wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Gördes

2025-06-02T03:36:33Z

208.53.253.11:

{{Infobox Turkey place
| type = metro district
| name = Gördes
| image_skyline = Gördes Cadde - panoramio - adnan akyol (3).jpg
| image_caption =
| image_map = Manisa location Gördes.svg
| map_caption = Map showing Gördes District in Manisa Province
| coordinates = {{Coord|38|55|58|N|28|17|25|E|display=it|region:TR_type:city}}
| province = Manisa
| leader_party = CHP
| leader_name = İbrahim Büke
| leader_name1 =
| area_total_km2 = 902
| elevation_m = 670
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| population_total = 26458
| population_as_of = 2022
| postal_code = 45750
| area_code = 0236
| website = {{url|http://www.gordes.bel.tr/}}
|blank1_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
|blank1_info = [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer mediterranean climate|Csa]]
}}
'''Gördes''' is a municipality and [[Districts of Turkey|district]] of [[Manisa Province]], [[Turkey]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref> Its area is 902 km2,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx|title=İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri|publisher=General Directorate of Mapping|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> and its population is 26,458 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=12 July 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> The town lies at an elevation of {{convert|670|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.

==History==
Gördes has been held by the [[Persian empire|Persian]]s, [[Hellenistic|Macedonian]]s, [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine]] empires, and in 1071[[anno domini|AD]] passed to the [[Ottoman Empire|Turk]]s. From 1867 until 1922, Gördes was part of the [[Aidin Vilayet]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].

==Composition==
There are 64 [[mahalle|neighbourhoods]] in Gördes District:<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* Adnan Menderes
* Akpınar
* Atatürk
* Balıklı
* Bayat
* Beğel
* Beğenler
* Benlieli
* Beşeylül
* Börez
* Boyalı
* Çağlayan
* Çatalarmut
* Çiçekli
* Çiğiller
* Cuma
* Dalkara
* Dargıl
* Deliçoban
* Dereçiftlik
* Dikilitaş
* Divan
* Doğanpınar
* Dutluca
* Efendili
* Evciler
* Fundacık
* Gülpınar
* Güneşli
* Hüseynibaba
* Kabakoz
* Kalemoğlu
* Karaağaç
* Karakeçili
* Karayağcı
* Karayakup
* Kaşıkçı
* Kayacık
* Kılcanlar
* Kıranköy
* Kıymık
* Kızıldam
* Kobaklar
* Korubaşı
* Köseler
* Kürekçi
* Kuşlukköy
* Kuyucakkarapınar
* Malaz
* Malkoca
* Nakıpağa
* Oğulduruk
* Pınarbaşı
* Şahinkaya
* Salur
* Sarıaliler
* Şeyhyayla
* Tepeköy
* Tüpüler
* Ulgar
* Uzunçam
* Yakaköy
* Yeniköy
* Yeşilyurt
{{div col end}}

==Economy==
Gördes is one of the handmade [[Turkish carpet]] production centers in Manisa. Gördes carpets have different pattern and styles. See: [[Ghiordes knot]].

The main source of income is [[tobacco]] and [[poppy]] production and [[wheat]], [[barley]] is grown. In recent years production of cherries, strawberries has begun production. Other crops include [[potato]]es, [[pea]]s, [[tomato]]es and [[cucumber]]s and wine.

In addition, [[olive]], [[quince]] and [[persimmon]] cultivation are also carried out in Gördes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gazete|first=Banka|date=23 November 2021|title=Manisa Büyükşehir Belediyesinden üreticilere destek|page=https://gazetebanka.com/|work=Gazete Banka|url=https://gazetebanka.com/manisa-buyuksehir-belediyesinden-ureticilere-destek/11523/|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

The area has mining with [[Coal]] and [[Zeolite]] being the main deposits but [[kaolin]], [[nickel-iron]], [[titanium]] beds are also available. In addition, [[feldspar]], [[marble]], [[kyanite]], [[chalcedony]], [[Chromium]], [[quartz]] and [[boron]] are among the minerals mined in the region.

==Notable Natives==
*[[Gördesli Makbule]] (1902-1922), guerilla fighter

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gordes.bel.tr/ District municipality's official website] {{in lang|tr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070207021743/http://www.bayar.edu.tr/manisa/ManisaHaritasi.jpg Road map of Gördes and environs]
* [http://wowturkey.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=30427 Various images of Gördes, Manisa]

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Manisa|sortkey=Gordes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gordes}}
[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Roman sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated places in Manisa Province]]
[[Category:Districts of Manisa Province]]
[[Category:Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey]]

{{Manisa-geo-stub}}

Orosháza

2025-06-02T03:29:26Z

208.53.253.11: /* Notable residents */

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement 
|settlement_type = [[List of cities and towns of Hungary|Town]]
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = Hungary
|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
|image_shield = HUN_Orosháza_Címer.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Orosháza.svg
|coordinates = {{coord|46|34|N|20|40|E|region:HU|display=inline}}
|pushpin_map = Hungary#Europe
|pushpin_relief = 1
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|timezone=[[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset=+1
|timezone_DST=[[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST=+2
|official_name=Orosháza
|subdivision_type1=[[Counties of Hungary|County]]
|subdivision_name1=[[Békés County|Békés]]
|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Hungary|District]]
|subdivision_name2=[[Orosháza District|Orosháza]]
|area_total_km2=202.22
|population_as_of=2013
|population_total=28888
|population_footnotes=
|population_density_km2=146.52
|postal_code_type=[[Postal codes in Hungary|Postal code]]
|postal_code=5900, 5903, 5911, 5931
|area_code_type=[[Telephone numbers in Hungary|Area code]]
|area_code=(+36) 68
|website={{URL|www.oroshaza.hu/}}
}}
'''Orosháza''' is a city situated in the westernmost part of [[Békés (county)|Békés]] county, [[Hungary]], on the Békés ridge bordered by the rivers [[River Maros|Maros]] and [[River Körös|Körös]]. Orosháza is an important [[culture|cultural]], educational and [[recreation]]al centre of the region.

== Main sights ==

The city's main attractions are the Orosháza-Gyopárosfürdő spa complex, the Szántó Kovács János Museum, the Darvas József Literary Memorial House, and the Town Art Gallery. The only museum in the country devoted to [[water well]]s is found in Orosháza. At the Rágyánszky Arboretum, more than 2000 plant species in 6000 varieties can be seen.<ref>[https://oroshaza-delbekes.hu/attrakciok/ragyanszky-arboretum Rágyánszky Arboretum], Oroshaza</ref>

The Lutheran church, was built between 1777 and 1830 in late [[Baroque]] style. It is located in the centre of the town. The bell carried by the first settlers, who migrated from [[Zomba, Hungary|Zomba]], is kept in front of the [[altar]] of the church.

A number of cultural and entertaining programmes are organised in the town every year.

== Notable residents ==
* The cantor Marcel Lorand was born in the city in 1912.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://judaisme.sdv.fr/|title=Le judaisme d'Alsace et de Lorraine|website=judaisme.sdv.fr}}</ref> He learned music with [[Béla Bartók]] and became the cantor of the Synagogue de la Paix in [[Strasbourg]], France, in 1964. He died in 1988.
* [[Júlia Goldman]] (b. 1974), was born in Oroshaza and is noted as an "outstanding writer" of fantasy and adventure.<ref name="tick">[https://worldsf.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/history-of-hungarian-fantasy-genre-in-a-nutshell/ Péter Tick, "A Brief History of Hungarian Fantasy"], trans. by Csilla Kleinheincz, ''Roham Magazine'' No. 3, 2006; posted at ''The World SF Blog'', 23 March 2011</ref>
* [[Gyula Gömbös]], prime minister of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Hungary]] was made an honorary citizen of the city in 1932.
* [[Veronika Makai]] (b. 1994), professional handball player

==Orosháza-Gyopárosfürdő spa complex==
The Gyopárosfürdő district of Orosháza is located 3 km from the city center. Gyopárosfürdő has been well known for its thermal water since 1869, which rises from a depth of 670 meters. Set in a 10-hectare park, the Orosháza-Gyopárosfürdő Thermal Spa, Park and Adventure Pools spa complex has 8 outdoor and 5 indoor pools, including adventure pools, thermal pools, children's pools and even a 50-meter cold-water sports pool.

Official website: [https://gyoparosfurdo-oroshaza.hu/en Orosháza-Gyopárosfürdő]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Ororsháza légifotó.jpg|Aerial photograph of the glass factory
Image:Orosháza, Győri Vilmos tér és Kossuth Lajos utca sarok.jpg|View of downtown Orosháza
Image:Zomba.jpg|The Zombáról sign at the intersection of Zomba Street and Dózsa György Street
Image:Kossuth-szobor Orosházán. Alkotó- Horvay János (1904).jpg|Monument of Kossuth
Image:Véres május elseje emlékműve (Rajki László, 1966) - Orosháza, Dózsa György utca.jpg|Monument of the Bloody First of May
Image:Emberpiac-kő (Rajki László, 1982). - Orosháza, Szabadság tér. Legnagyobbfalu.jpg|Monument of the "Biggest Hungarian Village"
</gallery>

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary}}
Orosháza is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Városunk|url=https://www.oroshaza.hu/varosunk/|website=oroshaza.hu|publisher=Orosháza|language=hu|access-date=2021-01-26}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Băile Tușnad]], Romania (1995)
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Carei]], Romania (1991)
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Kuusankoski|Kuusankoski (Kouvola)]], Finland (1993)
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Llanes]], Spain (1987)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Panjin]], China (2006)
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Srbobran]], Serbia (2005)
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Zomba, Hungary|Zomba]], Hungary (1994)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.oroshaza.hu/}} in Hungarian
* [http://en.funiq.hu/oroshaza Orosháza at funiq.hu]

{{Orosháza District}}
{{Békés}}

{{coord|46|34|N|20|40|E|region:HU_type:city|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oroshaza}}
[[Category:Populated places in Békés County]]

{{Bekes-geo-stub}}

Zinder

2025-06-02T03:04:02Z

208.53.253.11: /* Notable residents */

{{Short description|City in Zinder Region, Niger}}
{{about|the town in south-eastern [[Niger]]|the community along the [[Niger River]]|Sinder}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Zinder
|other_name =
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|nickname =
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|motto =
|image_skyline = Zinder centre ville.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|image_caption = Zinder Main Road
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|pushpin_map = Niger
|pushpin_label_position = 
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|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name ={{flag|Niger}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Niger|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Zinder Region|Zinder]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Departments of Niger|Department]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Ville de Zinder Department|Ville de Zinder]]
|subdivision_type3 =
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|established_title2 = capital of [[Sultanate of Damagaram|Damagaram]] 
|established_date2 = 1736
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|population_total = 235,605<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/Niger-Cities.html|title=Niger: Regions, Cities & Urban Centers - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information}}</ref>
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'''Zinder''' (locally, ''Damagaram''), formerly also spelled '''Sinder''', is the third largest city in [[Niger]], with a population of 235,605 as by the 2012 census.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/Niger-Cities.html|title=Niger: Regions, Cities & Urban Centers - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information}}</ref> It is situated {{convert|861|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of the capital [[Niamey]] and {{convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of the Nigerian city of [[Kano (city)|Kano]].

==History==

===Early history===
{{see also|Sultanate of Damagaram}}
[[File:Photo1906 Zinder overview.jpg|thumb|Zinder in 1906]]
Zinder was originally the site of the small [[Hausa people|Hausa]] village of Zengou.<ref name="Bradt">Geels, Jolijn, (2006) ''Bradt Travel Guide - Niger'', pgs. 213-26</ref> The town grew dramatically in importance following the arrival of [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] aristocrats in 1736, who built a new fortified quarter called Birni to the south and declared the town of Zinder as the capital of the [[Sultanate of Damagaram]] in 1736.<ref name="Bradt"/> Thereafter Zinder became an important centre of the [[Trans-Saharan trade]] and a major hub for trade south through [[Kano (city)|Kano]] and east to [[Bornu Empire|Bornu]].<ref name=eb>"{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Zinder |volume=28 |page=985}}</ref> The sultanate remained nominally subject to the [[Borno Empire]] until the reign of Sultan Tanimoune Dan Souleymane in the mid-to-late 19th century, who declared independence and initiated a phase of vigorous expansion.<ref name="Bradt"/>

Europeans began exploring the region in the 19th century, beginning with German explorer [[Heinrich Barth]], who stayed in Zinder in 1851, and later the [[French Third Republic|French]] explorer [[Marius Gabriel Cazemajou]], who was killed in the city in 1897.<ref name="Bradt"/> It was then, after a brief resistance, occupied in July 1899 by Lt. Pallier of the [[Voulet-Chanoine mission]]. The French barracks was called '''Fort Cazemajou'''<ref name=eb/> and it served as the capital of the Niger Military Territory upon its creation in 1911. In 1926, following fears of Hausa revolts and improving relations with the [[Zarma people|Djerma]] of the west, the capital was transferred back to the village of [[Niamey]].<ref name="Bradt"/>

Upon Niger's independence from France, the town's fort was renamed for Sultane Tanimoune.

===Recent history===
In 2003, telecommunications company [[Celtel]] arrived in Zinder, building a mobile phone tower and selling prepaid phone cards to residents. This arrival of the mobile phone drastically changed the predominant modes of communication in the city, allowing traders to have a faster and more affordable means of communicating with buyers and sellers. This is an example of how cellular towers in the developing world have begun to transform the market.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything |last=Saylor |first=Michael |year=2012 |publisher=Perseus Books/Vanguard Press |isbn=978-1593157203 |page=191 }}</ref>

In September 2024, the [[Zinder Mosque]], one of Niger's oldest mosques and a significant cultural and religious site in the city, collapsed due to intense rainfall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2024 |title=Historic mosque in Niger destroyed by torrential rains |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/historic-mosque-in-niger-destroyed-by-torrential-rains-18203867 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=[[TRT World]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Zinder-du ciel.jpg|thumb|Zinder from the sky]]
[[File:Zinder (6328132791).jpg|thumb|right|The Sultan's Palace]]
The centre of Zinder consists of three main areas: in the north is ''Zengou or Zango'', the old [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] suburb,<ref name=eb/> is known for its [[vernacular architecture]], and in the south lies ''Birni'', the old [[Hausa people|Hausa]] town, which is home to Zinder Great Mosque, Fort Tanimoune and the Sultan's Palace, as well as a museum. ''Sabon Gari'' (the new town), lies between Birni and Zengou, and is the commercial centre, known for its large market (the ''Grand Marché''). The city now sprawls to the north and west, extending to the Karkada section, in the north; other neighbourhoods include Garin Mallam and Gawon Kollia.

The city has many distinctive granite rocks which can result in standing water during the rainy season,{{clarify|date=February 2016}} though the city has a long history of water shortages. Recently water was piped by a Chinese-owned company from the north to provide water to most of the city, however, this problem is likely to continue due to expected population growth.{{cn|date=October 2019}}

The city is divided into 5 urban municipalities: [[Zinder I]], [[Zinder II]], [[Zinder III]], [[Zinder IV]] and [[Zinder V]].<ref>[http://www.case.ibimet.cnr.it/den/Documents/code_rural/cdrom/doc%20pdf/Loi%20N%B02002-14%20cr%E9ation%20des%20communes.pdf Loi n° 2002-014 du 11 JUIN 2002 portant création des communes et fixant le nom de leurs chefs-lieux]. Includes list of 213 communes rurales and seats, 52 Communes urbaines and seats</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1977|53,914|1988|119,827|2001|170,575|2012|235,605|align=none|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/en/niger/cities/ Niger: Administrative Division population statistics]</ref>}}
The population of Zinder City has quadrupled from around 50,000 inhabitants in 1977 to over 200,000 people in 2012.

==Transport==
[[Zinder Airport]] (code: ZND) is located a few kilometres southwest of the town.<ref>[http://www.world-airport-codes.com/niger/zinder-7859.html Zinder (ZND) Niger: world-airport-codes.com]</ref>
[[File:Aéroport International de Zinder-2020-2.jpg|thumb|Zinder International Airport]]
==Economy==
The economy of the city is still largely based on the agricultural activities of the surroundings. Today, the city counts four officially recognised industries: Tannerie Malam Yaro (leather tanning), Gidan Alkaki (cake production), Sahara Sahel Foods (processing of [[non-wood forest produce]]) and [[SORAZ]] (petrol refinery located 50km North of the city). The latter is Niger Republic's first oil refinery, and was commissioned in November 2011.<ref name=schritt-2018>{{cite journal |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/000203971805300204 |title=Crude Moves: Oil, Power and Politics in Niger |last1=Schritt |first1=Jannik |last2=Schareika |first2=Nikolaus |journal=Africa Spectrum |volume=53 |issue=2 |year=2018 |access-date=21 May 2024}}</ref>

==Education==
*[[André-Salifou University]] (2010)

== Climate ==
Zinder has a [[hot arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BWh'') bordering upon a [[hot semi-arid climate]] (''BSh''). Temperatures are hot to sweltering year round by day – only December and January in the middle of the dry season average below {{convert|90|°F|°C|1|disp=or}} — whilst morning temperatures range from pleasant at the height of the dry season to uncomfortable in the months immediately preceding the first rains. The temperature rarely drops below {{convert|54|°F|°C|1}} or rises above {{convert|108|°F|°C|1}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zinder Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Niger) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/58607/Average-Weather-in-Zinder-Niger-Year-Round |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zinder, NE Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data |url=https://weatherandclimate.com/niger/zinder |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=weatherandclimate.com}}</ref> There is essentially no rainfall from October to May, and almost three-quarters of the total annual rainfall of {{convert|410|mm|in|0|disp=or}} occurs in July and August alone, accompanied by hot temperatures and much higher humidity than seen during the remainder of the year. Sunshine is extremely high year-round, being only marginally reduced during the wet season.

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = [[Zinder Airport]] (1961–1990)
| Jan avg record high C = 34.3
| Feb avg record high C = 37.6
| Mar avg record high C = 40.8
| Apr avg record high C = 42.5
| May avg record high C = 42.8
| Jun avg record high C = 41.9
| Jul avg record high C = 38.7
| Aug avg record high C = 36.4
| Sep avg record high C = 38.5
| Oct avg record high C = 39.3
| Nov avg record high C = 36.9
| Dec avg record high C = 35.0
| year avg record high C =
| Jan high C = 29.3
| Feb high C = 32.5
| Mar high C = 36.3
| Apr high C = 39.7
| May high C = 40.6
| Jun high C = 38.1
| Jul high C = 34.9
| Aug high C = 32.7
| Sep high C = 35.5
| Oct high C = 37.1
| Nov high C = 33.7
| Dec high C = 28.3
| year high C = 36.2
| Jan mean C = 21.9
| Feb mean C = 24.8
| Mar mean C = 28.8
| Apr mean C = 32.3
| May mean C = 33.3
| Jun mean C = 31.9
| Jul mean C = 29.2
| Aug mean C = 27.8
| Sep mean C = 29.4
| Oct mean C = 30.0
| Nov mean C = 26.0
| Dec mean C = 22.9
| year mean C = 28.2
| Jan low C = 14.7
| Feb low C = 17.1
| Mar low C = 21.4
| Apr low C = 25.0
| May low C = 26.6
| Jun low C = 25.6
| Jul low C = 23.7
| Aug low C = 23.2
| Sep low C = 23.7
| Oct low C = 22.9
| Nov low C = 18.6
| Dec low C = 15.4
| year low C = 21.5
| Jan avg record low C = 10.6
| Feb avg record low C = 12.4
| Mar avg record low C = 15.8
| Apr avg record low C = 20.3
| May avg record low C = 22.1
| Jun avg record low C = 21.2
| Jul avg record low C = 19.6
| Aug avg record low C = 19.3
| Sep avg record low C = 20.1
| Oct avg record low C = 19.1
| Nov avg record low C = 14.2
| Dec avg record low C = 11.5
| year avg record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.0
| Feb rain mm = 0.1
| Mar rain mm = 0.5
| Apr rain mm = 1.0
| May rain mm = 14.8
| Jun rain mm = 39.2
| Jul rain mm = 128.6
| Aug rain mm = 168.1
| Sep rain mm = 53.5
| Oct rain mm = 5.0
| Nov rain mm = 0.2
| Dec rain mm = 0.0
| year rain mm = 411.2
| Jan sun = 291.4
| Feb sun = 268.8
| Mar sun = 275.9
| Apr sun = 270.0
| May sun = 297.6
| Jun sun = 288.0
| Jul sun = 269.7
| Aug sun = 257.3
| Sep sun = 267.0
| Oct sun = 291.4
| Nov sun = 291.0
| Dec sun = 291.4
| year sun = 3358.0
| Jand sun = 9.4
| Febd sun = 9.6
| Mard sun = 8.9
| Aprd sun = 9.0
| Mayd sun = 9.6
| Jund sun = 9.6
| Juld sun = 8.7
| Augd sun = 8.3
| Sepd sun = 8.9
| Octd sun = 9.4
| Novd sun = 9.7
| Decd sun = 9.4
| yeard sun = 9.2
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-I/NG/61090.TXT
|title = Station Name: ZINDER AERO
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|format = TXT
|access-date = 30 August 2024}}</ref>
| source =
}}

==Notable residents==
*[[Moussa Hamadou Djingarey]] (born 1973), film director
*[[Fadji Maina]], scientist

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Zinder centre ville.jpg|Zinder city center
File:Marché Dolé.jpg|Dolé Market in Zinder
File:Zinder Old Town Niger 2007.jpg|Traditional [[Hausa architecture]] in Zinder
File:Université de Zinder.JPG|Zinder University
File:Zinder DSC 4486 (6328130115).jpg|Many buildings in the town are decorated with traditional symbols
File:Zinder DSC 4499 (6328132379).jpg|The Grand Mosque in Zinder
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* James Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ – London (1979) {{ISBN|0-8108-1229-0}}
* Finn Fuglestad. A History of Niger: 1850–1960. Cambridge University Press (1983) {{ISBN|0-521-25268-7}}
* Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt UK/ Globe Pequot Press USA (2006) {{ISBN|978-1-84162-152-4}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Zinder}}
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Zinder}}

{{Communes of Niger}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Zinder| ]]
[[Category:Zinder Region]]
[[Category:Populated places in Niger]]

Norwegian Academy of Music

2025-06-02T02:51:42Z

208.53.253.11: /* Notable alumni */

{{Short description|Music conservatory in Oslo, Norway}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{coord|59|55|56.15|N|10|42|50.01|E|type:edu|display=title}}
[[File:NorgesMusikkhøgskole.jpg|thumb|The Norwegian Academy of Music]]
The '''Norwegian Academy of Music''' (Norwegian: ''Norges musikkhøgskole'', NMH) is a university-level [[music conservatory]] located in [[Oslo]], Norway, in the neighbourhood of [[Majorstuen]], [[Frogner]]. It is the largest music academy in Norway and offers the country's highest level of music education. As a specialized university ({{lang|no|vitenskapelig høgskole}}), it offers both undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Throughout the years the Academy has educated many of Norway's most renowned musicians.

The Norwegian Academy of Music educates performers, composers and [[pedagogue]]s, and attempts to lay the foundation for research within various fields of music. It educates musicians within [[folk music]] genres, [[church music]], classical music and, quite notably in later years, a string of successful performers within the [[jazz]] realm.

The Academy is also Oslo's biggest concert organizer, presenting approximately 300 concerts a year.

As is the case with all schools in the Norwegian educational system, the school is free of charge. Students can only be accepted by auditioning and/or other verifiable qualifications.

== History ==
The Norwegian Academy of Music was established in 1973. The current Academy is a result of a merger with the former ''Østlandets musikkonservatorium'' in 1996, which was a successor to the music school at Veitvet founded by [[Olav Selvaag]].

The request for a governmental institution for music education goes back to the 19th century. In 1883 [[Ludvig Mathias Lindeman]] (father) and [[Peter Brynie Lindeman]] (son) started the so-called "School for Organists" in [[Kristiania]] (former name for [[Oslo]]). It developed to become the first and biggest conservatory of music in Norway, and made an important foundation for the Norwegian Academy of Music. The Lindeman conservatory was discontinued in 1973. To honour the memory of the Lindeman family, the biggest concert hall at the Academy is named ''the Lindeman Hall'', which has a capacity of more than 400 people.

