Paulino|Evair]]
|126
|245
|1991–94, 1999
|-
|9
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luíz Mesquita de Oliveira|Luizinho]]
|122
|164
|1935–41
|-
|10
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[José Ernâni da Rosa|Tupãzinho]]
|122
|234
|1963–68
|}

===Most appearances===
[[File:Ademir_da_Guia_(1974).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Ademir da Guia]]
These are Palmeiras's Most Appearances since its foundation (data as of 10 December 2023):

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! #
! Name
! Games
! Goals
! Years
|-
|1
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ademir da Guia]]
|902
|155
|1961–77
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Émerson Leão]]
|621
|0
|1969–1978, 1984–1986
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Waldemar Fiúme]]
|620
|27
|1941–1958
|-
|4
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Dudu (footballer, born 1939)|Dudu]]
|615
|29
|1964–1976
|-
|5
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Valdemar Carabina]]
|595
|9
|1954–1966
|-
|6
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luís Pereira]]
|576
|36
|1968–1975, 1981–1984
|-
|7
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcos (footballer, born 1973)|Marcos]]
|533
|0
|1992–2011
|-
|8
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Djalma Santos]]
|502
|10
|1959–1968
|-
|9
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Nei (footballer, born 1949)|Nei]]
|490
|70
|1972–1980
|-
|10
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Edu Bala]]
|482
|75
|1969–1977
|}

==Honours==
{{Main article|Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras in international football}}
The following information is a list of all the honours of Palmeiras since the club was founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palmeiras.com.br/historia/titulos|title=Galeria de Títulos|access-date=2 February 2017|year=2015|publisher=SE Palmeiras|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215151528/http://www.palmeiras.com.br/historia/titulos|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Trofeus-libertadores-palmeiras-2021.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Palmeiras' former Hall of Trophies]]
[[File:Trofeus-campeonato-brasileiro-palmeiras-2021.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Palmeiras' former Hall of Trophies (new vision)]]

===Official tournaments===

{| class="wikitable sortable”
|-|-
! colspan="3”|Worldwide
|-
! style="width:260px"|Competitions
! style="width:80px"|Titles
! style="width:380px"|Seasons
|-
! style="text-align:center"| [[Copa Rio (international tournament)|Copa Rio Internacional]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/clubworldcup/uae2021/news/superheroes-in-green|title=Superheroes in green|access-date=6 February 2021|year=2021|publisher=FIFA|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210085146/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/clubworldcup/uae2021/news/superheroes-in-green|url-status=live}}</ref>
| bgcolor="gold" style="text-align:center"| '''1'''{{smallsup|s}}
|align="left"|[[1951 Copa Rio|1951]]
|-
! colspan="3"|Continental
|-
! style="width:260px"|Competitions
! style="width:80px"|Titles
! style="width:380px"|Seasons
|-
! style="text-align:center"| [[Copa Libertadores]]
! style="text-align:center"| 3
|align="left"|[[1999 Copa Libertadores|1999]], [[2020 Copa Libertadores|2020]], [[2021 Copa Libertadores|2021]]
|-
! style="text-align:center"| [[CONMEBOL Recopa Sudamericana]]
! 1
|align="left"|[[2022 Recopa Sudamericana|2022]]
|-
! style="text-align:center"| [[Copa Mercosur]]
| bgcolor="gold" style="text-align:center"| '''1'''{{smallsup|s}}
|align="left"|[[1998 Copa Mercosur|1998]]
|-
! colspan="3"|National
|-
! style="width:260px"|Competitions
! style="width:80px"|Titles
! style="width:380px"|Seasons
|-
! style="text-align:center"| [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]]
|bgcolor="gold" style="text-align:center"| '''12'''
|align="left"|[[1960 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1960]], [[1967 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa)|1967 (RGP)]], [[1967 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (Taça Brasil)| 1967 (TB)]], [[1969 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1969]], [[1972 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1972]], [[1973 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1973]], [[1993 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1993]], [[1994 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1994]], [[2016 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2016]], [[2018 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2018]], [[2022 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2022]], [[2023 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2023]]
|-
! style="text-align:center"| [[Copa do Brasil]]
! 4
|align="left"|[[1998 Copa do Brasil|1998]], [[2012 Copa do Brasil|2012]], [[2015 Copa do Brasil|2015]], [[2020 Copa do Brasil|2020]]
|-
! style="text-align:center"| [[Supercopa do Brasil]]
! 1
|align="left"|[[2023 Supercopa do Brasil|2023]]
|-
! style="text-align:center"| [[Copa dos Campeões]]
| bgcolor="gold" style="text-align:center"| '''1'''{{smallsup|s}}
|align="left"|[[2000 Copa dos Campeões|2000]]
|-
! style="text-align:center"| [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série B]]
| bgcolor="gold" style="text-align:center"| '''2'''{{smallsup|s}}
|align="left"|[[2003 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|2003]], [[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|2013]]
|-
! colspan="3"|Inter-state
|-
! style="width:260px"|Competitions
! style="width:80px"|Titles
! style="width:380px"|Seasons
|-
![[Torneio Rio-São Paulo]]
| bgcolor="gold" style="text-align:center"| '''5'''{{smallsup|s}}
|align="left"|[[1933 Torneio Rio-São Paulo|1933]], [[1951 Torneio Rio-São Paulo|1951]], [[1965 Torneio Rio-São Paulo|1965]], [[1993 Torneio Rio-São Paulo|1993]], [[2000 Torneio Rio-São Paulo|2000]]
|-
! colspan="3"|State
|-
! style="width:260px"|Competitions
! style="width:80px"|Titles
! style="width:380px"|Seasons
|-
! style="text-align:center"| [[Campeonato Paulista]]
! 26
|align="left"|[[1920 Campeonato Paulista|1920]], [[1926 Campeonato Paulista|1926]], [[1927 Campeonato Paulista|1927]], [[1932 Campeonato Paulista|1932]], [[1933 Campeonato Paulista|1933]], [[1934 Campeonato Paulista|1934]], [[1936 Campeonato Paulista|1936]], [[1940 Campeonato Paulista|1940]], [[1942 Campeonato Paulista|1942]], [[1944 Campeonato Paulista|1944]], [[1947 Campeonato Paulista|1947]], [[1950 Campeonato Paulista|1950]], [[1959 Campeonato Paulista|1959]],{{efn|name=Super|Palmeiras defeated Pelé's [[Santos FC|Santos]] in a playoff after being level on points through 38 matches.}} [[1963 Campeonato Paulista|1963]], [[1966 Campeonato Paulista|1966]], [[1972 Campeonato Paulista|1972]], [[1974 Campeonato Paulista|1974]], [[1976 Campeonato Paulista|1976]], [[1993 Campeonato Paulista|1993]], [[1994 Campeonato Paulista|1994]], [[1996 Campeonato Paulista|1996]], [[2008 Campeonato Paulista|2008]], [[2020 Campeonato Paulista|2020]], [[2022 Campeonato Paulista|2022]], [[2023 Campeonato Paulista|2023]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.palmeiras.com.br/galeria-de-titulos/|title=Galeria de títulos|website=Palmeiras|access-date=April 3, 2022|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417145148/https://www.palmeiras.com.br/galeria-de-titulos/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2024 Campeonato Paulista|2024]]
|-
! Campeonato Paulista Extra
|bgcolor="gold" style="text-align:center"| '''2'''
|align="left"|1926 (APEA),{{efn|name=Extra|The APEA organized a second shorter tournament in September to fill the long period of inactivity before the following season.}} [[1938 Campeonato Paulista|1938]] (LFESP){{efn|name=Ex1938|The LFESP organized a second shorter edition of the 1938 Paulistão to fill the nearly six month interruption of the tournament due to the [[1938 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].}}
|}
* {{legend|gold|record}}
* {{smallsup|s}} shared record

===Others tournaments===

====International====
*Estevão Ronai Trophy (1): 1929
*Fanfulla Cup (1): 1929
*C. Giusti Cup (1): 1931
*Missions Tournament (1): 1947
*Peñarol Cup (1): 1951
*Mexico City Trophy (1): 1952
*Mexico Tournament (2): 1959, 1963
*Manizales City Tournament (1): 1962
*Lima Quadrangular Tournament (1): 1962
*Florence Tournament (1): 1963
*[[:pt:Torneio Internacional do Rio de Janeiro|Torneio Internacional do Rio de Janeiro]] (1): 1965
*Brazil-Uruguay Independence Cup (1): 1965
*João Havelange International Tournament (1): 1966
*Brazil-Japan Cup (1): 1967
*[[Ramón de Carranza Trophy]] (3): 1969, 1974, 1975
*Barcelona City Trophy (1): 1969
*Greece Cup (1): 1970
*Mar Del Plata Tournament (1): 1972
*Italian Immigration Centennial Cup (1): 1975
*[[Kirin Cup]] (1): 1978*
*Ademir da Guia Trophy (1): 1982
*[[:es:Trofeo Ciudad de Oviedo|Trofeo Ciudad de Oviedo]] (1): 1989
*[[Copa Euro-América]] (2): 1991, 1996
*Brazil-Italy Cup (1): 1994
*Lev Yashin Tournament (1): 1994
*China Cup (1): 1996
*[[Orange Trophy]] (1): 1997
*[[Copa EuroAmericana]] (1): 2014
*[[Florida Cup (soccer)|Florida Cup]] (1): [[2020 Florida Cup|2020]]
* 1978 Kirin Cup Shared with [[Borussia Mönchengladbach]].

====National and Inter-state====
*Troféu Falchi (1): 1918
*Troféu Rio de Janeiro (1): 1920
*Taça Dr. Machado Lima (1): 1921
*Taça Colônia Gaúcha (1): 1926
*Taça ANEA (1): 1926
*[[Taça dos Campeões Estaduais Rio – São Paulo|Taça dos Campeões Estaduais Rio–São Paulo]] (4): 1926, 1934, 1942, 1947
*Taça A.A. das Palmeiras (1): 1930
*Taça Porto Alegre (1): 1936
*Torneio do Paraná (1): 1938
*Torneio de Fortaleza (1): 1938
*Torneio dos Campeões (1): 1940
*Troféu Rio Grande do Sul (1): 1946
*Torneio Quadrangular São Paulo-Rio (1): 1952
*Torneio Quadrangular do Recife (1): 1955
*Torneio do Café (1): 1984
*[[Torneio Maria Quitéria]] (1): 1997
*Taça Governador de Goiás (1): 1997
*[[Troféu João Saldanha]] (2): 2016, 2018
*[[Troféu Osmar Santos]] (2): 2016, 2022

====State====
*[[Taça Competência]] (4): 1920, 1926, 1927, 1932
*[[Taça Cidade de São Paulo]] (4): 1945, 1946, 1950, 1951
*[[Troféu Roberto Ugolini]] (2): 1959, 1960
*[[Taça Piratininga]] (3): 1963, 1965, 1966
*[[:pt:Torneio Laudo Natel|Torneio Laudo Natel]] (1): 1972
*[[Torneio Início Paulista|Torneio Início]] (7): 1927 {{small|(APEA)}}, 1930, 1935 {{small|(LPF)}}, 1939, 1942, 1946, 1969

===Runners-up===
*[[FIFA Club World Cup]] (1): 2021
*[[Intercontinental Cup (1960–2004)|Intercontinental Cup]] (1): 1999
*[[Copa Libertadores]] (3): 1961, 1968, 2000
*[[Recopa Sudamericana]] (1): 2021
*[[Copa Mercosur]] (2): 1999, 2000
*[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]] (5): 1970, 1978, 1997, 2017, 2024
*[[Copa do Brasil]] (1): 1996
*[[Supercopa do Brasil]] (2): 2021, 2024
*[[Torneio Rio–São Paulo]] (1): 1955
*[[Campeonato Paulista]] (28): 1917, 1919, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1931, 1935, 1937, 1939, 1949, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1986, 1992, 1995, 1999, 2015, 2018, 2021, 2025

===Youth team===
*[[Campeonato Brasileiro Sub-20]] (3): 2018,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palmeiras.com.br/news/2018/10/25/e-campeao--palmeiras-goleia-vitoria-e-conquista-titulo-inedito-do-brasileiro-sub-20.shtml |title=É campeão! Palmeiras goleia Vitória e conquista título inédito do Brasileiro Sub-20 |publisher=Palmeiras |language=Portuguese |date=October 25, 2019 |access-date=2018-10-30 |df=}}</ref> 2022, 2024
*[[Copa do Brasil Sub-20]] (2): 2019,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/copa-do-brasil-sub-20/jogo/16-05-2019/cruzeiro-palmeiras.ghtml |title=Cruzeiro vira no tempo normal, mas Palmeiras vence nos pênaltis e leva título da Copa do Brasil Sub-20 |publisher=GloboEsporte |language=Portuguese |date=May 16, 2019 |access-date=2019-05-30 |df=}}</ref> 2022
*[[Campeonato Brasileiro Sub-17]] (2): 2022, 2023
*[[Copa do Brasil Sub-17]] (4): 2017, 2019, 2022, 2023
*[[Supercopa do Brasil Sub-17]] (1): 2019
*[[Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior]] (2): 2022, 2023
*[[Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior#Supercopa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior|Supercopa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior]] (1): 1995
*[[Taça Belo Horizonte de Juniores]] (2): 1998, 2002
*[[Copa Rio Grande do Sul de Futebol Sub-20]] (1): 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gazetaesportiva.com/futebol/palmeiras-vence-sao-paulo-nos-penaltis-e-conquista-a-inedita-copa-rs-sub-20/ |title=Palmeiras vence São Paulo nos pênaltis e conquista a inédita Copa RS Sub-20|publisher=Gazeta Esportiva |language=Portuguese |date=December 16, 2019 |access-date=2018-12-18}}</ref>
*[[Copa Santiago de Futebol Juvenil]] (3): 2018, 2020, 2025
*[[Copa Votorantim Sub-15]] (1): 2018

===Awards===
* [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics#The World's Best Club|IFFHS The World's Club Team of the Year]]: 2021

==Palmeiras B Team==
{{Main|Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras B}}
For many years, Palmeiras had a "second" team that played in the lower divisions of the Paulista Championship. The team was dissolved at the end of the Paulista 2013.

==Other sports==
[[File:Schmidtoscar.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Oscar Schmidt]]]]
Palmeiras has athletic departments in many sports, such as [[aikido]], [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], [[archery]], [[boxing]], [[american football]], [[futsal]], [[judo]], [[karate]], [[taekwondo]], [[tennis]], [[volleyball]] and [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]].{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} The club has also a victorious tradition in [[rink hockey]] and [[basketball]].<ref name=deRose2014 /> Palmeiras has in it history 2 [[Brazilian Roller Hockey National Championship]]s, being one of the main teams from [[São Paulo]].

===Basketball team===
{{Main|Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras (basketball)}}
[[Leandro Barbosa]] and [[Oscar Schmidt]], two of the best Brazilian basketball players of all time, started their careers at Palmeiras.<ref name=deRose2014 />

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==See also==
* [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras (women)]]
* [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras (youth)]]
*[[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras B]]
* [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras (basketball)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary|Palmeiras}}
* {{Official website|https://www.palmeiras.com.br/}} {{in lang|pt}}
* [http://www.anythingpalmeiras.com Anything Palmeiras]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090614114715/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=44254/index.html FIFA Classic Club]

{{Copa Libertadores winners}}
{{Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras}}
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{{Campeonato Brasileiro Série A}}
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[[Category:SE Palmeiras| ]]
[[Category:Football clubs in São Paulo (state)]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1914]]
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[[Category:Italian association football clubs outside Italy]]
[[Category:Copa Libertadores winning clubs|P]]
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[[Category:Copa do Brasil winning clubs]]
[[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série A winning clubs]]

Mother Hubbard dress

2025-06-19T11:56:32Z

219.89.68.193:

{{Short description|A loose-fitting Victorian gown with long sleeves and a high neck}}
[[File:Calico At-Home Dress of Elizabeth Hinterleiter Keesacker.jpg|thumb|203x203px|Day dress, American 1820]]
A '''Mother Hubbard dress''' is a long, wide, loose-fitting gown with long sleeves and a high neck. It is intended to cover as much skin as possible. It was devised in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] western societies to do housework in. It is mostly known today for its later introduction by [[Christian Missionaries|Christian missionaries]] in [[Polynesia]] to "civilise" those whom they considered half-naked savages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gray |first=Sally Helvenston |date=2014 |title=Searching for Mother Hubbard: Function and Fashion in Nineteenth-Century Dress |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/676031?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior:0e847f7aac93d99ac0e05631122fad27&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents |journal=Winterthur Portfolio |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=29–74 |doi=10.1086/676031 |issn=0084-0416|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Although this Victorian garment has disappeared in most of the world, as a [[muumuu]], it is still worn by Pacific women, who have altered it into a brighter and cooler garment, using cotton fabric, often printed in brightly colored floral patterns. It is today seen as smart or formal attire and is often worn to church.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/20074229.pdf|title=Looking Good: The Cultural Politics of the Island Dress for Young Women in Vanuatu|last=Cummings|first=Maggie|year=2013|website=The Contemporary Pacific Vol 25 No 1|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Kate Greenaway Draw a pail of water.jpg|thumb|208x208px|Smocked dresses worn by children in Kate Greenaway's popular books of nursery rhymes. 1881]]

In the 1880s the artist [[Kate Greenaway]] illustrated popular books of English nursery rhymes showing children in smock dresses. These came to be a popular style of children's dress which were given the name 'Mother Hubbard' by fashion writers at the time after [[Old Mother Hubbard|the nursery rhyme character]] in the books.<ref name=":0" />

Around the same time a [[Victorian dress reform|dress reform movement]] arose that sought to free western women from the tight and relatively impractical fashion of small, corseted waists and heavy skirts. The smock dress with full length sleeves proved very adaptable to both size and shape and migrated up the age groups until it became comfortable day wear for women of all ages and across social classes.

Contemporary with this in Victorian times Christian missionaries began to spread the gospel to native peoples living in lands controlled by western countries. The Mother Hubbard garments were insisted upon by the missionaries, who were often horrified to find a flock of near-naked people in their churches.<ref name=":0" /> They were distributed widely in Africa, South Asia, and the Pacific. They have influenced modern dress in all these areas, but particularly in the Pacific islands where they persist today.

== Pacific island dress ==
[[Image:Tahitiennes en robe mission.jpg|thumb|250px|Tahitian girls in their "grandmother's dresses" between 1880 and 1889.]]
Names and designs vary. In [[Hawaii]], it is called ''holokū''.<ref>''The Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary with a Concise Hawaiian Grammar'' by Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther T. Mookini (1975), p 30. {{ISBN|0-8248-0307-8}}</ref> There, a derivative, the [[muumuu|muʻumuʻu]], is highly similar, but without the yoke and train, and therefore even easier to make.<ref>''The Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary with a Concise Hawaiian Grammar'' by Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther T. Mookini (1975), p 111. {{ISBN|0-8248-0307-8}}</ref> In [[Tahiti]], the name was ''{{okina}}ahu tua'' (empire dress, in a sense of colonial empire); now, ''{{okina}}ahu māmā rū{{okina}}au'' ([[Dress#Fads and fashions|grandmother's dress]]) is used. In [[Samoa]] and [[Tonga]], the design has taken on a two-piece form, with classic mother hubbard blouses (long, wide, loose-fitting with puffy sleeves) over ankle-length skirts, called "puletasi" and "puletaha," respectively. In [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]], the name is ''{{lang|mh|wau}}'' ({{IPAc-mh|wahwiw}}), from the name of the [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaiian island]] of [[Oahu]]. The missionaries who introduced it in the [[Marshall Islands]] came from Oahu.<ref>[http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/MED2W.htm#wau Marshallese-English Dictionary: {{lang|mh|wau}}]</ref> In [[New Caledonia]], these dresses are referred to as ''robes missions'' (Mission Dresses) or {{lang|fr|robes popinées}}. New Caledonian women wear these dresses when playing their distinctive style of cricket.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Re-dressing Materiality: Robes Mission from ‘Colonial’ to ‘Cultural’ Object, and Entrepreneurship of Kanak Women in Lifou |author=Anna Paini |page=170 |title=Tides of Innovation in Oceania |editor1=Elisabetta Gnecchi-Ruscone |editor2=Anna Paini |publisher=ANU Press |year=2017 |doi=10.22459/TIO.04.2017 |isbn=9781760460921|url=http://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/31333/1/631235.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref> In [[Papua New Guinea]], the form of dress is known as ''meri blaus'', which in [[Tok Pisin]] means women's blouse. It is considered formal local attire. In the 1960s and 1970s many women in Tarawa, Kiribati and a few i-matang women wore a garment which was referred to as a Mother Hubbard. Whilst the lower half of the body was covered with a wrap-around ([[lavalava]]) or a skirt, the top half was worn a very loose low-necked blouse short enough to expose a band of flesh at the waist. The latter was usually worn without underclothes.

==Elsewhere==

In India and much of South Asia, these dresses are referred to as "Nighties" or "Night-gowns". Indian women wear these dresses for convenience and comfort at home, particularly around only the family members when they are not expecting company. They also usually drape a scarf around the neck for modesty.
{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

==See also==

* [[House dress]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:19th-century fashion]]
[[Category:Polynesian clothing]]
[[Category:History of Oceanian clothing]]
[[Category:Dresses]]

Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso

2025-06-19T02:43:11Z

219.89.68.193:

{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhist master (1846–1912)}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| region = [[Buddhist philosophy]]
| image = MiphamNew.jpg
| name = Mipham Gyamtso
| birth_date = {{birth year|1846}}
| birth_place = [[Kham, Tibet]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|1912|1846}}
| school_tradition = [[Nyingma]]
| main_interests = [[Madhyamaka]], [[Dzogchen]], [[Pramana]]
| notable_works = ''Beacon of Certainty'' ''Commentary on Śāntarakṣita’s Ornament of the Middle Way'' ''Trilogy of Innate Mind'' ''Lion’s Roar: Exposition of Buddha-Nature''
| notable_ideas = His two models of the [[two truths doctrine]], fourfold [[pramana]] (valid cognition), unity of purity and equality
| influences = [[Dharmakirti]], [[Nagarjuna]], [[Asanga]], [[Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo]], [[Longchenpa]], [[Chandrakirti]], [[Śāntarakṣita]], [[Patrul Rinpoche]], [[Jamgon Kongtrul]], [[Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo]], [[Tsongkhapa]], [[Gorampa]]{{sfnp|Duckworth|2011|p=46}}
| influenced = [[Botrul Dongak Tenpai Nyima]], [[Gendün Chöphel]], Lerab Lingpa, [[Thubten Chökyi Dorje]], Adzom Drukpa Drodul Pawo Dorje, modern [[Nyingma]] thought
}}
{{Tibetan-Chinese-box|t=འཇམ་མགོན་འཇུ་མི་ཕམ་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་|w='jam mgon 'ju mi pham rnam rgyal rgya mtsho|ipa={{IPA|bo|d̠ʑàmɡøn tɕù mìpʰam námcɛː(l) càmtsʰo|}}|thdl=Ju Mipam Namgyel Gyamtso|e=Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyamtso|tc=米龐仁波切|s=米庞仁波切|p=Mǐpáng Rénbōqiē}}

'''Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso''', or '''Mipham Jamyang Namgyal Gyamtso''' (1846–1912) (also known as "Mipham the Great") was a very influential philosopher and polymath of the [[Nyingma]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. He wrote over 32 volumes on topics such as painting, poetics, sculpture, alchemy, medicine, logic, philosophy and tantra.<ref>Chogyam Trungpa; The Tantric Path of Indestructible Wakefulness (volume 3)</ref> Mipham's works are still central to the scholastic curriculum in Nyingma monasteries today.{{sfnp|Duckworth|2011|p=46}} Mipham is also considered to be one of the leading figures in the [[Rimé movement|Rimé]] (non-sectarian) movement in [[Tibet]].

==Derivation of name==
"Ju" ("holding") was Mipham's family name as his paternal clan is said to have originated as clear light deities who came to the human world holding a rope.
"Jamgön" (Skt. Mañjunātha) indicate that he was considered to be an emanation of the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī. His maternal uncle, Minister-Lama Drupchok Pema Tarjay, named him Mipham Gyamtso ("Invincible Ocean" or "Unconquerable Ocean").{{sfnp|Pettit|1999|p=24}}
In Tibetan literature, the word "mi-pham" is the standard translation of the Sanskrit "ajita", meaning "unconquered",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html|title = Sanskrit and Tamil Dictionaries}}</ref> which is a common epithet of the celestial bodhisattva [[Maitreya-natha|Maitreya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thlib.org/reference/dictionaries/tibetan-dictionary/translate.php |title=The Tibetan and Himalayan Library |publisher=Thlib.org |date= |accessdate=2022-05-08}}</ref>

==Biography==
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}

===Early life===
Mipham the Great was born to an aristocratic family in 1846 in the [[Derge]] Principality of [[Kham]] or Eastern [[Tibet]]. He was recognized as an exceptional child from a young age, memorizing texts as early as age six. By the age of ten he had already composed many texts. At twelve, he entered the [[monastery]] as an ordinary [[monk]] of the Ogmin Urgyen [[Mindrolling Monastery|Mindrolling]] lineage at a branch monastery of the great [[Nyingma]] seat [[Shechen]].

When he was fifteen or sixteen, after studying the very difficult [[Mindrolling]] system of chanting for only a few days and praying to [[Manjushri]], he is said to have completely mastered it. In an 18-month retreat he accomplished the form of Manjushri known as 'Lion of Philosophers' (Tibetan: smra ba'i seng ge), using a liturgy composed by the fifteenth Karmapa, Khakhyab Dorje. He made many medicinal pills blessed with Manjushri's [[mantra]], and many miraculous signs were said to have been manifest. After this, it was said that he could accomplish any [[sutra]] or [[tantra]] without any effort, and no text was unknown to him. He went to many lamas to obtain the necessary [[Lung (Tibetan Buddhism)|lungs]] (oral transmissions), but he needed no study or teachings for any texts.

===Teachers===
Mipham was "a luminary of the nineteenth century [[Nyingma]] renaissance and [[Rime movement]] ecumenical movement, which started in the Kham region of eastern [[Tibet]]".{{sfnp|Phuntsho|2005|p=13}} As such he received teachings from masters of all lineages [[Nyingma]] and [[Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)|Sarma]] alike. His root gurus were [[Patrul Rinpoche|Dza Patrul Rinpoche]], from whom he received instruction on [[Shantideva]]'s ''[[Bodhicharyavatara]]'' and [[Dzogchen]] and the renowned master [[Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo]], from whom he received transmission of the orally transmitted or Kama and revealed or [[Terma (Buddhism)|Terma]] lineages, and many other teachings. His other teachers included [[Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye]]; Dzogchen Khenpo Padma Vajra; Lab Kyabgon Wangchen Gyerab Dorje; Jubon Jigme Dorje; Bumsar Geshe Ngawang Jungne and Ngor Ponlop Jamyang Loter Wangpo.{{sfnp|Smith|2001|p=230}}

==Philosophy==
A key theme in Mipham's philosophical work is the unity of seemingly disparate ideas such as duality and [[Nondualism (spirituality)|nonduality]], conceptual and nonconceptual ([[nirvikalpa]]) wisdom, rational analysis and uncontrived meditation,{{sfnp|Duckworth|2011|p=76}} presence and absence, immanence and transcendence, [[Shunyata|emptiness]] and [[Buddha nature]].{{sfnp|Duckworth|2008|p=xiii}} Mimicking the [[Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)|Sarma]] schools, Mipham attempted to reconcile the view of tantra, especially [[Dzogchen]], with sutric [[Madhyamaka]].<ref name="Koppl, Heidi 2008">Koppl, Heidi. ''Establishing Appearances as Divine.'' Snow Lion Publications 2008.</ref> This was in departure with the Nyingma school which generally positioned the view of tantra as superior to the view of Madhyamaka.<ref name="Koppl, Heidi 2008"/>

For Mipam, the unity of philosophical views is ultimately resolved in the principle of coalescence (Sanskrit: ''yuganaddha'', Tib: ''zung 'jug''), which is the nonduality of conventional and ultimate realities, of samsara and nirvana.{{sfnp|Pettit|2002|p=4}} Unlike [[Tsongkhapa]] who held that emptiness, as an absolute negation, was the definitive reality and view, Mipham sees coalescence of gnosis and emptiness, form and emptiness, etc. as "the ultimate hermeneutical cornerstone of his interpretations".{{sfnp|Pettit|2002|p=131}}

In his many texts Mipham explores the tension and dialectic that arises between philosophical reasoning of the ordinary mind (''rnam shes'') which is represented by the [[Madhyamaka]] philosophy and luminous nonconceptual wisdom (''ye shes''), which is the focus of the teachings of [[Dzogchen]]. He attempts a synthesis of them to show that they are not incompatible perspectives and that the teachings of Dzogchen are in line with reason.{{sfnp|Duckworth|2011|p=77}}

===Two models of the two truths===
Mipham developed a twofold model of the Buddhist [[two truths doctrine]]. The first model is the traditional Madhyamaka perspective which presents the two truths of [[emptiness]] and appearance, with emptiness representing the level of ultimate truth and appearance representing relative truth. In this model the two truths are really the same reality and are only conceptually distinct.{{sfnp|Duckworth|2011|p=78}}

In his second model of the two truths, Mipham presents an authentic truth and an inauthentic truth. Authentic experience is any perception that is in accord with reality (''gnas snang mthun'') and perceptions which do not are said to be inauthentic. This differs from the first model because in the first model only emptiness is ultimate while in the second model the ultimate truth is the meditative experience of unitary wisdom. Instead of just being a negation, it includes the subjective content of the cognition of wisdom as well as the objective nature of reality. In this model the ultimate truth is also reality experienced nonconceptually, without duality and reification, which in Dzogchen is termed [[rigpa]], while the relative truth is the conceptual mind (''sems'').{{sfnp|Duckworth|2011|pp=80-81}}

According to Mipham these two models do not conflict. They are merely different contextually; the first relates to the analysis of experience post meditatively and the second corresponds to the experience of unity in meditative equipose.{{sfnp|Duckworth|2011|p=81}} This synthesis by Mipam is ultimately a bringing together of two different perspectives in Tibetan philosophy, [[rangtong]] and [[shentong]], which Mipam associated with the teachings of the second turning ([[Prajnaparamita]] sutras) and third turning ([[Yogacara]] and [[Buddha nature]] sutras) respectively:{{sfnp|Duckworth|2011|p=82}}

<blockquote>The emptiness taught in the middle wheel and the exalted body and wisdom taught in the last wheel should be integrated as a unity of emptiness and appearance. Without dividing or excluding the definitive meaning subject matters of the middle and last wheels, both should be held to be the definitive meaning in the way of just this assertion by the omniscient [[Longchenpa|Longchen Rapjam]]. - ''Lion's Roar, exposition of Buddha nature''.{{sfnp|Duckworth|2011|p=145}}</blockquote>

For Mipham, both of these teachings are definitive and a middle way between both of them is the best way to avoid the extremes of nihilism and essentialism.{{sfnp|Duckworth|2011|p=85}}

===Fourfold valid cognition===
Another original contribution of Mipham is his system of fourfold valid cognition ([[pramana]]) which has two conventional and two ultimate valid cognitions:{{sfnp|Duckworth|2011|pp=87-88}}

Conventional valid cognitions
*Confined perception, ordinary valid experience
*Pure vision free of distortion

Ultimate valid cognitions
*Categorized Ultimate, emptiness as a negation known by mind
*Uncategorized Ultimate, nonconceptual wisdom

===View of buddha-nature===
According to Mipham, [[buddha-nature]] was neither [1] truly established, [2] a mere emptiness, nor [3] an impermanent and conditioned entity. In this way, he distinguished his unique position on buddha-nature from those of the [[Jonang]], [[Gelug]], and [[Sakya]]; which correspond respectively to the first, second, and third positions.<ref>Douglas Duckworth. Mipam on Buddha-Buddha-Nature, the Ground of the Nyingma Tradition, pages 94-99, State University of New York Press, 2008</ref> Moreover, as Mipham's commentator Bötrül points out, for Mipham, buddha-nature was neither established from the point of view of ultimate valid cognition, nor was it posited merely from the point of view of the mistaken perception of ordinary beings. Mipham instead held that buddha-nature was established by the conventional valid cognition of pure vision.<ref>Douglas Duckworth. Mipam on Buddha-Buddha-Nature, the Ground of the Nyingma Tradition, page 184, State University of New York Press, 2008</ref>

For Mipham, when the buddha qualities appear, it is not that they are newly produced, rather they are merely made manifest. That is, while they seem to be newly arisen, they are in fact primordial endowments.<ref>Douglas Duckworth. Mipam on Buddha-Buddha-Nature, the Ground of the Nyingma Tradition, page 101, State University of New York Press, 2008</ref> Mipham inherited a distinction from [[Longchenpa]] between two types of effects: [1] produced effects, such as when a sprout is produced by a seed; and [2] freed effects, such as when the sun appears after the clouds have vanished. For Mipham, the buddha qualities are freed effects in that they are simply made manifest when the conditions that obscure them have been removed. They are not produced anew.<ref>Douglas Duckworth. Mipam on Buddha-Buddha-Nature, the Ground of the Nyingma Tradition, page 102, State University of New York Press, 2008</ref>

==Work and legacy==
As scholar Robert Mayer remarks, Mipham "completely revolutionised rNying ma pa scholasticism in the late 19th century, raising its status after many centuries as a comparative intellectual backwater, to arguably the most dynamic and expansive of philosophical traditions in all of Tibetan Buddhism, with an influence and impact far beyond the rNying ma pa themselves."<ref>Review by Robert Mayer of ''Mipham’s Dialectics and the Debates on Emptiness: To Be, Not to Be or Neither''. ''Buddhist Studies Review'' 23(2) 2006, 268</ref>

===Scope===
In the Introduction to his critical study of the ontological debates between Mipham and his [[Gelugpa]] opponents (''Mipham's Dialectics and the Debates on Emptiness'') Lopon Karma Phuntsho defines Mipham as a [[polymath]] and gives this assessment of the scope of Mipham's work:

{{blockquote|Mipham is perhaps the greatest polymath Tibet ever produced. His writings comprise works on a wide range of subjects, covering almost every science known to his milieu. In traditional terms he is a Mahāpaṇḍita who has mastered the ten sciences of arts and crafts ''(bzo)'', health science ''(gso ba)'', language ''(sgra)'', logico-epistemology ''(tshad-ma)'', soteriology ''(nang don)'', poetry (''snyan ngag)'', lexicology ''(mngon brjod)'', prosody ''(sdeb sbyor)'', dramaturgy ''(zlos gar)'', and astrology ''(dkar rtsis)''. It is due to the polymathic nature of his learning and his exceptional ingenuity that Mipham today ranks amongst the leading religious and spiritual celebrities of Tibet.{{sfnp|Phuntsho|2005|p=13}} }}

Mipham's works on both the exoteric or [[Sutrayana]] teachings and the esoteric or [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]] teachings have become core texts within the Nyingma tradition. These works now hold a central position in the curriculum of all Nyingma monasteries and monastic colleges — occupying a place of esteem similar to the works of [[Sakya Pandita]] and [[Gorampa]] in the [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya tradition]]; those of [[Tsongkhapa]] in the [[Gelug| Gelug tradition]] and of [[Pema Karpo|Kunkhyen Padma Karpo]] in the [[Drukpa Kagyu]]. Together with [[Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo|Rongzompa]] and [[Longchenpa]], Mipham is considered to be one of the three "omniscient" writers of the Nyingma tradition.

===Commentaries on Buddhist Śāstra===
Although Mipham wrote on a wide range of subjects, David Germano identifies the most influential aspect of Mipham's career in that he "was the single most important author in the efflorescence of Nyingma exoteric literature in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Grounding himself theoretically in the writings of [[Longchenpa]] and other great Nyingma authors, Mipham produced brilliant exegetical commentaries on the great Indian philosophical systems and texts with a [[Nyingma]] orientation."{{sfnp|Germano|2002}}

[[E. Gene Smith]] also judged that Mipham's greatest contribution was "in his brilliant and strikingly original commentaries on the Indian treatises."{{sfnp|Smith|2001|p=231}} Prior to Mipham, Nyingmapa scholars "had seldom written detailed pedagogical commentaries on the ''śāstras'' of exoteric Buddhism."{{sfnp|Smith|2001|p=231}} Until his time the colleges or shedra associated with the great Nyingma monasteries of Kham, such as [[Dzogchen]], [[Shechen]], [[Kathog]], [[Palyul]] and [[Tarthang]] lacked their own [[exegetical]] commentaries on these exoteric Mahayana ''śāstras'', and students commonly studied [[Gelug]] commentaries on these fundamental texts. Grounding himself in the writings of [[Śāntarakṣita]], [[Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo]], and [[Longchenpa]], Mipham produced a whole array of brilliant exegetical commentaries on the great Indian philosophical systems and texts that clearly articulated a Nyingma orientation or view.

The texts include his commentaries on the ''[[Mulamadhyamakakarika]]'' or ''Fundamental Stanzas on Wisdom'' by [[Nagarjuna]]; the ''Introduction to the Middle Way'' (Sanskrit: [[Madhyamakāvatāra]]) of [[Chandrakirti]]; the ''Quintessence of all Courses of Ultimate Wisdom'' (Jnanasarasamuccaya) of [[Aryadeva]]; commentaries on the major works of the Indian Buddhist logicians [[Dharmakirti]] and [[Dignaga]]; commentaries on the ''Five Treatises of Maitreya'' most notably, the ''[[Abhisamayalamkara]]''; commentaries on several works of [[Vasubandhu]] including the ''[[Abhidharmakosha]]''. Mipham's commentary on the ninth chapter of [[Shantideva]]'s ''[[Bodhicaryavatara]], '' the ''Shertik Norbu Ketaka'' ({{bo|t=ཤེར་ཊཱིཀ་ནོར་བུ་ཀེ་ཏ་ཀ་|w=sher ṭīk nor bu ke ta ka}}),<ref>Kapstein, Matthew T. (2000). 'We Are All Gzhan stong pas: Reflections on ''The Reflexive Nature of Awareness: A Tibetan Madhyamaka Defence''. By Paul Williams.' ''Journal of Buddhist Ethics.'' Volume 7. {{ISSN|1076-9005}}. Source: [http://www.buddhistethics.org/7/kapstein001.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616000424/http://buddhistethics.org/7/kapstein001.pdf|date=2010-06-16}} (accessed: Sunday November 8, 2009)</ref> "threw Tibetan scholarly circles into several decades of heated controversy," but "it was not the only tempest Mipham's new expositions raised." His commentary on the ''[[Madhyamakalamkara]]'' of [[Śāntarakṣita]] was also considered highly controversial.

===Commentaries on Tantras===
Mipham's commentary on the [[Guhyagarbha Tantra]] is entitled ''The Essence of Clear Light'' or ''Nucleus of Inner Radiance'' ({{bo|t=|w=od gsal snying po}})— it is based on Longchenpa's commentary,'' Dispelling Darkness in the Ten Directions'' {{bo|t=|w=gsang snying 'grel pa phyogs bcu mun sel}} which explains the Guhyagarbha from the Dzogchen point of view.

Mipham showed particular interest in the [[Kalachakra]] and the kingdom of [[Shambhala]], and one of his last and most extensive of his esoteric works are his two volumes of commentary, [[Empowerment (Tibetan Buddhism)|initiation]] and [[sadhana]] related to the [[Kalachakra Tantra]], the esoteric teaching from [[Shambhala]]. Before he died in 1912, he said to his students that now he was going to [[Shambhala]].

===Mipham and Gesar===
Throughout his life, Mipham showed a particular interest in the legend of the warrior king [[Gesar of Ling]], a 12th-century figure whose epic is well-known and widely celebrated in eastern Tibet, and about whom Mipham wrote extensively.

The Gesar practice, known as "The Swift Accomplishment of Enlightened Activity Through Invocation and Offering" ({{bo|w=gsol mchod phrin las myur 'grub}}) arose in the mind of Mipham as a gong-ter and was written down over the course of three years from the age of 31 to 34. This practice invokes Gesar and his retinue and requests him to assist practitioners.<ref>[http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=S%C3%B6llo_Chenmo Söllo Chenmo]</ref>

===Medicine===
Mipham's medical works continue to be highly regarded to this day.{{sfnp|Smith|2001|p=231}}
{{Expand section|date=August 2008}}

===Astrology and divination===
Mipham also wrote extensively about astrology which was, in his words, a "delightful game" that he mastered in his teens but later applied to more serious topics such as medicine; these two topics, with various texts on more or less related topics of divination, occupy perhaps 2,000 pages of his writing. An entire volume of Mipham's is devoted to Ju-thig or divination using knots, a method that might be termed "[[Bon]]" in origin, for want of a more accurate term; this may have been the legacy of his family, who were doctors for several generations. Throughout his writings there are many resources for divination, in addition to astrology, including several rituals for looking in mirrors (pra-mo), one using dice (mo), pulling different-length 'arrows' (Wylie: da dar) out of a quiver and so on, compelling a non-human "bird" to whisper future news in one's ear, and so on. In one short text he prescribes various methods of divination (all drawn, Mipham emphasizes, from Tantric scriptures and commentaries) that make use of unusual sources of augury such as: the vicariously overheard chatter of women; sudden appearance of various animals, especially birds; weather phenomena; the shape, size and color of flames in the agnihotra or fire puja; the quality of burning butter lamps, especially the size of the flame, the amount and shape of smoke that arises; and the size and shape of the carbon deposit on the wick.

When some of his scholarly rivals thought it inappropriate for a monk to devote so much time to matters of future events, Mipham wrote a short essay explaining the purpose of divination, citing sources in the [[Sūtra|Sutras]] and [[Tantra|Tantras]] where the utility and value of divination are explained.

==Students==
Mipham's most important students were Dodrub Rinpoche, Terton Sogyal, the Fifth Dzogchen Rinpoche, Gemang Kyab Gon, Khenpo Padmavajra, Katog Situ Rinpoche, Sechen Rabjam, Gyaltsab Tulku, Palyul Gyaltrul, Karma Yangtrul, Palpung Situ Rinpoche, Ling Jetrung, [[Adzom Drukpa (1842-1924)]], Togdan Shakya Shri, Ngor Ponlob, and others. The great tulkus of Sechen, Dzogchen, Katog, Palyul, Palpung, Dege Gonchen, Repkong and others of all lineages, Sakya, Gelug, Kagyu, and Nyingma, all became his disciples.

==Emanations of Ju Mipham==
According to one account shortly before he died, Mipham told his attendant:

{{blockquote|Nowadays, if you speak the truth, there is nobody to listen; if you speak lies everyone thinks it is true. I have never said this before: I am not an ordinary person; I am a bodhisattva who has taken rebirth through aspiration. The suffering experienced in this body is just the residue of karma; but from now on I will never again have to experience karmic obscuration. … Now, in this final age, the barbarians beyond the frontier are close to undermining the teaching. [So] there is no point whatsoever in my taking rebirth here…I have no reason to take birth in impure realms ever again.{{sfnp|Pettit|1999|p={{pn|date=March 2024}}}} }}

This may be interpreted as a statement that his mindstream would have no further 'emanations' (Wylie: ''sprul pa'' ([[emanation body]]); ''sprul sku'' ([[tulku]])). Conversely, according to another account in which he mentions the [[mindstream]] in passing and prophesies the shortly before his death to his student [[Khenpo Kunphel]]:

{{blockquote|Now I shall not remain long in this body. After my death, in a couple of years hence, war and darkness shall cover the earth, which will have its effect even on this isolated snow land of [[Tibet]]. In thirty years time, a mad (smyo) storm of hatred will grow like a fierce black thundercloud in the land of China, and in a further decade this evil shall spill over into Tibet itself, so that Lamas, scholars, disciples and yogis will come under terrible persecution. Due to the demon-king Pehar taking power in China, darkness and terror ('bog) will come to our sacred land, with the result that violent death shall spread like a plague through every village. Then the three lords of materialism (gsum-gyi-kla-klos) and their cousins will seize power in Tibet, spreading war, famine and oppression. No one will be safe. Now, very soon, my mind-stream will be gathered up in the pure-land of [[Tushita|Tusita]], from whence many emanations [of myself] shall then come forth in future years. I shall not take [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]] in Tibet. In twenty years, seek me in the northern lands of distant [[Uttarakuru]], and elsewhere, east, west, north and south. Fear not, we shall be re-united again, as father and son. Now go!<ref name="dharmafellowship1912">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dharmafellowship.org/biographies/historicalsaints/mipham-namgyal.htm |title=Dharma Fellowship: The Life of Mipham Jamyang Namgyal (1846–1912) |access-date=2008-07-26 |archive-date=2012-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701061736/http://www.dharmafellowship.org/biographies/historicalsaints/mipham-namgyal.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

In the above account, shortly after the departure of Khenpo Kunphel he stated publicly, "Now, soon I shall depart. I shall not be reborn again in Tibet, therefore do not search for me. I have reason to go to [[Shambhala]] in the north."<ref name="dharmafellowship1912"/>

Subsequently, a number of emanations have been recognized.

According to E. Gene Smith "At least three rebirths were recognized in the decade following his death: 1) Zhe chen Mi pham (a grandnephew of Mi pham rgya mtsho); 2) Tshe dbang bdud 'dul (1915/16-42) the last prince of Sde dge; 3. Khyung po Mi pham, an incarnation recognized by Rdzong gsar Mkhyen brtse 'Jam dbyangs chos kyi blo gros."{{sfnp|Smith|2001|p=272}}

The next (third) Mipham in the line of the Dege Prince who died in 1942 was apparently born in Tibet in 1949 and recognised by Tengye Rinpoche of Lab i 1959 {{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} At that time he was enthroned and given responsibility for all monasteries previously held by the first and second incarnations. This third incarnation was also confirmed by [[Patrul Rinpoche]] who gave him relics of the previous incarnations and by Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, who he had recognized in a previous incarnation. This Mipham incarnate is the father of [[Thaye Dorje]], one of two candidates to be recognized as the 17th [[Karmapa]], and of 14th Sonam Tsemo Rinpoche, an important Gelug/Sakya tulku.<ref>Curren 2006: "Buddha's not smiling", Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 225.</ref>

In 1995, [[Ösel Rangdröl Mukpo]] (b. 1962), the eldest son of renowned dharma master [[Chogyam Trungpa]] Rinpoche and Ani Könchok Palden, was recognized as a reincarnation of Mipham Rinpoche<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mipham.com/biography.html |title=Biography of Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche - Mipham.com |access-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928004539/http://www.mipham.com/biography.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> by [[Penor Rinpoche|HH Drubwang Padma Norbu Rinpoche]], at the time the head of the Nyingma lineage. He is now known as [[Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche]], and is the spiritual head of Shambhala International.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shambhala.org/teachers/sakyong-mipham.php |title=Archived copy |website=shambhala.org |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215202746/http://shambhala.org/teachers/sakyong-mipham.php] |archive-date=15 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Alternate names==
In contemporary scholarship, the nomenclature "Mi-pam" and "Mipam" has become an accepted alternative. Writers such as Hopkins and Duckworth have adopted this convention. He is also known by the following alternate names:{{cn|date=March 2024}}

* Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso ''(ʼJam-mgon ʼJu Mi-pham rgya-mtsho)''
* Jamgön Mipham ''(ʼJam-mgon Mi-pham)''
* Ju Mipham ''(ʼJu Mi-pham)''
* Mipham Gyatso ''(mi pham rgya mtsho)''
* Ju Mipham Jampal Gyepa'i Dorje (ʼJu Mi-pham 'jam dpal dgyes pa'i rdo rje)
* Ju Mipham Namgyal Gyatso ''(ʼju mi pham rnam rgyal rgya mtsho)''
* Mipham Namgyal Gyatso ''(mi pham rnam rgyal rgya mtsho)''
* Jamgon Mipham Gyatso ''(ʼjam mgon mi pham rgya mtsho)''
* Mipham the Great ''(mi-pham chen-po)''
* Lama Mipham ''(bla-ma mi-pham)''
* Mipham Rinpoche ''(mi-pham rin-po-che)''

==English translations==
* Buddhist Philosophy in Theory and Practice: Summary of the Philosophical Systems as Detailed in the Yid-bzhin-mdzod (excerpts). Trans. [[Herbert V. Gunther|Herbert V. Guenther]]. Shambala Publications, Inc/Penguin, 1971/72
* Calm and Clear by Lama Mipham. Trans. [[Tarthang Tulku]]. Dharma 1973
* Golden Zephyr: Instructions from a [[Kalyāṇa-mittatā|Spiritual Friend]]. [[Nagarjuna]] and Lama Mipham. Trans. Leslie Kawamura. Dharma 1975
* Lama Mipham's commentary to Nagarjuna's Stanza's for a [[Śrāmaṇera|Novice Monk]]. Trans. Glenn H. Mullin and Lopsang Rabgay. LTWA 1978
* The Fish King's Power of Truth: A [[Jataka Tales|Jataka Tale]] Retold by Lama Mipham. Arranged by Tarthang Tulku. Dharma 1990
* The Quintessential Instructions of Mind: The Buddha No Farther Than One's Palm. In Dream Yoga and the Practice of Natural Light, Namkhai Norbu and Michael Katz. Snow Lion 1992, 2002; Shambhala 2025
* Ways of Enlightenment: Buddhist Studies at Nyingma Institute, based on Mipham's mkhas 'jug. Compiled and edited by Dharma Publishing staff. Dharma 1993
* Gateway to Knowledge. Trans. [[Erik Pema Kunsang]]. Rangjung Yeshe 1997-2012
** Vol 1 (1997) {{ISBN|978-9627341291}}
** Vol 2 (2002) {{ISBN|978-9627341420}}
** Vol 3 (2002) {{ISBN|978-9627341468}}
** Vol 4 (2012) {{ISBN|978-9627341680}}
* Mipham's Beacon of Certainty: Illuminating the View of [[Dzogchen]], the Great Perfection. Trans. John Whitney Pettit. Wisdom 1999
* Mo: The Tibetan Divination System. Translated by Jay Goldberg. Snow Lion 2000.
* [[Madhyamaka|Middle-way]] Meditation Instructions of Mipham Rinpoche. Trans. Thrangu Rinpoche. Namo Buddha 2001
* Introduction to the Middle Way: [[Candrakīrti|Chandrakirti]]'s Madhyamakavatara with Commentary by Jamgön Mipham. Trans. Padmakara Translation Group. Shambhala 2002
* Speech of Delight: Mipham's Commentary of [[Śāntarakṣita|Shantarakshita]]'s Ornament of the Middle Way. Trans. Thomas H. Doctor. Snow Lion 2004
* [[Maitreya-nātha|Maitreya]]'s Distinguishing [[Dharma#Buddhist phenomenology|Phenomena]] and [[Tathata|Pure Being]] with Commentary by Mipham. Trans. Jim Scott. Snow Lion 2004
* The Adornment Of The Middle Way. Trans. Padmakara Translation Group. Shantarakshita & Jamgon Mipham. Shambhala 2005
* Gem that Clears the Waters: An Investigation of Treasure Revealers. In "Tibetan Treasure Literature", trans. Andreas Doctor. Snow Lion 2005. pp. 56–71
* Fundamental Mind: The Nyingma View of the Great Completeness by Mi-pam-gya-tso, comm. by Khetsun Sangpo Rinbochay. Trans. Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion 2006
* Middle Beyond Extremes: Maitreya's Madhyantavibhaga with Commentaries by [[Khenpo Shenga]] and Ju Mipham. Trans. Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Snow Lion 2007
* Mipam on Buddha-Nature: The Ground of the Nyingma Tradition. Selected translations by Douglas S. Duckworth. SUNY 2008
* White Lotus: An Explanation of the Seven-line Prayer to Guru [[Padmasambhava]] by Jamgön Mipham. Trans. Padmakara Translation Group. Shambhala 2008
* Garland of Jewels: The Eight Great [[Bodhisattvas]]. Trans. Yeshe Gyamtso. KTD Publications 2008
* The Way of the Realized Old Dogs, Advice that Points out the Essence of Mind, called "A Lamp that Dispels the Darkness". Trans. Tony Duff. PKTC 2009
* The Method of Preserving the Face of [[Rigpa]], the Essence of Wisdom: An Aspect of Training in Thorough Cut. Trans. Tony Duff. PKTC 2009
* Luminous Essence: A Guide to the Guhyagarbha Tantra. Trans. Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Snow Lion 2009
* The Blessing Treasure: A Sadhana of the Buddha Shakyamuni by Mipham Rinpoche. A Commentary by Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche & Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche. Dharma Samudra 2009.
* The Wheel of Analytic Meditation. Trans. Adam Pearcey. In "The Collected Works of [[Dilgo Khyentse]]", Vol. 2. Shambhala 2010.
* Essence of Clear Light: An Overview of the Secret Commentary "Thorough Dispelling of Darkness throughout the Ten Directions". Trans. Light of Berotsana. Snow Lion 2010.
* Unending Auspiciousness: The [[Mahāyāna sūtras|Sutra]] of the Recollection of the Noble [[Three Jewels]], with Commentaries by Ju Mipham, [[Taranatha]] and the Author. Trans. Tony Duff. PKTC 2010.
* Jamgon Mipham: His Life and Teachings. Selected translations by Douglas S. Duckworth. Shambhala, 2011
* The Verses of the Eight Noble Auspicious Ones. CreateSpace, 2013.
* Tengye Monlam, an Aspiration for the Spread of the Nyingma Teachings: The Oral Transmission that Gladdens the Dharma Kings in "Liberating Duality with Wisdom Display: The Eight Emanations of Guru Padmasambhava". Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche and Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche. Translated by Ann Helm. Dharma Samudra 2013.
* Ornament of the [[Great Vehicle]] Sutras: Maitreya's Mahayanasutralamkara with Commentaries by Khenpo Shenga and Ju Mipham. Trans. Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Snow Lion 2014.
* Shower of Blessings. Yeshe Gyamtso. Ktd Publications 2015.
* The Wheel of Investigation and Meditation that Thoroughly Purifies Mental Activity and the Lamp That Dispels Darkness in "Pith Instructions: Selected Teachings and Poems". [[Dilgo Khyentse]]. Shambhala 2015. (Only available as eBook).
* A Garland of Views: A Guide to View, Meditation, and Result in the Nine Vehicles. Padmakara Translation Group. Shambhala 2016.
* The Ketaka Jewel: A Commentary on the Prajna Chapter Making the Words and Meaning Easy to Understand . Translated by Gawang Rinpoche and Gary Weiner. CreateSpace 2016
* The Just King: The Tibetan Buddhist Classic on Leading an Ethical Life. Translated by Jose Cabezon. Shambhala 2017.
* Pointing to the Nature of Awareness (rtogs ldan rgan po rnams kyi lugs sems ngo mdzub tshugs kyi gdams pa mun sel sgron me), in "A Gathering of Brilliant Moons". Translated by Douglas Duckworth. Wisdom Publications, 2017. (Also translated in Duff 2009, above).
* The Wisdom Chapter: Jamgön Mipham's Commentary on the Ninth Chapter of the Way of the Bodhisattva. Translated by The Padmakara Translation Group. Shambhala, 2017.
* Mipham's Sword of Wisdom: The Nyingmapa Approach to Valid Cognition. Khenchen Palden Sherab. Wisdom Publications 2018.
* A Feast of the Nectar of the Supreme Vehicle: An Explanation of the Ornament of the Mahayana Sutras. Padmakara Translation Group. Shambhala 2018.
* Wondrous Talk Brought about by Conversing with a Friend; the Four Dharma Traditions of the Land of Tibet; Profound Instruction on the View of the Middle Way; the Essence of Mind; the Essence of Wisdom: How to Sustain the Face of Rigpa; the Nature of Mind; Lamp to Dispel Darkness; and Advice to the Dodrup Incarnation, Jigme Tenpe Nyima in "Beyond the Ordinary Mind: Dzogchen, Rimé, and the Path of Perfect Wisdom". Translated by Adam Pearcey. Snow Lion, 2018.
* Sun-like Instructions of a Sage: A Clarification of Faith which Purifies the Pure Land, the Land of Bliss, in "Tibetan Pure Land Buddhism: Mipham Rinpoche on Self-Power and Other-Power". Translated by Lowell Cook. Vajra Books, 2019.
* Uprooting Clinging: A Commentary on Mipham Rinpoche's Wheel of Analytic Meditation. Khenchen Palden Sherab and Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche. Dharma Samudra, 2019.
* Gesar: Tantric Practices of the Tibetan Warrior King. Translated by Gyurme Avertin. Snow Lion, 2023.
* The Way of the Old Realized Ones, the Instructions Pointing Out the Nature of Mind, the Torch that Dispels Darkness; The Sadhana of Acala; and The Meditation and Recitation of the Six Syllable Avalokiteshvara, in "Pristine Awareness: Short Dzogchen Texts". Translated by Khenpo Gawang Rinpoche and Gerry Wiener. Jeweled Lotus Publications, 2023.
* A Complete Purification of Mind’s activity Called “The Wheel of Practice of Analytical Investigation (dPyad sgom ’khor lo)”; The Lamp Illuminating Reality, a Word Commentary of Refining Gold from Ore, the Practice of the Thought of Awakening (De kho na nyid gsal ba’ i sgron me); and Le’u bco brgyad ’grel (Commentary on the 18th chapter of Longchenpa's Wish-fulfilling Treasury), in "RADICAL NONDUALITY: JU MIPHAM NAMGYAL GYATSO'S DISCOURSE ON REALITY". Translated by Gregory Forgues. WIENER STUDIEN ZUR TIBETOLOGIE UND BUDDHISMUSKUNDE. 2024
* Mipham's White Lotus: A Pure Vision: Commentary on the Seven Line Prayer. Translated by Tulku Sherdor, Blazing Wisdom 2025.

===Translations available online===
*[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/mipham/ Lotsawa House - Mipham Rinpoche Series] - Translations of several texts by Mipham Rinpoche.
*[https://buddha-nature.com/translations-list/#JuMiphamRinpoche The Sugatagarbha Translation Group - texts by Ju Mipham Rinpoché] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624091527/https://buddha-nature.com/translations-list/#JuMiphamRinpoche |date=2016-06-24 }}
*[https://gankyil.org/2018/12/25/song-of-the-debate-between-wake-and-dream/ Song of the Debate Between Wake and Dream] A short teaching by Mipham Rinpoche.

==See also==
*[[Mo (divination)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite web
| author = Dharma Fellowship of HH the Gyalwa Karmapa
| title = The Life of Mipham Jamyang Namgyal (1846–1912)
| publisher = Dharma Fellowship of HH the Gyalwa Karmapa
| url = http://www.dharmafellowship.org/biographies/historicalsaints/mipham-namgyal.htm
| access-date = 2008-08-27
| archive-date = 2012-07-01
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120701061736/http://www.dharmafellowship.org/biographies/historicalsaints/mipham-namgyal.htm
| url-status = dead
}}
*{{cite book | last = Duckworth | first = Douglas | author-link = Douglas Duckworth | title = Mipam on Buddha-Nature: The Ground of the Nyingma Tradition | publisher = SUNY Press | year = 2008 | location = Albany, NY | isbn = 978-0-7914-7521-8}}
*{{cite book
| last = Duckworth
| first = Douglas
| title = Jamgön Mipam: His Life and Teachings
| publisher = Shambhala Publications
| year = 2011
| location = Boston
| isbn = 978-1590306697}}
* {{cite web
| last = Germano
| first = David
| author-link = David Germano
| title = A Brief History of Nyingma Literature
| publisher = [[Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library|THDL]]
| year = 2002
| url = http://www.thdl.org/collections/literature/nyingma.html
| access-date = 2008-08-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080605231301/http://www.thdl.org/collections/literature/nyingma.html  |archive-date = 2008-06-05}}
*{{cite book
| last = Pettit
| first = John Whitney
| title = Mipham's Beacon of Certainty: Illuminating the View of Dzogchen, the Great Perfection
| publisher = Wisdom Publications
| year = 1999
| location = Boston
| isbn = 0-86171-157-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Pettit |first=John W. |title=Mipham's Beacon of Certainty: Illuminating the View of Dzogchen, the Great Perfection |series=Studies in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism |volume=II |year=2002}}
*{{cite book
| last = Phuntsho
| first = Karma
| title = Mipham's Dialectics and Debates on Emptiness: To Be, Not to Be or Neither.
| series = Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism
| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon
| year = 2005
| location = London
| isbn = 0-415-35252-5}}
*{{cite book
| last = Smith
| first = E. Gene
| author-link = E. Gene Smith
| title = Among Tibetan Texts: History & Literature of the Himalayan Plateau
| publisher = Wisdom Publications
| year = 2001
| location = Somerville, MA
| isbn = 0-86171-179-3}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book | last1 =Dudjom | first1 = Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje | author-link =Dudjom Rinpoche | last2 = Dorje | first2 = Gyurme | author2-link = Gyurme Dorje | title = The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism, Its Fundamentals and History | place = Boston | publisher = Wisdom Publications | year = 2005 | edition = 2nd | isbn =0-86171-199-8 |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal | last = Duckworth | first = Douglas | author-link = Douglas Duckworth | year = 2014 | title = Non-Representational Language in Mipam's Re-presentation of Other-Emptiness | journal = Philosophy East and West | volume = 64 | issue = 4 | pages = 920–932 | doi = 10.1353/pew.2014.0070 | hdl = 20.500.12613/6604 | s2cid = 31412145 | url = https://www.academia.edu/4058669| hdl-access = free |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal | last = Goodman | first = Steven | title = Mi-pham rgya mtsho: An Account of His life, the Printing of His Works, and the Structure of His Treatise entitled mKhas pa'i tshul la 'jug pa'i sgo | journal = Windhorse | issue = I | year = 1981 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mipham |first1=J. |author2-link=Dilgo Khyentse |author2=Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche |year=2020 |title=Lion of Speech: The Life of Mipham Rinpoche |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=978-1559394949 |ref=none}}
*{{cite contribution | last = Phuntsho | first = Karma | editor-last = Prats | editor-first = Ramon N. | contribution = Ju Mi pham rNam rgyal rGya mtsho: His Position in the Tibetan Religious Hierarchy and a Synoptic Survey of His Contributions | title = The Pandita and the Siddha: Tibetan Studies in Honour of E. Gene Smith | year = 2007 | place = New Delhi | publisher = Amnye Machen Institute | isbn= 978-81-86227-37-4 |ref=none}}

===Primary resources===
*"Sherdrel Ketaka" The commentary of 9 Chapter of Bodhisattavacharya (shes rab le'u'i tshig don go sla bar rnam par bshad pa nor bu ke ta ka) [http://www.dharmadownload.net/pages/english/Texts/texts_0047.htm] (accessed: Sunday November 8, 2009)
*[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/bo/tibetan-masters/mipham/sword-of-wisdom Mipham's ''don rnam nges shes rab ral gri''], [http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/mipham/sword-of-wisdom The Sword of Prajna (DRG) & the translation of this text in English is also freely available from Lotsawa House]
*[http://www.dharmadownload.net/pages/english/Texts/texts_0005.htm Root text of "Umajen" or "Madhyamakalamkara" by Shanta Rakshita. Commentary ("Jamyang Gyepai Zhalung") by Mipham Rinpoche.]

