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Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt

2025-06-25T08:50:26Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4:

{{Short description|Finnish-Swedish-Russian courtier (1757–1814)}}
{{For|other members of Armfelt family|Armfelt}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] [[Hochwohlgeboren#Swedish|The High Well-born]] [[Swedish nobility#Count|Count]]
| name = Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt
| image = Armfelt.png
| alt =
| caption = Armfelt standing next to the bust of [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] by [[Johan Erik Lindh]], 1845 copy
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1757|3|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tarvasjoki]], Sweden
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1814|8|19|1757|3|31|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Tsarskoye Selo]], Russian Empire
| placeofburial = [[Halikko Church]]
| allegiance = {{plainlist|
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Sweden}}
* {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}}
}}
| branch = {{plainlist|
* [[Swedish Army]]
* [[Russian Army]]
}}
| serviceyears = 1780–1810
| rank = [[General of the Infantry (Imperial Russia)|General of the Infantry]]
| servicenumber =
| commands = Nyland Infantry Regiment
| unit = [[Life Guards (Sweden)|Life Guards]]
| battles = {{Tree list}}
* [[Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)]]
** [[Battle of Elgsö]]
** [[Battle of Pardakoski–Kärnakoski|Battle of Kärnakoski]]
** [[Battle of Savitaipal]]
* [[War of the Third Coalition]]
* [[War of the Fourth Coalition]]
** [[Great Sortie of Stralsund]]
* [[Franco-Swedish War]]
* [[Dano-Swedish War of 1808–09]]
** [[Battle of Lier (1808)|Battle of Lier]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Royal Order of the Seraphim]]
* [[Order of the Sword]]
* [[Lord of the Realm]]
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Hedvig Ulrika De la Gardie]]|1785}}
| children = 8
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| signature_size =
}}
Count '''Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt''' ({{langx|ru|Густав-Маврикий Максимович Армфельт|Gustav-Mavrikiy Maksimovich Armfel't}}; 31 March 1757 – 19 August 1814)<ref>{{BLF|2556|Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt}}</ref> was a Finnish-Swedish count, baron, [[courtier]], general and diplomat who was later in Russian service.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hjelm |first1=Titus |last2=Maude |first2=George |title=Historical Dictionary of Finland |date=15 August 2021 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-1154-3 |page=33 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Finland/Fgo0EAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Finland]], he is considered one of the greatest Finnish statesmen. His advice to [[Alexander I of Russia]] was of utmost importance for securing the autonomy of the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sls.fi/blf/artikel.php?id=2556 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100606020402/http://www.sls.fi/blf/artikel.php?id=2556 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 6 June 2010 |title= Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt
|publisher = Biografisket Lexikon of Finland |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vaaskivi |first=Tatu |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/fikka.5497637 |title=Loistava Armfelt |date=2021 |publisher=SAGA Egmont |others=SAGA Egmont |isbn=978-87-26-81579-5 |location=Copenhagen}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Tegnér |first=Elof |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/helmet.1543583?sid=4827265973 |title=Gustav Mauritz Armfelt. II: Armfelt i landsflykt |date=1884 |publisher=Beijer |location=Stockholm}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Ingman |first=Santeri |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/jykdok.749699?sid=4827265973 |title=Kustaa Mauri Armfelt: elämänkerta |date=1900 |publisher=Kansanvalistusseura |series=Kansanvalistus-seuran toimituksia |location=Joensuu}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Armfelt, Gustaf Mauritz |url=https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kenraalit/henkilo/18 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=National Biography of Finland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tegnér |first=Elof Kristofer |url=https://archive.org/details/gustafmauritzar00unkngoog |title=Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt : Studier ur Armfelts efterlemnade Papper ; samt andra Handskrifna och tryckta källor |date=1884 |others=Oxford University}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Ramel |first=Stig |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/jykdok.704966 |title=Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt 1757–1814: dödsdömd kungagunstling i Sverige, ärad statsgrundare i Finland |date=1997 |publisher=Atlantis |isbn=978-91-7486-473-1 |location=Stockholm}}</ref>

== Career in the Kingdom of Sweden ==
Born in [[Tarvasjoki]], [[Finland]], into the noble [[Armfelt|Armfelt family]], he was the great grandson of [[Charles XII of Sweden]]'s general, [[Carl Gustaf Armfeldt]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1774, Armfelt became an [[ensign (rank)|ensign]] in the guards, but his frivolous behavior involving a duel provoked the displeasure of [[Gustav III of Sweden]]. As a result, he thought it prudent to go abroad 1778. Subsequently, however, in 1780, Armfelt met the king again at [[Spa, Belgium|Spa]] in the [[Austrian Netherlands]] and completely won over the previously disgruntled monarch with his natural amiability, intelligence and social gifts. Henceforth, his fortune was made. At first, he was given the position of ''[[maître des plaisirs]]'' in the Swedish court, but it wasn't long before more serious affairs were entrusted to him. He took part in negotiations with [[Catherine II of Russia]] in 1783, and, during the [[Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)]], he was one of the king's most trusted and active counsellors.{{sfn|Bain|1911}}<ref name=":0" />

He displayed great valour in the field during this time. In 1788, when [[Denmark|the Danes]] unexpectedly invaded Sweden and threatened [[Gothenburg]], Armfelt organized the [[Dalecarlia]]n levies under the king's direction and led them to victory. He remained absolutely faithful to King Gustav when nearly the whole of the Swedish nobility fell away from him. Armfelt distinguished himself in the later phases of the [[Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)|Russo-Swedish War]], eventually becoming the Swedish [[plenipotentiary]] who negotiated the war's demise with the [[Treaty of Värälä]] in August 1790. Armfelt had been seriously wounded in the battle of Savitaipale in June 1790. During the reign of Gustav III, his influence was paramount in Sweden, though Armfelt protested against his master's headstrong championship of the [[Bourbons]].{{sfn|Bain|1911}}<ref name=":0" />

== Diplomacy ==
[[File:Count Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt in Florence (Louis Gauffier) - Nationalmuseum - 19714.tif|thumb|Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt in Florence in 1793 by [[Louis Gauffier]]. ]]
On his deathbed in 1792, King Gustav III committed the care of his son to Armfelt and appointed him to the [[Privy Council of Sweden|Privy Council]], which was to advise the new regent, the king's younger brother, [[Charles XIII of Sweden|Charles]]. Armfelt was also appointed as the [[Governor of Stockholm]], but the new regent was staunchly anti-Gustavian and sent Armfelt to serve as the Swedish ambassador to [[Naples]] to get rid of him.<ref name=":0" />{{better source needed|reason=This is a work of fiction|date=March 2025}}