==Notable faculty members==
*[[Bjørn Kruse]]
*[[Lasse Thoresen]]
*[[Aage Kvalbein]]
*[[Arve Tellefsen]]
*[[Håkon Thelin]]
*[[Olav Anton Thommessen]]
*[[Truls Mørk]]
*[[Leif Ove Andsnes]]
*[[Vilde Frang]]

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=July 2022}}
*[[Edvard Fliflet Bræin]], composer and conductor
*[[Lalla Carlsen]], singer and actress
*[[Henrik Hellstenius]], composer and musicologist
*[[Trond Halstein Moe]], opera singer
*[[Sophie Kauer]], cellist and actress<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yu |first=Brandon |date=October 25, 2022 |title=She Knew the Cello. The Acting She Learned With Cate Blanchett. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/25/movies/tar-cellist-sophie-kauer.html |access-date=February 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227033608/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/25/movies/tar-cellist-sophie-kauer.html |archive-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>
*[[Turid Karlsen]], soprano
*[[Øyvind Mæland]], composer
*[[Arne Nordheim]], composer
*[[Marcus Paus]]
*[[Rune Rebne]], composer
*[[Leif Solberg]], classical composer and organist

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{official|https://nmh.no/en/}}

{{Universities and colleges in Norway}}
{{Portal bar|Music|Norway}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Norwegian Academy Of Music}}
[[Category:Norwegian Academy of Music| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Norway]]
[[Category:Music schools in Norway]]
[[Category:Education in Oslo]]
[[Category:Music in Oslo]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Norway]]

Glace Bay

2025-06-02T02:01:18Z

208.53.253.11: /* Notable people */

{{about|the Nova Scotia community on Cape Breton|other uses|Glace Bay (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Glace Bay
|other_name = [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]: Glasbaidh
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|coordinates = {{coord|46.19695|-59.95698|region:CA-NS|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m = [[Sea level]] to 56
|elevation_ft = 0 to 183.72
|postal_code_type =Canadian Postal code
|postal_code = [[List of B Postal Codes of Canada|B]]1A
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'''Glace Bay''' ([[Scottish Gaelic]]: ''Glasbaidh'') is a community in the eastern part of the [[Cape Breton Regional Municipality]] in [[Nova Scotia]], Canada. It forms part of the general area referred to as [[Industrial Cape Breton]].

Formerly an incorporated town (1901–1995), the municipal government in Glace Bay was dissolved and the community was amalgamated into the larger regional municipality. Prior to amalgamation, Glace Bay had been the province's fourth largest urban area and the largest town in Nova Scotia by population.

Neighbouring communities include [[Reserve Mines]], [[Dominion, Nova Scotia|Dominion]], and Tower Road.

==History==
As early as the 1720s, the [[France|French]] inhabited the area to supply [[Fortress of Louisbourg]] with coal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbv.ns.ca/grassroots/gbhistory/index.html|title=A Brief History of Glace Bay|website=cbv.ns.ca|publisher=Town of Glace Bay|access-date=July 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620101649/http://www.cbv.ns.ca/grassroots/gbhistory/index.html|archive-date=June 20, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> They named the location ''baie de Glace'' (literally, ''Bay of Ice'') because of the [[sea ice]] which filled the ocean each winter. In 1748, after the capture of Fortress Louisbourg, the British constructed Fort William at Table Head in order to protect a mine that produced coal to supply the Louisbourg garrison. The fort itself was a blockhouse, brought from Boston, with a palisade. When Cape Breton Island was returned to French control, Fort William continued in service until 1752 when it was destroyed by fire.
{| cellpadding="1" style="float:right; margin:0 1em 1em 0; border:1px #bbb solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="text-align:center;"
!Census
!Population
|- style="text-align:right;"
!Town
!
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1891
|2,459
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1901
|6,945
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1911
|16,562
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1921
|17,007
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1931
|20,706
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1941
|25,050
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1951
|25,586
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1956
|24,416
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1961
|24,186
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1971
|22,440
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1981
|21,466
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1986
|20,467
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1991
|19,501
|- style="text-align:right;"
!Urban Area
!
|- style="text-align:right;"
|2001
|21,187
|- style="text-align:right;"
|2006
|19,968
|- style="text-align:right;"
|2011
|19,076
|- style="text-align:right;"
|2016
|17,556
|- style="text-align:right;"
|2021
|16,915
|}
More permanent settlement of Glace Bay probably can be dated from 1818 when Walter Blackett obtained a grant of land on the south side of the Bay. Coal mining existed on a small scale until the 1860s, when four mines were in operation within the future town boundaries. These included the Hub, Harbour, Caledonia and Glace Bay Collieries. The first large mine, the Hub Shaft of Glace Bay opened in 1861 and a total of 12 mines in Glace Bay were in operation.<ref name="minersmuseum.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.minersmuseum.com/hof_mining_in_region.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208140531/http://www.minersmuseum.com/hof_mining_in_region.htm|title=Mining in the Region: Introduction|archive-date=February 8, 2005|url-status=dead|access-date=July 3, 2017|work=The History of Mining in Cape Brenton|publisher=Cape Brenton Miners' Museum}}</ref> Following the formation of the Dominion Coal Company in 1893, the coal mining industry expanded significantly in what was to become Glace Bay with the opening of several new mines. In 1894, the government gave exclusive mining rights to the [[Dominion Coal Company]].<ref name="minersmuseum.com"/>

Small communities grew up around the mines and by 1901 they came together to form the Town of Glace Bay. At the time of incorporation, the population was 6,945.<ref name="CBNET.NS.CA">[http://highlander.cbnet.ns.ca/cbnet/tourism/collroute/glacebay.html CBNET.NS.CA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018124054/http://highlander.cbnet.ns.ca/cbnet/tourism/collroute/glacebay.html |date=October 18, 2006 }}</ref> During the early 20th century, mining companies recruited in the American South for workers, attracting African Americans from Mississippi. By the 1940s, the figure exceeded 28,000 and Glace Bay became Canada's largest town (in population).<ref name="CBNET.NS.CA"/> At one time, the town had 12 collieries but none remains. Because of this [[deindustrialization|industrial decline]], jobs left and the core population decreased to 16,984 as of 2001.<ref>[http://www.cbrm.ns.ca CBRM.NS.CA]</ref> The city has been dissolved/deincorporated since municipal amalgamation in 1995, which formed the Cape Breton Regional Municipality.

==Economy==
[[File:Mine charbon Glace Bay 1930.jpg|thumb|Coal mine, Glace Bay, NS, 1930]]
[[File:Goelettes Glace Bay 1914.jpg|thumb|Schooners, Glace Bay, 1914]]
Glace Bay was once a [[coal mining]] town. In 1860, the Glace Bay Mining Company was formed and it operated two mines. The first large colliery, the Hub Shaft, opened in 1861. Large-scale mining commenced in 1893 after exclusive mining rights were granted to the Dominion Coal Company. Glace Bay was incorporated as a town on January 18, 1901.<ref name=PMacEwan76>{{cite book |last1=MacEwan |first1=Paul |title=Miners and Steelworkers: Labour in Cape Breton |date=1976 |publisher=A. M. Hakkert Ltd. |location=Toronto, Canada |isbn=0-88866-533-4 |page=8}}</ref> At its high point the company operated eleven mines in all, and was responsible for 40% of Canada's coal production. Coal was transported on the [[Sydney and Louisburg Railway]] to both of those ports for shipping. The S & L Railway's main operations, including the roundhouse and machine shops were located in Glace Bay. Glace Bay's extensive coal and rail operations made the town the industrial center of Cape Breton. As coal mining became less important, the mines were closed until, in 1984 Colliery No. 26 was closed by the [[Cape Breton Development Corporation]]. Many residents of Glace Bay started to work at the two other coal mines in the area: Prince Colliery in [[Point Aconi, Nova Scotia|Point Aconi]] and Phalen Colliery and Lingan Colliery in [[Lingan, Nova Scotia|Lingan]]. However, coal mining continued its decline with Lingan closing in the mid-1990s, followed by Phalen in 1999 and Prince in 2001.

[[Fishing]] was also an important industry throughout the 20th century. However, by the 1990s [[overfishing|fish stocks were so depleted]] that the fishery was closed. Some [[fish processing]] still occurs here.

==Present day==
[[File:Glace Bay North Breakwater Light.jpg|thumb|right|Glace Bay North Breakwater Light]]
The former town of Glace Bay has a population of slightly fewer than 20,000 people. In 2001, a call centre operated by [[Stream Global Services]], using post-industrialization subsidies, opened. The building is today owned by [[Concentrix]].

The [[Switzerland|Swiss]] mining consortium [[Xstrata]] was the primary partner in the Donkin Coal Development Alliance, which won the rights to develop an abandoned mine site in the nearby community of [[Donkin, Nova Scotia|Donkin]]. Currently, the mine is owned by Kameron Collieries, a subsidiary of Cline Group LLC, which purchased the operation in 2014–2015. Coal production commenced in February 2016 and by the fall of 2018, the mine had 120 employees.<ref>{{cite news |last= Montgomery-Dupe|first= Sharon|date= 3 January 2019|title= UPDATED: Donkin mine operations suspended after roof collapse|url= https://www.thechronicleherald.ca/news/local/updated-donkin-mine-operations-suspended-after-roof-collapse-272746/|work= The Chronicle Herald|location= Donkin, NS|access-date= 4 January 2019}}</ref>

== Historical features and places ==


===Marconi National Historic Site===
The [[Marconi National Historic Sites of Canada|Marconi National Historic Site of Canada]] is located at [[Table Head]] in Glace Bay.<ref>{{CRHP|11710|Marconi National Historic Site of Canada|March 24, 2013}}</ref> [[Parks Canada]] maintains an interpretive centre at the site honouring the role of [[Guglielmo Marconi]] in the development of radio communications. In December 1902, Marconi transmitted the first complete messages to [[Poldhu]] from stations at Glace Bay, Nova Scotia.<ref name="The Official Web Site Of The Nobel Prize">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html|title=Guglielmo Marconi - Biographical|date=2014|website=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB|access-date=July 3, 2017}}</ref>

Marconi chose this site for its elevated flat expanse and unobstructed view out over the ocean. Some of the concrete footings for the massive towers can still be seen on the grounds. Marconi built a much larger wireless site west of here then known as Marconi Towers. In 1907 he initiated the first permanent transatlantic wireless service from Marconi Towers to its companion site in [[Clifden]], [[Ireland]].

=== Cape Breton Miners Museum ===
The [[Cape Breton Miners Museum]] is located on top of the Ocean Deep Colliery, which is only 1 kilometer from downtown Glace Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experience the Museum |url=https://www.minersmuseum.com/experience-the-museum/ |access-date=23 January 2023 |website=Cape Breton Miners Museum}}</ref> The museum is privately run and relies on donations and government grants for its operations. During the summer season, the museum offers a walking underground mine tour with a retired coal miner, and a virtual simulator tour of an underground mine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Jessica |title=Step into the Cape Breton Miners Museum's virtual mine simulator experience {{!}} SaltWire |url=https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/lifestyles/step-into-the-cape-breton-miners-museums-virtual-mine-simulator-experience-100716485/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=www.saltwire.com |language=en}}</ref> The museum is also home to [[The Men of the Deeps]] choir.

=== Savoy Theatre ===
{{main|Savoy Theatre, Glace Bay}}
The '''Savoy Theatre''' is a historic Victorian-Style theatre, established in 1901, with the present theatre building dating from 1927, operating as an arts and culture centre in Glace Bay. Its main auditorium has a capacity of 761 including the balcony. The Savoy's foyer also hosts events (dinner theatres, weddings, reunions) for up to 100 people.<ref name="Capebretoner">{{cite journal |last1=MacLean |first1=Bertha Ann |title=The Savoy Theatre! |journal=The Cape Bretoner |volume=10/4 |issue=Fall 2002 |pages=28–31}}</ref>

The Savoy stage has been graced by a virtual Who's Who of Cape Breton and Canadian talent, including [[Rita MacNeil]], [[The Rankin Family]], [[The Barra MacNeils]], [[Ashley MacIssac]], [[The White Stripes]],<ref name="White">{{cite news |title=White Stripes? Glace Bay sees green |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/white-stripes-glace-bay-sees-green-1.685717 |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=CBC News |publisher=CBC/Radio-Canada |date=11 July 2007}}</ref> The [[Barenaked Ladies]], [[k.d. lang]], [[Mr. Dressup]], [[Sarah McLaughlin]], The [[Royal Winnipeg Ballet]], [[Blue Rodeo]], [[Liona Boyd]], [[Harry Chapin]], [[Melissa Etheridge]], [[Leonard Cohen]],<ref name="Cohen">{{cite news |title=More Leonard Cohen shows set for N.S. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/more-leonard-cohen-shows-set-for-n-s-1.747812 |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=CBC News |publisher=CBC/Radio-Canada |date=20 March 2008}}</ref> and hundreds of others.<ref name="Capebretoner"/>

==Geography==

===Landscape===
The local landscape is heavily forested and hilly. Some of the low-lying areas at the bottom of hills consist of marshes and bogs. There are rocky cliffs around the ocean along most of the coast and erosion continues to be a problem in some areas; part of North Street fell into the ocean due to erosion and the street was split into Upper and Lower North Street.
[[File:South Street Glace Bay Nova Scotia.jpg|thumb|right|Glace Bay shoreline]]
Many areas surrounding former coal mines are experiencing [[subsidence]] as the old mine shafts collapse. There are several [[Brownfield land|brownfields]] around the community at former industrial sites.

===Flora and fauna===
Glace Bay has a large amount of forests and swamp surrounding the town and within the town limits. [[Mammal]]s present in Glace Bay include [[squirrel]]s, [[rabbit]]s, [[fox]], [[deer]], [[mouse|mice]], [[muskrat]]s, [[cat]]s, [[dog]]s, and [[coyote]]s. Bird species include ducks, [[great horned owl]]s, [[Canada goose|Canada geese]], [[crow]]s, [[gull]]s, and [[pigeon]]s. [[Pheasant]]s are occasionally seen around wooded areas. Smaller birds such as robins, black capped chickadees, and sparrows are also present. Frogs, salamanders, and snakes are also common in Glace Bay.

Glace Bay and the surrounding areas are heavily forested. Common deciduous trees in Glace Bay include [[Populus|poplar]], [[maple]]s, and [[birch]]es. [[Oak]]s, [[elm]]s and [[beech]] trees are also present but they are less common. Common conifers include [[spruce]] and [[Balsam fir|balsam]] with some [[pine]] and [[Larix laricina|tamaracks]] present as well.

The introduced Asian plants of Japanese and Giant Knotweed are common throughout the town and surrounding woodlands and are colloquially known as "elephant ears".

===Climate===
Glace Bay experiences a cool summer, and windy, wet and stormy winter, a version of a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb'') that is significantly moderated by the community's proximity to the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deibel |first1=James |last2=Norda |first2=Jacob |title=Historical Weather For The Last Twelve Months in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada |url=http://weatherspark.com/history/28351/2012/Sydney-Nova-Scotia-Canada |work=WeatherSpark |publisher=Vector Magic, Inc. |access-date=26 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521235637/http://weatherspark.com/history/28351/2012/Sydney-Nova-Scotia-Canada |archive-date=21 May 2013 |url-status=live |location=San Francisco |year=2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded in Glace Bay was {{convert|36.7|C|0}} on 18 August 1935.<ref name="August 1935">{{Cite web| work = Canadian Climate Data
| title = August 1935
| publisher = Environment Canada
| date= September 22, 2015
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1870-01-01%7C1941-03-31&mlyRange=1870-01-01%7C1941-12-01&StationID=6485&Prov=NS&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=8&Day=4&txtStationName=sydney&timeframe=2&Year=1935
| access-date = March 2, 2016}}</ref> The lowest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-31.7|C|0}} on 31 January 1873, 29 January 1877 and 15 February 1916.<ref name="January 1873">{{Cite web| work = Canadian Climate Data
| title = January 1873
| publisher = Environment Canada
| date= September 22, 2015
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1870-01-01%7C1941-03-31&mlyRange=1870-01-01%7C1941-12-01&StationID=6485&Prov=NS&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=sydney&timeframe=2&Year=1873&Month=1#
| access-date = March 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name="January 1877">{{Cite web| work = Canadian Climate Data
| title = January 1877
| publisher = Environment Canada
| date= September 26, 2016
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1870-01-01%7C1941-03-31&mlyRange=1870-01-01%7C1941-12-01&StationID=6485&Prov=NS&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=sydney+&timeframe=2&Year=1877&Month=1&Day=1
| access-date = March 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name="February 1916">{{Cite web| work = Canadian Climate Data
| title = February 1916
| publisher = Environment Canada
| date= September 22, 2015
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1870-01-01%7C1941-03-31&mlyRange=1870-01-01%7C1941-12-01&StationID=6485&Prov=NS&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=sydney&timeframe=2&Year=1916&Month=2#
| access-date = March 2, 2016}}</ref>

Because of its close proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, Glace Bay, like all of Cape Breton Island, experiences strong seasonal lag. The ocean does not reach its maximum temperature until mid August. It usually stays there until early September. This makes August the hottest month in Glace Bay rather than July which is usually the hottest in most northern continental climates. February is also the coldest month on average rather than January.
{{Weather box
| location = [[Sydney/J.A. Douglas McCurdy Airport|Sydney Airport]], 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1870–present{{refn|group=Note|Based on station coordinates provided by Environment Canada, climate data was collected near downtown Sydney from January 1870 to March 1941,<ref name="Sydney">{{cite web
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=sydney&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=1940&Year=2016&Month=6&Day=4&selRowPerPage=25
| title = Sydney
| work = Canadian Climate Data
| publisher = Environment Canada
| access-date = April 8, 2016| date = 2011-10-31
}}</ref> and from April 1941 to the present day at Sydney Airport.<ref name="Sydney A">{{cite web
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=sydney+a&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1941&EndYear=1941&Year=2016&Month=6&Day=4&selRowPerPage=25
| title = Sydney A
| work = Canadian Climate Data
| publisher = Environment Canada
| access-date = April 8, 2016| date = 2011-10-31
}}</ref>}}
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan maximum humidex = 18.2
| Feb maximum humidex = 19.0
| Mar maximum humidex = 25.0
| Apr maximum humidex = 26.0
| May maximum humidex = 36.8
| Jun maximum humidex = 43.4
| Jul maximum humidex = 41.8
| Aug maximum humidex = 41.9
| Sep maximum humidex = 38.9
| Oct maximum humidex = 30.4
| Nov maximum humidex = 25.5
| Dec maximum humidex = 18.5
| year maximum humidex = 43.4
| Jan record high C = 16.9
| Feb record high C = 18.0
| Mar record high C = 24.0
| Apr record high C = 27.2
| May record high C = 31.1
| Jun record high C = 34.4
| Jul record high C = 33.9
| Aug record high C = 36.7
| Sep record high C = 32.3
| Oct record high C = 27.2
| Nov record high C = 22.2
| Dec record high C = 16.7
| year record high C = 36.7
| Jan high C = −1.1
| Feb high C = −1.5
| Mar high C = 1.5
| Apr high C = 6.6
| May high C = 13.1
| Jun high C = 18.6
| Jul high C = 23.1
| Aug high C = 22.9
| Sep high C = 18.8
| Oct high C = 12.6
| Nov high C = 7.3
| Dec high C = 2.1
| year high C = 10.3
| Jan mean C = -5.4
| Feb mean C = -5.9
| Mar mean C = -2.6
| Apr mean C = 2.5
| May mean C = 7.9
| Jun mean C = 13.2
| Jul mean C = 17.9
| Aug mean C = 18.0
| Sep mean C = 14.0
| Oct mean C = 8.5
| Nov mean C = 3.8
| Dec mean C = -1.5
| year mean C = 5.9
| Jan low C = −9.6
| Feb low C = −10.3
| Mar low C = −6.7
| Apr low C = −1.6
| May low C = 2.7
| Jun low C = 7.7
| Jul low C = 12.6
| Aug low C = 13.1
| Sep low C = 9.1
| Oct low C = 4.3
| Nov low C = 0.2
| Dec low C = −5.0
| year low C = 1.4
| Jan record low C = −31.7
| Feb record low C = −31.7
| Mar record low C = −31.1
| Apr record low C = −17.8
| May record low C = −7.8
| Jun record low C = −3.9
| Jul record low C = 0.6
| Aug record low C = 2.2
| Sep record low C = −2.2
| Oct record low C = −5.6
| Nov record low C = −13.9
| Dec record low C = −23.3
| year record low C = -31.7
| Jan chill = -42.6
| Feb chill = -41.1
| Mar chill = -34.3
| Apr chill = -21.4
| May chill = -11.3
| Jun chill = -6.1
| Jul chill = 0.0
| Aug chill = 0.0
| Sep chill = -5.1
| Oct chill = -10.5
| Nov chill = -19.3
| Dec chill = -31.3
| year chill = -42.6
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 152.5
| Feb precipitation mm = 128.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 130.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 133.3
| May precipitation mm = 103.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 96.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 88.5
| Aug precipitation mm = 100.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 118.7
| Oct precipitation mm = 142.9
| Nov precipitation mm = 156.0
| Dec precipitation mm = 167.0
| year precipitation mm = 1517.2
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 80.5
| Feb rain mm = 63.8
| Mar rain mm = 83.2
| Apr rain mm = 112.2
| May rain mm = 100.9
| Jun rain mm = 96.9
| Jul rain mm = 88.5
| Aug rain mm = 100.2
| Sep rain mm = 118.7
| Oct rain mm = 142.2
| Nov rain mm = 144.0
| Dec rain mm = 111.2
| year rain mm = 1242.4
| Jan snow cm = 74.3
| Feb snow cm = 65.3
| Mar snow cm = 48.1
| Apr snow cm = 21.4
| May snow cm = 2.3
| Jun snow cm = 0.0
| Jul snow cm = 0.0
| Aug snow cm = 0.0
| Sep snow cm = 0.0
| Oct snow cm = 0.62
| Nov snow cm = 12.4
| Dec snow cm = 58.5
| year snow cm = 283.0
| unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 20.6
| Feb precipitation days = 16.5
| Mar precipitation days = 16.6
| Apr precipitation days = 15.8
| May precipitation days = 14.5
| Jun precipitation days = 14.0
| Jul precipitation days = 11.7
| Aug precipitation days = 12.7
| Sep precipitation days = 13.5
| Oct precipitation days = 15.9
| Nov precipitation days = 18.1
| Dec precipitation days = 21.0
| year precipitation days = 191.0
| unit rain days = 0.2 mm
| Jan rain days = 8.4
| Feb rain days = 7.3
| Mar rain days = 9.5
| Apr rain days = 13.0
| May rain days = 14.1
| Jun rain days = 14.0
| Jul rain days = 11.7
| Aug rain days = 12.7
| Sep rain days = 13.5
| Oct rain days = 15.8
| Nov rain days = 15.4
| Dec rain days = 11.5
| year rain days = 146.9
| unit snow days = 0.2 cm
| Jan snow days = 16.6
| Feb snow days = 12.6
| Mar snow days = 11.0
| Apr snow days = 5.6
| May snow days = 0.83
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.62
| Nov snow days = 5.4
| Dec snow days = 14.2
| year snow days = 66.8
| time day = 15:00 LST
| humidity colour = green
| Jan humidity = 72.5
| Feb humidity = 72.0
| Mar humidity = 69.8
| Apr humidity = 69.7
| May humidity = 65.0
| Jun humidity = 64.9
| Jul humidity = 65.2
| Aug humidity = 65.2
| Sep humidity = 67.6
| Oct humidity = 70.5
| Nov humidity = 74.2
| Dec humidity = 75.9
| year humidity = 69.2
| Jan sun = 91.0
| Feb sun = 111.6
| Mar sun = 132.9
| Apr sun = 141.0
| May sun = 198.0
| Jun sun = 224.6
| Jul sun = 246.9
| Aug sun = 228.4
| Sep sun = 167.1
| Oct sun = 130.1
| Nov sun = 77.0
| Dec sun = 68.2
| year sun = 1816.7
| Jan percentsun = 32.4
| Feb percentsun = 38.3
| Mar percentsun = 36.1
| Apr percentsun = 34.7
| May percentsun = 42.7
| Jun percentsun = 47.7
| Jul percentsun = 51.8
| Aug percentsun = 52.0
| Sep percentsun = 44.3
| Oct percentsun = 38.3
| Nov percentsun = 27.1
| Dec percentsun = 25.3
| year percentsun = 39.2
| source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name="Sydney A Normals">{{cite web
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=6486&autofwd=1
| title = Sydney A Normals
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = Environment Canada
| access-date = April 7, 2016| date = 2013-09-25
}}</ref><ref name="Sydney"/><ref name="August 1935"/><ref name="January 1873"/><ref name="February 1916"/><ref name="March 2012">{{cite web
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2006-01-23%7C2016-06-03&dlyRange=2006-01-01%7C2016-06-02&mlyRange=2006-01-01%7C2007-07-01&StationID=44503&Prov=NS&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=6&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=4&txtStationName=sydney&timeframe=2&Year=2012
| title = March 2012
| work = Canadian Climate Data
| publisher = Environment Canada
| access-date = April 7, 2016| date = 2011-10-31
}}</ref>
| date = September 2015
}}

==Politics==
Federally, Glace Bay is located in the riding of Cape Breton–Canso, currently held by Liberal MP [[Mike Kelloway]]. Provincially, the riding of Glace Bay-Dominion is currently held by Progressive Conservative MLA [[John White (Nova Scotia politician)|John White]] who was elected in the 2021 Nova Scotia provincial election. The riding had been held previously by Liberal MLA [[Geoff MacLellan]] who did not re-offer.