==External links==
*[https://openlibrary.org/a/OL5386220A/%27Jam-mgon-%27Ju-Mi-pham-rgya-mtsho 'Jam-mgon 'Ju Mi-pham rgya-mtsho] - Open Library
*[http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Mipham_Rinpoche Mipham Rinpoche] - Rigpa Wiki
*[http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Mipham_Rinpoche_Timeline Mipham Rinpoche Timeline]
*[http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/Mipham Mipham Rinpoche] - [[Rangjung Yeshe Wiki]]
*[https://www.tbrc.org/#!rid=P252 TBRC P252] mi pham rgya mtsho at [[Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center|TBRC]]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=-IfPeuDr8gwC&pg=PA19 The Life and Works of Mipham Rinpoche] - from Petfit, John Whitney. ''Mipham's Beacon of Certainty: Illuminating the View of Dzochen, the Great Perfection''. Boston: Wisdom Publications (1999). {{ISBN|0-86171-157-2}} p. 19-39
*[http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/mipham/ Lotsawa House - Translations of several texts by Mipham Rinpoche]
*[http://www.dharmafellowship.org/biographies/historicalsaints/mipham-namgyal.htm The Life of Mipham Jamyang Namgyal (1846–1912)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701061736/http://www.dharmafellowship.org/biographies/historicalsaints/mipham-namgyal.htm |date=2012-07-01 }}
*[http://www.library.gov.bt/outlines/JuMipham.html Table of Contents for the 27 volumes of the Collected Works of Mipham] - in Tibetan
*[http://www.amnyitrulchung.org/monastery/ Ju Mohar Monastery] - Mipham Rinpoche's monastery, where he accomplished Manjushri whilst on retreat
*[https://buddha-nature.com/translations-list/#JuMiphamRinpoche The Sugatagarbha Translation Group - texts by Ju Mipham Rinpoché]

{{Authority control}}

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Wolfman Jack

2025-06-19T02:30:16Z

219.89.68.193: /* Film, television, and music career */Original research uncited

{{Short description|American DJ and music TV host (1938–1995)}}
{{About||the American blues artist|Howlin' Wolf|the Todd Rundgren song|Something/Anything?}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Wolfman Jack
| image = Wolfman Jack 1974.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Jack in 1974
| birth_name = Robert Weston Smith
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|1|21|}}
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1995|7|1|1938|1|21}}
| death_place = [[Belvidere, North Carolina]], U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|Disc jockey|radio personality|musician|television presenter}}
| years_active = 1960–1995
| spouse = Lucy "Lou" Lamb
| children = 2
}}
'''Robert Weston Smith''' (January 21, 1938{{spnd}}July 1, 1995), known as '''Wolfman Jack''', was an American [[disc jockey]] active for over three decades.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Wolfman Jack, Raspy Voice Of the Radio, Is Dead at 57|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|date=July 2, 1995|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/02/obituaries/wolfman-jack-raspy-voice-of-the-radio-is-dead-at-57.html}}</ref> He was famous for his gravelly voice, and credited it with his success, saying, "It's kept meat and potatoes on the table for years for Wolfman and Wolfwoman. A couple of shots of whiskey helps it. I've got that nice raspy sound."<ref name="MRM">{{cite web |author=Bob Pinheiro |url=http://www.modestoradiomuseum.org/wolfman%20death.html |title=Wolfman Jack, pioneer disc jockey dies at 57 |publisher=Modestoradiomuseum.org |date=July 1, 1995 |access-date=August 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727091916/http://www.modestoradiomuseum.org/wolfman%20death.html |archive-date=July 27, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{One source section|date=February 2025}}
Smith was born in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], on January 21, 1938, the younger of two children of Anson Weston Smith, an Episcopal Sunday school teacher, writer, editor, and executive vice president of ''[[Financial World]]'', and his wife, Rosamond Small. He lived on 12th Street and 4th Avenue and went to Manual Training High School in the [[Park Slope, Brooklyn|Park Slope]] section. His parents divorced while he was a child. To help keep him out of trouble, his father bought him a large [[Trans-Oceanic]] radio, and Smith became an avid fan of R&B music and the disc jockeys who played it, including [[Jocko Henderson|Douglas "Jocko" Henderson]] of Philadelphia; New York's "Dr. Jive", [[Tommy Smalls]]; the "Moon Dog" from Cleveland, [[Alan Freed]]; and Nashville's "[[John R.]]" Richbourg, who later became his mentor. After selling [[encyclopedia]]s and [[Fuller Brush Company|Fuller brushes]] door-to-door, Smith attended the National Academy of Broadcasting in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family tree of WOLFMAN JACK |url=https://en.geneastar.org/genealogy/smithrobert/robert-weston-smith |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Geneanet |language=en}}</ref>

== Broadcasting career ==
After graduating from NAB in 1960, Smith began working as "Daddy Jules" at [[WPMH|WYOU]] in [[Newport News, Virginia]]. When the station format changed to "[[beautiful music]]", he became known as "Roger Gordon and Music in Good Taste". In 1962, Smith moved to country music station KCIJ/1050 in [[Shreveport, Louisiana]], as the station manager and morning disc jockey, "Big Smith with the Records". He married Lucy "Lou" Lamb in 1961, and they had two children.<ref>John A. Drobnicki, "Wolfman Jack (Robert Weston Smith)", in ''The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives'', Vol. 4 (Scribner's, 2001), p. 581.</ref>

Cleveland's Alan Freed had originally called himself the "Moon Dog" after New York City [[Busking|street musician]] [[Moondog]]. Freed both adopted this name and used a recorded howl to give his early broadcasts a unique character. Smith's adaptation of the Moondog theme was to call himself Wolfman Jack and add his own sound effects. The character was based in part on the manner and style of [[blues]]man [[Howlin' Wolf]]. At KCIJ, he first began to develop his famous alter ego, Wolfman Jack. According to author Philip A. Lieberman, Smith's "Wolfman" persona "derived from Smith's love of horror films and his shenanigans as a 'wolfman' with his two young nephews. The 'Jack' nickname was taken from the 'hipster' lingo of the 1950s, as in 'Take a page from my book, Jack', or the more popular, 'Hit the road, Jack.'"<ref>Philip A. Lieberman, ''Radio's Morning Show Personalities: Early Hour Broadcasters and Deejays from the 1920s to the 1990s'' (McFarland & Company, 1996), p. 58.</ref>

In 1963, Smith took his act to the border when Inter-American Radio Advertising's Ramon Bosquez hired him and sent him to the studio and transmitter site of [[XERF-AM]] at [[Ciudad Acuña]] in Mexico, a station across the U.S.-Mexico border from [[Del Rio, Texas]], whose high-powered [[border blaster]] signal could be picked up across much of the United States. In an interview with writer [[Tom Miller (travel writer)|Tom Miller]], Smith described the reach of the XERF signal: "We had the most powerful signal in North America. Birds dropped dead when they flew too close to the tower. A car driving from New York to L.A. would never lose the station."<ref>[[Tom Miller (travel writer)|Tom Miller]]. ''On the Border: Portraits of America's Southwestern Frontier'', pp. 84–85.</ref>

Many of the Mexican border stations broadcast at 150,000 watts, three times the U.S. limit, meaning that their signals were picked up all over North America, and at night as far away as Europe and the Soviet Union. At XERF, Smith developed his signature style (with phrases such as, "Who's this on the Wolfman telephone?") and widespread fame. The border stations made money by renting time to [[Pentecostal]] preachers and psychics, and by taking 50% of the profit from anything sold by mail order. The Wolfman did pitches for dog food, weight-loss pills, weight-gain pills, rose bushes, and baby chicks. Even a pill called Florex, which was supposed to enhance one's sex drive, was sold. "Some zing for your [[Water caltrop|ling nuts]]", the Wolfman would say.<ref>Wes Smith, ''The Pied Pipers of Rock 'n' Roll'' (Longstreet Press, 1989), p. 272.</ref>

[[XEPRS-AM|XERB]] was the original call sign for the border blaster station in [[Rosarito Beach]], Mexico, which was branded as The Mighty 1090 in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], [[California]]. The station boasted "50,000 watts of Boss Soul Power". That station continues to broadcast under the call sign XEPRS-AM. XERB also had an office in the rear of a small [[strip mall]] on Third Avenue in [[Chula Vista, California]] just 10 minutes from the [[Tijuana]]–[[San Diego]] border crossing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-11 |title=On Location: Cruising With 'American Graffiti' |url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/139280283?ft=nprml&f=139280283 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=NPR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wolfman Jack –San Diego top 40 DJ immortalized in American Graffiti {{!}} San Diego Reader |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1995/jul/06/ode-wolfman/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.sandiegoreader.com |language=en}}</ref> The Wolfman was rumored to actually broadcast from this location during the early to mid-1960s. Smith left Mexico after eight months and moved to [[Minneapolis]] to run station [[KDIZ (AM)|KUXL]]. Although Smith was managing a Minneapolis radio station, he was still broadcasting as Wolfman Jack on XERF via taped shows that he sent to the station.

Missing the excitement, however, Wolfman returned to border radio to run XERB, and opened an office on [[Sunset Boulevard]] in [[Los Angeles]] in January 1966. He recorded his shows in Los Angeles and shipped his tapes across the border into Mexico, where they would then be beamed across the U.S.<ref>Gene Fowler and Bill Crawford, ''Border Radio'' (Limelight Editions, 1990).</ref>

In 1971, the Mexican government, under pressure from the Roman Catholic church, banned the Pentecostal preachers from the radio, taking away 80% of XERB's revenue. Smith then moved to station [[KBLA|KDAY]] 1580 in Los Angeles, which could only pay him a fraction of his former XERB income. Smith capitalized on his fame, though, by editing his old XERB tapes and selling them to radio stations everywhere, becoming one of the first rock-and-roll [[broadcast syndication|syndicated]] programs (as the tapes began to age, they were eventually marketed to [[oldies]] stations). He also appeared on [[Armed Forces Radio]] from 1970 to 1986. At his peak, Wolfman Jack was heard on more than 2,000 radio stations in 53 countries.<ref>John A. Drobnicki, "Wolfman Jack (Robert Weston Smith)". in ''The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives'', Vol. 4 (Scribner's, 2001), p. 582.</ref> He was heard as far afield as the Wild Coast, [[Transkei]], on [[Capital Radio 604]] based there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wildcoastradio.com/?p=647 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716045022/http://wildcoastradio.com/?p=647|url-status=dead|title=Wolfman Jack in Africa, 1980. Borderblasting in a Bantustan |date=July 16, 2012|archive-date=July 16, 2012 |access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref>

In a deal promoted by Don Kelley, the Wolfman was paid handsomely to join [[WNBC (AM)|WNBC]] in New York in August 1973, the same month that ''[[American Graffiti]]'' premiered, and the station did a huge advertising campaign in local newspapers predicting the Wolfman would propel their ratings over those of their main competitor, [[WABC (AM)|WABC]]'s [[Cousin Brucie]] (Bruce Morrow). The advertisements proclaimed, "Cousin Brucie's Days Are Numbered / Wolfman Jack Is on the Prowl", and thousands of small, tombstone-shaped paperweights were distributed that said, "Cousin Brucie is going to be buried by Wolfman Jack".<ref>Ben Fong-Torres, ''The Hits Just Keep on Coming: The History of Top 40 Radio'' (Miller Freeman Books, 1998), p. 142.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/30244852 |author=Paul Levinson |author-link=Paul Levinson |title=Wolfman Hits the Road, Jack |work=The Village Voice |date=July 4, 1976 |page=34}}</ref>

After less than a year, WNBC hired Cousin Brucie, and Wolfman Jack went back to California to concentrate on his syndicated radio show, which was carried on [[KRLA]]-Pasadena (Los Angeles) from 1984 to 1987. He moved to [[Belvidere, North Carolina]], in 1989, to be closer to his extended family.<ref>James F. Mills, "Wolfman Turns into Country Gentleman: N.C. Mansion Home to Rock 'n' Roll DJ", ''Charlotte Observer'' (February 27, 1994), p. 8B.</ref> In the 1980s, he did a brief stint at [[XEROK-AM|XEROK 80]], another border-blaster station that was leased by Dallas investors Robert Hanna, Grady Sanders, and John Ryman. He also hosted a TV show at Little Darlin's Rock n' Roll Palace, which was eventually renamed Wolfman Jack's Rock'n'Roll Palace.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1988-05-21|title=Wolfman and 'Midnight': Nostalgia but No Regrets|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-21-ca-3228-story.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ryman then moved Smith to [[Scott Ginsburg]]-owned Y95 in Dallas, Texas.

Recordings of Wolfman Jack's old shows were reintroduced to syndication a decade after his death and remain available to local stations, through Talent Farm as of mid-2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radioinsight.com/headlines/189860/the-talent-farm-adds-the-wolfman-jack-show/ | title=The Talent Farm Adds the Wolfman Jack Show|website=radioinsight.com |accessdate=December 30, 2022}}</ref> In 2024, as part of an [[oldies]] format marking its 85th anniversary, XEPRS began to carry the remastered recordings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Wolfman Jack Is Back On A Baja California Border Blaster |url=https://radioink.com/2024/11/05/wolfman-jack-is-back-on-a-baja-california-border-blaster/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Radio Ink |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-23 |title=There’s a radio station bringing ‘50s through ‘70s oldies to Southern California |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2024/09/23/theres-a-radio-station-bringing-back-oldies-to-southern-california/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Daily News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Film, television, and music career==
In his early days, Wolfman Jack made sporadic public appearances, usually as a master of ceremonies for rock bands at Los Angeles clubs. At each appearance, he looked a little different because he had not decided what the Wolfman should look like. Early pictures show him with a goatee, but sometimes he combed his straight hair forward and added dark makeup to look somewhat "ethnic." Other times he had a big [[afro]] wig and large sunglasses. The ambiguity of his race contributed to the controversy of his program. His audience finally got a good look at him when he appeared in the 1969 film ''A Session with the Committee'', a montage of skits by the comedy troupe [[The Committee (improv group)|The Committee]].

Wolfman Jack started his recording career in Minneapolis while working at KUXL Radio in 1965 with George Garrett, who helped record the album ''Boogie with the Wolfman'' by Wolfman Jack and the Wolfpack on the Bread Label. He was also responsible for engineering, producing, and assembling the band.<ref>''Minnesota Rocked'', Tom Tourville, 2nd Edition, 1983, {{LCCN|82074566}}</ref> Wolfman Jack also released ''Wolfman Jack'' (1972) and ''Through the Ages'' (1973) on the [[Wooden Nickel Records|Wooden Nickel]] label.<ref>{{cite web| last1 = Callahan| first1 = Mike| last2 = Edwards| first2 = David| last3 = Eyries| first3 = Patrice| title = Wooden Nickel Album Discography| date = October 26, 2005| url = http://www.bsnpubs.com/rca/woodennickel.html| access-date = October 3, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100113140243/http://bsnpubs.com/rca/woodennickel.html| archive-date = January 13, 2010| url-status = dead| df = mdy-all}}</ref>

In 1973, Wolfman Jack appeared as himself in [[George Lucas]]'s second feature film ''[[American Graffiti]]''. Lucas gave him a fraction of a "point", the division of the profits from a film, and the extreme financial success of ''American Graffiti'' provided him with a regular income for life. He also appeared in the film's 1979 sequel ''[[More American Graffiti]]'', though only through voice-overs. In 1978, he appeared as Bob "The Jackal" Smith in a made-for-TV movie ''[[Deadman's Curve]]'' based on the musical careers of Jan Berry and Dean Torrence of [[Jan and Dean]]. Smith appeared in several television shows as Wolfman Jack, including ''[[The Odd Couple (1970 TV series)|The Odd Couple]]'', ''[[What's Happening!!]]'', ''[[Vega$]]'', ''[[Hollywood Squares]]'', ''[[Married... with Children]]'' (his final public performance), ''[[Emergency!]]'', ''[[Wonder Woman (TV series)|The New Adventures of Wonder Woman]]'', and ''[[Galactica 1980]]''. He was the regular announcer and occasional host for ''[[The Midnight Special (TV series)|The Midnight Special]]'' on [[NBC]] from 1973 to 1981. He was the host of his variety series ''[[The Wolfman Jack Show]]'', which was produced in Canada by [[CBC Television]] in 1976 and syndicated to stations in the U.S. In 1984, Wolfman Jack starred as himself on the short-lived [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] animated series ''[[Wolf Rock TV]]''. He also voiced the chief of the Rama Lama tribe on the TV special ''[[Garfield in Paradise]]'' in 1986.

Wolfman Jack's characteristic voice is imitated by disc jockey Ken Griffin on [[Sugarloaf (band)|Sugarloaf]]'s 1974 hit single "[[Don't Call Us, We'll Call You]]" and he is mentioned on the [[Grateful Dead]] song "Ramble On Rose".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artsites.ucsc.edu/GDead/agdl/ramble2.html |title=The Annotated "Ramble On Rose" |publisher=Artsites.ucsc.edu |access-date=August 18, 2014}}</ref> He furnished his voice in [[The Guess Who]]'s top-10 hit single "[[Clap for the Wolfman]]". In 1976, he furnished his voice on "Did You Boogie (With Your Baby)" by [[Flash Cadillac & the Continental Kids]]. Wolfman Jack was regularly parodied on ''[[The Hilarious House of Frightenstein]]'' as "The Wolfman," an actual werewolf disc jockey with a look inspired by the original ''[[The Wolf Man (1941 film)|The Wolf Man]]'' movies. A few years earlier, [[Todd Rundgren]] recorded the tribute "Wolfman Jack" on the album ''[[Something/Anything?]]''; the single version of the track includes a shouted talk-over introduction by the Wolfman, but on the album version, Rundgren performs that part himself. Canadian band [[The Stampeders]] also released a cover of "[[Hit the Road Jack]]" in 1975 featuring Wolfman Jack. From 1975 to 1980, Wolfman Jack hosted Halloween Haunt at [[Knott's Berry Farm]], which transforms itself into [[Knott's Scary Farm]] each year for Halloween. It was the most successful special event of any theme park in the country, and often sold out.<ref>Merritt, Christopher, and Lynxwiler, J. Eric. ''Knott's Preserved: From Boysenberry to Theme Park, the History of Knott's Berry Farm,'' pp. 126–29, Angel City Press, Santa Monica, CA, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-883318-97-0}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimatehaunt.com/history2/legacy/unclemike/interview.htm |title=Scary Farm |publisher=Ultimatehaunt.com |access-date=August 18, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://knottsinprint.blogspot.com/2011/10/halloween-haunt-in-beginning.html |title=Knott's In Print: Halloween Haunt in the Beginning |publisher=Knottsinprint.blogspot.com |date=October 24, 2011 |access-date=August 18, 2014}}</ref>

In 2012, the estate of Wolfman Jack released a hip-hop single featuring Wolfman Jack clips as the vocals.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/HTxsSFv4S5E Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200213004619/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTxsSFv4S5E&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTxsSFv4S5E|title=Lay Your Hand On the Radio|last=Wolfman Jack – Topic|date=October 11, 2015|access-date=September 11, 2017|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2016, clips from the Wolfman Jack Radio Program were used in the [[Rob Zombie]] film ''[[31 (film)|31]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monkeysfightingrobots.com/horror-review-31-rob-zombie/|title='31' Review: Rob Zombie Makes Sickest Film Yet, Also His Most Fun|date=September 2, 2016|access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref>

==Radio Caroline==
When the one surviving ship in what had originally been a [[pirate radio]] network of [[Radio Caroline|Radio Caroline North and Radio Caroline South]] sank in 1980, a search began to find a replacement. Because of new laws passed in the UK in 1967 ([[Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967]]), the sales operation needed to be situated outside of the UK. For a time, Don Kelley, Wolfman Jack's business partner and personal manager, acted as the West Coast agent for the planned new Radio Caroline, but the deal eventually fell apart.

As a part of this process, Wolfman Jack was set to deliver the morning shows on the new station. To that end, he recorded a number of programs that never aired, because the station did not come on air according to schedule. (It eventually returned in 1983 from a new ship, which remained at sea until 1990.) Today, those tapes are traded among collectors of his work.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Death==
On July 1, 1995, Smith died from a heart attack at his house in [[Belvidere, North Carolina]], shortly after finishing a weekly broadcast. He was 57 years old.<ref name="MRM"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wolfmanjack.org/wolfhistory.htm |title=A short synapses about Wolfman Jack, his accomplishments, and his life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727105619/http://www.wolfmanjack.org/wolfhistory.htm |archive-date=July 27, 2013 }}</ref> He is buried at a family cemetery in Belvidere.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kin Plan Park, Museum in Honor of Wolfman Jack |website=Deseret News |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/450232/KIN-PLAN-PARK-MUSEUM-IN-HONOR-OF-WOLFMAN-JACK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224023906/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/450232/KIN-PLAN-PARK-MUSEUM-IN-HONOR-OF-WOLFMAN-JACK.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |date=November 12, 1995 |access-date=December 23, 2018}}</ref>

==Legacy and portrayals==
[[Clap for the Wolfman]] is a song written by Burton Cummings, Bill Wallace, and Kurt Winter performed by their band, the Guess Who. The song appeared on their 1974 album, Road Food. The song was ranked #84 on Billboard magazine's Top Hot 100 songs of 1974.[3]{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}

* Wolfman Jack made a guest vocal appearance on 2 songs (" Tighten Up " & " Nice Age ") from [[Yellow Magic Orchestra]]: [[X00 Multiplies]] 1980 album.
* Wolfman Jack is portrayed by [[Jack Black]] in the 2022 satirical biopic ''[[Weird: The Al Yankovic Story]]''. He is portrayed as a rival of [[Dr. Demento]] (played in the film by [[Rainn Wilson]]).
* From 1978 to 1980, an [[Animatronics|animatronic]] band called the ''Wolf Pack 5'' appeared twice at the [[International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions|IAAPA]] and at the first [[ShowBiz Pizza Place|ShowBiz Pizza]] in [[Kansas City, Missouri]]. The leader of the band was an [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] [[wolf]] who was modeled after Jack. He's voiced by [[Aaron Fechter]].{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
* In the 1991 album [[D-Rok|Oblivion]] by British hard rock band [[D-Rok|D-ROK]], Wolfman Jack is mentioned multiple times on the track "King Hibited".
* On [[Diamond D]]'s 1992 album ''[[Stunts, Blunts and Hip Hop]]'', a parody of Wolfman Jack is done on the skit "Wuffman Stressed Out".
* Wolfman Jack's voice was used in the 1989 beat 'em up arcade video game ''[[DJ Boy]]'' as the announcer [[Demon Kogure]] in the American version.
* Wolfman Jack is sampled on [[J-Dilla]]'s 2006 album, [[Donuts (album)|Donuts]], on the track "Anti-American Graffiti". The sample comes from the 1973 album, [[How Time Flys]] by [[David Ossman]].
* In his 2020 song "[[Murder Most Foul (song)|Murder Most Foul]]", [[Bob Dylan]] invokes Wolfman Jack many times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murder Most Foul {{!}} The Official Bob Dylan Site |url=https://www.bobdylan.com/songs/murder-most-foul/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.bobdylan.com}}</ref>
* Wolfman Jack appeared at the [[Modesto American Graffiti Festival]] several times, for the first time in 1988. The film ''American Graffiti'', which portrays Wolfman Jack, takes place in Modesto, California.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Test Your Knowledge of Graffiti History |url=https://www.modbee.com/news/article21977220.html |access-date=2024-09-12 |work=The Modesto Bee}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1971
| ''[[The Seven Minutes (film)|The Seven Minutes]]''
| Himself
|
|-
| 1973
| ''[[American Graffiti]]''
| Disc Jockey / Himself
|
|-
|1973
|''[[The Odd Couple (1970 TV series)|The Odd Couple]]''
|Himself
|"The Songwriter"
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Emergency!]]''
| Disc Jockey
| "The Inspection"
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (film)|Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''
| Our Guests At Heartland
|
|-
| 1978
| ''Hanging on a Star''
| Gordon Shep
|
|-
| 1978
| ''Deadman's Curve''
| Bob "The Jackal" Smith
|
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Wonder Woman (TV series)|The New Adventures of Wonder Woman]]''
| Infra Red
| "Disco Devil"
|-
| 1978
| ''[[What's Happening!!]]''
| Himself
| "Going, Going, Gong"
|-
| 1979
| ''[[More American Graffiti]]''
| Himself
|
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Motel Hell]]''
| Reverend Billy
|
|-
|1980
|''[[The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang]]''
|Narrator
|Animated
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Galactica 1980]]''
| Himself
| "The Night the Cylons Landed"
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Wolf Rock TV]]''
| Himself
|
|-
| 1985
| ''[[The Midnight Hour]]''
| Radio DJ
| Made-for-television movie
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Garfield in Paradise]]''
| Rama Lama Tribe Chief (voice)
| Animated TV special
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Mortuary Academy]]''
| Bernie Berkowitz
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Midnight (1989 film)|Midnight]]''
| Himself
|
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Swamp Thing (1990 TV series)|Swamp Thing]]''
| Hurly
| [[List of Swamp Thing (1990 TV series) episodes|"Children of the Fool"]]
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Married... with Children]]''
| Himself
| [[Married... with Children (season 9)|"Ship Happens: Part 1"]] (Final appearance)
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.legends.thewwbc.net/gpage25.html "New Year's Eve, 1993, With Wolfman Jack !"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606173339/http://www.legends.thewwbc.net/gpage25.html |date=June 6, 2018 }}
*[https://byjeffburger.com/1976/06/07/wolfman-jack-the-mouth-heard-round-the-world/ Wolfman Jack: The Mouth Heard 'Round the World (interview)]
*[http://kipsamericangraffiti.blogspot.com/2010/10/wolfman-jack-part-i-en-el-aire.html Kip Pullman's American Graffiti Blog]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526093257/http://www.freeenterpriseland.com/BOOK/WOLFMAN.html Wolfman Jack and the gun battle in the Mexican desert]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7307738.stm What made Wolfman Jack great?]
*{{IMDb name|0413125}}
* {{discogs artist|Wolfman Jack}}
* {{Find a Grave|11176976}}

{{portalbar|Radio|Television|Film}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Wolfman Jack}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
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[[Category:20th-century American musicians]]
[[Category:American radio DJs]]
[[Category:Masters of ceremonies]]
[[Category:Mexican radio presenters]]
[[Category:Musicians from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Radio personalities from California]]
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[[Category:Werewolves in music]]
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The Book of Love (album)

2025-06-18T20:30:12Z

219.89.68.193:

{{Short description|1997 studio album by Air Supply}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| name = The Book of Love
| type = studio album
| artist = [[Air Supply]]
| cover = The book of love air supply cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = 9 December 1997
| recorded = Runs with the Wild, Utah; [[Westlake Studios]], Los Angeles, 1997
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soft rock]], [[Adult contemporary music|adult contemporary]]
| length =
| label = [[Giant Records (Warner)|Giant Records]]
| producer = Sageman for A Nice Pear Inc.
| prev_title = [[Greatest Hits Live ... Now and Forever|Now and Forever...Greatest Hits Live]]
| prev_year = 1995
| next_title = The Definitive Collection
| next_year = 1999
}}
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|2.5|5}} [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r318498|pure_url=yes}} Link]
}}

'''''The Book of Love''''' is the fourteenth studio album by British/Australian soft rock duo [[Air Supply]], released in 1997. The album mainly focuses on mature adult contemporary songs.

==Background==
The writing of songs on the album began during their Asian tour on 1995, with the song "Mother Said" being demonstrated by [[Graham Russell]] at their room in a hotel on [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]. It was shown on their interactive CD-ROM titled ''As Close As This''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Supply - "Mother Said" (1995 demo version) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8g6uYf9PRQ |language=en|via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref>

Though the album didn't have any chart entries, the singles "So Much Love" and "When I Say" have gained critical acclaim in USA, although in Asia the single "Strong Strong Wind" was a big hit. The latter song was also recorded by the American band [[Heart (band)|Heart]] for their 1998 compilation ''[[Greatest Hits (1998 Heart album)|Greatest Hits]]''.

==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| headline =
| all_writing = [[Graham Russell]], except where noted
| title1 = The Book of Love
| writer1 =
| length1 = 4:50
| title2 = Strong, Strong Wind
| writer2 = [[Diane Warren]]
| length2 = 4:21
| title3 = So Much Love
| writer3 = Russell, Tom Evans
| length3 = 4:14
| title4 = When I Say
| writer4 =
| length4 = 5:27
| title5 = We the People
| writer5 = Russell, Mark Williams
| length5 = 3:41
| title6 = Once
| writer6 = Jed Moss, Russell
| length6 = 4:59
| title7 = Let's Stay Together Tonight
| writer7 = Clifford Rehrig, Russell, Noble Williams
| length7 = 7:56
| title8 = Daybreak
| writer8 =
| length8 = 4:28
| title9 = Mother Said
| writer9 =
| length9 = 3:15
| title10 = Would You Ever Walk Away
| writer10 =
| length10 = 3:58
| title11 = All That You Want
| writer11 = Guy Allison, Russell
| length11 = 3:51
| total_length = 51:00
}}

== Personnel ==

'''Air Supply'''
* [[Russell Hitchcock]] – lead vocals (2, 3, 6–9), backing vocals (2, 8, 9)
* [[Graham Russell]] – keyboards (1), programming (1), acoustic guitar (1), lead vocals (2, 4, 6, 8, 9), backing vocals (2, 8, 9), guitar (3, 6, 9, 10), [[harp]] (8), drum programming (10)

'''Additional musicians'''
* Jed Moss – acoustic piano (1–3, 5, 7, 8)
* [[Randy Kerber]] – keyboards (2, 4, 5, 8), strings (7)
* [[John Philip Shenale]] – strings (3), keyboards (6)
* Guy Allison – keyboards (6, 9, 10), drum programming (10)
* [[Rex Goh]] – electric guitar (1), guitar (2, 4, 6, 10)
* Larry Antonio – bass (1)
* [[Abraham Laboriel]] – bass (1, 2, 4)
* Clifford Rehrig – bass (3, 6, 8, 9)
* Mark T. Williams – drums (2–4, 6, 9), keyboards (4), percussion (4)
* Rafael Padilla – percussion (2, 3, 9, 10)
* [[Paulinho da Costa]] – percussion (4)
* The Beejeagles (Russell Hitchcock, Graham Russell and Michael Sherwood) – lead vocals (1), backing vocals (1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10)
* The Waters Family (Julia Waters, Luther Waters, Maxine Waters Willard and [[Oren Waters]]) – backing vocals (4)

== Production ==
* Producer – Graham Russell
* Engineer and Mixing – Alejandro Rodriguez
* Assistant Engineer – Tony Meador
* Mix Assistants – Tony Meador and Jeff Robinette
* Mastered by [[Bob Ludwig]] at Gateway Mastering (Portland, ME)
* Art Direction and Design – Lyn Bradley
* Stylist – Xavier Cabrera
* Photography – Michael Wilson

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Air Supply}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Book of Love, The}}
[[Category:1997 albums]]
[[Category:Air Supply albums]]
[[Category:Giant Records (Warner) albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Graham Russell]]

Seven rays

2025-06-18T19:03:33Z

219.89.68.193: /* In popular culture */Uncited, unprovable, original research.

{{Short description|Concept found in some religions and esoteric doctrines}}
The '''seven rays''' is a concept that has appeared in several religions and [[esoteric]] philosophies in both Western culture and in India since at least the sixth century BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last= York |first=Michael |author-link=Michael_York_(religious_studies_scholar) |date=2004 |title= Historical Dictionary of New Age Movements |publisher= The Scarecrow Press, Inc. |edition= |pages=162 |chapter= Seven rays |url= https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000york/mode/2up
|isbn=0-8108-4873-2 }}</ref>

In occidental culture, it can be seen in early [[Western mystery tradition]]s, such as [[Gnosticism]] and [[Mithraism]], and in texts and [[icon]]ic art of the [[Catholic Church]] as early as the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="Walker">{{cite book |title=The Woman's Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets |author=Barbara G. Walker |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1983 |isbn=0-06-250925-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/womansencycloped00walk/page/253 253] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/womansencycloped00walk/page/253 }}</ref><ref name="Bartoli"/><ref name="Joseph"/><ref name="Schroer">{{cite book|title=Body Symbolism in the Bible |author=Silvia Schroer |author2=Thomas Staubli |publisher=Liturgical Press |year= 2001 |isbn= 0-8146-5954-3 |page=92 |contribution=Translated by Linda M. Maloney }}</ref> In India, the concept has been part of [[Hindu philosophy|Hindu religious philosophy]] and scripture since at least the [[Vishnu Purana]], dating from the [[Vedas|post-Vedic]] era.<ref name="Colebrooke">{{cite book|last = Colebrooke | first = Henry Thomas|title = Essays on the Religion and Philosophy of the Hindus |url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bj1pFUyTbHEC | publisher =Williams and Norgate |year= 1858 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bj1pFUyTbHEC/page/n84 79], 83, 119 |quote=Reprinted from 'Asiatic researches' and from the 'Transactions of the Royal Asiatic society.' Original from Harvard University.}}</ref><ref name="Garrett">{{cite book|last = Garrett | first = John |title = A Classical Dictionary of India: Illustrative of the Mythology, Philosophy, Literature, Antiquities, Arts, Manners, Customs, &c. of the Hindus |url = https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldicti00garrgoog | publisher =Higginbotham and Co. |year= 1871 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldicti00garrgoog/page/n56 41], 48, 99, 203, 216, 242, 314, 452, 621, 627 |quote=Director of Public Instruction, Mysore, India; Original from Oxford University}}</ref><ref name="Aurobindo">{{cite book|title=The Secret of the Veda |author=Sri Aurobindo |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publication Dept |year= 1971 |pages=97, 182 |isbn= 81-7058-581-3}}</ref>

Beginning in the late 19th century, the seven rays appeared in a modified and elaborated form in the teachings of [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]], first presented by [[Helena Blavatsky]].<ref name="long"/> The Theosophical concept of the seven rays was further developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the writings of Theosophist [[Charles Webster Leadbeater]], and by other authors such as [[Alice Bailey]], [[Manly P. Hall]], and others — notably including the teachings of [[Benjamin Creme]] and his group [[Share International]],<ref>Creme, Benjamin. ''The Ageless Wisdom Teaching'' Share International Foundation 1996. This book presents an introduction to that great body of wisdom underlying the spiritual teachings of all groups throughout the ages</ref> as well as the philosophies of organizations such as [[Temple of the People]],<ref>''The Teachings of the Temple'' (Halcyon, California: The Temple of the People, 1948) Volume I, Lesson 45, "The Seven Rays of Evolution."</ref> [["I AM" Activity]],<ref>Saint Germain Foundation. ''The History of the "I AM" Activity and Saint Germain Foundation''. Schaumburg, Illinois: Saint Germain Press 2003</ref> [[The Bridge to Freedom]], [[The Summit Lighthouse]],<ref name="long">{{cite book|title=Religious Cults in America |url=https://archive.org/details/religiouscultsin00long |url-access=registration |author=Robert Emmet Long|publisher=H.W. Wilson Publishing |year= 1994 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/religiouscultsin00long/page/79 79–80]|isbn= 0-9745866-1-7}}</ref><ref>Lewis, James R. ''Church Universal and Triumphant in Scholarly Perspective'' Center For Academic Publication 1994</ref> The Temple of The Presence (1995)<ref>''White Paper - Wesak World Congress 2002''. Acropolis Sophia Books & Works 2003.</ref> and various other organizations promulgating [[Ascended Master Teachings]], a group of religious teachings based on Theosophy.

As the [[New Age]] movement of the mid-to-late 20th century developed, the seven rays concept appeared as an element of metaphysical healing methods, such as [[Reiki]] and other modalities,<ref name="Jackson">{{cite book|title=The Spirit of Reiki|author=Carolyn E. Jackson |publisher=Innate Foundation Publishing |year=2004|pages=122–128|isbn= 0-9745866-1-7}}</ref><ref name="Cooper">{{cite book|title=The Healing Power of Light: A Comprehensive Guide to the Healing and Transformative Powers of Light|author=Primrose Cooper|publisher=Weiser |year= 2001 |pages=115–116|isbn= 1-57863-231-5}}</ref> and in [[esoteric astrology]].<ref name="Leo">{{cite book|title=Esoteric Astrology |author=Alan Leo|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Company |year= 1989|isbn= 0-89281-181-1 |page=21}}</ref>

==In Antiquity==

In ancient [[Greek mythology]], [[Zeus]] takes the bull form known as Taurus in order to win [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]]. Taurus is also associated with [[Aphrodite]] and other goddesses, as well as with [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]] and [[Dionysus]]. The face of Taurus "gleams with seven rays of fire."<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]]'', v.164.</ref>

The [[Chaldean Oracles]] of the 2nd century AD feature the seven rays as purifying agents of [[Helios]], symbolism featured in [[Mithraic Mysteries|Mithraic]] liturgy as well.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ow0VAAAAIAAJ&dq=chaldean+Seven+Rays&pg=PA39 "The Chaldean oracles: text, translation, and commentary" by Julianus (the Theurgist.), Ruth Dorothy Majercik, ed., p.38]</ref> Later, in the 4th century, [[Julian the Apostate|Emperor Julian Saturnalia]] composed a ''Hymn to the Solemn Sun'', and in his ''Hymn to the Mother of the Gods'' spoke of "unspeakable mysteries hidden from the crowd such as Julian the Chaldean prophesied concerning the god of the seven rays." In Greek Gnostic magic of the same era, colored gemstones were often used as [[amulet|talisman]]s for medicine or healing; they were often engraved with a symbol borrowed from the Egyptian deity [[Chnuphis]] — a hooded serpent or great snake. The snake was shown with a lion's head, from which emanated either twelve or seven rays. The twelve rays represented the [[zodiac]], and the seven rays represented the planets, usually with the seven Greek vowels engraved at the tips of the seven rays. The reverse sides of the talismans were engraved with a snake twisting around a vertical rod. These were known as "Gnostic [[amulet]]s" and were sometimes also engraved with the names ''Iao Sabao'' ([[Archon#Gnosticism|the Archon Iao]]).<ref name="Thorndike">{{cite book |title=A History of Magic and Experimental Science |author=Lynn Thorndike |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1958 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0231087993/page/317 317–318, 379] |isbn=0-231-08794-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0231087993/page/317 }}</ref> Gnostic gems with [[Abraxas]] also featured the seven rays.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/gno/gar/gar31.htm#page_218 "Part III. Abraxas, Abraxaster, and Abraxoid Gems." ''The Gnostics and Their Remains'', by Charles William King, (1887), page 218]</ref>

==In Catholicism==
[[File:Annunciation - Jan van Eyck - 1434 - NG Wash DC.jpg|180px|thumb|right|The Annunciation Jan van Eyck, 1434 Seven rays of light descend from the upper window]]

In early Christian iconography, the dove of the Holy Ghost is often shown with an emanation of seven rays, as is the image of the Madonna, often in conjunction with a dove or doves.<ref name="Walker"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Divine Domesticity: Augustine of Thagaste to Teresa of Avila |author=Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle |author-link=Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle |publisher=BRILL |year= 1997 |isbn= 90-04-10675-8 |page=176}}</ref> The Monastery of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai, circa 565, shows the [[Transfiguration of Christ]] in the apse mosaic, with "seven rays of light shining from the luminous body of Christ over the apostles Peter, James and John."<ref name="Schroer"/> In the present-day Byzantine-style St. Louis Cathedral in Missouri, the center of the sanctuary has an engraved circle with many symbols of the [[Holy Trinity]]. The inscription reads: "Radiating from this symbol are seven rays of light representing the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost."<ref name="Joseph">{{cite book|title=Essays on Catholic Education in the United States |editor=Roy Joseph |publisher=Ayer Publishing |year= 1969 |isbn= 0-8369-1347-7 |page=392}}</ref>

During the 12th century, [[Saint Norbert of Xanten]], founder of the Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré, discovered the spot where the [[relics]] of [[Saint Ursula]] and her companions of [[Saint Gereon]] and of other martyrs lay hidden while in a dream. In the dream that led him to this location, he was guided by "the seven rays of light ... surrounding the head of the crucified Redeemer."<ref name="Bartoli">{{cite book|title=History of the Life and Institute of St. Ignatius de Loyola: Founder of the Society of Jesus |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheLifeAndInstituteOfStIgnatiusV1 |author=Daniello Bartoli |publisher=E. Dunigan |year= 1855 | edition=Original from the New York Public Library, 2006|quote=God has sometimes announced beforehand the rise, works, and merits, whether of certain Orders whom He has sent to the assistance of His Church or of their founders. We find examples of this in the dream He made known ... in the seven rays of light which appeared to St. Norbert, surrounding the head of the crucified Redeemer, and the pilgrims who came to him from the uttermost extremities of the earth... |page=[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheLifeAndInstituteOfStIgnatiusV1/page/n341 324]}}</ref>

[[Annunciation (van Eyck, Washington)|The Annunciation]] is an oil painting by [[Early Netherlandish painting|Early Netherlandish]] master [[Jan van Eyck]], from around 1434 to 1436. The picture depicts the [[Annunciation]] by the [[Archangel Gabriel]] to the [[Virgin Mary]] that she will bear the Son of God ([[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 1:26-38). In a prominent element of the complex iconographic work, the [[Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit]] descend to her on seven rays of light from the upper window to the left, with the dove symbolising the [[Holy Spirit]] following the same path.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jan van Eyck, Netherlandish, c. 1390 - 1441, The Annunciation, c. 1434/1436|url=http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/gg39/gg39-49.0.html |publisher=National Gallery of Art|quote=The Holy Spirit descends to her on seven rays of light. This is the moment God's plan for salvation is set in motion. Through Christ's human incarnation the old era of the Law is transformed into a new era of Grace.}}</ref> The seven rays on which the doves descend are unique elements in the painting in that they are of the heavenly realm rather than the earthly realm, with the difference shown by the artist through the use of [[gold leaf]] rather than ordinary oil paint. Only the seven rays are so treated, and — while all of the other light sources in the painting cast shadows — the seven rays do not.<ref>Gifford, E. Melanie, The Art Bulletin, March 1999:''Van Eyck's Washington 'Annunciation': technical evidence for iconographic development.'' Page references are to online version. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0422/is_1_81/ai_54517311/pg_1 online text]</ref>

The Italian [[secret society]] of the late 17th century, [[Knights of the Apocalypse]], was founded with the professed aim to defend the [[Catholicism|Catholic Church]] against the expected [[Antichrist]], though it was accused of having political motives as well. They wore on their breasts a star with seven rays.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Apocalypse, Knights of the |volume=2|page=169}}</ref>

==In Hindu scripture==
[[File:Agni and consort.jpg|thumb|The seven-armed Agni with his wife.]]
[[Agni]] is a [[Hindu]] and [[Rigvedic deities|Vedic deity]] depicted in three forms: fire, lightning and the sun. In Hindu art, Agni is depicted with two or seven hands, two heads and three legs. On each head, he has seven fiery tongues, with which he licks sacrificial butter. He rides a ram or a chariot harnessed by fiery horses. His attributes are an axe, a torch, prayer beads and a flaming spear. Agni is represented as red and two-faced, suggesting both his destructive and his beneficent qualities, and with black eyes and hair. Seven rays of light emanate from his body.<ref>The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning By Eva Rudy Jansen p. 64</ref>

The [[Vishnu Purana]], a [[vedas|post-Vedic]] scripture, describes how [[Vishnu]] "enters into the seven solar rays which dilate into seven suns." These are the "seven principal solar rays," the source of heat even to the planet Jupiter, and the "seven suns into which the seven solar rays dilate at the consummation of all things...."<ref name="Garrett"/>

The 20th-century Hindu scholar, poet and mystic [[Sri Aurobindo]] described the Vedic seven rays of knowledge, or [[Agni]], as "the seven forms of the Thought-principle" and wrote that "the seven brilliant horses of the sun and their full union constitutes the seven-headed Thought of [[Ayasya]] by which the lost sun of Truth is recovered. That thought is again established in the seven rivers, the seven principles of being divine and human, the totality of which founds the perfect spiritual existence."<ref name="Aurobindo"/>

==Syncretistic interpretations==

Spiritualist [[Gerald Massey]] wrote in 1881 of what he described as connections between Vedic scripture, ancient Egyptian mythology and the Gospel stories.<ref>Gerald Massey Collection-Upper Norwood Joint Library</ref> He theorized that the [[Archon#Gnosticism|Archon Iao]], the "Seven-rayed Sun-God of the Gnostic-stones" was also the "Serpent Chnubis," and "the Second Beast in the Book of Revelation."<ref name="massey-genesis">{{cite book|title=The Natural Genesis |author=Gerald Massey |publisher=Black Classic Press |year= 1998 |edition=from original published circa 1881 |pages=366, 369}}</ref> In 1900, he elaborated further, describing the unity of "the seven souls of the Pharaoh," "the seven arms of the Hindu god [[Agni]]," "the seven stars in the hand of the Christ in Revelation," and "the seven rays of the Chaldean god Heptaktis, or Iao, on the Gnostic stones."<ref name="massey-lectures">{{cite book|title=Gerald Massey's Lectures |author=Gerald Massey |publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year= 1992 |edition=from original published posthumously circa 1900 |page=200}}</ref>

[[Samuel Fales Dunlap]], wrote in 1894:

<blockquote>Moses was of the race of the Chaldeans. The Chaldean Mithra had his Seven Rays, and Moses his Seven Days. The other planets which circling around the sun lead the dance as round the King of heaven receive from him with the light also their powers; while as the light comes to them from the sun so from him they receive their powers that he pours out into the Seven Spheres of the Seven Planets of which the sun is the centre.
</blockquote>

Dunlap wrote that the idea of spirit as the ultimate cause is present in all of the great religions of the East (which in the terminology of his time included the area now known as the Near East or Middle East), and that this idea can be found in "the Seven Rays of the Chaldaean [[Mithraic mysteries|Mithra]] and the Seven Days of Genesis. From the Sun came fire and spirit." According to Dunlap, "this was the astronomical religion of the Chaldeans, Jews, Persians, Syrians, Phoenicians and Egyptians."<ref name="dunlap">{{cite book|title=The Ghebers of Hebron: An Introduction to the Gheborim in the Lands of the Sethim, the Mithra mysteries &c.|author=Samuel Fales Dunlap | publisher=G Redway & JW Bouton |year= 1894 |pages=reface, iii-vi |edition=Original from the University of California }}</ref>

Dunlap compared the [[Halo (religious iconography)#Ancient Greek world|nimbus]] of [[Apollo]] to the seven rays of [[Dionysus]], presiding over the orbits of the seven planets. The seven rays are found also in the Chaldean mystery of "the God of the Seven Rays, who held the Seven Stars in his hand, through whom (as Chaldaeans supposed) the souls were raised." Prior to the Christian era, this deity was known as Iao (the first birth) or [[Sabaoth]] (the Sun), and later described as "Christos of the Resurrection of Souls."<ref name="dunlap2">{{cite book|title=The Ghebers of Hebron: An Introduction to the Gheborim in the Lands of the Sethim, the Mithramsyteries &c.|author=Samuel Fales Dunlap |publisher=G. Redway & JW Bouton |year= 1894 |pages=275, 363, 369, 372, 649, 644, 675, 757, 856–7, 958 |edition=Original from the University of California }}</ref>

In the late 1940s, art historian and writer [[Ananda Coomaraswamy]] was curator in the department of Asiatic Art at the Boston [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]] and built the first large collection of Indian art in the United States. His writings in the field of [[perennial philosophy]] and the [[Traditionalist School]] included complex essays collating symbols of ancient wisdom and metaphysics from widely diverse cultures including Indian, Islamic, Chinese, Hellenic, and Christian sources. He wrote that the seven rays of the sun appear in both Hindu and Christian symbolism, representing similar concepts, and in particular the symbolism of the seventh ray that "corresponds to the distinction of transcendent from immanent and of infinite from finite." He added that of "our Axis of the Universe ([[Stambha|skambha]], divo dharuna, etc.) and Islamic [[Qutb]],” the seventh ray alone passes through the Sun to the suprasolar Brahma worlds, "where no sun shines" (“all that is under the Sun being in the power of Death, and all beyond immortal”).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Door in the Sky: Coomaraswamy on Myth and Meaning |author=Ananda K. Coomaraswamy (1877-1947) |publisher=Princeton University Press |year= 1997 |edition=from originals in the Bollingen Series 1940-1947 |pages=49, 191, 198|isbn= 0-691-01747-6 |quote='Coomaraswamy's essays [give] us a view of his scholarship and brilliant insight'.--Joseph Campbell; 'There are many who consider Coomaraswamy as one of the great seminal minds of this century.... This selection of his papers should go into every library'.--Kathleen Raine, The [London] Times|contribution=Contributor Rama P. Coomaraswamy}}</ref>

==In Theosophy==
{{Theosophy}}
Syncretism is one of the core principles of [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]], a religious philosophy originating with [[Madame Blavatsky|Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]] from the 1870s, and the seven rays appear repeatedly in the related writings. Theosophy holds that all [[religion]]s are attempts by the "[[Spiritual Hierarchy]]" to help humanity in evolving to greater perfection, and that each religion therefore has a portion of the truth.

Blavatsky wrote in the first book of ''[[The Secret Doctrine]]'' of an "analogy between the Aryan or Brahmanical and the Egyptian esotericism" and that the "seven rays of the Chaldean Heptakis or Iao, on the Gnostic stones" represent the seven large stars of the Egyptian "Great Bear" constellation, the seven elemental powers, and the Hindu "seven Rishis." She stated that the seven rays of the Vedic sun deity Vishnu represent the same concept as the "astral fluid or 'Light' of the Kabalists," and that the seven emanations of the lower seven [[sephirot]]h are the "primeval seven rays," and "will be found and recognized in every religion."<ref name="doctrine1-129">{{cite book |title=The Secret Doctrine: The Synthesis of Science, Religion, and Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175364 |author=Helena Petrovna Blavatsky |publisher=Theosophical Publishing Society |year= 1893 |edition=Original from Harvard University (2 volumes) |pages=vol 1, p 129–130, 523, 573–4 |no-pp=true}}</ref>

In the second volume of the ''Secret Doctrine'', Blavatsky discusses the "seven nervous plexuses of the body" and the seven rays they radiate, stating that this principle is found in the [[Rig Veda]], in the mythology of [[Ahura Mazda]], in the beliefs of the Incas, the Chinese Yao, and the Egyptian Osiris, who "when he enters the ark, or solar boat, takes seven Rays with him." She describes the "seven wise ones" of the Veda as "the seven Rays which fall free from the macrocosmic centre".<ref name="doctrine2-564">{{cite book |title=The Secret Doctrine: The Synthesis of Science, Religion, and Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175364 |author=Helena Petrovna Blavatsky |publisher=Theosophical Publishing Society |year= 1893 |edition=Original from Harvard University (2 volumes) |pages=vol 2, p 143, 191 |no-pp=true}}</ref>

Blavatsky summarizes the syncretistic principle of her doctrine as it relates to the seven rays:

<blockquote>"...a key which reveals to us on indisputable grounds of comparative analogy... the Indian phœnix, the emblem of cyclic and periodical time, the "man-lion" Singha, of whose representations the so-called "gnostic gems" are so full. Over the seven rays of the lion's crown, and corresponding to their points, stand, in many cases, the seven vowels of the Greek alphabet AEHIOYW, testifying to the Seven Heavens. This is the Solar lion and the emblem of the Solar cycle, as Garuda is that of the great cycle, the "Maha-Kalpa" co-eternal with Vishnu, and also, of course, the emblem of the Sun, and Solar cycle. ... As well remarked by C. W. King: — "Whatever the primary meaning (of the gem with the solar lion and vowels) it was probably imported in its present shape from India, that true fountain head of gnostic iconography." (Gnostics, p. 218)<ref name="Doctrine 2-564">{{cite book |title=The Secret Doctrine: The Synthesis of Science, Religion, and Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175364 |author=Helena Petrovna Blavatsky |publisher=Theosophical Publishing Society |year= 1893 |edition=Original from Harvard University (2 volumes) |pages=vol 2, p 564–5 |no-pp=true}}</ref></blockquote>

In the third volume of the ''Secret Doctrine'', published posthumously, Blavatsky described the "Seven Primeval Rays" as a group of celestial beings also known as "Gods" or "[[Deva (New Age)|Angels]]" or "Powers". She stated that this symbolism was "adopted later on by the Christian Religion as the 'Seven [[Angel of the Presence|Angels of the Presence]].'"<ref>{{cite book|title=Occultism Of The Secret Doctrine |author=Helena Petrovna Blavatsky |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year= 2004 |edition=originally published in 1897 |isbn= 1-4179-1104-2 |page=art I, page 369}}</ref>

In Theosophy, the seven rays are said to be seven major types of ''Light-Substance'' (spirit/matter) (waves/particles) that compose the created universes. These are also believed to convey "Divine Qualities".<ref>Carson, Reed. [http://www.blavatsky.net/confirm/ev/other/photon.htm ''Blavatsky' Foreknowledge of The Wave/Particle Duality of Light''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927044457/http://blavatsky.net/confirm/ev/other/photon.htm |date=2006-09-27 }} 1997. "It would also be incorrect to claim light is fully explained as a particle. Rather it has a dual nature possessing the properties of both [[wave]] and [[Elementary particle|particle]]. In general, [[electromagnetic radiation]] acts more like waves in the [[radio wave]] end of the [[spectrum]], more like particles in the [[x-ray]] end of the spectrum, and usually (but not always) like a wave in the "middle" light area of the spectrum in our everyday experience. Her ambiguity, then, reflects a fact in nature, the wave/particle duality of nature."</ref>

===C.W. Leadbeater===

[[C.W. Leadbeater]] gave a list showing the characteristic type of [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]] for each ray. This list indicates what he regarded as the most compatible type of magic to be performed by persons on each ray (although anyone of any ray can do any of these various types of magic).<ref>Leadbetter, C.W. ''The Masters and the Path'' Adyar, Madras, India: 1925--The Theosophical Publishing House. Chart on P. 229 lists Characteristic Magic of each Ray.</ref>

* First ray: Magic of [[Will (philosophy)|Will]] of [[Magician (paranormal)|magician]]
* Second ray: Magic of [[Raja Yoga]] (Development of Mind)
* Third ray: Magic of [[Astrology]] (Natural Magnetic Forces)
* Fourth ray: Magic of [[Hatha yoga|Hatha Yoga]] (physical development)
* Fifth ray: Magic of [[Alchemy]] (Manipulation of Material Substances)
* Sixth ray: Magic of [[Bhakti yoga|Bhakti Yoga]] (Selfless Service and Altruistic Love; [[agape]])
* Seventh ray: [[Ceremonial magic]] (Invocation of Elementals, and [[Deva (New Age)|Devas]])

==New Age teachings==

According to [[Alice A. Bailey]], each person has a ''soul ray'' that remains the same through all their incarnations, and a ''personality ray'' that is different for each incarnation. Each ray is also correspondent with certain Masters of Wisdom, and with particular planets, cycles, nations, etc. The seven rays are the basis for what Alice A. Bailey called ''New Age Psychology''—she divides everyone in the human race into these seven [[psychological type]]s.<ref name="ReferenceA">Bailey, Alice A. ''The Seven Rays of Life'' New York: 1995—Lucis Publishing Co. Compilation from all the [[Alice A. Bailey]] books of material about the seven rays.</ref>

Bailey stated that the seven rays that reach us on [[Earth]] locally originate within the "Solar Logos," i.e., the consciousness of the "Divine Being" of the [[Sun]]. According to Alice A. Bailey and [[Benjamin Creme]], the seven rays are focused to the Solar Logos, through [[Sirius]], the seven stars of the [[Big Dipper]] in the [[Ursa Major|Great Bear]], and the seven major stars of the [[Pleiades]] form the "Galactic Logos," (the consciousness of the "Divine Being" of the [[Milky Way Galaxy]]), and have their ultimate origin within the mind of [[God]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

On the local planetary level, it is believed that the seven rays are transmitted from the Solar Logos through the God of our planet, [[Sanat Kumara]], then through the spiritual hierarchy of our planet which includes the "Masters of Wisdom" <ref name="ReferenceA"/>(Some writings term them the [[Ascended master|Ascended Masters]] or the [[Great White Brotherhood]]).

Each of the seven rays is believed to be associated with a different kind of [[Magic (paranormal)|occult energy]], and a different [[color]].

===Qualities of the seven rays===
The ''seven rays'' are listed below:

[[Alice A. Bailey]] and the [[Church Universal and Triumphant]] assign different colors and in some cases different Masters to each of the seven rays. In ''Letters on Occult Meditation'', Alice Bailey indicates that there is no simple correspondence between the rays and these colors. The colors, Masters, and Retreats indicated here are those indicated by both Alice Bailey and the Church Universal and Triumphant.

According to Alice A. Bailey the Masters live in immortal bodies at a ''residence'' on the [[physical plane]] at the indicated location (although a given Master may physically travel extensively incognito to various locations, become [[Invisibility|invisible]], [[Teleportation in theology|teleport]] to various locations, and walk through walls, as well as influence humans [[telepathy|telepathically]] and travel on the [[Plane (metaphysics)|inner planes]], as required by the demands of his spiritual work).

According to the Church Universal and Triumphant, and other ''[[Ascended Master Teachings|Ascended Master Activities]]'', each Master is believed to serve at a ''Retreat'' on the physical or [[etheric plane]] at the geographical location shown after their name.<ref>Prophet, Mark L. and Prophet, Elizabeth Clare (Compiled and edited by Annice Booth) ''The Masters and Their Retreats'' Corwin Springs, Montana: 2003 Summit University Press "The Retreats of the Ascended Masters" Pages 395-492</ref>

The "Gifts of the Holy Spirit" of the Church Universal and Triumphant for each ray are shown. For both Alice A. Bailey and the Church Universal and Triumphant, each ray has a [[Gemstone|jewel]] which is believed to focus the energy of that ray, which is indicated.



====Alice A. Bailey====


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ray
! Concept
! "Expression"
! Colours<ref name="BSR059">Bailey, The Seven Rays of Life, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-shiE38xn2gC&pg=PA59 p. 59]</ref>
! [[Planets in astrology|Astrological planets]]<ref name="BSR081">Bailey, The Seven Rays of Life, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-shiE38xn2gC&pg=PA81 p. 81]</ref>
! Astrological signs<ref name="BSR081"/>
! Wisdom Masters
|-
| ''First''
| "Will or Power"<ref name="BRS140">Bailey, The Seven Rays of Life, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-shiE38xn2gC&pg=PA140 p. 140]</ref><ref name="BSR155">Bailey, The Seven Rays of Life, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-shiE38xn2gC&pg=PA155 p. 155]</ref>
| "The basic Reservoir of Power"<ref name="BRS140"/>
| [[Red]]
| [[Vulcan (hypothetical planet)|Vulcan]] and [[Pluto]]
| [[Taurus (astrology)|Taurus]] and [[Pisces (astrology)|Pisces]]
| [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], [[Morya (Theosophy)|Morya]]<ref name="BSR155"/>
|-
| ''Second''
| "Love-wisdom"<ref name="BSR155"/><ref name="BSR144">Bailey, The Seven Rays of Life, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-shiE38xn2gC&pg=PA144 p. 144]</ref>
| "Magnetism"<ref name="BSR144"/>
| [[Blue]]
| [[Sun]] and [[Jupiter]]
| [[Leo (astrology)|Leo]] and [[Virgo (astrology)|Virgo]]
| Christ,<ref name="BSR155"/> [[Koot Hoomi|Koot Humi]], and Djwhal Khul<ref name="BSR156">Bailey, The Seven Rays of Life, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-shiE38xn2gC&pg=PA156 p. 156]</ref>
|-
| ''Third''
| "Adaptability"<ref name="BSR145">Bailey, The Seven Rays of Life, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-shiE38xn2gC&pg=PA145 p. 145]</ref> or "Active Intelligence"<ref name="BSR155"/>
| "Instinct"<ref name="BSR145"/>
| [[Green]]
| [[Earth]] and [[Saturn]]
| [[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]] and [[Libra (astrology)|Libra]]
| Mahachohan<ref name="BSR155"/>
|-
| ''Fourth''
| Beauty or Harmony<ref name="BSR144"/><ref name="BSR139">Bailey, The Seven Rays of Life, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-shiE38xn2gC&pg=PA139 p. 139]</ref> or "Harmony through Conflict"<ref name="BSR147">Bailey, The Seven Rays of Life, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-shiE38xn2gC&pg=PA147 p. 147]</ref>
| "Uniformity of Colour"<ref name="BSR144"/> or "Experience. Growth."<ref name="BSR147"/>
| [[Yellow (colour)|Yellow]]
| [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] and [[Moon]]
| [[Scorpio (astrology)|Scorpio]] and [[Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]]
| [[Serapis]]<ref name="BSR158">Bailey, The Seven Rays of Life, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-shiE38xn2gC&pg=PA158 p. 158]</ref>
|-
| ''Fifth''
| Concrete Knowledge or Science<ref name="BSR139"/><ref name="BSR147"/><ref name="BSR159">Bailey, The Seven Rays of Life, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-shiE38xn2gC&pg=PA159 p. 159]</ref>
| "Intellect"<ref name="BSR147"/>
| [[Orange (colour)|Orange]]
| [[Venus]]
| [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]]
| [[Master Hilarion]], [[Paul of Tarsus]] (158)<ref name="BSR158"/>
|-
| ''Sixth''
| "Devotion"<ref name="BSR144"/><ref name="BSR145"/><ref name="BSR139"/> or "Abstract Idealism"<ref name="BSR159"/>
| "Intellect"<ref name="BSR147"/>
| [[Violet (color)|Violet]]
| [[Neptune]] and [[Mars]]
| [[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]] and [[Sagittarius (astrology)|Sagittarius]]
| [[Master Jesus]]<ref name="BSR159"/>
|-
| ''Seventh''
| "Organisation and Ritual"<ref name="BSR139"/> or "Ceremonial organization"<ref name="BRS140"/> or "Ceremonial Magic or Order"<ref name="BSR159"/>
| "Radioactivity"<ref name="BRS140"/>
| [[Indigo]]
| [[Uranus]]
| [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]]
| [[St. Germain (Theosophy)|Master Rakoczi]]<ref name="BSR159"/>
|}

====The Summit Lighthouse====
Lords of the ″Seven Rays″ according to [[Ascended master teachings]]:<ref>Prophet, Mark, Prophet, Elizabeth Clare, ''Lords of the Seven Rays'' Livingston, Montana: 1986 - Summit University Press, Chart on page 11 of the lords of the seven rays and their retreats. [[Seven Sacred Rays of the Ascended Masters]].</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Ray
! Colour
! Wisdom Master
! Retreat
! Quality
! [[Chakra]]
! Day
! Gift of the Holy Spirit
! [[Gemstone|Jewel]]
|-
| '''1st ray'''
| Power of [[God]]
| [[Blue]]
[[Cyan]]
| [[Morya (Theosophy)|Master El Morya]]
| [[Darjeeling]], India
| Strength
Balance

Will
| Throat (5th)
| Tuesday
| Faith in God's will
Protection
| [[Diamond]]
[[Sapphire]]

[[Sapphire#Star sapphire|Star Sapphire]]

[[Lapis Lazuli]]
|-
| '''2nd ray'''
| Wisdom of [[God]]
| [[Yellow]]
[[Gold (color)|Gold]]
| [[Kuthumi]]
| [[Grand Teton]], [[Wyoming]], United States
| [[Wisdom]]
Understanding

Illumination
| Crown (7th)
| Sunday
| Intelligence
Knowledge
| Yellow Diamond
Yellow Sapphire

Topaz
|-
| '''3rd ray'''
| Love of [[God]]
| [[Pink]]
[[Rose (color)|Rose]]
| Paul the Venetian
| Château de Liberté, S. France
Temple of the Sun, New York
| Goodness

Compromise

Beauty
| Heart (4th)
| Monday
| Discerning of spirits
Creativity
| [[Ruby]]
[[Diamond]]

[[Garnet]]

[[Quartz#Rose quartz|Rose quartz]]

[[Beryl#Morganite|Pink Beryl]]
|-
| '''4th ray'''
| Purity of [[God]]
| [[White]]
Crystal
| Serapis Bey
| [[Luxor]], [[Egypt]]
| Purity
Resurrection

Joy
| Base of the Spine (1st)
| Friday
| Working of miracles
| [[Diamond]]
[[Pearl]]

[[Zircon]]

[[Quartz crystal]]
|-
| '''5th ray'''
| Truth of [[God]]
| [[Shades of green|Green]]
[[Gold (color)|Gold]]
| [[Master Hilarion|Hilarion]]
| [[Crete]], [[Greece]]
| Health
Consecration

Focus
| Third Eye (6th)
| Wednesday
| Healing
| [[Emerald]]
[[Diamond]]

[[Jade]]

[[Quartz crystal]]
|-
| '''6th ray'''
| Peace of [[God]]
| [[Purple (color)|Purple]]
[[Gold (color)|Gold]]
[[Ruby (color)|Ruby]]
| [[Lady Master Nada]]
| [[Arabian Peninsula]]
| Peace

Service

Brotherhood
| Solar Plexus (3rd)
| Thursday
| Diverse kinds of tongues and interpretation
| [[Ruby]]
[[Topaz]]

[[Chrysoberyl#Alexandrite|Alexandrite]]

[[Diamond]] with [[pearl]]
|-
| '''7th ray'''
| Freedom of [[God]]
| [[Violet (color)|Violet]]
[[Amethyst]]
| [[Count of St. Germain|Saint Germain]]
| [[Transylvania]], [[Romania]]
[[Table Mountain (Wyoming)|Table Mountain, Wyoming]], United States
| Freedom
Mercy

Compassion
| Seat of the Soul (2nd)
| Saturday
| Prophecy
Working of Miracles
| [[Amethyst]]
[[Diamond]]

[[Beryl#Aquamarine and maxixe|Aquamarine]]
|}

In the mid-to-late 20th century, as the [[New Age]] movement gained in popularity, the concept and imagery of the seven rays appeared in a variety of settings.