From Naples, Armfelt began secret communications with Empress of Russia [[Catherine the Great]], arguing that she should bring about by means of a military intervention a change in the Swedish government in favour of the [[Gustavians]]. The [[Armfelt conspiracy]], though, was discovered by spies for the regent, who immediately sent a Swedish man-of-war to Naples to seize him. With the assistance of the exiled British [[Caroline of Brunswick|Queen Caroline]], he was just barely able to escape. He fled to Russia, where he was interned at [[Kaluga]] 1794–1797. At home, he was condemned to death as a traitor and his property confiscated. His mistress, [[Magdalena Rudenschöld]], was judged for complicity and [[Pillory|pilloried]] on the Riddarhus Square before being imprisoned for two years in [[Stockholm]].{{sfn|Bain|1911}}<ref name=":0" />

== Against Napoleon's France ==
[[File:Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt av Joseph Maria Grassi.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Armfelt by [[Josef Grassi|Joseph Maria Grassi]] 1799–1801. ]]
When [[Gustav IV of Sweden]] attained his majority, Armfelt was completely rehabilitated and sent as Swedish ambassador to [[Vienna]] in 1802, but was obliged to quit the post two years later for sharply attacking the [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian]] government's attitude towards [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]. From 1805 to 1807, he was the commander-in-chief of the Swedish forces in [[Swedish Pomerania|Pomerania]], where he displayed great ability and stopped the conquest of the duchy for as long as possible; the [[Great Sortie of Stralsund]] was particularly successful. He was promoted to [[General of the infantry]] in 1807. Armfelt was invited to join to as a member of the Royal Military Academy. On his return home, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Norwegian frontier, where he was stifled in his duties by the constant flow of ''ordres, contre-ordres et désordres'' from his master.{{sfn|Bain|1911}}<ref name=":0" />

Armfelt supported the military alliance between Sweden and [[United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]] against [[Napoleon]]'s interests in Europe. The main plan was to conquer Norway from Denmark and to resist Russian advances. The military alliance laid the groundwork for the upcoming [[Finnish War]] in 1808. Napoleon demanded that Alexander I, who was in alliance with France, declare war against Sweden and conquer Finland. Russians in Saint Petersburg were concerned about the potential presence of [[Royal Navy|the Royal Navy]] in [[Baltic Sea|the Baltic Sea]]. The Royal Navy had the opportunity to use the Finnish coastline as a base for bombarding the capital of the empire.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jorgensen|first=Christer|date=January 1999|title=The Common Cause – The Life and Death of the Anglo-Swedish Alliance Against France, 1805–1809|publisher=University of London}}</ref>

Before [[French Revolution|the French Revolution]] in 1789, Sweden was a close ally of France and King [[Louis XVI]]. Sweden even supported France during [[American Revolutionary War|the American Revolutionary War]]. King of Sweden Gustav IV Adolf and Armfelt despised the French revolutionaries and [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]]. Gustav IV Adolf's foreign policy was unwaveringly against France. Sweden did not want to join [[Continental System|the Continental System]], which angered France.<ref name=":0" />

[[Dano-Swedish War (1808–1809)|The Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809]] commenced in March 1808. Sweden found itself in a two-front war against [[Denmark–Norway|Denmark-Norway]] and Russia. Armfelt served as the commander-in-chief of the Norwegian frontier and successfully led his forces. The Royal Navy established a naval blockade against Norway and also contained Napoleon's forces in Denmark, while Sweden's alliance with the United Kingdom proved effective on the western front.<ref name=":0" />

== Imperial Russia and the Grand Duchy of Finland ==
[[File:Johan Fredrik Aminoff, Johan Albrekt Ehrenström and Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt (René Théodore Berthon) - Nationalmuseum - 40074.tif|thumb|Three [[Gustavians]] – [[Johan Fredrik Aminoff]], [[Johan Albrecht Ehrenström]], and Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt – emerged as significant figures in the newly formed Grand Duchy of Finland.]]
Gustav IV Adolf's foreign policy led to [[Finnish War|the Finnish War]] in 1808. Napoleon pressured Russia to attack Finland. Sweden's grand army was stationed near the border of Norway. Russia launched its attack on Finland in February during the winter. Due to the frozen Baltic Sea, it was impossible to transfer the grand army to Finland. As a result, Finland was unable to defend itself effectively, and Russia conquered large parts of the country within a few months. Sweden's poor performance in the war sparked political unrest in Stockholm, leading to plans by usurpers to overthrow Gustav IV Adolf.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

Armfelt was firmly opposed to the revolutionaries who overthrew Gustav IV and exiled his family in the [[Coup of 1809]]. He was the most courageous of the deposed king's supporters and resolved afterwards to retire to Finland, which had been ceded to Russia.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

However, Armfelt was appointed to high offices in the Swedish government. King of Sweden Charles XIII invited him to join [[Privy Council of Sweden|the Privy Council]], and he also appointed Armfelt as the President of [[War College (Sweden)|the War College]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

Sweden elected [[Charles XIV John|Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte]] as the new Crown Prince. Armfelt decided to visit his estate in [[Halikko]], Finland, in summer 1810, which he had owned since 1801. During the trip, he also visited Saint Petersburg and met with Emperor Alexander I, receiving the favour of the Emperor. During the meeting, Armfelt presented a memo to the Emperor regarding the conditions of Finland. Additionally, he outlined a plan for [[Committee for Finnish Affairs|the Committee for Finnish Affairs]], which was later finalised by Armfelt and Count [[Mikhail Speransky]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" />

Armfelt resigned from the Swedish military in October 1810. There were unfounded reports about Armfelt by the Swedish people. On 29 March 1811, King Charles XIII expelled Armfelt from Sweden. Napoleon supported the expulsion, as he had a strong dislike for Armfelt. The following day, Armfelt met with the Russian Ambassador, General Count [[Jan Pieter van Suchtelen|Jan Peter van Suchtelen]]. Armfelt pledged his allegiance to the Emperor of Russia and then traveled to Finland.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" />