==Mayors of Glace Bay==
While Glace Bay was a town, the following people were its mayor:
* David M. Burchell 1901–1907
* [[John Carey Douglas]] 1907–1910
* Henry MacDonald 1910–1912
* [[Gordon Sidney Harrington|Gordon S. Harrington]] 1912–1915
* Dan Cameron 1915–1916
* Angus J. MacDonald 1917
* Alonzo O'Neill 1918–1920
* E. MacK Forbes 1920–1921
* [[D. W. Morrison|Dan W. Morrison]] 1921–1933
* Charles MacVicar 1933–1934
* Dan W. Morrison 1934–1950
* Dan A. MacDonald 1950–1970
* Dan A. Munroe 1970–1981
* Bruce A. Clark 1981–1988
* [[Donald MacInnis]] 1988–1995

==Notable people==
{{alumni|residents|date=December 2015}}
* [[Dave Amadio]], NHL hockey player, played for the [[Los Angeles Kings]].
* [[Vivian Berkeley]], Canadian two-time World Blind [[Bowls|Lawn Bowling]] Champion, [[1996 Summer Paralympics|1996 Paralympic Games]] Silver Medalist and [[2002 Commonwealth Games]] Bronze Medalist.
* [[Linda Bond]], former [[General of The Salvation Army]].
* [[Gerald Butts]], Canadian political consultant.
* [[John Croak|John Bernard Croak]], war hero, WW1, recipient of the Victoria Cross.
* [[Aselin Debison]], musician.
* [[Fred Dickson]], Canadian lawyer, politician, and a Conservative member of the Senate of Canada.
* [[Doug Doull]], NHL hockey player, played for Boston Bruins and Washington Capitals.
* [[Clarence Gillis|Clarie Gillis]], Member of Parliament, Cape Breton South, 1940–1957.
* [[Gordon Sidney Harrington]], former mayor and former premier of Nova Scotia.
* [[Andrew Hogan|Andy Hogan]], Member of Parliament, Cape Breton—East Richmond, 1974–1980.
* [[Ron James (comedian)|Ron James]], comedian.
* [[Drake Jensen]], country music singer.
* [[Patrick MacAdam|Pat MacAdam]], Author, advisor of [[Prime Minister]] [[Brian Mulroney]].
* [[Allister MacGillivray]], Canadian singer/songwriter, guitarist, and music historian.
* [[Henry Poole MacKeen]], Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, 1963 to 1968.
* [[MacLean & MacLean]], comedic team.
* [[Hugh MacLennan]], novelist.
* [[Ed MacQueen]], professional ice hockey player
* [[Matt Minglewood]], musician.
* [[John W. Morgan]], former mayor of [[Cape Breton Regional Municipality|CBRM]].
* [[Ed Norvack]], football player, [[Winnipeg Blue Bombers]]
* [[Marty O'Donnell (boxer)|Marty O'Donnell]], Olympic boxer.
* [[Daniel Petrie]], Hollywood film director.
* [[Gerard Phalen]], senator.
* [[Mickey Roach]], NHL hockey player
* [[Logan Shaw]], NHL hockey player for the [[Ottawa Senators]], 76th overall pick, 2011 NHL Entry Draft.
* [[Sandy Snow]], played three games in the [[National Hockey League|NHL]] with the [[Detroit Red Wings]]
* [[Doug Sulliman]], NHL hockey player, 1979 New York Rangers 13th overall draft pick.
* [[Nick Wall]], jockey.

==Attractions==
* [[Savoy Theatre, Glace Bay|Savoy Theatre]]
* [[Cape Breton Miners Museum]]
* [[Marconi National Historic Sites of Canada|Marconi Museum]]
* Miners Village
* [[Renwick Brook Park]]
* Queen Elizabeth Park
* [[Glace Bay Heritage Museum]]
* John Bernard Croak Memorial Park

==See also==
* [[Reserve Mines]]
* [[Dominion, Nova Scotia|Dominion]]
* [[Cape Breton Island]]
* [[Province of Cape Breton]]
* [[Royal eponyms in Canada]]—locales in Canada named for royalty akin to Queen Elizabeth Park in Glace Bay

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cbrm.ns.ca/ Cape Breton Regional Municipality]

{{Cape Breton Regional Municipality}}
{{NSCapeBreton}}

{{Coord|46|12|N|59|58|W|region:CA_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:Communities in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality]]
[[Category:Former towns in Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:1785 establishments in Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 1995]]

Poolewe

2025-06-02T01:49:44Z

208.53.253.11: /* Notable residents */

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox UK place
| country = Scotland
| official_name = Poolewe
| scots_name =
| gaelic_name = Poll Iù
| static_image_name = Poolewe view.jpg
| static_image_caption = View over Poolewe from Cliff Hill
| map_type = Ross and Cromarty
| os_grid_reference = NG8580
| population = 230
| coordinates = {{coord|57.765|-5.604|display=inline,title}}
| civil_parish = [[Gairloch]]
| unitary_scotland = [[Highland (council area)|Highland]]
| lieutenancy_scotland = [[Ross and Cromarty]]
| constituency_westminster = [[Inverness, Skye and West Ross-shire (UK Parliament constituency)|Inverness, Skye and West Ross-shire]]
| constituency_scottish_parliament = [[Caithness, Sutherland and Ross (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Caithness, Sutherland and Ross]]
| post_town = ACHNASHEEN
| postcode_district = IV22
| postcode_area = IV
| dial_code = 01445
}}

'''Poolewe''' ({{langx|gd|Poll Iù}}) is a small village in [[Wester Ross]] in the North West Highlands of [[Scotland]], about {{convert|75|mi|km|round=5|abbr=off}} northwest of [[Inverness]], by [[Loch Ewe]]. The River Ewe, one of the shortest in Scotland, joins the sea less than {{convert|1|mi|km|round=0.5|abbr=off|spell=in}} from [[Inverewe Garden]], renowned for its subtropical plants. The village is surrounded by mountains and the sea.

The village has an indoor heated swimming pool, a coffee shop, a hotel and a shop. Most of the arts events in the area take place in the village hall, as do the village markets.

The town was an important port for the [[Arctic convoys of World War II|Arctic Convoy]] bringing supplies to [[Soviet Union]] via north route.

==Origin of the name==
Literally the name means "the pool on the Ewe river". However, [[William J. Watson]], in his 1904 ''Place Names of Ross and Cromarty'', records the name as "Abhainn Iù, Ewe River", which he suggests may be [[Irish language|Irish]] or [[Pictish]] in origin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gordon-c-harrison.co.uk/About-Folder/Scottish-Place-Names/Place-Names-M-Z |title=Place Names M - Z |publisher=Gordon C Harrison |date= |accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref>

==Climate==
Poolewe has a mild climate for its latitude, due to the warm waters of the [[North Atlantic Drift]]. The [[Met Office]] operates a weather station at Poolewe<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/networks/images/map3.gif |publisher=[[MetOffice]] |title=Station map}}</ref> for which 30-year averages are available. As with much of the [[British Isles]] and Scotland, Poolewe experiences a [[maritime climate]] with cool summers and mild winters, with snow lying only a few days per year. Its low-lying situation on the west coast tends to afford it some shelter from the harshness that can afflict the adjacent Highlands during the winter months.

The [[Aurora (astronomy)|Northern Lights]] are visible on occasion, depending on the weather and time of year; most often in winter when skies are darkest.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Poolewe, 6m asl, 1971-2000 (Extremes 1950-2014)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 14.7
|Feb record high C = 13.2
|Mar record high C = 18.1
|Apr record high C = 23.4
|May record high C = 27.3
|Jun record high C = 28.8
|Jul record high C = 29.2
|Aug record high C = 28.5
|Sep record high C = 25.0
|Oct record high C = 20.3
|Nov record high C = 18.5
|Dec record high C = 14.7
|year record high C = 29.2

|Jan high C = 7.1
|Feb high C = 7.5
|Mar high C = 8.7
|Apr high C = 10.9
|May high C = 14.3
|Jun high C = 15.9
|Jul high C = 17.5
|Aug high C = 17.5
|Sep high C = 15.1
|Oct high C = 12.4
|Nov high C = 9.2
|Dec high C = 7.6
|year high C = 11.3

|Jan low C = 2.1
|Feb low C = 2.0
|Mar low C = 2.9
|Apr low C = 3.9
|May low C = 6.4
|Jun low C = 8.8
|Jul low C = 11.0
|Aug low C = 10.9
|Sep low C = 9.0
|Oct low C = 7.0
|Nov low C = 4.0
|Dec low C = 2.7
|year low C = 5.4
|Jan record low C = -9.5
|Feb record low C = -10.7
|Mar record low C = -9.6
|Apr record low C = -5.2
|May record low C = -2.8
|Jun record low C = -0.3
|Jul record low C = 3.5
|Aug record low C = 2.8
|Sep record low C = 0.4
|Oct record low C = -6.3
|Nov record low C = -9.4
|Dec record low C = -11.5
|year record low C = -11.5
|Jan sun = 24.3
|Feb sun = 62.2
|Mar sun = 95.9
|Apr sun = 144.2
|May sun = 177.0
|Jun sun = 148.8
|Jul sun = 127.1
|Aug sun = 128.8
|Sep sun = 94.7
|Oct sun = 69.6
|Nov sun = 32.3
|Dec sun = 16.0
|year sun =
|source 1 = [[YR.NO]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yr.no/place/United_Kingdom/Scotland/Poolewe/statistics.html |title=Poolewe 1971-2000 averages (1958-2014 Extremes) |publisher=[[YR.NO]] |accessdate=1 November 2011}}</ref>
|date=Nov 2011
}}

==Notable residents==
In August 2015, the BBC genealogy documentary series ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'' revealed that Donald Mackenzie, great-great-great-grandfather of [[celebrity chef]] [[Paul Hollywood]], had been a [[crofter]] in Poolewe.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0664g25 |title=BBC One - Who Do You Think You Are?, Series 12, Paul Hollywood |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=13 August 2015 |accessdate=14 August 2015}}</ref>

*[[Finlay MacKinnon]] (1863-1931), illustrator and watercolorist

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Poolewe seal statue.jpg|Seal statue
File:Poolewe Arctic Convoy plaque.jpg|Arctic Convoy plaque
File:Poolewe sheeps.jpg|Sheep in Poolewe
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811043636/http://www.poolewetuesdaymarket.co.uk/ Poolewe Tuesday Market]

[[Category:Populated places in Ross and Cromarty]]

{{RossCromarty-geo-stub}}

Valley County, Montana

2025-03-30T23:24:53Z

208.53.253.11: UPDATING WEBSITE

{{Short description|County in Montana, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox U.S. county
| county = Valley County
| state = Montana
| seal =
| founded date =
| founded year = 1893
| seat wl = Glasgow
| largest city wl = Glasgow
| area_total_sq_mi = 5062
| area_land_sq_mi = 4926
| area_water_sq_mi = 136
| area percentage = 2.7
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_total = 7578
| pop_est_as_of = 2022
| population_est = 7513 {{decrease}}
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| web = https://www.valleycountymt.gov/
| ex image = Valley County Courthouse.JPG
| ex image cap = Valley County Courthouse in Glasgow
| district = 2nd
| time zone = Mountain
| footnotes =
* Montana county number 20
}}

'''Valley County''' is a [[County (United States)|county]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Montana]]. Valley County was created in 1893 with area partitioned from [[Dawson County, Montana|Dawson County]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stout |first=Tom |url=https://archive.org/details/montanaitsstorya01stourich |title=Montana, its story and biography; a history of aboriginal and territorial Montana and three decades of statehood, under the editorial supervision of Tom Stout |date=1921 |publisher=American Historical Society |location=Chicago IL |access-date=December 7, 2013}}</ref> As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the population was 7,578.<ref name="QF">{{Cite web |title=State & County QuickFacts |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/valleycountymontana/PST045222 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Its [[county seat]] is [[Glasgow, Montana|Glasgow]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find a County |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2011 |publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> It is located on the [[Canada–United States border]] with [[Saskatchewan]].

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the county has a total area of {{convert|5062|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|4926|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|136|sqmi}} (2.7%) is water.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2012 |title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_30.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205145322/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_30.txt |archive-date=December 5, 2014 |access-date=November 30, 2014 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> It is Montana's fourth-largest county by total area.

===Transportation===

====Major highways====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Image:US 2.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 2 in Montana|U.S. Highway 2]]
* [[Image:MT-24.svg|20px]] [[Montana Highway 24]]
* [[Image:MT-42.svg|20px]] [[Montana Highway 42]]
* [[Image:MT-117.svg|20px]] [[Montana Highway 117]]
* [[Image:MT-sec-248.svg|20px]] Montana Secondary Highway 248
{{div col end}}

====Bus====
Glasgow and the greater Valley County region are served by a non-profit taxi/bus service called Valley Country Transit.<ref name="Valley County Transit">{{Cite web |title=Valley County Transit |url=https://www.valleycountytransit.com/ |access-date=March 4, 2023 |publisher=Valley County Transit |location=Glasgow, Montana}}</ref>

====Rail====
*[[Amtrak]] ''[[Empire Builder]]'' (''[[Glasgow station (Montana)|Glasgow station]]'')

===Adjacent counties and rural municipalities===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Phillips County, Montana|Phillips County]] - west
* [[Garfield County, Montana|Garfield County]] - south
* [[McCone County, Montana|McCone County]] - south
* [[Roosevelt County, Montana|Roosevelt County]] - east
* [[Daniels County, Montana|Daniels County]] - east
* [[Rural Municipality of Mankota No. 45|Rural Municipality (RM) of Mankota No. 45]], Saskatchewan (SK) - north
* [[Rural Municipality of Waverley No. 44|RM of Waverley No. 44]], SK - north
* [[Rural Municipality of Old Post No. 43|RM of Old Post No. 43]], SK - north
{{div col end}}

===National protected area===
* [[Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge]] (part)

==Economy==
Agriculture is the major economic activity of Valley County. The US Air Force operated [[Glasgow Air Force Base]] at St. Marie until 1976, which was a strong influence on the local economy until its closure.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1900= 4355
|1910= 13630
|1920= 11542
|1930= 11181
|1940= 15181
|1950= 11353
|1960= 17080
|1970= 11471
|1980= 10250
|1990= 8239
|2000= 7675
|2010= 7369
|2020= 7578
|estyear=2022
|estimate=7513
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2022">{{Cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-counties-total.html |access-date=May 8, 2023 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Decennial Census |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |access-date=November 30, 2014 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> 1790–1960,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Census Browser |url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu |access-date=November 30, 2014 |publisher=University of Virginia Library}}</ref> 1900–1990,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/mt190090.txt |access-date=November 30, 2014 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> 1990–2000,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2010 |access-date=November 30, 2014 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> 2010–2020<ref name="QF" />
}}

===2020 census===
As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], there were 7,578 people living in the county.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===2010 census===
As of the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]], there were 7,369 people, 3,198 households, and 1,997 families living in the county. The population density was {{convert|1.5|PD/sqmi}}. There were 4,879 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1.0|/mi2|/km2|adj=pre|units }}. The racial makeup of the county was 87.0% white, 9.8% American Indian, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% black or African American, 0.3% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.2% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 33.4% were [[Germans|German]], 27.9% were [[Norwegians|Norwegian]], 12.4% were [[Irish people|Irish]], 10.3% were [[English people|English]], and 6.8% were [[Americans|American]].

Of the 3,198 households, 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 37.6% were non-families, and 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.88. The median age was 46.4 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $42,050 and the median income for a family was $54,096. Males had a median income of $40,802 versus $30,272 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,305. About 5.7% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 17.0% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over.

==Politics==
Valley County voters vote reliably Republican in national elections. Since 1964, they have selected the Democratic Party candidate only once (1992, due to strong showing by third-party candidate [[Ross Perot]], which split the Republican voters).
{{PresHead|place=Valley County, Montana|whig=no|source1=<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leip |first=David |title=Atlas of US Presidential Elections |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS |access-date=April 3, 2018 |website=uselectionatlas.org}}</ref>}}

{{PresRow|2024|Republican|3,019|935|125|Montana}}
{{PresRow|2020|Republican|3,135|1,030|96|Montana}}
{{PresRow|2016|Republican|2,698|886|310|Montana}}
{{PresRow|2012|Republican|2,337|1,385|137|Montana}}
{{PresRow|2008|Republican|2,121|1,645|145|Montana}}
{{PresRow|2004|Republican|2,476|1,431|111|Montana}}
{{PresRow|2000|Republican|2,500|1,273|190|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1996|Republican|1,838|1,674|695|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|1,497|1,715|1,356|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1988|Republican|2,467|2,163|76|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1984|Republican|3,123|1,849|74|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1980|Republican|3,242|1,567|381|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1976|Republican|2,520|2,352|87|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|3,210|1,973|165|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1968|Republican|2,290|1,926|416|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|2,077|3,032|16|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1960|Democratic|2,387|2,953|6|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1956|Democratic|2,357|2,511|0|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1952|Republican|2,462|2,130|29|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1948|Democratic|1,375|2,535|200|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1944|Democratic|1,341|2,196|45|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1940|Democratic|1,597|3,493|72|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|996|5,862|199|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|1,242|2,499|351|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1928|Republican|2,330|1,294|25|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1924|Republican|1,555|497|991|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1920|Republican|2,096|895|342|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1916|Democratic|1,111|2,102|229|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1912|Progressive|668|696|1,221|Montana}}
{{PresRow|1908|Republican|843|503|80|Montana}}
{{PresFoot|1904|Republican|742|335|19|Montana}}

==Communities==
===City===
* [[Glasgow, Montana|Glasgow]] (county seat)

===Towns===
* [[Fort Peck, Montana|Fort Peck]]
* [[Nashua, Montana|Nashua]]
* [[Opheim, Montana|Opheim]]

===Census-designated places===
* [[Frazer, Montana|Frazer]]
* [[Hinsdale, Montana|Hinsdale]]
* [[St. Marie, Montana|St. Marie]]

===Unincorporated communities===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Baylor<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Baylor,+MT+59230/@48.6226164,-106.3985065,12z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x533d6f544efd1367:0x7b22d372f12374de!8m2!3d48.6633585!4d-106.4794775 ''Baylor MT'' Google Maps (accessed January 7, 2019)]</ref>
* [[Glentana, Montana|Glentana]]
* [[Larslan, Montana|Larslan]]
* [[Lustre, Montana|Lustre]]
* Miles Crossing<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Miles+Crossing,+MT+59241/@48.4816729,-107.1604941,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x533d949e48d755e7:0x47543c8f8b2bbc0e!8m2!3d48.4816738!4d-107.1517393 ''Miles Crossing MT'' Google Maps (accessed January 7, 2019)]</ref>
* [[Oswego, Montana|Oswego]]
* Park Grove<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Park+Grove,+MT+59248/@48.030295,-106.45407,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x533cf809e14211a7:0xdd60bf3fddc1dba4!8m2!3d48.0302959!4d-106.4453151 ''Park Grove MT'' Google Maps (accessed January 7, 2019)]</ref>
* [[Richland, Montana|Richland]]<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Richland+Post+Office/@48.8426966,-106.1746587,18627m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x533d1f24d35f1d93:0x24e095fe32da2677!2sValley+County,+MT!3b1!8m2!3d48.2855732!4d-106.8304776!3m4!1s0x533d547b35e7082d:0xb5f13aeadfa79b13!8m2!3d48.8204284!4d-106.0524845 ''Richland Post Office MT'' Google Maps (accessed January 7, 2019)]</ref>
* Roanwood<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Roanwood,+MT+59250/@48.9414128,-106.5065682,2771m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x5317e76d9f07c8f1:0xf61db9971c25f589!8m2!3d48.9414136!4d-106.4978134 ''Roanwood MT'' Google Maps (accessed January 7, 2019)]</ref>
* [[Tampico, Montana|Tampico]]<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tampico,+MT+59230/@48.2839964,-106.7739372,12z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x533da547da6a5d23:0xf95252512c48f89a!8m2!3d48.3047384!4d-106.8270002 ''Tampico MT'' Google Maps (accessed January 7, 2019)]</ref>
* [[Vandalia, Montana|Vandalia]]
* Whately<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Whately,+MT+59230/@48.1627976,-106.5201832,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x533cfffb3949e829:0xe35c15f14fd0f4cf!8m2!3d48.1627985!4d-106.5114284 ''Whately MT'' Google Maps (accessed January 7, 2019)]</ref>
* Wheeler<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Wheeler,+MT+59230/@48.0094614,-106.514907,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x533c5762d9ac48cb:0x6d47f34220e65242!8m2!3d48.0094623!4d-106.5061522 ''Wheeler MT'' Google Maps (accessed January 7, 2019)]</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Ghost towns===
* [[Beaverton, Montana|Beaverton]]<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Beaverton,+MT+59241/@48.4280332,-107.1820016,11.5z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x533dea2d9ef0494f:0x6905ed963b061534!8m2!3d48.4236142!4d-107.25397 ''Beaverton MT'' Google Maps (accessed January 7, 2019)]</ref>
* [[Genevieve, Montana|Genevieve]]
* [[Thoeny, Montana|Thoeny]]<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Thoeny,+MT+59241/@48.8769641,-106.9263084,2774m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x5317d3110553d067:0x5067e94b5a29dd08!8m2!3d48.876965!4d-106.9175536 ''Thoeny MT'' Google Maps (accessed January 7, 2019)]</ref>

===Census Maps===
{|style="margin: 0 none;"
| [[File:Valley County Census Districts 1940.png|thumb|none|Valley County Census Districts 1940]]
| [[File:Valley County Census Districts, colored, 2010 U.S. Census.jpg|thumb|Valley County Census Districts, colored, 2010 U.S. Census]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Fort Peck Dam]]
* [[List of lakes in Valley County, Montana (A-L)]]
* [[List of lakes in Valley County, Montana (M-Z)]]
* [[List of mountains in Valley County, Montana]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Valley County, Montana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.valleycountymt.gov/]
* [https://www.glasgowchamber.net/ Glasgow Area Chamber of Commerce]

{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Valley County, Montana
|North = Rural Municipalities of [[Rural Municipality of Mankota No. 45|Mankota No. 45]] / [[Rural Municipality of Waverley No. 44|Waverley No. 44]] / [[Rural Municipality of Old Post No. 43|Old Post No. 43]], [[Saskatchewan]] {{flagicon|Canada}}
|East = [[Roosevelt County, Montana|Roosevelt County]] and [[Daniels County, Montana|Daniels County]]
|South = [[Garfield County, Montana|Garfield County]] and [[McCone County, Montana|McCone County]]
|West = [[Phillips County, Montana|Phillips County]]
}}

{{Valley County, Montana}}
{{Montana}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|48.36|-106.66|display=title|type:adm2nd_region:US-MT_source:UScensus1990}}

[[Category:Valley County, Montana| ]]
[[Category:Montana counties on the Missouri River]]
[[Category:1893 establishments in Montana]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1893]]

Limache

2025-01-27T09:17:21Z

208.53.253.11:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Limache
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = es
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Chile|City]] and [[Communes of Chile|Commune]]
| image_skyline = LimacheArriba.JPG
| image_alt = Limache
| image_caption = Limache
| image_flag =
| flag_alt = Flag
| image_shield = Escudo_de_Limache.svg
| shield_alt = Coat of arms
| image_map = Comuna de Limache.svg
| map_alt = Location of the Limache commune in the Valparaíso Region
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Chile
| pushpin_map_narrow = yes
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt = Location in Chile
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chile
| coordinates = {{coord|33|01|S|71|16|W|region:CL-VS|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = city
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Chile]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Chile|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Valparaíso Region|Valparaíso]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Chile|Province]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Marga Marga Province|Marga Marga]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes = <ref name="Official">{{Cite web |url = http://www.limache.cl/ |title=Municipality of Limache | accessdate=10 November 2010|language=es}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Daniel Morales Espíndola
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="INE">{{cite web |url= http://resultados.censo2017.cl/ |title= Resultados CENSO 2017 |access-date=18 October 2024|language=es}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 293.8
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 377
| population_footnotes = <ref name="INE"/>
| population_total = 46121
| population_as_of = 2017 Census
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Limachino
| population_rank =
| population_blank1_title = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| population_blank1 = 39169
| population_blank2_title = [[Rural area|Rural]]
| population_blank2 = 6952
| demographics_type1 = Sex
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="INE"/>
| demographics1_title1 = Men
| demographics1_info1 = 22,353
| demographics1_title2 = Women
| demographics1_info2 = 23,768
| timezone = [[Time in Chile|CLT]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |accessdate=2010-07-28 |title=Chile Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130719/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |archivedate=2007-09-11 }}</ref>
| utc_offset = -4
| timezone_DST = [[Time in Chile|CLST]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |accessdate=2010-07-28 |title=Chile Summer Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130451/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |archivedate=2007-09-11 }}</ref>
| utc_offset_DST = -3
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code = +56 32
| iso_code =
| website = [http://www.limache.cl/ Official website] {{in lang|es}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Limache''' is a town and [[Communes of Chile|commune]] in [[Marga Marga Province]], [[Valparaíso Region]], [[Chile]]. It is the only Chilean commune with two urban areas: San Francisco de Limache on the north side of the Pelumpén stream, and Limache Viejo on the south. Limache is well-known in Chile for its production of tomatoes, as well as the annual celebration of its patron saint known as the {{ill|Virgin of the 40 Hours|es|Virgen de las 40 Horas}}.