In [[esoteric astrology]], the seven rays are considered to be split into three groups: the first two rays represent Will and Wisdom, respectively, and the remaining five rays together form the group that represents Activity.<ref name="Leo" /> In a style of Reiki adapted by Carolyn E. Jackson the student passes through a sequence of levels by mastering the "key" to each level. The key for the second level is known as the key of "oneness" and is attained by passing through each of the seven rays.<ref name="Jackson"/> This, however, is not part of traditional [[Reiki]] or other versions of the Reiki system.<ref>[http://www.ascensionreiki.com/Usui%20Reiki%20Manual.pdf The Usui Reiki Ryoho Gakkai Handbook]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Reiki Sourcebook |author=Bronwen & Frans Steine|publisher=O Books |year= 2003|isbn= 1-903816-55-6}}</ref>

According to [[psychic]] counselor Samantha Stevens, an individual can use [[affirmative prayer|affirmations]], candles, [[Chromotherapy|color therapy]], vibrational medicines and other methods to contact "archangels," which she defines as the "seven rays," based on Buddhist and Christian theories: "The Rays or Divine Flames (as they are sometimes called) represent elements in the perfectly integrated human being - one whose heart is aligned with their will and inspired by the Divine Imagination."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Seven Rays: A Universal Guide to the Archangels |author=Samantha Stevens |publisher=Insomniac Press |year= 2003|isbn= 1-894663-49-7 |page=22 et al}}</ref>

[[Light therapy|Light therapist]] and [[Radionics]] Practitioner Primrose Cooper writes that in using light as a healing modality, she finds it helpful to use the seven rays as defined in Theosophy to assist her clients in finding "psychological insight into their soul's purpose."<ref name="Cooper"/>

In recent years, there was the creation of a secretive group named "The Keepers of the Seven Rays". Their philosophy is the human being has seven emanations in which it finds itself, or connects with the Higher Self. These emanations are extensions of the Higher Self or otherwise called the Higher Will. These emanations reach out like arms and grasp onto the knowledge(of all types) needed for the full development of the individual into his/her Higher Potential. All a human has to do to use these emanations is to know basic moral law, what their body and/or psyche can and cannot handle, and listen.

Metaphysical philosopher Gurdjieff writes frequently of his "Seven Rays of Creation". According to Gurdjieff, the Seven Rays of Creation are the seven manifestations of Energy in our Universe. The first Ray contains all things (THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE) and all things obey the laws inherent in the First Ray. The First Ray then manifests itself in the 2nd Realm, the realm of Galaxies. From Galaxies to Solar Systems, Solar Systems to Planets. From Planets to Organisms on the planets, etc.<ref>[http://www.gurdjieff-legacy.org/ Gurdjieff Legacy]</ref>

==In popular culture==
;Music
* The [[progressive rock]] band [[Utopia (American band)|Utopia]] performed a song entitled The Seven Rays. The song was written by bassist, John Siegler and band leader, Todd Rundgren.
* Another progressive rock band, [[Hawkwind]], have a song about the seven rays titled ''Seven by Seven''.
* [[Mike Pinder]] of [[The Moody Blues]] refers heavily to the "seven rays" and the "Light of Seven" in his solo album "The Promise".
* The pop band [[Erasure (duo)|Erasure]] refers to the Violet Flame through the title of their 2014 album, ''[[The Violet Flame]]''.

;Literature

* [[S.M. Stirling]]'s fictionalized and changed [[Church Universal and Triumphant]] believes that the "Light of the Seven Rays" has become stronger since The Change.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=S.M. Stirling|first=S.M. |last=Stirling|title=The Scourge of God|year=2008|publisher=[[Roc Books|ROC]]|location=New York, NY|isbn=9781440638114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPALZc3Cs3wC&q=Seven+Rays}}</ref> ''[[The Sword of the Lady]]'' mentions the Fourth Ray.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=S.M. Stirling|first=S.M. |last=Stirling|title=[[The Sword of the Lady]]|year=2009|publisher=[[Roc Books|ROC]]|location=New York, NY|chapter=15}}</ref>

==Further reading==
*Abraham, Kurt. "Great Souls: The Seven Rays at the Soul Level" School for the Study of the Seven Rays, Lampus Press, 2002.
*Abraham, Kurt. "Techniques of Soul Alignment: The Rays, the Subtle Bodies, and the Use of Keywords." School for the Study of the Seven Rays, Lampus Press: 1997.
*Abraham, Kurt. "Balancing the Pairs of Opposites; The Seven Rays and Education, and Other Essays in Esoteric Psychology." School for the Study of the Seven Rays, Lampus Press, 1993.
*Abraham, Kurt. "The Seven Rays and Nations: France and the United States Compared." School for the Study of the Seven Rays, Lampus Press, 1987.
*Abraham, Kurt. "Introduction to the Seven Rays" School for the Study of the Seven Rays, Lampus Press: 1986.
*Abraham, Kurt. "Threefold Method for Understanding the Seven Rays." School for the Study of the Seven Rays, Lampus Press, 1984.
*Abraham, Kurt. "Psychological Types and the Seven Rays." School for the Study of the Seven Rays, Lampus Press: 1983.
* Bailey, Alice A. ''The Seven Rays of Life'' New York: 1995—Lucis Publishing Co. Compilation from all the [[Alice A. Bailey]] books of material about the seven rays.
* Baker, Douglas ''The Seven Rays: Key to the Mysteries'' Essendon, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom:1977 Baker Publications
* Creme, Benjamin ''Maitreya's Mission'' Amsterdam: 1986 – Share International Foundation.
* Hodson, Geoffrey ''The Seven Human Temperaments'' Adyar, Madras, India: 1952—The Theosophical Publishing House.
* Hone, Mo. "The Seven Rays Today" A New Appreciation of the Ageless Wisdom and Esoteric Astrology. Pluto Network (UK) 2006
* Leadbetter, C.W. ''The Masters and the Path'' Adyar, Madras, India: 1925—The Theosophical Publishing House.
* Prophet, Mark ''Studies of the Human Aura'' Colorado Springs, Colorado: 1975 – Summit University Press (Claimed to have been dictated from "[[Kuthumi]]") Chart on pages 120–121 of the seven rays from the perspective of [[The Summit Lighthouse]].
* Wood, Ernest ''The Seven Rays'' Wheaton, Illinois, U.S.A.: 1925—Theosophical Publishing House

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090803204747/http://www.sevenray.net/sri_education_introaw_sevenrays.html Seven rays education page at the Seven Rays Institute and University of the Seven Rays website:]
* [http://www.sevenraystoday.com/ Detailed description of the seven rays and links to source works:]

{{Ascended Master Teachings}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seven Rays}}
[[Category:Theosophical philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Theosophy]]
[[Category:Ascended Master Teachings]]
[[Category:Reiki]]

Asif Masood

2025-06-18T17:22:16Z

219.89.68.193:

{{Short description|Pakistani cricketer (born 1946)}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Asif Masood آصف مسعود
| image =
| fullname = Syed Asif Masood Shah
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|23 January 1946}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
| country = Pakistan
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium-fast
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1969-1977

| testdebutdate = 21 February
| testdebutyear = 1969
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 57
| lasttestdate = 1 January
| lasttestyear = 1977
| lasttestagainst = Australia

| odidebutdate = 11 February
| odidebutyear = 1973
| odidebutagainst = New Zealand
| odicap = 2
| lastodidate = 16 October
| lastodiyear = 1976

| lastodiagainst = New Zealand
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 16
| runs1 = 93
| bat avg1 = 10.33
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 30[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 3,038
| wickets1 = 38
| bowl avg1 = 41.26
| fivefor1 = 1
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 5/111
| catches/stumpings1 = 5/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 7
| runs2 = 10
| bat avg2 = 5.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 6
| deliveries2 = 402
| wickets2 = 5
| bowl avg2 = 46.79
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/9
| catches/stumpings2 = 1/–
| date = 4 February
| year = 2017
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/39012.html ESPNCricinfo
}}

'''Syed Asif Masood Shah''' ({{langx|ur|آصف مسعود شاہ}}; born 23 January 1946) is a former Pakistani [[cricket]]er who played in 16 [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and 7 [[One Day International]]s from 1969 to 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asif Masood |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/player/39012.html |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=ESPcricinfo}}</ref> He was educated at [[Islamia College Lahore]].

His best Test was against England at Birmingham in 1971, when he took 5 for 111 and 4 for 49.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Full Scorecard of Pakistan vs England 1st Test 1971 |language=en |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17257/scorecard/63073/england-vs-pakistan-1st-test-pakistan-tour-of-england-1971 |access-date=2020-07-13}}</ref> This performance led to his selection for the Rest of the World team in Australia in 1971–72.

He would begin his run-up with a backward step before a loping approach to the wicket which [[John Arlott]] likened to "Groucho Marx chasing a pretty waitress".<ref>{{Cite news |author=Ikram Bari Cheema|date=2014-11-11 |title=A history of cricket in Pakistan |language=en |work=The Express Tribune|location=Karachi |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/789426/a-history-of-cricket-in-pakistan |access-date=2020-07-13}}</ref>

Retiring from cricket in 1977, after marrying in the UK, Asif Masood became a successful businessman, owning first a travel agency then a post office in [[Bury, Lancashire]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 1997 |title=Stamps not stumps |language=en |work=Lancashire Telegraph |url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/6179736.stamps-not-stumps/ |access-date=2020-07-13}}</ref> He currently resides in Bury with his wife and four children.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{World XI Tour of Australia 1971/72}}
{{Pakistan Squad 1975 Cricket World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Masood, Asif}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Lahore cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab University cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Universities cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan International Airlines cricketers]]
[[Category:Northumberland cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Lahore]]
[[Category:Lahore Whites cricketers]]
[[Category:Lahore Greens cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan International Airlines A cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone (Pakistan) cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone (Pakistan) cricketers]]
[[Category:Government Islamia College alumni]]

{{Pakistan-cricket-bio-1940s-stub}}

It (Pulp album)

2025-06-18T05:00:48Z

219.89.68.193: /* Release and aftermath */

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox album
| name = It
| type = studio
| artist = [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]]
| cover = Pulp-It.gif
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 18 April 1983
| recorded = 22 August 1982 – 15 January 1983
| venue =
| studio =
* Victoria, Sheffield
* Southern, London
* Input, Sheffield
| genre = [[Indie folk]]<ref name="Drowned in Sound">{{cite web|last=Ashman|first=Neil|url=https://drownedinsound.com/releases/16801/reviews/4144469|title=Album Review: Pulp – ''It'' (Reissue)|work=[[Drowned in Sound]]|date=13 February 2012|access-date=7 March 2024|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619204039/https://drownedinsound.com/releases/16801/reviews/4144469|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| length = 25:32
| label = [[Red Rhino Records|Red Rhino]]
| producer = [[Simon Hinkler]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Freaks (Pulp album)|Freaks]]
| next_year = 1987
| misc = {{Singles
| name = It
| type = studio
| single1 = [[My Lighthouse]]
| single1date = 2 May 1983
}}
}}
'''''It''''' is the debut [[studio album]] by English [[rock music|rock]] band [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]], released on 18 April 1983 by [[Red Rhino Records]].

==Release and aftermath==
{{Album ratings
|rev1=[[AllMusic]]
|rev1Score={{Rating|2|5}}<ref name="Erlewine">[[Stephen Thomas Erlewine|Erlewine, Stephen Thomas]]. {{AllMusic|class=album|id=r47327}}. Retrieved 2010-07-232.</ref>
|rev2=''[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]''
|rev2Score=7/10<ref>{{cite web|author=TC|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/pulp-it/|title=Pulp – ''It''|website=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]|date=13 February 2012}}</ref>
|rev3=''[[Drowned in Sound]]''
|rev3Score=6/10<ref name="Drowned in Sound" />
|rev4=''[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]''
|rev4score={{rating|2|5}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Colin |last=Larkin |author-link=Colin Larkin |chapter=Pulp|title=Encyclopedia of Popular Music |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NNmFiUnSmUC&q=pulp&pg=PA324 |publisher=[[Omnibus Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=9780857125958|via= Google Books}}</ref>
|rev5=''[[The Great Rock Discography]]''
|rev5score=4/10<ref>{{cite book |last=Strong |first=Martin C. |author-link=Martin C. Strong |title= [[The Great Rock Discography]]|chapter=Pulp |date=2004|edition=7th|publisher=[[Canongate Books]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatrockdiscogr0000stro_r9o1/page/1232/mode/1up 1231-1232]|isbn=1-84195-615-5}}</ref>
|rev6=''[[MusicHound]]''
|rev6Score=2.5/5<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Graff |editor1-first=Gary |editor2-last=Durchholz |editor2-first=Daniel |title=MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide |publisher=Visible Ink Press |year=1999 |isbn=1-57859-061-2 |chapter=Pulp |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578590612/page/906/mode/1up 906]}}</ref>
|rev7=''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''
|rev7Score=6.1/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/15708-it-freaks-separations/#review-album-16836 |title=Pulp: ''It'' / ''Freaks'' / ''Separations'' |first=Joe |last=Tangari |date=9 August 2011 |work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref>
|rev8=''[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]''
|rev8Score={{Rating|1|5}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Keith|chapter=Pulp|title=[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2004|edition=4th|isbn=0-7432-0169-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/665 665]}}</ref>
|rev9=''[[Sounds (magazine)|Sounds]]''
|rev9Score={{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulp — ''It''|journal=[[Sounds (magazine)|Sounds]]|url=https://pulpwiki.net/pulpwiki/uploads/Pulp/It-Sounds-review.jpg|last=McCullough|first=Dave|date=23 June 1983}}</ref>
| rev10 = ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''
| rev10score = 3/10<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQNfU0m3UX0C&pg=PA82 |title=Discography: Jarvis Cocker |magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |volume=25 |issue=6 |date=June 2009 |last=Modell |first=Josh |page=82}}</ref>
}}
''It'' was originally released as a limited [[gramophone record|vinyl]] [[mini-LP]] of 2000 copies in April 1983. The album's odd title is in fact a deliberate pun: when added to the name of the band it spells "[[pulpit]]".<ref name="Record Collector">Reed, John. "The Complete History of Pulp". ''Record Collector''. December 1994.</ref>

The first reissue on CD was by [[Cherry Red Records|Cherry Red]] in February 1994 with three bonus tracks ("Looking for Life", "[[Everybody's Problem]]" and "There Was..."). However, this release was soon deleted as Cherry Red did not own the material.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Pulp-It/release/2415078|title=Pulp It|website=[[Discogs]] |access-date=2014-09-28}}</ref> Later that year [[Fire Records]] made its own re-release in November 1994, but without "Everybody's Problem" and "There Was..." as bonus tracks. The album existed in this form for all subsequent releases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/retro/noteworthynotions/pulpit.htm|title='It' Pulp 1983|publisher=[[Angelfire]]|access-date=2014-09-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073304/http://www.angelfire.com/retro/noteworthynotions/pulpit.htm|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

The album was reissued and remastered by Fire Records in 2012 along with Pulp's 1987's ''[[Freaks (Pulp album)|Freaks]]'' and 1992's ''[[Separations (album)|Separations]]''. This re-release took several delays as the first stated release date was 8 August 2011 while the albums finally came out on 13 February 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firerecords.com/site/index.php?page=artists&artistid=00000000067|access-date=2012-02-20|title=Fire Records article|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814234751/http://www.firerecords.com/site/index.php?page=artists&artistid=00000000067|archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> An announcement in the interim stated that the albums would be remastered with new bonus tracks to be added to the track listings as well as new artwork and liner notes from music journalist Everett True.

==Track listing==
All songs written by [[Jarvis Cocker]], except where noted.

'''Side 1'''
#"[[My Lighthouse]]" {{small|(Cocker, [[Simon Hinkler]])}} – 3:30
#"Wishful Thinking" – 4:17
#"Joking Aside" – 4:20
#"Boats and Trains" – 1:34

'''Side 2'''
#<li value=5>"Blue Girls" – 5:56
#"Love Love" – 3:09
#"In Many Ways" – 2:46

===Bonus tracks===
'''Fire Records 1994 reissue'''
#<li value=8>"Looking for Life" {{small|([[B-side]] to "My Lighthouse" single)}} – 5:29

'''Fire Records 2012 reissue'''
#<li value=9>"My Lighthouse" {{small|(single version)}} – 3:28
#"Please Don't Worry" – 3:24
#"Blue Girls" {{small|(alternative mix)}} – 6:05
#"Sink or Swim" – 4:02

==Personnel==
'''Pulp'''
* [[Jarvis Cocker]]: vocals, guitar
* [[Simon Hinkler]]: bass, piano, guitar, mandolin
* Peter Boam: guitar, keyboards, piano
* David Hinkler: keyboards, trombone
* Wayne Furniss: guitar, bass
* Garry Wilson (credited as "Beefy Garry O"): drums

'''Additional musicians'''
* Mister Barry Thompson: flute, clarinet
* Jill Taylor: backing vocals
* Saskia Cocker: backing vocals
* Jon Short: cello
* Joanne, Julie and Alison: chatter and recorders

'''Artwork'''
* Tony Perrin

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL36PKo7DXhGlzEJkznJxEEI3BhnbyQr0o ''It''] at [[YouTube]] (streamed copy where licensed)
* {{Discogs master|type=album|87155|name=It}}

{{Pulp}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pulp (band) albums]]
[[Category:1983 debut albums]]
[[Category:Red Rhino Records albums]]
[[Category:Cherry Red Records albums]]
[[Category:Fire Records (UK) albums]]

California Split

2025-06-16T05:23:29Z

219.89.68.193: /* Critical */

{{Short description|1974 film by Robert Altman}}
{{about|the film|proposals to split California into multiple states|partition and secession in California}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{use mdy dates |date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = California Split
| image = California_split.jpg

| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Robert Altman]]
| producer = Joseph Walsh Robert Altman
| writer = Joseph Walsh
| narrator =
| starring = [[George Segal]] [[Elliott Gould]]
| cinematography = [[Paul Lohmann]]
| editing = O. Nicholas Brown [[Lou Lombardo (filmmaker)|Lou Lombardo]]
| studio = [[Spelling-Goldberg Productions]] Won World
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1974|08|07}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = $5 million (US/Canada) (rentals)<ref>"All-time Film Rental Champs", ''Variety'', January 7, 1976 p 48</ref>
}}
'''''California Split''''' is a 1974 American [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Robert Altman]] and starring [[Elliott Gould]] and [[George Segal]] as a pair of gamblers. It was the first non-[[Cinerama]] film to use eight-track stereo sound.

==Plot==
In [[Los Angeles]], a friendship blossoms between Bill Denny and Charlie Waters, fueled by their shared passion for gambling. The connection solidifies after a card player, whose winnings they have acquired, subjects them to a violent assault and robbery. Charlie, a wisecracking joker residing with two prostitutes, emerges as a seasoned gambler perpetually seeking the next big score. His wagers span poker, horse racing, boxing, and any opportunity offering odds.

Initially, Bill is not as deeply entrenched in the gambling world. By day, he dabbles in work at a magazine, sidestepping his boss. Nevertheless, he is well on his way to succumbing to a full-fledged [[problem gambling|gaming addiction]]. As the two men traverse Charlie's home, Bill's office, seedy bars, card rooms, and various sports venues, Bill succumbs to the allure of the gambling lifestyle. To fuel his burgeoning habit, he plunges into debt with Sparkie, his [[bookie]], and resorts to pawning possessions, including his car, to finance a bus trip to [[Reno, Nevada|Reno]].

During their journey, Charlie identifies the assailant who mugged them at the film's outset. Seizing the opportunity for retribution, he confronts and robs the offender. On the road to Reno, Bill and Charlie pool their resources to stake Bill in a high-stakes poker game, featuring former world champion [[Amarillo Slim]] as one of the players, portraying himself. Bill emerges victorious, pocketing $18,000, and is convinced of his hot streak.

Emboldened, he transitions to [[blackjack]], [[roulette]], and finally [[craps]], accumulating more wealth with each game. However, a significant loss at the craps table leaves Bill emotionally drained and indifferent. Despite Charlie's enthusiasm to continue gambling at other casinos, Bill, after splitting their winnings ($82,000), declares his intention to quit and return home. Although Charlie struggles to comprehend Bill's decision, he recognizes his friend's sincerity, and they part ways.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[George Segal]] as Bill Denny
* [[Elliott Gould]] as Charlie Waters
* [[Ann Prentiss]] as Barbara Miller
* [[Gwen Welles]] as Susan Peters
* Edward Walsh as Lew
* Joseph Walsh as Sparkie
* [[Bert Remsen]] as Helen Brown
* [[Jeff Goldblum]] as Lloyd Harris
* [[Barbara Ruick]] as Reno Barmaid
{{div col end}}

==Production==
===Development===
Joseph Walsh had been an actor for over 20 years. Frustrated with the progress of his career and the sorts of roles he had been playing, he wrote a screenplay about his own gambling addiction in 1971. "I knew so much about gambling," he said. "And nobody writes gambling well... I was writing for all the gamblers of the world, people who are going to turn out and watch the movie and say, 'Oh, God, this man is in our heart and soul'," said Walsh later.<ref name="vegas">Nobody writes gambling as well: Jeff Haney remembers Reno's old Mapes Hotel as he talks with 'California Split' creator Joseph Walsh
Anonymous. Las Vegas Sun 11 July 2008: 8.</ref>

===Steven Spielberg===
Walsh was friends with then up-and-coming filmmaker [[Steven Spielberg]] and they worked on the script for nine months. Spielberg was fascinated by the characters and would react to Walsh's script, offering suggestions. At the time the screenplay was called ''Slide'' and the two men had a deal to make it at [[MGM]] with Walsh as producer and [[Steve McQueen]] in the starring role.<ref name= "fear">{{cite news
| last = Fear
| first = David
| title = Ace in the hole
| publisher = Time Out New York
| date = Oct 12–18, 2006
| url = http://www.timeout.com/newyork/articles/film/4086/ace-in-the-hole
| access-date = 2008-03-17 }}</ref> However, the studio began making unrealistic demands, like having the script be an exact number of pages (in a movie script, 1 page = 1 minute), and wanting the whole story to be set at the [[Circus Circus Las Vegas|Circus Circus]] casino in [[Las Vegas]] because MGM owned it.<ref name="split">{{cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/california-split-40-years-later-interview-elliott-gould-george-segal-joseph-walsh-three-parts-2/#!|title=California Split 40 Years Later|website=LA Review of Books|date=December 15, 2014 }}</ref>

A month away from filming, the studio experienced a shake-up at the executive level and with it came a new set of changes. MGM wanted the story to be a mafia-related “sting” concept with [[Dean Martin]] as one of the two main characters. Walsh would no longer be the producer. He and Spielberg left MGM and took the script to [[Universal Pictures]] where they had an agreement with [[Richard D. Zanuck]] and [[David Brown (producer)|David Brown]]. Zanuck and Brown then hired Spielberg to direct ''[[The Sugarland Express]]'', leaving Walsh and his film stranded.

===Robert Altman===
Walsh's agent, Guy McElwaine, contacted Altman's agent [[George Litto]] to give the script to Altman, who loved it. The new studio chief of [[Columbia Pictures]] was a former agent who knew Walsh's agent and green-lit the screenplay to be produced on the writer's terms.

Walsh was a novice and unaware of Altman's reputation for taking liberties with the screenplays for his movies. Walsh was very protective of his script and argued with Altman numerous times about certain aspects. Walsh remembers, “You know, he actually stormed out of the room many times on me during the picture, during these conversations, but he would always come back and listen as I got to know him more...”<ref name= "mcgilligan">{{cite news
| last = McGilligan
| first = Patrick
| title = Robert Altman: Jumping Off the Cliff
| pages = 376
| publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]]
| year = 1989
}}</ref>

Altman eventually financed the film by forming a production company with [[Aaron Spelling]] and [[Leonard Goldberg]], Won World Productions.<ref>Altman's 'Split' to Start Filming
Los Angeles Times 15 Jan 1974: d10.</ref>

===Casting===
George Segal was cast early on and Walsh considered long-time friend Elliott Gould, but saw other actors, such as [[Peter Falk]] and [[Robert De Niro]]. He kept coming back to Gould and finally the actor called him up and convinced him that he was right for the role. Walsh recalls, “because Elliott ''lived'' his gambling, he came out of the box just like in a horse race when a great horse comes out of the box. The first day of shooting, he was ''there'' as that character...After seven days, George Segal came to me and said, ‘This guy’s [Gould] unbelievable. He’s an octopus. He is absolutely strangling me to death. I don’t even know what to do.’ The man was pleading for his life.”<ref name= "mcgilligan"/> Walsh told Segal not to try to keep up with Gould because he had actually lived the life of his character in the film and to continue acting the way he had been doing so far.

===Filming===
Filming started in January 1974, and the filming took place mostly in [[Los Angeles]], with two weeks' location filming in Reno, Nevada.

''California Split'' was the first feature film to use the experimental eight-track sound system, one that allowed eight separate audio channels to be recorded, and helped develop Altman’s trademark of overlapping dialogue. To this end, he gave the supporting actors and extras significant emphasis on the soundtrack. A number of the extras were members of [[Synanon]], an organization for ex-addicts. Altman also used champion poker player Amarillo Slim in the movie "to add drama to the poker game for the actors and crew. He elevated the game to a very high professional level."<ref name= "reid">{{cite news
| last = Reid
| first = Max
| title = The Making of ''California Split'': An Interview with Robert Altman
| pages = 26
| publisher = Filmmakers Newsletter
| date = October 1974
}}</ref>

He had originally considered [[Haskell Wexler]] to be the director of photography on the film, but went with newcomer Paul Lohmann instead. Walsh remembers that Altman defended the choice by saying, "They could create a look together, and he might get into conflict with Haskell or other people about making it a little prettier than it should be."<ref name= "mcgilligan"/>

Altman ended up making the film in [[Pomona, California|Pomona]] at [[Fairplex Park]], in Los Angeles, and in Reno, Nevada, with the latter location being very effective in keeping everyone in the gambling spirit of the movie. Altman said in an interview, "Everybody was involved in that atmosphere, and there was a sense of reality because one minute you were downstairs in the [[Mapes Hotel|Mapes casino]] losing money and winning money, and then a minute later you were upstairs on the set filming a crap game."<ref name= "reid"/>

While on location in Reno, Nevada, actress [[Barbara Ruick]], who played a friendly Reno poker room bartender, died at the age of 41, of a cerebral hemorrhage sleeping in her hotel room. Her husband, famed film composer [[John Williams]], was left a widower with their three children. ''California Split'' was dedicated to her.

The ending of the film was different from originally scripted.<ref>{{cite web|website=Stop Smiling|date=15 June 2008|url=http://www.stopsmilingonline.com/story_detail.php?id=1093&page=2|title=Online Exclusive: JOSEPH WALSH, Screenwriter of California Split}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical===
[[Roger Ebert]], in his review for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', wrote, "At the end of ''California Split'' we realize that Altman has made a lot more than a comedy about gambling; he's taken us into an American nightmare, and all the people we met along the way felt genuine and looked real." Lauding the film as "a great movie and [...] a great experience, too," he awarded it four out of four stars.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ebert
| first = Roger
| title = ''California Split''
| publisher = [[Chicago Sun-Times]]
| date = 1974-01-01
| url = https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/california-split-1974
| access-date = 2023-05-20 }}</ref> [[Vincent Canby]] in ''[[The New York Times]]'' called it "a fascinating and vivid movie, not quite comparable to any other movie that I can immediately think of." He praised the film for being "dense with fine, idiosyncratic detail, a lot of which is supplied by Mr. Gould and Mr. Segal as well as by members of the excellent supporting cast."<ref>{{cite news
| last = Canby
| first = Vincent
| title = ''California Split'' Deals Winning Hand
| work = The New York Times
| date = 1974-08-08
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/08/archives/california-split-deals-winning-hand.html
| access-date = 2007-03-08
}}</ref> He put it on his year-end unranked list of the best films of 1974.<ref>[[Vincent Canby|Canby, Vincent]] (January 5, 1975). "Critic's Choice: The Eleven Best Films of 1974". ''[[The New York Times]]''. Section 2, p, 1, 13.</ref> [[Gene Siskel]] liked most of the film and awarded three out of four stars, but disliked the ending for "events too pat and a moral that's banal."<ref>[[Gene Siskel|Siskel, Gene]] (August 26, 1974). "California Split". ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. Section 2, p. 8.</ref> A review by Arthur D. Murphy in ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported that "the film is technically and physically handsome, all the more so for being mostly location work, but lacks a cohesive and reinforced sense of story direction. The stars have done better comedy before."<ref>Murphy, Arthur D. (August 7, 1974). "Film Reviews: California Split". ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''. 18.</ref> [[Charles Champlin]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' was negative, writing that "for the most part, 'California Split' seems one very long and very loud actors workshop improv, done in card parlors and casinos instead of on a bare stage. The garbled, stomped-on, incomprehensible dialogue which was annoying in the early stages of '[[McCabe & Mrs. Miller|McCabe and Mrs. Miller]]' here seems so self-indulgently and needlessly overdone as to give a whole new dimension to the splitting headache."<ref>[[Charles Champlin|Champlin, Charles]] (August 14, 1974). "'California Split'---Losing Is Not Enough". ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Part IV, p. 1.</ref> Gary Arnold of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called it "a slight but cheerful and beguiling episodic comedy."<ref>Arnold, Gary (August 19, 1974). "On Poker, Gambling, And Other Truths". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. B1.</ref>

[[Penelope Gilliatt]] of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' wrote in a positive review, "It is sometimes very funny, in a mood of not caring whether you find it so or not ... Altman again shows that he has a mysterious feeling for the low-toned energy of American humor. His films have a supple genius for the awkward in speech."<ref>[[Penelope Gilliatt|Gilliatt, Penelope]] (August 19, 1974). "The Current Cinema". ''[[The New Yorker]]''. 78.</ref> [[John Simon (critic)|John Simon]] said of ''California Split'', "In Altman's 111 minutes we haven't the time to go mad, only to be thoroughly exasperated".<ref>{{cite book |title=Reverse Angle: A Decade of American Film|last1=Simon|first1=John |publisher=Crown Publishers Inc. |year=1982 |page=161}}</ref> [[Stanley Kauffmann]] of [[The New Republic]] wrote of ''California Split'', "The film ambles along trying to set up an adult Huck and Tom story escape from 'straight' life, and it has some amusing scenes, but it fails: the two men are insufficiently interesting. And it tells us zero about the gambling compulsion".<ref>{{cite book |title=Before My Eyes Film Criticism & Comment|last1=Kauffmann|first1=Stanley |publisher=Harper & Row Publishers |year=1979 |page=35}}</ref>

On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds a rating of 88% from 32 reviews and an average rating of 7.5/10. The consensus summarizes: "Aimless yet amiable, ''California Split'' is minor but rewarding Altman, elevated by the chemistry between leads Elliott Gould and George Segal."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/california_split | title=California Split | website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> In a retrospective review ''[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]{{'}}s [[Vulture.com]]'' praised it as the greatest film about gambling ever made.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/best-gambling-movies-poker.html|title=The 25 Best Movies About Gambling|website=Vulture|date=September 10, 2021 }}</ref>

===Box office===
The film reportedly grossed over five million dollars at the box office despite the studio pulling it early from theaters. Altman said of the reaction to his movies, “I just have to hope that the film I do falls in with the mass audience and they will go see it. But one reason I have problems is that they don’t advertise the films I make because they don’t know where to put them...They don’t quite know where it is, so consequently, they try to advertise it as a different film. And it still doesn’t succeed.”<ref name= "reid"/>

==Accolades==
It was nominated for a Best Comedy (Written Directly for the Screen) [[Writers Guild of America]] award a year later.<ref>[https://mubi.com/films/california-split MUBI]</ref>

==Home media and alternate cuts==
The film was released on DVD in 2004,<ref>[https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/12937/california-split/ DVD Talk]</ref><ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56954484 WorldCat.org]</ref> but music rights problems forced Sony/Columbia to exclude almost three minutes of footage and make several soundtrack changes. The DVD is already out of print.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/California-Split-George-Segal/dp/B0051X991M/ref=tmm_aiv_swatch_1?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr= Amazon.com]</ref> In 2020, the original cut of the film with its soundtrack restored was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theplaylist.net/california-split-robert-altman-amazon-prime-20200512/|title='California Split': Robert Altman's Slippery Gem Is Restored To Its Original Form On Amazon Prime|website=The Playlist}}</ref>

==Planned sequel==
In 2021, Walsh completed the screenplay for a sequel entitled ''Lunch with Bill & Charlie'', with a concept inspired by the 1981 film ''[[My Dinner with Andre]]''. The film would have reunited Segal and Gould as their characters from the original film, but, upon Segal's death, Walsh instead posted the screenplay online and released a tribute video to Segal with Gould.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sonomanews.com/article/opinion/letters-to-the-editor-may-7-california-split-revisited/|title=Letters to the Editor, May 7: 'California Split' revisited|website=Sonoma Index-Tribune|date=May 6, 2021 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZGrsNRso3o YouTube video - "Elliott Gould and "California Split" writer/producer Joseph Walsh in fun tribute to George Segal]</ref><ref>[http://josephrwalsh.com/jrw/ Joseph R. Walsh official website - link to screenplay]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{AFI film|67578|California Split}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0071269|title=California Split}}
* {{TCMDb title|15899|California Split}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=california_split|title=California Split}}

{{Robert Altman}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1970s American films]]
[[Category:1974 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1970s English-language films]]
[[Category:American comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American films about gambling]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:English-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Robert Altman]]
[[Category:Films set in 1974]]
[[Category:Films set in casinos]]
[[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films set in Reno, Nevada]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films shot in Nevada]]

Javier Zanetti

2025-06-16T00:21:59Z

219.89.68.193: Hyperbole

{{short description|Argentine footballer (born 1973)}}
{{redirect|Pupi|the Spanish drag queen|Pupi Poisson}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Javier Zanetti
| full_name = Javier Adelmar Zanetti
| image = Javier Adelmar Zanetti.jpg
| caption = Zanetti with [[Inter Milan]] in 2009
| height = 1.78 m<ref name="Javier Zanetti, Profile">{{cite web| title=Javier Adelmar Zanetti|publisher=goal.com|url=http://www.goal.com/en/people/argentina/72/javier-adelmar-zanetti | access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|8|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
| currentclub = [[Inter Milan]] (vice-president)
| youthyears1 = 1982–1989
| youthclubs1 = [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]]
| youthyears2 = 1991–1992
| youthclubs2 = [[Talleres de Remedios de Escalada|Talleres]]
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Full-back]] / [[Midfielder#Right winger|Right winger]] / [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|Midfielder]]
| years1 = 1992–1993
| clubs1 = [[Talleres de Remedios de Escalada|Talleres]]
| caps1 = 33
| goals1 = 1
| years2 = 1993–1995
| clubs2 = [[Club Atlético Banfield|Banfield]]
| caps2 = 66
| goals2 = 4
| years3 = 1995–2014
| clubs3 = [[Inter Milan]]
| caps3 = 615 
| goals3 = 12
| totalcaps = 714
| totalgoals = 17
| nationalyears1 = 1996
| nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national under-23 football team|Argentina U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 13
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 1994–2011
| nationalteam2 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]
| nationalcaps2 = 145<ref name="MedioTiempo – Javier Zanetti">{{Cite web |title=AFA rinde homenaje a Messi y Kun Agüero por su récord de partidos |trans-title=AFA pays tribute to Messi and Kun Agüero for their records in the number of international matches played |url=https://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/copa-america/afa-rinde-homenaje-messi-kun-aguero-record-partidos |language=es |website=MedioTiempo.com |date=2 July 2021 |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211115133613/https://www.mediotiempo.com/futbol/copa-america/afa-rinde-homenaje-messi-kun-aguero-record-partidos |url-status=live }}</ref>
| nationalgoals2 = 5
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{fb|ARG}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Pan American Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1995 Pan American Games|1995 Mar del Plata]]|[[Football at the 1995 Pan American Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]]|[[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Copa América]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2004 Copa América|2004 Peru]]|[[2004 Copa América squads#Argentina|Team]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2007 Copa América|2007 Venezuela]]|[[2007 Copa América squads#Argentina|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA Confederations Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[1995 FIFA Confederations Cup|1995 Saudi Arabia]]|[[1995 King Fahd Cup squads#Argentina|Team]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup|2005 Germany]]|[[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup squads#Argentina|Team]]}}
}}

'''Javier Adelmar Zanetti''' ({{IPA|es-419|xaˈβjeɾ aðelˈmaɾ saˈneti|label=Spanish:}}, {{IPA|it|dzaˈnetti|lang}}; born 10 August 1973) is an Argentine former professional [[Association football|footballer]]. Regarded as one of the greatest right-backs of all time, Zanetti is well known for having dedicated almost his entire career at [[Inter Milan]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2017 |title=Javier Zanetti on Inter, retirement and a lifetime in blue and black |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/javier-zanetti-exclusive-interview-inter-milan-suning-preview-news-latest-a8011156.html |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Forero |first=Chris |title=Javier Zanetti: Age Is Only a Number for Legendary Inter Milan Captain |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/544483-javier-zanetti-age-is-only-a-number-for-the-legendary-captain |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> having a key role in the [[Treble (association football)|treble]]-winning [[2009–10 Inter Milan season|2009–10 season]]. Zanetti was known for his versatility as well as his adeptness on both the left and right wing, having played mostly as a [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|full-back]] or [[Defender (association football)#Wing-back|wing-back]] on both flanks, but also spending considerable time as a [[midfielder]].<ref name="tactical Formations2">{{cite web|title=tactical Formations|url=http://www.football-lineups.com/players/player.php?route=109|access-date=25 January 2007|work=Football-Lineups.com}}</ref> He is currently the vice-president of Inter Milan.

Zanetti started his career in Argentina, first with [[Talleres de Remedios de Escalada|Talleres]], and then [[Club Atlético Banfield|Banfield]]. From 1995 to 2014 he played for Italian club Inter Milan and was [[Captain (association football)|captain]] from 2001 until his retirement in 2014.<ref name=captain>He started wearing the captain band in late 1999, but at that time he was replacing the injured [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]]. Source: {{cite web|url=http://www.inter.it/it/news/5173|title=Ronaldo e la fascia da capitano: "Giusto che la porti Zanetti" e in serata il sì di Cuper|website=Inter.it|publisher=Football Club Internazionale Milano|language=it|date=3 November 2001|access-date=26 May 2017|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720074822/https://www.inter.it/it/news/5173|url-status=dead}}</ref> Having participated in 1,115 official games, he is on the [[list of men's footballers with the most official appearances]]. He is also the foreign player with the most appearances in [[Serie A]] (615), and holds the fourth-most appearances in the league, behind only [[Gianluigi Buffon]], [[Paolo Maldini]] and [[Francesco Totti]]. He holds the record for the most appearances in the history of Inter (858), as well as the record for the most trophies won with the club, with 16; five [[List of Italian football champions|Scudetti]], four [[Coppa Italia]], four [[Supercoppa Italiana]], one [[UEFA Cup]], one [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] and the [[FIFA Club World Cup]]. He also has the most appearances as captain in the Champions League (82).

With the [[Argentina national football team|Argentina national team]], Zanetti played in 145 games,<ref name="RSSSF – Century of International Appearances – Javier Zanetti"/><ref name="MedioTiempo – Javier Zanetti"/> a figure that makes him the player with the joint-third most appearances in the history of ''La Albiceleste'', having formerly held the record from 2007 to 2018. With Argentina he reached the final of the [[Copa América]] in [[2004 Copa América|2004]] and [[2007 Copa América|2007]], and the [[FIFA Confederations Cup]] in [[1995 King Fahd Cup|1995]] and [[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup|2005]].

On retiring, Inter Milan retired Zanetti's number 4 jersey and named him as its vice president.<ref name=president/> He has been named an ambassador for the [[SOS Children's Villages]] project in Argentina by [[FIFA]], and in 2005 he received the ''Ambrogino d'Oro'' award from the city of [[Milan]] for his social initiatives. Zanetti is also a Global Ambassador for the [[Special Olympics]].

== Early life ==
Javier Adelmar Zanetti was born in [[Buenos Aires]] to working-class parents of [[Italian Argentines|Italian ancestry]] and grew up in the harbour area in the [[Dock Sud]] district, one of the city's most notorious areas. His father Rodolfo was a [[bricklayer]] and his mother Violeta Bonnazola was a cleaner.<ref name=Bandini/> Reportedly, some of Zanetti's ancestors were Italian settlers brought to southern Chile by [[Giorgio Ricci]] in the aftermath of the [[Occupation of Araucanía]] (1861–1883).<ref name=Cayuqueo>{{Cite book|title=Historia secreta mapuche 2|author-link=Pedro Cayuqueo|last=Cayuqueo|first=Pedro|publisher=[[Catalonia (publisher)|Catalonia]]|year=2020|isbn=978-956-324-783-1|location=Santiago de Chile|pages=251–254|language=es}}</ref> He began playing football on a field in the city suburbs, maintaining the pitch in his spare time. When he was a teenager, he tried out for local club [[Club Atlético Independiente|Independiente]]'s youth academy, but was ultimately rejected and told that he lacked the physique to succeed in the game. Instead, he concentrated on school and worked as an assistant to his father with masonry as well as odd jobs such as delivering milk and helping out at a relative's grocery store.<ref name=Bandini/>

== Club career ==
=== Talleres ===
After his rejection from Independiente, Zanetti signed for [[Club Atlético Talleres de Remedios de Escalada|Talleres]], then a second division team. With them, he played 33 matches and scored one goal in his only season, before moving in 1993 to the [[Argentine Primera División|First Division]] club [[Club Atlético Banfield|Banfield]].

=== Banfield ===
A 20-year-old Zanetti debuted for Banfield on 12 September 1993 in a home match against [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]. He scored his first goal 17 days later against [[Newell's Old Boys]] in a match that ended 1–1. His outstanding performances for Banfield gained popularity from ''El Taladro'' fans and also earned him a call-up from the [[Argentina national football team|national team]]. First division giants River Plate and [[Boca Juniors]] displayed interest, but Zanetti decided to stay on for another year at the club. In 1995, along with fellow Argentine [[Sebastián Rambert]], he transferred to Italy's [[Inter Milan]], becoming team owner [[Massimo Moratti]]'s first-ever purchase.

=== Inter Milan ===
[[File:Javier Zanetti - Inter Mailand (1).jpg|thumb|right|170px|Zanetti training with Inter Milan in 2009]]
As a part of the squad for 19 seasons and with 858 appearances across all competitions, he is currently the team's longest-tenured player, and the first overall – surpassing [[Giuseppe Bergomi]] (758) – in the all-time list of Inter players by most games played.

Throughout his stay with the club, he won 16 trophies, 15 of which came under his captaincy: the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] in [[1997–98 UEFA Cup|1998]], the 2005, 2006, 2010 and 2011 [[Coppa Italia]], the 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2010 [[Supercoppa Italiana]], the [[2005–06 Serie A|2005–06]], [[2006–07 Serie A|2006–07]], [[2007–08 Serie A|2007–08]], [[2008–09 Serie A|2008–09]] and [[2009–10 Serie A|2009–10]] ''[[Scudetto|Scudetti]]'' and the [[2009–10 UEFA Champions League]].

Zanetti went 12 years without being sent off in a match. The first time he was sent off in his career was on 17 February 1999 in a Coppa Italia match against [[Parma AC|Parma]], but he broke his streak when he was sent off in a [[2011–12 Serie A|Serie A]] match against [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]] on 3 December 2011. These were the only two times he was sent off during his entire career at Inter.

At Inter, Zanetti played under [[List of Inter Milan managers|19 different coaches]], making him the only player to have played under this many coaches. He has pledged his future to the ''Nerazzurri'', hoping to have a future behind the desk at the club in his retirement from playing. "Inter means a lot to me", Zanetti said.

{{blockquote|It was the first team to open the doors of European football. I was very young when I came here and I think not many teams could have had so much faith and patience with a boy in his early 20s from the very first day like Inter did with me. I will always be grateful for that. For some reason I have always felt at home here at Inter and this is why I have never thought of leaving.<ref>
{{cite news|url=http://www.uefa.com/magazine/news/kind=4/newsid=479017.html |title=No place like home |publisher=UEFA|date=17 November 2006 |access-date=2007-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214231829/http://www.uefa.com/magazine/news/kind%3D4/newsid%3D479017.html |archive-date=14 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

==== Early career ====
Zanetti made his debut for Inter on 27 August 1995 against [[Vicenza Calcio|Vicenza]] in [[Milan]]. He scored Inter's second goal in their 3–0 win over compatriots [[SS Lazio|Lazio]] in the [[1998 UEFA Cup final]] at the [[Parc des Princes]] in Paris,<ref>{{cite news|title=1997/98: Zamorano leads Inter success|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=1997/overview/index.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140519224125/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=1997/overview/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2014|access-date=19 May 2014|publisher=[[UEFA]]|date=1 June 1998}}</ref> his first silverware at the club, after losing in the [[1997 UEFA Cup final|final]] in the previous season.

After two years, in which he consistently wore the captain band in place of the injured [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]], Zanetti was rewarded with the club captaincy in late 2001.<ref name=captain/>

In August 2003, Zanetti signed a new contract with the club until June 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/9865/inter-captain-javier-zanetti-turns-30|title=Inter captain Javier Zanetti turns 30|publisher=inter.it|date=10 August 2003|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=29 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829220417/https://www.inter.it/en/news/2003/08/9/inter-captain-javier-zanetti-turns-30.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/9806/j-zanetti-ive-renewed-my-contract-with-inter-until-2007|title=J. Zanetti: "I've renewed my contract with Inter until 2007."|publisher=inter.it|date=6 August 2003|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=29 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829220424/https://www.inter.it/en/news/2003/08/6/jzanetti-ive-renewed-my-contract-with-inter-until-2007.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Move to midfield ====
After the arrival of [[Maicon Sisenando|Maicon]] at the beginning of the [[2006–07 Inter Milan season|2006–07 season]], Zanetti was moved from the right-back position into [[Midfielder|midfield]].<ref name="tactical Formations2"/> He ended a four-year goal drought when he scored on 5 November 2006<ref name="Match Formations">{{cite web|title=Match Formations|work=Football-Lineups.com|url=http://www.football-lineups.com/wiki/_match1323.php | access-date=17 January 2007}}</ref> at a home match against [[Ascoli Calcio 1898|Ascoli]], having previously scored on 6 November 2002 at an away match against [[Empoli FC|Empoli]]. On 27 September 2006, against [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]], Zanetti played his 500th professional match for Inter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/09/26/um/m-01278768.htm|title=Zanetti completes 500 matches with Inter|date=26 September 2006|access-date=26 September 2006|archive-date=10 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510004434/http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/09/26/um/m-01278768.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and on 22 November 2006, he appeared in his 100th [[UEFA]] match, against [[Sporting CP]].<ref>{{cite web |title=tactical Formations|work=Football-Lineups.com|url=http://www.football-lineups.com/players/player.php?route=109 | access-date=17 January 2007}}</ref>

Zanetti played an important role in the [[2008 Supercoppa Italiana]] match over Roma, scoring his team's last penalty in a subsequent shootout win after the regular and extra time ended in a 2–2 draw; this was his first ever career penalty and the third Supercoppa Italiana title.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2008/08/26/834337/zanetti-my-first-ever-penalty|title=Zanetti: My First Ever Penalty|publisher=Goal.com|author=Adam Scime|date=26 August 2008|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.inter.it/it/news/42062/zanetti-che-rigore-il-mio-primo-rigore|title=Zanetti: "Che rigore e il mio primo rigore!"|trans-title=Zanetti: "This penalty is my first!"|publisher=inter.it|language=it|date=25 August 2008|access-date=8 March 2019}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Zanetti then celebrated his 600th match for Inter on 24 September 2008 with a 1–0 win over newly promoted [[US Lecce|Lecce]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2008/09/24/italy/serie-a/fc-internazionale-milano/us-lecce/666553/|title=Internazionale vs. Lecce 1 – 0|publisher=Soccerway|date=24 September 2008|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Minutes before the match, he was presented with a commemorative plate by former vice-captain [[Iván Córdoba]] to mark the occasion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/29886/inter-and-zanetti-600-times-together|title=Inter and Zanetti: 600 times together|publisher=inter.it|date=24 September 2008|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011537/https://www.inter.it/en/news/29886/inter-and-zanetti-600-times-together|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Javier Zanetti - Inter Mailand (4).jpg|thumb|left|Zanetti playing for Inter in 2009]]
Though Zanetti is more often classified as a defender, he played mostly in midfield during the first half of the [[2008–09 Inter Milan season|2008–09 season]]. For the last several weeks of October 2008, with Inter coach [[José Mourinho]] facing a midfield crisis due to injuries to key midfielders [[Esteban Cambiasso]] and [[Sulley Muntari]], he was moved again to the midfield for the matches against [[Genoa CFC|Genoa]] and [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]. During that period, Mourinho played him in the midfield due to the presence of Maicon, [[Lúcio]], [[Walter Samuel]] and [[Cristian Chivu]] in the back four.

The [[2009–10 Inter Milan season|2009–10 season]] began well for Zanetti and Inter, especially after a 4–0 thrashing of crosstown rivals [[AC Milan|Milan]] in the ''[[Derby della Madonnina]]''. In the match against Genoa on 17 October, he started off the counter-attack that led to Inter's second goal after dispossessing a Genoa player.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/58181|title=Throwback thursday: Stakovic's stunner against Genoa|publisher=inter.it|date=17 October 2009|access-date=8 March 2019}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Inter became the first team of the season to win by a five-goal margin. On 24 October, he reached [[Giacinto Facchetti]]'s record of 476 Serie A appearances when he turned out for the match against [[Catania Calcio|Catania]], which ended in a 2–1 win for the ''Nerazzurri''.

Inter won the [[2010 UEFA Champions League final|2010 Champions League final]] 2–0 against Bayern Munich on 22 May 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/may/22/inter-champions-league-final-bayern|title=Inter win Champions League final as Diego Milito downs Bayern Munich|work=The Guardian|author=Paul Wilson|location=Madrid|date=22 May 2010|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> This was Zanetti's 700th appearance for Inter,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/2010-05-21-zanetti-to-play-700th-match-for-inter/|title=Zanetti to play 700th match for Inter|publisher=Times Live|date=21 May 2010|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> and it made him the first player to captain an Italian club to a [[Treble (association football)|treble]] of the ''[[Scudetto]]'', Coppa Italia and [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0250-0c50f4b42c3a-0fbc1831ccbe-1000--inter-join-exclusive-treble-club/|title=Inter join exclusive treble club|publisher=UEFA|date=22 May 2010|access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref>

==== Later career ====
On 20 October 2010, at 37 years and 71 days, Zanetti became the oldest player to score in the Champions League when he netted in the opening minute of Inter's 4–3 group stage win over [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] at the [[San Siro]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Inter Milan 4 Tottenham 3|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/9102192.stm|work=BBC Sport|access-date=20 October 2010|date=20 October 2010}}</ref> This was only his second ever Champions League goal; his first came in December 1998 in a match in a 2–0 win against [[SK Sturm Graz|Sturm Graz]]. He scored one of Inter's goals in their 3–0 win against [[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]] at the [[2010 FIFA Club World Cup]],<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2010|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/uae2010/matches/round=254486/match=300140535/report.html|publisher=[[FIFA]]|access-date=11 May 2014}}</ref> which they eventually won, although Inter missed out on the [[2010 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]] that season.

[[File:Zanetti vs CSKA Mosca 2011 - 1.png|thumb|Zanetti shaking hands with [[Sergei Ignashevich]] before a Champions League match against [[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]] in 2011]]
On 19 January 2011, Zanetti overtook Inter legend [[Giuseppe Bergomi]] in Serie A appearances, his 520th match in Serie A, all for Inter. On 11 May 2011, Zanetti made his 1,000th appearance as a professional footballer playing for Inter against [[AS Roma|Roma]] in the second leg of the Coppa Italia semi-final. On 20 September 2011, Zanetti made the all-time appearance record in a Serie A clash against [[Novara Calcio|Novara]], surpassing Giuseppe Bergomi.

On 10 March 2013, Zanetti played in his 600th Serie A match for Inter, a 1–0 loss to [[Bologna FC 1909|Bologna]] at the San Siro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.football-italia.net/31700/zanetti-my-600th-inter-game |title=Zanetti: 'My 600th Inter game' |publisher=Football Italia |date=10 March 2013 }}</ref> On 21 April 2014, in the 1–0 home win against Parma, Zanetti played his 1,100th official match, and became the player with the fourth-most appearances of all time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/04/21/italy/serie-a/fc-internazionale-milano/parma-fc/1351578/|title=Internazionale vs. Parma|work=Soccerway|date=21 April 2014|access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref>

On 29 April 2014, Inter chairman [[Erick Thohir]] announced that Zanetti would retire at the end of the [[2013–14 Inter Milan season|2013–14 season]] and become a club director.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italy/2014/04/29/4784130/zanetti-to-retire-this-summer-and-become-inter-director?ICID=HP_BN_3|title=Zanetti to retire this summer and become Inter director – Thohir|date=29 April 2014|access-date=29 April 2014|publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> Zanetti's last competitive match at the San Siro was a 4–1 victory over Lazio on 10 May 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.inter.it/en/news/45630|title=ZANETTI: "AN EMOTIONAL EVENING BUT WE'RE FOCUSED ON LAZIO"|date=10 May 2014|access-date=10 May 2014|publisher=Inter.it|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221551/http://www.inter.it/en/news/45630|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.inter.it/en/match_center/4041|title=Inter 4 – 1 Lazio|date=10 May 2014|access-date=10 May 2014|publisher=Inter.it}}</ref> He came on as a substitute for [[Jonathan Moreira]] in the 52nd minute and wore a special armband featuring the names of every player he had played with during his career at Inter.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} He retired after the last game of the season, which he started as centre-back in a 2–1 away defeat to [[AC ChievoVerona|Chievo]] on 18 May.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chievo v Inter|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/live/match/299495/teams|access-date=19 May 2014|newspaper=[[Sky Sports News]]|date=18 May 2014}}</ref>

== Post-playing career ==
In June 2014, Inter chairman [[Erick Thohir]] appointed Zanetti vice-[[President (corporate title)|president]] for a two-year term.<ref name=president>{{cite news|last1=McVitie|first1=Peter|title=Inter make Zanetti vice-president & retire No.4 jersey|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/3276/serie-a/2014/06/30/4925562/inter-make-zanetti-vice-president-retire-no4-jersey|access-date=27 July 2014|work=Goal.com|date=30 June 2014}}</ref> Zanetti kept the role upon the change of ownership to the [[Suning Holdings Group]].

On 4 May 2015, during a charitable match at the San Siro, with former and current football stars, organised by Zanetti himself for the opening celebrations for the [[Expo 2015]] in Milan, Inter officially retired Zanetti's number 4 jersey.<ref name=jersey-retired>{{cite news|title=#MATCHFOREXPO, 4 IS FOREVER|url=http://www.inter.it/en/news/48223|access-date=5 May 2015|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101200940/https://www.inter.it/en/news/48223|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==International career==
===Debuts and 100th appearance===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Javier Zanetti (L), Cristiano Ronaldo (R) – Portugal vs. Argentina, 9th February 2011 (1).jpg
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| caption2 = Javier Zanetti in action against Portugal's [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] during a friendly match in [[Geneva]], Switzerland, in 2011.
}}
Zanetti debuted for [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] on 16 November 1994 against [[Chile national football team|Chile]] under coach [[Daniel Passarella]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zanetti, el hombre récord: 116 veces de Selección|url=https://www.clarin.com/deportes/zanetti-hombre-record-116-veces-seleccion_0_BytZc11JAYl.html|newspaper=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín Argentina]]|date=18 November 2007|access-date=24 February 2017|language=es}}</ref> He was called up for the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]] in France, making his competitive debut in team's opening group match against [[Japan national football team|Japan]] which finished in a 1–0 victory.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=1014/match=8734/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716144355/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=1014/match=8734/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2015|title=Argentina 1–0 Japan|publisher=FIFA|date=14 June 1998|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Secondary source|date=May 2024}} During the 1998 World Cup run, he neatly finished off a [[Juan Sebastián Verón]] free kick in the round of 16 match against [[England national football team|England]] making the score 2–2.<ref>{{cite news|first=Henry|last=Winter|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/9939779/World-Cup-1998-Argentina-2-England-2-Argentina-win-4-3-on-pens-match-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325055231/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/9939779/World-Cup-1998-Argentina-2-England-2-Argentina-win-4-3-on-pens-match-report.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 March 2013|title=World Cup 1998; Argentina 2–2 England, Argentina win 4-3 on pens: match report|work=The Telegraph|date=30 June 1998|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>

Zanetti celebrated his 100th cap by helping Argentina win their [[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup]] semi-final over [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]] on 26 June 2005, in which he won the [[Man of the Match]] award.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/confederationcup/news/newsid=27258.html |title=Centurion Zanetti celebrates in style |publisher=FIFA|date=26 June 2005 |access-date=26 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001150304/http://www.fifa.com/confederationcup/news/newsid%3D27258.html |archive-date= 1 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite having been part of the team during the qualification rounds, Zanetti was not called up for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] by coach [[José Pékerman]] in a controversial decision.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11860/2376719/world-cup-snub-for-zanetti| title = World Cup snub for Zanetti|website=Sky Sports| date = 15 May 2006| access-date=11 July 2007}}</ref>

===2000s===
With new coach [[Alfio Basile]], Zanetti played a friendly match against [[France national football team|France]] on 7 February 2007, helping [[Javier Saviola]] to score the only goal of the game that gave Argentina the first victory under Basile's second management.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eurosport.com/football/int-friendlies/2006-2007/sport_sto1079917.shtml|title=Saviola sinks Les Bleus in Paris|publisher=Yahoo Sports|date=7 February 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Javier Zanetti – Portugal vs. Argentina, 9th February 2011 (1).jpg|thumb|left|Zanetti during the friendly match against Portugal in 2011]]
In April 2007, Zanetti was presented with the ''National Giuseppe Prisco Award''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tuttoabruzzo.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6364&Itemid=251 |title=Premio Prisco: i vincitori della V edizione |publisher=Tutto Abruzzo |language=it |access-date=9 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018152004/http://www.tuttoabruzzo.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6364&Itemid=251 |archive-date=18 October 2013 }}</ref> After the retirement of [[Roberto Ayala]], Zanetti was given the captain's armband. In a World Cup qualification match against [[Bolivia national football team|Bolivia]] on 17 November 2007, he became the highest capped player for Argentina.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01c7-0e6ebb7755d0-e09a431bc6ca-1000--no-stopping-record-breaker-zanetti/|title=No stopping record-breaker Zanetti|publisher=UEFA|date=19 November 2007|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>

Zanetti remained a regular footballer under new coach [[Diego Maradona]], although defensive midfielder [[Javier Mascherano]] took over as captain at Maradona's request.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=943929.html |title=Mascherano accepts captaincy offer|publisher=FIFA|access-date=9 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923064429/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid%3D943929.html |archive-date=23 September 2013 }}</ref> Zanetti's place in the starting line up was taken by [[Jonás Gutiérrez]], who had spent the previous season playing on the [[Winger (football)|wing]] for [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] in England's second-tier [[Football League Championship]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/1863/world-cup-2010/2010/06/14/1976105/world-cup-2010-jonas-gutierrez-i-feel-comfortable-at-right|title=World Cup 2010: Jonas Gutierrez: I Feel Comfortable At Right Back For Argentina|publisher=Goal.com|author=Daniel Edwards|date=14 June 2010|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>

===Return to the Argentine senior squad===
On 20 August 2010, Argentina coach [[Sergio Batista]] recalled Zanetti to the squad for a friendly match against [[Spain men's national football team|Spain]] played on 7 September 2010 at the River Plate Monumental Stadium, where he and fellow legend [[Gabriel Batistuta]] were honored by the [[Argentine Football Association]] for their outstanding careers with more than 48,000 people giving them a [[standing ovation]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goaledor.com/argentina-national-team/argentina-batistuta-and-zanetti-winning-home-their-respective-records.html |title=Argentina: Batistuta and Zanetti, winning at home for their respective records |publisher=Football News @ Goaledor.Com |date=28 August 2010 |access-date=20 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711102809/http://www.goaledor.com/argentina-national-team/argentina-batistuta-and-zanetti-winning-home-their-respective-records.html |archive-date=11 July 2011 }}</ref> He was called again for the friendly against Japan at the [[Saitama Stadium|Saitama]] in October 2010, but withdrew at the last minute due to injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ole.com.ar/futbol-internacional/Pupi-Milito_0_343765689.html|title=Pupi no, ¿y Milito?|publisher=[[Diario Olé]]|language=es|date=28 September 2010|access-date=28 September 2010|archive-date=23 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923191015/http://www.ole.com.ar/futbol-internacional/Pupi-Milito_0_343765689.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Zanetti was a member of Argentina's squad for the [[2011 Copa América]] on home soil, starting in all four of the team's matches as they were eliminated by [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] in the quarter-finals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en/match/argentina-vs-uruguay/1064737/report|title=Argentina 1-1 Uruguay (AET, 4-5 pens.): Carlos Tevez penalty miss proves costly as hosts crash out of Copa America|website=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=17 June 2011|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>

== Style of play ==
[[File:Zanetti vs Russia 2009 - 1.png|thumb|Zanetti making a tackle in an international friendly against [[Russia national football team|Russia]] in 2009]]
{{Quote box|width=33%|align=left|quote=I faced Zanetti for the first time in the Champions League quarter-finals in 1999, he was the right-back and I was on the left. He impressed with his qualities, his speed, power, intelligence and expertise. I played against him twice more and he was my most difficult opponent, a complete player.
|source = — [[Ryan Giggs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/7629866/giggs-zanetti-the-toughest|title=Giggs – Zanetti the toughest|publisher=Sky Sports|author=Simone Bargellini|date=27 March 2012|access-date=21 April 2016}}</ref>}}
Zanetti earned the nickname ''El Tractor'' for his stamina and tireless energetic runs up and down the wings to aid both attack and defence. He was known amongst his teammates for consistency and fitness regime, which he has credited with prolonging his career.<ref name=Bandini>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/may/07/javier-zanetti-internazionale-argentina-retires|title=Not a hair out of place as Javier Zanetti hangs up his boots at Internazionale|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|last=Bandini|first=Nicky|date=7 May 2014|access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="Profiles">{{cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/257739/inter-milan-squad-profiles|title=Inter Milan – Squad Profiles|publisher=ESPN FC|date=11 February 2003|access-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> During his last few seasons, he started in over 30 games despite being in his late 30s. As a captain for both his club and international sides, he was well-respected by both fans and the opposition for his leadership, calm demeanor and conduct both on and off the pitch; in his entire 22-year career, he only received two red cards.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/3276/serie-a/2014/05/06/4799424/the-legend-with-no-enemies-is-javier-zanetti-the-most|title=The legend with no enemies: Is Javier Zanetti the most respected footballer ever|work=Goal.com|last=Garganese|first=Carlo?|date=6 May 2014|access-date=10 May 2014}}</ref>

Zanetti was a quick, strong and physically fit player in his prime, with outstanding physical attributes, excellent ball control, [[Dribbling#Association football|dribbling]], technical ability and acceleration.<ref name="tuttomercatoweb.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/altre-notizie/inter-normal-man-elogio-a-capitan-zanetti-192426|title=Inter: Normal-man, elogio a capitan Zanetti|publisher=TuttoMercatoWeb.com|language=it|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> Defensively, he excelled at reading the game, and he was a good ball-winner and man-marker, although he was also effective at distributing the ball to teammates, due to his passing range and vision.<ref name="archiviostorico.corriere.it">{{cite web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1996/novembre/04/Javier_raggio_laser_che_scardina_co_0_9611048907.shtml|title=Javier, un raggio laser che scardina le difese|work=Il Corriere della Sera|language=it|date=4 November 1996|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> A two-way and two-footed player, he excelled at playing on either flank, where he was capable of advancing into more offensive positions to [[Cross (football)|cross]] balls for teammates. He also possessed an accurate shot from distance. During his later years at Inter, he was known to have developed a formidable partnership with fellow full-back Maicon, leading the club to win several titles.<ref name="tuttomercatoweb.com"/>

Zanetti began his career as a [[winger (association football)|right offensive winger]],<ref name="archiviostorico.corriere.it"/> but was later moved back into midfield, where he became a tactically intelligent and versatile player, who was capable of playing anywhere in [[midfielder|midfield]] or in [[Defender (association football)|defence]]. He was primarily used as a [[wide midfielder]] or as a [[Full-back (association football)|full-back]] or [[Wing-back (association football)|wing-back]] on either flank throughout his career, although he has also been deployed as a [[central defender]], [[Sweeper (association football)|sweeper]], or as a [[Central midfielder|central]] or [[defensive midfielder]]. He was even deployed in more [[Forward (association football)|offensive]] roles on occasion.<ref name="Profiles"/><ref name="tuttomercatoweb.com"/> Zanetti has been praised for his determination, consistency, and work-rate, as well as his discipline and longevity, which he has attributed to his diligence in training sessions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcinter1908.it/in-evidenza/javier-zanetti-il-mio-segreto-la-costanza-16587|title=Javier Zanetti: "Il mio segreto? La costanza"|publisher=F.C. Inter 1908|language=it|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021082102/http://www.fcinter1908.it/in-evidenza/javier-zanetti-il-mio-segreto-la-costanza-16587|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcinternews.it/news/cassano-su-zanetti-in-campo-fino-a-60-anni-lui-95126|title=Cassano su Zanetti: "In campo fino a 60 anni! Lui..."|publisher=F.C. Inter News|language=it|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportpaper.it/calcio/inter/paula-zanetti-javier-ha-ancora-voglia-di-giocare-linter-e-la-nostra-famiglia/|title=Paula Zanetti: "Javier ha ancora voglia di giocare. L'Inter è la nostra famiglia"|publisher=sportpapaer.it|language=it|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225220002/http://www.sportpaper.it/calcio/inter/paula-zanetti-javier-ha-ancora-voglia-di-giocare-linter-e-la-nostra-famiglia/|archive-date=25 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
On 23 December 1999, Zanetti married his long-time girlfriend Paula de la Fuente, the daughter of a university lecturer.<ref name="Paula">{{cite web|url=https://www.ladyblitz.it/celebrity-2/javier-zanetti-chi-e-paula-moglie-del-calciatore-foto-1627289/|title=Javier Zanetti, chi è Paula, moglie del calciatore FOTO|trans-title=Javier Zanetti, who is Paula, the wife of the footballer Photo|publisher=Lady Blitz|language=it|date=26 May 2016|access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> They met when he was 19 and she was 14 and dated for seven years prior to their marriage. They live near [[Lake Como]], and they also own a restaurant called El Gaucho in Milan in the Navigli district, a popular tourist area.<ref name="Paula"/> Paula currently works as a photographer. The couple have a daughter, Sol (born 11 June 2005), and two sons, Ignacio (born 27 July 2008) and Tomás (born 9 May 2012).<ref name="Paula"/>

Zanetti's mother, Violeta Bonazzola, died from a heart attack hours after Inter's triumph in [[2011 Coppa Italia final]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/36610|title=Inter's condolences for Javier Zanetti|publisher=inter.it|date=30 May 2011|access-date=13 March 2019|archive-date=16 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716082922/http://www.inter.it/en/news/36610|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has published two autobiographies: ''Capitano e gentiluomo'' in 2010 and ''Giocare da uomo'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite book|title=Capitano e gentiluomo|id={{ASIN|8817044563|country=it}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Giocare da uomo. La mia vita raccontata a Gianni Riotta|id={{ASIN|8804633514|country=it}}}}</ref>

Zanetti is a devout Catholic. Upon [[Papal conclave, 2013|the 2013 election]] of fellow Argentine [[Pope Francis]], Zanetti was invited to [[Vatican City|the Vatican]] for an audience with him.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pope Francis has divided loyalties in Italy-Argentina soccer match|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2013/08/13/pope-francis-has-divided-loyalties-in-italy-argentina-soccer-match/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817021401/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2013/08/13/pope-francis-has-divided-loyalties-in-italy-argentina-soccer-match|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 August 2013|work=[[Reuters]]|date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=After 18 years and 847 games, is it the end for Inter's Javier Zanetti?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/apr/29/javier-zanetti-inter-serie-a|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=29 April 2013}}</ref>

{{blockquote|I must admit that [what] I feel at this moment is especially a thrill for all of us Argentines. [I] do not know him personally, but it is a Pope who has lived in Buenos Aires, very humble and always always close to our people. Faith is so important in the world and us we are all close. I had the good fortune to meet Pope Ratzinger and now I expect to have the 'opportunity to meet the new national pope, it would be a great thrill for me and my whole family. [I] wish him all the best and again, for all of us as people of Argentina [it] is a great feeling.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.inter.it/it/news/61819|title=L'INTER FELICE PREGA INSIEME A PAPA FRANCESCO|work=inter.it|date=13 March 2013|access-date=13 March 2013|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317004615/http://www.inter.it/it/news/61819|archive-date=17 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

Zanetti is a close friend of Dutch footballer [[Wesley Sneijder]], whom he inspired to convert to Catholicism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/20190/dutch-soccer-player-who-scored-winning-goal-against-brazil-is-catholic-convert|title=Dutch soccer player who scored winning goal against Brazil is Catholic convert|agency=Catholic News Agency}}</ref>

Zanetti's elder brother [[Sergio Zanetti|Sergio]] is a former football defender. Javier Zanetti is not related to [[Cristiano Zanetti]], an Italian who played alongside him for five seasons at Inter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcinternews.it/news/javier-vs-cristiano-riecco-la-sfida-fra-gli-zanetti-11032|title=Javier vs Cristiano, riecco la sfida fra gli Zanetti|trans-title=Javier vs Cristiano, again the duel between the Zanettis|publisher=fcinternews.it|language=it|author=Fabrizio Romano|date=29 November 2009|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref>

In 2007, Zanetti collaborated with Italian singer [[Mina (Italian singer)|Mina]] in a Spanish cover of the song "[[Parole parole]]", found in the album ''[[Todavía (album)|Todavía]]''.