Armfelt's position greatly improved in Russia. After deposing [[Speransky]] he exercised almost as much influence over Emperor [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] as [[Adam Jerzy Czartoryski|Adam Czartoryski]]. He contributed more than anyone else to Finnish independence with his plan to turn the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] into an autonomous [[Sovereign state|state]] within the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aminoff |first=Jukka |url=https://kansalliskirjasto.finna.fi/Record/fikka.5496009 |title=Suomen Ruotsi ja Venäjä: Suomi muuttuvien maailmanjärjestysten keskellä |date=2021 |publisher=Readme.fi |others=Readme.fi |isbn=978-952-373-254-4 |location=Helsinki}}</ref>

In 1811, he relocated to [[Saint Petersburg]] and was appointed as the Chairman of [[Committee for Finnish Affairs|the Committee for Finnish Affairs]]. Additionally, he became a Member of [[State Council (Russia)|the State Council]] in Russia. Armfelt could not serve as chairman during the Napoleonic Wars. [[Johan Fredrik Aminoff]] temporarily acted as chairman.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolff |first=Charlotta |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/tiekko.1062719 |title=Johan Fredrik Aminoff: kustaviaani kahdessa valtakunnassa |last2=Nurmiainen |first2=Jouko |date=2022 |publisher=Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava |others=Otava, kustannusosakeyhtiö |isbn=978-951-1-46554-6 |location=Helsingissä}}</ref>

Armfelt's influence was crucial when [[Old Finland]] was combined with Finland. Emperor Alexander supported Armfelt's proposal in 1811.<ref name=":0" />

Armfelt, who had been Chancellor of the [[Royal Academy of Turku]] from 1791 to 1792, was again made the chancellor of institution, which had been renamed ''Imperial Academy'', in 1812. He held the position for two years. In 1812, the grateful Emperor raised him to the rank of [[Count]].<ref name=":0" />

French Emperor [[Napoleon]] invaded Russia in 1812. Armfelt was promoted to the rank of [[General of the Infantry (Imperial Russia)|General of the Infantry]] and became Emperor Alexander I's Adjutant General. He participated in [[Napoleonic Wars|the Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1812, Emperor Alexander I and the Crown Prince of Sweden, [[Charles XIV John]], met in [[Turku]], Finland. Armfelt had a significant influence on Sweden's foreign policy. As a result of the meeting, Sweden abandoned its plan to reclaim Finland from Russia. Armfelt proposed an alternative strategy to Sweden, suggesting that they conquer [[Norway]] from [[Denmark]] instead.<ref name=":0" />

Armfelt disliked Turku because its citizens supported revolutionary ideas and even Napoleon. Helsinki, as the new capital of Finland, was closer to Saint Petersburg and far away from political unrest. Armfelt persuaded Alexander to move the capital in 1812.<ref name=":0" />

He served as the Minister State Secretary of Finland, the Grand Duchy's highest representative, in St Petersburg 1812–14. He was also briefly [[Governor-General of Finland]] in 1813. He never got along with the first Governor-General of Finland, Count [[Georg Magnus Sprengtporten]], who was another strong supporter of the Grand Duchy of Finland in its early stage.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Korhonen |first=Keijo |title=Suomen asiain komitea: Suomen korkeimman hallinnon järjestelyt ja toteuttaminen vuosina 1811–1826 |year=1963 |publisher=Tekijä |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/jykdok.1900498?sid=3454451083 |place=Turku}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Ramel |first=Stig |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/arto.000602675 |title=Yrjö Maunu Sprengtporten: maanpetturi ja patriootti |last2=Kuuranne |first2=Iiro |date=2005 |publisher=Otava |others=Otava, kustannusosakeyhtiö |isbn=978-951-1-19074-5 |location=Helsingissä}}</ref>

He died at [[Tsarskoe Selo]] near [[Saint Petersburg]] on 19 August 1814. A grand funeral procession took place at [[Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg|Kazan Cathedral]] in Saint Petersburg. Armfelt was accompanied by Finnish and Russian regiments. He was buried family grave in [[Halikko Church]], located in [[Halikko]], Finland.{{sfn|Bain|1911}}<ref name=":0" />

== Titles ==
* {{flag|Russia}} Count (1812)<ref name=":3" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} Baron (1757)<ref name=":3" />

== Honours ==
* [[File:Order of the Elephant Ribbon bar.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Denmark}} [[Order of the Elephant]] Grand Cross (1787)<ref name=":3" />
* [[File:Order of the Sword - Ribbon bar.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Sweden}} [[Order of the Sword]] Knight (1789)<ref name=":3" />
* [[File:Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Russia}} [[Order of Saint Anna]] 1st Class (1789)<ref name=":3" />
* [[File:Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Russia}} [[Order of Alexander Nevsky]] Silver Star with diamonds (1789)<ref name=":3" />
* [[File:Order St. Andrew (Russia) ribbon.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Russia}} [[Order of St. Andrew]] Silver Cross with diamonds (1789)<ref name=":3" />
* [[File:Order of the Sword - Ribbon bar.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Sweden}} [[Order of the Sword]] Grand Cross (1789)<ref name=":3" />
* [[File:Order of the Seraphim - Ribbon bar.svg|frameless|55x55px]] {{flag|Sweden}} [[Order of the Seraphim]] Knight (1789)<ref name=":3" />
* {{flag|Sweden}} [[Lord of the Realm]]<ref name=":3" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Joensuun kartano, Åminne herrgård1.jpg|thumb|Joensuu Mansion was the estate of Armfelt in Halikko, Finland. ]]
[[File:Armfeltin vaakuna Halikon kirkko.jpg|thumb|Armfelt coat of arms at Halikko Church. ]]
Together with Count [[Georg Magnus Sprengtporten]], Armfelt is regarded as one of the fathers of [[Diet of Porvoo|Finnish independence]]. Because of his unpopularity among the anti-Gustavian Swedish nobility and the fact that he "turned Russian", Armfelt has been a somewhat mysterious and generally unknown character in [[Swedish history]].