==Geography==
Limache spans an inland area of {{convert|293.8|sqkm|0|abbr=on}} in Chile's [[Zona Central, Chile|Zona Central]], located {{convert|43|km|0|abbr=on}} east of the [[port city]] of [[Valparaíso]] and {{convert|103|km|0|abbr=on}} northwest of the [[national capital]] of [[Santiago]].

==Culture==
The Feast of the Virgin of the 40 Hours (''La Fiesta de la Virgen de las 40 Horas'') begins in Limache 40 hours before the last Sunday in February with [[Mass (liturgy)|masses]] every hour, culminating on Sunday with a procession through the city.<ref name="Virgin">{{Cite web |url=http://gosouthamerica.about.com/od/holidaysinchile/qt/Virgen40Horas.htm |title=''"Fiesta de la Virgen de las 40 Horas"''}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the 2017 [[census]] of the [[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National Statistics Institute]] Limache has 46,121 inhabitants (22,353 men and 23,768 women). Of these, 39,169 (84.9%) lived in [[urban area]]s and 6,952 (15.1%) in [[rural area]]s. The population grew by 17.6% (6,902 persons) between the 2002 and 2017 censuses.<ref name="INE"/>

==Administration==
As a township, Limache is a third-level [[administrative division of Chile]] administered by a [[municipal council]], headed by a [[alcalde|mayor]] who is directly elected every four years. The present mayor is Daniel Morales Espíndola (Independent, pro-RN).<ref name="Official"/>

Within the [[electoral divisions of Chile]], Limache is represented in the [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]] by Marcelo Schilling ([[Socialist Party of Chile|PS]]) and Arturo Squella ([[Independent Democratic Union|UDI]]) as part of the 12th electoral district, (together with [[Olmué]], [[Villa Alemana]], [[Quilpué]]). The township is represented in the [[Senate of Chile|Senate]] by [[Ignacio Walker|Ignacio Walker Prieto]] ([[Christian Democratic Party|PDC]]) and [[Lily Pérez San Martín]] ([[National Renewal (Chile)|RN]]) as part of the 5th senatorial constituency (Valparaíso-Cordillera).{{Update after|2021|9|5}}

==Notable People==
*[[Alfredo Calderón (footballer)|Alfredo Calderón]] (born 1986), footballer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Communes in Valparaíso Region}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Communes of Chile]]
[[Category:Populated places in Marga Marga Province]]

Morogoro

2025-01-26T10:00:47Z

208.53.253.11:

{{Short description|Municipality in and capital of Morogoro Region, Tanzania}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Morogoro
|official_name = Mji kasoro bahari
|native_name =
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[List of cities in Tanzania|City]] of [[Morogoro Region]]
|image_skyline = Morogoro clock tower.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|image_caption = Morogoro clock tower
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
|blank_emblem_size =
|motto =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|pushpin_label_position = left
|pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map = Tanzania#Africa
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Morogoro
| pushpin_relief = yes
|coordinates = {{coord|06|49|27|S|37|39|48|E|region:TZ|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = Tanzania
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Tanzania|Region]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Tanzania|District]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Morogoro Region]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Morogoro District]]
|established_date =
|seat_type =
|seat =
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor of Morogoro|Mayor]]
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|total_type =
|unit_pref =
|area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/references/Abstract2011.zip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105105231/http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/references/Abstract2011.zip|url-status=dead|title="Statistical Abstract 2011", Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics, page 3|archive-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref>
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 360
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_km2 = 260
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_km2 = 100
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|elevation_min_m =
|elevation_min_ft =
|population_total = 471409
|population_as_of = 2022 census
|population_footnotes = <ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tanzania/cities/ Citypopulation.de] Population of the major cities in Tanzania</ref>
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro =
|population_note =
|population_urban =
|population_urban_footnotes =
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|website = {{URL|http://www.morogoro.go.tz/}}
|footnotes =
|image_dot_map =
|dot_mapsize =
|dot_map_caption =
|dot_x =
|dot_y =
|elevation_max_m =
|elevation_max_ft = 1669
|timezone = [[UTC+03:00|GMT +3]]
|utc_offset =
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coor_type =
|blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
|blank_info = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]]
}}

'''Morogoro''' is a city located in the eastern part of [[Tanzania]], approximately 196 kilometers (122 miles) west of [[Dar es Salaam]].<ref name=Weatherbase>
{{cite web | url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=166836 | title =Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Morogoro, Tanzania | publisher=Weatherbase | year=2011}}
Retrieved on November 24, 2011.
</ref> It serves as the capital of the [[Morogoro Region]]. Informally, it is referred to as ''Mji kasoro bahari'', which translates to ''city short of an ocean/port.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/morogoro-city-with-no-ocean-making-waves-in-hospitality-3837516|title=Amani Home|website=city short of an ocean}}</ref>

In Morogoro, the non-profit organization [[APOPO]] trains [[Gambian pouched rat]]s known as [[HeroRATS]], for [[landmine]] detection as well as the detection of [[tuberculosis]]. Notably, the [[Sokoine University of Agriculture]] is based in Morogoro. The city is also home to various missions that provide educational and medical facilities, benefiting the local community.

==Mindu Dam==

The Mindu Dam, situated on the [[Ngerengere River]], stands as the primary water source for Morogoro, meeting approximately 80% of the city's water demands. Despite its critical role, the dam has been a focal point of controversy since its inception in 1978. The formation of a reservoir behind the dam has led to a surge in bilharzia infection rates,<ref>[http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-4832-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html IRDC Archive: The Essential Health Interventions Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504122117/http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-4832-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html |date=2007-05-04 }}</ref> while the city's water supply has suffered pollution from mercury runoff originating from nearby gold mining activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipp.co.tz/ipp/guardian/2004/07/14/15820.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050116202614/http://www.ipp.co.tz/ipp/guardian/2004/07/14/15820.html|url-status=dead|title=Mindu destruction setting stage for a catastrophe|archive-date=January 16, 2005}}</ref> Furthermore, deforestation in the dam's vicinity has accelerated sedimentation, adversely affecting its capacity.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9342|title=Water for Everyone |first1=Celina |last1=Smith |first2=Marije |last2=Schaafsma |first3=Philip |last3=Platts |first4=Shadrack |last4=Mwakalila |first5=Sue |last5=White |first6=Biniam |last6=Ashagre |journal=The Arc Journal |date=June 22, 2014 |hdl=1826/9342 |via=dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk}}</ref>

In an effort to mitigate these challenges, a program funded by USAID/MCC, with a budget of $8.31 million, was initiated in 2012–13. The program's objective was to restore the quality of drinking water resources from the Uluguru Mountains by establishing an inlet and treatment plant near the Regional Governance offices at the upper end of Boma Road. This initiative aimed to benefit the Morogoro Water Supply Authority (MORUWASA) by enhancing the quality and availability of water resources.

{{Wide image|Morogoro panorama.jpg|800px|A panorama of Morogoro Town showing the town and the activities of the people. The [[Nguru Mountains]] can be seen in the background.}}

== Geography, agriculture, and climate ==
The city is situated at the foothills of the [[Uluguru Mountains]] and serves as a significant agricultural center in the region. Morogoro is the site of many [[Sisal]] plantations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highland Estate |url=https://www.estates.co.tz/services/agriculture-activities/sisal-estates |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.estates.co.tz}}</ref> The climate in Morogoro is warm and tropical with average highs ranging from 32 °C (90.7 °F) to 27.8 °C (82.6 °F), and lows ranging from 16.7 °C (62.1 °F) to 12.4 °C (54.3 °F).

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|location = Morogoro (1991–2020)
|Jan high C = 32.2
|Feb high C = 32.6
|Mar high C = 31.8
|Apr high C = 29.8
|May high C = 28.7
|Jun high C = 28.1
|Jul high C = 27.8
|Aug high C = 28.7
|Sep high C = 30.3
|Oct high C = 31.7
|Nov high C = 32.3
|Dec high C = 32.6
|year high C = 30.6
|Jan low C = 16.7
|Feb low C = 16.2
|Mar low C = 15.9
|Apr low C = 15.7
|May low C = 14.6
|Jun low C = 13.0
|Jul low C = 12.4
|Aug low C = 12.6
|Sep low C = 13.5
|Oct low C = 15.0
|Nov low C = 16.2
|Dec low C = 16.6
|year low C = 14.9
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 100.4
|Feb rain mm = 78.0
|Mar rain mm = 141.8
|Apr rain mm = 203.8
|May rain mm = 74.5
|Jun rain mm = 15.3
|Jul rain mm = 10.0
|Aug rain mm = 8.2
|Sep rain mm = 7.1
|Oct rain mm = 39.5
|Nov rain mm = 52.7
|Dec rain mm = 91.2
|year rain mm = 822.5
| unit rain days = 1.0 mm
| Jan rain days = 6.5
| Feb rain days = 5.8
| Mar rain days = 11.9
| Apr rain days = 18.0
| May rain days = 10.8
| Jun rain days = 2.9
| Jul rain days = 2.1
| Aug rain days = 2.0
| Sep rain days = 1.5
| Oct rain days = 4.3
| Nov rain days = 5.8
| Dec rain days = 7.2
| year rain days = 78.8
|source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230916154403/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Tanzania/CSV/MOROGORO_63866.csv
| archive-date = 16 September 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Tanzania/CSV/MOROGORO_63866.csv
| title = Morogoro Climate Normals 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 16 September 2023}}</ref>
|date=November 2011
}}

==Education==
Morogoro is home to several notable universities and colleges, including [[Sokoine University of Agriculture]] (SUA), [[Muslim University of Morogoro]], St. Joseph University College, and [[Jordan University College]]. [[Mzumbe University]] is located approximately 26 kilometers south of the town along the [[Iringa]] Highway. The municipality also houses renowned institutions such as Ardhi Institute Morogoro, Morogoro Teachers College, and LITI (Livestock Training Institute).

Morogoro boasts several notable secondary schools, including Kilakala Girls High School, one of the oldest in the country and previously known as Marian College. The region is also home to Morogoro Secondary School, formerly Aga Khan Secondary School, Forest Hill Secondary, Jabal Hira Muslim Secondary, Kigurunyembe Secondary, Lutheran Junior Seminary, St. Francis de Sales Seminary, Kimamba Secondary, Sua Secondary, Ifakara Secondary, St. Peter's Seminary, Lupanga Practising Secondary School (a recently established institution near Kigurunyembe Teacher's College), and Kola Hill Secondary School. Additionally, Morogoro is host to the Morogoro International School, an English-language institution established in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mis.co.tz/about-mis/school-history/|title=School History | Morogoro International School}}</ref>

==Transport==
In Morogoro, transportation options include public transport buses called dala dalas, which cater to commuting needs within the town and nearby areas. The fares for these buses usually range from Tsh. 500 to 700 for trips within the town to nearby locations. For quicker travel within the town, motorcycles, known as ''[[boda boda]]s'', and three-wheeled vehicles called [[Bajaj Pulsar|Bajajs]] are popular choices. The fares for these modes of transportation vary based on the distance traveled.

==Sports and culture==

In the [[Tanzanian Premier League]], Morogoro is represented by the football club [[Mtibwa Sugar F.C.]] The city is also known for its musical heritage. Salim Abdullah, the founder of the Cuban Marimba Band, hails from Morogoro, and the [[Morogoro Jazz Band]] was established in 1944.<ref name="Askew">{{cite book|last=Askew|first=Kelly Michelle|title=Performing the nation: Swahili music and cultural politics in Tanzania|publisher=University Of Chicago Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-226-02981-8|page=92}}</ref> During the mid-1960s to the 1970s, Morogoro was home to Mbaraka Mwinshehe, a highly influential musician known for his skills as a lead guitarist and singer-songwriter in Tanzania.<ref name="Askew" /> Additionally, the Amani Center in Morogoro provides support to over 3,400 disabled individuals in the surrounding villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amani Home |url=http://amanicentremorogoro.weebly.com/ |website=Amani Centre Morogoro}}</ref>

==Sister cities==

The city of [[Milwaukee]], in the state of [[Wisconsin]], United States, has a sister city relationship with Morogoro, as designated by [[Sister Cities International]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://city.milwaukee.gov/commoncouncil/sistercities|title=Milwaukee's Sister Cities|website=city.milwaukee.gov}}</ref> Additionally, Morogoro is twinned with [[Linköping]] in Sweden and [[Vaasa]] in Finland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vaasa-Finland|title=Vaasa twin Cities|website=britannica.com}}</ref>

== Fuel tanker explosion ==
On August 10, 2019, Morogoro experienced a devastating incident when [[Morogoro tanker explosion|a fuel tanker exploded]] in the town. The explosion led to the loss of 100 lives and caused injuries to at least 47 others. This event stands as one of the most significant disasters of its nature to occur in Tanzania.<ref name="Citizen_21aug">{{cite news |title=Death toll of Morogoro fuel tanker fire hits 100 |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/death-toll-of-morogoro-fuel-tanker-fire-hits-100-2689940 |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)]] |publisher=[[The Citizen (Tanzania)]] |date=21 August 2019 |location=[[Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NTV_21aug">{{cite news |title=Toll from Tanzania truck blast reaches 100 |url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/international/toll-from-tanzania-truck-blast-reaches-100-2414662 |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=[[NTV Uganda]] |publisher=[[NTV Uganda]] |date=21 August 2019 |location=[[Kampala, Uganda]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable People==
*[[Salum Machaku]] (born 1990), footballer

==Gallery==

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Uluguru Mountain.JPG|The Uluguru Mountains in the background of Morogoro city
File:Waterfalls in Morogoro.jpg|Waterfalls in Morogoro
File:Mt Uluguru and Sisal plantations.jpg|[[Sisal]] plantations in the outskirts of Morogoro ([[Uluguru Mountains]] in the background)
File:Aerial view of Morogoro town.jpg|Aerial view
File:Jamhuri Stadium, Morogoro.jpg|The [[Jamhuri Stadium (Morogoro)|Jamhuri Stadium]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Morogoro}}
{{Commons category-inline|Morogoro}}
{{Cities in Tanzania}}
{{Morogoro}}
{{Districts of Morogoro}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Morogoro| ]]
[[Category:Regional capitals in Tanzania]]
[[Category:Populated places in Morogoro Region]]

Dabola

2025-01-02T06:13:59Z

208.53.253.11: /* Notable people */

{{Infobox settlement


|name = Dabola
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Town and [[Sub-prefectures of Guinea|sub-prefecture]]
|motto =

|image_skyline = Guinea Dabola village.jpg
|imagesize = 300px
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
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|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = Guinea 
|pushpin_mapsize =300
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Guinea

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{GIN}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Guinea|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Faranah Region]]
|subdivision_type2 = Prefecture
|subdivision_name2 =[[Dabola Prefecture]]
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =

|government_footnotes =
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|population_as_of = 2014 census
|population_footnotes =
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|population_total = 38617
|population_density_km2 = auto
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'''Dabola''' ([[N'Ko script|N’ko]]: ߘߊߓߏߟߊ߫) is a town in central [[Guinea]]. As of 2014 it had a population of 38,617 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/guinea.aspx |title=Guinea |publisher=Institut National de la Statistique, Guinea, accessed via Geohive |accessdate=27 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124030052/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/guinea.aspx |archivedate=24 November 2015 }}</ref>
It grew around the [[railway line]] from [[Conakry]] to [[Kankan]] and is known for the [[Tinkisso Falls]] and for its important [[dam]].

==Transport==
While the main line is [[metre gauge]], the branch to [[Tougué]] is [[standard gauge]].<ref>[http://www.freebase.com/view/en/guinea?pid=%2Flocation%2Flocation%2Fcontains Guinea : Freebase – The World's Database]</ref>

==Mining==
Development of iron ore deposits was proposed in 1994. This would require upgrading of the understrength line from the port of [[Conakry]] or a new heavy duty line to a new port at [[Matakan]].<ref>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2004/gvmyb04.pdf International Minerals Statistics and Information] USGS</ref> There are also deposits of bauxite.

==Notable people==
*[[Djely Karifa]]
*[[Moustapha Diané]]

==See also==
* [[Transport in Guinea]]
* [[Railway stations in Guinea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dabola Prefecture}}
{{coord|10|45|00|N| 11|07|00|W|region:GN_type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Sub-prefectures of the Faranah Region]]

Devil Amongst People

2025-01-02T06:13:05Z

208.53.253.11:

{{Short description|1991 novel by Arkadiy Natanovitsj Stroegatskiy}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{expand Russian|topic=cult|date=July 2024}}

}}
{{italic title}}

'''''Devil Amongst People''''' (''Дьявол среди людей'') is a 1991 Russian [[science fiction]] novel written by [[Arkady and Boris Strugatsky|Boris Strugatsky]] alone and published under the shared [[pseudonym]] [[Arkady and Boris Strugatsky|S. Yaroslavtsev]] after his brother and co-writer died.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-04 |title=Boris Strugatsky |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/boris-strugatsky-8wwdk7d67b6 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=[[The Times]]}}</ref> It is about "the time which created monsters".

The hero of the novel, Kim Voloshin, has passed through all horrors of the Soviet time (lost his family during the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|war]], suffered in the [[gulag]], was a [[Liquidator (Chernobyl)|liquidator]] of the [[Chernobyl disaster]]) and gained a supernatural ability to kill anyone who tried to hurt him.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1991 Russian novels]]
[[Category:1991 science fiction novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky]]

{{1990s-sf-novel-stub}}

Rumilly, Haute-Savoie

2025-01-02T06:10:03Z

208.53.253.11:

{{Infobox French commune
|name = Rumilly
|commune status = [[Communes of France|Commune]]
|image = Pont-Neuf de Rumilly, sur le Chéran.JPG
|caption = The ''Pont-Neuf'' bridge crossing the ''Chéran'' river
|image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Rumilly (Haute-Savoie).svg
|arrondissement = Annecy
|canton = Rumilly
|intercommunality = Rumilly Terre de Savoie
|INSEE = 74225
|postal code = 74150
|mayor = Christian Dulac<ref name=mayor>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=30 November 2023|language=fr}}</ref>
|term = 2023–2026
|coordinates = {{coord|45.8758|5.9447|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation min m = 312
|elevation max m = 589
|area km2 = 16.89
|population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
|demonym = Rumilliens / Rumilliennes
|website =
}}

'''Rumilly''' ({{IPA|fr|ʁymiji}}) is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Haute-Savoie]] [[Departments of France|department]] in the [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]] [[Regions of France|region]] in south-eastern [[France]]. In 2020, the [[Communes of France|commune]] had a population of 15,944.<ref name=pophist/>

==Geography==
The [[Chéran]] forms part of the commune's eastern border, crosses the village, flows north-northwestward through the northern part of the commune, then flows into the [[Fier (river)|Fier]], which forms part of its northern border. Rumilly forms an [[urban unit]] with the adjacent, smaller commune [[Sales, Haute-Savoie|Sales]].<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/unite-urbaine-2020/74302-rumilly Unité urbaine 2020 de Rumilly (74302)], INSEE</ref>

=== Climate ===

Rumilly has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfb'') in spite of its relatively far inland position. Influenced by its elevation, summers are rather moderate on average, although they can be highly variable with extreme heat spikes. Winters see occasional freezing temperatures, but most often stays in the single-digits during daytime with frequent cold rain. [[Air frost]]s are normal during the night and snowfall is not uncommon.

==Population==
{{Historical populations
|source = INSEE<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7633058?geo=COM-74225#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE</ref>
|percentages = pagr
|align = none
|graph-pos = right
|1968 |6420
|1975 |7379
|1982 |8863
|1990 |9991
|1999 |11230
|2009 |13197
|2014 |14836
|2020 |15944
}}

==Politics==
Christian Dulac is the current mayor of Rumilly, elected in 2023.<ref name=mayor/>

==History==

The communes' football club [[GFA Rumilly-Vallières|Rumilly-Vallières]] made it to the semi-finals of the [[2020–21 Coupe de France]] for the first time in their history after beating [[Toulouse FC|Toulouse]] 2-0, whilst playing in the [[Championnat National 2]], the fourth tier of the [[French football league system]]. The victory was described as the "greatest feat" in Rumilly-Vallières's history by ''[[L'Équipe]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2021|title=Rumilly Vallières sort Toulouse de la Coupe de France|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Rumilly-vallieres-sort-toulouse-de-la-coupe-de-france/1244585|access-date=20 April 2021|website=[[L'Équipe]]|language=fr}}</ref> They exited the competition after a 5-1 defeat to [[Ligue 1]] side [[AS Monaco FC|Monaco]].

==Twinning==
Rumilly is twinned with [[Michelstadt]], [[Germany]] and [[Maglie]], Italy

*[[Communes of the Haute-Savoie department]]
* [[Football Club Sportif Rumilly]]

==Notable People==
*[[François Descostes]] (1846-1908) - writer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Rumilly (Haute-Savoie)|Rumilly, Haute-Savoie}}
{{Haute-Savoie communes}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Communes of Haute-Savoie]]

{{HauteSavoie-geo-stub}}

Raalte

2024-12-30T09:18:21Z

208.53.253.11: /* Notable people */

{{for|the Dutch surname|Van Raalte}}

{{Infobox settlement

| name = Raalte
| settlement_type = [[List of municipalities of the Netherlands|Municipality]]
| image_skyline = Raalte, de basiliek van de Heilige Kruisverheffing RM32265 IMG 1319 2022-05-08 15.43.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Basilica van de Heilige Kruisverheffing in Raalte.
| image_flag = Raalte vlag.svg
| flag_size = 100x67px
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Raalte.svg
| shield_size = 100x80px
| shield_alt = 
| image_map = Map - NL - Municipality code 0177 (2009).svg
| map_alt = Highlighted position of Raalte in a municipal map of Overijssel
| map_caption = Location in Overijssel
| coordinates = {{coord|52|23|N|6|16|E|region:NL|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of the Netherlands|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Overijssel]]
| government_footnotes = <ref name="mayor_now">{{cite web
|url = http://www.raalte.nl/bestuur-organisatie/samenstelling-b-en-w_41229/
|title = Samenstelling B en W
|trans-title = Members of the board of mayor and aldermen
|language = nl
|publisher = Gemeente Raalte
|access-date = 31 March 2014
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140727181033/http://www.raalte.nl/bestuur-organisatie/samenstelling-b-en-w_41229/
|archive-date = 27 July 2014
}}</ref>
| governing_body = [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|Municipal council]]
| leader_party = [[GreenLeft]]
| leader_title = [[Burgemeester|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Martijn Dadema]]
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality total area|dataref}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = {{Dutch municipality total area|Raalte}}
| area_land_km2 = {{Dutch municipality land area|Raalte}}
| area_water_km2 = {{Dutch municipality water area|Raalte}}
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="AHN">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool
|title = Postcodetool for 8101AC
|language = nl
|author = 
|work = Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland
|publisher = Het Waterschapshuis
|access-date = 31 March 2014}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 5
| elevation_max_footnotes = 
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_min_footnotes = 
| elevation_min_m = 
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality population|dataref}}</ref>
| population_total = {{Dutch municipality population|Raalte}}
| population_as_of = {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population|popbasemonth}}}} {{Dutch municipality population|popbaseyear}}
| population_density_km2 = {{Dutch municipality population density|Raalte}} 
| population_demonym = Raaltenaar, Raalter
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in the Netherlands|Postcode]]
| postal_code = 8055, 8100–8119, 8140–8144
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the Netherlands|Area code]]
| area_code = 0572
| website = {{URL|1=http://www.raalte.nl}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Gem-Raalte-OpenTopo.jpg|275px|thumb|''Dutch Topographic map of Raalte, June 2015'']]
'''Raalte''' ({{IPA|nl|ˈraːltə|-|Nl-Raalte.oga}}) is a [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]] and a [[town]] in the heart of the region of [[Salland]] in the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Provinces of the Netherlands|province]] of [[Overijssel]].