=== Charity work ===
[[File:Javier Zanetti FC Internazionale 3.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Zanetti in 2011]]
Zanetti is [[FIFA]] ambassador for the [[SOS Children's Villages]] project in Argentina,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.inter.it/en/news/22868|title=J.ZANETTI NEW FIFA AMBASSADOR FOR SOS|publisher=Inter.it|date=4 May 2006|access-date=7 June 2007|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702084159/http://www.inter.it/en/news/22868|url-status=dead}}</ref> and has declared his support for the Mexican [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation|Zapatista rebels]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4537859.stm|title=Zapatista rebels woo Inter Milan|work=BBC News|date=11 May 2005|access-date=6 May 2010}}</ref>

==== Fundación PUPI ====
Zanetti has also shown social conscience when in response to Argentina's [[December 2001 riots in Argentina|economic crisis of 2001]], which threw millions of people into poverty, Zanetti, with his wife Paula, created the [[Fundación PUPI]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundacionpupi.org/|title=::FUNDACION PUPI:: BIENVENIDOS::|website=fundacionpupi.org}}</ref> in Argentina for the social integration of poor children. The aim of the organization is to help children who were left impoverished by the country's economic crisis by giving them educational opportunities, as well as taking care of their nutritional requirements. He explained:

{{blockquote|When I look back to my childhood, many concrete scenes come to my mind, good ones and bad ones. I had a difficult childhood, and even though I don't live in my country at present, I'm well aware of what's going on there and the devastating effect it's having on our poorest children. I've always believed that our public actions need to take account of our social responsibility,}}
Zanetti, along with his compatriot [[Esteban Cambiasso]], founded this charity association to help coach young children with social isolation problems and motor coordination difficulties. Zanetti said that "this spirit lies at the base of all of Inter's initiatives for youngsters:"<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=27374&L=en&IDINI=27384| title = Cambiasso, Zanetti: "Only Inter counts"| publisher = Inter.it| date = 14 September 2007| access-date = 2007-10-10| archive-date = 13 November 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071113051424/http://inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=27374&L=en&IDINI=27384| url-status = dead}}</ref>

=== Media ===
[[File:Francesco Ippolito - Javier Zanetti.jpg|thumb|200px|Francesco Ippolito and Javier Zanetti at the presentation of the book Le maglie dell'Inter in 2023]]
In 2015 Zanetti was the subject of ''[[Zanetti Story]]'', a documentary film by Simone Scafidi and Carlo A. Sigon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lastampa.it/alessandria/2015/02/17/news/l-epopea-di-javier-zanetti-e-un-romanziere-inesistente-1.35295642/|title=L'epopea di Javier Zanetti e un romanziere inesistente|author=Brunello Vescovi|date=17 February 2015|language=Italian}}</ref>

Zanetti is featured in [[EA Sports]]' [[FIFA (video game series)|''FIFA'' football video game series]]; he was included in the Ultimate Team Legends in ''[[FIFA 16]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/news/2015/fifa-16-ratings-new-legends|title=FIFA 16 Player Ratings – New Legends|publisher=EA Sports|date=5 September 2015|access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref>

In 2023, Zanetti wrote the foreword to the official Inter book ''Le maglie dell'Inter'', authored by [[Francesco Ippolito]]. The volume, reissued in 2025, is an encyclopedic collection that documents all the kits worn throughout the history of Inter Milan since its founding in 1908.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inter.it/it/notizie/libro-le-maglie-dell-inter|title="Le maglie dell'Inter": il nuovo libro ufficiale|date=6 March 2023|language=it|publisher = [[Inter Milan|Inter.it]]|access-date =20 May 2025}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref>{{cite news|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/javier-zanetti/3975/|title=Argentina – J. Zanetti – Profile with news, career statistics and history|work=Soccerway|date=9 June 2016|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental{{refn|group=nb|Includes [[UEFA Champions League]] and [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]].}}
!colspan="2"|Other{{refn|group=nb|Includes [[Serie A]] play-offs, [[Supercoppa Italiana]], [[UEFA Super Cup]] and [[FIFA Club World Cup]].}}
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|[[Talleres de Remedios de Escalada|Talleres]]
|[[1992–93 in Argentine football|1992–93]]
|[[Primera Nacional]]
|33||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||33||1
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Club Atlético Banfield|Banfield]]
|[[1993–94 Argentine Primera División|1993–94]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]]
|37||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||37||1
|-
|[[1994–95 Argentine Primera División|1994–95]]
|29||3||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||29||3
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!66!!4!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!66!!4
|-
|rowspan="20"|[[Inter Milan]]
|[[1995–96 Inter Milan season|1995–96]]
|rowspan=19|[[Serie A]]
|32||2||5||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||39||2
|-
|[[1996–97 Inter Milan season|1996–97]]
|33||3||5||1||12||0||colspan="2"|—||50||4
|-
|[[1997–98 Inter Milan season|1997–98]]
|28||0||4||0||9||2||colspan="2"|—||41||2
|-
|[[1998–99 Inter Milan season|1998–99]]
|34||3||5||0|||9|||1|||2|||0||50||4
|-
|[[1999–2000 Inter Milan season|1999–2000]]
|34||1||8||1||colspan="2"|—||1||0||43||2
|-
|[[2000–01 Inter Milan season|2000–01]]
|29||0||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|—||34||0
|-
|[[2001–02 Inter Milan season|2001–02]]
|33||0||1||1||10||1||colspan="2"|—||44||2
|-
|[[2002–03 Inter Milan season|2002–03]]
||34||1||1||0||18||0||colspan="2"|—||53||1
|-
||[[2003–04 Inter Milan season|2003–04]]
||34||0||5||0||12||0||colspan="2"|—||51||0
|-
|[[2004–05 Inter Milan season|2004–05]]
|35||0||3||0||11||0||colspan="2"|—||49||0
|-
|[[2005–06 Inter Milan season|2005–06]]
|25||0||5||0||8||0||1||0||39||0
|-
|[[2006–07 Inter Milan season|2006–07]]
|37||1|||4|||0||8||0||1||0||50||1
|-
|[[2007–08 Inter Milan season|2007–08]]
|38||1||4||0||8||0||1||0||51||1
|-
|[[2008–09 Inter Milan season|2008–09]]
|38||0||4||0||8||0||1||0||51||0
|-
|[[2009–10 Inter Milan season|2009–10]]
|37||0||4||0||13||0||1||0||55||0
|-
|[[2010–11 Inter Milan season|2010–11]]
|35||0||5||0||8||1||4||1||52||2
|-
|[[2011–12 Inter Milan season|2011–12]]
|34||0||2||0||8||0||1||0||45||0
|-
|[[2012–13 Inter Milan season|2012–13]]
|33||0||4||0||11||0||colspan="2"|—||48||0
|-
|[[2013–14 Inter Milan season|2013–14]]
|12||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||13||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!615!!12!!71!!3!!159!!5!!13!!1!!858!!21
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!714!!17!!71!!3!!159!!5!!13!!1!!957!!26
|}

=== International ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by national team and year<ref name="NFT player">{{NFT player|307|name=Javier Zanetti}}</ref><ref name="RSSSF – Century of International Appearances – Javier Zanetti">{{cite web |title=Javier Adelmar Zanetti – Century of International Appearances |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/zanetti-intl.html |language=en |website=[[RSSSF]] |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517150456/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/zanetti-intl.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="18"|[[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]
|1994||3||0
|-
|1995||15||1
|-
|1996||6||0
|-
|1997||4||0
|-
|1998||9||2
|-
|1999||11||0
|-
|2000||7||0
|-
|2001||9||0
|-
|2002||6||0
|-
|2003||8||1
|-
|2004||14||1
|-
|2005||10||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||15||0
|-
|2008||11||0
|-
|2009||8||0
|-
|2010||2||0
|-
|2011||7||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total!!145!!5
|}

:''Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zanetti goal.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of international goals scored by Javier Zanetti<ref name="NFT player"/><ref name="RSSSF – Century of International Appearances – Javier Zanetti"/><ref name="MedioTiempo – Javier Zanetti"/>
|-
!scope="col"|No.
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Venue
!scope="col"|Cap
!scope="col"|Opponent
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col"|Competition
|-
| align="center"|1
| 22 June 1995 || [[Estadio Malvinas Argentinas]], [[Mendoza, Argentina]] || 11 || {{fb|Slovakia}} || align="center"|2–0 || align="center"|6–0 || rowspan="2"|[[Exhibition match|Friendly]]
|-
| align="center"|2
| 14 May 1998 || [[Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes]], [[Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba]], Argentina || 28 || {{fb|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || align="center"|3–0 || align="center"|5–0
|-
| align="center"|3
| 30 June 1998 || [[Stade Geoffroy-Guichard]], [[Saint-Étienne]], France || 34 || {{fb|England}} || align="center"|2–2 || align="center"|2–2 || [[1998 FIFA World Cup#Round of 16|1998 FIFA World Cup]]
|-
| align="center"|4
| 8 June 2003 || [[Nagai Stadium]], [[Osaka]], Japan || 70 || {{fb|Japan}} || align="center"|2–1 || align="center"|4–1 || [[Kirin Cup#2003 Kirin Cup|2003 Kirin Cup]]
|-
| align="center"|5
| 9 October 2004 || [[Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti|El Monumental]], [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina || 88 || {{fb|Uruguay}} || align="center"|3–0 || align="center"|4–2 || [[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|}

== Honours ==
'''Inter Milan'''<ref name=SW>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/javier-zanetti/3975/|title=J. Zanetti|work=Soccerway|access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref>
*[[Serie A]]: [[2005–06 Serie A|2005–06]], [[2006–07 Serie A|2006–07]], [[2007–08 Serie A|2007–08]], [[2008–09 Serie A|2008–09]], [[2009–10 Serie A|2009–10]]
*[[Coppa Italia]]: [[2004–05 Coppa Italia|2004–05]], [[2006 Coppa Italia final|2005–06]], [[2010 Coppa Italia final|2009–10]], [[2011 Coppa Italia final|2010–11]]
*[[Supercoppa Italiana]]: [[2005 Supercoppa Italiana|2005]], [[2006 Supercoppa Italiana|2006]], [[2008 Supercoppa Italiana|2008]], [[2010 Supercoppa Italiana|2010]]
*[[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2010 UEFA Champions League final|2009–10]]
*[[UEFA Cup]]: [[1998 UEFA Cup final|1997–98]]
*[[FIFA Club World Cup]]: [[2010 FIFA Club World Cup final|2010]]

'''Argentina'''
*[[Pan American Games]] Gold Medal: [[1995 Pan American Games|1995]]<ref name=SW/>
*[[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] Silver Medal: [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996]]

'''Individual'''

*[[FIFA 100]]<ref>{{cite news| url = http://home.skysports.com/list.aspx?hlid=189225&plid=7321&clid=&cpid=219| archive-url = https://archive.today/20070929123534/http://home.skysports.com/list.aspx?hlid=189225&plid=7321&clid=&cpid=219| url-status = dead| archive-date = 29 September 2007| title = Pelé names his top 100 players| publisher = Skysports.com| date = 4 March 2004| access-date = 2007-07-11}}</ref>
*Pirata d'Oro (Inter Milan Player of the Year): 1996<ref>{{cite web |author=Inter.it staff, inter(a t)inter.it |url=http://inter.it/aas/news/reader?L=en&N=24665&stringa=%22player%20of%20the%20year%22 |title=F.C. Internazionale Milano |publisher=Inter.it |date=17 November 2006 |access-date=14 October 2017 |archive-date=19 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819174527/http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?L=en&N=24665&stringa=%22player%20of%20the%20year%22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[https://www.theguardian.com/football/the-gentleman-ultra/2018/aug/31/serie-a-team-of-the-1990s The Guardian: The Serie A Team of the 1990s]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ultra |first=The Gentleman |date=2018-08-31 |title=The Serie A team of the 1990s |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/the-gentleman-ultra/2018/aug/31/serie-a-team-of-the-1990s |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
*[[Pallone d'Argento]]: 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ussi.it/2016/a-florenzi-il-pallone-dargento-coppa-giaime-fiumano/|title=A Florenzi il "Pallone d'Argento" Coppa Giaimè Fiumano|publisher=ussi.it|language=it|date=8 May 2016|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref>
*[[Copa América]] Team of the Tournament: [[Copa America 2004|2004]][[Copa America 2007|, 2007]]
*[[FIFA FIFPro World XI]] Nominee 2005, 2008, 2010<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fifpro.org/en/news/55-players-shortlisted-for-fifa-fifpro-world-xi-2010 |title=55 players shortlisted for FIFA FIFPro World XI 2010 – FIFPro World Players' Union |access-date=5 March 2015 |archive-date=23 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523075131/http://fifpro.org/en/news/55-players-shortlisted-for-fifa-fifpro-world-xi-2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fifpro.org/en/events/world-xi/players?sortname2=2005 |title=The Players – Players – FIFPro World Players' Union |access-date=5 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133112/http://www.fifpro.org/en/events/world-xi/players?sortname2=2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[UEFA Team of the Year]] (Five-Time Nominee): 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://it.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=29332/profile/index.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711170455/http://it.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=29332/profile/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2012|title=Javier Zanetti|publisher=UEFA|language=it|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref>
*[[Premio Nazionale Carriera Esemplare "Gaetano Scirea"]]: 2010<ref>{{cite web|title=Premio Nazionale Carriera Esemplare Gaetano Scirea: Alba d'Oro|url=http://www.comune.cinisello-balsamo.mi.it/sitospip/spip.php?article12043|access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref>
*[[Konex Award]] Merit Diploma as One of the Five Best Football Players of the Last Decade in Argentina: 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fundacionkonex.org/b4240-javier-zanetti|title=Javier Zanetti – Premio Konex: Diploma al Mérito 2010|language=es}}</ref>
*[[Golden Foot]]: 2011, as [[Golden Foot Legends Award|Football Legend]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenfoot.com/en/legends/item/306-javier-zanetti.html|title=Golden Foot – Javier Zanetti|access-date=1 March 2015|publisher=Goldenfoot.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209071925/http://goldenfoot.com/en/legends/item/306-javier-zanetti.html|archive-date=9 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Premio Internazionale Giacinto Facchetti]]: 2012<ref>{{cite web|title=Zanetti nel nome di Facchetti Il bello del calcio è il Capitano|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Inter/10-11-2012/a-zanetti-premio-facchetti-bello-calcio-capitano-913172226064.shtml|access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref>
*[[Gran Galà del Calcio AIC Loyalty Award]]: 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/sport/13_gennaio_28/pirlo-miglior-giocatore-oscar-calcio_2ee79a92-68ed-11e2-b978-d7c19854ae83.shtml|title=Oscar del calcio, Pirlo giocatore dell'anno|work=Il Corriere della Sera|language=it|date=28 January 2013|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref>
*Number '''4''' Retired by [[Inter Milan]] as a Recognition to His Career at the Club<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/jun/30/internazionale-retire-no4-shirt-honour-javier-zanetti "Internazionale retire No4 shirt in honour of Javier Zanetti", ''The Guardian'', 30 June 2014]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italian-football/2014/06/30/4925488/inter-make-zanetti-vice-president-retire-no4-jersey|title=Inter make Zanetti vice-president and retire No.4 jersey - Thohir |first=Peter|last=McVitie|website=goal.com}}</ref>
*Premio Gentleman Platinum Career Award: 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiogentleman.it/premio-gentleman-story/javier-zanetti-story/|title=Javier Zanetti Story|date=6 February 2015|publisher=Premio Gentleman|language=it|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref>
*[[Argentine Football Association|AFA Team of All Time]] (Published 2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=La Selección de Todos los Tiempos |trans-title=The Team of All Time |publisher=Argentine Football Association |language=es |date=4 January 2016 |url=http://www.afa.com.ar/3023/la-seleccion-de-todos-los-tiempos |access-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814210638/http://www.afa.com.ar/3023/la-seleccion-de-todos-los-tiempos |archive-date=14 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Globe Soccer Player Career Award]]: [[Globe Soccer Awards#2016|2016]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globesoccer.com/awards/walloffame/#filter=.winners-2016|title=Wall of Fame|website=GlobeSoccer}}</ref>
*[[Inter Milan Hall of Fame]]: 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inter.it/it/news/86203/hall-of-fame-ecco-i-4-vincitori-della-prima-edizione |title=HALL OF FAME, ECCO I 4 VINCITORI DELLA PRIMA EDIZIONE |publisher=Inter.it |language=it |date=9 March 2018 |access-date=30 May 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142637/https://www.inter.it/it/news/86203/hall-of-fame-ecco-i-4-vincitori-della-prima-edizione |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Italian Football Hall of Fame]]: 2018<ref name="2018-SerieAHoF">{{cite web|url=https://www.figc.it/it/formazione-ed-eventi/news/totti-zanetti-e-allegri-tra-i-premiati-dell-8-edizione-della-hall-of-fame-del-calcio-italiano/|title=Totti, Zanetti e Allegri tra i premiati dell'8ª edizione della 'Hall of Fame del calcio italiano'|publisher=FIGC.it|language=it|date=19 February 2019|access-date=20 May 2019|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116220807/https://www.figc.it/it/formazione-ed-eventi/news/totti-zanetti-e-allegri-tra-i-premiati-dell-8-edizione-della-hall-of-fame-del-calcio-italiano/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics|IFFHS]] Argentina All Times Dream Team: 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/1239|title=IFFHS ALL TIME ARGENTINA MEN'S DREAM TEAM|date=26 August 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps]]
* [[List of men's footballers with the most official appearances]]

== References ==

;Notes
{{reflist|group=nb}}
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://www.javierzanetti.com/}}
*{{NFT|307}}
*{{WorldFootball.net|javier-zanetti}}
*{{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711061731/http://www.futbolpunto.com/jugadores/Javier-Adelmar-Zanetti |date=11 July 2011 |title=Profile at FutbolPunto with maps and graphs }}
*{{BDFA|2605}}
*[https://www.inter.it/en/archivio_giocatore/G0683/javier-zanetti Player profile at Inter's official website] – inter.it
*{{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040418080518/http://www2.afa.uolsinectis.com.ar/Seleccion_Nacional/Mayores/Equipos/Jugadores.htm?Op=101&Cod_Jugador=39 |date=18 April 2004 |title=Javier Zanetti's international profile – AFA }}
*[http://www.fundacionpupi.org Official site of the '''PUPI Foundation'''] – FundacionPUPI.org, founded by Javier and Paula Zanetti

{{s-start}}
{{s-sports}}
{{succession box|title=[[Inter Milan]] captain|before=[[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]]|after= [[Andrea Ranocchia]]|years=2001–2014}}
{{s-end}}

{{Navboxes
|title=Awards
|bg=gold
|fg=navy
|list1=
{{2004 Copa América Team of the Tournament}}
{{2007 Copa América Team of the Tournament}}
{{Pirata d'Oro}}
{{FIFA 100}}
{{UEFA Champions League Winning Captains}}
{{FIFA Club World Cup winning captains}}
{{Premio Scirea}}
{{Golden Foot Legends Award}}
{{Italian Football Hall of Fame}}
{{Inter Milan Hall of Fame}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Argentina squads
|bg= #6AB5FF
|fg= white
|bordercolor= silver
|list1=
{{Argentina squad 1995 King Fahd Cup}}
{{Argentina squad 1995 Copa América}}
{{Argentina men's football squad 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{{Argentina squad 1998 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Argentina squad 1999 Copa América}}
{{Argentina squad 2002 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Argentina squad 2004 Copa América}}
{{Argentina squad 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup}}
{{Argentina squad 2007 Copa América}}
{{Argentina squad 2011 Copa América}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zanetti, Javier}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
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[[Category:Footballers from Buenos Aires Province]]
[[Category:Argentine sportspeople of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Argentine Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Argentine men's footballers]]
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[[Category:Men's association football fullbacks]]
[[Category:Talleres de Remedios de Escalada footballers]]
[[Category:Club Atlético Banfield footballers]]
[[Category:Inter Milan players]]
[[Category:Argentine Primera División players]]
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[[Category:UEFA Europa League–winning players]]
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[[Category:Argentina men's international footballers]]
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[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Argentina]]
[[Category:1995 King Fahd Cup players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1995 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:1995 Copa América players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:1999 Copa América players]]
[[Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:2004 Copa América players]]
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[[Category:FIFA Men's Century Club]]
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[[Category:Argentine expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Italy]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ambrogino d'oro]]
[[Category:Association football players with retired numbers]]
[[Category:20th-century Argentine sportsmen]]
[[Category:21st-century Argentine sportsmen]]

Saltwater (Julian Lennon song)

2025-06-15T18:22:46Z

219.89.68.193:

{{Short description|1991 single by Julian Lennon}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Saltwater
| cover = Julian Lennon Saltwater single cover.jpg
| type = single
| artist = [[Julian Lennon]]
| album = [[Help Yourself (Julian Lennon album)|Help Yourself]]
| B-side =
* "Rebel King"
* "Cre que voy a llorar"
* "Mother Mary"
| released = {{start date|df=yes|1991|08|12}}
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = 
| length = 3:46
| label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
| writer =
* Julian Lennon
* Mark Spiro
* Leslie Spiro
| producer = [[Bob Ezrin]]
| prev_title = You're the One
| prev_year = 1989
| next_title = Help Yourself
| next_year = 1991
| misc = {{External music video|{{ubl|{{YouTube|ql1EnjVYrZM|"Saltwater" (1991)}}|{{YouTube|F4AXdRtr_UQ|"Saltwater 25"}}}}}}
}}

"'''Saltwater'''" is a song by English singer-songwriter [[Julian Lennon]]. It was written by Lennon, [[Mark Spiro]], and Leslie Spiro. Originally released on Lennon's fourth album, ''[[Help Yourself (Julian Lennon album)|Help Yourself]]'' (1991), the single was released in August 1991 by [[Virgin Records]]. It peaked at number six in the United Kingdom in October 1991 and topped the Australian [[ARIA Singles Chart]] for four weeks in March 1992. "Saltwater" was the 14th-highest-selling single of 1992 in Australia, where it is certified [[List of music recording certifications|platinum]].

In 2016, Lennon rerecorded the song as "Saltwater 25" on 14 December 2016 saying that a proportion of the proceeds would go to The White Feather Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.julianlennon.com/saltwater-25-released/|title=Saltwater 25 Released|website=Julian Lennon|date=14 December 2016 |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

==Background==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2019}}
Unlike most of Lennon's previous songs, "Saltwater" combines subtle melodies with gentle vocals to bring forward the issues of environmental conservation and world poverty. The lyrics juxtapose many hypothetical aspects of the cosmos and alleged feats of human civilisation with the death of the natural world, constantly emphasising the passing of time — "Time is not a friend, 'cos friends we're out of time".

The recording features a lead guitar solo in the style of [[George Harrison]]. Lennon originally wrote a guitar solo for the song. At the suggestion of his producer Bob Ezrin, he then contacted Harrison to play the solo instead. Harrison was busy at the time consoling [[Eric Clapton]] whose son had recently died. He recorded a couple of riffs and sent them back to Lennon. Guitar player [[Steve Hunter]] then played the actual solo on the song, combining elements of both Lennon's and Harrison's solos. In the liner notes for the ''Help Yourself'' album, Harrison is given special thanks.

==Track listings==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* '''CD single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Saltwater|others=[[Julian Lennon]]|year=1991|type=UK CD single disc notes|publisher=[[Virgin Records]]|id=VSCDT 1361, 664 639}}</ref>
# "Saltwater" – 3:46
# "Rebel King" – 4:30
# "Cre que voy a llorar" – 4:07
# "Mother Mary" – 4:53

* '''12-inch single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Saltwater|others=Julian Lennon|year=1991|type=UK & European 12-inch single vinyl disc|publisher=Virgin Records|id=VST 1361, 614 639}}</ref>
:A1. "Saltwater" – 4:07
:B1. "Rebel King" (edit) – 4:30
:B2. "Creo que voy a llorar" – 4:07

* '''7-inch and cassette single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Saltwater|others=Julian Lennon|year=1991|type=UK & European 7-inch single sleeve|publisher=Virgin Records|id=VS 1361, 114 639}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Saltwater|others=Julian Lennon|year=1991|type=UK cassette single sleeve|publisher=Virgin Records|id=VSC 1361}}</ref>
:A. "Saltwater" – 3:46
:B. "Rebel King" (edit) – 4:30
{{col-2}}
* '''Australian CD and cassette EP'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Saltwater|others=Julian Lennon|year=1991|type=Australian CD EP liner notes|publisher=Virgin Records|id=VOZCD 130}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Saltwater|others=Julian Lennon|year=1991|type=Australian cassette EP sleeve|publisher=Virgin Records|id=VOZC 130}}</ref>
# "Saltwater"
# "[[Now You're in Heaven]]"
# "[[Too Late for Goodbyes]]"
# "Say You're Wrong"
# "Rebel King" (edit)

* '''Japanese mini-CD single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Saltwater|others=Julian Lennon|year=1991|type=Japanese mini-CD single liner notes|publisher=Virgin Records|id=VJDP-10176}}</ref>
# "Saltwater"
# "Mother Mary"
{{col-end}}

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Chart (1991–1992)
!Peak position
|-
{{single chart|Australia|1|artist=Julian Lennon|song=Saltwater|rowheader=true|access-date=21 October 2019}}
|-
{{single chart|Flanders|18|artist=Julian Lennon|song=Saltwater|rowheader=true|access-date=21 October 2019}}
|-
{{single chart|Canadatopsingles|98|chartid=1690|rowheader=true|access-date=21 October 2019}}
|-
!scope="row"|Europe ([[European Hot 100 Singles|Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1991/MM-1991-10-26.pdf|title=Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=8|issue=43|page=33|date=26 October 1991|access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref>
|9
|-
{{single chart|Germany|58|artist=Julian Lennon|song=Saltwater|songid=7107|rowheader=true|access-date=21 October 2019}}
|-
{{single chart|Ireland2|5|song=Saltwater|rowheader=true|access-date=21 October 2019}}
|-
{{single chart|Dutch40|15|year=1991|week=42|rowheader=true|access-date=21 October 2019}}
|-
{{single chart|Dutch100|15|artist=Julian Lennon|song=Saltwater|rowheader=true|access-date=21 October 2019}}
|-
{{single chart|UK|6|date=19911012|rowheader=true|access-date=21 October 2019}}
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Chart (1991)
!Position
|-
!scope="row"|Europe (European Hit Radio)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1991/MM-1991-12-21.pdf|title=EHR Year-End Top 100|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=8|issue=51–52|page=20|date=21 December 1991|access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
|40
|-
!scope="row"|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite magazine|title=1991 Top 100 Singles|magazine=Music Week|location=London, England|page=20|date=11 January 1992}}</ref>
|41
|}
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Chart (1992)
!Position
|-
!scope="row"|Australia (ARIA)<ref name="ausye">{{cite web|url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/1992/singles-chart|title=1992 ARIA Singles Chart|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]|access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref>
|14
|}
{{col-end}}

==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=1991|certyear=1992|certref=<ref name="ausye"/>|access-date=21 October 2019}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true}}

==Release history==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"|Region
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Format(s)
!scope="col"|Label(s)
!scope="col"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row"|United Kingdom
|12 August 1991
|{{hlist|7-inch vinyl|12-inch vinyl|CD}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
|<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1991/MW-1991-08-10.pdf|title=New Releases: Singles|magazine=[[Music Week]]|page=19|date=10 August 1991|access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Japan
|21 September 1991
|Mini-CD
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/86864/products/298521/1/|title=ソルト・ウォーター {{!}} ジュリアン・レノン|trans-title=Saltwater {{!}} Julian Lennon|publisher=[[Oricon]]|language=ja|access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref>
|}

==Covers==
An instrumental version of this song was recorded by [[Chet Atkins]] and [[Tommy Emmanuel]] on their album ''The Day Finger Pickers Took Over the World''. [[Anni-Frid Lyngstad]] from [[ABBA]] performed the song at the open-air gala concert "Artister för Miljö"<ref>Oldham, A, Calder, T & Irvin, C: "ABBA: The Name of the Game", p. 217. Sidgwick & Jackson, 1995</ref> and included her cover as a B-side on her single "Änglamark".

In 2023 Lennon's White Feather Foundation teamed up with Future Youth Records to record a cover version of 'Saltwater' featuring youth artists Sereena, Jenna Marie, Tausha and Hadron Sounds. The proceeds were split equally, with The White Feather Foundation's share going directly to the Save the Mirning Sea Country Campaign to help preserve critical biodiversity and protect a sacred Aboriginal culture and Future Youth Records' proceeds being used to support Gen Z artists to inspire environmental change and social justice through music.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Julian Lennon}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1991 singles]]
[[Category:Atlantic Records singles]]
[[Category:Environmental songs]]
[[Category:Julian Lennon songs]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Bob Ezrin]]
[[Category:Songs written by Julian Lennon]]
[[Category:Songs written by Mark Spiro]]
[[Category:Virgin Records singles]]

Gilgamesh

2025-06-15T02:22:02Z

219.89.68.193:

{{short description|Sumerian ruler and protagonist of the Epic of Gilgamesh}}
{{Other uses}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = Mesopotamian
| name = Gilgamesh {{nobold|{{langx|akk|{{cuneiform|6|𒀭𒄑𒂆𒈦}}|label=none}} {{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|4|𒀭𒄑𒉋𒂵𒎌}}|label=none}}}}
| title = King of [[Uruk]]
| image = Hero lion Dur-Sharrukin Louvre AO19862.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Possible representation of Gilgamesh as [[Master of Animals]], grasping a lion in his left arm and snake in his right hand, in an [[Assyrian palace relief]] (713–706 BC), from [[Dur-Sharrukin]], now held in the [[Louvre]]{{sfn|Delorme|1981|page=55}}
| reign = c. 2900–2700 BC ([[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|EDI]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=George |first1=A.R. |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian |date=2003 |publisher= Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14044919-8 |page=lxi |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eCZRK_61adMC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Isakhan |first1=Benjamin |title=Democracy in Iraq: History, Politics, Discourse |date=May 13, 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-31715309-2 |pages=200 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dwUpDAAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marchesi |first1= Gianni |title=Who Was Buried in the Royal Tombs of Ur? The Epigraphic and Textual Data |journal=Orientalia |date=2004 |volume=73 |issue=2 |page= 197}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Pournelle |first1=Jennifer |title= Marshland of Cities:Deltaic Landscapes and the Evolution of Early Mesopotamian Civilization |date=2003 |location=San Diego |url= https://www.academia.edu/843377 |page=268}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Pre-dynastic architecture (UA1 and UA2) | place = Berlin |url= http://www.artefacts-berlin.de/portfolio-item/pre-dynastic-architecture-ua1-and-ua2/ |website= Artefacts}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Dumuzid the Fisherman|Dumuzid]]
| consort =
| issue = [[Ur-Nungal]]
| father = [[Lugalbanda]] (in Sumerian poetry)
| mother = [[Ninsun]] (in Sumerian poetry)
| siblings =
| successor = [[Ur-Nungal]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|cuneiform}}

'''Gilgamesh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|l|ɡ|ə|m|ɛ|ʃ}},<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gilgamesh "Gilgamesh"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ɪ|l|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|m|ɛ|ʃ}};<ref>{{Cite book |last=George |first=Andrew R. |title=The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic – Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts |date=2010 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19814922-4 |edition= reprint |volume=1, 2 |location= Oxford |page=163 |language=en, akk |oclc= 819941336 |orig-year=2003}}</ref> {{langx|akk|{{cuneiform|6|[[wikt:Gilgāmeš|𒀭𒄑𒂆𒈦]]}}|translit=Gilgāmeš}}; originally {{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|4|𒀭𒄑𒉋𒂵𒎌}}|translit= Bilgames}})<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51668477|title=The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic: introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts |date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor-first=A. R. |editor-last=George|translator-first=A. R. |translator-last=George |isbn=0-19-814922-0|location=Oxford|pages=71–77|oclc= 51668477}}</ref>{{efn |The name translates roughly as "The Ancestor is a Young-man",<ref>{{Cite book |last= Hayes |first=J. L. |url= http://enenuru.net/pdfs/Hayes_Sumerian_Grammar_2000.pdf |title=A Manual of Sumerian Grammar and Texts |access-date=21 May 2018 | via = Enenuru |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180522111644/http://enenuru.net/pdfs/Hayes_Sumerian_Grammar_2000.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> from ''Bil.ga'' "Ancestor", Elder<ref name="Sum.Lexicon" />{{rp|33}} and ''Mes/Mesh3'' "Young-Man".<ref name= "Sum.Lexicon">{{Cite book |last= Halloran |first=J. |title= Sum. Lexicon}}</ref>{{rp|174}} See also {{cite book | publisher = University of Pennsylvania | url = http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd1/nepsd-frame.html | title = The Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary | access-date = 7 August 2014 | archive-date = 24 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180924044239/http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd1/nepsd-frame.html | url-status = dead }}.}} was a hero in [[Mesopotamian myths|ancient Mesopotamian mythology]] and the protagonist of the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', an [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] written in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] during the late 2nd millennium BC. He was possibly a historical king of the [[Sumer]]ian [[city-state]] of [[Uruk]], who was posthumously [[Apotheosis|deified]]. His rule probably would have taken place sometime in the beginning of the [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic Period]], {{circa}} 2900–2350 BC, though he became a major figure in Sumerian legend during the [[Third Dynasty of Ur]] ({{circa|2112|2004 BC}}).

Tales of Gilgamesh's legendary exploits are narrated in five surviving [[Epic of Gilgamesh#Sumerian poems|Sumerian poems]]. The earliest of these is likely "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld",<ref>{{Cite web|title= Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the nether world: translation | publisher = Oxford University |url= https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1814.htm|access-date=2021-03-18|website=etcsl}}</ref> in which Gilgamesh comes to the aid of the goddess [[Inanna]] and drives away the creatures infesting her ''huluppu'' tree. She gives him two unknown objects, a ''mikku'' and a ''pikku'', which he loses. After [[Enkidu]]'s death, his [[Shade (mythology)|shade]] tells Gilgamesh about the bleak conditions in the [[Ancient Mesopotamian underworld|Underworld]]. The poem ''[[Gilgamesh and Aga]]'' describes Gilgamesh's revolt against his overlord [[Aga of Kish]]. Other Sumerian poems relate Gilgamesh's defeat of the giant [[Humbaba|Huwawa]] and the [[Bull of Heaven]], while a fifth, poorly preserved poem relates the account of his death and funeral.

In later [[Babylonia]]n times, these stories were woven into a connected narrative. The standard Akkadian ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' was composed by a scribe named Sîn-lēqi-unninni, probably during the [[Kassites|Middle Babylonian Period]] ({{circa|1600|1155 BC}}), based on much older source material. In the epic, Gilgamesh is a [[demigod]] of superhuman strength who befriends the wild man [[Enkidu]]. Together, they embark on many journeys, most famously defeating [[Humbaba]] (Sumerian: Huwawa) and the [[Bull of Heaven]], who is sent to attack them by [[Inanna|Ishtar]] (Sumerian: Inanna) after Gilgamesh rejects her offer for him to become her consort. After Enkidu dies of a disease sent as punishment from the gods, Gilgamesh becomes afraid of his own death and visits the sage [[Utnapishtim]], the survivor of the [[Gilgamesh flood myth|Great Flood]], hoping to find [[immortality]]. Gilgamesh repeatedly fails the trials set before him and returns home to Uruk, realizing that immortality is beyond his reach.

Most scholars agree that the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' exerted substantial influence on the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', two epic poems written in [[ancient Greek]] during the 8th century BC.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} The story of Gilgamesh's birth is described in an anecdote in ''On the Nature of Animals'' by the Greek writer [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]] (2nd century AD). Aelian relates that Gilgamesh's grandfather kept his mother under guard to prevent her from becoming pregnant, because an oracle had told him that his grandson would overthrow him. She became pregnant and the guards threw the child off a tower, but an eagle rescued him mid-fall and delivered him safely to an orchard, where the gardener raised him.

The ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' was rediscovered in the [[Library of Ashurbanipal]] in 1849. After being translated in the early 1870s, it caused widespread controversy due to similarities between portions of it and the [[Hebrew Bible]]. Gilgamesh remained mostly obscure until the mid-20th century, but, since the late 20th century, he has become an increasingly prominent [[Gilgamesh in the arts and popular culture|figure in modern culture]].

==Name==
[[File:Archibald Sayce's and Theophilus Pinches' interpretation of the new name of Gilgamesh, in 1890.png|thumb|''Exit Gišțubar!'' [[Theophilus Pinches]]' 1890 publication of the correct name of Gilgamesh, which had previously been deciphered as Izdubar. This was followed by [[Archibald Sayce]] noting that the name had appeared in [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]]'s ''De Natura Animalium'' as {{Langx|grc-x-classic|Γίλγαμος|translit=Gilgamos}} in the early 200s CE.<ref name="Emmerich 2016 pp. 251–273">{{cite journal | last=Emmerich | first=Karen | title= "A message from the antediluvian age": The Modern Construction of the Ancient "Epic of Gilgamesh"| journal=Comparative Literature | publisher=[Duke University Press, University of Oregon] | volume=68 | issue=3 | year=2016 | issn=0010-4124 | jstor=44211304 | pages=251–273 | doi=10.1215/00104124-3631557 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44211304 | access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref>]]
The modern form "Gilgamesh" is a direct borrowing of the Akkadian {{cuneiform|6|[[wikt:Gilgāmeš|𒀭𒄑𒂆𒈦]]}}, rendered as ''Gilgāmeš''. The Assyrian form of the name derived from the earlier Sumerian form {{cuneiform|4|[[wikt:𒀭𒄑𒉋𒂵𒎌|𒀭𒄑𒉋𒂵𒎌]]}}, ''Bilgames''. It is generally concluded that the name itself translates as "the (kinsman) is a hero", though what type of "kinsman" was meant is a point of controversy. It is sometimes suggested that the Sumerian form of the name was pronounced ''Pabilgames'', reading the component ''bilga'' as ''pabilga'' ({{cuneiform|4|𒉺𒉋𒂵}}), a related term which described familial relations, but this is not supported by epigraphic or phonological evidence.<ref>Gonzalo Rubio. "Reading Sumerian Names, II: Gilgameš." ''Journal of Cuneiform Studies'', vol. 64, The American Schools of Oriental Research, 2012, pp. 3–16, https://doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.64.0003.</ref>

==Historical king==
[[File:Mesannepada seal drawing.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Seal impression of "[[Mesannepada]], king of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]]", excavated in the [[Royal Cemetery at Ur]] (U. 13607), dated circa 2600 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=H. R. |last2=Woolley |first2=Leonard |last3=Legrain |first3=Leon |title=Ur excavations |date=1900 |publisher=Trustees of the Two Museums by the aid of a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/urexcavations186385join/page/312 312] |url=https://archive.org/details/urexcavations186385join}}</ref><ref name="Image">Image of a Mesanepada seal in: {{cite book |last1=Legrain |first1=Léon |title=Ur Excavations |volume=III. Archaic Seal-Impressions|date=1936 |publisher=The Trustees of the Two Museums by the Aid of a Grant from the Carnagie Corporation of New York |page=44 seal 518 for description, Plate 30, seal 518 for image|url=http://www.etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/20144.pdf}}</ref> The seal shows Gilgamesh and the mythical bull between two lions, one of the lions biting him in the shoulder. On each side of this group appears [[Enkidu]] and a hunter-hero, with a long beard and a Kish-style headdress, armed with a dagger. Under the text, four runners with beard and long hair form a human [[swastika]]. They are armed with daggers and catch each other's foot.<ref name="Image"/>]]
Most historians generally agree that Gilgamesh was a historical king of the Sumerian city-state of [[Uruk]],{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}}{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=40}}{{sfn|Kramer|1963|pages=45–46}}{{sfn|Powell|2012|page=338}} who probably ruled sometime during the early part of the [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic Period]] ({{circa}} 2900–2350 BC).{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}}{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=40}} [[Stephanie Dalley]], a scholar of the ancient Near East, states that "precise dates cannot be given for the lifetime of Gilgamesh, but they are generally agreed to lie between 2800 and 2500 BC".{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=40}} An inscription, possibly belonging to a contemporary official under Gilgamesh, was discovered in the archaic texts at Ur;<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marchesi|first=Gianni|date=2004|title=Who Was Buried in the Royal Tombs of Ur? The Epigraphic and Textual Data|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43076896|journal=Orientalia|volume=73|issue=2|pages=153–197|jstor=43076896|issn=0030-5367}}</ref> his name reads: "Gilgameš is the one whom Utu has selected". Aside from this the [[Tummal Inscription]], a thirty-four-line [[Historiography|historiographic]] text written during the reign of [[Ishbi-Erra]] ({{circa|1953|1920 BC}}), also mentions him.{{sfn|Kramer|1963|pages=45–46}} The inscription credits Gilgamesh with building the walls of Uruk.{{sfn|Mark|2018}} Lines eleven through fifteen of the inscription read:

{{poemquote|
For a second time, the Tummal fell into ruin,
Gilgamesh built the Numunburra of the House of [[Enlil]].
Ur-lugal, the son of Gilgamesh,
Made the Tummal pre-eminent,
Brought [[Ninlil]] to the Tummal.{{sfn|Kramer|1963|page=46}}
}}
Gilgamesh is also connected to King [[Enmebaragesi]] of Kish, a known historical figure who may have lived near Gilgamesh's lifetime.{{sfn|Mark|2018}} Furthermore, he is listed as one of the kings of Uruk by the ''[[Sumerian King List]]''.{{sfn|Mark|2018}} Fragments of an epic text found in [[Mê-Turan]] (modern Tell Haddad) relate that upon his death Gilgamesh was buried under the river bed,{{sfn|Mark|2018}} and the workmen of Uruk temporarily diverted the flow of the [[Euphrates]] for this purpose.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2982891.stm |title=Gilgamesh tomb believed found |date=29 April 2003 |work=BBC News |access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Mark|2018}}

==Deification and legendary exploits==
===Sumerian poems===
[[File:Gilgamesh in a Sculptured Vase, Shara Temple, Tell Agrab, Iraq.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Sculpted scene depicting Gilgamesh wrestling with animals. From the Shara temple at [[Tell Agrab]], Diyala Region, Iraq. [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic Period]], 2600–2370 BC. On display at the [[National Museum of Iraq]] in [[Baghdad]].]]
[[File:Mace dedicated to Gigamesh-AO 3761 with transcription of the name Gilgamesh.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Mace dedicated to Gilgamesh, with transcription of the name Gilgamesh ({{cuneiform|6|𒀭𒉈𒂵𒈩}}) in standard Sumero-Akkadian [[cuneiform]], [[Ur III]] period, between 2112 and 2004 BC]]
It is certain that, during the later [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic Period]], Gilgamesh was worshiped as a god at various locations across Sumer.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}} In the 21st century BC, King [[Utu-hengal]] of Uruk adopted Gilgamesh as his patron deity.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}} The kings of the [[Third Dynasty of Ur]] ({{circa|2112|2004 BC}}) were especially fond of Gilgamesh,{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}}{{sfn|Mark|2018}} calling him their "divine brother" and "friend."{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}} King [[Shulgi]] of Ur (2029–1982 BC) declared himself the son of [[Lugalbanda]] and [[Ninsun]] and the brother of Gilgamesh.{{sfn|Mark|2018}} Over the centuries, there may have been a gradual accretion of stories about Gilgamesh, some possibly derived from the real lives of other historical figures, such as [[Gudea]], the Second Dynasty ruler of [[Lagash]] (2144–2124 BC).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandars |first=N.K. |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh |date=1972 |publisher=Penguin |chapter=Introduction |author-link=N.K. Sandars}}</ref> Prayers inscribed on clay tablets address Gilgamesh as a judge of the dead in the Underworld.{{sfn|Mark|2018}}

==== "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld" ====
{{Main|Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld}}
During this period, a large number of myths and legends developed surrounding Gilgamesh.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}}{{sfn|Kramer|1963|page=45}}{{sfn|George|2003b|page=141}}<ref name="Norton Anthology" />{{rp|95}} Five independent Sumerian poems have been discovered narrating his exploits.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}} Gilgamesh's first appearance in literature is probably in the Sumerian poem "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld".{{sfn|Kramer|1961|page=30}}{{sfn|Mark|2018}}<ref>[[Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature|ETCSL]] [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1814.htm 1.8.1.4]</ref> The narrative begins with a ''huluppu'' tree—perhaps, according to the Sumerologist [[Samuel Noah Kramer]], a willow,{{sfn|Kramer|1961|page=33}} growing on the banks of the river [[Euphrates]].{{sfn|Kramer|1961|page=33}}{{sfn|Mark|2018}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=172}} The goddess Inanna moves the tree to her garden in [[Uruk]] with the intention to carve it into a throne once it is fully grown.{{sfn|Kramer|1961|page=33}}{{sfn|Mark|2018}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=172}} The tree grows and matures, but the serpent "who knows no charm," the ''[[Anzû (mythology)|Anzû]]''-bird, and ''[[Lilitu]]'', a [[Mesopotamian demon]], invade the tree, causing Inanna to cry with sorrow.{{sfn|Kramer|1961|page=33}}{{sfn|Mark|2018}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=172}}

Gilgamesh, who in this story is portrayed as Inanna's brother, slays the serpent, causing the ''Anzû''-bird and Lilitu to flee.{{sfn|Kramer|1961|pages=33–34}}{{sfn|Mark|2018}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=172}} Gilgamesh's companions chop down the tree and carve it into a bed and a throne for Inanna.{{sfn|Wolkstein|Kramer|1983|page=140}}{{sfn|Mark|2018}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=172}} The goddess responds by fashioning a ''pikku'' and a ''mikku'' (perhaps a drum and drumsticks){{sfn|Kramer|1961|page=34}}{{sfn|Mark|2018}} as a reward for Gilgamesh's heroism.{{sfn|Wolkstein|Kramer|1983|page=9}}{{sfn|Mark|2018}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=172}} But Gilgamesh loses the ''pikku'' and ''mikku'' and asks who will retrieve them.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|pages=172–173}} His servant Enkidu descends to the Underworld to find them,{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=173}} but he disobeys its strict laws and can never return.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=173}} In the remaining dialog, Gilgamesh questions the [[Shade (mythology)|shade]] of his lost comrade about the Underworld.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|pages=172–173}}

==== Subsequent poems ====
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=340|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Story of Gilgamesh and Aga
| image1 = Obverse. Gilgamesh and Aga. Old Babylonian period, from southern Iraq. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraqi Kurdistan.jpg
| image2 = Reverse. Gilgamesh and Aga. Old Babylonian period, from southern Iraq. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraqi Kurdistan.jpg
| footer=Story of ''"[[Siege of Uruk|Gilgamesh and Agga]]"''. Old Babylonian period, from southern Iraq. [[Sulaymaniyah Museum]], Iraq
}}
''[[Siege of Uruk|Gilgamesh and Agga]]'' describes Gilgamesh's successful revolt against his liege lord [[Aga of Kish|Agga]], king of the city-state of [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]].{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}}<ref>ETCSL [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1811.htm 1.8.1.1]</ref> ''Gilgamesh and Huwawa'' describes how Gilgamesh and his servant [[Enkidu]], with the help of fifty volunteers from Uruk, defeat the monster [[Huwawa]], an ogre appointed as guardian of the [[Cedar Forest]] by the ruling god [[Enlil]].{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=167}}<ref>ETCSL [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1815.htm 1.8.1.5]</ref>

In ''Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven'', Gilgamesh and Enkidu slay the [[Bull of Heaven]], who has been sent to attack them by the goddess [[Inanna]].{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}}{{sfn|Tigay|2002|page=24}}<ref>ETCSL [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1812.htm 1.8.1.2]</ref> The details of this poem differ substantially from the corresponding episode in the later Akkadian ''Epic of Gilgamesh''.{{sfn|Tigay|2002|pages=24–25}} In the Sumerian poem, Inanna remains aloof from Gilgamesh, but in the Akkadian epic she asks him to become her consort.{{sfn|Tigay|2002|page=24}} Also, while pressing her father [[Anu|An]] to give her the Bull of Heaven, in Sumerian Inanna threatens a deafening cry that will reach the earth, while in Akkadian she threatens to [[Undead|wake the dead]] to eat the living.{{sfn|Tigay|2002|pages=24–25}}

A poem known as ''The Death of Gilgamesh'' is poorly preserved, but appears to describe a major state funeral followed by the arrival of the deceased in the Underworld. The poem may have been misinterpreted, and may actually depict the death of Enkidu.<ref>ETCSL [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1813.htm 1.8.1.3]</ref>{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}}

===''Epic of Gilgamesh''===
{{main|Epic of Gilgamesh}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header =
| total_width =340

| image1 = Humbaba deamon-AO 9034-IMG 0655-black.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = The ogre [[Humbaba]], shown in this [[terracotta]] plaque from the [[First Babylonian dynasty|Old Babylonian Period]],{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=109}} is one of the opponents fought by Gilgamesh and his companion [[Enkidu]] in the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]''.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}

| image2 = O.1054 color.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Ancient Mesopotamian terracotta relief ({{circa}} 2250–1900 BC) showing Gilgamesh slaying the [[Bull of Heaven]],{{sfn|Powell|2012|page=342}} an episode described in Tablet VI of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}{{sfn|Powell|2012|pages=341–343}}
}}

Eventually, according to Kramer (1963):{{sfn|Kramer|1963|page=45}}

{{quote|Gilgamesh became the hero par excellence of the ancient world—an adventurous, brave, but tragic figure symbolizing man's vain but endless drive for fame, glory, and immortality.}}

By the [[First Babylonian dynasty|Old Babylonian Period]] ({{circa|1830|1531 BC}}), stories of Gilgamesh's legendary exploits had been woven into one or several long epics.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}} The ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', the most complete account of Gilgamesh's adventures, was composed in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] during the [[Kassites|Middle Babylonian Period]] ({{circa}} 1600 – {{circa}} 1155 BC) by a scribe named [[Sîn-lēqi-unninni]].{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}} The most complete surviving version of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' is recorded on a set of twelve clay tablets dating to the seventh century BC, found in the [[Library of Ashurbanipal]] in the [[Assyria]]n capital of [[Nineveh]],{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}}{{sfn|Mark|2018}}{{sfn|Rybka|2011|pages=257–258}} with many pieces missing or damaged.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}}{{sfn|Mark|2018}}{{sfn|Rybka|2011|pages=257–258}} Some scholars and translators choose to supplement the missing parts with material from the earlier Sumerian poems or from other versions of the epic found at other sites throughout the [[Near East]].{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}}

[[File:Tablet V of the Epic of Gligamesh.JPG|right|thumb|upright|Tablet V of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''. [[Sulaymaniyah Museum|The Sulaymaniyah Museum]], Iraq]]

In the epic, Gilgamesh is introduced as "two thirds divine and one third mortal".{{sfn|Powell|2012|page=339}} At the beginning of the poem, Gilgamesh is described as a brutal, oppressive ruler.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}}{{sfn|Powell|2012|page=339}} This is usually interpreted to mean either forced labor or sexual exploitation.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=89}} As punishment for his cruelty, the god [[Anu]] creates the wild man Enkidu.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|pages=89–90}} After being tamed by a prostitute named [[Shamhat]], Enkidu journeys to Uruk to confront Gilgamesh.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}} In the second tablet, the two men wrestle and though Gilgamesh wins in the end,{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}} he is so impressed by his opponent's strength and tenacity that they become close friends.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}} In the earlier Sumerian texts, Enkidu is Gilgamesh's servant,{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}} but, in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', they are companions of equal standing.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}

In tablets III through IV, Gilgamesh and Enkidu travel to the [[Cedar Forest]], which is guarded by Humbaba (the Akkadian name for Huwawa).{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}} The heroes cross the seven mountains to the Cedar Forest, where they begin chopping down trees.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=168}} Confronted by Humbaba, Gilgamesh panics and prays to [[Utu|Shamash]] (the East Semitic name for Utu),{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=168}} who blows eight winds in Humbaba's eyes, blinding him.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=168}} Humbaba begs for mercy, but the heroes decapitate him.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=168}} Tablet VI begins with Gilgamesh returning to Uruk,{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}} where [[Ishtar]] (the Akkadian name for Inanna) comes to him and demands him as her consort.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=168}}{{sfn|Pryke|2017|pages=140–159}} Gilgamesh rejects her, reproaching her mistreatment of all her former lovers.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=168}}{{sfn|Pryke|2017|pages=140–159}}

In revenge, Ishtar goes to her father [[Anu]] and demands that he give her the Bull of Heaven,{{sfn|Dalley|1989|pages=81–82}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|pages=168–169}}{{sfn|Tigay|2002|pages=24–25}} which she sends to attack Gilgamesh.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}{{sfn|Dalley|1989|pages=81–82}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|pages=168–169}}{{sfn|Tigay|2002|pages=24–25}} Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the Bull and offer its heart to Shamash.{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=82}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|pages=168–169}} While Gilgamesh and Enkidu are resting, Ishtar stands up on the walls of [[Uruk]] and curses Gilgamesh.{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=82}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=169}} Enkidu tears off the Bull's right thigh and throws it in Ishtar's face,{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=82}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=169}} saying, "If I could lay my hands on you, it is this I should do to you, and lash your entrails to your side."{{sfn|George|2003b|page=88}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=169}} Ishtar calls together "the crimped courtesans, prostitutes and harlots"{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=82}} and orders them to mourn for the Bull of Heaven.{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=82}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=169}} Meanwhile, Gilgamesh holds a celebration over the Bull's defeat.{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=82–83}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=169}}

Tablet VII begins with Enkidu recounting a [[Precognition|dream]] in which he saw Anu, [[Enki|Ea]], and Shamash declare that either Gilgamesh or Enkidu must die to avenge the Bull of Heaven.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}} They choose Enkidu, who soon grows sick.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}} He has a dream of the Underworld, and then dies.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}} Tablet VIII describes Gilgamesh's inconsolable grief for his friend{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}} and the details of Enkidu's funeral.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}} Tablets IX through XI relate how Gilgamesh, driven by grief and fear of his own mortality, travels a great distance and overcomes many obstacles to find the home of [[Utnapishtim]], the sole survivor of the [[Gilgamesh flood myth|Great Flood]], who was rewarded with immortality by the gods.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}}

[[File:Mesopotamian - Cylinder Seal with Scorpion Man Shooting at Winged Creatures - Walters 42807.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Early [[Middle Assyrian Empire|Middle Assyrian]] [[cylinder seal]] impression dating between 1400 and 1200 BC, showing a man with bird wings and a scorpion tail firing an arrow at a [[griffin]] on a [[hillock]]. A [[scorpion man]] is among the creatures Gilgamesh encounters on his journey to the homeland of [[Utnapishtim]].{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}}]]

The journey to Utnapishtim involves a series of episodic challenges, which probably originated as major independent adventures,{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}} but, in the epic, they are reduced to what [[Joseph Fontenrose|Joseph Eddy Fontenrose]] calls "fairly harmless incidents".{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}} First, Gilgamesh encounters and slays lions in the mountain pass.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}} Upon reaching the mountain of [[Mashu]], Gilgamesh encounters a [[scorpion man]] and his wife;{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}} their bodies flash with terrifying radiance,{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}} but once Gilgamesh tells them his purpose, they allow him to pass.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}} Gilgamesh wanders through darkness for twelve days before he finally comes into the light.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}} He finds a beautiful garden by the sea in which he meets [[Siduri]], the divine [[Alewife (trade)|Alewife]].{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}} At first, she tries to prevent Gilgamesh from entering the garden,{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}} and then attempts to persuade him to accept death as inevitable and not journey beyond the waters.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}} When Gilgamesh persists in his quest, she directs him to [[Urshanabi]], the ferryman of the gods, who takes Gilgamesh across the sea to Utnapishtim.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=171}} When Gilgamesh finally arrives at Utnapishtim's home, Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh that, to become immortal, he must defy sleep.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}} Gilgamesh attempts this, but fails and falls into a seven-day sleep.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}

Next, Utnapishtim tells him that, even if he cannot obtain immortality, he can restore his youth with a rejuvenating herb.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=172}} Gilgamesh takes the plant, but leaves it on the shore while swimming and a snake steals it, explaining why snakes [[Moulting#In reptiles|shed their skins]].{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=172}} Despondent at this loss, Gilgamesh returns to Uruk,{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}} and shows his city to the ferryman Urshanabi.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}} At this point the continuous narrative ends.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=172}}{{sfn|Tigay|2002|pages=26–27}} Tablet XII is an appendix corresponding to the Sumerian poem of ''Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Netherworld'' describing the loss of the ''pikku'' and ''mikku''.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=172}}{{sfn|Tigay|2002|pages=26–27}}