Ignorance of Armfelt and his accomplishments persisted for well over a century in Sweden and only recently has a more nuanced, positive approach to Armfelt emerged there. In Finland, he has always been highly regarded as a great patriot and statesman.<ref name=":0" />

Ambassador [[Ilkka Pastinen]], who translated Stig Ramel's book about Armfelt from Swedish to Finnish, describes Armfelt's estate, Joensuu Mansion, as significant for the Finns, comparable to how [[Mount Vernon]], the private home of President [[George Washington]], is significant for Americans. Armfelt supported the American Revolutionary War.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramel |first=Stig |url=https://jyu.finna.fi/Record/jykdok.856848 |title=Kustaa Mauri Armfelt: 1757–1814: Ruotsissa kuolemaantuomittu kuninkaan suosikki, Suomessa kunnioitettu valtion perustaja |last2=Pastinen |first2=Ilkka |date=2001 |publisher=Otava |isbn=978-951-1-17497-4 |series=Seven |location=Helsingissä}}</ref>

Because Armfelt chose to remain loyal to Finland and its people, rather than its former ruler, he was labeled as a traitor in Sweden and sentenced to death for treason. The Swedish people could not accept at the time the loss of Finland, which had been part of the realm for over 600 years. Their anguish was exacerbated by the fact that the province had been lost to Sweden's archenemy, Russia. Armfelt's death sentence, however, had no actual meaning outside of Sweden as there was never a realistic Swedish attempt launched to recapture Finland. Politicians threatened action mainly to gain favour among the nobles and populace. Already, in 1812, Sweden allied with Russia, and the sentence was annulled.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==Family==
In 1785, Armfelt married Countess [[Hedvig Ulrika De la Gardie]] (1761–1832), daughter of Count Carl Julius De la Gardie and his wife, Countess Magdalena Christina [[Stenbock]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00487931&tree=LEO</ref>

They had the following eight children:
# Countess Maria Magdalena Catharina Augusta Armfelt, (1786–1845), married Count Axel Adolf [[List of Swedish noble families|Piper-Ängsö]] (1778-1827) and had issue
# Baron Gustaf Fredrik Armfelt, (1788–1789).
# Baron Carl Armfelt, born and died 1788.
# Baron Magnus Armfelt, born and died 1788.
# [[Gustaf Magnus Armfelt|Count Gustaf Magnus Armfelt]], (1792–1856), major-general, married Louise Cuthbert-Brook, Lady of [[Joensuu]] (1801-1865)
# [[Alexander Armfelt|Count Alexander Armfelt]], (1794–1876), captain, Finnish minister secretary of state, privy councillor, married firstly Baroness Siri [[Oxenstierna]] (1801-1841); married secondly Aline [[Demidov family|Demidov]] (1808-1898) and had issue from both marriages
# Baron Constantin Armfelt, (1796–1797).
# Count Carl Magnus Wilhelm Armfelt, (1797–1878), married Baroness Adelaide Sohvia Vlhelmiina Karoliina von [[Von Stedingk|Stedingk]] (1802-1863) (div. 1834); married secondly Ulrika Christina Vilhelmina [[Bohman]] (1818-1892), and had issue from both marriages

From the affair with the actress Mademoiselle L'Eclair in Paris, Armfelt had an illegitimate son, Maurice L'Eclair (1780–1841). From the affair with [[Princess Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan]], Armfelt had an illegitimate daughter, Countess Adelaide Gustava Aspasie (Vava) Armfelt (1801–1881). Maurice was knighted in 1816 in Sweden as Mauritz Clairfelt and became a general; Vava was adopted in 1812 into the Armfelt family. He also had an out of wedlock daughter with Princess Ekaterina Nikolaevna [[Golitsyn family|Galitzina]] (1764-1832), Princess Ekaterina [[Gagarin family|Gagarina]] (1794-1835).<ref>https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00540239&tree=LEO</ref>

==See also==
* [[Armfelt|Armfelt family]]
* [[Goran Magnus Sprengtporten|Georg Magnus Sprengtporten]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
'''Attribution:'''
* {{EB1911|wstitle= Armfelt, Gustaf Mauritz |volume=2 |page=575 |first=Robert Nisbet|last=Bain|author-link=Robert Nisbet Bain}}

==Further reading==
* {{BLF|2556|Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113519017}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113519034}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113519044}}
* {{SLS Q|Q113519018}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-culture}}
{{S-bef|before=First holder}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Swedish Academy]], [[List of members of the Swedish Academy#Seat 14|Seat No.14]]|years=1786–1794}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Malte Ramel]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Johan Murberg]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Swedish Academy]], [[List of members of the Swedish Academy#Seat 17|Seat No.17]]|years=1805–1811}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Gustaf af Wetterstedt]]}}
{{S-off}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Fabian Steinheil]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Governor-General of Finland]]|years=1813–1814}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Fabian Steinheil]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Governors of Grand Duchy of Finland}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Armfelt, Gustaf Mauritz}}
[[Category:1757 births]]
[[Category:1814 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Tarvasjoki]]
[[Category:Swedish generals]]
[[Category:18th-century Swedish nobility]]
[[Category:Members of the Swedish Academy]]
[[Category:Politicians from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)]]
[[Category:Finland under Swedish rule]]
[[Category:Imperial Russian Army generals]]
[[Category:Governors of the Grand Duchy of Finland]]
[[Category:18th-century Swedish military personnel]]
[[Category:19th-century Swedish politicians]]
[[Category:18th-century Finnish military personnel]]
[[Category:People convicted of treason against Sweden]]
[[Category:People sentenced to death in absentia]]
[[Category:Swedish military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:People of the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)]]
[[Category:Ambassadors to the Kingdom of Naples]]
[[Category:Gustavian era people]]
[[Category:Finnish people from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Court of Gustav III]]
[[Category:Armfelt family|Gustaf Mauritz]]
[[Category:Lords of the Realm]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Sweden to the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Finnish generals]]
[[Category:People from the Russian Empire]]

Georg August Wallin

2025-06-25T08:49:35Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4:

{{Short description|Finnish orientalist, explorer and professor (1811–1852)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
[[File:Georg August Wallin (1811-1852), Scandinavian orientalist and explorer.jpg|right|thumb|Georg August Wallin]]
'''Georg August Wallin''' (also '''Yrjö Aukusti Wallin''', {{aka}} Abd al-Wali; 24 October 1811 – 23 October 1852)<ref name="hufvudstadsbladet">[https://www.hbl.fi/artikel/georg-august-wallin-var-var-forsta-wallraffare/ Georg August Wallin var vår första wallraffare] – ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]'' (in Swedish)</ref> was a Finnish [[Orientalism|orientalist]], explorer and professor remembered for his journeys in South-West Asia during the 1840s.