==Population centres==

The municipality consists of the following towns and villages. Raalte is the main place of the municipality, with over 20,000 mostly Roman Catholic inhabitants. It is a regional market, education and shopping centre.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Number of inhabitants per town, 1 January 2017'''
|-
!Town
!Number of inhabitants
|-8
|Raalte
|ALIGN="right"|19,248
|-
|[[Heino (Netherlands)|Heino]]
|ALIGN="right"|6,993
|-
|[[Heeten]]
|ALIGN="right"|3,618
|-
|[[Luttenberg]]
|ALIGN="right"|2,213
|-
|[[Broekland]]
|ALIGN="right"|1,181
|-
|[[Nieuw-Heeten]]
|ALIGN="right"|1,157
|-
|[[Mariënheem]]
|ALIGN="right"|1,469
|-
|[[Laag Zuthem]]
|ALIGN="right"|598
|-
|[[Lierderholthuis]]
|ALIGN="right"|429
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
|colspan="2"|''Source: Municipality of Raalte''
|}

==Transport==
[[Raalte railway station]] and [[Heino railway station]]s are located along the minor railroad [[Zwolle]] – [[Enschede]]. Frequency: mostly twice per hour.

There also is a bus-line running from the Raalte railway station called the buurtbus, along the lines: 516 Raalte - Heeten - Olst, 518 Raalte - Lemelerveld. It runs Monday to Friday, at mostly once per hour(Line 516 runs twice per hour).

An important road for motorists is the N348 [[Deventer]] – Wesepe (mun. [[Olst-Wijhe]] – Raalte – Lemelerveld – [[Ommen]] ( in northeasterly direction from Deventer). In Raalte it crosses a road (N35) from [[Zwolle]] going south-east over Heino, Raalte, Mariënheem and [[Nijverdal]] to [[Wierden]], where it continues as a highway (A35) to [[Almelo]] and [[Enschede]].

==Economy==
Raalte has a lot of small industrial enterprises, many of them processing agricultural products. For the local economy, trade, agriculture (especially breeding cattle) and tourism are more important.

==Sights and events==
* In Raalte there are two major festivals every year: Stöppelhaene and Ribs & Blues. Stöppelhaene is a Harvest Festival that has been celebrated in the last weekend (Wednesday through Sunday) of August since 1951. The highlight is the Harvest Parade on Thursday. Ribs & Blues is a music festival including blues music that has been held on the Whitsun weekend since '97.
* Luttenberg is known for its [[motorcycle]] races every summer.
* Luttenberg is also known for its Lourdes Cave, an artificial cave with a statue of the Virgin Mary of Lourdes, situated at the centre of the village opposing the parish church.
* South-west of Heino, just across the railroad and the border to the municipality [[Olst-Wijhe]], stands the castle Nijenhuis. It hosts an important art museum ( [[Constant Permeke]], [[Van Gogh]] et al.). Around the castle is a [[sculpture garden]] ([[Ossip Zadkine]] et al.).
* Near Luttenberg there is a small hill (Luttenberg) covered with heath and forest, where nice walks can be made.
* The Roman Catholic basilica "Kruisverheffing" (Exaltation of the [[Christian cross|Holy Cross]]) in Raalte. This [[Neo-Gothic]] church, designed by [[Alfred Tepe]], was built in 1892. During "Stöppelhaene" there is an exposition of mosaics made out of seeds, representing religious themes. The festival starts and ends with special [[Holy Mass]]es in this church.
* The small "Plaskerk", the oldest building in the centre of Raalte, is a Protestant church. A typical example of Dutch religious tolerance was the fact, that the Protestants were allowed to hold their Sunday services in the big Roman Catholic church, as the Plaskerk was restored in 2006.
* Once a year there is a blues festival called "Ribs & Blues". The festival is held close to Ascension Day. Some bands and artists that have played during this festival over the last few years include: [[The Beach Boys]], [[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]], and [[Candy Dulfer]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Muelter|first=Wolfgang|date=3 June 2017|title=The Beach Boys 2017|url=http://bluesology.eu/2017/06/03/the-beach-boys-2017/|access-date=18 September 2020|website=Wolfgang Muelter Concert Photography}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Status Quo at Ribs and Blues Festival|url=https://www.bandsintown.com/e/1006681535-status-quo-at-ribs-and-blues-festival|access-date=18 September 2020|website=bandsintown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bakker|first=Jeroen|date=27 May 2015|title=Verslag: Ribs & Blues 2015 – Raalte, 24 en 25 Mei 2015|work=Blues Magazine|url=https://www.bluesmagazine.nl/verslag-ribs-blues-2015-raalte-24-en-25-mei-2015/|access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Petronella van Woensel]] (1785 in Raalte – 1839) a Dutch painter and a graphic artist
* [[Albert Jan Maat]] (born 1953 in Heino) a Dutch politician and [[Member of the European Parliament]]
* [[Stijn Jaspers]] (1961 in Raalte – 1984) a Dutch runner, competed at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Harry van Bommel]] (born 1962 in Helmond) a Dutch politician, anti-globalisation activist and former educator
* [[Jan Smeekens]] (born 1987 in Raalte) a Dutch speed skater, silver medallist at the [[2014 Winter Olympics]]
* [[Nico van der Vegt]] (born 1970), chemist and professor

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Raalte, de basiliek van de Heilige Kruisverheffing RM32265 IMG 1319 2022-05-08 15.43.jpg|Raalte, church: Heilige Kruisverheffingskerk
File:Raalte, ophaalbrug foto7 2012-09-09 14.15.jpg|Raalte, drawing bridge
File:Heino, de Nederlands Hervormde Zaalkerk RM513199 foto7 2012-09-09 15.21.jpg|Heino, reformed church:de Zaalkerk
File:Heeten, kerk de Onze Lieve Vrouwe Onbevlekt Ontvangen RM32277 2012-09-09 13.17.jpg|Heeten, church: kerk de Onze Lieve Vrouwe Onbevlekt Ontvangen
File:Nieuw Heeten, parochiekerk Sint Joseph foto1 2012-09-09 12.47.jpg|Nieuw Heeten, church: parochiekerk Sint Joseph
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.raalte.nl Official website]
*[http://www.vvvraalte.nl Tourist Office in Raalte]

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Raalte
| North = [[Dalfsen]]
| Northeast = [[Ommen]]
| East = [[Hellendoorn]]
| Southeast = [[Rijssen-Holten]]
| South = [[Deventer]]
| West = [[Olst-Wijhe]]
| Northwest = [[Zwolle]]
}}
{{Overijssel Province}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Raalte| ]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Overijssel]]
[[Category:Populated places in Overijssel]]
[[Category:Salland]]

Bindura

2024-12-30T06:02:46Z

208.53.253.11: /* Notable people */

{{Infobox settlement



|name = Bindura
|official_name =
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = City
|total_type = 
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
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|image_shield = Bindura.jpg
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|pushpin_map = Zimbabwe 
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =200

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Zimbabwe]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zimbabwe|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Mashonaland Central]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Zimbabwe|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Bindura District]]

|seat_type =
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|government_footnotes =
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|established_title = Established
|established_date = 1901

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|elevation_footnotes = 
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|population_as_of = 2022 census
|population_footnotes = <ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/zimbabwe/cities/ Citypopulation.de] Population of cities & urban localities in Zimbabwe</ref>
|population_note =
|population_total = 50400
|population_density_km2 =auto
|population_density_sq_mi =

|timezone=[[Central Africa Time|CAT]]
|utc_offset=+2
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|coordinates = {{coord|17|18|S|31|20|E|region:ZW|display=inline,title}}

|postal_code_type = 
|postal_code =
|area_code = +26366210
|blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
|blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Savanna]]
|website = http://bindurardc.co.zw/
|footnotes =
}}

'''Bindura''' is a city in the province of [[Mashonaland Central]] province, [[Zimbabwe]]. It is located in the [[Mazowe Valley]] about 88 km north-east of [[Harare]]. According to the 1982 Population Census, the city had a population of 18,243. This rose to 21,167 in the 1992 census and in the 2012 census it had reached 46,275. It is the administrative capital of the province. [[Bindura Nickel Corporation|Bindura Nickel]], now called Trojan Nickel Mine, a subsidiary of [[Mwana Africa plc]], mines [[nickel]], [[copper]] and [[cobalt]] in the area and operates a [[smelter]] refinery just south of the town. [[Cotton]] and [[maize]] are grown intensely in the region. The first basic school in Bindura opened in 1912.

The perennial [[Mazowe River]] flows around Bindura and through its north-eastern perimeter.

Bindura was originally named Kimberley Reefs after the [[gold]] mine which was opened in 1901, and changed to Bindura in 1913 when the [[railway]] arrived. Bindura is probably an Anglicised version of the Shona phrase, ''pindura mhuka'', meaning "turn the game".{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}

==Notable people==
* [[Freeman HKD]] (b. 1988), singer-songwriter
* [[Mai Chisamba]] (b. 1952), businesswoman and talk show host
*[[George Kahari]] (1930-2021), diplomat and educator
* [[Mark McNulty]] (b. 1953), professional golfer
* [[Vernon van Oudtshoorn]] (b. 1976), professional cricketer

==References==
{{more citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Geography of Zimbabwe}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bindura}}
[[Category:Bindura| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mashonaland Central Province]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals in Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in the British Empire]]

University of the Andes (Colombia)

2024-12-30T05:59:15Z

208.53.253.11: /* Notable alumni */

{{Short description|Colombian university}}
{{About|the university in Colombia|similarly named universities|Universidad de los Andes (disambiguation){{!}}Universidad de los Andes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of the Andes
| native_name = Universidad de los Andes
| image_name = University of Los Andes logo.svg
| image_size = 162px
| image_alt = A black cypress tree over a yellow background
| caption = <ref name="Manual de Identidad Visual">{{cite web|url=http://www.uniandes.edu.co/images/stories/Descargables/manual_id_baja_julio2009.pdf|title=Manual de Identidad Visual|publisher=Communications Office of Los Andes University|access-date=December 11, 2012|language=es|trans-title=Visual Identity Manual|quote=El símbolo de la Universidad de los Andes es el escudo. (The symbol of Los Andes University is the Shield).|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024145714/http://uniandes.edu.co/images/stories/Descargables/manual_id_baja_julio2009.pdf|archive-date=2012-10-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and years ago|1948|11|16|df=yes}}<ref name="Main Page History">{{cite web|url=http://www.uniandes.edu.co/historia|title=Historia - Información General|publisher=Los Andes University|access-date=December 11, 2012|language=es|trans-title=History - General Information|archive-date=January 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115112055/http://uniandes.edu.co/historia|url-status=live}}</ref>
| closed =
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector = Raquel Bernal Salazar
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = 1,457a
| administrative_staff = 2,416<ref name="Boletin estadistico 2011">{{cite web|url=https://planeacion.uniandes.edu.co/images/BoletinEstadistico/ComplementoEstadistico/Suplemento_estadistico_2020|title=Boletín Estadístico 2020 Universidad de los Andes, 1,910 (2011)|publisher=Office of Planning and Evaluation of Los Andes University|access-date=December 11, 2012|language=es|trans-title=2020 Statistical Bulletin, Los Andes University|format=PDF}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| students = 24,653b
| undergrad = 14,337<ref name="Boletin estadistico 2011"/>
| postgrad = 2,515<ref name="Boletin estadistico 2011"/>
| doctoral = 276<ref name="Boletin estadistico 2011"/>
| other = 1,688 ([[Academic specialization|Specialization]])<ref name="Boletin estadistico 2011"/> 7,677 ([[Continuing education]])<ref name="Boletin estadistico 2011"/>
| city = [[Bogotá]]
| state =
| province =
| country = [[Colombia]]
| coor = {{Coord|4.601613|-74.065173|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = {{unbulleted list|[[Urban area|Urban]]|{{convert|24|acre|ha|1|order=flip|abbr=on}}}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://campusinfo.uniandes.edu.co/en/factsandfigures/5|title=Areas|publisher=Los Andes University|access-date=December 11, 2012|archive-date=July 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726223617/http://campusinfo.uniandes.edu.co/en/factsandfigures/5|url-status=live}}</ref>
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours = Black and Yellow {{color box|black}}{{color box|yellow}}
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = ''Uniandes''
| mascot = Séneca the Goat
| affiliations = [[Universia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://universidades.universia.net.co/universidades-de-pais/universidades-socias/|title=Universidades|publisher=Universia|access-date=December 11, 2012|language=es|trans-title=Universities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513113030/http://universidades.universia.net.co/universidades-de-pais/universidades-socias/|archive-date=2013-05-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Asociación Colombiana de Universidades]]
| website = {{URL|www.uniandes.edu.co}}
| logo =
| footnotes = a This is a total of 581 [[Full-time equivalent|FTE]] professors, 105 [[Faculty development|faculty developing]] teachers, and 771 [[tenure]]d professors.<ref name="Boletin estadistico 2011"/>
}}
The '''University of the Andes''' ({{langx|es|Universidad de los Andes}}), also commonly self-styled as '''Uniandes''',<ref name="Manual de Identidad Visual"/> is a private [[research university]] located in the city centre of [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]]. Founded in 1948 by a group of Colombian intellectuals led by [[Mario Laserna Pinzón]], it was the first [[List of universities in Colombia|Colombian university]] established as [[nonsectarian]] (independent from any political party or religious institution).<ref name="Main Page History"/><ref name="Current Statutes">{{cite web|url=http://secretariageneral.uniandes.edu.co/images/documents/Estatutos_Vigentes_2011.pdf|title=Estatutos Vigentes 2011|publisher=General Secretariat of Los Andes University|access-date=December 12, 2012|language=es|trans-title=Current Statutes 2011|archive-date=October 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024032742/http://secretariageneral.uniandes.edu.co/images/documents/Estatutos_Vigentes_2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The university is academically composed of nine schools, three special academic entities<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.uniandes.edu.co/images/stories/Descargables/organigrama.pdf|title=Organigrama|publisher=Los Andes University|access-date=December 12, 2012|language=es|trans-title=Organizational Structure}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>—the [[Alberto Lleras Camargo]] School of Government, the Center for Research and Training in Education ({{langx|es|Centro de Investigación y Formación en Educación}}, CIFE), and the Interdisciplinary Center for Development Studies ({{langx|es|Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Desarrollo}}, CIDER)—and a joint academic venture with the medical institution Santa Fe de Bogotá Foundation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsfb.org.co/node/241|title=Pregrado - Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá|publisher=Los Andes University|access-date=December 12, 2012|language=es|trans-title=Undergraduate Program - Santa Fe de Bogotá Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220006/http://www.fsfb.org.co/node/241|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> offering 31 undergraduate, 18 doctoral, and 38 graduate degree-granting programs<ref name="Boletin estadistico 2011"/> in areas of human knowledge such as [[medicine]], [[engineering]], [[science]], [[law]] and others.<ref name="Current Statutes"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniandes.edu.co/programas|title=Programas|publisher=Los Andes University|access-date=December 12, 2012|language=es|trans-title=Programs|archive-date=September 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920015451/http://uniandes.edu.co/programas|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2011, the university had produced 128 research groups recognized by [[Colciencias]], most of them in the [[social sciences]], [[mathematics]], [[physics]] and [[engineering]].<ref name="Boletin estadistico 2011"/> By 2017, the number of groups recognized by Colciencias has increased to 153 research groups. It is one of the few Colombian universities to have received the maximum high quality institutional accreditation by the [[Ministry of National Education (Colombia)|Colombian Ministry of Education]], given in January 2015.<ref name="ACCREDIT">{{cite web |url=http://www.cna.gov.co/cont/acr_alt_cal/acr_ins/acr_ins_alt_cal.htm |title=Instituciones de Educación Superior Acreditadas - Consejo Nacional de Acreditación |access-date=2009-02-26 |language=es |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040909080848/http://www.cna.gov.co/cont/acr_alt_cal/acr_ins/acr_ins_alt_cal.htm |archive-date = September 9, 2004}}</ref>

==History==
===Historical context===
In 1930, the Colombian presidential elections resulted in the appointment of Liberal party candidate [[Enrique Olaya Herrera]] to an office that had been, since 1880, under Conservative control.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/colhoy/colo5.htm|title=La República conservadora. (La situación colombiana hacia 1880, La guerra, la paz y las constituciones, La expansión de la económica cafetera, La danza de los millones y el fin del régimen conservador, lecturas adicionales) {{!}} banrepcultural.org|last=Orlando|first=Melo González, Jorge|website=www.banrepcultural.org|language=es|access-date=2017-09-14|archive-date=2017-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220357/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/colhoy/colo5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter years of this Conservative Republic were punctuated by events such as the [[Banana massacre]], which may have been a contributing factor to the [[Colombian Conservative Party]]'s loss of the presidency.<ref name="colombia_bushnell">{{cite book|title=Colombia, una nación a pesar de sí misma|last=Bushnell|first=David|date=2007|publisher=Planeta|location=Bogotá|pages=216–315|language=es}}</ref>

[[File:LopezPumarejo.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Liberal president [[Alfonso López Pumarejo]] started the ''Revolución en Marcha'' in 1934.]]

During this new period of Liberal government, known as the [[Communism in Colombia#The Liberal Revolution (1930-45)|Liberal Republic]], the administrations of [[Alfonso López Pumarejo]] (1934-1938 and 1942–1946) implemented changes intended to modernize the country. Restructuring of higher education, in particular of the [[National University of Colombia]] in 1935, agrarian reform in 1936, and general promotion of industrialization resulted in rapid economic changes and growth.<ref name="colombia_bushnell" /> According to some estimates, around 50% of existing Colombian corporations in 1945 were founded between 1940 and 1945, promoting the accumulation of wealth and the creation of a new middle class with political interests and international aspirations.<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1">{{cite book|title=Historia de la Universidad de los Andes, v. 1. Inicios 1948-1977|last=Bell Lemus|first=Gustavo|date=2008|publisher=Ediciones Uniandes|location=Bogotá|language=es}}</ref>{{rp|30}}

However, in order to continue industrial development, there was an urgent need for skilled labor, reflected in the speech given by the [[Colombian Ministry of Education|Colombian Minister of Education]] to the [[Congress of Colombia]] in 1946:<ref name="memoria_arciniegas">{{cite book |date=1946 |title=Memoria del señor Ministro de Educación Nacional, Germán Arciniegas, al Congreso de 1946 |language=es |location=Bogotá }}</ref>
{{Quote|text=We have a lack of engineers, architects, physicians, dentists, agronomists, veterinarians, chemists and even lawyers (...) in sufficient quantities to attend to the country's needs, and the only solution lies in the enlargement of the universities... in the creation of a university for the country, that responds to what the country calls for. |author=Germán Arciniegas|source=''Memoria del señor Ministro de Educación Nacional, Germán Arciniegas, al Congreso de 1946'', [[Bogotá]], 1946}}
These words echo the suggestions made around 35 years earlier by liberal leader [[Rafael Uribe Uribe]] regarding the need for the modernization of the educational system.<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|35}} These intellectual currents were coherent with previous educational developments such as the foundation of the [[Gimnasio Moderno]] in 1914.<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|37}}{{rp|43–50}} Amid the political tension and violence caused by the loss of liberal power in the 1946 elections, social unrest, and industrial growth, leftist liberal presidential candidate [[Jorge Eliécer Gaitán]] was assassinated on April 9, 1948, in an event that shook the country and was taken by the founders as "the best argument for the foundation of the university".<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|54}}

===Foundation and early years (1949-1955)===
In November 1948, around a year after arriving back in Colombia from [[Columbia University]], accompanied by intellectuals from the elites of both traditional parties, [[Mario Laserna Pinzón]] founded the Universidad de los Andes as the first [[nonsectarian]] and non-politically affiliated university in Colombia. The main goals with the establishment of the university were to provide Colombia with professionals whose technical knowledge benefited the development of the country, which made it necessary for them to study abroad and bring this knowledge back;<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|77}} and who would become leaders of their nation in the post-war world, facilitated by founders, faculty, and staff occupying important posts in government and institutions.<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|58}} In practice, Uniandes would be modeled after the American university,<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|110}} and its students would receive not only technical but also [[liberal education]], in accordance to the need for the development of the human intellect for a practical, altruistic purpose, as per the Declaration of the Principles of the Founders.<ref name="Current Statutes" />

Classes started on 29 March, 1949, with only 80 students taking courses from a small set of faculties and schools. Of note was the ''Colegio de Estudios Superiores'', or ''college'', which was modeled on the American [[College#United States|university college]] and had the responsibilities of offering classes on Humanities, Spanish, English, Contemporary Civilization, and Colombian Geography & History. Classes belonging to distinct curricula, but not specific to each, such as mathematics for Engineering and Architecture students, were also the responsibility of the ''college''.<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|67}} By the second academic year, in 1950, there were around 400 applications for 110 places of study in Uniandes.<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|110}}

Increasing political violence in Colombia during the 1950s did not change the university's stance towards political neutrality, and the inclusion of government representatives in the Board, as well as [[Rector (academia)|rectors]] and administrative staff belonging to both Conservative and Liberal parties, ensured good relations with conservative, military, and liberal Colombian administrations.<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|83–84}}

Starting in 1950, the ''three/two'' program was established at first with the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]].<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|102}} Through it, Uniandes students were able to course 5 semesters, or three years, at home, and then transfer to an American university to complete their undergraduate program. Participating universities included [[University of Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[Vanderbilt University|Vanderbilt]], and [[University of Texas System|Texas]], among others.<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|103}} The funds for tuition expenses in the United States were initially provided by Colombian industries such as [[Avianca]] and [[:es:Acerías Paz del Río|Paz del Río Steelworks]]; American philanthropic institutions (the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]); and Colombian, Canadian, and American private individuals. To manage these assets, the university hired [[:es:ICETEX|ICETEX]], a government agency established by University founder and then-Minister of Education [[Gabriel Betancourt]], whose objective was to promote Colombian students abroad through grants and scholarships.<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|104}}

Throughout the early 1950s, diverse experiments were carried out by the University as per its aspirations to fulfill the needs of its country and become an internationally recognized institution. Some of them failed, such as the Faculty of Aeronautic Sciences, due to low student interest; the Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, which granted non-professional degrees on its subject matter; and the [[University-preparatory school|Preparatory Lyceum]] of [[Pereira, Colombia|Pereira]], intended to equip high school students of this city with the necessary tools to thrive in Uniandes.<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|112}} Important successes were attained by the Cultural Extension Section: the organization of academic conferences whose speakers included the likes of [[John von Neumann]], [[Arnold J. Toynbee]], [[Hideki Yukawa]], [[Thornton Wilder]], and others.<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|114}} The subjects and structure of these conferences would give way to the establishment of the Female Section of the university in 1953, though its programs of study did not confer professional degrees.<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|115}} Active recruitment of foreign professors from abroad and from other Colombian educational institutions, such as the [[National University of Colombia|National University]], the [[:es:Escuela Normal Superior (Colombia)|Normal Superior School]], and the [[Gimnasio Moderno]], was also an important strategy for the administrative staff in the initial years of Uniandes.<ref name="historia_uniandes_v1" />{{rp|116}}

== Administration and organization ==
The university was legally established as a common-utility nonprofit corporation in February 1948. The Colombian government granted it University status in 1964. {{As of|2022}}, the Statutes that define the university's structure were last amended and ratified in 2009.<ref name="statutes_english">{{cite web|url=https://secretariageneral.uniandes.edu.co/images/documents/Estatutos%20Uniandes.pdf|title=Universidad de los Andes Statutes|access-date=June 7, 2022|language=en|format=PDF|archive-date=December 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215172419/https://secretariageneral.uniandes.edu.co/images/documents/Estatutos%20Uniandes.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Uniandes' organs of government are the Board of Trustees, the Board of Directors, the [[Rector (academia)|Rector]] (president), one or more Vice-Rectors, a Secretary, the Academic Council, the [[Dean (education)|Deans]], the Faculty Councils, and support administrative officers.<ref name="statutes_english"/>{{rp|5}}

The Board of Trustees is the supreme organ of the university, tasked with setting its general policies, having the power to amend the Statutes. The board has 30-45 members at all times, 2 of which must be Professors, and 2 of which must be students.<ref name="statutes_english"/>{{rp|6-10}} The Board of Directors is responsible for the management and administration of the university, through reviews and approvals of the PDI (Programa de Desarrollo Integral): a 5-year development program prepared by the office of the [[Rector (academia)|Rector]].<ref name="statutes_english"/>{{rp|11}} The latter is the university's legal representative, and it is responsible for implementing the PDI, setting the budgets, and appointing Departmental, Research Center, and Administrative Unit directors.<ref name="statutes_english"/>{{rp|14}} The [[Dean (education)|Deans]] are the administrative heads of each faculty, and together with the [[Rector (academia)|Rector]], Vice-Rectors, and Directors of academic units, they comprise the Academic Council, entrusted with disciplinary and academic matters (such as modifying and terminating academic programs and units).<ref name="statutes_english"/>{{rp|16-17}}

There are 14 academic units: 10 faculties, the CIDER ({{langx|es|Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Desarrollo}}), the [[Alberto Lleras Camargo]] School of Government, Conecta-te ({{langx|es|Centro de Innovación en Tecnología y Educación de la Universidad de los Andes}}), and the dean of students. The academic units are home to 745 non-faculty staff as of 2021. There is a total of 20 Administrative Units, which accrue an additional 853 non-faculty staff.<ref name="Boletin estadistico 2011"/>{{rp|128}}

According to a [[financial audit]] performed by [[Ernst & Young|Ernst & Young Colombia]] in 2020, the value of the university's assets totaled {{Currency|1.74 trillion|COP|passthrough=yes}} {{As of|alt=by the end of the year|2020|12|post=,}}<ref name="estado_financiero_2020">{{cite web|url=https://uniandes.edu.co/sites/default/files/asset/document/5.estados_financieros_uniandes_2020.pdf|title=Estados Financieros Universidad de los Andes, año terminado el 31 de Diciembre de 2020 con Informe del Revisor Fiscal|language=es|format=PDF|accessdate=2022-06-07|archive-date=2022-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617162536/https://uniandes.edu.co/sites/default/files/asset/document/5.estados_financieros_uniandes_2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> equating to {{Currency|426.1 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} at the [[Colombian peso|COP]]/[[United States dollar|USD]] exchange rate for 31 December 2020. These amounts comprise [[cash and cash equivalents]], [[investment]]s, [[intangible asset]]s, [[Investment property|investment properties]], among others.<ref name="estado_financiero_2020"/>{{rp|4}}

=== Mission ===
The university's Statutes state:<ref name="statutes_english"/>{{rp|2}}
{{Quote
|text=Universidad de los Andes is an autonomous and independent institution that fosters pluralism, diversity, dialogue, debate, criticism, tolerance and respect for the ideas, beliefs, and values of its members.
It also seeks academic excellence, and imparts a critical and ethical formation to its students, in order to strengthen their awareness of their social and civic responsibilities, and their commitment to the analysis and solution of the problems of Colombia.
(...)
|author=Board of Trustees of the Universidad de los Andes (translated by Anthony Letts)
|source=''Universidad de los Andes Statutes''
|multiline=yes}}

== Staff ==
{{As of|2014}} Los Andes' faculty members were mainly full-time academics, of whom 70% had a PhD from a top university in the world.{{clarify|date=March 2015}}{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Los Andes has traditionally supported instructors in undertaking their master's and PhD studies in different subject areas in renowned foreign universities.