Numerous elements reveal a lack of [[Continuity (fiction)|continuity]] with the earlier portions of the epic.{{sfn|Tigay|2002|pages=26–27}} At the beginning of Tablet XII, Enkidu is still alive, despite having previously died in Tablet VII,{{sfn|Tigay|2002|pages=26–27}} and Gilgamesh is kind to Ishtar, despite the violent rivalry between them in Tablet VI.{{sfn|Tigay|2002|pages=26–27}} Also, while most of the parts of the epic are free adaptations of their respective Sumerian predecessors,{{sfn|Tigay|2002|page=26}} Tablet XII is a literal, word-for-word translation of the last part of ''Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld'',{{sfn|Tigay|2002|page=26}} and was probably relegated to the end because it did not fit the larger epic narrative.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=172}}{{sfn|Tigay|2002|pages=26–27}} In it, Gilgamesh sees a vision of Enkidu's ghost, who promises to recover the lost items{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|pages=172–173}} and describes to his friend the abysmal condition of the Underworld.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=90}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|pages=172–173}}

===In Mesopotamian art===
[[{{Not a typo|File:The Gilgamesh Dream tablet. From Iraq. Middle Babylonian Period, First Sealand Dynasty, 1732-1460 BCE. Iraq Museum, Baghdad.jpg}}|thumb|The Gilgamesh Dream tablet. From Iraq. Middle Babylonian Period, First Sealand Dynasty, 1732–1460 BC. Iraq Museum, Baghdad. This dream tablet recounts a part of the epic of Gilgamesh in which the hero (Gilgamesh) describes his dreams to his mother (the goddess Ninsun), who interprets them as announcing the arrival of a new friend, who will become his companion]]
Although stories about Gilgamesh were wildly popular throughout ancient Mesopotamia,{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} authentic representations of him in ancient art are uncommon.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} Popular works often identify depictions of a hero with long hair, containing four or six curls, as representations of Gilgamesh,{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} but this identification is known to be incorrect.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} A few genuine ancient Mesopotamian representations of Gilgamesh do exist, however.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} These representations are mostly found on clay plaques and cylinder seals.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} Generally, it is only possible to identify a figure as Gilgamesh if the work clearly depicts a scene from the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' itself.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} One set of representations of Gilgamesh is found in scenes of two heroes fighting a demonic giant, clearly Humbaba.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} Another set is found in scenes showing a similar pair of heroes confronting a giant winged bull, clearly the Bull of Heaven.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}}

==Later influence==
===In antiquity===
[[File:Guido Reni - Polyphemus - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The episode involving [[Odysseus]]'s confrontation with [[Polyphemus]] in the ''[[Odyssey]]'', shown in this seventeenth-century painting by [[Guido Reni]], bears similarities to Gilgamesh and Enkidu's battle with Humbaba in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''.{{sfn|Anderson|2000|pages=127–128}}]]
[[File:Indus valley civilization "Gilgamesh" seal (2500-1500 BC).jpg|thumb|[[Indus valley civilization]] seal, with the [[Master of Animals]] motif of a man fighting two lions or tigers (2500–1500 BC), similar to the Sumerian "Gilgamesh" motif, an indicator of [[Indus-Mesopotamia relations]].<ref name="GLP">{{Cite book |last=Possehl |first=Gregory L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0759116429 |page=146 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kosambi |first=Damodar Dharmanand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTvQiXVFB0gC&pg=PR64 |title=An Introduction to the Study of Indian History |date=1975 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-8171540389 |page=64 |language=en}}</ref>]]
The ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' exerted substantial influence on the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', the Homeric epic poems written in [[ancient Greek]] during the eighth century BC.{{sfn|West|1997|pages=334–402}}{{sfn|Anderson|2000|pages=127–128}}{{sfn|Burkert|2005|pages=297–301}}{{sfn|Powell|2012|pages=338–339}} According to classics scholar [[Barry B. Powell]], early Greeks were probably exposed to and influenced by Mesopotamian oral traditions through their extensive connections to the civilizations of the ancient Near East.{{sfn|Powell|2012|page=338}} German classicist [[Walter Burkert]] observes that the scene in Tablet VI of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' in which Gilgamesh rejects Ishtar's advances and she complains before her mother [[Antu (goddess)|Antu]], but is mildly rebuked by her father [[Anu]], is directly paralleled in Book V of the ''Iliad''.{{sfn|Burkert|2005|pages=299–300}} In this scene, [[Aphrodite]], the Greek analogue of Ishtar, is wounded by the hero [[Diomedes]] and flees to [[Mount Olympus]], where she cries to her mother [[Dione (mythology)|Dione]] and is mildly rebuked by her father [[Zeus]].{{sfn|Burkert|2005|pages=299–300}}

Powell observes that the opening lines of the ''Odyssey'' seem to echo the opening lines of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', both praising and pitying their heroes.{{sfn|Powell|2012|page=339}} The storyline of the ''Odyssey'' likewise bears many similarities to the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''.{{sfn|Anderson|2000|page=127}}{{sfn|Burkert|2005|pages=299–301}} Both Gilgamesh and Odysseus encounter a woman who can turn men into animals: Ishtar (for Gilgamesh) and [[Circe]] (for Odysseus).{{sfn|Anderson|2000|page=127}} Odysseus blinds the giant [[Cyclopes|cyclops]] [[Polyphemus]],{{sfn|Anderson|2000|pages=127–128}} while Gilgamesh slays of Humbaba.{{sfn|Anderson|2000|pages=127–128}} Both heroes visit the Underworld{{sfn|Anderson|2000|page=127}} and both find themselves unhappy while living in an otherworldly paradise in the company of a seductive sorceress: Siduri (for Gilgamesh) and [[Calypso (mythology)|Calypso]] (for Odysseus).{{sfn|Anderson|2000|page=127}} Finally, both have a missed opportunity for immortality, Gilgamesh when he loses the plant, and Odysseus when he leaves Calypso's island.{{sfn|Anderson|2000|page=127}}

In the [[Qumran]] scroll the ''[[Book of Giants]]'' ({{circa}} 100 BC) the names of Gilgamesh and [[Humbaba]] appear as two of the [[antediluvian]] giants,{{sfn|George|2003b|page=60}}{{sfn|Burkert|2005|page=295}} rendered (in consonantal form) as ''glgmš'' and ''ḩwbbyš''. This same text was later used in the Middle East by the [[Manichaeism|Manichaean sects]], and the Arabic form ''Gilgamish''/''Jiljamish'' survives as the name of a demon according to the Egyptian [[cleric]] [[Al-Suyuti]] ({{circa}} 1500).{{sfn|George|2003b|page=60}}

The story of Gilgamesh's birth is not recorded in any extant Sumerian or Akkadian text,{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} but a version of it is described in ''[[De Natura Animalium]]'' (''On the Nature of Animals'') 12.21, a [[commonplace book]] written in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] around 200 AD by the Hellenized Roman orator [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burkert |first=Walter |title=The Orientalizing Revolution |date=1992 |at=p. 33, note 32 |author-link=Walter Burkert}}</ref>{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} According to Aelian, an [[oracle]] told King Seuechoros ({{lang|grc|Σευεχορος}}) of the Babylonians that his grandson Gilgamos would overthrow him.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} To prevent this, Seuechoros kept his only daughter under close guard at the [[Acropolis]] of Babylon,{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} but she became pregnant nonetheless.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} Fearing the king's wrath, the guards hurled the infant off the top of a tall tower.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} An eagle rescued the boy in mid-flight and set him down in a distant orchard.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} The caretaker found the boy and raised him, naming him ''Gilgamos'' ({{lang|grc|Γίλγαμος}}).{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} Eventually, Gilgamos returned to Babylon and overthrew his grandfather, proclaiming himself king.{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} This birth narrative is in the same tradition as other Near Eastern birth legends,{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} such as those of [[Birth legend of Sargon|Sargon]], [[Moses#Biblical narrative|Moses]], and [[Cyrus the Great#Early life|Cyrus]].{{sfn|Black|Green|1992|page=91}} The Syriac writer [[Theodore Bar Konai]] ({{circa}} AD 600) also mentions a king ''Gligmos'', ''Gmigmos'' or ''Gamigos'' as the last of a line of twelve kings contemporaneous with the patriarchs from Peleg to Abraham.{{sfn|George|2003b|page=61}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tigay |title=The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic |page=252}}</ref>

===Modern rediscovery===
{{multiple image
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| footer = In 1880, the English [[List of Assyriologists|Assyriologist]] [[George Smith (Assyriologist)|George Smith]] (left) published a translation of Tablet XI of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' (right), containing the Flood myth,{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=1–25}} which attracted immediate scholarly attention and controversy due to its similarity to the [[Genesis flood narrative]].{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=20–28}}
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The Akkadian text of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' was first discovered in 1849 AD by the English archaeologist [[Austen Henry Layard]] in the [[Library of Ashurbanipal]] at Nineveh.{{sfn|Mark|2018}}{{sfn|Rybka|2011|pages=257–258}}<ref name="Norton Anthology">{{Cite book|title=The Norton Anthology of World Literature|date=2012|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|edition=3rd|volume=A}}</ref>{{rp|95}} Layard was seeking evidence to confirm the historicity of the events described in the [[Hebrew Bible]], i.e. the Christian [[Old Testament]],{{sfn|Mark|2018}} which was believed to contain the oldest texts in the world.{{sfn|Mark|2018}} Instead, his and later excavations unearthed much older Mesopotamian texts{{sfn|Mark|2018}} and showed that many of the stories in the Old Testament may be derived from earlier myths told throughout the ancient Near East.{{sfn|Mark|2018}} The first translation of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' was produced in the early 1870s by [[George Smith (Assyriologist)|George Smith]], a scholar at the [[British Museum]],{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=1–25}}{{sfn|Rybka|2011|page=257}}{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} who published the Flood story from Tablet XI in 1880 under the title ''The Chaldean Account of Genesis''.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=1–25}} Gilgamesh's name was originally misread as ''Izdubar''.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=1–25}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=George |title=Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, Volumes 1–2 |publisher=Society of Biblical Archæology |volume=2 |location=London |pages=213–214 |chapter=The Chaldean Account of the Deluge |year=1872 |author-link=George Smith (assyriologist) |access-date=12 October 2017 |orig-year=3 December 1872 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEgPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeremias |first=Alfred |url=https://archive.org/details/izdubarnimrodein00jere |title=Izdubar-Nimrod, eine altbabylonische Heldensage |date=1891 |publisher=Leipzig, Teubner |language=de |author-link=Alfred Jeremias |access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref>

Early interest in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' was almost exclusively on account of the flood story from Tablet XI.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=23–25}} It attracted enormous public attention and drew widespread scholarly controversy, while the rest of the epic was largely ignored.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=23–25}} Most attention towards the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries came from German-speaking countries,{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=28–29}} where controversy raged over the relationship between ''Babel und Bibel'' ("Babylon and Bible").{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=23–25, 28–29}}

In January 1902, the German Assyriologist [[Friedrich Delitzsch]] gave a lecture at the [[Sing-Akademie zu Berlin]] before the [[Kaiser]] and his wife, in which he argued that the Flood story in the Book of Genesis was directly copied from the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=23–25}} Delitzsch's lecture was so controversial that, by September 1903, he had managed to collect thousands of articles and pamphlets criticizing this lecture about the Flood and another about the relationship between the [[Code of Hammurabi]] and the biblical [[Law of Moses]].{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=25}} The Kaiser distanced himself from Delitzsch and his radical views{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=25}} and by the fall of 1904, Delitzsch was reduced to giving his third lecture in [[Cologne]] and [[Frankfurt am Main]] rather than in Berlin.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=25}} The putative relationship between the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' and the Hebrew Bible later became a major part of Delitzsch's argument in his 1920–21 book ''{{lang|de|Die große Täuschung}}'' (''The Great Deception'') that the Hebrew Bible was irredeemably "contaminated" by Babylonian influence{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=23–25}} and that only by eliminating the human Old Testament entirely could Christians finally believe in the true, [[Aryan#19th and early 20th century|Aryan]] message of the [[New Testament]].{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=23–25}}

===Early modern interpretations===
[[File:ISHTAR-EPOS p221 IZDUBAR TAKING LEAVE OF SABITU AND SIDURI IN THE HAPPY HALLS.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Illustration of Izdubar (Gilgamesh) in a scene from the book-length poem ''Ishtar and Izdubar'' (1884) by Leonidas Le Cenci Hamilton, the first modern literary adaptation of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=20–21}}]]

The first modern literary adaptation of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' was ''Ishtar and Izdubar'' (1884) by Leonidas Le Cenci Hamilton, an American lawyer and businessman.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=20–21}} Hamilton had rudimentary knowledge of Akkadian, which he had learned from [[Archibald Sayce]]'s 1872 ''Assyrian Grammar for Comparative Purposes''.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=21}} Hamilton's book relied heavily on Smith's translation of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'',{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=21}} but also made major changes.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=21}} For instance, Hamilton omitted the famous flood story entirely{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=21}} and instead focused on the romantic relationship between Ishtar and Gilgamesh.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=21}} ''Ishtar and Izdubar'' expanded the original roughly 3,000 lines of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' to roughly 6,000 lines of rhyming couplets grouped into forty-eight [[canto]]s.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=21}} Hamilton significantly altered most of the characters and introduced entirely new episodes not found in the original epic.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=21}} Significantly influenced by [[Edward FitzGerald (poet)|Edward FitzGerald]]'s ''[[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam]]'' and [[Edwin Arnold]]'s ''[[The Light of Asia]]'',{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=21}} Hamilton's characters dress more like nineteenth-century Turks than ancient Babylonians.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=22–23}} Hamilton also changed the tone of the epic from the "grim realism" and "ironic tragedy" of the original to a "cheery optimism" filled with "the sweet strains of love and harmony".{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=23}}

In his 1904 book ''Das Alte Testament im Lichte des alten Orients'', the German Assyriologist [[Alfred Jeremias]] equated Gilgamesh with the king [[Nimrod]] from the [[Book of Genesis]]{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=26}} and argued Gilgamesh's strength must come from his hair, like the hero [[Samson]] in the [[Book of Judges]],{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=26}} and that he must have performed [[Labours of Hercules|Twelve Labors]] like the hero [[Heracles]] in [[Greek mythology]].{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=26}} In his 1906 book ''Das Gilgamesch-Epos in der Weltliteratur'', the Orientalist [[Peter Jensen (Orientalist)|Peter Jensen]] declared that the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' was the source behind nearly all the stories in the Old Testament,{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=26}} arguing that [[Moses]] is "the Gilgamesh of Exodus who saves the children of Israel from precisely the same situation faced by the inhabitants of Erech at the beginning of the Babylonian epic."{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=26}} He then proceeded to argue that [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]], Samson, [[David]], and various other biblical figures are all nothing more than exact copies of Gilgamesh.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=26}} Finally, he declared that even [[Jesus]] is "nothing but an Israelite Gilgamesh. Nothing but an adjunct to Abraham, Moses, and countless other figures in the saga."{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=26}} This ideology became known as [[Panbabylonianism]]{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=26–27}} and was almost immediately rejected by mainstream scholars.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=26–27}} The most stalwart critics of Panbabylonianism were those associated with the emerging ''[[Religionsgeschichtliche Schule]]''.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=27}} [[Hermann Gunkel]] dismissed most of Jensen's purported parallels between Gilgamesh and biblical figures as mere baseless sensationalism.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=27}} He concluded that Jensen and other Assyriologists like him had failed to understand the complexities of Old Testament scholarship{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=26–27}} and had confused scholars with "conspicuous mistakes and remarkable aberrations".{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=26–27}}

In English-speaking countries, the prevailing scholarly interpretation during the early twentieth century was one originally proposed by [[Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet]],{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=28}} which held that Gilgamesh is a "solar hero", whose actions represent the movements of the sun,{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=28}} and that the twelve tablets of his epic represent the twelve signs of the [[Babylonian zodiac]].{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=28}} The Austrian psychoanalyst [[Sigmund Freud]], drawing on the theories of [[James George Frazer]] and Paul Ehrenreich, interpreted Gilgamesh and Eabani (the earlier misreading for ''Enkidu'') as representing "man" and "crude sensuality" respectively.<ref>Freud, Sigmund, William McGuire, Ralph Manheim, R. F. C. Hull, Alan McGlashan, and C. G. Jung. [https://books.google.com/books?id=A_JpNZfZXyYC&q=Gilgamesch+und+Eabani+freudThe&pg=PA199 Freud-Jung Letters: The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C.G. Jung]. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1994, at 199.</ref>{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=29}} He compared them to other brother-figures in world mythology,{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=29}} remarking, "One is always weaker than the other and dies sooner. In Gilgamesh this ages-old motif of the unequal pair of brothers served to represent the relationship between a man and his [[libido]]."{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=29}} He also saw Enkidu as representing the [[placenta]], the "weaker twin" who dies shortly after birth.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=29–30}} Freud's friend and pupil [[Carl Jung]] frequently discusses Gilgamesh in his early work ''Symbole der Wandlung'' (1911–1912).{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=30}} He, for instance, cites Ishtar's sexual attraction to Gilgamesh as an example of the mother's [[incest]]uous desire for her son,{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=30}} Humbaba as an example of an oppressive father-figure whom Gilgamesh must overcome,{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=30}} and Gilgamesh himself as an example of a man who forgets his dependence on [[Unconscious mind|the unconscious]] and is punished by the "gods", who represent it.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=30}}

===Modern interpretations and cultural significance===
{{main|Gilgamesh in the arts and popular culture}}
[[File:Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CL3400.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Existential [[angst]] during the [[aftermath of World War II]] significantly contributed to Gilgamesh's rise in popularity in the middle of the twentieth century.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} For instance, the German novelist [[Hermann Kasack]] used Enkidu's vision of the Underworld from the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' as a metaphor for the [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|bombed-out city of Hamburg]] (pictured above) in his 1947 novel {{lang|de|[[Die Stadt hinter dem Strom]]}}.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}}]]

In the years following [[World War II]], Gilgamesh, formerly an obscure figure known only by a few scholars, gradually became increasingly popular with modern audiences.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|page=xii}}{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} The ''Epic of Gilgamesh''{{'}}s existential themes made it particularly appealing to German authors in the years following the war.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} In his 1947 [[Existentialism|existentialist]] novel {{lang|de|[[Die Stadt hinter dem Strom]]}}, the German novelist [[Hermann Kasack]] adapted elements of the epic into a metaphor for the [[Aftermath of World War II#Germany|aftermath of the destruction of World War II in Germany]],{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} portraying the bombed-out city of [[Hamburg]] as resembling the frightening Underworld seen by Enkidu in his dream.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} In [[Hans Henny Jahnn]]'s [[magnum opus]] ''River Without Shores'' (1949–1950), the middle section of the trilogy centers around a composer whose twenty-year-long homoerotic relationship with a friend mirrors that of Gilgamesh with Enkidu{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} and whose masterpiece turns out to be a symphony about Gilgamesh.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}}

''The Quest of Gilgamesh'', a 1953 radio play by [[D. G. Bridson|Douglas Geoffrey Bridson]], helped popularize the epic in Britain.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} In the [[United States]], [[Charles Olson]] praised the epic in his poems and essays{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} and [[Gregory Corso]] believed that it contained ancient virtues capable of curing what he viewed as modern moral degeneracy.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} The 1966 postfigurative novel {{lang|de|Gilgamesch}} by Guido Bachmann became a classic of German "[[Gay literature|queer literature]]"{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} and set a decades-long international literary trend of portraying Gilgamesh and Enkidu as homosexual lovers.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} This trend proved so popular that the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' itself is included in ''The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature'' (1998) as a major early work of that genre.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} In the 1970s and 1980s, [[Feminist literary criticism|feminist literary critics]] analyzed the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' as showing evidence for a transition from the [[Matriarchy#By chronology|original matriarchy of all humanity]] to modern [[patriarchy]].{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} As the [[Green politics|Green Movement]] expanded in Europe, Gilgamesh's story began [[Ecocriticism|to be seen through an environmentalist lens]],{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} with Enkidu's death symbolizing man's separation from nature.{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}}

[[File:Gilagmesh.jpg|thumb|right|A modern [[Statue of Gilgamesh, University of Sydney|statue of Gilgamesh]] stands at the [[University of Sydney]].{{sfn|Stone|2012}}]]

[[Theodore Ziolkowski]], a scholar of modern literature, states, that "unlike most other figures from myth, literature, and history, Gilgamesh has established himself as an autonomous entity or simply a name, often independent of the epic context in which he originally became known. (As analogous examples one might think, for instance, of the [[Minotaur]] or [[Frankenstein's monster]].)"{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2012|pages=xii–xiii}} The ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' has been translated into many major world languages{{sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=254}} and has become a staple of American [[world literature]] classes.{{sfn|Damrosch|2006|pages=254–255}} Many contemporary authors and novelists have drawn inspiration from it, including an American [[avant-garde]] theater collective called "The Gilgamesh Group"{{sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=255}} and [[Joan London (Australian author)|Joan London]] in her novel ''[[Gilgamesh (novel)|Gilgamesh]]'' (2001).{{sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=255}}{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2011}} ''[[The Great American Novel (Roth)|The Great American Novel]]'' (1973) by [[Philip Roth]] features a character named "Gil Gamesh",{{sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=255}} who is the star [[pitcher]] of a fictional 1930s [[baseball]] team called the "Patriot League".{{sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=255}}

Starting in the late twentieth century, the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' began to be read again in Iraq.{{sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=254}} [[Saddam Hussein]], the former [[President of Iraq]], had a lifelong fascination with Gilgamesh.{{sfn|Damrosch|2006|pages=254–257}} [[Saddam Hussein's novels|Saddam's first novel]] ''[[Zabibah and the King]]'' (2000) is an allegory for the [[Gulf War]] set in ancient Assyria that blends elements of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' and the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]''.{{sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=257}} Like Gilgamesh, the king at the beginning of the novel is a brutal tyrant who misuses his power and oppresses his people,{{sfn|Damrosch|2006|pages=259–260}} but, through the aid of a commoner woman named Zabibah, he grows into a more just ruler.{{sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=260}} When the United States tried to pressure Saddam to step down in February 2003, Saddam gave a speech to a group of his generals posing the idea in a positive light by comparing himself to the epic hero.{{sfn|Damrosch|2006|page=254}}

Scholars like [[Susan Ackerman (biblical scholar)|Susan Ackerman]] and [[Wayne R. Dynes]] have noted that the language used to describe Gilgamesh's relationship with Enkidu seems to have homoerotic implications.{{sfn|Ackerman|2005|page=82}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haggerty |first1=George |title=Encyclopedia of Gay Histories and Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-58513-6 |page=929 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pez9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT929 |access-date=19 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dynes |first1=Wayne R. |author-link1=Wayne R. Dynes |title=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |volume=I |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=479 |isbn=978-1317368151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrXOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref> Ackerman notes that, when Gilgamesh veils Enkidu's body, Enkidu is compared to a "bride".{{sfn|Ackerman|2005|page=82}} Ackerman states, "that Gilgamesh, according to both versions, will love Enkidu 'like a wife' may further imply sexual intercourse."{{sfn|Ackerman|2005|page=82}}

In 2000, a [[Statue of Gilgamesh, University of Sydney|modern statue of Gilgamesh]] by the [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] sculptor Lewis Batros was unveiled at the [[University of Sydney]] in [[Australia]].{{sfn|Stone|2012}}

The Australian psychedelic rock band [[King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard]] recorded a song titled "Gilgamesh" as the fifth track of their October 2023 album ''[[The Silver Cord (King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard album)|The Silver Cord]]'', with references to the epic in the song's lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilgamesh, by King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard |url=https://kinggizzard.bandcamp.com/track/gilgamesh |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Atra-Hasis]]
* [[Ziusudra]]
* ''[[Enūma Eliš]]''

==References==
===Informational notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Ackerman |first=Susan |title=When Heroes Love: The Ambiguity of Eros in the Stories of Gilgamesh and David |date=2005 |place=New York City|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50725-7 |author-link=Susan Ackerman (biblical scholar)}}
* {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Graham |title=Fairytale in the Ancient World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2DAAlUrbBIC |pages=127–131 |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-23702-4 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Jeremy |title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary |pages=166–168 |year=1992 |place=Austin|publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8 |last2=Green |first2=Anthony}}
* {{cite book |last=Burkert |first=Walter |title=A Companion to Ancient Epic |date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4mZmoZhG68C |editor-last=Foley |editor-first=John Miles |chapter=Chapter Twenty: Near Eastern Connections |place=New York City and London |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-1-4051-0524-8 |author-link=Walter Burkert}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalley |first=Stephanie |title=Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others |date=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-283589-5 |author-link=Stephanie Dalley}}
* {{cite book |last=Damrosch |first=David |title=The Buried Book: The Loss and Rediscovery of the Great Epic of Gilgamesh |date=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jJQLrJXrakC |place=New York City|publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=978-0-8050-8029-2 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Delorme |first=Jean |title=The Larousse Encyclopedia of Ancient and Medieval History |date=1981 |editor-last=Dunan |editor-first=Marcel |orig-year=1964 |chapter=The Ancient World |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/larousseencyclop0000unse |place=New York City|publisher=Excaliber Books |isbn=978-0-89673-083-0 |editor2-last=Bowle |editor2-first=John |chapter-url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book |last=Fontenrose |first=Joseph Eddy |title=Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins |date=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA167 |orig-year=1959 |place=Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London|publisher=The University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04106-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=George |first=Andrew R. |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian |date=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCZRK_61adMC |orig-year=1999, 2000 |series=Penguin Classics |edition=Third |place=London |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-044919-8 |oclc=901129328 |author-link=Andrew R. George}}
* {{cite book |last=George |first=Andrew R. |title=The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts |volume=1 |year=2003b |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{Citation |last=Kramer |first=Samuel Noah |title=Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. |edition=Revised |date=1961 |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/ |place=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1047-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kramer |first=Samuel Noah |title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character |date=1963 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY9xp4pLp88C&pg=PA46 |place=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-45238-8 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |title=Gilgamesh |date=29 March 2018 |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/gilgamesh/ |encyclopedia=[[World History Encyclopedia]] }}
* {{Citation |last=Powell |first=Barry B. |title=Classical Myth |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqOSAgAAQBAJ&q=Classical+Myth+by+Barry+Powell+seventh+edition |pages=336–350 |orig-year=2004 |chapter=Gilgamesh: Heroic Myth |edition=Seventh |place=London|publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0-205-17607-6 |author-link=Barry B. Powell}}
* {{cite book |last=Pryke |first=Louise M. |title=Ishtar |date=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-71632-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rybka |first=F. James |title=Bohuslav Martinu: The Compulsion to Compose |date=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xZjejJ4wh4C&pg=PA258 |place=Lanham, MD |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7762-7 |section=The Epic of Gilgamesh}}
* {{cite book |last=Tigay |first=Jeffrey H. |title=The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic |date=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC&pg=PA36 |orig-year=1982 |place=Wauconda, IL |publisher=Bolchazzy-Carucci Publishers |isbn=978-0-86516-546-5 }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Stone |first=Damien |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh: Statue brings ancient tale to life |date=July 2012 |url=http://sydney.edu.au/museums/publications/muse/past-issues/2781_Muse_July_web.pdf |magazine=MUSE |issue=2 |page=28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529232346/http://sydney.edu.au/museums/publications/muse/past-issues/2781_Muse_July_web.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2018|editor-last=Turner |editor-first=Michael}}
* {{cite book |last=West |first=M. L. |title=The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth |date=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis |place=Oxford, England |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-815221-7 |author-link=Martin Litchfield West}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wolkstein |first1=Diane |title=Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer |year=1983 |place=New York City, New York |publisher=Harper&Row |isbn=978-0-06-090854-6 |last2=Kramer |first2=Samuel Noah}}
* {{cite web |last=Ziolkowski |first=Theodore |title=Gilgamesh: An Epic Obsession |date=1 November 2011 |url=http://www.berfrois.com/2011/11/theodore-ziolkowski-gilgamesh/ |website=Berfrois |author-link=Theodore Ziolkowski}}
* {{cite book |last=Ziolkowski |first=Theodore |title=Gilgamesh among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snz_Wle6zvgC&pg=PA28 |place=Ithaca, NY and London|publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-5035-8 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.1.8.1* |title=Narratives featuring… Gilgameš |website=[[Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature]] |access-date=8 October 2017 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Gmirkin |first=Russell E |title=Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus |date=2006 |publisher=T & T Clark International |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393975161 |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-393-97516-1 |editor-last=Foster |editor-first=Benjamin R. |location=New York |translator-last=Foster |translator-first=Benjamin R. }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hammond |first1=D. |title=The Making of Masculinities: The New Men's Studies |last2=Jablow |first2=A. |date=1987 |editor-last=Brod |editor-first=H. |location=Boston |pages=241–258 |chapter=Gilgamesh and the Sundance Kid: the Myth of Male Friendship}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Danny |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh |url=https://archive.org/details/epicofgilgamesh0000unse |publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-86516-352-2 |location=Wauconda, IL }}
* {{cite book |last=Kluger |first=Rivkah Sch. |title=The Archetypal significance of Gilgamesh: a modern ancient hero |date=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oALOCGuQHK0C |place=Switzerland |publisher=Daimon |isbn=978-3-85630-523-9 }}
* {{Cite book |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh |date=1989 |location=Stanford |isbn=978-0-8047-1711-3 |publisher=Stanford University Press |translator-last=Kovacs| translator-first=Maureen Gallery |orig-year=1985}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Maier |first=John R. |date=2018 |title=Gilgamesh and the Great Goddess of Uruk |url=https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/sunybeb/4/ |journal=Suny Brockport Ebooks |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053150/https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/sunybeb/4/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/gilgameshnewengl0000mitc |title=Gilgamesh: A New English Version |publisher=Free Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7432-6164-7 |location=New York }}
* {{Cite book |title=Das Gilgamesch-Epos |publisher=[[Wege der Forschung]] |year=1977 |editor-last=Oberhuber |editor-first=K. |location=Darmstadt}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Parpola |first1=Simo |title=The Standard Babylonian, Epic of Gilgamesh |first2=Mikko |last2=Luuko |first3=Kalle |last3=Fabritius |publisher=The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project |year=1997 |isbn=978-9514577604}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pettinato |first=Giovanni |title=La saga di Gilgamesh |publisher=Rusconi Libri |year=1992 |isbn=978-88-18-88028-1 |location=Milan}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{wiktionary-inline|Gilgamesh}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Dumuzid the Fisherman]]
| title = [[EN (cuneiform)|En]] of Uruk
| years = c. 2900–2700 BC
| after = [[Ur-Nungal]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Epic of Gilgamesh}}
{{Sumerian mythology}}
{{Sumerian King List}}
{{Early Rulers of Mesopotamia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gilgamesh| ]]
[[Category:29th-century BC Sumerian kings]]
[[Category:28th-century BC Sumerian kings]]
[[Category:27th-century BC Sumerian kings]]
[[Category:Kings of Uruk]]
[[Category:Deified male monarchs]]
[[Category:Demigods]]
[[Category:Epic of Gilgamesh|-]]
[[Category:Heroes in mythology and legend]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian gods]]
[[Category:Nimrod]]
[[Category:Characters in the Epic of Gilgamesh]]

Tim Robinson (English cricketer)

2025-06-14T20:05:35Z

219.89.68.193: /* International career */Pointless detail.

{{short description|English cricket umpire and former cricketer}}
{{other people||Tim Robinson (disambiguation){{!}}Tim Robinson}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Tim Robinson
| image =
| country = England
| fullname = Robert Timothy Robinson
| nickname = Robbo, Chop<ref name="Cric"/>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|11|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sutton-in-Ashfield]], [[Nottinghamshire]], England
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role = Batsman, [[Umpire (cricket)|umpire]]
| international = true
| testdebutdate = 28 November
| testdebutyear = 1984
| testdebutagainst = India
| testcap = 511
| lasttestdate = 27 July
| lasttestyear = 1989
| lasttestagainst = Australia
| odidebutdate = 5 December
| odidebutyear = 1984
| odidebutagainst = India
| odicap = 76
| lastodidate = 4 September
| lastodiyear = 1988
| lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka
| odishirt =
| umpire = true
| odisumpired = 18
| umpodidebutyr = 2013
| umpodilastyr = 2021
| t20isumpired = 12
| umpt20idebutyr = 2013
| umpt20ilastyr = 2018

| wodisumpired = 10
| umpwodidebutyr = 2002
| umpwodilastyr = 2019
| wt20isumpired = 6
| umpwt20idebutyr = 2011
| umpwt20ilastyr = 2021
| club1 = [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1978–1999}}

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 29
| runs1 = 1,601
| bat avg1 = 36.38
| 100s/50s1 = 4/6
| top score1 = 175
| deliveries1 = 6
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 8/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 26
| runs2 = 597
| bat avg2 = 22.96
| 100s/50s2 = 0/3
| top score2 = 83
| deliveries2 = –
| wickets2 = –
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 6/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 425
| runs3 = 27,571
| bat avg3 = 42.15
| 100s/50s3 = 63/141
| top score3 = 220[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 259
| wickets3 = 4
| bowl avg3 = 72.25
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 1/22
| catches/stumpings3 = 257/0
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 398
| runs4 = 11,889
| bat avg4 = 34.36
| 100s/50s4 = 9/75
| top score4 = 139
| deliveries4 = –
| wickets4 = –
| bowl avg4 = –
| fivefor4 = –
| tenfor4 = –
| best bowling4 = –
| catches/stumpings4 = 120/–
| medaltemplates = 
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|ENG}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987 India and Pakistan]]|}}
| date = 4 July 2021
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/19445.html CricInfo
}}
'''Robert Timothy Robinson''' (born 21 November 1958) is an English cricket [[Umpire (cricket)|umpire]] and former [[cricket]]er who played in 29 [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and 26 [[One Day International]]s for [[England cricket team|England]] from 1984 to 1989.<ref name="Cric">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/19445.html |title=Tim Robinson |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref> He was a part of the English squad which finished as [[1987 Cricket World Cup final|runners-up]] at the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]].

Born in [[Sutton-in-Ashfield]], Nottinghamshire, Robinson played for [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]] from 1978 to 1999, receiving his first team [[Cap (sport)|cap]] in 1983. Robinson was [[Captain (cricket)|club captain]] between 1988 and 1995, and was one of the [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year]] in 1986. Robinson was educated at [[New College Nottingham|High Pavement Grammar School]] in [[Nottingham]].

==International career==
Robinson was an [[Batting order (cricket)|opener]]. He made a promising start to his England career, with 160 in the second Test in 1984–85 against [[India cricket team|India]] in [[Delhi]], and two big centuries against [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] in the [[1985 Ashes series]]. However, he was found out, as were many other England batsmen, by the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] [[Fast bowling|pace attack]] in the 1985–86 series, when he managed just 72 runs in eight innings. Robinson returned to form with 166 against [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]] the following year.<ref name="Cap">{{cite book |title=If The Cap Fits |last=Bateman |first=Colin |year=1993 |publisher=Tony Williams Publications |isbn=1-869833-21-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/ifcapfits0000unse/page/141 141] |url=https://archive.org/details/ifcapfits0000unse/page/141 }}</ref>

He toured with England in 1987–88 playing in the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]] and tours of Pakistan, Australia and New Zealand. It was a disappointing season for Robinson, whose World Cup is probably most memorable for being out [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] first ball to [[Craig McDermott]] in the final. In Australia for the [[Bicentennial Test]] at [[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]], Robinson was again exposed for his inability to handle short balls.

He played one undistinguished Test match against [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lanka]] at the end of the 1988 English summer, where his inability against pace bowling was evident, as he was bounced out by Sri Lanka's medium pace attack. By now, it was apparent that his temperament for facing short pitched fast bowling had waned. England did not tour in 1988–89, due to a row between the Indian and English cricket boards over [[Graham Gooch]]'s South African connections.

Robinson played in his final Test match against Australia at [[Old Trafford (cricket)|Old Trafford]] in 1989. Before the game had concluded, it was announced that Robinson was in a proposed party of sixteen players to join that coming winter's [[England XI in South Africa in 1989–90|rebel tour]] to South Africa.<ref name="Cap"/>

==Domestic career==
Robinson continued to play [[county cricket]] until 1999. He played a total of 425 [[First-class cricket|first-class]] matches, scoring 27,571 runs at an average of 42.15, and amassing 63 centuries. He also bowled a [[maiden over]] in a Test match (his only outing at that level with ball in hand).<ref name="Cric"/> He was Nottinghamshire's captain when they won the [[Benson and Hedges Cup]] in 1989, making his team's top score in the final.

==Umpiring career==
Robinson was appointed to the [[England and Wales Cricket Board|ECB]] First-Class Umpires List in 2007. His first international match was England vs New Zealand in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jun/05/england-new-zealand-live-third-odi | title = England v New Zealand – live! | access-date = 5 June 2013 | last = Burnton | first = Simon | date = 5 June 2013 | work = The Guardian|location=London | quote = Tim Robinson's first decision as an international umpire was really unquibbleable}}</ref>

In January 2018, he was named as one of the seventeen on-field umpires for the [[2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="2018U19">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/586590 |title=Match officials appointed for U19 Cricket World Cup |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of One Day International cricket umpires]]
* [[List of Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=19445}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-sports}}
{{Succession box|
| before=[[Clive Rice]] |
| title=[[:Category:Nottinghamshire cricket captains|Nottinghamshire County cricket captain]] |
| years=1988–1995|
| after=[[Paul Johnson (cricketer)|Paul Johnson]] |
}}
{{S-end}}

{{England Squad 1987 Cricket World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Robinson, Tim}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:English cricket umpires]]
[[Category:English One Day International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:English Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:England Test cricketers]]
[[Category:England One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Nottinghamshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Nottinghamshire cricket captains]]
[[Category:People educated at Nottingham High Pavement Grammar School]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Sutton-in-Ashfield]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:Young England cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century English sportsmen]]

Lew Temple

2025-06-14T18:24:19Z

219.89.68.193: /* Personal life */

{{short description|American actor (born 1967)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Lew Temple
|image = Lew Temple 2014.jpg
|caption = Temple at [[Spooky Empire]]'s Ultimate Horror Weekend 2014 in [[Orlando, Florida]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=y|1967|10|02}}
|birth_place = [[Louisiana]], U.S.
|occupation = Actor
|yearsactive = 1993–present
}}
'''Lew Temple''' (born October 2, 1967) is an American actor known for roles in ''[[Domino (2005 film)|Domino]]'' and ''[[Waitress (2007 film)|Waitress]]'', and for playing [[The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)|Axel]] in the [[The Walking Dead (season 3)|third season]] of ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]''.

==Early life==
Temple was raised in [[Texas]].<ref name=PolishFilmFest>{{cite web|url=http://www.polishfilmla.org/wocms.php?siteID=13&ID=343|title=Artist / VIP Gallery: LEW TEMPLE|publisher=Polish Film Festival, Los Angeles|access-date=October 21, 2010|archive-date=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605143546/http://www.polishfilmla.org/wocms.php?siteID=13&ID=343|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the 1982 Baseball MVP at [[Rollins College]],<ref name=CollegeBaseballMVP>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollinssports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=19500&ATCLID=1547215|title=Tradition: Rollins Baseball Most Valuable Player|publisher=Rollins College Athletics|access-date=October 21, 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715201504/http://www.rollinssports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=19500&ATCLID=1547215|archive-date=July 15, 2011}}</ref> and graduated in 1985.<ref name=RollinsBoydCoffee>{{cite web|url=http://asp3.rollins.edu/olin/oldsite/archives/golden/Coffie.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720040104/http://asp3.rollins.edu/olin/oldsite/archives/golden/Coffie.htm|archive-date=July 20, 2011|title=Boyd Coffie (1898–1948): Dean of the College|publisher=Olin Library, Rollins College|access-date=October 21, 2010}}</ref>

==Career==

===Baseball===
Though he was not good enough for the big leagues, he continued with his love for baseball, snagging roles as a minor league bullpen catcher for the [[Seattle Mariners]] and [[Houston Astros]].<ref name=RollinsBoydCoffee/> In 1986, he was a scout for the [[New York Mets]],<ref name=NYMetsScoutBaseballCube>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebaseballcube.com/org/1986/19.shtml|title=1986 New York Mets: Roster|publisher=The Baseball Cube|access-date=October 21, 2010|archive-date=November 7, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107052315/http://www.thebaseballcube.com/org/1986/19.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> and would later go on to serve as assistant director of Minor League Operations and Scouting for the Astros until 1993.<ref name=AstrosAdminNYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/10/sports/transactions-416293.html|title=TRANSACTIONS: Baseball American League|work=New York Times|access-date=October 21, 2010|date=November 10, 1993|archive-date=November 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113215441/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/10/sports/transactions-416293.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Acting===

====Film====
Temple has had several film roles in the [[horror film|horror]] genre, appearing in [[Rob Zombie]]'s horror film, ''[[The Devils Rejects]]'' as Adam Banjo,<ref name=unstoppable /> portraying Sheriff Winston in the [[The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning|prequel]] to the [[The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003 film)|remake]] of ''[[The Texas Chain Saw Massacre]]'' and as Noel Kluggs in [[Rob Zombie]]'s slasher film, ''[[Halloween (2007 film)|Halloween]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3336406/three-join-rob-zombies-31-including-sheri-moon-zombie/ |title=Three More Join Rob Zombie's '31', Including Sheri Moon Zombie! |access-date=March 18, 2015 |archive-date=April 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407060106/http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3336406/three-join-rob-zombies-31-including-sheri-moon-zombie/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Temple played Marv in ''[[Trailer Park of Terror]]'', and Pete in the thriller/horror film ''House''. In 2016, he starred in [[Rob Zombie]]'s slasher film ''[[31 (film)|31]]'' as Psycho-Head.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/93729/sheri-moon-zombie-lew-temple-and-devin-sidell-and-more-join-rob-zombies-31/ |title=Sheri Moon Zombie, Lew Temple, Devin Sidell, and More Join Rob Zombie's 31 |access-date=March 18, 2015 |archive-date=March 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319221801/http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/93729/sheri-moon-zombie-lew-temple-and-devin-sidell-and-more-join-rob-zombies-31/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Temple's other film roles include Locus Fender in the action film ''[[Domino (2005 film)|Domino]]'', a paramedic in the crime thriller ''[[Déjà Vu (2006 film)|Déjà Vu]]'', Cal, the diner manager in the comedy-drama ''[[Waitress (2007 film)|Waitress]]'', Brian LaRue in a proof of concept for the science-fiction film ''The Three'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/83366/three-different-breeds-aliens-run-amok/ |title=The Three Different Breeds of Aliens Run Amok |access-date=December 23, 2014 |archive-date=December 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223213002/http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/83366/three-different-breeds-aliens-run-amok/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Ned in the thriller ''[[Unstoppable (2010 film)|Unstoppable]]''<ref name=unstoppable>{{cite web|title=Lew Temple interview (Rango, Unstoppable, Devil Rejects) – The Desk of Brian|url=http://deskofbrian.com/2011/02/lew-temple-interview-rango-unstoppable-devil-rejects/|website=deskofbrian.com|access-date=October 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009181228/http://deskofbrian.com/2011/02/lew-temple-interview-rango-unstoppable-devil-rejects/|archive-date=October 9, 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and [[Montgomery Blair]], a member of Abraham Lincoln's Cabinet, in the film ''[[Saving Lincoln]]'', which tells the President's story through the eyes of [[Ward Hill Lamon]], a former law partner, friend, and primary bodyguard.

====Television====
Temple appeared in an episode of ''[[CSI: Miami]]'' as Billy Chadwick, a local loner in a grizzly bear murder case. In 2010, he appeared in an episode of ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]'' as Mr. Loobertz, and in 2011 he appeared in an episode of ''[[Criminal Minds]]'', in which he played a former fisherman turned part-time deliveryman called Bill Thomas, who kidnaps Alison Sparks.

His most notable television role was on ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]'' as [[The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)|Axel]], a prisoner survivor of the [[zombie apocalypse]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lew Temple (a.k.a. Axel) talks about the latest 'Walking Dead' shocker -- Exclusive|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2013/02/17/walking-dead-lew-temple-axel|website=www.ew.com|access-date=September 21, 2016|archive-date=November 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118091338/http://www.ew.com/article/2013/02/17/walking-dead-lew-temple-axel|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Lew Temple talks The Walking Dead Episode 310 "Home"|url=http://dailydead.com/exclusive-lew-temple-talks-the-walking-dead-episode-310-home/|website=dailydead.com|date=February 18, 2013|access-date=September 22, 2016|archive-date=September 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923035234/http://dailydead.com/exclusive-lew-temple-talks-the-walking-dead-episode-310-home/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Awards====
In 2015, Temple received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Annual Gulf Coast Film and Video Festival.<ref>{{cite web|title=the-walking-dead-actor-lew-temple-receives-lifetime-achievement-award-at-local-film-festival/|url=http://uhclthesignal.com/wordpress/2015/09/21/the-walking-dead-actor-lew-temple-receives-lifetime-achievement-award-at-local-film-festival/|website=uhclthesignal.com|access-date=October 8, 2016|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018074019/https://www.uhclthesignal.com/wordpress/2015/09/21/the-walking-dead-actor-lew-temple-receives-lifetime-achievement-award-at-local-film-festival/|url-status=live}}</ref> The award is given to a distinguished actor recognized for his continuing work in the industry of film and video.

==Personal life==
In 2002, Temple was let go from a film contract because he dismissed symptoms of a serious illness. A near-death experience resulted in an examination at M.D. Anderson Hospital in Houston, where he was diagnosed with a rare form of [[leukemia]] and a forty percent chance of survival. He stayed in hospital for eight months and successfully underwent chemotherapy treatment.<ref name=RollinsBoydCoffee/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/02/17/walking-dead-lew-temple-axel/|title='Walking Dead': Lew Temple talks about Axel shocker|access-date=February 19, 2013|archive-date=February 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219073256/http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/02/17/walking-dead-lew-temple-axel/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2009, Temple was involved in a charity event for breast cancer called Bowling for Boobies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34287/bowling-boobies-dread-central%E2%80%99s-horror-starlets-wish-thank-you |title=Bowling for Boobies: Dread Central's Horror Starlets Wish to Thank You! |access-date=October 30, 2009 |archive-date=November 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101152640/http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34287/bowling-boobies-dread-central%E2%80%99s-horror-starlets-wish-thank-you |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Film===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|1994
|''[[Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)|Angels in the Outfield]]''
|Baseball Player
|
|-
|''[[Jason's Lyric]]''
|Man on Bus
|
|-
|1995
|''{{sortname|The|Kangaroo|nolink=1}}''
|Crazy Man
|
|-
|1997
|''{{sortname|The|Stalk Exchange|nolink=1}}''
|Rick Sharpe
|
|-
|1998
|''{{sortname|The|Newton Boys}}''
|Waiter
|
|-
|1999
|''{{sortname|A|Slipping-Down Life}}''
|Audience Member #2
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2000
|''Born to Win''
|Raymond
|
|-
|''Red Ink''
|Martin Mueller
|
|-
|2001
|''On the Borderline''
|Web
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2003
|''[[Rolling Kansas]]''
|Bill
|
|-
|''[[Parasite Dolls]]''
|Caine
|Voice, English dub
|-
|''[[21 Grams]]''
|County Sheriff
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2005
|''{{sortname|The|Devil's Rejects}}''
|Adam Banjo
|
|-
|''[[Domino (2005 film)|Domino]]''
|Locus Fender
|
|-
|rowspan=6|2006
|''[[Come Early Morning]]''
|Man
|Voice
|-
|''{{sortname|The|Visitation|The Visitation (film)}}''
|Deputy Tommy Smalls
|
|-
|''[[Heavens Fall]]''
|Wade Wright
|
|-
|''{{sortname|The|Guitar Player's Girlfriend|nolink=1}}''
|Gary
|Short film
|-
|''{{sortname|The|Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning}}''
|Sheriff Hoyt
|
|-
|''[[Deja Vu (2006 film)|Deja Vu]]''
|Paramedic
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2007
|''[[Waitress (2007 film)|Waitress]]''
|Cal
|
|-
|''[[Halloween (2007 film)|Halloween]]''
|Noel Kluggs
|
|-
|rowspan=4|2008
|''[[Trailer Park of Terror]]''
|Marv
|
|-
|''[[House (2008 film)|House]]''
|Pete
|
|-
|''[[No Man's Land: The Rise of Reeker]]''
|Hitchhiker
|
|-
|''{{sortname|The|Beneficiary|nolink=1}}''
|Gun Dealer
|Short film
|-
|rowspan=4|2009
|''Someone's Knocking at the Door''
|Coroner Tom Collins
|
|-
|''Otis E.''
|The Cashier
|
|-
|''[[Silent Night, Zombie Night]]''
|Jeffrey Hannigan
|
|-
|''Happy in the Valley''
|Chris
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2010
|''{{sortname|The|Killing Jar|The Killing Jar (film)}}''
|Lonnie
|
|-
|''{{sortname|A|Gang Land Love Story|nolink=1}}''
|Ivan
|
|-
|''[[Unstoppable (2010 film)|Unstoppable]]''
|Ned Oldham
|
|-
|rowspan=5|2011
|''[[Montana Amazon]]''
|Trevor
|
|-
|''[[Rango (2011 film)|Rango]]''
|Furgus/Hitch
|Voice
|-
|''Asparagus''
|Counselor #2
|Short film
|-
|''Zombex''
|Aldous Huxtable
|
|-
|''We Are Family''
|Norm
|
|-
|rowspan=5|2012
|''MoniKa''
|Lloyd
|
|-
|''{{sortname|The|Preacher's Daughter|nolink=1}}''
|The Garden
|
|-
|''[[Saving Lincoln]]''
|Montgomery Blair
|
|-
|''{{sortname|The|Unlikely's|nolink=1}}''
|Ray Ray
|
|-
|''[[Lawless (film)|Lawless]]''
|Abshire
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2013
|[[The Lone Ranger (2013 film)|''The Lone Ranger'']]
|Hollis
|
|-
|''[[Night Moves (2013 film)|Night Moves]]''
|Wandering Camper
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2014
|''[[Wicked Blood]]''
|Donny Baker
|Direct-to-video
|-
|''[[Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt?]]''
|Ellis Wyatt
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Desierto]]''
|[[United States Border Patrol|Border Patrol]] officer
|Mexican film
|-
|2016
|''[[31 (film)|31]]''
|Psycho-Head
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2017
|''[[The Endless (film)|The Endless]]''
|Tim
|
|-
|[[Feral (film)|''Feral'']]
|Bill Talbot
|
|-
|''[[Kidnap (2017 film)|Kidnap]]''
|Terrence "Terry" Vicky
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2019
|''[[Once Upon a Time in Hollywood]]''
|Land Pirate Lew
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/films/1000207/Margot-Robbie-FIRST-LOOK-as-Sharon-Tate-in-Once-Upon-a-Time-in-Hollywood-quentin-tarantino |title=Margot Robbie: First Look at Margot Robbie as Sharon Tate in Once Upon a Time in Hollywood |access-date=August 15, 2018 |archive-date=August 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813181416/https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/films/1000207/Margot-Robbie-FIRST-LOOK-as-Sharon-Tate-in-Once-Upon-a-Time-in-Hollywood-quentin-tarantino |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Between the Darkness''
|Roy Grady
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Laura Hasn't Slept]]''
|Dr. Parsons The Monstrosity
|Short film
|-
|2021
|''[[Spirit Untamed]]''
|Wrangler/Conductor
|Voice
|-
|rowspan=3|2022
|''[[Monstrous (film)|Monstrous]]''
|Mr. Alonzo
|
|-
|''The Castle''
|Walter Brown
|
|-
|''[[Corsicana (film)|Corsicana]]''
| Jack Donner
|
|-
|2024
|''Seven Cemeteries''
|Tommy Lasorda
|
|-
|2025
|''Ed Kemper''
|Ed Kemper
|
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1993
|''[[Dragon Half]]''
|Ticket Man
|Voice, video short
|-
|rowspan=2|1994
|''Saiyûki''
|Monk/Village Chief
|Voice, television film
|-
|''Dirty Pair Flash: Mission 3 Act 1''
|Additional Voices
|Video short
|-
|rowspan=2|1995
|''Golden Boy''
|Animator E
|Voice, video
|-
|''{{sortname|A|Woman of Independent Means}}''
|Mover
|Miniseries
|-
|rowspan=3|1996
|''Elf o karu mono-tachi''
|Various
|Voice
|-
|''Burn up W''
|Ashuhara
|Voice, video
|-
|''[[Walker, Texas Ranger]]''
|Whit Ganz
|Episode: "Miracle at Middle Creek"
|-
|1996–1997
|''[[Martian Successor Nadesico]]''
|Additional Voices
|10 episodes
|-
|rowspan=3|1997
|''[[Walker, Texas Ranger]]''
|Nick Devlin
|Episode: "Full Contact"
|-
|''Kimera''
|Guard
|Voice, video
|-
|''{{sortname|The|Big Easy|The Big Easy (TV series)}}''
|Nash Lee
|Episode: "A Streetcar with Desire"
|-
|rowspan=7|1998
|''[[Bubblegum Crisis: Tokyo 2040]]''
|Musician #2
|2 episodes
|-
|''[[Walker, Texas Ranger]]''
|Louie
|Episode: "On the Border"
|-
|''Slayers OVA 1''
|Bandit/Additional Voices
|Video
|-
|''[[Generator Gawl]]''
|Various
|Unknown episodes
|-
|''Dirty Pair: Mission II, Act I''
|Goat Abiko/Additional Voices
|Video
|-
|''Go Nagai's New Cutey Honey''
|Moto-Mutant 2/Additional Voices
|Video
|-
|''[[Gasaraki]]''
|Additional Voices
|3 episodes
|-
|1999
|''Bubblegum Crisis Tokyo 2040: Shadow War''
|Kusui / Musician 2
|Video
|-
|2000
|''[[Sin: The Movie]]''
|Various
|Voice, video
|-
|2001
|''[[Walker, Texas Ranger]]''
|Ollie Olmedo
|Episode: "Saturday Night"
|-
|2007
|''[[CSI: Miami]]''
|Billy Chadwick
|Episode: "A Grizzly Murder"
|-
|rowspan=2|2009
|''Esperanza Beach''
|Watson
|Video short
|-
|''How to Study Your Bible for Kids''
|Commissioner Context
|Video short
|-
|2010
|''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]''
|Mr. Loobertz
|Episode: "Full Throttle"
|-
|rowspan=2|2011
|''[[Criminal Minds]]''
|Bill Thomas
|Episode: "Coda"
|-
|''[[Cross (2011 film)|Cross]]''
|Detective Red
|Video
|-
|2012
|''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 3)|Hawaii Five-0]]''
|Stuart Rizzi
|Episode: "Kahu"
|-
|2012–2013
2013
|''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]''
Justified
|[[The Prisoners (The Walking Dead)|Axel]]
Grady
|Season 3 (Recurring role; 8 episodes)
1 episode
|-
|rowspan=3|2015
|''[[Review (TV series)|Review]]''
|Shovel Hitter
|Episode: "Buried Alive, 6 Star Review, Public Speaking"
|-
|''[[Longmire (TV series)|Longmire]]''
|Archer Loftus
|3 episodes
|-
|''[[Wicked City (2015 TV series)|Wicked City]]''
|Dave Keller
|3 episodes
|}

===Video games===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Full Spectrum Warrior: Ten Hammers]]''
| Additional voices
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011
| ''[[Killzone 3]]''
| ISA Soldiers
|
|-
| ''[[Rango (video game)|Rango]]''
| Turley
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Mafia III]]''
| Additional voices
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|last=Ross|first=Dalton|title=Lew Temple (a.k.a. Axel) talks about the latest 'Walking Dead' shocker|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/02/17/walking-dead-lew-temple-axel/|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=February 17, 2013}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|854702|Lew Temple}}
* {{Twitter}}
* {{anime News Network|people|2332}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Temple, Lew}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rollins College alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Texas]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]

Ray Illingworth

2025-06-13T05:20:41Z

219.89.68.193: /* Early years */

{{Short description|English cricketer, commentator and administrator (1932–2021)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Ray Illingworth
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}}
| image = Ray Illingworth.jpg
| caption = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm off break
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|06|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pudsey]], [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|12|25|1932|06|08|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| role = All rounder
| family =
| international = true
| country = England
| testdebutdate = 24 July
| testdebutyear = 1958
| testdebutagainst = New Zealand
| testcap = 389
| lasttestdate = 23 August
| lasttestyear = 1973
| lasttestagainst = West Indies
| odidebutdate = 5 January
| odidebutyear = 1971
| odidebutagainst = Australia
| odicap = 7
| lastodidate = 20 July
| lastodiyear = 1973
| lastodiagainst = New Zealand
| club1 = [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]
| year1 = 1951–1968
| club2 = [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]]
| year2 = 1969–1978
| club3 = [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]
| year3 = 1982–1983
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Tests]]
| matches1 = 61
| runs1 = 1,836
| bat avg1 = 23.24
| 100s/50s1 = 2/5
| top score1 = 113
| deliveries1 = 11,934
| wickets1 = 122
| bowl avg1 = 31.20
| fivefor1 = 3
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 6/29
| catches/stumpings1 = 45/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODIs]]
| matches2 = 3
| runs2 = 5
| bat avg2 = 2.50
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 4
| deliveries2 = 130
| wickets2 = 4
| bowl avg2 = 21.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/50
| catches/stumpings2 = 1/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 787
| runs3 = 24,134
| bat avg3 = 28.06
| 100s/50s3 = 22/105
| top score3 = 162
| deliveries3 = 117,860
| wickets3 = 2,072
| bowl avg3 = 20.27
| fivefor3 = 104
| tenfor3 = 11
| best bowling3 = 9/42
| catches/stumpings3 = 446/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 218
| runs4 = 2,380
| bat avg4 = 26.74
| 100s/50s4 = 0/4
| top score4 = 79
| deliveries4 = 8,097
| wickets4 = 186
| bowl avg4 = 25.19
| fivefor4 = 3
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/20
| catches/stumpings4 = 58/–
| date = 24 November
| year = 2021
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/ray-illingworth-15385 Cricinfo
}}

'''Raymond Illingworth''' [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (8 June 1932 – 25 December 2021)<ref name="Gdian2022">{{cite news |title=Raymond Illingworth obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/dec/26/raymond-illingworth-obituary |access-date=26 December 2021 |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Peter |last=Mason |date=26 December 2021}}</ref> was an English cricketer, cricket commentator and administrator. {{As of|2015}}, he was one of only nine players to have taken 2,000 wickets and made 20,000 runs in [[first-class cricket]].<ref name=Arnold>Arnold, Peter (1986). ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket'', W. H. Smith. {{ISBN|0671089609}}.</ref>{{rp|302}} He played for [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] (1951–1968 and 1982–1983), [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]] (1969–1978) and [[English cricket team|England]] (1958–1973) and was a [[Wisden Cricketer of the Year]] in 1960.

==Early years==
Illingworth was born in [[Pudsey]], [[West Riding of Yorkshire]] on 8 June 1932. As a teenager he played at [[Farsley]] Cricket Club.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketyorkshire.com/ray-illingworth/ |accessdate=13 September 2021| title=Ray Illingworth on Farsley and life in the Bradford League | date=29 May 2018 | website=Cricket Yorkshire }}</ref>

As a teenager he had assisted his local club ground, Bradford League Club for domestic club matches by preparing grounds. His father was a cabinet-maker and joiner. His father also worked shifts at a munitions factory during the [[World War II]]. His father then returned to the business of cabinet making and Ray often helped his father with repairs, upholstery and French polishing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A sandwich with the supremo|url=https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1011929/a-sandwich-with-the-supremo|access-date=2021-12-30|website=Cricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

He left school at the age of 14 and started playing for Farsley Cricket Club main XI shortly after the end of [[World War II]] in 1945. He turned out for Farsley First XI at the age of 13. He was known for his knock of an unbeaten 148 in a [[Priestley Cup]] final which was contested as part of [[Bradford Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ray Illingworth: A cricket man for all seasons and all moments|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ray-illingworth-1932-2021-a-cricket-man-for-all-seasons-and-all-moments-1294352|access-date=2021-12-30|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He was called up for national service at the age of 18 when he was on the verge of potentially being selected to county cricket level. He also went on to ply his trade playing for the RAF and for the Combined Services during the time when he was on national service.

==Playing style==
Illingworth was a keen student of the game. He had a realistic approach, and "only liked to gamble on certainties."<ref name="wisden.com">{{cite web |last=Bailey |first=Trevor |authorlink=Trevor Bailey |year=1973 |title=Why critics were astounded when Ray Illingworth excelled as England captain – Almanack |url=https://www.wisden.com/wisden-cricketers-almanack/why-critics-were-astounded-when-ray-illingworth-excelled-as-england-captain-almanack |accessdate=6 April 2025 |work=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]}}</ref>

As a bowler, he was not a sharp spinner of the ball, relying on accuracy and subtle variations of flight, but his [[arm ball]] was particularly effective, many of his victims being caught at slip, playing for spin that was not there.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} In county cricket, he took 2072 wickets.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} He bowled 408 balls without reward in three Tests against New Zealand in 1973 but conceded only 1.91 runs an over in his Test career.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

His middle-order batting was based around stern defence; a fifth of his innings, mostly at number 6 or 7 in the order, finished not out. He scored 24,134 first-class runs in all, with a best of 162, at an average of 28.06.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} Against the [[Rest of the World cricket team in England in 1970|Rest of the World]] in 1970, Illingworth topped the England averages with 476 runs (52.89) and six half-centuries.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

==Captaincy style==
The Yorkshireman was 'tough, combative, grudging, shrewd, and an instinctive reader of the game',<ref name=Swanton/>{{rp|194–195}} and an experienced, no-nonsense captain who expected his team to play like professionals. [[David Gower]] wrote 'no matter how highly Ray might regard you as a player he would not have you in his team, come hell or high water, unless he was utterly convinced that you could do the job he had allocated to you'.<ref>Gower, David (1985). ''Heroes and Contemporaries''. Granada Publishing Ltd. pp. 56–59. {{ISBN|000217054X}}.</ref> He managed 'difficult' players like [[Geoff Boycott]] and [[John Snow (cricketer)|John Snow]]<ref>"He harboured and nurtured his bowlers like no other captain I have served"(p78)..."Ray's strong point was in quickly guessing the mood and the problems of the bowler"... whether the bowler was "able to strike his true rhythm"...Ray "recognised that I knew what was needed from me and trusted me to adjust my programme and thinking to be at a peak when required during the Test matches. That was something I appreciated."(p80)...Ray "fought hard" to get the best off-field facilities for his team...(p81), John Snow, 'Cricket Rebel'</ref> well, and they responded with their best Test form. 'Most of all, because he insisted on his "own side", he was able to get the best out of his players, both mentally and physically. He built up a tremendous team spirit which stood us in good stead on numerous occasions',<ref name=Snow>Snow, John (1976). ''Cricket Rebel''. Hamlyn.</ref>{{rp|80}} and they tended to close ranks and treat the opposition, umpires, press and public as the enemy, an attitude that became prevalent amongst Test teams in the 1970s.<ref>Brown, Ashley (1988). ''The Pictorial History of Cricket''. Bison Books Ltd. pp. 150–152. {{ISBN|0861244443}}.</ref>

Illingworth [[English cricket captains|captained England]] in 31 [[Test cricket|Test match]]es, winning 12, losing 5 and drawing 14.