The Finnish translators of Wallin's letters state that Wallin has become a kind of "patron saint of Finnish oriental research". Among other things, the {{ill|Finnish Oriental Society|fi|Suomen itämainen seura}} holds its annual meeting on his birthday.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jussi Aro & Armas Salonen|title=Georg August Wallin. Teoksessa: G.Å. Wallin. Tutkimusmatkoilla arabien parissa. Otteita matkapäiväkirjasta ja kirjeistä.|year=2000|page=15|publisher=WSOY|language=fi}}</ref> Internationally, it has been estimated that Wallin was one of the most capable Europeans to set foot in [[Arabia]]. His qualifications have been compared to those of [[U. J. Seetzen]] and [[J. L. Burckhardt]], because he has been characterized as an Arabian scholar as the first modern explorer to prepare carefully for his mission, with no intention of leaving anything new to be said to his future. Wallin's notes were detailed, but he did not carry other research tools with him.<ref>{{cite book|author=David George Hogarth|title=The Penetration of Arabia: A Record of the Development of Western Knowledge Concerning the Arabian Peninsula|orig-year=1904|year=2011|page=11|publisher=[[Cambridge University]] Press}}</ref>

Kaj Öhrnberg notes in his book that Wallin's international reputation was at its highest right after his research trips. He was the first to collect [[Bedouin]] poetry and make observations of Bedouin dialects; his observations of Arabic phonetics remained important until the 20th century; he was the first to delve into the study of spoken Arabic. Today, however, Wallin has become a footnote to textbooks after research has gone past him.<ref>''Georg August Wallin:'' ''Aavikon vaeltaja. Elämä ja päiväkirjat'', [G. A. Wallin, explorer of the desert]. pp. 5–6. Edited by Kaj K. A. Öhrnberg. [[Otava (publisher)|Otava]], 2007. {{ISBN|978-951-1-17124-9}}.</ref>

== Biography ==
Wallin was born in the municipality of [[Sund, Åland]], in 1811,<ref name="hufvudstadsbladet"/> and his parents were [[Registrar (law)|registrar]] Israel Wallin (1777–1839) and Johanna Maria Ahrenberg (1779–1854).<ref>[https://www.blf.fi/artikel.php?id=3679 WALLIN, Georg August (1811–1852) – Biografiskt lexikon för Finland] (in Swedish)</ref> He attended [[Cathedral School of Åbo]] in [[Turku]] and moved to [[Rauma, Finland|Rauma]] with the school after the [[Great Fire of Turku]] in 1827. The following year, however, he dropped out of school and studied privately. In 1829, he enrolled to study Oriental Languages at the [[University of Helsinki]], graduating with an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in 1836. He then began writing a dissertation about [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], while working as a librarian in the university library.

In 1839, he travelled to [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], where he met Sheikh {{ill|Muhammad 'Ayyad al-Tantawi|qid=Q4451295}} and learned more about the [[Middle East]].

[[File:Georg August Wallin tombstone 2020-11-24.jpg|thumb|Wallin's tombstone in [[Hietaniemi Cemetery]], Helsinki]]

He travelled via Marseille and Alexandria to the{{Clarify|date=August 2024}} in 1843 to [[Cairo]], where he got to know the customs of the Middle East and the rudiments of Islam. He adopted a simple way of life and passed himself off as a Muslim, taking the name Abd al-Wali, to allow him to get closer to his subjects. While many people believe Wallin converted to [[Islam]], there is no proof to support this claim in his diaries and letters, and his writings rather indicate scepticism toward religion. His grave in [[Hietaniemi cemetery]], a Christian cemetery in Helsinki, simply displays his name, ''Georg Aug. Wallin'', with his Arabic name ''Abd al-Wali'' in Arabic letters beneath it.

In 1845, he began his first expedition, to visit [[Mecca]], a city forbidden to non-[[Muslim]]s. This expedition took him from Cairo via [[Ma'an]], [[Sakakah|Al-Jauf]], [[Jubbah, Saudi Arabia|Jubba]] and [[Ha'il]] to [[Medina]], Mecca and [[Jeddah]], from where he returned to Cairo.

On his second expedition in 1846, he visited [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and [[Syria]]. His third expedition in 1847 had been intended to explore the [[Wahhabi]] region of [[Najd]], but on reaching Ha'il he realized that his identity as a Muslim had been compromised, so he turned north and travelled in [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Persia]] before returning via [[Baghdad]] and [[Damascus]] to Cairo in 1849.

By 1850, Wallin had returned to Europe, where the [[Royal Geographical Society]] published his ''Notes taken during a Journey through part of Northern Arabia'' and awarded him a 25 [[guinea (coin)|guinea]] prize in recognition of his ground-breaking research. Wallin completed his doctoral thesis in 1851 and was subsequently appointed Professor of Oriental Literature at the University of Helsinki.

He was asked by both the Royal and [[Russian Geographical Society|Russian Geographical]] Societies to mount another expedition to the Middle East, but he declined, perhaps in part due to failing health.

He wrote that he found European culture oppressive and that he "couldn't adapt [him]self to Europe any more". Wallin died unexpectedly on 23 October 1852,<ref name="hufvudstadsbladet"/> only three years after his return to Finland and a day before his forty-first birthday.