== Student population ==
{{Unsourced section|date=December 2022}}

* 55% male, 45% female
* 30% come from outside Bogotá.
* 95% of the undergraduate students were the top 1% high school students in the country.

== Academic structure ==
{{Unsourced section|date=July 2021}}
[[File:Universidad de los Andes (3326108271).jpg|thumb|Mario Laserna building of University of los Andes]]
Students can register in classes from all academic programs offered at Los Andes; this interdisciplinary approach allows students to design their own curricular program, with the assistance of academic advisors. The following scheme shows the academic structure at Uniandes, which includes four cycles: a Basic Professional Cycle (CBP, in Spanish), which refers to the basic subjects belonging to each program; a Cycle of Elective Courses in Socio-humanistic issues (CSH, in Spanish), common to all programs and that offers about 180 courses; a Professional Cycle (CP, in Spanish), which includes the main professional subject for each program; and a Professional Complementary Cycle (CPC), which includes subjects from the specific program and subjects from other programs.

== International students ==
{{Unsourced section|date=July 2021}}
International students can attend the university as visiting students, who must be enrolled in at least three courses per semester, or exchange students, who can take between two and six courses per semester. Los Andes has academic exchange programs with more than 119 universities in 34 countries worldwide.

== Campus ==
[[File:Uniandes Campus.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Campus of University of Los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia, taken from neighboring buildings of CityU, in January, 2017]]

{{unsourced section|date=June 2022}}

Uniandes started academic activities in terrains rented from the [[Community of the Good Shepherd]], a religious institution, and would continue to do so for around five years before buying the first plots of land, with a size of approximately 0.025 square kilometers. Included in the purchase were several buildings that were used by the religious community, such as a [[convent]] and a prison for women. Due to the low university population, the existing buildings were mostly restored and conditioned to provide adequate facilities for academic activities.

The campus is largely made up of a mixture of renovated industrial and religious buildings and newly constructed facilities. The infrastructure covers 180,551 sq mt and includes approximately 116 classrooms, 219 laboratories, a central library, and five satellite libraries (specialized by areas), where more than 445,000 books are available for students. It also has 26 computer rooms and six service units that hire out laptops, offering nearly 2,000 computers for student use (16.5 computers for each 100 students). As of 2017, there are 3,019 computers available for student use in the computer rooms.

In 1956 a metallic cylindrical structure now known as ''La Caneca ''(the Trash Bin) was installed on campus. ''La Caneca '' is the sports center of the university and it is composed of a gym, a pool, and various courts for sports like tennis, squash, and football.

The university's campus is in Bogota's historical center, an area that houses most of the city's buildings of cultural interest, universities, banks, and large Colombian companies; the main offices of the national and local government; and a variety of cultural meeting places, such as libraries, museums, theatres, scientific and literary centers, and art galleries.

Also on campus are:
* Central cafeteria and many other food stations inside and outside the campus
* Gym and sports facilities
* Health services
* Rest and study areas

In addition to the main campus, the university also has an Internships Center for the Medicine Faculty, located at the Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, in the northern part of the city. Uniandes and Fundación Santa Fe—one of the most renowned medical institutions in the country—engage in a joint academic venture.

== Rankings ==

{{Infobox university rankings
| ARWU_W =
| THE_W = 261 | THE_W_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/world-ranking|title=World University Rankings|date=August 18, 2017|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|access-date=October 5, 2017|archive-date=September 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905171324/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/world-ranking|url-status=live}}</ref>
| QS_W = 198 | QS_W_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020|title=World University Rankings 2020|website=Top Universities|access-date=2019-07-05|archive-date=2019-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619052537/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ARWU_Latam =
| THE_Latam = 5 | THE_Latam_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/latin-america-university-rankings|title=Latin America Rankings|date=June 13, 2016|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|access-date=August 2, 2016|archive-date=July 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708132445/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/latin-america-university-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>
| QS_Latam = 5 | QS_Latam_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search=|title=World University Rankings 2020|access-date=2019-07-05|archive-date=2011-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005173706/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search=|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

== Mascot ==
The mascot of Uniandes is a goat called Seneca, after Lucius Annaeus Seneca, the [[Seneca the Younger|Roman Stoic philosopher]]. Its story dates back to the late 1940s when a goat roamed the campus freely. Students adopted it, and it soon became a symbol of the university. The goat died in 1966 when it fell off a cliff. Today it is not possible to keep a goat on campus, but Seneca is fondly remembered. The wireless spots are named after the goat, and every year a goat is brought to the university to celebrate "Students' Day."

== Notable alumni ==
* [[César Gaviria]] – [[President of Colombia]] (1990–1994).
* [[María Ángela Holguín]] – [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)]].
* [[Fernando Botero Zea]] – [[Ministry of National Defense (Colombia)]].
* [[Gabriel Silva Luján]] – [[Ministry of National Defense (Colombia)]].
* [[Rafael Pardo Rueda]] – [[Ministry of National Defense (Colombia)]].
* [[Alejandro Gaviria]] – [[Rector (academia)|Rector]] and [[Ministry of National Education (Colombia)]].
* [[Mauricio Cárdenas Santamaría]] – [[Ministry of Finance and Public Credit]].
* [[Luis Caballero (painter)|Luis Caballero]] – Colombian painter
* [[Fidel Cano Correa]] – [[CEO]] [[El Espectador]]
* [[Helena Groot]] – professor, microbiologist, geneticist
* [[Ana Maria Rey]] – Colombian theoretical physicist.
* [[Gabriela Tafur]] – [[Miss Colombia]] (2018)
* [[Paola Turbay]] – [[Miss Colombia]] (1992)
* [[Jorge Luis Vaca Forero]] - artist
* [[Simón Vélez]] – architect known for his use of bamboo as a building component

== See also ==
* [[List of Muisca research institutes]]
* [[Excellence research center (Colombia)|Excellence research centers in Colombia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.uniandes.edu.co/ Universidad de los Andes website]

{{Universities in Colombia}}
{{Internet in Colombia}}
{{Muisca navbox|Research}}
{{Triple accreditation}}
{{Santander Network}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:University Of Los Andes, Colombia}}
[[Category:University of Los Andes (Colombia)| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1948]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Colombia]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bogotá]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in Colombia]]

Jan Hellriegel

2024-12-25T09:13:22Z

208.53.253.11: /* Albums */

{{more footnotes|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Jan Hellriegel
| image = Jan Show 2.jpg
| alt = Jan Hellriegel performing at a concert
| caption = Jan Hellriegel, live at [[St James Theatre, Wellington]]
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Janette Hellriegel
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Waitakere, Auckland, New Zealand
| origin = Auckland, New Zealand
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = Pop/rock
| occupation = Singer-songwriter
| instrument = [[Singing|Vocals]], [[guitar]], [[piano]]
| years_active = 1985–present
| label = Warner Music, Blind Date Records
| associated_acts = Cassandra's Ears
| website = [http://www.janhellriegel.com Jan Hellriegel]
}}

'''Jan Hellriegel''' is a singer/songwriter based in [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]].

Her first recorded appearances were with [[Dunedin]] band [[Working With Walt]] in the mid-1980s when she studied at the [[University of Otago]] in Dunedin. She then formed all-woman band Cassandra's Ears, moving back to Auckland and going solo in the early 90s.

Hellriegel has released four solo studio albums, ''It's My Sin'' 1992, ''Tremble'' 1995, ''All Grown Up'' 2009, and ''Sportsman of the Year'' in 2019.

==History==

===Early===
Hellriegel was born and raised in [[West Auckland, New Zealand|West Auckland]] with her three brothers and attended [[Henderson High School (Auckland)|Henderson High School]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/jan-hellriegel|title=Jan Hellriegel - AudioCulture|website=audioculture.co.nz|language=en|access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref> She famously worked in her father's [[Panel beater|panel beating]] shop, though only in the office. Nonetheless, the combination of her birthplace and early employment led to her being branded a "[[Westie (person)|Westie]]" by the New Zealand media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzmusician.co.nz/index.php/ps_pagename/article/pi_articleid/1786|title=Jan Hellriegel - The Way She Still Feels|last=Bell|first=Mark|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320092937/http://www.nzmusician.co.nz/index.php/ps_pagename/article/pi_articleid/1786|archive-date=2012-03-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Hellriegel took vocal training in speech and singing at [[St Mary's College, Auckland]] under [[Sister Mary Leo]]. She then moved to [[Dunedin]] in the 1980s to attend the [[University of Otago]], where she graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]].

While in Dunedin, she joined her brother Rob Hellriegel's band, [[Working With Walt]]. She performed backing vocals, piano and guitar on their 1984 7" LP ''The Prophet'' and wrote and performed the song "Christina" on the band’s 1985 LP ''4 Sides''.

In 1988, Hellriegel performed backing vocals on the [[Leonard Cohen]] song "[[So Long Marianne]]", performed by [[Straitjacket Fits]].

===Cassandra’s Ears===
In the late 1980s Hellriegel formed the band Cassandra's Ears with Dunedin bandmates Flick Rhind (bass), Zan Wright (backing vocals), Vanessa Anich (drums) and Leanne Ibell (guitar). She wrote music and lyrics and performed vocals, guitar and keyboards.

Their first release was the song "Replacements" for the [[Student Radio Network|National Student Radio]] 1986 compilation, ''Weird Culture Weird Custom''.<ref>{{Discogs release|1833199|Various – Weird Culture Weird Custom}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://funeralsandsnakes.net/2011/09/06/vinyl-vault-%E2%80%93-%E2%80%9Cnz-music%E2%80%9D/ | title=Vinyl Vault – "NZ Music" | work=Funerals & Snakes | accessdate=24 April 2015 | author=Slevin, Dan}}</ref> The band played local gigs, toured New Zealand, wrote more material, and eventually released two EPs, ''Private Wasteland'' in 1988 and ''Your Estimation'' in 1990.

Cassandra's Ears reformed in November 2010 for a one-off show in Auckland to support the release of ''The Cassandra's Ears Story''.

===Solo career===
Hellriegel signed with [[Warner Music Group|Warner Records New Zealand]] in 1990. Her first album, ''It’s My Sin'', was recorded between December 1991 and January 1992.{{cn|date=January 2024}} Her second album, ''Tremble'', was recorded at Sing Sing in Melbourne and [[Studios 301]] in Sydney in 1995. In 1996 she was awarded Most Promising Female Vocalist at the [[New Zealand Music Awards]], and Top Female Vocalist and Single of the Year (for Manic) at the Music and Entertainer Awards of New Zealand.{{cn|date=January 2024}} She left Warner Brothers

Hellriegel subsequently parted ways with Warner Records, and her single "Melusine", recorded at Beaver Studios (Auckland), was released by [[Universal Records]] in 1998. {{cn|date=January 2024}}

In 1999, she joined the [[Alan Duff]] Charitable Foundation [[Duffy Books in Homes]] programme as a celebrity spokesperson. She co-wrote the theme song "Read About It" with [[Dave Dobbyn]] and Toi Iti.{{cn|date=January 2024}} During that year she played a non-musical acting role on ''[[Shortland Street]]'', playing Jackie, an abused wife.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

In 2000, she appeared in the New Zealand television show ''[[Street Legal (2000)|Street Legal]]'' and in 2001 she became involved in a collaboration with [[Tom Blaxland]] called Project Runway. In 2002, she wrote and recorded the song "Star Baby" for children’s clothing label [[Pumpkin Patch (store)|Pumpkin Patch]].{{cn|date=January 2024}}

In early 2009 Hellriegel went into [[Roundhead Studios]] in Auckland to record a third album with a line-up of musicians including producer Wayne Bell, [[Nick Gaffaney]] on drums, Brett Adams and Ben Fulton on guitar, [[Eddie Rayner]] and Michael Larsen on piano/keyboards, and Mark Hughes on bass. ''All Grown Up'' was released on her own record label, Blind Date Records, in October 2009. The album "Lost Songs" was released in April 2013. The album is a collection of previously unreleased material{{snd}}demos, live sessions and studio work from 1990–2000 which Hellriegel had remastered from DAT and cassette recordings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/8759974/Album-review-Lost-Songs-Jan-Hellriegel|title = Album review: Lost Songs - Jan Hellriegel|date = 5 June 2013}}</ref>

Hellriegel announced and released a new multi-media project through April and May 2019. "Sportsman of the Year" was composed of a studio album and book of the same name, and was also serialised as podcasts, produced by Radio New Zealand and presented by Hellriegel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/programmes/sportsman-of-the-year|title=Sportsman of the Year - A Suburban Philosophy|website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref><ref>Fleming, Greg [https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=12221542 "The Book Of Jan" ] ''[[New Zealand Herald]]'', Auckland, 20 April 2019</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.noted.co.nz/culture/music/jan-hellriegel-songwriter-back-to-write-herself-into-new-zealand-music-history/|title=Jan Hellriegel is back to write herself into New Zealand music history|last=Noted|website=Noted|language=en|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref>

===Business career===
Hellriegel was appointed NZ General Manager of Australia-based Native Tongue Music Publishing in 2010 and ran the company’s NZ operations until 2013 when she left to develop Aeroplane Music Services, a music licensing and supervision business.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://campaignbrief.co.nz/2013/11/11/native-tongue-nzs-gm-jan-hellr/|title=Native Tongue NZ's GM Jan Hellriegel departs to fill MD position at Aeroplane Music Services – Campaign Brief NZ|date=11 November 2013|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzmusic.org.nz/news/artist/native-tongues-nz-general-manager-leaves-to-helm-n/|title=Native Tongue's NZ General Manager Leaves to Helm New Music Services Company {{!}} Artist News {{!}} NZ Music Commission|website=nzmusic.org.nz|access-date=2019-06-22}}</ref>

In 2015 Hellriegel announced Songbroker, an "artist-friendly" music publishing company focused on providing music by NZ songwriters to film, TV and content producers<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://idealog.co.nz/venture/2015/10/aeroplane-musics-jan-hellriegel-take-songbroker|title=Aeroplane Music's Jan Hellriegel on the take-off of Songbroker|last=Idealog|first=5 Oct 2015|date=2015-10-05|website=Idealog|language=en|access-date=2019-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11493764|title=Hellriegel helping musicians take flight|last=Barry-Hill|first=Rebecca|date=8 August 2015|website=The New Zealand Herald}}</ref> Songbroker represents the musical rights and recorded works of several hundred NZ composers and songwriters.

==Discography==

===Albums===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! rowspan="2" | Details
! Peak chart positions
|-
! [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<ref name=charts />
|-
| 1992
| ''[[It's My Sin]]''
|
* Label: Warner
* Catalogue: 90317 77192
| align="center" | 5
|-
| 1995
| ''Tremble''
|
* Rereleased: 2010
* Label: Warner / Blind Date Records
* Catalogue: 4509995722
| align="center" | 15
|-
| 2009
| ''All Grown Up''
|
* Released: 18 October 2009
* Rereleased: 2010
* Label: Blind Date Records
| align="center" | 38
|-
| 2013
| ''Lost Songs''
|
* Released: 17 May 2013
* Label: Blind Date Records
| align="center" | 40
|-
| 2019
| ''Sportsman of the Year''
|
* Released: 10 May 2019
* Label: Blind Date Records
| align="center" | 8 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2019-05-17|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=20 May 2019|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== With Cassandra's Ears ===
* ''The Cassandra's Ears Story'' (2010)

===Singles===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="1em" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! width="3em" | Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<ref name="charts">{{cite web|title=JAN HELLRIEGEL IN NEW ZEALAND CHARTS |url=https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Jan+Hellriegel |website=charts.nz |publisher=Hung Medien |accessdate=9 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992
| "The Way I Feel"
| align="center" | 4
| rowspan="5" | ''It's My Sin''
|-
| "It’s My Sin"
| align="center" | —
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993
| "No Idea"
| align="center" | 17
|-
| "Westy Gals" (Radio release only)
| align="center" | —
|-
| 1994
| "Wings of Steel (Radio Edit)" (Radio release only)
| align="center" | —
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995
| "Manic (Is A State of Mind)"
| align="center" | 5
| rowspan="3" | ''Tremble''
|-
| "Geraldine"
| align="center" | 34
|-
| 1996
| "Pure Pleasure"
| align="center" | —
|-
| 1997
| "Sentimental Fool"
| align="center" | 35
| Non-album single
|-
| 1998
| "Melusine"
| align="center" | 17
| Non-album single
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| "Melusine" (Rerelease)
| align="center" | —
| Non-album single
|-
| "Sentimental Fool"
| align="center" | —
| Non-album single
|-
| 2013
| "Venus Is Dead"
| align="center" | —
| Non-album single
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| "Bottom of My Heart"
| align="center" | —
| Non-album single
|-
| "Because You"
| align="center" | —
| Non-album single
|-
| 2015
| "For The Love of Glory"
| align="center" | —
| Non-album single
|-
|colspan="4" style="font-size:90%" align="center" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|last=Bell |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Bell (New Zealand musician) |work=NZ Musician |date=November 2009 |title=The Way She Still Feels |url=http://www.nzmusician.co.nz/index.php/ps_pagename/article/pi_articleid/1786 |accessdate=22 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320092937/http://www.nzmusician.co.nz/index.php/ps_pagename/article/pi_articleid/1786 |archivedate=20 March 2012 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/blogs/blog-on-the-tracks/3729254/Gig-review-Jan-Hellriegel-in-Wellington |title=Gig review: Jan Hellriegel in Wellington |date=24 May 2010 |work=[[Stuff.co.nz]] |accessdate=22 September 2011}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/blogs/blog-on-the-tracks/2965068/The-Jan-Hellriegel-interview |title=The Jan Hellriegel interview |date=15 October 2009 |work=[[Stuff.co.nz]] |accessdate=22 September 2011}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/music-reviews/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501982&objectid=10607709 |title=Jan Hellriegel - All Grown Up |author=Baillie, Russell |date=6 November 2009 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |accessdate=22 September 2011}}
* {{cite web |last=Barnett|first=Sarah|work=[[New Zealand Listener]]|date=17 October 2009|url=http://www.listener.co.nz/commentary/jan-hellriegel/|title=Jan Hellriegel|accessdate=22 September 2011}}
* {{cite news | url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Door-opens-for-Jan-Hellriegels-lost-songs/tabid/312/articleID/297789/Default.aspx | title=Door opens for Jan Hellriegels lost songs | work=[[3 News]] | date=14 May 2013 | accessdate=24 April 2015 | author=Ikram, Ali}}

==External links==
*[http://www.janhellriegel.com/ Jan Hellriegel's Official Homepage]
*[http://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/jan-hellriegel AudioCulture profile]
*{{IMDb name|375546}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hellriegel, Jan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century New Zealand women singers]]
[[Category:University of Otago alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People educated at Henderson High School, Auckland]]
[[Category:20th-century New Zealand women singers]]
[[Category:People educated at St Mary's College, Auckland]]

Iraq on the Record

2024-12-25T05:43:47Z

208.53.253.11:

{{Multiple issues|section=|
{{cleanup|reason=It is not written like an article and lacks context.|date=April 2019}}
{{primary sources|date=April 2019}}

}}

'''''Iraq on the Record: The Bush Administration's Public Statements on Iraq''''' was a report by [[Henry Waxman]].

Excerpt from the release of the report by [[Henry Waxman]].

On March 19, 2003, U.S. forces began military operations in Iraq. Addressing the nation about the purpose of the war on the day the bombing began, President Bush stated: “The people of the United States and our friends and allies will not live at the mercy of an outlaw regime that threatens the peace with weapons of mass murder.”

One year later, many doubts have been raised regarding the Administration's assertions about the threat posed by Iraq. Prior to the war in Iraq, the President and his advisors repeatedly claimed that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction that jeopardized the security of the United States. The failure to discover these weapons after the war has led to questions about whether the President and his advisors were candid in describing Iraq's threat.

== Summary of Report ==
This report contains 237 claims for specific misleading statements made by:

*[[Colin Powell]]
*[[Donald Rumsfeld]]
*[[Condoleezza Rice]]
*[[George W. Bush]]
*[[Dick Cheney]]

The report claims that great care was taken to ensure the accuracy, objectiveness and also fairness to the parties involved. However, its content does not include specific reasons for the statements given nor any possible defense or justification in favor of the individuals in question.

The information contained in this report has been prepared by all public
statements, hearings and conferences. The official website for this report also contains every statement's source, to ensure that public review is possible.

The report along with the searchable database compiled by the Special Investigations Division are accessible via the web by Congress and the General Public.

==External links==
*http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps60698/pdf_admin_iraq_on_the_record_rep.pdf
*https://web.archive.org/web/20050825104423/http://democrats.reform.house.gov/IraqOnTheRecord/pdf_admin_iraq_on_the_record_rep.pdf
*https://web.archive.org/web/20050825103347/http://democrats.reform.house.gov/IraqOnTheRecord/

[[Category:Reports of the United States government]]

Hieronimo

2024-12-25T05:28:24Z

208.53.253.11: /* Hieronimo: victim or murderer? */

{{Short description|Literature character}}
'''Hieronimo''' is one of the principal characters in Thomas Kyd's ''[[The Spanish Tragedy]]''. He is the knight marshal of Spain and the father of Horatio. In the onset of the play he is a dedicated servant to the King of Spain.<ref>(Kyd, Thomas. The Spanish Tragedy. 1979. Ed. J.R. Mulryne. New York: New Mermaids, 1989.)</ref> However, the difference in social status becomes apparent when his son is wrongfully murdered by Balthazar, the son of the viceroy of Portugal, and Lorenzo, the son of the Duke of Spain, which eventually causes tragic events to unfold.<ref>(Kyd II.iv)</ref> In order to revenge the death of his son, Hieronimo takes on additional roles, a playwright and an actor. He uses his position in the King's court to write and perform a [[play within a play]]. This performance mirrors the actual events surrounding Horatio's death, and within this show Hieronimo commits his own acts of revenge against the perpetrators.<ref>(Kyd IV)</ref> Many critics see Hieronimo as a dynamic character that by the end of the tragedy has become obsessed with taking revenge against the murderers of his son. Literature of 16th century England was greatly concerned with plots of deceit, confusion and madness as its central theme. ''The Spanish Tragedy'' is no different.<ref>(West, William N. "But this will be a mere confusion": Real and Represented Confusion on the Elizabethan Stage." Project Muse Scholarly Journals Online (2008): 217–233.)</ref>

==The character of Hieronimo ==

In Peter B. Murray's ''Thomas Kyd'', he has his own summary and analysis of Hieronimo in ''The Spanish Tragedy''. The author mostly dwells on the analysis of Hieronimo's [[play within a play]]. Murray emphasizes that the play is about how in the end love will kill and how the characters in the play were acting the opposite parts of their true selves; their acting roles did not reflect their true character. Murray also points out that Hieronimo seems to be delaying the revenge cycle throughout his play. "At several points in the play it might appear that Hieronimo delays revenge, ''Hamlet''-style, but there is no invitation to deep psychological analysis of the delay".<ref>(Murray, Peter B. Thomas Kyd. Vol. 88. New York: Twayne, Inc., 1969.)</ref> He is trying to prolong it as much as possible to get his point across and make sure that the audience truly knows whom each character is supposed to represent in real life. He feels compelled to destroy every one in his path by showing how they killed his son that he forgets to think about what he is actually doing and do everything with caution.