==Record==

===Player===

Illingworth played 787 first-class matches over nearly 33 years.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

===County level===
Illingworth made his first-class debut at 19, was capped in 1955 and became a stalwart of the [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] team thereafter. In 1957, he completed a seasonal "double", with more than 1,000 runs and 100 wickets, a feat he repeated five times over the next seven years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Ray Illingworth |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/52021920 |access-date=26 December 2021 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> As captain his experience and knowledge of the game were widely believed to have helped Yorkshire to their [[County Championship]] victories in 1966, 1967 and 1968. In 1968 he joined [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]] after a contract dispute with Yorkshire, and was made captain.<ref name=Arnold/>{{rp|250}}<ref name=Swanton>[[E. W. Swanton|Swanton, E. W.]] (1986). ''The Barclay's World of Cricket''. Collins. {{ISBN|0002181932}}.</ref>{{rp|194–195}}

===Test level===
Illingworth made his Test début for England in 1958 but struggled on his first tour, in the West Indies in 1959–60, taking just four wickets in five Test matches. After failing to make an impact in four Tests against South Africa he found himself struggling for a place. A good series against India in 1967 established him in the team.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

The selectors had long regarded [[Colin Cowdrey]] as England's natural cricket captain, but he ruptured an [[Achilles tendon]] early in the season and Illingworth was his replacement after only a month as county captain. Illingworth had been in and out of the national side for years, but had taken 20 wickets (13.30) against India in 1967 and 13 more (22.39) against Australia in 1968. He was originally chosen over his rivals like [[Brian Close]] as he was not a threat to Cowdrey's long-term captaincy due to his age and inability to establish a regular spot in the Test team.<ref name=Swanton/>{{rp|63–64}} In the Second Test against the [[West Indian cricket team in England in 1969|West Indies]] at Lord's in 1969, England collapsed to 61–5, but the new skipper made a forceful 113 out of the last 155 runs and became a hero. He defeated both the West Indies and New Zealand 2–0 and was confirmed as captain even when Cowdrey recovered.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Illingworth captained England for five seasons (1969–1973) and this was a very successful period in English Cricket. Under Illingworth, England defeated the West Indies 2–0 in 1969, held a powerful Rest of the World side to 1-4 in 1970, won the Ashes in Australia in 1970–71, defeated Pakistan in 1971, somewhat surprisingly lost to India in 1971 but then regrouped and held on to the Ashes in a tight series in 1972 before eventually losing a series to a strong West Indies team in 1973.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Illingworth's captaincy can perhaps be considered responsible for the victories in several of those tighter contests. For example, at Headingley in 1969 the West Indies were 219 – 3 chasing 303 when Illingworth's inspired bowling change had [[Basil Butcher]] caught behind and wickets fell with just about every bowling change he made that afternoon. Similarly at Sydney in the 7th Test of the 1970–71 series it was Illingworth, deprived of his star batsman Geoff Boycott and his star bowler John Snow, who somehow pressurised the Australian batsmen into capitulation.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Those two matches will probably be remembered as Illingworth's finest moments as captain because they were the most famous. However it was for his brilliant tactics at Headingley in 1971 that he should receive most plaudits. With Pakistan needing only 231 to win - they were sailing toward victory with [[Sadiq Mohammad]] and [[Asif Iqbal (cricketer, born 1943)|Asif Iqbal]] in full command at 160–4. [[Alan Knott]] pulled off a miraculous stumping off [[Norman Gifford]] (Asif the batsman) and again Illingworth's bowling changes just as they had two years earlier resulted in wickets – including the key wicket of Sadiq – c&b by [[Basil D'Oliveira]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

The 1972 series was as good and tough an Ashes series as there has been (with the possible exception of 2005). The seasoned pros of England in Boycott, [[John Edrich|Edrich]], D'Oliveira, Illingworth himself, [[Derek Underwood|Underwood]] and Snow faced the upcoming young Australians ([[Ian Chappell|Ian]] and [[Greg Chappell]], [[Dennis Lillee]], [[Rod Marsh]], [[Doug Walters]]) who would dominate for the middle part of the decade. The series was drawn 2–2 but included tight games at Headingley and particularly the Oval, where the match lasted almost six days with Australia chasing 242 with only 5 wickets in hand.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

In 1973 Illingworth's tenure as captain of England ended, and it was rather a sad one in that an easy victory over a budding New Zealand team was followed by a heavy defeat by a highly efficient West Indies side. England had to win at Lord's to level the three-Test series. West Indies had first use of a quick but perfectly even batting wicket and made 650 at a rapid scoring rate as England's bowling attack of [[Bob Willis|Willis]], [[Geoff Arnold|Arnold]], [[Tony Greig|Greig]], Underwood and Illingworth were humiliated by [[Rohan Kanhai|Kanhai]], [[Garfield Sobers|Sobers]] and [[Bernard Julien]]. When England batted they had no answer to [[Lance Gibbs]] and lost by an innings. Wisden fairly described it as "a sad end to the Illingworth era".{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

====England's unbeaten run====
When Illingworth became captain [[England national cricket team|England]] had lost only one of their previous 14 [[Test cricket|Test matches]], and none of their last 7.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} He continued this run to a record-breaking 27 Test Matches without defeat in 1968–71,{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} or one defeat in 40 Tests in 1966–71.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} This record was not recognised at the time as the games against the [[Rest of the World cricket team in England in 1970|Rest of the World XI]] were counted as [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and was subsequently equalled by [[Clive Lloyd]]'s West Indies in 1981–84.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

*1–1 (5 Tests) vs [[Australian cricket team in England in 1968|Australia in 1968]], Australia winning the First Test at [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/29/29449.html Old Trafford] by 159 runs.
*0–0 (3 Tests) in [[English cricket team in Pakistan in 1968-69|Pakistan 1968–69]].
*2–0 (3 Tests) vs [[West Indian cricket team in England in 1969|the West Indies 1969]].
*2–0 (3 Tests) vs [[New Zealand cricket team in England in 1969|New Zealand 1969]].
*2–0 (7 Tests) in [[1970-71 Ashes series|Australia 1970–71]].
*1–0 (2 Tests) in [[History of cricket in New Zealand from 1970-71 to 2000|New Zealand 1970–71]].
*1–0 (3 Tests) vs [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 1971|Pakistan 1971]].
*0–1 (3 Tests) vs [[Indian cricket team in England in 1971|India 1971]], India winning the Third Test at [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/31/31968.html the Oval] by 4 wickets.

====Rest of the World XI====
There was no tour in 1969–70 and no tourists in 1970 as the series with South Africa was cancelled due to the [[International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981|Basil d'Oliveira Affair]] and concerns over anti-apartheid demonstrations that had led to barbed wire at [[Lord's]]. Rather than send an unprepared team to Australia, a [[Rest of the World cricket team in England in 1970|Rest of the World XI]] was formed primarily from overseas players in the [[County Championship]], captained by [[Garfield Sobers]], and including the South Africans [[Graeme Pollock]], [[Mike Procter]], [[Barry Richards]] and [[Eddie Barlow]]. They could not be regarded as a national Test team and the matches were given the status of 'unofficial Tests', but the runs scored and wickets taken were added to official Test statistics until it was decided by the [[International Cricket Council|I.C.C.]] that they should not count.<ref name=Swanton/>{{rp|346–348}} England were defeated by a superior team, but this was not unexpected. The only surprise was that they managed to win one game and almost won two others against what was arguably the strongest Test team ever assembled.<ref>Firth, Colin (1987). ''Pageant of Cricket''. The Macmillan Company of Australia. p. 506.</ref>

====Australia====
''(See Main Article [[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71]])''

Illingworth led England to a 2–0 Ashes victory in [[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71|1970–71]], the only time a touring team has played a full Test series in Australia without defeat. The future Australian captain, [[Greg Chappell]], later wrote:
<blockquote>Ray Illingworth's England side in 1970–71 were mentally the toughest English side I played against, and the experience of playing against them first up in my Test career reinforced what I had learnt in the backyard. Test cricket was not for the faint of heart. Illingworth subjected us to a mental intimidation by aggressive field placings, and physical intimidation by constant use of his pace attack, ably led by one of the best fast bowlers of my experience, [[John Snow (cricketer)|John Snow]]. Winning to Illingworth was something he expected of himself and demanded of his team.<ref>[[Greg Chappell|Chappell, Greg]] (1986) ''Old Hands Showed The Way'', Test Series Official Book 1986–87, The Clashes for the Ashes, Australia vs England, Playbill Sport Publication.</ref>
</blockquote>

====Trouble with the M.C.C.====
The M.C.C. tour manager was [[David Clark (cricketer)|D. G. Clark]]. Bernard Thomas of [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]] was the assistant manager and physiotherapist,<ref name=Snow/>{{rp|189}} and G. C. A. Saulez the scorer. Clark had been the amateur captain of [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] in 1949–51 and was described by Illingworth as "an amiable, but somewhat ineffectual man",<ref>Criss, Freddi (1996). ''The Guinness Book of Cricket Blunders.'' Guinness Publishing. p. 147. {{ISBN|0851126243}}.</ref> and there were soon divisions between him and the players. After the Second Test Clark criticised both captains for cautious play, England for their short-pitched bowling and indicated that he would prefer to see Australia win 3–1 than see four more draws. Illingworth only discovered this when he was asked for a comment by a journalist in the morning and the rest of the team when they read the newspapers at the airport.<ref name=Snow/>{{rp|88}} As a result, Illingworth effectively took over the running of the tour with the support of the players and Clark's influence declined.<ref name=Snow/>{{rp|94–95}}

Unlike his predecessors, Illingworth insisted on good hotel accommodation, decent sporting facilities, better travel arrangements, higher allowances and pay, and fought hard to get them, which was greatly appreciated by the players.<ref name=Snow/>{{rp|81}} In the final Sydney Test Clark tried to push Illingworth back on to the field when he took the team off because of the crowd throwing beer cans after the Snow-Jenner incident. A furious Illingworth said he would not return until the playing area had been cleared and the crowd had calmed down and objected to Clark constantly siding with the Australians against his own team. When the team returned to England, Illingworth said that "all hell would break loose" if anyone was denied his good conduct bonus (as with [[Fred Trueman]] in the West Indies in 1953–54),<ref>[[Fred Trueman|Trueman, Fred]] (2004). ''As It Was''. Pan Books. p. 171. {{ISBN|140504148X}}.</ref> but this did not happen.

====Later captaincy====
Series wins over New Zealand and Pakistan followed and a despite a loss against India in 1971 he scored his second Test century and enjoyed bowling success. He revealed, in an interview with Shyam Bhatia, 30 years after the loss, that he regretted not bowling [[Brian Luckhurst]]'s occasional left arm spin against the Indians on a sluggish pitch which had blunted Derek Underwood. He retained the Ashes at home in 1972 against Ian Chappell's powerful young side with an exciting 2–2 series draw. In 1972–73 he declined to tour India, [[Tony Lewis]] leading the team instead, and when he took back the reins in 1973 he beat New Zealand 2–0, but lost 2–0 to the West Indies and Illingworth was dropped as England captain in the middle of the final test at Lord's.<ref name=Swanton/>{{rp|323}}<ref name=Snow/>{{rp|135–138}}

===Return from retirement===
[[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]] benefited from his return, winning four one day trophies and the [[County Championship]] in 1975. After announcing his retirement from the first-class game in 1978 he returned to [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] to manage the Yorkshire team, despite his testy relationship with [[Geoff Boycott]]. In 1982, faced with an under-performing team on the field, he made a return to the playing arena and replaced [[Chris Old]] as captain. The side won the Sunday League in his final season in 1983 but failed in the championship, finishing bottom for the first time ever. The title of the book he wrote about this era was ''The Tempestuous Years''.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

==After retirement==
Illingworth left Yorkshire in 1984 and carved out a successful career as a media pundit, often fiercely critical of the England Test team.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Illingworth chunters at Bairstow management|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/raymond-illingworth-chunters-at-the-management-of-jonny-bairstow-637280|access-date=2021-12-30|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> After his retirement, he remained a pivotal figure in English cricket, first as an uncompromising pundit in TV coverage of [[BBC]] before being elevated to the status of national supremo in the mid-1990s in which he served as coach and national selector.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former England captain Ray Illingworth dies aged 89|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/former-england-captain-ray-illingworth-dies-aged-89-1294349|access-date=2021-12-30|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

Eventually he became the chairman of England's Board of Test Selectors (1993–1996) and the England cricket coach (1995–1996). He often clashed with England captain [[Mike Atherton]] over team selection.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-08-06|title=Heroes and villains: Mike Atherton|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2005/aug/07/features.sport13|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Mike Atherton launched a scathing attack on Illingworth accusing him of playing double standards, making unproductive public announcements and for abandoning the youth policy during team selections which was in place during the appointment of Atherton as captain in 1993.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Selvey|first=Mike|title=Atherton criticises Illingworth|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/atherton-criticises-illingworth-1.82491|access-date=2021-12-30|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Atherton also revealed that Illingworth wanted him to be replaced by [[Alec Stewart]] as England test captain after England's disastrous Ashes performances in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chris Silverwood, England's unlikely supremo, follows in Ray Illingworth's footsteps|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/chris-silverwood-england-s-unlikely-supremo-follows-in-ray-illingworth-s-footsteps-1260418|access-date=2021-12-30|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

He still continued preparing pitches at Farsley until the age of 78 and finally gave up his job as a groundsman in 2010 citing back problems.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Illy the groundsman|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sidharth-monga-meets-ray-illingworth-at-his-beloved-farsley-cricket-club-777873|access-date=2021-12-30|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Illingworth was one of Wisden's 5 Cricketers of the Year in 1959.<ref name="wisden.com"/>
He was awarded the [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] for services to cricket in 1973 and made an honorary member of the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC). He was the fourth cricketer to be elected to Yorkshire's 'Hall of Fame' and was President of Yorkshire County Cricket in 2010/2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yorkshireccc.com/history/past-presidents|title=List Of Yorkshire County Cricket Club Presidents|publisher=[[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]]|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>

Illingworth was one of ten members of Leicestershire's first County Championship winning team in 1975 to have a road in Leicester named after him by the city council. [[Chris Balderstone]], [[Peter Booth (cricketer)|Peter Booth]], [[Brian Davison (cricketer)|Brian Davison]], [[Barry Dudleston]], [[Ken Higgs]], [[David Humphries]],
[[Norman McVicker]], [[John Steele (cricketer, born 1946)|John Steele]] and [[Roger Tolchard]] were the others. [[Jack Birkenshaw]], [[Graham McKenzie]] and [[Mick Norman]] missed out as there were already roads using their surnames.

==Personal life and death==
Illingworth was married to Shirley Milnes from 1958 until her death in March 2021. They had two daughters, Diane and Vicky.<ref name="Gdian2022" />

In November 2021, he advocated [[assisted suicide]], revealing that he had been diagnosed with an aggressive form of [[oesophageal cancer]].<ref>{{cite news|date=29 November 2021 |title=Former England captain Ray Illingworth reveals cancer diagnosis|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12482457/former-england-captain-ray-illingworth-reveals-cancer-diagnosis-wants-law-change-on-assisted-dying |work=[[Sky Sports]] | access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com/film/ray-illingworth-children-early-age-cricket-scarborough |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925132131/http://www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com/film/ray-illingworth-children-early-age-cricket-scarborough |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also lent his support to the [[Assisted Dying Bill]] which he wanted to be legalised in the UK. The bill received its second reading at the [[House of Lords]] in October 2021. He had insisted that he believed in assisted dying and he said that he did not want to "live the way his wife had suffered" from the disease for the past twelve months prior to her death and instead he would "leave the world peacefully".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ray Illingworth reveals cancer diagnosis amid support for assisted dying|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ray-illingworth-reveals-cancer-diagnosis-amid-support-for-assisted-dying-1291668|access-date=2021-12-30|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

In later years Illingworth played an unnamed member of the crowd in a cricket match alongside Brian Close, in an episode of the TV drama Heartbeat called “Stumped”. Dickie Bird played the umpire in that episode and Martin Bicknell also appeared.

He died on 25 December 2021, at the age of 89, and was survived by his daughters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former England captain Ray Illingworth dies at age of 89 |url=https://www.surreycomet.co.uk/sport/national/19809032.former-england-captain-ray-illingworth-dies-age-89/ |access-date=24 December 2021 |publisher=Surrey Comet |date=24 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC expresses sadness at the passing of Ray Illingworth|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2427279|access-date=2021-12-30|website=www.icc-cricket.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sportnetwork.net/main/s531/st108855.htm Ray Illingworth interview 2006]
* [http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2001/aug/24speca.htm India Interview]
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=15385}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-sports}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Colin Cowdrey]] [[Tony Lewis]] |
title=[[English national cricket captains|English national cricket captain]] |
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after=[[Tony Lewis]] [[Mike Denness]]
}}
{{succession box|
title=[[English national cricket captain#One Day International captains|England ODI Captain]]|
before=None [[Brian Close]]|
years=1970–71 1973|
after=[[Brian Close]] [[Mike Denness]]
}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Illingworth, Ray}}
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Jack Fingleton

2025-06-11T13:22:55Z

219.89.68.193: /* Style */

{{Short description|Australian cricketer (1908–1981)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Jack Fingleton
| image = Jack Fingleton.jpg
| country = Australia
| fullname = John Henry Webb Fingleton
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|4|28}}
| birth_place = [[Waverley, New South Wales]], Australia
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1981|11|22|1908|4|28}}
| death_place = [[St Leonards, New South Wales]], Australia
| batting = Right-handed
| international = true
| testdebutdate = 12 February
| testdebutyear = 1932
| testdebutagainst = South Africa
| testcap = 142
| lasttestdate = 24 August
| lasttestyear = 1938
| lasttestagainst = England
| club1 = [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]]
| year1 = 1928–1940
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 18
| runs1 = 1,189
| bat avg1 = 42.46
| 100s/50s1 = 5/3
| top score1 = 136
| deliveries1 = 0
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 13/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches2 = 108
| runs2 = 6,816
| bat avg2 = 44.54
| 100s/50s2 = 22/31
| top score2 = 167
| deliveries2 = 91
| wickets2 = 2
| bowl avg2 = 27.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 1/6
| catches/stumpings2 = 81/4
| date = 26 December
| year = 2008
| source = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/5229.html Cricinfo
}}
'''John Henry Webb Fingleton''', {{post-nominals|OBE}} (28 April 1908{{spaced ndash}}22 November 1981) was an Australian [[cricket]]er, journalist and commentator. The son of Australian politician [[James Fingleton]], he was known for his dour defensive approach as a [[batsman]], scoring five [[Test cricket|Test match]] [[century (cricket)|centuries]], representing Australia in 18 Tests between 1932 and 1938.

He made his first-grade debut in [[Sydney Grade Cricket|Sydney district cricket]] at the age of 16 and proceeded to his [[first-class cricket|first-class debut]] for [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]] at the age of 20 in 1928–29. In 1931–32, Fingleton gained a regular position for New South Wales. He then made his debut in the Fifth and final Test of the season against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], making 40 in an innings victory. The following season, Fingleton won praise for an unbeaten century against the [[bodyline]] attack in a tour match despite suffering multiple bruises and being accused of leaking the infamous verbal exchange between Australian captain [[Bill Woodfull]] and English manager [[Plum Warner]] during the acrimonious Ashes.

Fingleton scored four centuries and was the leading run-scorer during the 1934–35 domestic season, earning a recall to the Australian team for the 1935–36 tour of South Africa. From that point onwards until the outbreak of World War II, he opened the batting with [[Bill Brown (cricketer)|Bill Brown]]. At his height, Fingleton was scoring centuries in three consecutive innings as Australia won each of the last three Tests by an innings. In the Fourth Test, he and Brown put on the first double century opening partnership for Australia in a Test. In 1936–37, Fingleton made a century in the First Test to become the first player to score consecutive centuries in four Test innings.

Fingleton enlisted in the military during World War II and was eventually sent to work on media matters for Prime Minister [[John Curtin]] and one of his predecessors, [[Billy Hughes]]. After the war, Fingleton worked as a political correspondent in [[Canberra]] and commentated on cricket during the summer months in Australia and England. He was a prolific author, regarded as one of the finest and most stylish cricket writers of his time, producing many books. Fingleton was known for his forthright opinions and willingness to criticise, especially regarding his colleague Don Bradman, and his cricket reports were published by newspapers in several countries.

==Style==
A right-hand opening batsman, Fingleton was noted primarily for his obdurate defense rather than for his strokeplay. Like most successful opening batsmen, he had a small back-lift and was rarely surprised by the quicker half-volley or [[yorker]]. Fingleton was often described as "courageous", in particular for his defiant batting against Bodyline.<ref name=wisden/> Fingleton often made self-deprecating comments about his batting, telling English cricket writer [[Alan Gibson]] that he "missed nothing" by not seeing him bat.<ref name=g145>Growden, p. 145.</ref> He was also an athletic and gifted fieldsman, who built his reputation in the covers.

Later he became noted along with [[Vic Richardson]] and [[Bill Brown (cricketer)|Bill Brown]] in South Africa in 1935–36 as part of [[Bill O'Reilly (cricketer)|Bill O'Reilly]]'s leg-trap. [[Neville Cardus]], once described the Fingleton-Brown combination as "crouching low and acquisitively, each with as many arms as an Indian god".<ref name="wisden"/> His partnership with Brown was regarded as one of the great opening pairings in the history of Australian Test cricket.<ref name="old">{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/70460.html| title='What did you do at Lord's, Grandpa?'| first=David |last=Frith|author-link=David Frith|access-date=6 December 2007|work=Wisden Cricket Monthly |year=1987|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref> In ten Tests together as an opening partnership, the pair averaged 63.75 for the first wicket, higher than any other Australian pair with more than 1,000 runs.<ref name="im">{{cite web| title=Invincible memories | first=Peter |last=English |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/current/story/338064.html | date=23 February 2008 |access-date=24 June 2008 |publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>

==Early years==
[[File:Jamesfingleton.jpg|thumb|200px|Fingleton's father James served in the New South Wales parliament]]

Born at Waverley in the inner eastern suburbs of Sydney,<ref name=wisden/> Fingleton was the third of six children.<ref name=g17>Growden, p. 17.</ref> His parents were [[James Fingleton|James]], a [[tram driver]] and union organiser who became a member of the [[New South Wales Parliament]], and Belinda May Webb. The family was Irish Catholic—Fingleton's paternal grandfather had immigrated to Australia in the 1870s.<ref>Growden, pp. 15–16.</ref>

In 1913, at the age of five, Fingleton's father was elected into state parliament as a representative of the centre left, labour-union oriented [[Australian Labor Party]], and the family moved into a larger house. It was here that Fingleton learned to play street cricket.<ref>Growden, pp. 18–19.</ref> Fingleton was educated at the [[Roman Catholic]] St Francis's School, in the inner city suburb of [[Paddington, New South Wales|Paddington]] before moving to [[Waverley College]].<ref name="wisden">{{cite web| title= Wisden 1982 – Obituary – Jack Fingleton |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/155427.html| year= 1982 |access-date=21 May 2007| publisher=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]}}</ref> There he began a lifelong association with prose.<ref name=g20>Growden, p. 20.</ref>

In 1917, the family fell upon hard times when the elder Fingleton lost his seat and resumed his job as a tram driver, but in 1918 contracted [[tuberculosis]]. The father succumbed in 1920 when Jack was twelve,<ref name="az">Cashman, pp. 92–93.</ref><ref>Growden, pp. 20–21.</ref> and the funeral director was Australian Test [[wicket-keeper]] [[Sammy Carter]].<ref>Growden, pp. 21–22.</ref>

Without their breadwinner, the Fingleton family were in further trouble and Belinda opened a seafood shop and withdrew her eldest son Les to support her. However, the business failed and the family home was at risk, so Jack was forced to quit school at the age of 12. He did a variety of jobs such as selling food at cinemas, washing bottles and sweeping floors.<ref>Growden, p. 23.</ref>

At the age of fifteen, Fingleton took the first steps in his journalism career, when his cousin helped him to become a [[copy boy]] with the now defunct Sydney ''[[Daily Guardian (Sydney)|Daily Guardian]]''.<ref name=g24>Growden, p. 24.</ref> Encouraged by his former headmaster, who had prompted his interest in writing, Fingleton quickly eased into his new career.<ref>Growden, pp. 24–25.</ref> Fingleton started as a sports reporter, and had a narrow escape when he was sacked by [[Robert Clyde Packer]] for breaking a pot, but then reinstated. Fingleton then risked being fired by removing cricket articles written by the famed [[Neville Cardus]] from the newspaper's archive against policy for his personal use.<ref>Growden, pp. 26–27.</ref>

Fingleton was unable to distinguish himself on the field while at school, but after joining Waverley, he made quick progress. Fingleton trained early in the morning, before heading to the office and working in the afternoon so that the articles would be printed in the evening.<ref>Growden, p. 28.</ref> He was unable to afford the club membership so a patron sponsored him. At the age of 16, he broke into the First XI of a [[Sydney Grade Cricket|grade team]] which included Test players [[Alan Kippax]], [[Sammy Carter|Hanson Carter]] and [[Arthur Mailey]].<ref name="wisden"/> Australian Test captain [[Herbie Collins]] missed a match due to his work as a [[bookmaker]], and Fingleton stood in at late notice. Under the leadership of Carter, Fingleton batted last and made 11 [[not out]]. Forced to [[follow on]], he made 52 not out and cemented his position for the remainder of the season.<ref name=g31>Growden, p. 31.</ref> Within a year, Fingleton's grade performances were being reported in Sydney newspapers.<ref name=g31/> Playing on a Waverley pitch notorious for uneven bounce, Fingleton developed a style of play centred on solid defence.<ref name=g35>Growden, p. 35.</ref>

In the same year, his journalistic mentor Pedlar Palmer moved to the ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' and Fingleton became disenchanted. He was coaxed by a cricketer-journalist to move to his publication, the ''Telegraph Pictorial'', where he worked for several years before the outbreak of the Second World War.<ref name="wisden"/> However, Fingleton's initiation into his new workplace was difficult as the ''Telegraph Pictorial'' had just merged with the ''[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Telegraph]]'' and around half the workforce were to be made redundant. Fingleton was demoted from the main staff to a freelance correspondent covering events in the inner-city suburbs of [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]] and [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]]. In such crime-ridden and turbulent working-class area, Fingleton was productive in break stories and was soon restored to the regular staff.<ref>Growden, pp. 32–33.</ref>

==First-class debut==
[[File:Jack Fingleton graph.png|left|thumb|350px|Jack Fingleton's Test career batting performance. The red bars indicate the runs that he scored in an innings, with the blue line indicating the [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] in his last ten innings. The blue dots indicate an innings where he remained [[not out]].<ref name="testlist">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/player/5229.html?class=1;template=results;type=allround;view=match |title= Statsguru – JHW Fingleton – Test matches – All-round analysis |access-date=15 April 2008| publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>]]

Having scored a century for Waverley against Petersham the week before,<ref name=g36>Growden, p. 36.</ref> Fingleton made his first-class debut in 1928–29, playing in two matches and having two innings. On debut against [[Victorian Bushrangers|Victoria]], Fingleton was allowed to bat no higher than No. 8 by captain [[Tommy Andrews (cricketer)|Tommy Andrews]], despite being a specialist batsman. More than 600 runs had been scored by the time the sixth wicket had fallen, bringing him to the wicket to join [[Don Bradman]], who had already brought up his double century. The pair put on an unbroken stand of 111 before Andrews declared at 7/613, of which Fingleton made 25 [[not out]]. During the partnership, Bradman farmed most of the strike, much to Fingleton's chagrin.<ref>Growden, pp. 36–37.</ref> The pair's first meeting had been prickly and Bradman glared angrily at Fingleton after a mix-up almost ended in a [[run out]].<ref name=g37>Growden, p. 37.</ref> The match was drawn,<ref name=o/> and Fingleton then made a duck against [[Tasmanian Tigers|Tasmania]] in an innings victory.<ref name=o/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1920S/1928-29/AUS_LOCAL/STATS/FC_1928-29_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html| title=Australian First-Class Season 1928/29: Batting – Most Runs| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref> The following summer, with no Test matches, New South Wales' international representatives were available for the entire season, and Fingleton missed selection for every match.<ref name=o>{{cite web| title=Player Oracle JHW Fingleton |url=https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=558&opponentmatch=exact&playername=Meckiff&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeepoer=&searchtype=InningsList&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason= |access-date=14 May 2009 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1920S/1929-30/AUS_LOCAL/STATS/FC_1929-30_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html| title=Australian First-Class Season 1929/30: Batting – Most Runs| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref>

In 1930–31, aged 22, Fingleton regained his position at the start of the [[Sheffield Shield]] season for [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]], and first came to prominence when he withstood a ferocious opening spell against the express pace of [[Eddie Gilbert (cricketer)|Eddie Gilbert]] in [[Brisbane]] against [[Queensland Bulls|Queensland]].<ref name="az"/> On one occasion, a particularly fast Gilbert delivery supposedly evaded both the batsman and wicket-keeper, travelled more than 60 metres and crashed through a fence before hitting and killing a dog on the other side.<ref name="m69">Mallett, p. 69.</ref> Fingleton scored 56 as a full strength team with Test players fell for 143. The visitors were set 392 for victory and played for a draw, with Fingleton adding 71 to prevent a collapse as the match was saved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1930-31/AUS_LOCAL/SS/NSW_QLD_SS_11-15DEC1930.html| title=New South Wales v Queensland at Sydney Cricket Ground, 11–15 Dec 1930| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref><ref>Colman, pp. 96–98.</ref> He failed to pass single figures in his next four innings, and was dropped twice, before adding 32 not out and 26 as New South Wales lost to the touring [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]].<ref name=o/> Fingleton did not play a full season and ended with 210 runs at 35.00 in five matches, including the two half-centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1930-31/AUS_LOCAL/STATS/FC_1930-31_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html| title=Australian First-Class Season 1930/31: Batting – Most Runs| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref>

==Test debut==

In the opening match of the 1931–32 season, which was against Queensland, New South Wales were in trouble. Gilbert famously knocked the bat out of [[Donald Bradman]]'s hand, before removing him for a duck. Gilbert cut down the New South Wales top order with a spell of 3/12 and forced [[Alan Kippax]] to retire hurt after hitting him in the upper body.<ref name="m67">Mallett, p. 67.</ref> Fingleton was going to be twelfth man before [[Archie Jackson]]—who was to die of [[tuberculosis]] just over a year later—collapsed just before the start of the match.<ref name=g39>Growden, p. 39.</ref> Undeterred, [[Stan McCabe]] came in and counterattacked;<ref name="m67"/> Fingleton assisted him with a stubborn 93 and featured in a 195-run fourth wicket partnership.<ref name=az/> New South Wales reached 432 and won by an innings.<ref name=o/>

Fingleton then scored his maiden first-class century of 117 in less than four hours in the following match, against the touring [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], helping his team to 3/430 in their runchase. The hosts were 18 runs short of victory when time ran out.<ref name=o/> Although Fingleton made only five in New South Wales' second match against the South Africans, Fingleton was selected for the Test series against the same team.<ref name="az"/> This came after only ten matches for his state.<ref name=o/><ref name=g44>Growden, p. 44.</ref> Starting with the Second Test, he was twelfth man for three consecutive Tests, and as a result, did not play any cricket for six weeks before he added a pair of 40s in a win over arch-rivals Victoria.<ref name=o/>

Fingleton made his debut in the Fifth and final Test in similar circumstances to his break at the start of the season; [[Bill Ponsford]] fell ill and Bradman twisted an ankle.<ref name="az"/><ref name=g36/> As Bradman later took a hard-running catch as a substitute fielder on the same day, some suspected that he had feigned injury to avoid playing on a [[sticky wicket|rain-affected wicket]] hostile to batting—he had appeared uncomfortable against aggressive bowling in the previous Test.<ref name=g46>Growden, p. 46.</ref> In a low-scoring match,<ref name="az"/> Fingleton's first action on the field was to let a ball go between his legs as South Africa batted first.<ref name=g47>Growden, p. 47.</ref> Opening with captain [[Bill Woodfull]] in the absence of Ponsford, Fingleton saw his skipper removed from the first ball of the innings. He was allowed to ease into his first innings when the first ball he faced, from [[Neville Quinn]], was a deliberate [[full toss]] to give him an opportunity to score his initial runs easily. The pair became friends from this point onwards.<ref name=g48>Growden, p. 48.</ref> Fingleton was second top-scorer with 40 as Australia made 153 recorded an innings victory.<ref name="az"/><ref name="auslist"/> The match lasted less than one day's playing time as the hosts fell for only 36 and 45.<ref name=o/><ref>Piesse, p. 125.</ref> The cricketer-journalist [[Richard Whitington]] later wrote that "for courage and skill...[Fingleton's 51] was worth quadruple that number".<ref name=g48/> ''[[The Sydney Mail]]'' predicted that Fingleton's display on the rain-affected wicket, the likes of which were common, proved that he would "someday be a great success" there.<ref name=g48/> Fingleton ended the season with 386 runs at 42.88 with one century and a fifty in six matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1931-32/AUS_LOCAL/STATS/FC_1931-32_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html| title=Australian First-Class Season 1931/32: Batting – Most Runs| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref>

==Bodyline turmoil==

In the following summer came the ''[[Bodyline]]'' series, when [[England cricket team|England]] toured under [[Douglas Jardine]] and targeted the upper bodies of the Australian batsmen with short-pitched bowling, using a close leg side cordon to catch balls fended away from the body. In one of the tour matches before the Tests, Fingleton scored a defiant 119*, carrying his bat for New South Wales against the bumper barrage of [[Harold Larwood]] and [[Gubby Allen]], ensuring his selection for the First Test.<ref name="wisden"/><ref name="az"/> Despite his unbending resistance, his state fell to an innings defeat.<ref name=o/> In a warm-up for the Tests, he scored 29 and 53 not out for an Australian XI against the tourists, while most of his teammates struggled.<ref name=o/> His earlier experience held him in good stead as he scored 26 and 40 as Australia were crushed by ten wickets in the First Test in Sydney.<ref name=o/> Fingleton stood his ground and was hit several times.<ref>Whitington, p. 105.</ref> He then made a defiant four-hour innings to top-score with 83 in the first innings of Australia's only win of the series in the Second Test in Melbourne, although he did run out his batting partner [[Leo O'Brien (cricketer)|Leo O'Brien]] in the process.<ref>Whitington, pp. 115–117.</ref> This helped the Australians to reach 228 and they took a 59-run first innings lead before winning the match despite Fingleton making only one in the second innings.<ref name=o/> He appeared as well equipped as any Australian to combat England's strategy.<ref name="wisden"/><ref name="auslist"/>

===Adelaide leak===
{{main|Adelaide leak}}
However, the Third Test at the [[Adelaide Oval]] was disastrous for Fingleton, who scored a [[pair (cricket)|pair]] as Australia were hammered by 338 runs.<ref name="testlist"/><ref name="auslist"/> He was blamed for leaking the details of the dressing room exchange between captain [[Bill Woodfull]] and English manager [[Plum Warner]], which almost caused the abandonment of the Test series. Warner had visited Woodfull to express sympathies after the Australian captain was struck in the heart by Larwood's short pitched bowling, to which Woodfull retorted "I do not want to see you Mr. Warner. There are two sides out there. One is playing cricket and the other is not."<ref name=az_wood/> The leak caused a sensation, as Woodfull had publicly remained composed in the face of the body barrage, neither complaining nor retaliating.<ref name="wisden"/><ref name="az_wood">Cashman, pp. 322–323.</ref> Fingleton was dropped for the remaining two Tests of the series.<ref name="az"/> New South Wales played England after the Third Test and Fingleton had a chance to show his credentials against Bodyline but made only 19 and 7 in a four-wicket defeat, and was unable to force his way back into the Test team.<ref name=o/> Fingleton always denied responsibility for the leak, blaming Bradman.<ref name="pollard">{{cite book | last = Pollard |first= Jack | year = 1969 | title = Cricket the Australian Way}}</ref> This incident was the first in a string of open disagreements between Fingleton and Bradman.

The ''Bodyline'' season also marked the beginning of Fingleton's opening combination with [[Bill Brown (cricketer)|Bill Brown]], who made his New South Wales debut in the same season.<ref name="az brown">Cashman, p. 67.</ref> Fingleton scored four half-centuries for the remainder of the first-class season and ended with 648 runs at 38.11 as New South Wales won the Sheffield Shield.<ref name=h791>Harte, p. 791.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1932-33/AUS_LOCAL/STATS/FC_1932-33_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html| title=Australian First-Class Season 1932/33: Batting – Most Runs| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref>

Fingleton had a prolific 1933–34 Australian season in which he scored 655 runs at 59.54 with two centuries and four fifties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1933-34/AUS_LOCAL/STATS/FC_1933-34_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html| title=Australian First-Class Season 1933/34: Batting – Most Runs| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref> He scored 105 in the Test trial for [[Vic Richardson|Richardson's XI]] and then struck 145 against arch-rivals Victoria in the last match of the season; New South Wales were unable to force a victory and thus ceded the Sheffield Shield to their southern neighbours.<ref name=o/><ref name=h791/> He had scored 76 in the return match earlier in the season and added 33 and 78 against the Rest of Australia.<ref name=o/>

Despite this, Fingleton was overlooked for the Australian side selected to tour England in 1934.<ref name="az"/> With captain Woodfull and [[Bill Ponsford]] the established openers, there was only one place for a spare opener, and Brown won the position over his partner, who had performed to a similar standard during the season. The selectors asked [[Don Bradman]], Australia's leading batsman and state teammate to Brown and Fingleton, for advice. Bradman nominated Brown, believing that his style was better suited to English pitches.<ref name="p175">Perry, p. 175.</ref><ref name="times">{{cite web| title=Bill Brown: Accomplished batsman who scored handsomely for Australia before and after the war |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3570490.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523023906/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3570490.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 May 2010 | first=Derek |last=Hodgson |date=18 March 2008 |access-date=24 June 2008 |work=[[The Times]] | location=London}}</ref> On the day that the team was selected, Bradman wrote in his newspaper column, criticising Fingleton's running between the wickets.<ref name=g84>Growden, p. 84.</ref> When the pair next met, Fingleton's only words were to blame Bradman for his omission; Bradman claimed that as a result of the selection controversy, Fingleton relentlessly pursued a vendetta against him from there on.<ref name=g85/> Fingleton also suspected that Woodfull wanted him out of the team because he held the journalist responsible for the leaked exchange with Warner.<ref name=g85>Growden, p. 85.</ref>

Some incidents in Fingleton's century in the last match of the season were also believed to have reflected badly at the selection table. Having [[List of cricket terms#R|retired hurt]] on 78, he returned the next day and was then dropped on 86 in the slips. Fingleton had moved out of his crease to pat out the pitch before the [[dead ball|ball had gone dead]] and Victorian wicket-keeper [[Ben Barnett]] broke the stumps. A displeased Fingleton was given out by umpire [[George Borwick (umpire)|George Borwick]] and walked off the ground, only to be called back by captain Woodfull. Fingleton refused Woodfull's offer and did not return until Woodfull successfully asked Borwick to reverse his decision.<ref>Growden, pp. 86–87.</ref> The media reported that Fingleton had quarrelled with Woodfull and several teammates told him that his apparent rebuff of the national captain would prejudice his chances of selection, and the NSWCA made an inquiry into the matter; Fingleton failed to respond.<ref name=g87/> During the same innings, Bradman also wrote in his newspaper report that Fingleton had been responsible for the run out of teammate [[Ray Rowe (cricketer)|Ray Rowe]], which angered Fingleton for an extended period.<ref name=g87>Growden, p. 87.</ref>

A disappointed Fingleton wrote to Woodfull, saying "You have chosen chaps who do not like fast bowling".<ref name="tel">{{Cite news
|title=Bill Brown |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1581980/Bill-Brown.html |date=18 March 2008 |access-date=10 June 2008 |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> He also questioned what he perceived to be Woodfull's coldness towards him since the Bodyline series and decried unnamed "fellow pressmen, naturally jealous".<ref>Growden, pp. 88–89.</ref> ''Wisden'' speculated that Fingleton's omission may have been due to cricket diplomacy reasons following the incident in Adelaide,<ref name="wisden"/> while others thought that regionalism was to blame; this view posited that [[Ernest Bromley (cricketer)|Ernest Bromley]] was selected so that seven Victorians and New South Welshmen would be on the tour.<ref name=g91>Growden, p. 91.</ref> Bromley scored only 312 runs in 20 innings in England.<ref name=g92>Growden, p. 92.</ref>

Fingleton was selected for a second string Australian team to tour New Zealand for two months at the end of the season while the Test team departed for England. However, captain [[Vic Richardson|Victor Richardson]] and his deputy [[Keith Rigg]] withdrew, dissatisfied with the pay, leaving Fingleton as the most senior member of the team. The tour was then cancelled by New Zealand, who feared that the large number of absentees would result in a large financial loss.<ref name=g92/>

==Test recall==
[[File:Fingleton brown.jpg|right|thumb|Fingleton and Brown walk out to open for Australia]]
With retirements of both Woodfull and Ponsford following the 1934 tour to England, positions at the top of the Australia's batting order became available.<ref name="az"/> Fingleton also found state cricket more attractive now that Bradman had decided to move to [[Southern Redbacks|South Australia]] to take up stockbroking.<ref name=g92/> Fingleton responded to his omission from the Ashes tour by leading the run-scoring aggregates in the 1934–35 season. He scored 880 runs at 58.66 with four centuries and four fifties, almost 200 runs more than the second most prolific batsman, Brown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1934-35/AUS_LOCAL/STATS/FC_1934-35_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html| title=Australian First-Class Season 1934/35: Batting – Most Runs| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref> After Fingleton started the summer with a fifty in Woodfull's testimonial match,<ref name=o/> the pair started the Shield campaign with a 249-run stand in New South Wales' first match of the season against South Australia, both scoring centuries in an innings victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1934-35/AUS_LOCAL/SS/NSW_SOA_SS_23-27NOV1934.html| title=New South Wales v South Australia at Sydney Cricket Ground, 23–27 Nov 1934| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref> Fingleton made 134 in just over three hours.<ref name=g93>Growden, p. 93.</ref> Fingleton reached 49 at least once in the remaining five matches, including a 108 against Queensland. Despite the form of the openers, New South Wales failed to win the Sheffield Shield after losing both of their matches against Victoria.<ref name=o/><ref name=s>{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/260057.html|access-date=30 November 2007|title=A history of the Sheffield Shield |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |first=Martin |last=Williamson}}</ref> Fingleton ended the season with consecutive centuries, 124 and 100, against [[Western Warriors|Western Australia]], and took the first of two first-class wickets in his career in the first of the two matches.<ref name=o/>

As a result of his performances, Fingleton was recalled to the Test team for the tour of South Africa in 1935–36, where he partnered Brown at the top of the innings.<ref name="az"/> Under normal circumstances, the Australians would have been captained by Fingleton's rival Bradman, who had been vice-captain to Woodfull. However, Bradman was unable to tour for medical reasons and [[Vic Richardson]] led the team instead.<ref name=g93/> With Bradman out of the way, the tour was to be the most prolific and peaceful phase of Fingleton's international career and included several large opening stands with Brown.<ref name=az/> During the tour, Fingleton played with an attacking flair that contrasted with his established reputation for doggedness.<ref name=g99>Growden, p. 99.</ref> For Fingleton, it was the happiest tour he had been on, in large part due to Bradman's absence.<ref name=g101>Growden, p. 101.</ref>

Fingleton nearly failed to make the trip. His newspaper editor Eric Baume ordered him to write a column attacking the Australian Board of Control for vetoing players from going on a private tour of [[British India|India]], threatening to sack him if he refused—criticism of the board typically resulted in exclusion from selection. Fingleton was reluctant to comply, and was reprieved when the editor-in-chief overruled Baume.<ref>Growden, pp. 93–94.</ref>

Fingleton scored 66 for the Australians in an innings victory over Western Australia before sailing for South Africa.<ref name=o/> It was to be the start of a very productive campaign. In the three matches leading up to the Tests, against [[Natal cricket team|Natal]], [[Western Province cricket team|Western Province]] and [[Transvaal cricket team|Transvaal]] respectively, Fingleton scored 121, 53, 99 and seven not out. Australia won the latter match by ten wickets and the others by an innings.<ref name=o/> In the match by Natal, Fingleton and Brown both made centuries and combined in a double century stand.<ref name=o/>

After almost three years in the wilderness, Fingleton returned to the Test arena in the First Test at [[Durban]]. After making two in the first innings, he was unbeaten on 36 when Australia reached their second innings target with nine wickets in hand.<ref name="testlist"/><ref name="auslist"/> During the first innings, a 140 km/h gale hit the ground, uprooting trees and forcing balls that were heading into the wind to do U-turns.<ref>Growden, pp. 96–97.</ref> He followed this with 62—the innings top-score<ref name=g97>Growden, p. 97.</ref>—and 40 in the Second Test at [[Johannesburg]].<ref name="testlist"/> After taking a 93-run first innings lead,<ref name=o/> Australia needed a Test record of 399 in the second innings to win on a [[Spin bowling|turning]] wicket, and after the early demise of Brown, Fingleton joined McCabe in a 177-run partnership that pushed the score to 1/194. Such was the dominance of McCabe that he scored more than 80% of the runs during this partnership.<ref name=g98>Growden, p. 98.</ref> Australia needed only 125 with half the day remaining and eight wickets in hand when poor visibility ended play. McCabe had flayed the attack and reached 189 not out when the South Africans had the match called off, claiming that the fieldsmen were endangered by the batsman's vigorous hitting.<ref name="pollard"/><ref name="az mccabe">Cashman, pp. 197–198.</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = 2nd Test South Africa v Australia at Johannesburg 24–28 Dec 1935 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1935-36/AUS_IN_RSA/AUS_RSA_T2_24-28DEC1935.html|publisher= [[Cricinfo]]|access-date=12 January 2007}}</ref>

Fingleton finished the series with centuries in each of the last three Tests, all in consecutive innings; 112 at [[Cape Town]], 108 at [[Johannesburg]] and 118 in Durban.<ref name=testlist/> In the Third Test, Fingleton and Brown set a new Australian Test record opening stand of 233, which laid the foundation for a total of 8/362 declared and an innings victory.<ref name=o/><ref name="az brown">Cashman, p. 67.</ref> It was Australia's first double-century opening stand in Test cricket,<ref name="g">{{cite news| author-link=Gideon Haigh |last=Haigh |first=Gideon |date=18 March 2008 |access-date=10 June 2008 | title=Obituary: Bill Brown: Australian batsman with a light touch | url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/mar/18/cricket.obituaries |work = [[The Guardian]]}}</ref> and remains a national record for the first wicket against South Africa.<ref name="times"/> On a rain-affected wicket, Fingleton reached his maiden Test century in only 180 minutes before wickets began falling steadily.<ref>Growden, pp. 98–99.</ref>

Before the Fourth Test, Fingleton added 52 against [[Border cricket team|Border]] and 110 in an innings win over Transvaal. His 108 in the Fourth Test was more than South Africa's entire second innings of 98,<ref name=o/> and scored at almost a run a minute.<ref name=g103>Growden, p. 103.</ref> In the Fifth Test, the pair combined for another century stand. Each of the three matches resulted in an innings victory for Australia as the series was taken 4–0.<ref name="testlist"/><ref name="auslist"/> Fingleton ended the Test series with 478 runs at 79.66.<ref name="testlist"/> Against Natal at [[Durban]], he made his highest first class score of 167,<ref name="az"/> his second century against the provincial side for the season. He ended the tour with a total of 1192 runs at 74.50, including six centuries.<ref name=o/> Despite his rapid scoring in South Africa, Fingleton's achievements went largely unheralded at home; at the time, England and Australia were by far the strongest Test teams and media coverage of the tour was scant. There was little detail in the reports apart from the scores and Fingleton was still described as a slow scorer, something that angered him.<ref>Growden, pp. 102–103.</ref>

==Under the captaincy of Bradman==

The following 1936–37 season in Australia, saw more success for Fingleton, although with the return of Bradman as captain, team harmony became strained. [[Gubby Allen]]'s Englishmen toured Australia,<ref name=g103/> and after failing to pass 10 in his first three innings for the season, Fingleton scored 39, 42 and 56 in matches for New South Wales and an Australian XI against the tourists.<ref name=o/>

Fingleton became the first player to score centuries in four consecutive Test innings when he scored 100 in the first innings of the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1936–37|First Test at Brisbane]], reaching the milestone on 7 December.<ref name="wisden"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article166527192 |title=Fingleton Makes Test History |newspaper=[[The Newcastle Sun]] |issue=5924 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=8 December 1936 |access-date=5 December 2020 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> He top-scored as Australia replied to England's 358 with 234. Fingleton's feats was later equalled by [[Alan Melville]], (whose four centuries were scored on either side of World War II) and surpassed by the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indian]], [[Everton Weekes]] in 1948–49.<ref name="wisden"/> Fingleton's run ended in the second innings, falling for a [[duck (cricket)|golden duck]] as Australia were skittled for 58 on a [[sticky wicket]] and crushed by 322 runs.<ref name="testlist"/><ref name="auslist">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/guru?sdb=team;team=AUS;class=testteam;filter=basic;opposition=0;notopposition=0;decade=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;season=0;startdefault=1877-03-15;start=1877-03-15;enddefault=2007-11-20;end=2007-11-20;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;followon=0;result=0;seriesresult=0;captainid=0;recent=;viewtype=resultlist;runslow=;runshigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;ballslow=;ballshigh=;overslow=;overshigh=;bpo=0;batevent=;conclow=;conchigh=;takenlow=;takenhigh=;ballsbowledlow=;ballsbowledhigh=;oversbowledlow=;oversbowledhigh=;bpobowled=0;bowlevent=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Statsguru – Australia – Tests – Results list |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=21 December 2007}}</ref>

After scoring 12 in a total of 80 as Australia were caught on a sticky wicket, Fingleton then made 73 in the second innings of the Second Test in Sydney, one of few Australians to resist as the home side fell to an innings defeat after being forced to follow on.<ref name="testlist"/><ref name="auslist"/> Australia were facing a dilemma in the Third Test in Melbourne. The home team scored 200, Fingleton contributing 38, before rain caused a [[sticky wicket]] and England declared at 9/76. However, Australia still had to bat on the treacherous surface, captain Bradman reshuffled the batting lineup, putting the bowlers in first and Fingleton and himself in at Nos. 6 and 7 to save them for more favourable batting conditions. The bowlers managed to survive to the end of the day's play and the wicket improved overnight. The pair came together with the score at 5/97 and made a Test record sixth-wicket partnership of 346, with Fingleton making 136.<ref>{{cite web| title = 3rd Test Australia v England at Melbourne Jan 1–7 1937 |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/62643.html|publisher= [[Cricinfo]]|access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref> It turned the Test and saw Australia ended at 564. The hosts bowled England out for 323 to win the match by 365 runs and prevent England from taking an unassailable 3–0 lead.<ref name="az"/> Fingleton did not pass 20 in his last three innings of the series, as Australia won the remaining two matches to win the series. Fingleton ended with 398 runs at 44.22 in the Tests,<ref name="testlist"/><ref name="auslist"/> and 631 runs at 33.21 overall.<ref name=o/>

Fingleton followed up with 862 runs at 50.70 in the 1937–38 domestic season, with two centuries and six fifties. This effort placed him third in the run-scoring aggregates for the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1934-35/AUS_LOCAL/STATS/FC_1937-38_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html| title=Australian First-Class Season 1937/38: Batting – Most Runs| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref> He saved his best for arch-rivals Victoria, scoring 59 and 160 to salvage a draw after New South Wales had conceded a first innings lead of 231.<ref name=o/> New south Wales went on to win the title.<ref name=h791/> Fingleton finished his season with 66, 1, 47 and 109 in two warm-up matches for the Australian team against Western Australia before they headed to England for the 1938 Ashes series.<ref name=o/>

In 1938, Fingleton made what turned out to be his international farewell as Australia toured England, a series in which he found runs difficult to come by. He later attributed this to his inability to play the pull shot.<ref name="wisden"/> However, Fingleton started the tour well. He passed 30 in each of his first seven innings on English soil, and converted three of these starts into centuries, scoring 124 against [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford University]], 111 against [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge University]] and 123 not out against [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] in the first month of cricket.<ref name=o/> Fingleton's form tapered just at the wrong time, falling three times for single figures in the last two matches before the Tests. He carried this into the First Test at [[Trent Bridge]], where he made only 9 and 40 in a high-scoring draw in which every innings passed 400.<ref name=o/>

An infamous incident occurred in Australia's second innings. As Australia were 247 runs behind on the first innings and forced to follow on, they played for a draw and Brown and Fingleton batted slowly in the second innings. Sections of the crowd heckled his slow batting by using a slow hand clap. Bradman then sent [[Mervyn Waite]] out to deliver orders to the openers that they should back away from their positions and hold up proceedings until the barracking stopped. Fingleton said that he was not perturbed by the crowd but obeyed; umpire [[Frank Chester (umpire)|Frank Chester]] and England captain [[Wally Hammond]] had no issues with this.<ref name=g143/> At one point, Fingleton theatrically decided to take off his gloves, put down his bat and sit down on the pitch and refusing to resume before the gallery quietened, but this only caused a huge uproar.<ref name="pollard"/><ref name=g143>Growden, p. 143.</ref> ''Wisden'' later criticised him, saying that he lost "all true sense of the situation...an extraordinary action on the part of a cricket in a Test match."<ref name=g144/> They regarded the gesture as disrespectful as a majority of the spectators had not heckled him.<ref name=g144/>

Fingleton rediscovered his form between the Tests, scoring 121 against the [[Gentlemen of England]] and 96 against [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]]. Again however, Fingleton was unable to maintain the momentum in the Tests, making 31 and 4 against England in the Second Test at Lord's, which ended in another draw.<ref name=o/>

Fingleton then aggregated only 36 in four innings in next three county fixtures, and after the Third Test at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] never started due to persistent rain,<ref name=o/><ref name=g144>Growden, p. 144.</ref> he was concussed in the match against [[Warwickshire CCC|Warwickshire]] at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]. A [[long hop]] from Waite was pulled into his head at point-blank range, and Fingleton managed to duck enough that it glanced his forehead and went into the air, to the cries of "catch it" from Bradman. The ball did not go to hand and Fingleton was hospitalised.<ref>Growden, pp. 144–145.</ref>

Fingleton made 30 and 9 in a low-scoring Fourth Test at [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], which Australia won by five wickets to retain the Ashes. He remained unproductive in the lead-up to the final Test, scoring 51 in three first-class innings.<ref name=o/> His Test career ended disappointingly at [[The Oval]] in "[[Len Hutton|Hutton]]'s Match". In the course of England's marathon innings of 7/903 he sustained a leg injury, which prevented him from batting in either Australian innings.<ref name="az"/> With Bradman also unable to bat, Australia collapsed to the heaviest defeat in Test history, by an innings and 579 runs.<ref name="wisden"/> It capped off a tour that ended poorly after a promising start. Fingleton made 123 runs in six innings at an average of 20.50.<ref name="testlist"/> With the outbreak of World War II, Australia was not to play another Test until the 1945–46 season, ending Fingleton's international career.<ref name="auslist"/>

Fingleton returned to Australia and played in only three matches in the 1938–39 domestic season, scoring 81 runs at 16.20,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1938-39/AUS_LOCAL/STATS/FC_1938-39_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html| title=Australian First-Class Season 1938/39: Batting – Most Runs| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref> before being sidelined at the end of December.<ref name=o/> His top-score for the season was 45 as New South Wales lost by four wickets to Victoria.<ref name=o/> In 1939–40, Fingleton had another quiet season with only 39 runs at 6.50 in three matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1939-40/AUS_LOCAL/STATS/FC_1939-40_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html| title=Australian First-Class Season 1939/40: Batting – Most Runs| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref> He passed single figures only once in six innings and ended with a duck and three as New South Wales lost to arch-rivals Victoria by 82 runs.<ref name=o/> Fingleton retired at the end of the season.<ref name="az"/>

==World War II==
[[File:JHFingleton.jpg|left|thumb|Fingleton at practice, in his NSW cap]]
After the start of World War II, Fingleton enlisted in the [[Second Australian Imperial Force]] in November 1941 in the artillery. He was sent to [[Warwick Farm, New South Wales|Warwick Farm]], then on the western outskirts of Sydney, for training.<ref name=g153/> A non-conformist known for being forthright, he did not enjoy military discipline.<ref name=g153>Growden, p. 153.</ref> In May 1942, he went [[AWOL]] from his post at [[Double Bay]] on the shores of [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] to visit his wife. As a result, he was missing when a Japanese midget submarine [[Attack on Sydney Harbour|launched an attack]] in the harbour.<ref name=g154>Growden, p. 154.</ref> Soon after, he was deployed to [[Townsville]] in northern [[Queensland]] in anticipation of a Japanese land invasion, which never materialised.<ref name=g155/> He was then transferred to the Press Relations unit. There he did work in intelligence analysis and censorship.<ref name=g155>Growden, p. 155.</ref>

The military then made him the press secretary for former [[Prime Minister of Australia]] [[Billy Hughes]]. From his appointment onwards, he lived and worked in [[Canberra]].<ref name="wisden"/> Hughes had changed political parties several times and was infamous for his erratic style and the government wanted Fingleton to moderate him.<ref name=g160>Growden, p. 160.</ref> The leader of the [[United Australia Party]], Hughes had particularly worried Prime Minister [[John Curtin]] by frequently and publicly excoriating US General [[Douglas MacArthur]], who was commanding the Allied forces in the Pacific. Curtin needed someone to quieten Hughes, as Macarthur had threatened to leave if the denouncements continued.<ref name=g161>Growden, p. 161.</ref> Fingleton spent three months working for the temperamental Hughes and was not successful in curbing his aggressive oratory.<ref>Growden, pp. 161–164.</ref> He then worked in censorship, deciding which portions of Curtin's press briefings were reportable; he tried to take a liberal line on press freedom.<ref name=g164>Growden, p. 164.</ref> He also worked for the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]'s [[Radio Australia]] while serving in the censorship department.<ref name=g165>Growden, p. 165.</ref>

==Post-war writing and journalism career ==

After the end of the war, Fingleton divided his time between Canberra, where until his retirement in 1978 he was political correspondent for Radio Australia, and cricket journalism. He forged close relationships with several Prime Ministers. In particular, Sir [[Robert Menzies]], Australia's longest serving Prime Minister, provided him with a laudatory foreword in his book, ''Masters of Cricket''. Fingleton's Test coverage resulted in a number of books that placed him at the forefront of Australian cricket writers. The books included ''Cricket Crisis'' (mainly an account of the 1932–33 [[Bodyline]] [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33|series]]), ''Brightly Fades the Don'' (the 1948 [[Australian cricket team in England in 1948|Invincibles tour]]), ''Brown & Company: The Tour in Australia'' (the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1950–51|English tour of Australia in 1950–51]]), ''The Ashes Crown the Year'' (the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1953|Australian tour of England in 1953]]), ''Masters of Cricket, Four Chukkas to Australia'' (the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1958–59|English tour of Australia in 1958–59]]), ''The Greatest Test of All'' (the [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1960–61|Tied Test of 1960]]), ''Fingleton on Cricket'' and ''The Immortal [[Victor Trumper]]''. His final book, the autobiographical ''Batting From Memory'', was to have its Australian launch during the week in which he died of a heart attack.<ref name="wisden"/> His cricket writing, regarded as one of the most stylish by an Australian, often left a sour taste with observers because of the persistent anti-Bradman jibes.<ref name="pollard"/>

During his war years, Fingleton decided to take up book writing, in addition to newspaper journalism, and began compiling a book about the Bodyline series during his spare time in the army, a topic that was still deep in the Australian consciousness, using his inside knowledge as a participant in that Ashes campaign.<ref name=g155>Growden, p. 155.</ref> As Fingleton had worked for the government's censors, he was one of only a few who knew of the effect of the Bodyline controversy in politics, as he had been aware of the cables that had been sent by government officials.<ref name=g158>Growden, p. 158.</ref> Fingleton received advice and encouragement from the eminent British cricket writer [[Neville Cardus]],<ref name=g156>Growden, p. 156.</ref> and suffered a setback when, after finishing half the book, he sent his manuscript to be reviewed. It was lost in the post, and he had forgotten to make a copy.<ref>Growden, pp. 159–160.</ref> Fingleton finished his book ''Cricket Crisis'' in 1946 but it was rejected by the publishers Collins, who had already published a book by [[Ray Robinson (cricket writer)|Ray Robinson]] named ''Between Wickets'' on the same topic.<ref name=g168>Growden, p. 168.</ref> They were also concerned about the marketability of a book that criticised Bradman—still the dominant player of the time and an idolised figure—strongly.<ref name=g168/> Fingleton then published with Cassell, and the book was widely acclaimed and is still regarded as the best first-hand account of the Bodyline controversy and of the classic cricket books at large.<ref name=g169/> It was well known for its stylish writing and analytical value.<ref name=g169>Growden, p. 169.</ref> Fingleton expressed his views forthrightly and interspersed the account with analyses and profiles of those involved in the Bodyline series, including Bradman, Jardine, Larwood, Warner and McCabe. He criticised Bradman's unorthodox approach in backing away from the bowling and questioned his aloof attitude towards his teammates.<ref>Growden, pp. 170–172.</ref> This angered Bradman, who wrote in his 1949 book ''Farewell to Cricket'' in reply to Fingleton, claiming that as Fingleton was an inferior batsman, his record gave him "scarcely...any authority to criticise my methods."<ref name=g173>Growden, p. 173.</ref> The debate continued on, with replies in subsequent publications citing statistics.<ref>Growden, pp. 173–174.</ref>

As parliament is usually in recess during the summer months, Fingleton's political journalism did not often interfere with his cricket radio commentary for the ABC or his cricket writing, except during tours of England in the Australian winter.<ref name=g174>Growden, p. 174.</ref> Fingleton mainly freelanced for overseas newspapers as he regarded Australian editors as being difficult to work with, and because the pay was lower.<ref>Growden, pp. 174–175.</ref> In 1946–47, England toured Australia for the first full Test series since the war. Fingleton criticised Bradman for not walking after hitting a disputed catch to [[Jack Ikin]]. Fingleton and most in the press box thought that the catch was clean but the umpire ruled in favour of Bradman. At the time Bradman had been making a comeback from ill health and had been struggling, and it was thought that he would retire if he could not discover his old form. After the disputed catch however, Bradman began timing the ball and went on to score 187. Fingleton openly criticised the decision to give Bradman not out in his writing.<ref>Growden, pp. 176–177.</ref> Later in the series, he decried Bradman's tactics of having his pacemen bowl frequent bouncers at the English batsmen, pointing out that it was hypocritical for the Australian captain to vociferously condemn Jardine's tactics years earlier.<ref name="g178">Growden, p. 178.</ref> As Fingleton was one of the few who were forthright enough to question the actions of national hero Bradman, many sources within the Australian cricket community chose to confide in him, most notably all-rounder [[Keith Miller]], whose cavalier attitude brought him into conflict with Bradman's ruthless approach to victory.<ref>Growden, pp. 177, 179.</ref> The following season, during the [[India national cricket team|Indian team's]] tour of Australia, Fingleton began his association with ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref name=g181>Growden, p. 181.</ref>

After his death, a disused historic scoreboard from the MCG, dated to 1901, was taken out of storage and transported to Canberra, where it was installed on the top of hill at [[Manuka Oval]], and renamed the Jack Fingleton Scoreboard.<ref>Growden, pp. 298–299.</ref> At the dedication ceremony, [[Governor-General of Australia]] Sir [[Ninian Stephen]] said that Fingleton was not merely a Test cricketer who became a parliamentary journalist in the national capital, but "an institution" in Canberra.<ref>Growden, p. 299.</ref>

In addition to his writing, Fingleton was a witty, perceptive and occasionally sardonic commentator for the [[BBC]] and at various times a contributor to ''The Times'', ''The Sunday Times'', ''The Observer'', and various newspapers in Australia, South Africa and elsewhere. In 1976, he was awarded an [[OBE]] for services "to journalism and to cricket".<ref name="wisden"/> He was the subject of three appearances in 1979 and 1980 on [[Michael Parkinson|Parkinson]]'s TV interview show.<ref name="az"/> Fingleton's judgements were characterised by careful first-hand evidence and was known for sensing the emergence of a possible story. [[E W Swanton]] stated that "Fingleton remains surely, as cricket writer and broadcaster, the best his country has".<ref name="wisden"/>

==Family==
Fingleton met his wife Philippa "Pip" Street in 1938 during the sea voyage from Australia to England for the Test series. Philippa was the daughter of [[Kenneth Street (jurist)|Kenneth]] and [[Jessie Street]]. Her father later became the Chief Justice of New South Wales, while her mother was a prominent left-wing women's rights activist. The Streets were a wealthy family of the Protestant establishment.<ref>Growden, pp. 136–139.</ref> Jessie had taken her daughter with her to a meeting of the [[League of Nations]] and then for a long tour of Europe.<ref name=g136>Growden, p. 136.</ref> At the time, Philippa was only 18, and Fingleton 30,<ref name=g136/> and Jessie became concerned when the pair fell in love, anticipating that problems would arise over religion.<ref name=g138>Growden, p. 138.</ref> She hoped that the young couple would drift apart, but Fingleton gave the family tickets to the Fifth Test in London, only to injure himself during the match and not be able to bat.<ref>Growden, pp. 138, 146.</ref> Upon returning to Australia, the couple wanted to marry, but the Streets forbade their daughter from marrying until Philippa was 21 years old. Fingleton wanted Philippa to adopt Catholicism, something that concerned her mother, as she had clashed with Catholic leaders in her advocacy of [[birth control]].<ref name=g152>Growden, p. 152.</ref> The wedding went ahead in January 1942 after Philippa agreed to convert and Fingleton got along easily with his mother-in-law's left-wing orientation.<ref name=g154>Growden, p. 154.</ref> They had five children, Belinda, James, Grey, Laurence, and Jacquelyn.