Wallin's collected journey writings were published posthumously in the 1860s, edited by S. G. Elmgren. A complete edition of his writings was published in [[Swedish language|Swedish]] (partially in translations) during 2010–2017. An English-language and an Arabic-language translation of this edition are being planned.<ref>{{cite news | author=Hällsten, Annika | date=15 October 2017 | title=Georg August Wallin var vår första wallraffare | newspaper=Hufvudstadsbladet | pages=36–37 | url=https://www.hbl.fi/artikel/georg-august-wallin-var-var-forsta-wallraffare/ | language=sv }}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* ''Notes Taken During a Journey Though Part of Northern Arabia in 1848''. Published by the [[Royal Geographical Society]] in 1851. ([https://archive.org/details/jstor-1798039 Online version.])
* ''Narrative of a Journeys From Cairo to Medina and Mecca by Suez, Arabia, Tawila, Al-Jauf, Jubbe, Hail and Nejd, in 1845'', Royal Geographical Society, 1854
* William R. Mead, ''G. A. Wallin and the Royal Geographical Society'', [[Studia Orientalia]] 23, 1958.
* Georg Wallin, reprinted in ''Travels in Arabia'', New York: [[Oleander Press]], 1979:
** ''Notes taken during a Journey through part of Northern Arabia'', Journal of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] 20, 1851.
** ''Narrative of a Journey from Cairo to Medina and Mecca'', Journal of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]] 24, 1854.
** ''Narrative of a Journey from Cairo to Jerusalem'', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 25, 1855.
*''Georg August Wallins Reseanteckningar från Orienten, åren 1843–1849: Dagbok och bref.'' (Four volumes.) Efter resandens död utgifna af S. G. Elmgren. Helsingfors 1864–1866.
* ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18808 Yrjö Aukusti Wallin ja hänen matkansa Arabiassa]'' by [[Julius Krohn]] (at [[Project Gutenberg]]).
* Wallin, Georg August: ''Skrifter 1: Studietiden och resan till Alexandria.'' Utgivna av Kaj Öhrnberg och Patricia Berg under medverkan av Kira Pihlflyckt, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 2010. {{ISBN|978-951-583-189-7}} ([http://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/skrifter-1 Online version.])
* Wallin, Georg August: ''Skrifter 2: Det första året i Egypten 1843–1844''. Utgivna av Kaj Öhrnberg och Patricia Berg under medverkan av Kira Pihlflyckt, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 2011. {{ISBN|978-951-583-227-6}} ([http://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/skrifter-2 Online version.])
* Wallin, Georg August: ''Skrifter 3: Kairo och resan till Övre Egypten 1844–1845''. Utgivna av Kaj Öhrnberg och Patricia Berg under medverkan av Kira Pihlflyckt, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 2012. {{ISBN|978-951-583-249-8}} ([http://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/skrifter-3 Online version.])
* Wallin, Georg August: ''Skrifter 4: Färderna till Mekka och Jerusalem 1845–1847''. Utgivna av Kaj Öhrnberg och Patricia Berg under medverkan av Kira Pihlflyckt, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 2013. {{ISBN|978-951-583-269-6}} ([http://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/skrifter-4 Online version.])
* Wallin, Georg August: ''Skrifter 5: Norra Arabiska halvön och Persien 1847–1849''. Utgivna av Kaj Öhrnberg, Patricia Berg och Kira Pihlflyckt, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 2014. {{ISBN|978-951-583-285-6}} ([http://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/skrifter-5 Online version.])
* Wallin, Georg August: ''Skrifter 6: Resan hem via London 1849–1850''. Utgivna av Kaj Öhrnberg, Patricia Berg och Kira Pihlflyckt, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 2015. {{ISBN|978-951-583-339-6}} ([http://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/skrifter-6 Online version.])
* Wallin, Georg August: ''Skrifter 7: Professorsåren i Helsingfors 1850–1852''. Utgivna av Kaj Öhrnberg, Patricia Berg och Kira Pihlflyckt, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 2016. {{ISBN|978-951-583-358-7}} ([http://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/skrifter-7 Online version.])
* Wallin, Georg August: ''Skrifter: Appendix. Material nedtecknat på Arabiska halvön 1845–1848''. Utgivna av Kaj Öhrnberg, Patricia Berg och Kira Pihlflyckt, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 2017. {{Listed Invalid ISBN|978-951-584-411-9}} ([http://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/skrifter-appendix Online version.])

==Literature==
* Patricia Berg, Sofia Häggman, Kaj Öhrnberg, Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila & Heikki Palva; Nina Edgren-Henrichson (Editor): ''Dolce far niente in Arabia: Georg August Wallin and His Travels in the 1840s.'' Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen 2014. ISBN 978-87-635-4304-0
* {{SLS Q|Q113394132}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://375humanistia.helsinki.fi/en/humanists/georg-august-wallin Georg August Wallin.] 375 humanists on 7 March 2015. University of Helsinki.

{{Portal bar|Biography|Finland|Saudi Arabia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wallin, Georg August}}
[[Category:1811 births]]
[[Category:1852 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Helsinki]]
[[Category:Arabists]]
[[Category:Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery]]
[[Category:Christian Hebraists]]
[[Category:19th-century explorers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Explorers of Arabia]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:Finnish explorers]]
[[Category:Finnish orientalists]]
[[Category:Hajj accounts]]
[[Category:Scholars from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Writers from Åland]]
[[Category:Expatriates in Egypt]]
[[Category:Expatriates in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Finland–Saudi Arabia relations]]

Lempäälä

2025-06-22T15:47:19Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4: /* External links */

{{for|the municipality in the [[Karelian Isthmus]] known in Finnish as "Lempaala"|Lembolovo}}
{{expand Finnish|date=June 2023|topic=geo}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Lempäälä
| official_name = {{lang|fi|Lempäälän kunta}} {{lang|sv|Lempäälä kommun}}
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline = Lempäälä 2.jpg
| image_caption = Aerial view of Lempäälä
| image_shield = Lempäälä.vaakuna.svg
| shield_size = 120x80px
| image_map = Lempäälä sijainti Suomi.svg
| map_caption = Location of Lempäälä in Finland
|coordinates = {{coord|61|19|N|023|45|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Finland}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Finland|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Pirkanmaa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Sub-regions of Finland|Sub-region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tampere sub-region|Tampere]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metropolitan area
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tampere metropolitan area|Tampere]]
| leader_title = Municipality manager
| leader_name = Heidi Rämö
| established_title = [[Charter]]
| established_date = 1866
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|blank_name = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_name|Lempäälä}}
|blank_info = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_info|Lempäälä}}
|timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset = +02:00
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| website = {{URL|https://www.lempaala.fi/}}
}}
'''Lempäälä''' ({{IPA|fi|ˈlempæːlæ|lang}}) is a [[municipality]] in [[Finland]], located in the [[Pirkanmaa]] region. It lies south of the regional capital, [[Tampere]]. The population of Lempäälä is approximately {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{Data Finland municipality/population count|Lempäälä}}round -3}}}}, while the [[Tampere metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] has a population of approximately {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Kangasala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Lempäälä}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Nokia, Finland}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Orivesi}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Pirkkala}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Tampere}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Vesilahti}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Ylöjärvi}}round -3}}}}. It is the {{ordinal|{{Data Finland municipality/population count sequence|Lempäälä}}}} most populous [[Municipalities of Finland|municipality]] in Finland.