Hieronimo's intentions may make sense and seem right and just in his mind, but he is letting his need for revenge cloud what is really happening around him. He is letting the play define what revenge means to him, "a force sent from the underworld when the judges fail, a demonic urge that promises a perverse 'joy amidst ... discontent'".<ref>(Murray 136)</ref> His characters in his play within a play get carried away with the roles that they are acting that they end up getting themselves killed just like their characters die in the script.

Hieronimo even suggests that the play be spoken in different languages. "As a result, each character will be isolated from the others within a language that he alone speaks, as they have been isolated by false use of language all along".<ref>(Murray 139)</ref> He has two meanings behind this thought. One is so he himself will be able to explain what the play was about in hopes of furthering his need for revenge. The other is to cause drama to represent a revenge symbol with the fall of [[Babylon|Babel]]. "By imagining [[Spain]] to be [[Babylon]] and by making the villains of his playlet be [[Turkish people|Turks]], Hieronimo reinforces his earlier idea that heaven is at work in his revenge".<ref name="Ref-1">(Murray 140)</ref> Therefore, Hieronimo thinks that this allows him to play the murderer. He envisions himself to be "God's agent for the punishment of a whole nation"<ref name="Ref-1"/> consequently letting him think that there is no need for him to differentiate between the innocent and the guilty.

In "''The Spanish Tragedy'', The Alencon Marriage Plans, and John Stubbs's Discoverie of a Gaping Gulf", by Andrew Hadfield, the plausibility of how the King had no idea that Horatio was murdered is brought up. "The King alone seems unaware that Horatio is dead; an extremely implausible situation."<ref>(Hadfield, Andrew. "The Spanish Tragedy, The Alencon Marriage Plans, and John Stubbs's Discoverie of a Gaping Gul." (2000): 42–43.)</ref> Hadfield mentions that when this scene took place Hieronimo was hoping that the king would give justice to whoever killed his son. It is clear at this point the state of mind that Hieronimo is in when he throws the halter toward the entrance of all of the nobles. He is obviously not in the right state of mind anymore and the death of his son has really taken a toll on his mental health.

Hadfield raises a good point when he says that "There is a mismatch between the needs of the state and the desires of the individuals within it, a situation that has tragic results when Hieronimo stages his deadly play to complete the cycle of revenge".<ref>(Hadfield 42)</ref> Because the king is ignorant of the point that Hieronimo is so obviously trying to get across, he is in turn putting the "demands of foreign policy above those of its citizens".<ref>(Hadfield 43)</ref> Similarly to what Murray thought, Hadfield also agrees that because the thought of revenge is so strong in the minds of the characters, the real issue is clouded and what does not need to be a tragic end becomes one.

=== Hieronimo: victim or murderer? ===

For critics, the actions of Hieronimo in the final scenes of the play have been somewhat controversial. According to author Frank R. Ardolino, at the conclusion of Hieronimo's play of vengeance, there are two possible moral perspectives for the audience to take. "We can condemn him according to the [[New Testament]] prohibition of private revenge; on the other hand we can exonerate him from the viewpoint of a pagan code of justice which sanctions just revenge".<ref>(Ardolino, Frank R. Thomas Kyd's mystery play myth and ritual in "The Spanish Tragedy." New York: P. Lang, 1985.)</ref> Ardolino believes that Thomas Kyd intended for his audience to take the second viewpoint; that Hieronimo is a "morally justified private revenger ...".<ref name="Ref-2">(Ardolino 165)</ref> He comes to this conclusion through the claim that Kyd indicates this by "the epilogue, which presents the apotheosis of Hieronimo and his accomplice, [[Bel-imperia]], as well as Horatio and [[Isabella (The Spanish Tragedy)|Isabella]], in the pagan underworld".<ref name="Ref-2"/> In addition to this, the development of Don Andrea and Revenge, and the final decision of the gods of the underworld to "consign Andrea's apportionment of final rewards and punishments"<ref name="Ref-2"/> reveal that the pagan view on revenge should be taken. Basically, because there is so much representation of paganism in the play, it is only natural to conclude this.

Over time, critic's views have changed on this issue. Initially, many thought that the role of Don Andrea was nothing more than another example of bloody revenge.<ref name="Ref-2"/> However, "modern critics of the past two decades have concluded that there are important connections between the opening scene and the play proper".<ref>(Ardolino 166)</ref> Don Andrea and Hieronimo are eternally connected through their want of vengeance against Lorenzo and Balthazar.<ref>(Ardolino 167)</ref> "Once we [Andrea and we as a collective theater audience] recognize that this is why he has been back to earth, then we can understand why the prince is doomed to die and how his death satisfies Hieronimo's personal vengeance and fulfills pagan justice".<ref name="Ref-3">(Ardolino 168)</ref> According to Ardolino, Kyd makes a point to his audience through the onstage presence of Revenge that Andrea has been allowed to "return to earth with the embodiment of pagan justice to witness the enforcement of a just vengeance against his murderers".<ref name="Ref-3"/>

Ardolino concludes that through being an outside viewer of what is taking place in the Spanish court, Don Andrea learns to "equate Hieronimo's quest for a just revenge with the reasons for his return to earth".<ref name="Ref-4">(Ardolino 170)</ref> As the grief-stricken father who seeks to take justice against his son's murderers, "Hieronimo becomes a surrogate for Andrea, and when he accomplishes his vengeance and satisfies pagan justice as well, Andrea's search for a just revenge is also completed".<ref name="Ref-4"/> In short, Don Andrea's desire for revenge against Prince Balthazar is finally fulfilled through Hieronimo's actions.

Critic David Laird also tends to agree with Ardolino's point of view. According to him the dilemma that Hieronimo finds himself in opens "an abrupt and dramatically effective contrast between the Christian ideal of patience and humility and the classical-pagan concept of honor".<ref>(Laird, David. "Hieronimo's Dilemma." Studies in Philology Vol. 62, No 2, University of North Carolina Press, (1965), pp. 137–146.)</ref> After the initial discovering of Horatio's murderers, Hieronimo, as the knight marshal, first turns to the King and the instituted system of justice for help. However, "when that preferred and sanctioned way is blocked for him by the calculating efforts of his enemies, Hieronimo is forced to choose between alternatives neither one of which is wholly acceptable to him".<ref name="Ref-5">(Laird 139)</ref> Those two alternatives being to actively seek his own private justice or for him to retreat and to allow the Christian concept of "divine promise of eventual justice" to run its course.<ref name="Ref-5"/> Although we know that Hieronimo chooses the former alternative, it is not without hesitation.

<blockquote>
Vindicta mihi!
Ay, heaven will be revenged of every ill,
Nor will they suffer murder unrepaid:
Then stay, Hieronimo, attend their will,
For mortal men may not appoint their time.<ref>(Kyd III.xiii 1–5)</ref>
</blockquote>

Hieronimo says these words prior to his act of vengeance. In the article, Laird explains Hieronimo's thought process. "The logical crux of Hieronimo's argument is an implicit hypothetical proposition: If vengeance belongs to God, then men who seek vengeance must defer to the will of God".<ref>(Laird 140)</ref> Ultimately, Laird concludes that Hieronimo is unable to escape the responsibility of what happened to his son, Horatio.<ref>(Laird 141)</ref> He fears that if revenge is not brought upon Balthazar and Lorenzo they will continue to commit similar crimes in order to secure themselves and their positions. "Hieronimo implies that while men are kept from seeking justice by a fear of death, not to seek justice is to invite certain death".<ref>(Laird 142)</ref> Laird believes that Hieronimo's actions were not motivated by sheer anger or madness, but rather "a clear-headed deliberation".<ref>(Laird 143)</ref> Once Hieronimo makes up his mind and determines his plans, he does not waver.

=== Hieronimo vs. Shakespeare's Prince Hamlet ===

Critic Michael Henry Levin draws many comparisons between Kyd's Hieronimo and Shakespeare's ''[[Hamlet]]''. Firstly, he believes that Thomas Kyd's drama is much simpler than Shakespeare's, and that it is this simplicity that opens the doors for the audience to truly see the "furies that drive his characters".<ref>(Levin, Michael Henry. "Vindicta Mihi!": Meaning, Morality, and Motivation in The Spanish Tragedy. SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900, Vol. 4, No. 2, Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama. 1964, p. 307)</ref> Hieronimo, like Prince Hamlet who has lost his father, has a deep love for a certain member of his immediate family-his son Horatio. However, according to Levin, Hieronimo holds a much clearer perspective on the situation at hand.<ref name="Ref-6">(Levin 308)</ref> Both characters are torn up with grief over the news of the unjust murder committed against their family member, but Hieronimo is able to maintain control over his emotions and not allow them to cloud his motivations throughout the majority of the play.<ref name="Ref-6"/> "He may momentarily be weary of life, but he is never plunged into melancholic apathy for long" like Hamlet is.<ref name="Ref-7">(Levin 309)</ref> In act IV.v 16–18 of ''The Spanish Tragedy'' Hieronimo says, "This way or that way? Soft and fair, not so. For if I hang or kill myself, let's know who will revenge Horatio's murder then?" Also like Hamlet, Hieronimo is thrust without a choice into the role of the revenge hero, and "he channels his emotions into what becomes the duty of revenge".<ref name="Ref-6"/>

Levin also notes some important differences between the two protagonists. Unlike Hamlet, Hieronimo is not informed of the identity of the person who murdered his beloved son. Therefore, he must "discover the proper objects of vengeance before he can avenge".<ref name="Ref-6"/> In addition to this, Hieronimo also has a very distinct sense of right and wrong. Because he is the knight marshal to the King of Spain he has dedicated much of his life to the enforcement of the law.<ref>(Levin 308–309)</ref> At first he wants the murderers of his son to be punished by due process unlike Hamlet's vision of bloody revenge.<ref name="Ref-7"/> "I will go plain me to my lord the King, and cry aloud for justice through the court, "says Hieronimo.<ref>(Kyd III.vii 69–70)</ref> Thirdly, Hieronimo never considers suicide as an option like Hamlet does. According to Levin, "revenge, not suicide, is always uppermost in his mind".<ref name="Ref-7"/> Finally, the difference between Hieronimo and Hamlet that Levin views as the most important is unlike Hamlet, Hieronimo seems to be in nearly complete control of his emotions in the face of his enemies.<ref name="Ref-7"/> "Hieronimo remains master of his emotions until his vengeance is complete ... he is never rash enough to alarm his intended victims, and he eventually deceives them so thoroughly that they embrace him as a friend".<ref name="Ref-7"/> On the other hand, Hamlet acts very spontaneously throughout the play and borders between the line of sanity and craziness. "His self-criticisms are seldom triggered by inner motivation, and it takes external objects to rouse him from the gloomy lassitude which is his normal state of being in the play" says Levin of Prince Hamlet's behavior.<ref name="Ref-7"/> He often makes excuses for his inability to act. For example, in Hamlet's soliloquy at the end of act II.ii, he compares himself to the actor and how he himself pales in comparison to that player. In lines 577–580, Hamlet says, "O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I! Is it not monstrous that this player here, But in a fiction, in a dream of passion, Could force his soul so his own conceit ..." He ultimately only takes action because his Uncle Claudius leaves him no choice.<ref>(Levin 310)</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{The Spanish Tragedy}}

[[Category:Characters in The Spanish Tragedy]]
[[Category:Male characters in theatre]]

Mathieu Inthasane

2024-12-25T01:04:38Z

208.53.253.11:

{{short description|French footballer (born 1986)}}

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Mathieu Inthasane
| fullname = Mathieu Inthasane
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|6|8}}
| birth_place = [[Tours]], [[France]]
| height = {{Height|m=1.83}}
| currentclub = [[SA Sézanne|Sézanne]]
| clubnumber =
| position = Goalkeeper
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2004–2007 | clubs1 = [[LB Châteauroux|Châteauroux]] | caps1 = 0 | goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2007–2009 | clubs2 = [[Stade de Reims|Reims]] | caps2 = 9 | goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2009 | clubs3 = [[SO Cassis Carnoux|Cassis Carnoux]] | caps3 = 10 | goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2010–2011 | clubs4 = [[CO Saint-Dizier|Saint-Dizier]] | caps4 = 21 | goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2011– | clubs5 = [[SA Sézanne|Sézanne]] | caps5 = 13 | goals5 = 0
| pcupdate = 12:53, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
}}

'''Mathieu Inthasane''' (born June 8, 1986) is a football goalkeeper who currently plays for [[Championnat de France amateur 2|CFA 2]] side [[SA Sézanne|Sézanne]]. He has previously played for [[LB Châteauroux|Châteauroux]], [[Stade Reims]], where he made nine appearances in [[Ligue 2]], [[SO Cassis Carnoux|Cassis Carnoux]] and [[CO Saint-Dizier|Saint-Dizier]].

==See also==
*[[Football in France]]
*[[List of football clubs in France]]

==References==
*{{Lequipe|22649}}
*[http://foot-national.com/2054-joueur-football-Inthasane-Mathieu.html Mathieu Inthasane profile] at Foot National

{{Portal bar|Biography|France|Association football|Sports}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inthasane, Mathieu}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:French men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:LB Châteauroux players]]
[[Category:Stade de Reims players]]
[[Category:SO Cassis Carnoux players]]
[[Category:Ligue 2 players]]
[[Category:CO Saint-Dizier players]]
[[Category:Footballers from Tours, France]]
[[Category:21st-century French sportsmen]]

{{France-footy-goalkeeper-stub}}

Into the Mouth of the Cat

2024-12-25T01:03:12Z

208.53.253.11:

{{Infobox book
| name = Into the Mouth of the Cat: The Story of Lance Sijan, Hero of Vietnam
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Into the Mouth of the Cat.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Malcolm McConnell]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| subject = [[Biography]]
| genre =
| publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company|W. W. Norton]]
| pub_date = January 1985
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]])
| pages = 252 pp ''(first edition)''
| isbn = 0-393-01899-7
| dewey= 959.704/348 B 19
| congress= U53.S55 M33 1985
| oclc = 10996920
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Into the Mouth of the Cat: The Story of Lance Sijan, Hero of Vietnam''''' is a book written by [[Malcolm McConnell]] and copyrighted in 1985 by Norton publishers.

The book is based on the story of [[Lance Sijan]] who was a [[United States Air Force]] captain in the [[Vietnam War]]. On November 9, 1967, Sijan ejected from his [[F-4 Phantom II]] at high speed and at a low altitude, which caused him to suffer massive injuries to his body. Upon waking the next morning, Sijan found that his left leg had a vertical splintering of the [[tibia]] known as a [[Bone fracture|green tree fracture]], his right hand was mangled with three of his fingers [[Dislocation (medicine)|dislocated]], and he had deep cuts and gashes in his forearms, and a severe head wound.

Sijan avoided and escaped capture for nearly six weeks while crawling through jungles eating nothing but various plants and bugs before he was captured. Even after being captured and going through harsh torture, Sijan escaped once again, only to again be captured. Sijan died two weeks later in a prisoner jail in [[Hanoi]]. He was posthumously awarded the [[Medal of Honor]] and a dormitory at his alma mater, the [[United States Air Force Academy]], is named in his honor.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051210090405/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/bookrev/sarantakes.html Book Review] in [https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-19_Issue-1-4/win05.pdf ''Air & Space Power Journal'', Winter 2005]

[[Category:1985 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Biographical books]]
[[Category:United States Air Force Academy]]
[[Category:Vietnam War books]]
[[Category:W. W. Norton & Company books]]

{{US-bio-book-stub}}
{{Vietnam-war-book-stub}}

Pottenstein, Austria

2024-12-25T00:24:53Z

208.53.253.11:

{{Infobox settlement
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'''Pottenstein''' is a town in the district of [[Baden (district of Austria)|Baden]] in [[Lower Austria]] in [[Austria]].

==Geography==
Pottenstein lies in the valley of the Triesting in the [[Vienna Woods]] and borders on [[Berndorf, Lower Austria|Berndorf]] and [[Weissenbach an der Triesting]].

The operatic soprano [[Daniela Fally]] was born in Pottenstein.

==Notable People==
*[[Felix Imre]] (1917-1943) - World War II Resistance fighter

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[File:Pfarrkirche Pottenstein.JPG|thumb|left|Parish church Maria Trost im Elend]]

{{Cities and towns in Baden (district)}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Baden District, Austria]]

{{LowerAustria-geo-stub}}

Zaandam

2024-12-23T05:25:30Z

208.53.253.11: /* Notable people */

{{About|the Dutch city|the cruise ship|MS Zaandam{{!}}MS ''Zaandam''}}
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'''Zaandam''' ({{IPA|nl|zaːnˈdɑm|-|Nl-Zaandam.ogg}}) is a city in the [[Provinces of the Netherlands|province]] of [[North Holland]], [[Netherlands]]. It is the main city of the municipality of [[Zaanstad]] and received [[City rights in the Netherlands|city rights]] in 1811. It is located on the river [[Zaan]], just north of [[Amsterdam]].

The statistical district Zaandam, which encompasses both the city and the surrounding countryside, has about 76,804 residents.<ref name="ZNSTD">Municipality of Zaanstad, ''Zaanstad in cijfers'' [https://zaanstad.incijfers.nl/]. As of 1 January 2017.</ref> Zaandam was a separate municipality until 1974, when it became a part of the new municipality of Zaanstad.<ref>{{Repertorium Nederlandse Gemeenten}}</ref>

==History==
The history of Zaandam (formerly called ''Saenredam'') and the surrounding Zaan River region (the [[Zaanstreek]]) is intimately tied to industry. In the [[Dutch Golden Age]], Zaandam served as a large milling centre. Thousands of [[windmills]] powered saws that processed Scandinavian wood for the shipbuilding and paper industries. A statue that commemorates this industry was commissioned from sculptor [[Slavomir Miletić]], and the statue, ''De houtwerker'' ("The Woodworker"), was installed on 20 June 2004.

Zaandam is historically linked with the [[whaling]] industry.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

In 1697, Tsar [[Peter I of Russia]] spent some time in Zaandam, where he studied shipbuilding. He stayed in a little wooden house built in 1632 but was soon forced to leave because he attracted too much attention from the local population. He moved to Amsterdam, where he studied at one of the wharves of the [[Dutch East India Company]]. His home in Zaandam was preserved and turned into a museum, the [[Czar Peter House (Netherlands)|Czar Peter House]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://onh.nl/verhaal/11-dingen-die-je-nog-niet-wist-over-tsaar-peter-de-grote|website=Oneindig Noord-Holland|title=11 dingen die je nog niet wist over Tsaar Peter de Grote|language=nl|access-date=8 September 2018|first=Liza|last=Koppenrade}}</ref> A statue honoring him was placed on the nearby Dam Square in 1911,<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6UvBExrRfQC&pg=RA1-PT89|page=54|title=Wandelrouteboek Nederland|chapter=Czaar Peterroute|date=2005|publisher=ANWB Media|isbn=9789018019587 |language=nl}}</ref> and was declared a [[Rijksmonument]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rijksmonumenten.nl/monument/518060/czaar-peter-monument/zaandam/|language=nl|access-date=6 September 2018|title=Czaar Peter Monument in Zaandam|publisher=[[Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed]]}}</ref>

In 1871, the impressionist painter [[Claude Monet]] lived in Zaandam for approximately half a year. During that time, he made 25 paintings of the area, including ''[[Houses on the Achterzaan]]'', ''Bateaux en Hollande pres de Zaandam'' and ''A windmill at Zaandam''.

==Economy==
The first European [[McDonald's]] restaurant opened in Zaandam in 1971.<ref name="MCD">McDonald's International (Press Release), "Fascinating McFacts about McDonald's International", 1996.</ref> The [[Albert Heijn]] supermarket chain (founded in nearby [[Oostzaan]] in 1887), now grown into the [[Ahold Delhaize]] retail company, is headquartered in Zaandam. Chocolate manufacturer [[Verkade]] also hails from Zaandam. There were 6,910 business establishments in Zaandam in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-19|title=Héél véél informatie over Zaandam (update 2021!)|url=https://allecijfers.nl/woonplaats/zaandam/|access-date=2021-05-03|website=AlleCijfers.nl|language=nl}}</ref>

Football club [[AZ (football club)|AZ]] (Alkmaar Zaanstreek) was founded in Zaandam on May 10, 1967.

==Transport==
There are two railway stations in Zaandam: [[Zaandam railway station]] and [[Zaandam Kogerveld railway station]]. Plans exist by the province of North Holland to extend the [[Amsterdam Metro]] to Zaandam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhnieuws.nl/nieuws/247518/provincie-wil-metro-naar-zaandam-purmerend-hoofddorp-en-schiphol|title=Provincie wil metro naar Zaandam, Purmerend, Hoofddorp en Schiphol|website=NH Nieuws|date=12 June 2019|access-date=17 November 2019|language=nl}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Zaandam stadhuis.JPG|Zaandam City Hall
File:Zaandam, kerk1 in straatzicht foto1 2011-04-17 16.02.JPG|''De Oostzijderkerk''
File:Zaandam, sluis foto3 2011-04-17 16.05.JPG|Zaandam, sluice
File:Zaandam, de Sint Bonifactuskerk foto6 2011-*04-17 16.14.JPG|''De Sint Bonifatiuskerk''
File:Zaanstad Bahnhofsbrücke 09.jpg|Zaandam downtown
File:Monet Claude A Windmill at Zaandam.jpg|A windmill near Zaandam painted in 1871 by [[Claude Monet]]
File:Zaandam2.jpg|Zaandam circa 1889. Etching by [[James McNeill Whistler]]
Image:Albert Heijn Headquarters by Niels Kim.jpg|Albert Heijn headquarters in Zaandam
</gallery>

== Historical flags ==
<gallery>
File:Zaandam vlag 1667.svg|Zaandam flag (1667)
File:Zaandam vlag 1938.svg|Zaandam flag (1938)
File:Zaandam vlag 1938-1974.svg|Zaandam flag since 1938
</gallery>

==Notable people ==
{{maincat|People from Zaandam}}
* [[Han Bennink]] (born 1942), jazz musician
* [[Pieter Bleeker]] (1819–1878), ichthyologist
* [[Kees Bruynzeel]] (1900–1980), wood merchant
* [[Ali Bouali]] (born 1981), rapper
* [[Dirk Andries Flentrop]] (1910—2003), organ builder
* [[Niels Heithuis]] (born 1972), journalist and radio presenter
* [[Piet Kee]] (born 1927–2018), organist and composer
* [[Erwin Koeman]] (born 1961), football player and football coach
* [[Ronald Koeman]] (born 1963), football player and football coach
* [[Hendrik Lenstra]] (born 1947), mathematician
* [[Germaine Levant]] (born 1978), footballer
* [[Jos van Manen Pieters]] (1930-2015), writer
* [[Anton Mauve]] (1838–1888), painter
* [[Robert Molenaar]] (born 1969), football player
* [[Oğuzhan Özyakup]] (born 1992), football player
* [[Kathinka Pasveer]] (born 1959), flautist
* [[Johnny Rep]] (born 1951), football player
* [[Jan Saenredam]] (1565–1607), copperplate engraver
* [[Harm van den Dorpel]] (born 1981), conceptual artist
* [[Patricia van der Vliet]] (born 1989), model
* [[Elisabeth van Houts]] (born 1952), historian
* [[Jan Verkade]] (1868–1946), painter
* [[Arie Smit]] (born 1916–2016), painter
* [[Melissa Venema]] (born 1995), musician
* [[Owen Wijndal]] (born 1999), professional footballer
* [[Justin Kluivert]] (born 1999), professional footballer
* [[Rens van der Wacht]] (born 1999), professional footballer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Zaandam}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Zaandam}}

{{Dutch municipality Zaanstad}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Zaandam| ]]
[[Category:Cities in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Former municipalities of North Holland]]
[[Category:Populated places in North Holland]]
[[Category:Zaanstad]]

Jämsänkoski

2024-12-23T03:58:43Z

208.53.253.11:

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Jämsänkoski
|official_name = {{lang|fi|Jämsänkosken kunta}} {{lang|sv|Jämsänkoski kommun}}
|settlement_type = Former municipality
|image_skyline = Koski Jämsänkoski Jämsä 23 heinä 2009.jpg
|image_caption =
|image_shield = Jämsänkoski.vaakuna.svg
|image_map = Jämsänkoski.sijainti.suomi.2008.svg
|mapsize = 150px
|map_caption = Location of Jämsänkoski in [[Finland]]
|pushpin_mapsize = 150px
|coordinates = {{coord|61|55|05|N|25|10|15|E|region:FI_type:city(7581)_scale:50000|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Finland]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Finland|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Central Finland]]
|seat = Jämsänkosken keskustaajama
|established_title = Established
|established_date = 1926
|extinct_title = Merged into [[Jämsä]]
|extinct_date = 2009
|population_total = 7351
|population_as_of = 2008
|area_footnotes =
|area_land_km2 = 401.75
|area_water_km2 =
}}

'''Jämsänkoski''' is a former [[List of cities and towns in Finland|town]] and [[List of former municipalities of Finland|municipality]] of [[Finland]] in the [[Central Finland]] region. It is located near [[Lake Päijänne]] and the [[Jämsänjoki]] river. The town had a population of 7,351 in 2008.<ref name="population_count_2008">{{Cite web|url=http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=786&site=3&id=0 |title=Population by municipality as of {{#time: j F Y|2008-12-31}} |accessdate={{#time: j F Y|2010-11-23}} |work=Population Information System |publisher=Population Register Center of Finland |language=Finnish, Swedish |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194510/http://vrk.fi/default.aspx?docid=786&site=3&id=0 |archivedate=2011-07-20 }}</ref> It covered an area of 448.67 km² of which 48.02 km² is water. The [[population density]] was 16.9 inhabitants per km².