== Conflict with Bradman ==

[[File:Fingleton Bradman.jpg|right|thumb|Fingleton (c) with Bradman (r)]]

Throughout his career as player and journalist, Fingleton persistently came into personal conflict with [[Don Bradman]], one of the captains under whom Fingleton played, damaging the reputations of both. Bradman characteristically held his silence during Fingleton's lifetime.<ref name="wisden"/> Bradman was known for his reserved personality, did not drink and often eschewed social activities with teammates, preferring to privately listen to music or read. Combined with his success, he gained a reputation for cockiness. In the 1930s, Australia had been divided along sectarian lines, with those of Irish descent such as Fingleton being Catholic and Anglo-Australians such as Bradman being predominantly Protestant, leading to speculation that the tension was fuelled by religion. During the 1936–37 Ashes series in Australia, four Catholics—leading bowler [[Bill O'Reilly (cricketer)|Bill O'Reilly]], leading batsman and vice-captain [[Stan McCabe]], [[Leo O'Brien (cricketer)|Leo O'Brien]] and [[Chuck Fleetwood-Smith]]—were summoned by the Board of Control to respond to allegations that they were undermining Bradman. Fingleton was not invited, speculated to be due to his journalistic background, but Bradman later alleged that he was the ringleader. After that, Bradman's relationship with O'Reilly and Fingleton never recovered. When Bradman was dismissed in his final Test innings in 1948 for a duck, Fingleton and O'Reilly were reported to have laughed hysterically in the pressbox, causing [[E. W. Swanton]] to comment, "I thought they were going to have a stroke."<ref name="ESPN"/> Bradman later wrote after both had died: "With these fellows out of the way, the loyalty of my 1948 side was a big joy and made a big contribution to the outstanding success of that tour".<ref name="ESPN">{{cite book|title=ESPN legends of cricket| first=Geoff|last=Armstrong| year=2002| publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |isbn=1-86508-836-6| pages=17–22}}</ref>

==Test statistics==

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" width="80%"
|-
!colspan=2|  
!colspan=4| Batting<ref name="batsum">{{cite web
| url = http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/player/5229.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting
| title = Statsguru – JHW Fingleton – Test matches – Batting analysis
| access-date = 9 April 2008
| publisher = [[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
!colspan=4| Bowling<ref name="bowlsum">{{cite web
| url = http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/player/5229.html?class=1;template=results;type=bowling
| access-date = 9 April 2008
| title = Statsguru – JHW Fingleton – Test Bowling – Bowling analysis
| publisher = [[Cricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Opposition
!| Matches
!| Runs
!| Average
!| High score
!| 100 / 50
!| Runs
!| Wickets
!| Average
!| Best (Inns)
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="text-align:left;" | {{cr|England}}
|| 12
|| 671
|| 31.95
|| 136
|| 2/2
|| –
|| –
|| –
|| –
|- style="text-align:right;"
| style="text-align:left;" | {{cr|South Africa|1928}}
|| 6
|| 518
|| 74.00
|| 118
|| 3/1
|| –
|| –
|| –
|| –
|- style="text-align:right; border-top:solid 2px grey;"
| style="text-align:left;" | Overall
|| 18
|| 1189
|| 42.46
|| 136
|| 5/3
|| –
|| –
|| –
|| –
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|3}}

==References==
* {{Cite book |author1=Cashman, Richard |author2=Franks, Warwick |author3=Maxwell, Jim |author3-link=Jim Maxwell (commentator) |author4=Sainsbury, Erica |author5=Stoddart, Brian |author6=Weaver, Amanda |author7=Webster, Ray |year=1997 |title=The A–Z of Australian Cricketers |location=Melbourne, Victoria |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-9756746-1-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Growden |first=Greg|author-link=Greg Growden |year=2008 |title=Jack Fingleton: The Man who Stood Up to Bradman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMJCMziwhZ4C |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=Crows Nest, New South Wales |isbn=978-1-74175-548-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Perry |first= Roland |author-link=Roland Perry |year=2000 |title=Captain Australia: A History of the Celebrated Captains of Australian Test Cricket |location=Milsons Point, New South Wales| publisher=[[Random House|Random House Australia]] |isbn=1-74051-174-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Piesse |first=Ken |author-link=Ken Piesse |year=2003 |title=Cricket's Colosseum: 125 Years of Test Cricket at the MCG |location=South Yarra, Victoria |publisher=Hardie Grant Books |isbn=1-74066-064-1}}

{{Australian first-class cricket season leading run-scorers (1900–01 to 1949–50)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fingleton, Jack}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian journalists]]
[[Category:Australia Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Australian Army officers]]
[[Category:Australian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Australian cricket commentators]]
[[Category:Australian cricketers]]
[[Category:Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Australian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Australian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Australian sports journalists]]
[[Category:Burials at Waverley Cemetery]]
[[Category:Cricket writers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Sydney]]
[[Category:D. G. Bradman's XI cricketers]]
[[Category:New South Wales cricketers]]
[[Category:People educated at Waverley College]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian sportsmen]]

Warren Bardsley

2025-06-11T13:21:03Z

219.89.68.193: /* Personal life */

{{short description|Australian cricketer}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Warren Bardsley
| image = Warren Bardsley 1926.jpg
| caption = Bardsley in 1926
| country = Australia
| fullname = Warren Bardsley
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1882|12|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Warren, New South Wales|Warren]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1954|1|20|1882|12|6|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
| batting = Left-handed
| family = [[Mick Bardsley]] (brother)
| international = true
| testdebutdate = 27 May
| testdebutyear = 1909
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 94
| lasttestdate = 18 August
| lasttestyear = 1926
| lasttestagainst = England
| club1 = [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]]
| year1 = 1903–1926
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Tests]]
| matches1 = 41
| runs1 = 2,469
| bat avg1 = 40.47
| 100s/50s1 = 6/14
| top score1 = 193 [[not out]]
| deliveries1 = 0
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 12/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches2 = 250
| runs2 = 17,031
| bat avg2 = 49.94
| 100s/50s2 = 53/73
| top score2 = 264
| deliveries2 = 54
| wickets2 = 0
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 113/–
| date = 26 January
| year = 2009
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/310/310.html CricketArchive
}}
'''Warren "Curly" Bardsley''' (6 December 1882 – 20 January 1954) was an [[List of Australian Test cricketers|Australian Test cricketer]]. An opening batsman, Bardsley played 41 Tests between 1909 and 1926 and over 200 first-class games for [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]]. He was [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'s Cricketer of the Year in 1910.

==Career==

A strong domestic season in 1908–09 – 748 runs from 9 innings at an average of 83.11 – led to Bardsley's inclusion in the 1909 Australian squad to tour England for [[the Ashes]]. After making his debut at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], in the city of [[Birmingham]], Bardsley struggled for runs in the Test arena, returning scores of 2, 6, 46, 0, 30, 2, 9 and 35 in his first eight innings. In the Fifth Test, at [[The Oval]], London, however, Bardsley became the first Test cricketer to score a century – 100 runs or more – in both innings of a single Test match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/152630069|title = Warren Bardsley Dead|newspaper = Maryborough Chronicle (QLD. : 1947 - 1954)|date = 21 January 1954|page = 5}}</ref>

The 1910–11 series against [[South African cricket team|South Africa]] in Australia was Bardsley's strongest Test series – 573 runs at 63.67 in nine innings. The following year, against [[English cricket team|England]], he struggled somewhat and was replaced by the aging [[Syd Gregory]] for the Fifth Test. Bardsley returned to Test form in the inaugural [[1912 Triangular Tournament|Triangular Test]] series (featuring England, Australia and South Africa in England) ending the series as the leading run-scorer (392 runs at 65.33 from 6 innings).

[[World War I]] robbed Bardsley of five years of his playing career. By the time Test cricket resumed in 1920, Bardsley was aged in his late-thirties. His form was not the same; in the 21 Tests Bardsley played from 1920 to 1926, he managed only one century. Maintaining his position in the Australian Test squad proved to be difficult, especially considering the fine form of younger opening batsmen [[Bill Ponsford]], [[Bill Woodfull]] and [[Herbie Collins]]. Despite his Test woes, domestically Bardsley continued to average in the high-30s – low-40s for New South Wales throughout much of the early-1920s.

Warren Bardsley was 43 years old when he made his last Test tour of England, in 1926. After captain Herbie Collins was felled by illness after the Second Test, the captaincy duties fell on Bardsley, despite his inexperience in that field. Both matches under Bardsley's tenure ended in a draw. He was also the oldest captain to make captaincy debut at the age of 43 years and 216 days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/323895.html|title=Records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Individual records (captains, players, umpires) {{!}} Oldest captains on captaincy debut {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|work=Cricinfo|access-date=2017-03-03}}</ref> Bardsley played all five Tests in the 1926 series; his undefeated innings of 193 at [[Lord's]] in the Second Test would be his highest Test score, and made him the oldest player to score a Test century for Australia.<ref>[http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283028.html Cricinfo – Records – Test matches – Ninety on debut]</ref> It also created a record for the highest individual score in a Test Match at Lord's (beaten in 1930 by [[Donald Bradman|Bradman's 254]]).<ref>Philip Bailey, Philip Thorne and Peter Wynn-Thomas, ''Who's Who of Cricketers'' (London, 1984), p. 66</ref>

==Personal life==

After his retirement from Test and first-class cricket, Bardsley would briefly serve as a national selector. He continued to play club cricket for Glebe into his fifties. This longevity was attributed to rigorous exercise, rarely eating meat, and abstaining from [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] and [[tobacco]].<ref>Derriman. Philip. (1987). ''The Top 100 & the 1st XI: The Top 100 Australian Cricketers and the Best Eleven of All Time''. Fairfax Library. p. 22</ref>

In 1945, aged 62, Bardsley married 45-year-old Gertrude Cope, his wife until his death in 1954. The last time they met, leaving the funeral of Dr. [[Rowley Pope]], [[Jack Fingleton]] asked Bardsley his thoughts: "I was just thinking," said the old cricketer, "what a great bloke old Doc was. I was thinking of him, and then I just happened to see So-And-So across there, and I thought, ''Poor old so-and-so. By cripes, he's looking old.'' And then I thought, ''Well, I suppose some of them are looking at me and saying, 'Poor old Bards. By cripes, he's looking old!''' That's just the trouble. We are all just poor old so-and-so's."<ref>Jack Fingleton (1958) ''Masters of Cricket'', Heinemann, p. 58.</ref>

[[Image:Warren Bardsley graph.png|thumb|270px|Bardsley's Test career performance graph.]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Roland Perry|Perry, Roland]] (2000). ''Captain Australia: A history of the celebrated captains of Australian Test cricket''. Sydney. Random House. {{ISBN|1-74051-174-3}}.

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Warren Bardsley}}
*[http://content.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/4095.html Cricinfo Article on Warren Bardsley]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Herbie Collins]] |
title=[[List of Australia national cricket captains#Test match captains|Australian Test cricket captains]] |
years=1926 |
after=[[Jack Ryder (cricketer)|Jack Ryder]] |
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Australia Test cricket captains}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bardsley, Warren}}
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:Australian cricketers]]
[[Category:Australia Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Australia Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:Australia national cricket team selectors]]
[[Category:Cricketers from New South Wales]]
[[Category:New South Wales cricketers]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:People from Warren, New South Wales]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian sportsmen]]

Tashi delek

2025-06-07T23:25:51Z

219.89.68.193: /* Origin and meaning */

{{Short description|Tibetan-language expression}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Tashi delek.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|{{translit|bo|Tashi delek}}!]]
'''{{translit|bo|Tashi delek}}''' ({{bo|t=བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས|w=bkra shis bde legs}}, {{IPA|bo|tʂáɕi tèle}}) is a [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] expression used to greet, congratulate or wish someone good luck. It is also used in [[Bhutan]] and [[Northeast India]] in the same way. {{translit|bo|Tashi delek}} is associated with [[Losar]], the Tibetan festival celebrating the lunisolar new year.<ref name="q844">{{cite book | last=McCue | first=G. | title=Trekking in Tibet: A Traveler's Guide | publisher=Mountaineers | series=Mountaineers Bks | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-89886-662-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LJXEk4tGQ-gC&pg=PA47 | language=nl | access-date=2024-05-13 | page=47}}</ref>

==Origin and meaning==
{{translit|bo|Tashi}} ({{bo|t=[[wikt:བཀྲ་ཤིས|བཀྲ་ཤིས]]|w=bkra shis}}, {{IPA|bo|tʂáɕi|}}) means 'auspicious' - the Tibetan translation of the Sanskrit [[svastika]] <ref>https://www.thlib.org/reference/dictionaries/tibetan-dictionary/translate.php</ref> and {{translit|bo|delek}} ({{bo|t=[[wikt:བདེ་ལེགས|བདེ་ལེགས]]|w=bde legs}}, {{IPA|bo|tèle|}}, also rendered as {{translit|bo|deleg}} or {{translit|bo|deleh}}) means 'fine' or 'well'.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.khandro.net/LangnLit_toc.htm|title=Language & Literature|publisher=Khandro.net|accessdate=2009-05-12}}</ref> It is difficult and perhaps impossible to translate properly into English.{{sfn|Oha|2008|pp=91–92}} Different authors render it as 'Blessings and good luck' or 'May all auspicious signs come to this environment'.{{sfn|Dresser|1999|p=43}}{{sfn|Jackson|2004|p=292}}

==Usage by Tibetans==
{{translit|bo|Tashi delek}} is traditionally used as part of a larger invocation on [[Losar]].<ref name="French">{{Cite book|title=Tibet, Tibet|first=Patrick|last=French|publisher=Random House Digital|year=2009|page=28}}</ref><ref name="Frechette">{{Cite book|title=Tibetans in Nepal: The Dynamics of International Assistance Among a Community in Exile| first1=Ann| last1=Frechette| first2=Walter| last2=Schatzberg| publisher=Berghahn Books| year=2002| pages=108–109}}</ref> With the Dalai Lama's exile and creation of the [[Tibetan diaspora]], exile authorities promoted the use of {{translit|bo|tashi delek}} as an all-purpose greeting which could be easily picked up by foreign sponsors.<ref name="French"/> Students of the exile school system are taught that this usage of {{translit|bo|Tashi delek}} has roots in premodern Tibet, and that Chinese Tibetans' exclusive usage of {{translit|bo|Tashi delek}} for New Year's is corrupt.<ref name="Frechette"/> [[Tour operator]]s have promoted the phrase, along with [[khata]] scarves and [[prayer flag]]s, as essentialized and commodifiable aspects of [[Tibetan culture]], a fact that has caused resentment among some religious Tibetans.<ref name="w696">{{cite book | last=Kerr | first=B. | last2=Harrer | first2=H. | title=Sky Burial: An Eyewitness Account of China's Brutal Crackdown in Tibet | publisher=Shambhala | year=1997 | isbn=978-1-55939-724-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4BIONdvpncC&pg=PT147 | access-date=2024-05-13 | page=147}}</ref>

==Other uses==
The phrase {{translit|bo|tashi delek}} is also used in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] with the Chinese transcription {{translit|zh|Zhaxi dele}} ({{lang|zh|扎西德勒}}).<ref>{{citation|url=http://xz.xinhuanet.com/gdbb/2009-02/25/content_15796257.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718130231/http://xz.xinhuanet.com/gdbb/2009-02/25/content_15796257.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 18, 2011|periodical=Xinhua News|title=西藏百姓互道"扎西德勒"欢度藏历新年|date=2009-02-25|accessdate=2009-05-12}}</ref> There is a song called {{translit|zh|Zhaxi Dele}} with lyrics by {{interlanguage link|Rongzhong Erjia|zh|容中尔甲}}, a Tibetan, and music by {{interlanguage link|Chang Yingzhong|zh|昌英中}}, a [[Han Chinese]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mp3.baidu.com/singerlist/%C8%DD%D6%D0%B6%FB%BC%D7.html |title=容中尔甲_百度Mp3 |accessdate=2008-12-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120721184204/http://mp3.baidu.com/singerlist/%C8%DD%D6%D0%B6%FB%BC%D7.html |archivedate=2012-07-21 }}</ref>

The phrase is also used in [[Bhutan]], [[Sikkim]], and [[Nepal]]. "{{translit|bo|Tashi Delek|italics=no}}" is the name of a website that provides information on the nation of Bhutan and promotes tourism.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Faiths on Display: Religion, Tourism, and the Chinese State|first1=Tim|last1=Oakes|first2=Donald|last2=Sutton|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2010|page=106}}</ref> There is a company in Bhutan called TashiDelek.com<ref>[http://www.tashidelek.com/ Tashi Delek Net]</ref> and a Hotel Tashi Delek in [[Gangtok]], Sikkim. The inflight magazine of the Bhutanese airline [[Druk Air]] is called ''Tashi Delek''.<ref>https://www.drukair.com.bt/COMMON.aspx?Type=Tashi%20Delek.htm</ref>

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|title=Multicultural celebrations: today's rules of etiquette for life's special occasions|first=Norine|last=Dresser|publisher=Three Rivers Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-609-80259-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcel00nori}}
* {{citation|title=A saint in Seattle: the life of the Tibetan mystic Dezhung Rinpoche|first=David Paul|last=Jackson|publisher=Wisdom Publications|year=2004|isbn=978-0-86171-396-7}}
* {{citation|chapter=Language, Exile, and the Burden of Undecidable Citizenship: Tenzin Tsundue and the Tibetan Experience|last=Oha|first=Obododimma|title=Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities|editor-first=Paul|editor-last=Allatson|editor2-first=Jo|editor2-last=McCormack|isbn=978-90-420-2406-9|year=2008}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tashidelek.com/ Bhutanese Tashi Delek Net]

[[Category:Tibetan culture]]
[[Category:Tibetan words and phrases]]
[[Category:Greeting words and phrases]]

Physical characteristics of the Buddha

2025-06-03T03:49:34Z

219.89.68.193: Not a proper noun.

{{short description|Appearance of the Buddha}}
[[File:Isapur Buddha.jpg|thumb|The Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha, c. 15 CE. Art of [[Mathura]]]]
[[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|thumb|right|One of the first representations of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], 1st–2nd century CE, [[Greco-Buddhist art]], [[Gandhara]]]]
{{Buddhism}}
There are no extant representations of the [[Buddha]] [[Buddha in art|represented in artistic form]] until roughly the 2nd century CE, probably due to the prominence of [[aniconism in Buddhism]] in the earliest extant period of Buddhist devotional statuary and bas reliefs.<ref name="autogenerated51">Krishnan, Yuvraj. ''The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development.'' 2009. p. 51</ref> A number of early discourses describe the appearance of the Buddha, and are believed to have served as a model for early depictions.<ref name="autogenerated114">Shaw, Sarah. ''Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pali Canon.'' 2006. p. 114</ref> In particular, the "32 signs of a Great Man" are described throughout the [[Pali Canon]], and these are believed to have formed the basis for early representations of the Buddha.<ref name="autogenerated114"/> These 32 major characteristics are also supplemented by another 80 secondary characteristics (Pali:''Anubyanjana'').

In [[Mahāyāna Buddhism]], including the traditions of [[esoteric Buddhism]], the 32 major characteristics and 80 minor characteristics are understood to be present in a buddha's [[sambhogakaya|sambhogakāya]], or reward-body.<ref name="sangharakshita295">Sangharakshita. ''A Survey of Buddhism: Its Doctrines and Methods Through the Ages.'' 2004. p. 295</ref> In contrast, a buddha's physical form is understood to be a [[nirmanakaya|nirmāṇakāya]], or transformation-body.<ref name="sangharakshita295"/>

==Early history==
[[File:Head of Buddha with Moustaches - Gupta Period - Bajna - ACCN 18-1390 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5563.JPG|thumb|upright|Buddha with a [[mustache]], [[Gupta period]]. [[Government Museum, Mathura]], [[India]]]]

The earliest surviving phase of Buddhist art was [[Aniconism in Buddhism|generally aniconic]], with the Buddha being represented as symbols such as a footprint, an empty chair, a riderless horse, or an umbrella.<ref name="autogenerated51"/> Later, iconic sculptural traditions were established, with two of the most important being in the regions of [[Gandhara]] and [[Mathura]].<ref name="autogenerated51"/>

The first statues and busts of the Buddha were made in the region around [[Mathura]] or Gandhara in the second or third century CE.<ref name=Fogelin2015>{{cite book |last1=Fogelin |first1=Lars |title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199948239 |pages=156–160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPZzBgAAQBAJ&q=an+archaeological+history+of+indian+buddhism}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/ga-gh/gandara/gandara.html |title=Gandara |first=Jona |last=Lendering |publisher=LIVIUS – Articles on Ancient History |access-date=9 January 2011 |archive-date=19 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719233855/http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/gandara/gandara.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many statues and busts exist where the Buddha and other [[bodhisattva]]s have a mustache.

[[File:SeatedBuddha.jpg|thumb|Seated Buddha, [[Gandhara]], 1st–2nd century CE, Tokyo National Museum]]
[[File:Shakyamuni Buddha, view 2, Tibet, 14th century, gilt bronze - Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive - DSC04020.JPG|thumb|Buddha depicted with urna, gilt bronze, 14th century]]
{{multiple image
| footer = Buddhas hair is depicted blue or dark blue (nīlāni) in art due to 32 signs of Buddhas appearance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yen |first1=Shih Cheng |title=The Jing Si Dharma Essence of the Wondrous Lotus Sutra Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter |date=1 May 2023 |publisher=Jing Si Publishing Co., Ltd. |isbn=978-626-7235-27-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwHPEAAAQBAJ&dq=blue+hair+buddha&pg=PT478 |language=en}} - ''"His curling hair is dark blue, and a fleshy protuberance is one his crown" This describes his hair. "Dark blue" refers to the luster of his hair, which was so dark that it looked dark blue.''</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Letters |first1=University of Calcutta Department of |title=Journal of the Department of Letters |date=1933 |publisher=Calcutta University Press |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zEOAAAAIAAJ |language=en}} ''"The blue head ' of the Buddha image can be explained if we refer to one of the 32 lakṣaṇas of the great man , which is uddhagga - lomo uddhaggāni lomāni jātāni nīlāni."''</ref>
| align = right
| image1 = MET DT5216.jpg
| width1 = {{#expr: (100 * 750 / 536) round 0}}
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Bhaishajyaguru or Medicine Buddha, Tibet, 14th century, gilt bronze - Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive - DSC04032.JPG
| width2 = {{#expr: (100 * 750 / 536) round 0}}
| alt2 =
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}}

In the Pali Canon a paragraph appears many times recording the Buddha describing how he began his quest for enlightenment, saying:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html|title=Ariyapariyesana sutta}}</ref>

{{blockquote|So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life—and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces—I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.| Ariyapariyesanā Sutta}}

After examining the cult of the Buddha image in India, [[Gregory Schopen]] concludes that followers of [[Mahāyāna]] at this time played little to no role in introducing statuary and other physical depictions of the Buddha.<ref name="Schopen, Gregory 2005. p. 138">Schopen, Gregory. ''Figments and Fragments of Mahāyāna Buddhism in India.'' 2005. p. 138</ref> [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna sūtras]] from this period such as the ''Maitreyasiṃhanāda Sūtra'', only address the image cult as an object of criticism, if it is mentioned at all.<ref name="Schopen, Gregory 2005. p. 138"/> Schopen states that followers of Mahāyāna were generally uninterested in worshipping buddhas, but rather in becoming buddhas, and their outlook toward Buddhist practice was "profoundly conservative."<ref name="Schopen, Gregory 2005. p. 138"/>

== The 32 Signs of a Great Man ==

The Buddha is traditionally regarded as having the Thirty-two Characteristics of a Great Man (Skt. ''mahāpuruṣa lakṣaṇa'').<ref name="Krishnan, Yuvraj 2009. p. 125">Krishnan, Yuvraj. ''The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development.'' 2009. p. 125</ref> These thirty-two characteristics are also regarded as being present in [[cakravartin]] kings as well.<ref name="Krishnan, Yuvraj 2009. p. 125" />

The [[Digha Nikaya]], in the "Discourse of the Marks" ([[Pali]]: ''Lakkhaṇa Sutta'') (DN 30) enumerates and explains the 32 characteristics.<ref name="autogenerated114" /> These are also enumerated in the [[Brahmayu|Brahmāyu]] Sutta of the [[Majjhima Nikāya]] (MN 91).

According to Mattice, the 32 characteristics can be summarized as follows:<ref name="Mattice 2021 p. 128" />
{{blockquote|By about five hundred years later, several texts mention by name the thirty-two marks of a Great Man (''mahā purisa lakkhaņa''), including the mark of a dharma wheels on the soles of his feet; long fingers and toes; a large, lion like torso; sensitive taste buds; white, evenly spaced teeth; a long tongue; arms that extend to his knees; very blue eyes (blue like a sapphire of the ocean, or like Krishna's skin); and having sexual organs concealed in a sheath.}}

It is generally held, including by [[Bhikkhu Analayo]], that the 32 marks are a later addition. Texts such as the Dona sutta (AN4:36) mention seeing one of the marks in the footprint, but comparative studies do not include the wheel mark itself.

The suttas often state these are recognisable by Brahmins trained in such prognostication of a mahapurisa (a great man) who would be either a Buddha or a wheel-turning monarch. There is no reference to non-Brahmins seeing them; in fact in several places in the Suttas, such as in the [[Samaññaphala Sutta]] (DN2), the protagonists could not recognise the Buddha when surrounded by other monks, showing a normality in physical appearance (which would certainly not be the case if the 32 marks were present).

Possessing these marks is therefore seen in these suttas as an expert qualification from Brahmins of the Buddha's authenticity and status, and therefore a converting-tool to the Brahmin orthodoxy. Unfortunately, there does not appear to be any clear connection to Vedic or Vedanta texts that would show this to be the case. More investigation is required to give evidence of the 32 marks as recorded as being sourced from Brahmanical or Vedic tradition.

Since early statues and icons of the Buddha do not seem to have these features, it has been proposed by [[Bhikkhu Analayo]] that some may have in fact formed from the stonemason or sculptor, particularly the webbed fingers which would protect the delicate fingers of the statues from damage. The fleshy protuberance of the head likewise originally being just a stylistic representation of a top-knot of hair, a common feature of Indian holy men.

It is presently speculative whether the statues were later built with the 32 marks in mind, so that should a qualified Brahmin seeing a statue displaying such characteristics, the Brahmin would want to know to whom the statue represents and be interested in Buddhism. It is likewise speculative later Buddhists produced such iconography to reflect the trend from the Lakkhana Sutta as being a genuine necessity, or that they in fact took symbolic representation of the marks as a means of recollection (Buddhanussati). There are no texts or commentaries to suggest these proposals, however future comparative studies may provide esoteric evidence.

The 32 major characteristics are listed as follows:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wayman |first1=Alex |title=Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1321-2 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pw0q_iD3ZrAC&dq=%22Eyes+dark+blue%&pg=PA6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Epstein 2012">{{cite book | last=Epstein | first=R.B. | title=Buddhism A to Z | publisher=Buddhist Text Translation Society | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-60103-055-9 | access-date=2023-08-23 | page=200 | url=https://archive.org/details/buddhisttexttran0000unse |via=Archive.org |quote= "29. the eyes deep blue..."}} Also at [https://books.google.com/books?id=GvWEBAAAQBAJ Google Books]</ref><ref name="Mattice 2021 p. 128" />
<blockquote>
<poem>
{{Transliteration|pi|Samannāgato ca so bhavaṁ Gotamo dvattiṁsamahāpurisalakkhaṇehi:}}
The reverend Gotama is endowed with the thirty-two marks of a great man:

1. {{Transliteration|pi|Suppatiṭṭhitapādo, idam-pi tassa bhoto Gotamassa mahāpurisassa mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ bhavati,}}
1. He has well placed feet, this is, for the great man, the venerable Gotama, a mark of a great man,

2. {{Transliteration|pi|heṭṭhā ... pādatalesu cakkāni jātāni, sahassārāni sanemikāni sanābhikāni sabbākāraparipūrāni...}}
2. under the soles of his feet there are wheels, with a thousand rims and naves, complete in every way...

3. {{Transliteration|pi|āyatapaṇhi...}}
3. the heels are long and deep...

4. {{Transliteration|pi|dīghaṅguli...}}
4. the fingers are long...

5. {{Transliteration|pi|mudutalunahatthapādo...}}
5. the hands and feet are soft and tender...

6. {{Transliteration|pi|jālahatthapādo...}}
6. the hands and feet are webbed...

7. {{Transliteration|pi|ussaṅkhapādo...}}
7. the ankles are high...

8. {{Transliteration|pi|eṇijaṅgho...}}
8. the calves are like an antelope’s...

9. {{Transliteration|pi|ṭhitako ... anonamanto ubhohi pāṇitalehi jaṇṇukāni parimasati parimajjati...}}
9. when he stands ... without bending he can rub and stroke both his knees with his hands... [see {{Transliteration|sa|[[ajanubahu]]}}]

10. {{Transliteration|pi|kosohitavatthaguyho...}}
10. what is covered by a cloth is ensheathed...

11. {{Transliteration|pi|suvaṇṇavaṇṇo ... kañcanasannibhattaco...}}
11. he is golden in colour, has skin like gold...

12. {{Transliteration|pi|sukhumacchavi ... sukhumattā chaviyā rajojallaṁ kāye na upalimpati...}}
12. he has fine skin, and because of the fine skin, dust and dirt do not adhere to him...

13. {{Transliteration|pi|ekekalomo ... ekekāni lomāni lomakūpesu jātāni...}}
13. the body-hairs arise singly, each body hair appearing in its own hair follicle...

14. {{Transliteration|pi|uddhaggalomo ... uddhaggāni lomāni jātāni nīlāni, añjanavaṇṇāni kuṇḍalāvaṭṭāni dakkhiṇāvaṭṭakajātāni...}}
14. the hair bristles, his bristling hair is blue or dark blue (nīlāni),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yen |first1=Shih Cheng |title=The Jing Si Dharma Essence of the Wondrous Lotus Sutra Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter |date=1 May 2023 |publisher=Jing Si Publishing Co., Ltd. |isbn=978-626-7235-27-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwHPEAAAQBAJ&dq=blue+hair+buddha&pg=PT478 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Letters |first1=University of Calcutta Department of |title=Journal of the Department of Letters |date=1933 |publisher=Calcutta University Press |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zEOAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref> the colour of collyrium, turning in curls, turning to the right...

15. {{Transliteration|pi|brahmujugatto...}}
15. the limbs are straight like brahmā’s...

16. {{Transliteration|pi|sattussado...}}
16. there are seven prominent marks...

17. {{Transliteration|pi|sīhapubbaddhakāyo...}}
17. the torso is like a lion’s...

18. {{Transliteration|pi|citantaraṁso...}}
18. between the shoulders it is firm...

19. {{Transliteration|pi|nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo, yāvatakvassa kāyo tāvatakvassa byāmo, yāvatakvassa byāmo tāvatakvassa kāyo...}}
19. the (body) is well-proportioned like a banyan tree, the extent of the arm span equals the extent of the body...

20. {{Transliteration|pi|samavaṭṭakkhandho...}}
20. the upper back is even all round,

21. {{Transliteration|pi|rasaggasaggī...}}
21. the taste buds are supremely sensitive...

22. {{Transliteration|pi|sīhahanu...}}
22. the jaw is like a lion’s...

23. {{Transliteration|pi|cattālīsadanto...}}
23. there are forty teeth...

24. {{Transliteration|pi|samadanto...}}
24. the teeth are even...

25. {{Transliteration|pi|aviraḷadanto...}}
25. the teeth are without gaps...

26. {{Transliteration|pi|susukkadāṭho...}}
26. the teeth are very white...

27. {{Transliteration|pi|pahūtajivho...}}
27. the tongue is very large...

28. {{Transliteration|pi|brahmassaro ... karavikabhāṇī...}}
28. the voice is like brahmā’s or like the sound of the cuckoo...

29. {{Transliteration|pi|abhinīlanetto...}}
29. Eyes very blue, like [[sapphire]]<ref name="Mattice 2021 p. 128">{{cite book | last=Mattice | first=S.A. | title=Exploring the Heart Sutra | publisher=Lexington Books | year=2021 | isbn=978-1-4985-9941-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YphFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 | access-date=2023-08-23 | page=128}}</ref> eyes deep blue<ref name="Epstein 2012" />

30. {{Transliteration|pi|gopakhumo...}}
30. the eyelashes are like a cow’s...

31. {{Transliteration|pi|uṇṇā ... bhamukantare jātā odātā mudutūlasannibhā...}}
31. the tuft of hair between the eyebrows on his forehead is very white like cotton...

32. {{Transliteration|pi|uṇhīsasīso, idam-pi tassa bhoto Gotamassa mahāpurisassa mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ bhavati.}}
32. there is a protuberance on the head, this is, for the great man, the venerable Gotama, a mark of a great man.

{{Transliteration|pi|Dvātiṁsa Mahāpuriṣalakkhaṇāni}} from {{Transliteration|pi|Brahmāyusuttaṁ}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Texts-and-Translations/Dhammatthavinicchaya/33-Marks-of-a-Great-Man.htm|title=Dvātiṁsa Mahāpuriṣalakkhaṇāni from Brahmāyusuttaṁ|date=31 December 2016|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref>
</poem>
</blockquote>

==The 80 secondary characteristics==

[[File:Mathura (uttar pradesh), buddha stante, V-VI sec..JPG|thumb|upright|Sculpture of the Buddha from [[Mathura]], India, 5th or 6th century CE]]

The 80 minor characteristics of the Buddha are known to be enumerated a number of times in the extant [[Agama (Buddhism)|Āgamas]] of the [[Chinese Buddhist canon]].<ref name="autogenerated32">Guang Xing. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory. 2004. p. 32</ref> According to Guang Xing, the 80 minor marks are related to the 32 major marks, and are merely a more detailed description of the Buddha's bodily features.<ref name="autogenerated32"/> In the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādin]] ''[[Mahavibhasa|Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra]]'', the question is posed about the relationship between the major and minor marks, and it is said that the minor marks are among the major marks, but not mixed with them, just as flowers in the forest make the trees distinctive.<ref name="autogenerated32"/> These 80 minor characteristics became significant as well, as were adopted by Buddhist traditions including both Mahāyāna and Theravāda traditions.<ref name="autogenerated32"/> In Pali literature, the 80 minor characteristics are found in the ''Apadāna'' and the ''Milindapañha''.<ref name="autogenerated32"/> Some scholars believe the 80 minor characteristics were an early development in the Buddhist tradition, but held as important mostly by the Sarvāstivāda school.<ref>Guang Xing. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory. 2004. pp. 32-33</ref>

The eighty minor characteristics are:

# He has beautiful fingers and toes.
# He has well-proportioned fingers and toes.
# He has tube-shaped fingers and toes.
# His fingernails and toenails have a rosy tint.
# His fingernails and toenails are slightly upturned at the tip.
# His fingernails and toenails are smooth and rounded without ridges.
# His ankles and wrists are rounded and undented.
# His feet are of equal length.
# He has a beautiful gait, like that of a king-elephant.
# He has a stately gait, like that of a king-lion.
# He has a beautiful gait, like that of a swan.
# He has a majestic gait, like that of a royal ox.
# His right foot leads when walking.
# His knees have no protruding kneecaps.
# He has the demeanor of a great man.
# His navel is without blemish.
# He has a deep-shaped abdomen.
# He has clockwise marks on the abdomen.
# His thighs are rounded like banana sheaves.
# His two arms are shaped like an elephant's trunk.
# The lines on the palms of his hands have a rosy tint.
# His skin is thick or thin as it should be.
# His skin is unwrinkled.
# His body is spotless and without lumps.
# His body is unblemished above and below.
# His body is absolutely free of impurities.
# He has the strength of 1,000 [[crore]] elephants or 100,000 crore men.
# He has a protruding nose.
# His nose is well proportioned.
# His upper and lower lips are equal in size and have a rosy tint.
# His teeth are unblemished and with no plaque.
# His teeth are long like polished conches.
# His teeth are smooth and without ridges.
# His five sense-organs are unblemished.
# His four canine teeth are crystal and rounded.
# His face is long and beautiful.
# His cheeks are radiant.
# The lines on his palms are deep.
# The lines on his palms are long.
# The lines on his palms are straight.
# The lines on his palms have a rosy tint.
# His body emanates a halo of light extending around him for two meters.
# His cheek cavities are fully rounded and smooth.
# His eyelids are well proportioned.
# The five nerves of his eyes are unblemished.
# The tips of his bodily hair are neither curved nor bent.
# He has a rounded tongue.
# His tongue is soft and has a rosy-tint.
# His ears are long like lotus petals.
# His earholes are beautifully rounded.
# His sinews and tendons don't stick out.
# His sinews and tendons are deeply embedded in the flesh.
# His topknot is like a crown.
# His forehead is well-proportioned in length and breadth.
# His forehead is rounded and beautiful.
# His eyebrows are arched like a bow.
# The hair of his eyebrows is fine.
# The hair of his eyebrows lies flat.
# He has large brows.
# His brows reach the outward corner of his eyes.
# His skin is fine throughout his body.
# His whole body has abundant signs of good fortune.
# His body is always radiant.
# His body is always refreshed like a lotus flower.
# His body is exquisitely sensitive to touch.
# His body has the scent of sandalwood.
# His body hair is consistent in length.
# He has fine bodily hair.
# His breath is always fine.
# His mouth always has a beautiful smile.
# His mouth has the scent of a lotus flower.
# His hair has the colour of a dark shadow.
# His hair is strongly scented.
# His hair has the scent of a white lotus.
# He has curled hair.
# His hair does not turn grey.
# He has fine hair.
# His hair is untangled.
# His hair has long curls.
# He has a topknot as if crowned with a royal flower garland.

==Causal relations of the 32 signs of perfection of the Tathāgata==
[[File:Zyoururizi12 (busokuseki only).jpg|thumb|{{Transliteration|ja|[[Bussokuseki]]}} representation of the footprints of the Buddha, including wheels]]

The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra expounds the causal relations of the 32 signs of perfection of the Tathāgata.<ref name="mahaparinirvanasutra">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shabkar.org/download/pdf/Mahaparinirvana_Sutra_Yamamoto_Page_2007.pdf|title=The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra|last=Yamamoto|first=Kosho|date=1973}}</ref> These causal relations are cultivated by followers of [[Mahāyāna Buddhism]] on their path to [[buddhahood]].

{{blockquote|Lion’s Roar said: "O World-Honoured One! Why are there the retrogressing and the non-retrogressing Bodhisattvas?" [...] "O good man! When the [[Bodhisattva]]-mahasattva practises such 32 kinds of causal relations, he gains a mind that will not retrogress from the mind that seeks [[Bodhi]]."||The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra - Chapter Thirty-Four: On Bodhisattva Lion’s Roar (b)}}

The table below summarizes the causal relations from which each of the 32 signs come about:
{| class="wikitable"
|+The causal relations of the 32 signs of perfection of the Tathāgata
!Sign of perfection
!Causal Relation<ref name="mahaparinirvanasutra" />
|-
|Flat soles
|The [[Bodhisattva]]-mahasattva is immovable in his upholding of the [[precepts]], in his mind of giving, and is like [[Mount Sumeru]] in abiding in the true word.
|-
|Thousand spokes
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva fittingly offers things to his parents, the honoured ones, elders, and animals.
|-
|Long fingers
Long heels

A square and upright body
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva takes joy in non-harming and non-stealing and is pleased regarding his parents, honoured ones and teachers.
|-
|Toe-membrane (like that of a great royal swan)
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva practices the four ways of guiding in [i.e. to guide beings in by: 1) giving, 2) friendliness, 3) good actions, 4) transforming himself and co-existing with them as the beings themselves], and takes in beings.
|-
|Soft hands and feet
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva, when his parents, teachers and elders are ill, himself washes and wipes, holds and rubs their limbs.
|-
|Joints and ankles fully fleshed

Skin flows in one direction
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva upholds the precepts, listens to the sermons, and knows no end of giving.
|-
|Ankles of a deer-king
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva single-mindedly gives ear to [[Dharma]] and expounds the right teaching.
|-
|Body rounded and perfect (is like the nyagrodha tree)
Fingers reaching the knee (when hand is stretched down)

[[Usnisa]] (Buddhic protuberance on the crown of the head)
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva acquires no harming mind, is satisfied with his food and drink, and with giving, and attends to illness, and dispenses medicine.
|-
|Genital organ lies hidden
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva, when he sees a person in fear, extends help [to that person], and when he sees a person without any footgear, gives him clothing.
|-
|Delicately soft skin
Bodily hair turns to the right-hand side
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva readily befriends wise men, segregating himself from the ignorant; he takes pleasure in exchanging views and sweeps the path along which he walks.
|-
|Body shines brightly in a golden colour and light
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva always gives men clothing, food and drink, medicine, incense and flowers, and lights.
|-
|Full and right-set (firm) in the seven places of the body
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva gives, does not grudge at [hang on to] whatever is rare, and easily parts with such; he makes no distinction whatever between a field of weal or a nonfield-of-weal [i.e. the recipient of dana - charity - is likened to a field, by cultivating which one's blessings and virtues increase].
|-
|Boneless parts of the body are full (upper part is like that of a lion)
Elbows well-balanced and delicate
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva seeks wealth lawfully and gives this away [to others].
|-
|40 teeth are white and pure, well-balanced and delicate
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva segregates himself from double-tongue [two-facedness], from ill-speaking and an angry mind.
|-
|Two-fanged face
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva practises Great Loving-Kindness towards beings.
|-
|Lion's cheeks
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva takes this vow: "Any may come and ask, and I shall give as they desire to have."
|-
|Taste that is the mid-upper
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva gives whatever kind of food beings desire to have.
|-
|Large and long tongue (i.e. a symbolic expression referring to his great prowess in oratory)
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva exerts himself in the 10 good deeds and thereby teaches others.
|-
|Buddha-Voice
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva does not speak ill of the shortcomings of others and does not slander Wonderful Dharma.
|-
|Blue tone of the eyes
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva sees all enmities and gains a pleasant [i.e. happy] mind.
|-
|White (tuft of) hair on the brow
|The Bodhisattva-mahasattva does not conceal the virtues of others, but praises the good which they have.
|}

==Alternate depictions==
Some have noted that in at least two discourses in the [[Pali Canon]], the Buddha may be interpreted as being bald as if his head were shaven.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=https://www.newmandala.org/the-buddha-was-bald/|date=December 2010 |title=The Buddha was Bald … but is Everywhere Depicted with a Full Head of Hair |publisher=New Mandala |author=Eisel Mazard (大影)}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gautama Buddha]]
* [[Pali Canon]] and [[Early Buddhist Texts]]
* ''[[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]''
* ''[[Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta]]''
* ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]]''
* ''[[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]]''
* [[Great Renunciation]] and [[Four sights]]
* [[Relics associated with Buddha]]
* [[Leela attitude|Leela Attitude]]
* [[Maravijaya attitude|Māravijaya Attitude]]
* [[Meditation attitude|Meditation Attitude]]
* [[Naga Prok attitude|Naga Prok Attitude]]
* [[Buddhist art]]
* [[Halo (religious iconography)]]
* [[History of Buddhism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Powers |author-first=John |author-link=John Powers (academic) |date=26 April 2021 |title=The Body of the Buddha |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-745 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.745 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516194828/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-745 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2021|url-access=subscription }}

{{Gautama Buddha}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Physical Characteristics Of The Buddha}}
[[Category:Buddhist symbols]]
[[Category:Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Buddhist iconography]]

Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavour (On the Bedpost Overnight?)

2025-05-28T22:46:06Z

219.89.68.193:

{{Infobox song
| name = Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavour (On the Bedpost Overnight?)
| cover =
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Lonnie Donegan]] & His Skiffle Group
| album =
| B-side = Aunt Rhody
| released = late January 1959 (United Kingdom); 21 July 1961 (United States)
| recorded = [[New Theatre Oxford]], 13 December 1958
| studio =
| venue =
| genre =
* [[Skiffle]]
* [[Novelty song|novelty]]
* [[music hall]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Bob |last=Stanley|title=Yeah Yeah Yeah: The Story of Modern Pop |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9emZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-28198-5|page=72}}</ref>
| length = {{Duration|m=2|s=29}}
| label = [[Pye Records|Pye Nixa]] (UK) [[Dot Records|Dot]] (US)
| writer = [[Marty Bloom]], [[Ernest Breuer]], [[Billy Rose]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Tom Dooley (song)|Tom Dooley]]
| prev_title2 = [[Rock o' My Soul]]
| prev_year = 1958
| next_title = [[Fort Worth Jail]]
| next_title2 = [[Whoa Buck]]
| next_year = 1959
}}
"'''Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavour (On the Bedpost Overnight?)'''" is a [[novelty song]] by [[Lonnie Donegan]]. Released as a single in 1959, it entered the [[UK Singles Chart]] on 6 February 1959 and peaked at number three.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/Does%20Your%20Chewing%20Gum%20Lose%20Its%20Flavour%20%28On%20The%20Bedpost%20Overnight%29 |title=Lonnie Donegan - Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavour (On The Bedpost Overnight) |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=14 February 2011}}</ref> It was also Donegan's greatest chart success in the United States, reaching number five on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart in 1961.<ref name=allmusicchart>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/lonnie-donegan-p8434/charts-awards/billboard-singles |title=Lonnie Donegan > Charts and Awards > Billboard singles |publisher=[[Allmusic]] |accessdate=14 February 2011}}</ref> In [[CHUM Chart|Canada]] it reached number 20 in August 1961.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chumtribute.com/61-08-14-chart.jpg| title=CHUM Hit Parade - August 14, 1961}}</ref>

[[File:Does The Spearmint Lose Its Flavor (1924) sheet music cover.jpg|thumb|Sheet music cover for the 1924 original]]
The song is a cover version of "'''Does the Spearmint Lose Its Flavor on the Bedpost Overnight?'''" written by [[Billy Rose]], Ernest Breuer (1886-1981), and Marty Bloom and first released in 1924 by [[The Happiness Boys]] ([[Ernie Hare]] and [[Billy Jones (singer)|Billy Jones]]),<ref name=everyhitnote>{{cite web |url=http://www.everyhit.com/popup.php?songid=1143 |title=everyHit.com Note |accessdate=2008-02-11 |publisher=[[everyHit.com]] }}</ref> and later a hit for [[Lulu Belle and Scotty]] and The Two Gilberts. It was also released in the UK in 1924 on Aco (low-priced Vocalion subsidiary) by Jeffries & his Rialto Orchestra (John Thorne vocal). The song is humorous in content, the verses each describing a dramatic or urgent scenario leading up to the asking of the title's question.
An even earlier version of the song under the title "Will Chewing Gum Hold Its Flavor on the Bedpost Overnight?" appeared in 1913, interpolated by burlesque and vaudeville entertainer Billy Arlington in his sketch ''The Golden Crook.''<ref>''New York Morning Telegraph,'' 27 April 1913: Section IV, p.5.</ref>

The title and lyrics of the Donegan version were changed in the UK because "[[Spearmint (flavour)|Spearmint]]" is a registered [[trademark]] there, and the [[BBC]] would not play songs that mentioned trademarks.{{Dubious |BBC trademark restrictions claim|date=April 2020}} Donegan's version of the song was recorded live at the [[New Theatre Oxford]] in December 1958,<ref name=everyhitnote /> and was released both as a single and as a track on the album ''[[King of Skiffle]]''. An extended version with more [[banter]] was released on the live album ''The Last Tour''.<ref name=thelasttour>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r935173|pure_url=yes}} |title=The Last Tour > Overview | accessdate=2008-02-11 |publisher=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref>

== Recordings ==
Since Donegan's version was released, it has appeared as a [[Smarties]] jingle, a performance on ''[[The Muppet Show]]'', and re-worked into [[Czech language|Czech]] by [[Jiří Grossmann]]. Additional versions of the song were recorded by [[The Irish Rovers]] and [[Homer & Jethro]]. In 2010, Donegan's version was used as the background song for a satellite TV advertisement for [[Savlon]] antiseptic cream. It has also been recorded by [[Eric Nagler]] (on his 1982 children's album ''Fiddle Up a Tune''); [[Ray Stevens]] covers the song as part of his 9-CD, 108 song box set ''The Encyclopedia of Recorded Comedy Music'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/keefer/d06.htm#Doeyochg|title=Folk Music Index - Dip to Dom|website=www.ibiblio.org}}</ref>

== Popularity ==
"Does Your Chewing Gum..." has been a popular song on the [[Dr. Demento]] Show, appearing 54 times between the show's premiere and 2006<ref name=drdemento>{{cite web |url=http://dmdb.org/playlists/search_pl.html |title=Search current online Dr. Demento Show playlists |accessdate=2008-02-11 |publisher=The Demented Music Database }}</ref> and selected for the ''[[Dr. Demento 20th Anniversary Collection]]'' double CD.<ref name=amg20th>{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r54404|pure_url=yes}} |title= Dr. Demento 20th Anniversary Collection: The Greatest Novelty Records of All Time |author=Heather Phares |accessdate=2008-02-11 |publisher=[[Allmusic]] }}</ref>

In [[Ken Kesey]]'s novel ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'', the character [[Randle Patrick McMurphy]] also sings a few lines of this song when he realizes the Chief is storing used gum under his bed.

It was referred to on ''[[Talkin' 'Bout Your Generation]]''. It was also alluded to in the lyrics of "[[Ahab the Arab]]" by [[Ray Stevens]], and the [[Buchanan and Goodman]] 1961 novelty number, "Berlin Top Ten".

It has made an appearances on children's television shows, such as ''Sharon, Lois, & Bram's Elephant Show'', ''[[Kidsongs]]'' and ''[[Barney & Friends]]''. The song "Does The Spearmint..." appears in one episode of HBO's series ''[[Boardwalk Empire]]''.

[[Bruce Springsteen]] has described the song as having been one of his favorites as a child.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wosahla|first1=Steve|title=Bruce Springsteen's Serenade for an Uneasy America|url=http://nodepression.com/article/bruce-springsteens-serenade-uneasy-america|accessdate=8 February 2017|work=No Depression|date=18 September 2016}}</ref>

A Swedish cover "En sak, som man ibland kan ligga vaken en hel natt och fundera på" ("Thoughts You Lie Awake Thinking All Night") was used in a variety 1968 named Lådan ("The box") by [[Hasse & Tage]]

==U.S. chart run==
[[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref>{{cite book
| first= Joel
| last= Whitburn
| year= 1997
| title= Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles
| edition=
| publisher= Record Research Inc
| location= Menomonee Falls, WI
| isbn= 0-89820-122-5
| page= 175}}</ref> (11 weeks, entered August 7, 1961): Reached #5

''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cashbox]]''<ref>{{cite book
| first= Frank
| last= Hoffmann
| year= 1983
| title= The Cash Box Singles Charts, 1950-1981
| edition=
| publisher= The Scarecrow Press, Inc
| location= Metuchen, NJ & London
| isbn=
| page= 172}}</ref> (13 weeks, entered August 5, 1961): 100, 88, 35, 24, 11, 7, 6, 6, 11, 27, 53, 56, 64

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavour (On The Bedpost Overnight)}}
[[Category:1924 songs]]
[[Category:1959 singles]]
[[Category:1961 singles]]
[[Category:Novelty songs]]
[[Category:Comedy songs]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Billy Rose]]
[[Category:Chewing gum]]
[[Category:Pye Records singles]]
[[Category:Dot Records singles]]

Tab Hunter

2025-05-27T21:48:06Z

219.89.68.193: /* Personal life */

{{Short description|American actor (1931–2018)}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tab Hunter
| image = TABHUnter.jpg
| caption = Hunter in 1956
| other_names = Art Gelien
| birth_name = Arthur Andrew Kelm
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|07|11}}
| birth_place = [[Manhattan]], New York City, U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|07|08|1931|07|11}}
| death_place = [[Santa Barbara, California]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Santa Barbara Cemetery]], California, U.S.
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|singer|film producer|writer}}
| years_active = 1950–2015
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Allan Glaser]]|2013}}<ref name="Hamilton">{{cite news|last=Hamilton|first=William L.|date=September 18, 2005|title=Did Success Spoil Tab Hunter?|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/fashion/sundaystyles/18tab.html|access-date=April 9, 2010}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|tabhunter.com}}
}}
'''Tab Hunter''' (born '''Arthur Andrew Kelm'''; July 11, 1931 – July 8, 2018)<ref name="NewYorkTimes">{{cite news|date=July 9, 2018|title=Tab Hunter, 86, 1950s Hollywood heartthrob, is dead|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/obituaries/tab-hunter-86-1950s-hollywood-heartthrob-is-dead.html|access-date=July 19, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Tab Obituary">{{cite news|last1=Bergan|first1=Ronald|date=July 9, 2018|title=Tab Hunter obituary|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jul/09/tab-hunter-obituary|access-date=July 12, 2019}}</ref> was an American actor, singer, film producer, and author. Known for his blond hair and [[clean-cut]] good looks, Hunter starred in more than forty films. During the 1950s and 1960s, in his twenties and thirties, Hunter was a Hollywood heart-throb, acting in numerous roles and appearing on the covers of hundreds of magazines. His notable screen credits include ''[[Battle Cry (film)|Battle Cry]]'' (1955), ''[[The Girl He Left Behind]]'' (1956), ''[[Gunman's Walk]]'' (1958), ''[[Damn Yankees (1958 film)|Damn Yankees]]'' (1958), and ''[[Polyester (film)|Polyester]]'' (1981). Hunter also had a music career in the late 1950s; in 1957, he released a no. 1 hit single "[[Young Love (1956 song)|Young Love]]". Hunter's 2005 autobiography, ''Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star'', was a ''New York Times'' bestseller.

==Early life==
Arthur Andrew Kelm was born in Manhattan, New York City,<ref name =NewYorkTimes/> the son of Gertrude ({{Nee|Gelien}}) and Charles Kelm. Kelm's father was Jewish, and his mother was a German immigrant from [[Hamburg]].{{Efn|A 2003 interview with ''The New York Times'' states that Hunter's parents were both German immigrants, and that his mother was Lutheran.<ref name="nyt2003/09/09"/> However, his obituary from ''The Guardian'' states that only his mother was a German immigrant and adds that she was Catholic.<ref name="Tab Obituary"/>}} He had an older brother, Walter. Kelm's father was reportedly abusive. Within a few years of Kelm's birth, his parents divorced. He was raised in California, living with his mother, his brother, and his maternal grandparents, John Henry and Ida (née Sonnenfleth) Gelien; the family resided in San Francisco, [[Long Beach]] and Los Angeles.<ref name="nyt2003/09/09">{{cite news|last=Weinraub|first=Bernard|date=September 9, 2003|title=A Star's Real Life Upstages His Films; Tab Hunter Looks Back on Sadness and Success and Ahead to a Book|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/09/movies/star-s-real-life-upstages-his-films-tab-hunter-looks-back-sadness-success-ahead.html|access-date=March 8, 2016|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> His mother re-assumed her maiden surname, Gelien, and changed her sons' surnames as well. As a teenager, Arthur Gelien (as he was then known) was a [[figure skater]], competing in both [[single skating|singles]] and [[pair skating|pairs]].<ref name="NME Rock 'N' Roll Years">{{cite book|last=Tobler|first=John|title=NME Rock 'N' Roll Years|publisher=Reed International Books Ltd|year=1992|edition=1st|location=London|page=38|id=CN 5585}}</ref> Gelien was sent to Catholic school by his religious mother.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Tab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMOcNOk4MXUC&q=raised+catholic|title=Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star|date=September 8, 2006 |orig-date=2005 |publisher=Algonquin|others=With Eddie Muller|isbn=978-1565128460|page=174|access-date=February 25, 2019|via=Google Books |ref={{sfnref|Hunter|2005}} }}</ref>

Gelien joined the U.S. Coast Guard at age fifteen in 1946, lying about his age to enlist. While in the Coast Guard, he gained the nickname "[[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]" for his penchant for watching movies rather than going to bars while on liberty.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Piccalo|first1=Gina|last2=Saad|first2=Nardine|date=July 9, 2018|title=Actor Tab Hunter dies at 86; '50s heartthrob's career ranged from ''Battle Cry'' to ''Polyester''|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-tab-hunter-20180709-story.html|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> When his superiors discovered his true age, they discharged him. Gelien met actor [[Richard Clayton (actor)|Dick Clayton]] socially; Clayton suggested that he become an actor.<ref>{{cite news|last=Feinberg|first=Scott|date=March 13, 2015|title=SXSW: Tab Hunter opens up about life as a closeted gay star during Hollywood's golden age|newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/tab-hunter-opens-up-life-781046|access-date=July 9, 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
===1950s===
[[File:TabHUNTER2.jpg|thumb|upright|Hunter in the 1950s]]
Dick Clayton introduced Gelien to agent [[Henry Willson]], who specialized in representing [[beefcake]] male stars such as [[Robert Wagner]] and [[Rock Hudson]]. It was Willson who named him "Tab Hunter".<ref>{{cite book|last=Hofler|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTR0idJByUcC&q=The+Man+Who+Invented+Rock+Hudson:+The+Pretty+Boys+and+Dirty+Deals+of+Henry+Willson|title=The Man who Invented Rock Hudson: The pretty boys and dirty deals of Henry Willson|publisher=Carroll & Graf|year=2005|isbn=978-0786716074|url-access=subscription|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Hunter's first film role was a minor part in a [[film noir]], ''[[The Lawless]]'' (1950). Hunter was a friend of character actor [[Paul Guilfoyle (actor, born 1902)|Paul Guilfoyle]], who suggested him to director [[Stuart Heisler]]; Heisler was looking for an unknown to play the lead in ''[[Saturday Island|Island of Desire]]'' (1952) opposite [[Linda Darnell]]. The film, essentially a [[two-hander]] between Hunter and Darnell, was a hit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hopper|first=Hedda|date=February 13, 1955|title=A critic's remark and hard work put Tab Hunter on top: Critic and work spur Tab Hunter|page=D1|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/search/#query=A+Critic%27s+Remark+and+Hard+Work+Put+Tab+Hunter+on+Top&lnd=1&t=4312&p_place=CA|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref>

Hunter supported [[George Montgomery (actor)|George Montgomery]] in ''[[Gun Belt]]'' (1953), a Western produced by [[Edward Small]]. Small used him again for a war film, ''[[The Steel Lady]]'' (1953), supporting [[Rod Cameron (actor)|Rod Cameron]], and as the lead in an adventure tale, ''[[Return to Treasure Island (1954 film)|Return to Treasure Island]]'' (1954). He began acting on stage, appearing in a production of ''[[Our Town]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Scheuer|first=Philip K.|date=November 5, 1953|title=Drama: Skip homeier returns, Murvyn vye with U-I; MGM rushes POW job|page=B11|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/search/#query=Drama%3A+Skip+Homeier+Returns%2C+Murvyn+Vye+With+U-I%3B+MGM+Rushes+POW+Job&lnd=1|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Hunter was then offered, and accepted, a contract at [[Warner Bros.]]
[[File:TabHunter.jpg|thumb|upright|Hunter in a promotional portrait for ''Battle Cry'' (1955)]]
[[File:Natalie Wood and Tab Hunter arriving at the 28th Academy Awards 1956 cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|Hunter with [[Natalie Wood]] at the [[28th Academy Awards]] in 1956]]
One of Hunter's first films for Warner Bros. was ''[[The Sea Chase]]'' (1955), supporting [[John Wayne]] and [[Lana Turner]]. It was a big hit, but Hunter's part was relatively small. Rushes were seen by [[William A. Wellman]], who cast Hunter to play the younger brother of [[Robert Mitchum]] in ''[[Track of the Cat (film)|Track of the Cat]]'' (1954). It was a solid hit and Hunter began to get more notice.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

His breakthrough role came when he was cast as the young [[United States Marine Corps|Marine]] Danny in 1955's [[World War II]] drama ''[[Battle Cry (film)|Battle Cry]]'', which was [[1955 in film|the year's third most financially successful film]]. His character has an affair with an older woman, but ends up marrying the [[girl next door]]. It was based on a bestseller by [[Leon Uris]] and became Warner Bros.' largest grossing film that year, cementing Hunter's position as one of Hollywood's top young romantic leads.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

In September 1955, the tabloid magazine ''[[Confidential (magazine)|Confidential]]'' reported that Hunter had been arrested for disorderly conduct in 1950. The innuendo-laced article, and a second one focusing on [[Rory Calhoun]]'s prison record, were the result of a deal Henry Willson had brokered with the scandal rag in exchange for not revealing to the public the sexual orientation of his more prominent client, Rock Hudson.{{sfn|Hunter|2005|page=172}} The report had no negative effect on Hunter's career. A few months later, he was named Most Promising New Personality in a nationwide poll sponsored by the Council of Motion Picture Organizations.{{sfn|Hunter|2005|pages=116–118}} In 1956, he received 62,000 valentines. Hunter, [[James Dean]], and [[Natalie Wood]] were the last actors to be placed under an exclusive studio contract at Warner Bros. Warner decided to promote him to star status, teaming him with Natalie Wood in two films, a Western, ''[[The Burning Hills]]'' (1956), directed by Heisler, and ''[[The Girl He Left Behind]]'' (1956), a service comedy. These films also proved to be a hit with audiences. Warners planned a third teaming of Hunter and Wood but Hunter rejected the third picture, thus ending Warners' attempt to make Hunter and Wood the [[William Powell]] and [[Myrna Loy]] of the 1950s. Hunter was Warner Bros.' most popular male star from 1955 until 1959.