The municipality covers an area of {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/total area|Lempäälä}}|km2}} of which {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/waters area|Lempäälä}}|km2|abbr=on}} is water.<ref name="total_area" /> The [[population density]] is {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/population density|Lempäälä|round=2}}|PD/km2}}.

The centre of Lempäälä lies on an isthmus between Lakes [[Vanajavesi]] and [[Pyhäjärvi (Tampere region)|Pyhäjärvi]], which are connected by the Kuokkalankoski Rapids and the Lempäälä Canal, which was built in the 1870s and is still in use. There is a geographical feature in Lempäälä known as Herralanvuolle, which is shaped like a [[Penis|male genital organ]], and this has attracted attention and discussion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/fiidifi/a/2015081920198318|title=Onko penis Lempäälän uusi matkailuvaltti?|trans-title=Is the penis Lempäälä's new tourist attraction?|work=[[Iltalehti]]|date=19 August 2015|access-date=22 June 2025|language=fi|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/03af4741-b898-41d8-b7c5-97c29b6013c7|title=Lempäälän kartta on niin ruma, että se saa nauramaan – Asukas: "Meitä se ei enää naurata"|trans-title=Lempäälä's map is so ugly it makes you laugh – Resident: "It doesn't make us laugh anymore"|first=Riku|last=Isokoski|work=[[Iltalehti]]|date=22 June 2025|access-date=22 June 2025|language=fi}}</ref>

The first written reference to the parish of Lempäälä dates from 1430. The oldest building in the town is a medieval church named after [[Saint Birgitta]], built in 1504.<ref>[http://www.lempaala.fi/historia/pyha_birgitta_maarasi_kirkon_pai/ Pyhä Birgitta määräsi kirkon paikan – Lempäälän kunta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030104/http://www.lempaala.fi/historia/pyha_birgitta_maarasi_kirkon_pai/ |date=2007-09-30 }}</ref> The only surviving item from the Middle Ages in the church is a wooden [[crucifix]] carved from [[birch]].

Finnish writer [[Yrjö Kokko]] lived in Lempäälä and is buried in the cemetery.

[[Ideapark]], the second largest [[shopping centre]] in the Nordic countries, is located in Lempäälä along the Helsinki-Tampere motorway ([[European route E12|E12]]).

==Kuokkala==

Kuokkala is a neighbourhood to the north of Lempäälä town which houses a ’museoraitti’ (museum trail). Several buildings now house collections of historical items, including a shop museum (also a shop and information office), hairdressers & barbers, cobblers, WW2 memorabilia, household equipment, blacksmiths, carpenters, a 19th-century Finnish dwelling, and a special exhibit relating to the ex-Finnish region of [[Sakkola]].<ref>Leaflet about Kuokkalan museoraitti published by museum.</ref>

== Politics ==
In the [[2023 Finnish parliamentary election|2023 parliamentary elections]], Lempäälä voted as such:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lempäälä {{!}} Tulospalvelu {{!}} Eduskuntavaalit 2023 {{!}} yle.fi |url=https://vaalit.yle.fi/ev2023/tulospalvelu/fi/municipalities/418/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=vaalit.yle.fi |language=fi}}</ref>

* [[National Coalition Party]] - 26.0%
* [[Finns Party]] - 22.0%
* [[Social Democratic Party of Finland|Social Democratic Party]] - 21.8%
* [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]] - 7.4%
* [[Green League]] - 6.6%
* [[Christian Democrats (Finland)|Christian Democrats]] - 6.3%
* [[Left Alliance (Finland)|Left Alliance]] - 4.4%
* [[Movement Now]] - 3.1%
* [[Freedom Alliance (Finland)|Freedom Alliance]] - 1.0%

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland}}

===Twin towns — Sister cities===
Lempäälä is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:

* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Ulricehamn]], Sweden
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Øvre Eiker]], Norway
* {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kerteminde]], Denmark
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Tapolca]], Hungary

==Villages==


*[[Aimala]]

==See also==
* [[Nokia, Finland]]
* [[Pirkkala]]
* [[Puntala-rock]], a punk rock festival

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Lempäälä}}
{{wikivoyage-inline|Lempäälä}}
*[https://www.lempaala.fi/ Municipality of Lempäälä] – Official site

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Lempäälä
| N = [[Pirkkala]], [[Tampere]]
| E = [[Kangasala]]
| SE = [[Valkeakoski]]
| S = [[Akaa]]
| W = [[Vesilahti]]
}}
{{Pirkanmaa}}
{{50 most populous Finnish municipalities}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lempaala}}
[[Category:Lempäälä| ]]
[[Category:Tampere metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1866]]
[[Category:1860s establishments in Finland]]

Tapio Hämäläinen

2025-06-20T16:29:14Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4: /* Sources */

{{One source|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Tapio Hämäläinen
|image = Tapio Hämäläinen Antero Rokkana, 1964.jpg
|imagesize = 150px
|caption = Tapio Hämäläinen, 1964.
|birth_name = Eemil Tapio Hämäläinen
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1922|6|18}}
|birth_place = [[Uukuniemi]], Finland
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2008|1|28|1922|6|18}}
|death_place = [[Helsinki]], Finland
}}
'''Eemil Tapio "Tapsa" Hämäläinen''' (18 June 1922, in Uukuniemi – 28 January 2008, in Helsinki) was a [[Finland|Finnish]] actor and theater counsellor.<ref name="is"/>

==Career==
Hämäläinen's best known roles were as Salo in ''[[The Unknown Soldier (1955 film)|The Unknown Soldier]]'' (''The Unknown Soldier'') and [[Councillor Tuura]] in the ''[[Uuno Turhapuro]]'' films (1976–1993, 2004). Hämäläinen also appeared in many television series, such as ''[[Naapurilähiö]]''. He gave his voice to [[Hemulen|The Hemulen]], The Police Inspector and [[The Groke]] in the Finnish dub of the ''[[Moomin (1990 TV series)|Moomin]]'' TV series.<ref name="is">{{cite web|url=https://www.is.fi/tv-ja-elokuvat/art-2000011248857.html|title=Turhapuro-tähti lausui paljonpuhuvat sanat roolistaan – "Jäin tyhjän päälle"|first=Suvi|last=Kerttula|work=[[Ilta-Sanomat]]|date=20 June 2025|access-date=20 June 2025|language=fi}}</ref>

Hämäläinen played [[Uuno Turhapuro]]'s father-in-law [[Councillor Tuura]] in 17 Turhapuro films.<ref name="is"/> Hämäläinen was tired of Tuura's role in the 1990s after shooting films for five years followed by a 23-episode television series.