The municipality of [[Koskenpää]] was consolidated with Jämsänkoski in 1969, while Jämsänkoski was consolidated with [[Jämsä]] in 2009.

== History ==
Linnasenmäki, the remains of an Iron Age [[hillfort]], are located in the southern part of Jämsänkoski near the paper mill. The area may have had Stone Age settlement as well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kulttuuriympäristön palveluikkuna|url=https://www.kyppi.fi/palveluikkuna/mjreki/read/asp/r_kohde_det.aspx?KOHDE_ID=183010001|access-date=August 21, 2022|website=kyppi.fi|language=fi}}</ref>

{{see|Jämsä}}
Jämsänkoski was originally only the name of the rapids in the Jämsänjoki river. The area was originally a part of the Jämsä parish.

A sawmill has existed by the rapids since the 1790s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction|url=http://www.museo24.fi/?action=INavigation::changeFolder(3524)|access-date=August 21, 2022|website=museo24.fi}}</ref> Paper production started in 1888, when Elieser Johansson and Per Benjamin Köhlin established a cellulose factory in the area. The settlement of Jämsänkoski grew around the factories. Jämsänkoski got its own parish in 1925 and became a separate municipality in 1926.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf|url=https://kaino.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk63/SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf|page=116|access-date=August 21, 2022|website=kaino.kotus.fi|language=fi}}</ref> The Jämsänkoski church was built in 1935.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jämsänkosken kirkko - Jämsän seurakunta|url=https://www.jamsanseurakunta.fi/kirkot-ja-tilat/kirkot/jamsankosken-kirkko|access-date=August 21, 2022|website=jamsanseurakunta.fi|language=fi}}</ref>

The municipality of [[Koskenpää]] was consolidated with Jämsänkoski in 1969. Jämsänkoski became a town in 1986. In 2009, Jämsänkoski became a part of Jämsä once again.

== Economy ==
The [[paper mill]] owned by [[UPM Kymmene]] is the largest employer of Jämsänkoski.

==Twinnings==
*{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Luunja Parish]], Estonia

==Notable People==
*[[William Mäkinen]] (born 1995) - ice hockey player

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Jämsänkoski}}
*[http://www.jamsankoski.fi Official site]

{{CentralFinland}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamsankoski}}
[[Category:Populated places established in 1926]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 disestablishments in Finland]]
[[Category:Former municipalities of Finland]]
[[Category:Jämsä]]

{{WesternFinland-geo-stub}}

Tessalit

2024-12-22T11:20:47Z

208.53.253.11:

{{Infobox settlement


|name = Tessalit
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type =[[Communes of Mali|Commune]] and village
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map =Mali
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_mapsize =300
|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mali

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Mali}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Mauritania|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Kidal Region]]
|subdivision_type2 =[[Cercles of Mali|Cercle]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Tessalit Cercle]]
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =

|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref =
|area_footnotes =<ref>{{citation | title=Programme d'Appui au Développement des Régions du Nord: Guide de Collecte des Données Cercle de Tessalit | year=2007 | publisher=Ministère de l'Administration Territoriale et des Collectivités Locales. République du Mali. | url=http://www.bndr-mali.org/bnn-mali/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=147&Itemid=53 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720004413/http://www.bndr-mali.org/bnn-mali/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=147&Itemid=53 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-07-20 | language=French }}.</ref>
|area_total_km2 =30000 
|area_land_km2 = 

|population_as_of =2009
|population_footnotes =<ref name=pop2009>{{citation | url=http://instat.gov.ml/documentation/kidal.pdf | publisher=République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique| title=Resultats Provisoires RGPH 2009 (Région de Kidal) | language=French }}.</ref>
|population_note =
|population_total =5739
|population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title =Ethnicities
|population_blank1 =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =

|timezone =[[GMT]]
|utc_offset = +0
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coordinates = {{coord|20|12|04|N|1|0|45|E|region:ML|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =

|postal_code_type = 
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|blank1_name =
|blank1_info =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

[[File:TessalitFortress.jpg|thumb|Fortress]]
[[File:TisaletWell.jpg|thumb|Well]]

'''Tessalit''' is a [[Communes of Mali|rural commune]] and village in the [[Kidal Region]] of [[Mali]]. The village is the administrative centre of [[Tessalit Cercle]] (district). The village lies {{convert|85|km}} north of [[Aguelhok|Adjelhoc]] and about {{convert|70|km}} from the Algerian border. The ''commune'' extends over an area of {{convert|30,000|km2}} that is almost entirely desert. In the 2009 census the ''commune'' had a population of 5,739.<ref name=pop2009/>

It is served by [[Tessalit Airport]].

Tessalit is an [[oasis]] in the [[Sahara]] desert and a stop for trans-Saharan travellers. A [[gypsum]] deposit and a [[plaster]] factory also contribute to the local economy, though these activities have been disrupted in recent decades by the [[Tuareg rebellion (disambiguation)|Tuareg Rebellions]] and [[terrorism]] in neighboring [[Algeria]].

The Malian government have a military base at the village of Tessalit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tessalit |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?#map=13/20.2139/1.0013 |website=OpenStreetMap |accessdate=17 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tessalit |url=https://wego.here.com/?map=20.21366,1.01206,14,satellite |website=HERE Maps |publisher=HERE |accessdate=17 June 2018}}</ref>

Tessalit is situated in the mountain range of ''[[Adrar des Ifoghas]]''. It is primarily populated by [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]]s and is the home of the musical group [[Tinariwen]] as well as the poet [[Souéloum Diagho]]. The village is twinned with [[Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne]], France.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

The cercle of Tessalit contains the [[Communes of Mali|communes]] of Tessalit, Adjelhoc, and [[Timtaghene]].

==Battle of Tessalit==
{{main|Battle of Tessalit}}
Tuareg rebels defeated Malian government forces to take the village in 2012. Attempts by the Malian Air Force, using Ukrainian mercenaries, were unable to prevent the defeat.

French paratroopers took the local airport and then were joined by French and African Forces landing at the airport. They recaptured Tessalit on Feb. 8, 2013, according to General Staff spokesman Colonel Thierry Burkhard.<ref>{{citation|title=French forces control strategic Mali town Tessalit|date=Feb 8, 2013|publisher=Expatica French News |url=http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/french-news/french-forces-control-strategic-mali-town-tessalit_258099.html}}</ref>

===2020===
French forces killed the head of [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] (AQIM), [[Abdelmalek Droukdel]] on June 5, [[2020 in West Africa|2020]], near Tessalit. While France is concentrating its anti-terrorist efforts on the [[Islamic State in the Greater Sahara|Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (IS-GS)]], a spokesperson indicated that does not preclude other activities. Droukdel was buried at the scene.<ref>{{cite web |title='Capture not possible': France's desert operation against Al-Qaeda chief |url=https://news.yahoo.com/capture-not-possible-frances-desert-operation-against-al-162922291.html |website=news.yahoo.com |accessdate=June 13, 2020}}</ref>

==Climate==
{{Weather box
|location = Tessalit, Mali (1961-1990 normals, extremes 1948-1994)
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|Jan high C = 26.8
|Feb high C = 29.9
|Mar high C = 33.3
|Apr high C = 37.0
|May high C = 40.7
|Jun high C = 42.7
|Jul high C = 41.6
|Aug high C = 40.6
|Sep high C = 40.3
|Oct high C = 37.3
|Nov high C = 31.9
|Dec high C = 27.1
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 19.7
|Feb mean C = 22.5
|Mar mean C = 25.7
|Apr mean C = 29.4
|May mean C = 33.3
|Jun mean C = 35.8
|Jul mean C = 34.9
|Aug mean C = 33.9
|Sep mean C = 33.5
|Oct mean C = 30.5
|Nov mean C = 25.1
|Dec mean C = 20.3
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 12.6
|Feb low C = 15.0
|Mar low C = 18.0
|Apr low C = 21.8
|May low C = 25.8
|Jun low C = 28.9
|Jul low C = 28.1
|Aug low C = 27.1
|Sep low C = 26.7
|Oct low C = 23.6
|Nov low C = 18.2
|Dec low C = 13.5
|year low C =
|Jan record high C = 36.0
|Feb record high C = 39.0
|Mar record high C = 42.5
|Apr record high C = 44.0
|May record high C = 46.4
|Jun record high C = 46.3
|Jul record high C = 49.0
|Aug record high C = 45.0
|Sep record high C = 44.5
|Oct record high C = 43.4
|Nov record high C = 39.0
|Dec record high C = 35.6
|Jan record low C = 3.3
|Feb record low C = 4.4
|Mar record low C = 7.0
|Apr record low C = 8.7
|May record low C = 12.1
|Jun record low C = 18.4
|Jul record low C = 16.0
|Aug record low C = 14.0
|Sep record low C = 12.9
|Oct record low C = 9.0
|Nov record low C = 6.3
|Dec record low C = 3.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 0.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 0.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 0.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 0.5
|May precipitation mm = 4.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 6.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 16.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 26.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 11.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 1.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 0.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 0.4
|year precipitation mm =
|unit rain days =
|Jan rain days = 0.2
|Feb rain days = 0.1
|Mar rain days = 0.2
|Apr rain days = 0.2
|May rain days = 0.7
|Jun rain days = 1.2
|Jul rain days = 3.3
|Aug rain days = 5.1
|Sep rain days = 2.5
|Oct rain days = 0.4
|Nov rain days = 0.2
|Dec rain days = 0.2
|year rain days =
|Jan humidity = 23
|Feb humidity = 19
|Mar humidity = 17
|Apr humidity = 14
|May humidity = 15
|Jun humidity = 18
|Jul humidity = 26
|Aug humidity = 33
|Sep humidity = 24
|Oct humidity = 19
|Nov humidity = 22
|Dec humidity = 21
|year humidity =
|Jan sun = 253.4
|Feb sun = 248.6
|Mar sun = 259.3
|Apr sun = 255.1
|May sun = 271.3
|Jun sun = 166.2
|Jul sun = 139.5
|Aug sun = 154.0
|Sep sun = 148.6
|Oct sun = 264.7
|Nov sun = 262.3
|Dec sun = 238.8
|Jan percentsun = 75
|Feb percentsun = 78
|Mar percentsun = 70
|Apr percentsun = 68
|May percentsun = 68
|Jun percentsun = 42
|Jul percentsun = 34
|Aug percentsun = 39
|Sep percentsun = 41
|Oct percentsun = 74
|Nov percentsun = 79
|Dec percentsun = 71
|year percentsun = 61
|source 1 = NOAA<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG__I/M1/61202.TXT
| title = Tessalit Climate Normals 1961-1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = January 17, 2023
}}</ref>
|source 2 = DWD (extremes, humidity 1973-1994)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_612020_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Tessalit / Mali
| publisher = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]
| accessdate = January 17, 2023
}}</ref>
}}

==Notable People==
*[[Mohamed Ag Erlaf]] (born 1956) - politician

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Communes of the Kidal Region}}

[[Category:Tuareg]]
[[Category:Communes of Kidal Region]]
[[Category:Oases of Mali]]

Norwegian Institute of Technology

2024-12-22T03:10:12Z

208.53.253.11: /* Notable alumni */

{{Short description|Former science institute in Trondheim, Norway}}
{{Distinguish|National Institute of Technology (Norway)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[Image:Hovedbygget ntnu.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Hovedbygningen, the main building of the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH)]]
The '''Norwegian Institute of Technology''' ([[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]: ''Norges tekniske høgskole'', '''NTH''') was a science institute in [[Trondheim]], [[Norway]]. It was established in 1910, and existed as an independent technical university for 58 years, after which it was merged into the [[University of Trondheim]] as an independent college.<ref>[https://www.ntnu.no/2010/historie/1968unit About the establishment of the University of Trondheim (Norwegian)]</ref>

In 1996 NTH ceased to exist as an organizational superstructure when the university was restructured and rebranded. The former NTH departments are now basic building blocks of the [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology]] (NTNU).

NTH was primarily a [[institute of technology|polytechnic]] institute, educating master level [[engineer]]s as well as [[architect]]s. In 1992 NTH had 7627 master and doctoral students and 1591 employees; it graduated 1262 chartered engineers (master level), 52 chartered architects, and 92 Dr.Ing. (PhD). The operating budget was equivalent to US$100[[million|M]], and the total premises amounted to around 260,000 m2 (64 [[acre]]s).

Since the merger, it forms a part of the university campus commonly known as [[Gløshaugen]], from the geographical area in which it is situated.

==History==
[[File:Seal of the Norwegian Institute of Technology.svg|thumb|Seal of the Institute]]
The decision to establish a Norwegian national college of technology was made by the Norwegian parliament, the [[Storting]], in 1900, after years of heated debate on where the institution should be located; many representatives felt that the capital [[Oslo|Kristiania]] (now Oslo) was self-evident as the place for this nationally important seat of learning. However, eventually ''Den Tekniske Høgskole'' was located in the geographically central city of [[Trondheim]], based on an emerging policy of decentralisation as well as the city's existing and highly esteemed technical college, ''Trondhjems Tekniske Læreanstalt''.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Hovedbygningen, the building of Norges tekniske høgskole was designed by architect [[Bredo Greve]]. It was built of granite block construction in the [[National Romantic style]] of architecture.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Five academical departments were originally present in the parliament's resolution of 31 May 1900:
* [[Architecture]] and city planning
* [[Civil engineering]]
* [[Mechanical engineering]] (a. General and b. Naval, i.e. ship and ship engine construction)
* [[Electrical engineering]]
* [[Chemistry]] (a. General and b. Electro-chemistry)



{{Expand section|date=December 2009}}

==Academic faculties==

The academic structure of NTH during the last years before its inclusion in [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology|NTNU]] was as follows:
*Faculty of Architecture, with 5 Departments:
**Form and Colour Studies
**Building Technology
**Architectural History
**Arch. Design
**Town and Regional Planning
*Faculty of Applied Earth Science and Metallurgy, with 3 Departments:
**Metallurgy
**Geology and Mineral Resources
**Petroleum Technology and Applied Geophysics (see also [[Department of Petroleum Technology and Applied Geophysics, NTNU|Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics]])
*Faculty of Civil Engineering, with 8 Departments:
**Building and Construction Engineering
**Geotechnical Engineering
**Road and Railway Engineering
**Transportation Engineering
**Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering
**Building Materials
**Structural Engineering
**Geodesy and Photogrammetry
*Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, with 5 Departments:
**Electrical Power Engineering
**Telecommunications
**Engineering Cybernetics
**Physical Electronics
**Computer Systems and Telematics
*Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, with 7 Departments:
**Inorganic Chemistry
**Organic Chemistry
**Physical Chemistry
**Chemical Engineering
**Industrial Chemistry
**Industrial Biochemistry
**Biotechnology
*Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, with 6 Departments:
**Thermal Energy and Hydropower
**Machine Design and Materials Technology
**Production and Quality Engineering
**Applied Mechanics, Thermo- and Fluid Dynamics
**Heating and Ventilation
**Refrigeration Engineering
*Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, with two Departments:
**Mathematics Sciences
**Physics
*Faculty of Marine Technology, with 4 Departments:
**Marine Systems Design
**Marine Structures
**Marine Hydrodynamics
**Marine Engineering
*Faculty of Economics and Industrial Management, with two Departments:
**Economics
**Organisation and Work Science (Norwegian abbreviation: ORAL)
*Center for Management Education (Norw. abbrev.: ULA)
*Technical University Library of Norway (Norw. abbrev.: NTUB)
**The national resource library of technology and architecture
**Locations: Technical Main Library as well as six Faculty Libraries on campus

==Notable alumni==
* [[Jens G. Balchen]], electronics engr., professor, "father of Norwegian cybernetics", [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] fellow
* [[Alf Egil Bogen]], electronics engr., co-inventor of [[Atmel AVR]] μcontroller, co-founder of Atmel Norway
* [[Helmer Dahl]], electronics engr., World War II radar and [[Sonar|ASDIC]] pioneer, research and industry mentor, technology historian
* [[David Lie Eide]], engineer
* [[Johannes Falnes]], wave energy researcher
*[[Ivar Asbjørn Følling]] - chemical engr., discovery of [[Phenylketonuria]], [[Jahreprisen]] 1960
* [[Ivar Giaever]], mechanical engr., physicist, 1973 [[Nobel laureate]]
* [[Bjarne Hurlen]], mechanical engr., army officer, defence industry executive ([[Kongsberg Gruppen|Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk]] 1956–1975)
* [[Ralph Høibakk]], physicist, computer industry executive, mountaineer, adventurer ([[Seven Summits]]; South Pole)
* [[Fred Kavli]], physicist, innovator, business leader (sensor technology: [[Kavlico Corporation|Kavlico Corp.]]), and philanthropist
* [[Paal Kibsgaard]], petroleum engineer, chairman and CEO of [[Schlumberger]]<ref name=Schlumberger>{{cite web|title=Paal Kibsgaard, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Schlumberger Limited|url=http://www.slb.com/about/execmanagement/pkibsgaard.aspx|website=Schlumberger|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119020045/http://www.slb.com/about/execmanagement/pkibsgaard.aspx|archive-date=19 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Arne Korsmo]] - architect, professor, [[Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry]]
* [[Olav Landsverk]], electronics engr., military weapon systems computer pioneer, professor
* [[John M. Lervik]], electronics engr., co-founder and CEO of [[cXense]], co-founder and former CEO of [[Fast Search and Transfer|Fast Search & Transfer (FAST)]]
* [[Finn Lied]], electronics engr., World War II resistance agent, defence research director, Minister of Industry
* [[Terje Michalsen]], electronics engr., venture capitalist
* [[Lars Monrad Krohn]], electronics engr., industrialist (mini- and microcomputers)
* [[Ingvild Myhre]], electronics engr., telecom industry executive (Alcatel Telecom Norway, [[Telenor]] Mobil)
* [[Lars Onsager]], chemical engr., 1968 [[Nobel laureate]]
* [[Venketa Parthasarathy]], chemical engr., noted for work on [[wood pulp]] and two-stage oxygen delignification
*[[Erik Rolfsen]], architect and city planner for [[Oslo]]
* [[Edgar B. Schieldrop]], mechanical engr., [[Studentersamfundet i Trondhjem|student society]] co-founder, popular science & technology author
* [[Rolf Skår]], cybernetics engr., industrialist (minicomputers), Norwegian Space Centre director
* [[Einar Aasen Skogsholm]], PhD Electrical Engr., VP of MECO
* [[Øystein Stray Spetalen]], petroleum engr., Norwegian investor
* [[Berit Svendsen]], telecom. engr., [[Master of Business Administration#Specialization|MTM]], [[Chief Technology Officer|CTO]] of [[Telenor]] 2000–.
* [[Anders Talleraas]], mechanical engr., MP for 20 years, former Conservative party parliamentary leader
* [[Vebjørn Tandberg]], electronics engr., industrialist (radio, tape recording, television)
*[[Theodore Theodorsen]], [[Norwegian-American]] [[aerodynamicist]]
* [[Leif Tronstad]], [[Order of the British Empire|O.B.E.]], chemist, nuclear chemistry scientist, planner and organiser of World War II's ''[[Norwegian heavy water sabotage|Operation Gunnerside]]''
* [[Tor Olav Trøim]], marine engr., shipping and energy industry executive (Frontline, Seadrill)
* [[John Ugelstad]], chemical engr., known for his pioneering work on monodisperse polymer beads
* [[Tore M. Undeland]], electrical engr., professor, international textbook author (Wiley), [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] fellow
* [[Gjert Wilhelmsen]], marine engr., co-founder of Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines
* [[Bror With]], mechanical engr., inventor of the ''[[Rottefella]]'' ski binding and [[Dromedille]] dinghy; World War II resistance agent
* [[Vegard Wollan]], electronics engr., co-inventor of [[Atmel AVR]] μcontroller, co-founder of Atmel Norway

==Commercial impact==

The following companies, or divisions of international companies, have been created directly or partly from NTH research and influence, including its contract research arm [[SINTEF]] with spin-offs:

*3d-Radar AS (advanced ground penetrating radar technology for shallow subsurface mapping in [[3D computer graphics|3D]]) [http://www.3d-radar.com]
*[[Atmel AVR|Atmel Norway]] (inventors and designers of the [[Atmel AVR]] RISC microcontroller family, incl HW/SW tools) {{in lang|no}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040505065627/http://www.atmel.no/]
*Ceetron AS (3D visualization and technical computing for oil & gas, plus aerospace, automotive, and consumer electronics) [http://www.ceetron.com]
*[[Cybernetica (Norwegian company)]] advanced process control, specializing in nonlinear [[model predictive control]]
*[[CorrOcean]] (industrial/off-shore [[Corrosion Monitoring]]) [http://www.corrocean.no]
*ErgoRunit AS ([[outsourcing]] services in IT system planning/[[system administrator|administration]] and accounting) [https://web.archive.org/web/20040512034831/http://www.ergorunit.no/ErgoRunit/ErgoRunit%20Trondheim.aspx] (N)
*[[Fast Search and Transfer|Fast Search & Transfer (FAST)]] (inter/intranet [[search engine]]s; developers of alltheweb.com) [http://www.fast.no]
*GE Vingmed Ultrasound, formerly Vingmed Sound ([[ultrasound]]-based imaging in medical diagnosis and surgery support systems) [https://web.archive.org/web/20040219092726/http://www.gemedicalsystemseurope.com/nono/] (N)
*Marine Cybernetics, specialising in the testing and verification of ship and offshore structure control systems [http://www.marinecybernetics.com/] (N)
*MARINTEK, The Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute,<ref>A majority share is owned by the [[SINTEF|SINTEF Group]]</ref> including MARINTEK (USA), Inc. [http://www.marintek.sintef.no/eway/default0.asp?e=0&pid=209&lang=eng]
*[[Nordic Semiconductor|Nordic Semiconductor ASA]] ([[application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]] design, SoCs, [[radio frequency|RF]]/mixed-signal hybrid [[integrated circuit|IC]]'s) [http://www.nordicsemi.no/index.cfm?obj=menu&act=displayMenu&men=65]
*Oceanor (oceanographic measurements and real-time environmental monitoring in oceans, freshwater, and soil) [http://www.oceanor.no]
*Powel ASA (IT products/services for energy production companies) [https://web.archive.org/web/20031022173455/http://www.powel.com/?id=228]
*Q-Free ASA; formerly Micro Design AS (radio systems for tolling, traffic information, parking, ticketing, access control, logistics) [http://www.q-free.no]
*Schlumberger Information Solutions Trondheim, formerly VoxelVision AS (3D visualization, mostly for oil & gas applications) [http://www.sis.slb.com/content/about/news/2003/news_09082003.asp]
*SINTEF, The Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at NTH (contract research corp, 1700 employees) [https://web.archive.org/web/20040903172422/http://www.sintef.no/eway/default0.asp?e=0&pid=199&lang=eng]
*SINTEF Energy Research, SINTEF Petroleum Research, and SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture ²
*Sinvent Ltd., SINTEFs development and investment company
*Sun Microsystems Trondheim; formerly ClustRa Systems (high-availability, real-time [[database]] technology) [http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/2002-03/sunflash.20020319.2.html]
*Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies AS; acquired Systems in Motion AS (3D visualization software) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110130031446/http://www.kongsberg.com/kogt] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120806074058/http://www.coin3d.org/]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Norges tekniske høgskole|Norges tekniske høgskole (Norwegian Institute of Technology)}}






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{{Norwegian University of Science and Technology}}
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[[Category:Norwegian Institute of Technology| ]]
[[Category:Defunct universities and colleges in Norway]]
[[Category:Technical universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Trondheim]]
[[Category:Education in Trondheim]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1910]]
[[Category:Norwegian University of Science and Technology|*]]
[[Category:1910 establishments in Norway]]
[[Category:National Romantic architecture in Norway]]
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