[[File:Juke Box Jury May 1957.jpg|thumb|upright|Hunter (right) with [[Anthony Perkins]] and Peter Potter on the TV show ''Juke Box Jury'' (1957)]]Hunter received strong critical acclaim for a television performance he gave in the debut episode of ''[[Playhouse 90]]'' ("[[Forbidden Area]]", 1956) written by [[Rod Serling]] and directed by [[John Frankenheimer]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Wolters|first=Larry|date=March 17, 1957|title=Playhouse 90 – And why it is a great series: Key to success is its young producer|page=78|newspaper=Chicago Daily Tribune|url=https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/image/372277250/?terms=Playhouse%2B90%2Band%2Bwhy%2Bits%2Ba%2Bsuccess|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Hunter's acting career was at its peak. William Wellman used him again in a war film, ''[[Lafayette Escadrille (film)|Lafayette Escadrille]]'' (1958). Columbia Pictures borrowed him for a Western, ''[[Gunman's Walk]]'' (1958). Hunter claimed, "When Gunman's Walk premiered the following summer, it was one of the proudest moments of my career."{{sfn|Hunter|2005|p=193}} Hunter starred in the musical film ''[[Damn Yankees (film)|Damn Yankees]]'' (1958), in which he played Joe Hardy of Washington, D.C.'s [[American League]] baseball club. The film had originally been a [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical, and Hunter was the only one in the film version who had not appeared in the original cast. The show was based on the best-selling 1954 book ''[[The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant]]'' by [[Douglass Wallop]]. Hunter later said the filming was hellish because director [[George Abbott]] was interested only in recreating the stage version word for word. He also appeared in the western ''[[They Came to Cordura]]'' (1959) (with [[Gary Cooper]] and [[Rita Hayworth]]) and starred in the romantic drama ''[[That Kind of Woman]]'' (1959) (with [[Sophia Loren]]).{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

====Music career====
Hunter had a 1957 hit record with the song "[[Young Love (1956 song)|Young Love]]," which was No. 1 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart]] for six weeks (seven weeks on the UK Chart), and became one of the larger hits of the [[Rock 'n' Roll]] era.<ref name="NME Rock 'N' Roll Years"/> It sold more than two million copies, and was awarded a [[gold disc]] by the [[RIAA]].<ref name="Discs">{{cite book|last=Murrells|first=Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxRAAAAAMAAJ&q=Tab+Hunter|title=The Book of Golden Discs|publisher=Barrie and Jenkins Ltd|year=1978|isbn=978-0214204807|edition=2nd|location=London|page=92|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Hunter had another hit single, "Ninety-Nine Ways", which peaked at No. 11 in the United States and No. 5 in the United Kingdom. His success prompted [[Jack L. Warner]] to enforce the actor's contract with the [[Warner Bros.]] studio by banning [[Dot Records]], the label for which Hunter had recorded the single (and which was owned by rival [[Paramount Pictures]]), from releasing a follow-up album he had recorded for them. He established [[Warner Bros. Records]] specifically for Hunter.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

===1960s===
Hunter's failure to win the role of Tony in the film adaptation of ''[[West Side Story (1961 film)|West Side Story]]'' (1961) prompted him to agree to star in a weekly television sitcom. ''[[The Tab Hunter Show]]'' had moderate ratings (due to being scheduled opposite ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'') and lasted for one season (1960–61) of 32 episodes. It was a hit in the United Kingdom, where it ranked as one of the most watched situation comedies of the year. Hunter's costars in the series included [[Richard Erdman]], [[Jerome Cowan]], and [[Reta Shaw]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053542/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm 'The Tab Hunter Show', IMDb. Full cast and credits]</ref>

Hunter had a starring role as [[Debbie Reynolds]]' love interest in the romantic comedy ''[[The Pleasure of His Company]]'' (1961). He played the lead in an Italian swashbuckler shot in Egypt, ''[[The Golden Arrow (1962 film)|The Golden Arrow]]'' (1962). He was in a war movie for [[American International Pictures]], ''[[Operation Bikini]]'' (1963).
In 1964, he starred on Broadway opposite [[Tallulah Bankhead]] in [[Tennessee Williams]]' ''[[The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore – Broadway Play – 1964 Revival|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-milk-train-doesnt-stop-here-anymore-2805#OpeningNightCast|website=IBDB}}</ref>

He had a starring role in ''[[Ride the Wild Surf]]'' (1964), a surf film for Columbia, followed by a movie in Britain, the crime drama ''[[Troubled Waters (1964 film)|Troubled Waters]]'' (1964). He stayed in England to make another picture for AIP, the science fiction film ''[[War Gods of the Deep]]'' (1965) starring [[Vincent Price]]. Back in Hollywood, he had a supporting role in the comedies ''[[The Loved One (film)|The Loved One]]'' (1965) and ''[[Birds Do It]]'' (1966). He starred in a film directed by [[Richard Rush (director)|Richard Rush]], the low budget comedy ''[[The Fickle Finger of Fate]]'' (1967).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Fickle Finger of Fate (1966) - Richard Rush | AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-fickle-finger-of-fate-v91237/cast-crew|publisher=AllMovie}}</ref>

For a short time in the late 1960s, after several seasons of starring in [[summer stock]] and [[dinner theater]] in shows such as ''Bye Bye Birdie'', ''The Tender Trap'', ''Under the Yum Yum Tree'',{{sfn|Hunter|2005|page=297}} and ''West Side Story'' with some of the New York cast, Hunter settled in the south of France and acted in some Italian films including ''[[Vengeance Is My Forgiveness]]'' (1968), ''[[The Last Chance (1968 film)|The Last Chance]]'' (1968), and ''[[Bridge over the Elbe]]'' (1969).<ref name="slant">{{cite web|last=Raymond|first=Gerard|date=October 21, 2015|title=Interview with Tab Hunter|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/features/article/interview-tab-hunter|access-date=February 25, 2019|website=Slant}}</ref>

===1970s===
Hunter had the lead role in the psychological horror film ''[[Sweet Kill]]'' (1973), the first movie from director [[Curtis Hanson]]. His performance earned good reviews. He won a co-starring role in the successful western film ''[[The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean]]'' (1972), starring [[Paul Newman]]. He had small roles in ''[[Timber Tramps]]'' (1975), ''[[Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood]]'' (1976) and ''[[Katie: Portrait of a Centerfold]]'' (1978). In 1977 he played George Shumway, the father of Mary Hartman (played by [[Louise Lasser]]) on ''[[Forever Fernwood]]'', a spinoff of the soap-like sitcom ''[[Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman]]''.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

===1980s===
Hunter's career was revived in the 1980s,<ref name="NewYorkTimes" /> when he starred opposite actor [[Divine (performer)|Divine]] in [[John Waters]]' ''[[Polyester (film)|Polyester]]'' (1981) and [[Paul Bartel]]'s ''[[Lust in the Dust]]'' (1985). Both of these films were hits with audiences. He played Mr. Stuart, the substitute teacher in the musical ''[[Grease 2]]'' (1982), who sang "Reproduction". Hunter had a major role in the horror film ''[[Cameron's Closet]]'' (1989).{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

===Later career===
[[File:Tab Hunter 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|Hunter in 2008, aged 77]]
Hunter's last film role came in the horse-themed [[family film]] ''[[Dark Horse (1992 film)|Dark Horse]]'' (1992). Hunter, a longstanding horse owner,<ref name="C&I_Conversation">{{cite web|author1=Leydon, Joe|date=July 9, 2018|title=A C&I Conversation with Tab Hunter|url=https://www.cowboysindians.com/2018/07/live-from-montecito-california-with-tab-hunter/|website=Cowboys & Indians}}</ref> wrote the original story and co-produced the film with his life partner, [[Allan Glaser]].

Hunter's autobiography, ''Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star'' (2005), co-written with [[Eddie Muller]], became a ''[[New York Times]]'' bestseller,<ref>{{cite news|last=McNary|first=Dave|date=June 6, 2018|title=JJ Abrams, Zachary Quinto Developing Tab Hunter-Anthony Perkins Movie|newspaper=Variety|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/jj-abrams-zachary-quinto-tab-hunter-anthony-perkins-love-story-1202834923/}}</ref> as did the paperback edition in 2007. In his memoir, Hunter officially came out as gay, confirming rumors that had circulated since the height of his fame.<ref name=Hamilton/> The book was nominated for several awards. It entered the ''New York Times''{{'}} bestseller list for a third time on June 28, 2015, upon the release of ''[[Tab Hunter Confidential]]'', an award-winning documentary based upon the memoir. The documentary was directed by [[Jeffrey Schwarz]] and produced by Allan Glaser.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tab Hunter Confidential|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1533089|access-date=August 17, 2015|publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> As of June 2022, a feature film about Hunter to be produced by Glaser, [[J. J. Abrams]] and [[Zachary Quinto]] was in development at Paramount Pictures. Pulitzer Prize- and Tony Award-winning writer Doug Wright is attached to create the screenplay.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Feinberg|first1=Scott|last2=Kit|first2=Borys|date=June 6, 2018|title=Tab Hunter, Anthony Perkins forbidden love drama in the works from J.J. Abrams, Zachary Quinto|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|department=Exclusive|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jj-abrams-zachary-quinto-making-film-tab-hunter-anthony-perkins-1117878}}</ref>

Hunter has a star for his contributions to the music industry on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at [[Hollywood Boulevard|6320 Hollywood Blvd.]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tab Hunter|url=https://www.flimfun.com/search?q=hollywoodstar-walk/tab-hunter|access-date=March 8, 2016|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|department=Hollywood Star Walk}}</ref> In 2007, the [[Palm Springs Walk of Stars]] dedicated a Golden Palm Star to him.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palm Springs Walk of Stars by date dedicated|url=https://www.flimfun.com/search?q=hollywood/web-storage/Stars/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013165655/https://www.flimfun.com/search?q=hollywood|archive-date=October 13, 2012|access-date=August 17, 2018|publisher=Palmspringswalkofstars.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hunter [[came out]] publicly as [[gay]] in his 2005 memoir. According to William L. Hamilton of ''The New York Times'', detailed reports about Hunter's alleged romances with close friends [[Debbie Reynolds]] and [[Natalie Wood]] during his young adult years had been strictly the product of studio publicity departments. As Wood and Hunter embarked on a well-publicized but fictitious romance, insiders had developed their own headline for the item: "Natalie Wood and Tab Wouldn't".<ref name=Hamilton/> Regarding Hollywood's [[studio era]], Hunter said, "[life] was difficult for me, because I was living two lives at that time. A private life of my own, which I never discussed, never talked about to anyone. And then my Hollywood life, which was just trying to learn my craft and succeed..." The star emphasized that the word {{" '}}gay' ... wasn't even around in those days, and if anyone ever confronted me with it, I'd just kinda freak out. I was in total denial. I was just not comfortable in that Hollywood scene, other than the work process."<ref>{{cite news|last=Parks|first=Tim|date=December 15, 2005|title=The many lives of Tab Hunter|newspaper=[[Gay and Lesbian Times]]|url=https://timparksmediaho.wordpress.com/2010/05/01/the-many-lives-of-tab-hunter/|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> "There was a lot written about my sexuality, and the press was pretty darn cruel," the actor said, but what "moviegoers wanted to hold in their hearts were the [[Girl next door|boy-next-door]] marines, [[cowboy]]s, and swoon-bait sweethearts I portrayed."<ref name=Hamilton/>

Hunter had a long-term relationship with actor [[Anthony Perkins]] after having met him at the [[Chateau Marmont]] during the filming of ''[[Friendly Persuasion (1956 film)|Friendly Persuasion]]'' in 1956. Their relationship spanned two to four years,{{sfn|Hunter|2005|p=130}} and Hunter has said that they only broke up because of Perkins's movie studio, [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]], and the studio system. However, he remembered Perkins as a "special part of my journey. He wanted to be a movie star more than anything. I wanted that too, but not with the same kind of drive he had. We were such opposites - but then maybe that was the attraction."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hunter|first1=Tab|date=July 9, 2018|title=Exclusive: Tab Hunter Recounts His Relationship With "Psycho" Star Anthony Perkins|newspaper=Attitude|department=Exclusive|url=https://attitude.co.uk/article/exclusive-tab-hunter-recounts-his-secret-relationship-with-psycho-star-anthony-perkins/18188/}}</ref> He also had relationships with champion figure skater [[Ronnie Robertson]], actor Neal Noorlag, and Soviet-born ballet dancer [[Rudolf Nureyev]] before settling down and marrying his partner/spouse of more than 35 years, film producer [[Allan Glaser]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Bayard|first=Louis|date=October 9, 2005|title=The Celluloid Closet|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/06/AR2005100601518_pf.html|access-date=January 7, 2009}}</ref><ref name=NewYorkTimes />

Hunter seriously pondered marrying his ''Lafayette Escadrille'' costar [[Etchika Choureau]] as they grew closer, but decided against it as that would not be living true to himself.{{sfn|Hunter|2005|p=172}} Additionally, [[Joan Perry]], a close friend of his, proposed to him after her divorce from [[Laurence Harvey]], but he rejected her as he wanted their relationship to remain platonic.{{sfn|Hunter|2005|p=317}}

Hunter was raised in his mother's [[Catholic]] faith. Except for a period in his youth, Hunter was a practicing Catholic for the rest of his life.<ref name=slant/><ref>{{cite news|last=Fillo|first=MaryEllen|title=Hollywood's all-American boy Tab Hunter brings his documentary to Warner Theater|newspaper=[[Hartford Courant]]|url=http://www.courant.com/java/hc-fillo-tab-hunter-1014-20151013-column.html|access-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lattanzio|first=Ryan|date=October 12, 2015|title=Tab Hunter, Out of the Hollywood Closet and in His Own Words|website=IndieWire|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2015/10/tab-hunter-out-of-the-hollywood-closet-and-in-his-own-words-176331|access-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref> When asked about his Jewish identity, due to his father and partner/spouse being Jewish, Hunter stated that he did not identify as Jewish.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmoNqfDJf5Q&t=7s|title=TAB HUNTER CONFIDENTIAL Q&A: Does Tab I.D. as Jewish?|date=October 13, 2015|time=0:07}}</ref> Hunter was an avid horse owner.<ref name="C&I_Conversation" />

==Death==
On July 8, 2018, three days shy of his 87th birthday, Hunter died after suffering cardiac arrest that arose from complications related to [[deep vein thrombosis]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/tab-hunter-dead-hollywood-actor-films-gay-anthony-perkins-allan-glaser-biopic-a8438286.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/tab-hunter-dead-hollywood-actor-films-gay-anthony-perkins-allan-glaser-biopic-a8438286.html |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Veteran Hollywood actor Tab Hunter dies aged 86 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |first=Jacob |last=Stolworthy |date=July 9, 2018 |access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> According to his partner, Allan Glaser, Hunter's death was "sudden and unexpected."<ref>{{cite news |title=Tab Hunter, iconic 1950s actor, dead at 86 |first1=Lisa Respers |last1=France |first2=Stella |last2=Chan |date=July 11, 2018 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/09/entertainment/tab-hunter-dead/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1950
| ''[[The Lawless]]''
|Frank O'Brien
|also released under the title ''The Dividing Line''
|-
|1952
| ''The Island of Desire''
|Marine Corporal Michael J. "Chicken" Dugan
|also released under the title ''[[Saturday Island]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1953
| ''[[Gun Belt]]''
|Chip Ringo
|
|-
| ''[[The Steel Lady]]''
|Bill Larson
|also released under the title ''Treasure of Kalifa''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1954
| ''[[Return to Treasure Island (1954 film)|Return to Treasure Island]]''
|Clive Stone
|also narrator
|-
| ''[[Track of the Cat (film)|Track of the Cat]]''
|Harold Bridges
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1955
| ''[[Battle Cry (film)|Battle Cry]]''
|Danny Forrester
|
|-
| ''[[The Sea Chase]]''
|Cadet Wesser
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1956
| ''[[The Burning Hills]]''
|Trace Jordan
|
|-
| ''[[The Girl He Left Behind]]''
|Andy L. Shaeffer
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1958
|''[[Gunman's Walk]]''
|Ed Hackett
|
|-
|''[[Lafayette Escadrille (film)|Lafayette Escadrille]]''
|Thad Walker
|
|-
|[[Damn Yankees (film)|''Damn Yankees'']]
|Joe Hardy
|also released under the title ''What Lola Wants'' in the UK
|-
| rowspan="2" |1959
|''[[They Came to Cordura]]''
|Lt. William Fowler
|
|-
|''[[That Kind of Woman]]''
|Red
|directed by [[Sidney Lumet]]
|-
|1961
|''[[The Pleasure of His Company]]''
|Roger Henderson
|
|-
|1962
|''[[The Golden Arrow (1962 film)|The Golden Arrow]]''
|Hassan
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Operation Bikini]]''
|Lt. Morgan Hayes
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1964
|''[[Ride the Wild Surf]]''
|Steamer Lane
|
|-
|''[[Troubled Waters (1964 film)|Troubled Waters]]''
|Alex Carswell
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1965
|''[[City Under the Sea]]''
|Ben Harris
|released as ''War Gods of the Deep'' in the U.S.
|-
|''[[The Loved One (film)|The Loved One]]''
|Whispering Glades Tour Guide
|
|-
|1966
|''[[Birds Do It]]''
|Lt. Porter
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1967
|''[[The Fickle Finger of Fate]]''
|Jerry
|a.k.a. ''El Dedo del Destino'' and ''The Cup of San Sebastian''
|-
|''[[Hostile Guns]]''
|Mike Reno
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1968
|''[[Vengeance Is My Forgiveness]]''
|Sheriff Durango
|
|-
|''[[The Last Chance (1968 film)|The Last Chance]]''
|Patrick Harris
|
|-
|1969
|''[[Bridge over the Elbe]]''
|Richard
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1972
|''[[Sweet Kill]]''
|Eddie Collins
|
|-
|''[[The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean]]''
|Sam Dodd
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Timber Tramps]]''
|Big Swede
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood]]''
|David Hamilton
|
|-
|1981
|''[[Polyester (film)|Polyester]]''
|Todd Tomorrow
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1982
|''[[Pandemonium (1982 film)|Pandemonium]]''
|Blue Grange
|
|-
|''[[Grease 2]]''
|Mr. Stuart
|
|-
|''And They're Off''
|Henry Barclay
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Lust in the Dust]]''
|Abel Wood
|Executive producer
|-
| rowspan="3" |1988
|''[[Out of the Dark (1989 film)|Out of the Dark]]''
|Driver
|
|-
|''[[Grotesque (1988 film)|Grotesque]]''
|Rod
|
|-
|''[[Cameron's Closet]]''
|Owen Lansing
|Executive producer
|-
|1992
|''[[Dark Horse (1992 film)|Dark Horse]]''
|Perkins
|Executive producer and film story credit
|-
|2015
|''[[Tab Hunter Confidential]]''
|Self
|Autobiographical documentary
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1955
|''[[Ford Theatre|Ford Television Theatre]]''
|Gig Spevvy
|Episode: "While We're Young"
|-
|1955; 1957
|''[[Climax!]]''
|Jimmy Piersall
|{{Ubl|Episode: "[[Fear Strikes Out#1955 TV version|Fear Strikes Out]]" (1955)|Episode: "Mask for the Devil" (1957){{Snd}}No on-screen credit}}
|-
|1956
|[[Conflict (American TV series)|''Conflict'']]
|Donald McQuade
|Episode: "The People Against McQuade"
|-
|1956; 1958
|''[[Playhouse 90]]''
|Donald Bashor{{\}}Stanley Smith
|{{Ubl|Episode: "[[Forbidden Area#1956 TV adaptation|Forbidden Area]]" (1956)|Episode: "[[Portrait of a Murderer (Playhouse 90)|Portrait of a Murderer]]" (1958)}}
|-
|1958
|''[[Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates (film)|Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates]]''
|Hans Brinker
|TV film
|-
|1959
|''[[General Electric Theater]]''
|Daniel
|Episode: "Disaster"
|-
|{{nowrap|1960–61}}
|''[[The Tab Hunter Show]]''
|Paul Morgan
|32 episodes; Title character and producer
|-
| rowspan="2" |1962
|''[[Saints and Sinners (1962 TV series)|Saints and Sinners]]''
|Sergeant Eddie Manzak
|Episode: "Three Columns of Anger"
|-
|''[[Combat!]]''
|Del Packer
|Episode: "The Celebrity"
|-
|1964
|[[Burke's Law (1963 TV series)|''Burke's Law'']]
|Barney Blake
|Episode: "Who Killed Andy Zygmut?"
|-
| rowspan="2" |1970
|[[San Francisco International Airport (TV series)|''San Francisco International Airport'']]
|Stayczek
|1 episode
|-
|''[[The Virginian (TV series)|The Virginian]]''
|Cart Banner
|Episode: "The Gift"
|-
|1971
|[[Disney anthology television series|''Disneyland'']]
|Tim Andrews
|Episode: "Hacksaw"; Rebroadcast and syndicated as two episodes.
|-
| rowspan="2" |1972
|''[[Cannon (TV series)|Cannon]]''
|Bob Neal
|Episode: "Treasure of St. Ignacio"
|-
|''[[Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law]]''
|Howard Reimer
|Episode: "Starting Over Again"
|-
|1973
|[[Ghost Story (TV series)|''Ghost Story'']]
|Bob Herrick
|Episode: "The Ghost of Potter's Field"
|-
|1975
|''[[The Six Million Dollar Man]]''
|Arnold Blake
|Episode: "The Cross-Country Kidnap"
|-
| rowspan="3" |1976
|[[Ellery Queen (TV series)|''Ellery Queen'']]
|John Randall
|Episode: "The Adventure of the Black Falcon"
|-
|''[[Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman]]''
|George Shumway No. 2
|Several un-credited cameo appearances
|-
|''[[McMillan & Wife]]''
|Roger Thornton
|Episode: "Greed"
|-
| rowspan="2" |1977
|''[[The Love Boat]]''
|Dave King
|Episode: "The Joker Is Mild/Take My Granddaughter, Please/First Time Out"
|-
|''[[Forever Fernwood]]''
|George Shumway
|1 episode; several un-credited cameo appearances
|-
| rowspan="3" |1978
|''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)|Hawaii Five-O]]''
|Mel Burgess
|Episode: "Horoscope for Murder"
|-
|''[[Katie: Portrait of a Centerfold]]''
|Elliot Bender
|TV film
|-
|[[Police Woman (TV series)|''Police Woman'']]
|Martin Quinn
|"Blind Terror"
|-
|1979
|''[[The Kid from Left Field (1979 film)|The Kid from Left Field]]''
|Bill Lorant
|TV film
|-
|1979
|''Sweepstakes''
|Chip
|1 episode
|-
|1980
|''[[Charlie's Angels]]''
|Bill Maddox
|Episode: "Nips and Tucks"
|-
|1981
|[[Strike Force (TV series)|''Strike Force'']]
|Vorhees
|Episode: "Night Nurse"
|-
| rowspan="3" |1982
|[[Benson (TV series)|''Benson'']]
|Roy Lucas
|season 4 episodes 1 & 2
|-
|[[Fridays (TV series)|''Fridays'']]
|Self-Guest Host
|season 3 episode 13
|-
|''[[Madame's Place]]''
|Self
|Episode: "Come Fly with Me"
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984
|''[[The Fall Guy]]''
|Anthony Haley
|Episode: "Bite of the Wasp"
|-
|[[Masquerade (TV series)|''Masquerade'']]
|Whitney
|Episode: "Spying Down to Rio"
|-
|1989
|''Hollywood on Horses''
|Self (presenter)
|[[Direct-to-video|Video]] documentary; credited as producer
|}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Title
! colspan="2"| Chart positions
|-
! style="width:45px;"|[[Billboard Hot 100|US]]
! style="width:45px;"|UK
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1957
|"[[Young Love (1956 song)|Young Love]]"
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
|-
|"[[Red Sails in the Sunset (song)|Red Sails in the Sunset]]"
| style="text-align:center;"| 57
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
|"Ninety-Nine Ways"
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
|-
|"[[Don't Get Around Much Anymore]]"
| style="text-align:center;"| 74
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| 1958
|"[[Jealous Heart]]"
| style="text-align:center;"| 62
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1959
|"[[(I'll Be with You) In Apple Blossom Time]]"
| style="text-align:center;"| 31
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
|"There's No Fool Like a Young Fool"
| style="text-align:center;"| 68
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1962
|"[[Born to Lose (Ted Daffan song)|Born to Lose]]" / "[[I Can't Stop Loving You]]"<ref name="Billboard 28 Apr 1962">{{cite magazine | title=Spotlight Singles of the Week | magazine = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | issn=0006-2510 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhYEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Tab+Hunter%22&pg=PA31 | language=en | access-date=March 21, 2025 | page=31|date=April 28, 1962}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|}

===Roles Turned Down===
According to Hunter, he turned down the following roles:
* the lead in ''Darby's Rangers''
* the lead in ''Bombers B-52''
* replacing Paul Newman on Broadway in ''Sweet Bird of Youth''

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tab Hunter}}
* {{Official site|http://www.tabhunter.com/}}
* {{AFI person | 144226-Tab-Hunter }}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Tcmdb name}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{Discogs artist|Tab Hunter}}
* [http://vimeo.com/4768984 Half-Hour TV Interview] via Vimeo.com
* {{Find a Grave|191236409}}
{{FilmOut Programming Award}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hunter, Tab}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century American male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American gay actors]]
[[Category:American gay musicians]]
[[Category:American gay writers]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ military personnel]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ singers]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Burials at Santa Barbara Cemetery]]
[[Category:Catholics from California]]
[[Category:Catholics from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Deaths from thrombosis]]
[[Category:Dot Records artists]]
[[Category:Jewish American military personnel]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from New York (state)]]
[[Category:LGBTQ Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Male actors from Manhattan]]
[[Category:Military personnel from California]]
[[Category:Military personnel from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Military personnel from New York City]]
[[Category:United States Coast Guard personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. contract players]]
[[Category:Warner Records artists]]

The Armageddon Rag

2025-05-26T02:06:34Z

219.89.68.193:

{{Short description|1983 novel by George R. R. Martin}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Armageddon Rag
| image = The Armageddon Rag cover.webp
| caption = First edition cover
| author = [[George R. R. Martin]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| genre = [[Horror fiction|Horror]], [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]], [[fantasy]]
| publisher = [[Poseidon Press]]
| media_type = Novel
| published = 1983
| isbn = 0-671-47526-6
| isbn_note = {{Break}}{{ISBNT|0-914261-00-2}} (limited ed.)
| pub_date = November 1983
| cover_artist = {{Ubl
|Milton Charles
|Victor Moscoso (limited ed.)
}}
}}
'''''The Armageddon Rag''''' is a 1983 [[Mystery fiction|mystery]]/[[fantasy]] novel by American author [[George R. R. Martin]], first co-published in [[hardcover]] by both [[Poseidon Press]] and The Nemo Press. The novel contains subdued and hidden fantasy elements and is structured in the form of a [[Crime fiction|murder mystery]];<ref>{{cite web |author=Katharine Mills |title=The Armageddon Rag: A review by Katharine Mills |url=http://www.sfsite.com/05b/ar248.htm |accessdate=2008-02-03}}</ref> it is also a meditation on the [[rock music]] era of the 1960s (and its associated culture) and what became of both by the mid-1980s. The novel contains a detailed account of the history and repertoire of its imaginary rock band, including concert setlists and album track timings. Each of the novel's chapter headings open with actual famous rock lyrics, whose meanings resonate throughout that chapter.

Martin has described the book as probably his most ambitious and experimental novel but "a total commercial disaster" that almost destroyed his career.<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-10-05 |title=PW talks with George R.R. Martin of hybrids and cliches |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11411936_ITM |accessdate=2008-02-03 |publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref> Nevertheless, ''The Armageddon Rag'' was nominated for the 1983 [[World Fantasy Award]] for [[World Fantasy Award—Novel|Best Novel]], and won the Balrog Award for best novel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards DRAFT | George R.R. Martin |url=http://www.georgerrmartin.com/awards-draft/}}</ref>

Despite its initial commercial failure, the novel remains in print.<ref name="WWE-1984">{{cite web |title=1984 Award Winners & Nominees |url=http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1984 |accessdate=2009-07-25 |work=Worlds Without End}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Frustrated former [[hippie]] novelist Sandy Blair becomes involved in the investigation of the brutal murder of rock promoter Jamie Lynch, whose heart had been torn from his body.<ref name="D'Amassa">D'Amassa, Don "Martin, George" pages 388-390 from ''St. James Guide to Horror, Ghost and Gothic Writers'' edited by David Pringle, Detroit: St. James Press, 1997.</ref> Lynch, a despised impresario, had been found dead in a small town in [[Maine]], the victim of a ritualistic murder.<ref name="D'Amassa" /> Lynch had managed several bands, including the legendary rock group the Nazgûl (named after the evil [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] in [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''). He was found dead on the 10th anniversary of the Nazgûl's breakup, with his bloody body placed on top of the band's [[West Mesa]], [[New Mexico]], concert poster; during that concert, Nazgûl lead singer Patrick Henry "[[Hobbit]]" Hobbins had been mysteriously murdered.

Lynch's high-profile death soon opens the door for a Nazgûl reunion tour, which slowly begins to eerily mirror the events of their original West Mesa tour. With Lynch out of the way, a disastrous act of arson forces the remaining three members of the Nazgûl to go on a reunion tour, promoted by a rich man named Edan Morse.<ref name="D'Amassa" /> The mysterious Morse may or may not have been a left-wing revolutionary in the 1970s, noted for his violent methods.<ref name="D'Amassa" /> Morse produces a young man who is a [[doppelganger]] for Hobbins, who Morse plans to make the lead singer of the reunited Nazgûl, despite the fact that the doppelganger's musical talents are subpar and he lacks any charisma.<ref name="D'Amassa" /> Interviewing the surviving members of the band while tracking down his old friends from the 1960s, Blair meditates on the meaning of the [[flower power]] generation as he crisscrosses the country. He eventually becomes the Nazgûl's press agent and is soon swept up in the frenzy of their successful reunion tour and an oncoming [[supernatural]] convergence, whose nature he must uncover in order to solve the murders of Lynch and Hobbins. Blair comes to suspect that Morse wants to bring the Nazgûl together to perform an occult ritual that will unleash a dark supernatural power upon the world, an act of revenge against a world that has spurned the idealism of the late 1960s [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]].<ref name="D'Amassa" />

== Reception ==
The novel was a commercial failure and led Martin to withdraw from writing prose fiction for several years to focus on writing scripts for network television.<ref name="tiff">{{cite interview |first=George R. R. |subject-link=George R. R. Martin |interviewer= |title=<nowiki>GEORGE R.R. MARTIN | Master Class | Higher Learning</nowiki> |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDIZnKujSa4 |access-date=21 July 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/DDIZnKujSa4 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live |work=TIFF |location=Toronto |date=13 March 2012 |subject=George R. R. Martin}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Algis Budrys]] described the novel as "a powerful and fundamental fantasy in which the central haunt is not the shade of a departed person, but of a time." He concluded that "directed at a highly controversial area though it may be, it is about something so many of us care so deeply about".<ref name="ReferenceA">"Books", ''[[F&SF]]'', March 1984, p. 40-2.</ref>

== Editions ==
The novel was published by [[Poseidon Press]], an imprint of [[Simon & Schuster]]. A limited edition was published by Nemo Press which included a slipcase and art by [[Victor Moscoso]].<ref name="ReferenceA" /> A [[mass market paperback]] edition was released by [[Pocket Books]] in 1985.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldswithoutend.com/novel.asp?ID=783 ''The Armageddon Rag''] at Worlds Without End

{{George R. R. Martin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Armageddon Rag, The}}
[[Category:1983 American novels]]
[[Category:1983 fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Novels by George R. R. Martin]]
[[Category:American mystery novels]]
[[Category:Novels about music]]
[[Category:Poseidon Press books]]

Rory Fallon

2025-05-24T08:05:48Z

219.89.68.193: not true.

{{Short description|New Zealand footballer (born 1982)}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Rory Fallon
| image = Rory Fallon.jpg
| image_size = 200
| caption = Fallon playing for Plymouth Argyle in 2009
| fullname = Rory Michael Fallon<ref name="List of Players">{{cite web|title=List of Players|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616010702/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2010|publisher=FIFA|access-date=16 June 2010}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|03|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gisborne, New Zealand|Gisborne]], New Zealand
| height = 1.91 m
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Upper Hutt City]] (manager)
| youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = [[Mount Albert Grammar School|Mount Albert Grammar]]
| youthyears2 = | youthclubs2 = [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]]
| years1 = 1999–2003 | clubs1 = [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]] | caps1 = 52 | goals1 = 11
| years2 = 2001–2002 | clubs2 = → [[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]] (loan) | caps2 = 11 | goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2003–2006 | clubs3 = [[Swindon Town F.C.|Swindon Town]] | caps3 = 77 | goals3 = 22
| years4 = 2005 | clubs4 = → [[Yeovil Town F.C.|Yeovil Town]] (loan) | caps4 = 6 | goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2006–2007 | clubs5 = [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]] | caps5 = 44 | goals5 = 13
| years6 = 2007–2011 | clubs6 = [[Plymouth Argyle F.C.|Plymouth Argyle]] | caps6 = 149 | goals6 = 22
| years7 = 2010–2011 | clubs7 = → [[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]] (loan) | caps7 = 6 | goals7 = 1
| years8 = 2011 | clubs8 = [[Yeovil Town F.C.|Yeovil Town]] | caps8 = 5 | goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2011–2013 | clubs9 = [[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]] | caps9 = 37 | goals9 = 3
| years10 = 2013–2014 |clubs10 = [[St Johnstone F.C.|St Johnstone]] |caps10 = 8 |goals10 = 1
| years11 = 2014 |clubs11 = [[Crawley Town F.C.|Crawley Town]] |caps11 = 8 |goals11 = 0
| years12 = 2014–2015 |clubs12 = [[Scunthorpe United F.C.|Scunthorpe United]] |caps12 = 4 |goals12 = 3
| years13 = 2016 |clubs13 = [[Bristol Rovers F.C.|Bristol Rovers]] |caps13 = 3 |goals13 = 0
| years14 = 2016 |clubs14 = [[Truro City F.C.|Truro City]] |caps14 = 12 |goals14 = 0
| years15 = 2017 |clubs15 = [[Torquay United F.C.|Torquay United]] |caps15 = 5 |goals15 = 0
| years16 = 2017 |clubs16 = [[Dorchester Town F.C.|Dorchester Town]] | caps16 = 1 | goals16 = 0
| totalcaps = 428 | totalgoals = 77
| nationalyears1 = 2009–2017
| nationalteam1 = [[New Zealand national football team|New Zealand]]
| nationalcaps1 = 24
| nationalgoals1 = 6
| club-update =
| manageryears1 = 2019–2022
| managerclubs1 = [[New Zealand national football team|New Zealand]] (assistant)
| manageryears2 = 2023–2024
| managerclubs2 = [[Waterside Karori]]
| manageryears3 = 2024–
| managerclubs3 = [[Upper Hutt City FC|Upper Hutt City]]
}}

'''Rory Michael Fallon''' (born 20 March 1982) is a New Zealand former professional [[Association football|footballer]] who played predominantly as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]].

He previously played for [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]], [[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]], [[Swindon Town F.C.|Swindon Town]], [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]], [[Plymouth Argyle F.C.|Plymouth Argyle]], [[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]], [[Yeovil Town F.C.|Yeovil Town]], [[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]], [[St Johnstone F.C.|St Johnstone]], [[Bristol Rovers F.C.|Bristol Rovers]], [[Scunthorpe United F.C.|Scunthorpe United]], [[Dorchester Town F.C.|Dorchester Town]]. He was also [[Cap (sport)|capped]] by [[New Zealand national football team|New Zealand]] a total of 24 times, scoring 6 goals. He represented his country at both the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] and [[2016 Nations Cup]]. He was born and raised in [[Gisborne, New Zealand|Gisborne]]. His father [[Kevin Fallon|Kevin]] managed New Zealand over a four-year period in the 1980s. He retired from professional football in November 2017.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/former-plymouth-argyle-favourite-rory-800369|title=Former Plymouth Argyle favourite Rory Fallon retires from football|first=Stuart|last=James|date=19 November 2017|website=plymouthherald}}</ref>

==Playing career==
===Club career===
Born in [[Gisborne, New Zealand|Gisborne]], Fallon started his career at [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]], becoming a professional in 1999 after moving up through their trainee programme. He had just begun to cement his place in the first-team when he suffered a stress fracture of his foot, which saw him struggle to regain his place.

Fallon was signed for an undisclosed fee by [[Swindon Town F.C.|Swindon Town]] in November 2003 after a number of impressive performances against them with Barnsley, which caught the eye of manager [[Andy King (footballer born 1956)|Andy King]]. After breaking into the team he scored a number of important goals in the [[2003–04 Football League|2003–04]] campaign; including an overhead kick from the edge of the box to secure a point against [[Bristol City F.C.|Bristol City]].<ref>{{cite news| title = Fallon Overhead Kick| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfNoELP39Bc| publisher = YouTube| date = 31 October 2006}}</ref>

Despite the departure of [[Tommy Mooney]], Fallon found himself regularly on the bench in the [[2004–05 Football League|2004–05]] season. He was loaned out to [[Yeovil Town F.C.|Yeovil Town]] to increase his confidence and he scored on his debut against [[Scunthorpe United F.C.|Scunthorpe United]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_3/4279541.stm|title=Yeovil 4–3 Scunthorpe|publisher=BBC|date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 February 2010}}</ref> He failed to score in the remainder of the season, but a red card for kicking [[Huddersfield Town A.F.C.|Huddersfield Town]] defender [[David Mirfin]] in the face meant he missed the opening two games of the following season. After [[Sam Parkin]] was sold in summer 2005, Fallon was given greater opportunities to play at Swindon, scoring on his return to action against [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]].

He signed for [[Football League One|League One]] team [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]] in January 2006 for a fee believed to be £300,000, the second highest fee ever paid by the Welsh club. A productive year followed for the striker, scoring 13 goals in all competitions from 48 appearances. This prompted interest from [[Football League Championship|Championship]] side [[Plymouth Argyle F.C.|Plymouth Argyle]] and they paid £300,000 for Fallon on 19 January 2007.<ref>{{cite news| title = Fallon completes Plymouth switch| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/plymouth_argyle/6275883.stm| work = BBC Sport| date = 19 January 2007| access-date = 12 August 2008}}</ref>

Fallon had only started a handful of games for [[Plymouth Argyle F.C.|Plymouth Argyle]], and had struggled to get into the team. He went without a competitive goal at [[Home Park]] until 19 January 2008, exactly one-year after he signed for the club, when he scored a second half equaliser against [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]]. It was only his fourth goal for the Pilgrims. The 2007–2008 campaign saw Fallon continue to be a regular bench warmer, but he continued with his optimistic attitude that he can become a first team regular, and even rejected a £250,000 move to League One side [[Southend United F.C.|Southend United]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/s/southend_utd/7186815.stm|title=Heart problem halts Walker switch|date=19 January 2008|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> in January 2008.

On 29 September 2009, Fallon scored the winning goal for Plymouth against [[Peterborough United F.C.|Peterborough United]] earning the ''Pilgrims'' their first win of the season after seven straight defeats, lifting them off the bottom of the table. Fallon then scored the opening goal in Argyle's next game against Scunthorpe United which they also won 2–1.

On the opening day of the [[2010–11 Plymouth Argyle F.C. season|2010–11]] season, Fallon played the full 90 minutes and was the provider for [[Luke Summerfield]]'s winning goal in Plymouth's 1–0 win over pre-season promotion favourites Southampton. In November, he joined [[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]] on short loan,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/i/ipswich_town/9228331.stm | title = Ipswich Town sign Rory Fallon and Gianni Zuiverloon| work= BBC Sport| access-date = 25 November 2010|date=25 November 2010}}</ref> returning to Plymouth in January.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/i/ipswich_town/9363846.stm | title = Loan striker Rory Fallon leaves Ipswich Town early| work = BBC Sport | date = 17 January 2011|access-date=17 January 2011}}</ref>

In August 2011, Fallon signed a one-month contract with [[Yeovil Town F.C.|Yeovil Town]] after a short trial and featured in all five of Yeovil's games during that period.

In September 2011, he signed a two-year deal with [[Scottish Premier League]] club [[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.afc.co.uk/articles/20110914/rory-fallon-is-now-a-don_2212158_2451055 |title=Rory Fallon is now a Don |publisher=Aberdeen Football Club |date=14 September 2011 |access-date=14 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323190235/http://www.afc.co.uk/articles/20110914/rory-fallon-is-now-a-don_2212158_2451055 |archive-date=23 March 2012}}</ref> Fallon's time at Aberdeen was notable for his performances in the [[2011–12 Scottish Cup]]. After scoring in Aberdeen's 4–0, 4th round victory over [[Forfar Athletic F.C.|Forfar Athletic]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/16372012|title=Forfar 0 – 4 Aberdeen|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=7 January 2012 |access-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> he set up Aberdeen's opener in the 5th round 2–1 win over [[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen of the South]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/16922012|title=Queen of the South 1 – 2 Aberdeen|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=14 February 2012 |access-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> Fallon then scored both goals in the 2–1 quarter final win against [[Motherwell F.C.|Motherwell]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17249288|title=Motherwell 1 – 2 Aberdeen|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=11 March 2012 |access-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> to become the Player of the Round.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/image_gallery.cfm?page=3131|title=Player of the Round|publisher=[[Scottish Football Association]]|access-date=4 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306041403/http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/image_gallery.cfm?page=3131|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although Aberdeen lost the semi-final at [[Hampden Park]] 2–1 against [[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17643234|title=Aberdeen 1 – 2 Hibernian|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=14 April 2012 |access-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> Fallon's second half equaliser went on to be voted the PFA Goal of the Season.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sport.stv.tv/galleries/pfa-scotland-awards-all-the-winners/29699/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028074057/http://sport.stv.tv/galleries/pfa-scotland-awards-all-the-winners/29699/|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2012|title=PFA Scotland Awards|publisher=[[stv.tv]]|access-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> On 13 May 2013 Fallon was released by Aberdeen having scored three league goals in 35 appearances.

Fallon joined [[Scottish Premier League]] side [[St Johnstone F.C.|St Johnstone]] in July 2013 on a free transfer,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perthstjohnstonefc.co.uk/newsitemsdetail.php?param=2603 |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716192454/http://www.perthstjohnstonefc.co.uk/newsitemsdetail.php?param=2603 |archive-date=16 July 2013}}</ref> the deal was completed in time for Fallon to play a part, if called upon, in St Johnstone's [[2013–14 UEFA Europa League|UEFA Europa League]] second qualifying round tie against Norwegian [[Tippeligaen]] side [[Rosenborg BK|Rosenborg]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/match/2012289--malmo-vs-hibernian/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 July 2013 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202233648/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=2014/matches/round=2000466/match=2012289/prematch/player-lists/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 31 January 2014, Fallon left St Johnstone by mutual consent.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRANSFER DEADLINE DAY BUSINESS UPDATE|url=http://perthstjohnstonefc.co.uk/newsitemsdetail.php?param=2857|publisher=perthstjohnstonefc.co.uk|date=31 January 2014|access-date=31 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201205844/http://www.perthstjohnstonefc.co.uk/newsitemsdetail.php?param=2857|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

In February 2014, Fallon joined [[Crawley Town F.C.|Crawley Town]] until the end of the [[2013–14 Football League One|2013–14]] season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rory's a Red |url=http://www.crawleytownfc.com/news/article/rory-fallon-signs-1363981.aspx |work=Crawley Town FC |date=17 February 2014}}</ref>

In September 2014, Fallon joined [[Scunthorpe United F.C.|Scunthorpe United]] on a short-term deal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rory Fallon: Scunthorpe United sign New Zealand striker|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29366085|access-date=27 September 2014|work=BBC Sport|date=26 September 2014}}</ref> Fallon scored on his Scunthorpe début in a 3–2 loss to [[Oldham Athletic A.F.C.|Oldham Athletic]] on 27
September 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Philliskirk sinks Scunthorpe|url=http://www.teamtalk.com/match/report/978/9492290/Philliskirk-sinks-Scunthorpe|access-date=27 September 2014|publisher=Team Talk|date=27 September 2014}}
</ref>

In January 2016, Fallon joined Bristol Rovers on non-contract terms until the end of the season. He made his debut as a 76th-minute substitute, in a 1–0 loss to [[Accrington Stanley F.C.]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35389535|title=Accrington Stanley 1-0 Bristol Rovers|work=BBC Sport|date=30 January 2016}}</ref> In the summer of 2016, he Joined [[National League South]] club, [[Truro City F.C.]] as a [[player-coach]] but had his contract cancelled by mutual consent in December 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Truro City: Rory Fallon and Durrell Berry leave National League South club|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/38364649|access-date=2 April 2017}}</ref>

On 26 July 2017, Fallon joined National League side [[Torquay United]], on non-contract terms, ahead of the 2017–18 season.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40731306 |title=Rory Fallon: Torquay United sign former New Zealand international |work=BBC Sport |date=26 July 2017 |access-date=27 July 2017 }}</ref> He played one match for [[Dorchester Town F.C.|Dorchester Town]].

===International career===
Despite being born in [[New Zealand]] and having a [[Kevin Fallon|father]] who coached New Zealand at the [[1982 World Cup]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/football-news/fallon-keen-play-all-whites-2842249 |title=Fallon keen to play for All Whites |publisher=NZPA |date=13 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005190254/http://tvnz.co.nz/football-news/fallon-keen-play-all-whites-2842249 |archive-date= 5 October 2012 }}</ref> Fallon chose to represent England at junior level. He played international football for England at U16, U17, U18, U19 and U20 levels and switched when FIFA changed the [[FIFA eligibility rules|eligibility rules]].<ref name=prot />

He did, however, represent New Zealand in an unofficial U-16 World Cup in France in 1998, the [[Montaigu Tournament]], where [[Wynton Rufer]] was the coach.<ref>{{cite web|title=1998 Montaigu Tournament New Zealand Squad (Nations 2 Players)|website=|url=https://www.mondial-football-montaigu.fr/archive-1998/|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> Shortly after, he departed for England to be an apprentice at [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]].

In January 2006, New Zealand coach [[Ricki Herbert]] suggested that Fallon might still get a chance to represent [[New Zealand national football team|New Zealand]] at senior level. Herbert claimed that the only reason why Fallon wasn't picked was due to lack of correspondence from [[FIFA]] regarding this matter. Fallon had until he was 21 years old to get clearance from FIFA to change his [[Sports governing body|association]]. It found, however, that Fallon did not apply in the 2004 window to change allegiance for over-21s players. This year-long window was made available by FIFA upon introduction of a rule which allows players with dual nationality to switch their allegiance before their 21st birthday. Under this criterion Fallon could not be available for New Zealand.

On 3 June 2009, FIFA Congress passed a motion removing the age limit for changing associations for players who had already played for a country's national team at youth level under article 18 of the ''Regulations Governing the Application of the FIFA Statutes''. This allowed for the possibility of Fallon again representing New Zealand.<ref name=prot>{{cite news|title=Protect the game, protect the players, strengthen global football governance # Change of association
|url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/news/newsid=1065926|publisher=FIFA|date=3 June 2009}}{{dead link|date=October 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In August 2009, Fallon was called up to the New Zealand squad for a friendly against [[Jordan national football team|Jordan]] the following month and the crucial two-legged World Cup play-off matches against [[Bahrain national football team|Bahrain]] later in the year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fallon earns New Zealand call-up|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/p/plymouth_argyle/8182028.stm|work=BBC Sport|date=3 August 2009|access-date=4 August 2009}}</ref>
Fallon scored on debut in the match against Jordan, which New Zealand won 3–1.

On 14 November 2009, Fallon headed home the only goal just before half-time in the second leg of New Zealand's [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (Inter-confederation play-offs)|World Cup qualifier]] against [[Bahrain national football team|Bahrain]], to send [[New Zealand national football team|New Zealand]] to the [[2010 FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup]] in South Africa, their first appearance at the finals in 28 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Zealand 1–0 Bahrain|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8360167.stm|work=BBC Sport|date=14 November 2009|access-date = 14 November 2009}}</ref> Fallon played in all three of New Zealand's finals games.

He was recalled into the New Zealand camp for their [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC–CONMEBOL play-off)|World Cup play-off loss to Peru]] in November 2017. Following these matches, he announced his international retirement.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/football/99040798/all-whites-striker-rory-fallon-retires|title=All Whites striker Rory Fallon hangs up his boots after 18-year professional career|website=Stuff|date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

==Coaching career==
After retiring, Fallon worked with [[Plymouth Argyle F.C.|Plymouth Argyle]]'s under-14 players.<ref>[https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/former-argyle-striker-rory-fallon-3535982 Former Argyle striker Rory Fallon joins New Zealand's coaching staff for international double-header], plymouthherald.co.uk, 14 November 2019</ref> In mid-October 2019, Fallon was appointed assistant manager for the [[New Zealand national football team]] under manager [[Danny Hay]].<ref>[https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/football/nz-teams/116759398/new-all-whites-coach-danny-hay-calls-on-rory-fallon-to-be-his-assistant New All Whites coach Danny Hay calls on Rory Fallon to be one of his assistants], stuff.co.nz, 21 October 2019</ref>

In November 2021, Fallon was appointed head of youth development at [[Wellington Phoenix FC|Wellington Phoenix]], also coaching the under-19s team<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wellingtonphoenix.com/news/all-whites-assistant-coach-joins-the-phoenix-academy|title=All Whites Assistant Coach Joins the Phoenix Academy|website=wellingtonphoenix.com|date=26 November 2021|accessdate=19 September 2023}}</ref> before becoming manager [[Waterside Karori]] of the [[Central League (New Zealand)|Central League]] in December 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wellingtonphoenix.com/news/phoenix-partner-with-major-wellington-club|title=PHOENIX PARTNER WITH MAJOR WELLINGTON CLUB|website=wellingtonphoenix.com|date=4 December 2023|accessdate=9 January 2024}}</ref> In January 2024, Waterside Karori announced that they had ended Fallon's contract by way of mutual consent before the season started.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=NEW OPPORTUNITY, NEW POTENTIAL |url=https://www.facebook.com/WatersideKaroriAFC/posts/pfbid025fhs6TAAMfuvQQhTcw7YL3x7JxwSxJJEHSptRX4ZkXawv4TkXpdoWoDmdZbyjdR3l |publisher=Waterside Karori |via=Facebook |access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref>

In February 2024, [[Upper Hutt City FC|Upper Hutt City]] announced Fallon as their head coach for the 2024 season.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 February 2024 |title=Its official. We are pleased to announce our new 1st Team Head Coach and Technical Director, former All Whites player and assistant coach, Rory Fallon. |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=859549379514733&set=a.497090665760608 |publisher=Upper Hutt City FC |via=Facebook |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=Former All White Rory Fallon replaces Stu Jacobs as Upper Hutt City coach|url=https://www.friendsoffootballnz.com/2024/02/09/former-all-white-rory-fallon-replaces-stu-jacobs-as-upper-hutt-city-coach/ |publisher=friendsoffootballnz.com |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
Reference<ref>{{Soccerbase}} accessdate=29 November 2017</ref><ref>{{Soccerway}} accessdate=1 December 2017</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National Cup
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]]
|[[1999–2000 Barnsley F.C. season|1999–2000]]||rowspan="3"|[[Football League First Division|First Division]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|[[2000–01 Barnsley F.C. season|2000–01]]
|1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|[[2001–02 Barnsley F.C. season|2001–02]]
|9||0||0||0||1||0||0||0||10||0
|-
|[[2002–03 Football League|2002–03]]||rowspan="2"|Second Division
|26||7||1||0||1||0||1||0||29||7
|-
|[[2003–04 Barnsley F.C. season|2003–04]]
|16||4||0||0||1||0||1||0||18||4
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!52!!11!!1!!0!!3!!0!!2!!0!!58!!11
|-
|[[Shrewsbury Town F.C.|Shrewsbury Town]] (loan)
|[[2001–02 Football League|2001–02]]||[[Football League Third Division|Third Division]]
|11||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Swindon Town F.C.|Swindon Town]]
|[[2003–04 Swindon Town F.C. season|2003–04]]||Second Division
|19||6||0||0||0||0||2||1||21||7
|-
|[[2004–05 Swindon Town F.C. season|2004–05]]||rowspan="2"|[[Football League One|League One]]
|31||3||3||0||2||0||3||1||39||4
|-
|[[2005–06 Swindon Town F.C. season|2005–06]]
|25||12||1||1||1||0||2||1||29||14
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!77!!22!!4!!1!!3!!0!!7!!3!!91!!26
|-
|[[Yeovil Town F.C.|Yeovil Town]] (loan)
|[[2004–05 Football League Two|2004–05]]||[[Football League Two|League Two]]
|6||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||6||1
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]]
|[[2005–06 Swansea City A.F.C. season|2005–06]]||rowspan="2"|League One
|17||4||0||0||0||0||3||1||20||5
|-
|[[2006–07 Football League|2006–07]]
|24||8||3||0||1||0||0||0||28||8
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!41!!12!!3!!0!!1!!0!!3!!1!!48!!13
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Plymouth Argyle F.C.|Plymouth Argyle]]
|[[2006–07 Plymouth Argyle F.C. season|2006–07]]||rowspan="4"|[[Football League Championship|Championship]]
|15||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||15||1
|-
|[[2007–08 Plymouth Argyle F.C. season|2007–08]]
|29||7||1||0||2||0||0||0||32||7
|-
|[[2008–09 Plymouth Argyle F.C. season|2008–09]]
|44||5||1||0||1||0||0||0||47||5
|-
|[[2009–10 Plymouth Argyle F.C. season|2009–10]]
|33||5||2||0||1||0||0||0||36||5
|-
|[[2010–11 Plymouth Argyle F.C. season|2010–11]]||League One
|28||4||1||0||1||0||1||0||31||4
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!149!!22!!5!!0!!5!!0!!1!!0!!160!!22
|-
|[[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]] (loan)
|[[2010–11 Ipswich Town F.C. season|2010–11]]||Championship
|6||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||6||1
|-
|[[Yeovil Town F.C.|Yeovil Town]]
|[[2011–12 Yeovil Town F.C. season|2011–12]]||League One
|5||0||0||0||1||0||0||0||6||0
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]]
|[[2011–12 Aberdeen F.C. season|2011–12]]||rowspan="2"|[[Scottish Premier League]]
|21||2||5||4||1||1||0||0||27||7
|-
|[[2012–13 Aberdeen F.C. season|2012–13]]
|14||1||2||1||0||0||0||0||16||2
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!35!!3!!7!!5!!1!!1!!0!!0!!43!!9
|-
|[[St Johnstone F.C.|St Johnstone]]
|[[2013–14 St Johnstone F.C. season|2013–14]]||[[Scottish Premiership]]
|8||1||1||0||1||0||2||0||12||1
|-
|[[Crawley Town F.C.|Crawley Town]]
|[[2013–14 Crawley Town F.C. season|2013–14]]||League One
|8||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|[[Scunthorpe United F.C.|Scunthorpe United]]
|[[2014–15 Scunthorpe United F.C. season|2014–15]]||League One
|4||3||0||0||0||0||1||0||5||3
|-
|[[Bristol Rovers F.C.|Bristol Rovers]]
|[[2015–16 Bristol Rovers F.C. season|2015–16]]||League Two
|3||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|[[Truro City F.C.|Truro City]]
|[[2016–17 National League|2016–17]]||[[National League South]]
|12||0||0||0||0||0||2||0||14||0
|-
|[[Torquay United F.C.|Torquay United]]
|[[2017–18 National League|2017–18]]||[[National League (division)|National League]]
|5||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|[[Dorchester Town F.C.|Dorchester Town]]
|2017–18||[[Southern League Premier Division|SFL Premier Division]]
|1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!423!!76!!21!!6!!15!!1!!19!!4!!478!!87
|}

===International goals===
:''New Zealand score listed first, score column indicates score after each Fallon goal.''<ref name=SW>{{soccerway|rory-fallon/15654}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ International goals by date, venue, cap, opponent, score, result and competition
|-
!scope=col|No.
!scope=col data-sort-type=date|Date
!scope=col|Venue
!scope=col|Cap
!scope=col|Opponent
!scope=col|Score
!scope=col|Result
!scope=col|Competition
|-
!scope=row|1
|9 September 2009||[[King Abdullah II Stadium]], [[Amman]], Jordan||1||{{fb|Jordan}}||2–1||3–1||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]
|-
!scope=row|2
|14 November 2009||[[Wellington Regional Stadium]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand||3||{{fb|Bahrain}}||1–0||1–0||[[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)|2010 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|-
!scope=row|3
|4 June 2010||[[Ljudski vrt]], [[Maribor]], Slovenia||7||{{fb|Slovenia}}||1–1||1–3||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]
|-
!scope=row|4
|19 November 2013||[[Wellington Regional Stadium]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand||17||{{fb|Mexico}}||2–3||2–4||[[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)|2014 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|-
!scope=row|5
|28 May 2016||[[Sir John Guise Stadium]], [[Port Moresby]], Papua New Guinea||19||{{fb|Fiji}}||2–0||3–1||[[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|-
!scope=row|6
|31 May 2016||[[Sir John Guise Stadium]], [[Port Moresby]], Papua New Guinea||20||{{fb|Vanuatu}}||4–0||5–0||[[2016 OFC Nations Cup]]
|}

==Honours==
*[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics|IFFHS]] Oceania Men's Team of All Time: 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1150 |title=IFFHS ALL TIME OCEANIA MEN'S DREAM TEAM |publisher=IFFHS |date=14 June 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Fallon's mother, Mere, is of [[Māori people|Māori]] descent.<ref name="Maori">{{cite news|title=Rory Fallon: Playing on the side of God|url=http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/Playing-God/article-894316-detail/article.html|publisher=The Herald|date=10 April 2009|access-date=8 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427070440/http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/Playing-God/article-894316-detail/article.html|archive-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> He has a brother called Sean and a sister called Bianca.<ref name="Maori"/>

Fallon owns a business selling ice cream for businesses and events across Yorkshire and Devon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42139461|title=Rory Fallon: International footballer to ice cream entrepreneur|work=BBC Sport|date=28 November 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{FIFA player|313808|Rory Fallon}}
*{{Soccerbase}}

{{Navboxes
|title = New Zealand Squads
|bg = white
|fg = black
|list1 =
{{New Zealand squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}}
{{New Zealand squad 2012 OFC Nations Cup}}
{{New Zealand squad 2016 OFC Nations Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fallon, Rory}}
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Vimalaprabha

2025-05-23T20:51:36Z

219.89.68.193: Wrong Pundarika linked.

{{Short description|11th-century Tibetan Buddhist text in the Kalachakra tantra tradition}}{{Tibetan Buddhist Canon}}{{italic}}
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
'''''Vimalaprabhā''''' is a Sanskrit word that means "The Radiance of Purity", or "Drimé Ö" ({{bo|t=དྲི་མེད་འོད།|w=dri med ‘od}}).<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Powers |author2=David Templeman |title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC |year=2012|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-7984-3|pages=228–229}}</ref> This 11th-century Tibetan Buddhist text is a commentary to the [[Kalachakra|Kālacakra Tantra]]. The ''Vimalaprabhā'' is attributed to [[Shambhala]] King Pundarika (Tibetan: Pad ma dkar po).<ref>{{cite book|author=Vesna Wallace|title=The Inner Kalacakratantra: A Buddhist Tantric View of the Individual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_KOOn0BaCoC |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802848-2|pages=v, 1–8}}</ref> It is composed in [[Sanskrit]] and consists of 12,000 lines of text.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edward A. Arnold|title=As Long as Space Endures: Essays on the Kalacakra Tantra in Honor of H.H. the Dalai Lama|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yKrG6QdXtMgC&pg=PA205| year=2009|publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-1-55939-910-4|pages=205–206}}</ref> Manuscripts of the work have survived in the libraries of Tibetan monasteries and Indian libraries.<ref name=newman56/>

The ''Vimalaprabhā'' commentary, together with the ''[[Laghutantra]]'', form the basis of the Kālacakra practice as it is currently known and practiced in [[Tibetan Buddhism]], as part of the [[Vajrayana]] practices. It is one of the three major commentaries on Kālacakra system, along with ''Hevajrapindarthatika'' and ''Laksabhidhana duddhrta laghutantra pindartha vivarana nama''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Wheel of Time: The Kalachakra in Context|page=73 |editor=Geshe Lhundub Sopa|display-authors=etal |author=John Newman| year= 1985 |publisher= Shambhala| isbn= 978-15593-97-797}}</ref>

== History and date ==
According to John Newman, the ''Vimalaprabhā'' mentions an event in the year "403" in Tibetan number symbols stating it to be the "year of the lord of the barbarians".<ref name="newman56" /> This combined by the text's statement that "Muhammad is the incarnation of al-Rahman" and the teacher of the barbarian dharma (religion), states Newman, suggests that the 403 year must be in the era of Hijra, or equal 1012-1013 CE. This supports the dating of this text to about 1027 CE by Tibetan and Western scholars.<ref name="newman56">{{cite book|title=The Wheel of Time: The Kalachakra in Context|pages=56–79, 85–87 |editor=Geshe Lhundub Sopa|display-editors=etal |author=John Newman| year= 1985 |publisher= Shambhala| isbn= 978-15593-97-797}}</ref>

== The ''Vimalaprabhā'' and other religious traditions ==
The text criticizes Shaiva tantric tradition as ineffective, states Vesna Wallace, stating that the [[Shaiva]] method leads to a "few limited Siddhis" and that the consciousness of its followers "does not make them [[Shiva]] like".<ref name="wallace7">{{cite book|author=Vesna Wallace |title=The Inner Kalacakratantra: A Buddhist Tantric View of the Individual |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_KOOn0BaCoC |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802848-2|pages=7–8}}</ref> The ''Vimalaprabhā'' states that the knowledge of Buddha dharma is essential before the successful teaching of [[tantra]], and one who does not know the path of the Buddha "teaches the evil path".<ref name="wallace7" />

According to Johan Elverskog, the ''Vimalaprabhā'' provides evidence that the Buddhists who composed this text, along with the ''Kālacakra Tantra'', were aware of the Islamic theology and the core differences between the precepts and premises of Muslims and Buddhists by the 11th-century. The differences were deemed so significant that the text refers to Muslims as barbarians.<ref>{{cite book|author=Johan Elverskog|title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C |year=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0531-2|pages=102–103 |quote=The Muslim believe that the Buddhist doctrine that a living being experiences previously created karmas in this life, and the karma created in this life in another life is false. (...) The barbarian Muslims believe that a dead man experiences happiness and suffering in heaven or hell with that human body in accordance with ar-Rahman's law. Thus, the rejection of other lives is [their] precept.}}</ref> In other sections it calls Muslims as enemies or ''mlecchas'', assertions that have led scholars to date the text after the 10th-century Islamic invasions of regions inhabited by Buddhist monks.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edward A. Arnold |title=As Long as Space Endures: Essays on the Kalacakra Tantra in Honor of H.H. the Dalai Lama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKrG6QdXtMgC&pg=PA205|year=2009 |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-1-55939-910-4|pages=201–208}}</ref>

== The ''Vimalaprabhā'' as early testimony for Haṭhayoga ==
Verse 4.119 of the ''Vimalaprabhā'' offers one of the earliest known definitions of the term "[[Hatha yoga|Haṭhayoga]]". The ''Vimalaprabhā'' mentions, says [[James Mallinson (author)|James Mallinson]], that Hatha yoga brings about an "unchanging moment through the practice of ''nāda'' by forcefully making the breath enter the central channel and through restraining the ''bindu'' of the ''bodhicitta'' in the ''vajra'' of the lotus of wisdom".<ref>{{cite book|author=James Mallinson |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |editor=Bjarne Wernicke-Olesen |editor-link=Bjarne Wernicke-Olesen |title=Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPiPCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58522-0|pages=125 note 10}}; James Mallinson (2012), ''Saktism and Hathayoga,'' Yoga Vidya, pages 2-3 with footnotes 7-8</ref> What is striking about this passage is that it uses several Mahāyāna Buddhist keywords.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Kilty, G. ''Ornament of Stainless Light'', Wisdom 2004, {{ISBN|0-86171-452-0}}
* Berzin, A. ''Taking the Kālacakra Initiation'', Snowlion 1997, {{ISBN|1-55939-084-0}} (available in German, French, Italian, Russian)
* Wallace, V.A. ''The Inner Kalacakratantra: A Buddhist Tantric View of the Individual'' Oxford University Press, 2001

[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist texts]]