==Sources==
===Further reading===
* {{cite book|title=Pohja se on miunkii säkis|last=Räty-Hämäläinen|first=Aino|publisher=[[Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö|WSOY]]|year=2000|isbn=951-0-24668-9|language=fi}}

===References===
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamalainen, Tapio}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Parikkala]]
[[Category:Finnish male film actors]]
[[Category:Finnish male voice actors]]
[[Category:Finnish male television actors]]
[[Category:Deaths from dementia in Finland]]
[[Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]

{{finland-actor-stub}}

List of Finnish Americans

2025-06-15T14:10:01Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4: /* Film and television */

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}

The following is a '''list of [[Finnish American]]s''', including both original immigrants who obtained American citizenship and their American descendants.

{{Americans}}

To be included in this list, the person must have a Wikipedia article showing they are Finnish American or must have references showing they are Finnish American and are notable.


==List==
{{dynamic list}}
{{Category see also|American people of Finnish descent|Finnish expatriates in the United States}}

===Academics, inventors, scientists===
* [[Lars Ahlfors]] (1907–1996), mathematician, one of the first two people to be awarded the Fields Medal; Wolf Prize winner; William Caspar Graustein Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University
* [[Alfred Aho]] (born 1941), [[computer scientist]] best known for his work on [[programming language]]s, [[compiler]]s, and related algorithms, and his textbooks on the art and science of computer programming, as of 2011 he holds the Lawrence Gussman Chair of [[Computer Science]] at [[Columbia University]]. He served as chair of the department from 1995 to 1997, and again in the spring of 2003{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* [[Jaakko Hintikka]] (1929–2015), professor of philosophy at [[Boston University]]; regarded as the founder of formal [[epistemic logic]] and of [[game semantics]] for logic
* [[Bengt Holmström|Bengt Robert Holmström]] (born 1949), economist, Nobel Laureate with [[Oliver Hart (economist)|Oliver Hart]] "for their contribution to [[contract theory]]", professor of economics; currently Paul A. Samuelson Professor of Economics at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
* [[Ruth Kaarlela]] (1919–2018), professor of blindness and vision studies, Western Michigan University; expert on rehabilitation, gerontology
* [[Benjamin B. Rubinstein]] (1905–1989), physician and psychoanalyst; had a practice in New York; wrote extensively on philosophy of [[psychoanalysis]]
* [[Linus Torvalds]] (born 1969), [[software engineer]] best known for having initiated the development of the [[Linux kernel]]; became a U.S. citizen in September 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1034808/focus=1035455|title=Gmane Loom|website=thread.gmane.org|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820090912/http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1034808/focus=1035455|archive-date=2013-08-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Vaino Jack Vehko]] (1918–1999), automotive engineer; NASA rocket scientist; in 1960 became Director of Engineering on the Saturn S1 and S1B booster rocket program at Chrysler Space Division's Michoud operation in New Orleans, Louisiana; the Saturn boosters successfully launched all the NASA Apollo and Moon missions
* [[Carl A. Wirtanen]] (1910–1990), astronomer<ref>[http://www.yle.fi/teema/tiedeuutiset/2003/rosetta%20wirtaselle.shtml Wirtasen vanhemmat olivat suomalaisia.] [Wirtanen's parents were Finns.]</ref>

===Arts and literature===
* [[Jean M. Auel]] (born 1936), author, wrote the ''Earth's Children'' books; her books have sold 34 million copies worldwide in many translations<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Matt |title=Research Guides: Finns in America: A Chronology: Introduction |url=https://guides.loc.gov/finns-in-america/introduction |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=guides.loc.gov |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Rudy Autio]] (1926–2007), sculptor<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-06-24 |title=Rudy Autio |url=https://missoulian.com/obits/01sun/rudy-autio/article_0c6b9d39-0d6f-583b-919c-920fbe29b19c.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=The Missoulian |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Max Dimont]] (1912–1992), historian; author of ''Jews, God and History'', which received critical acclaim and has sold over a million and a half copies; has lectured on Jewish history throughout the United States, Canada, South Africa, Brazil, and Finland; author of ''The Indestructible Jews'', ''The Jews in America'', and ''Appointment in Jerusalem''
* [[Eino Friberg]] (1901–1995), Protestant Minister and English translator of ''[[The Kalevala]]'', the Finnish national epic
* [[Rick Hautala]] (1949–2013), writer
* [[Clifton Karhu]] (1927-2007), artist in Japan renounced for woodblock prints of Kyoto and Kanazawa
* [[Tiina Nunnally]], author and translator
* [[Emil Petaja]], author
* [[Hannu Rajaniemi]], science fiction author
* [[Eero Saarinen]] (1910–1961), architect and product designer of the 20th century, famous for his simple, sweeping, arching structural curves<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finnish-born US Architect |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064590 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref>
* [[Eliel Saarinen]] (1873–1950), architect who became famous for his art nouveau buildings in the early 20th century<ref>[http://www.artnet.com/artist/424573443/eliel-saarinen.html] "Eliel Saarinen (Finnish, 1873-1950)"</ref>
* [[Haddon Sundblom]], artist
* [[Wallace Wood]], [[comics]] artist ([[EC Comics]], ''[[Mad Magazine]]'', [[Marvel Comics]])<ref>Steve Starger and J. David Spurlock: Wally's World, Vanguard Productions, 2006 [http://www.vanguardproductions.net/wallywood/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130203358/http://www.vanguardproductions.net/wallywood/|date=2008-01-30}}</ref>

===Business===
* [[Bill Aho]] (born 1957), [[American businessman|businessman]] who is a partner with The SagePoint Group, a management consulting firm, served as Senior Vice President of Strategic Planning for [[Darden Restaurants]] and was instrumental in turning around the [[Red Lobster (restaurant)|Red Lobster]] business.
* [[Mary Barra]], CEO of General Motors
* [[Mike Markkula]] (born 1942), entrepreneur; angel investor and second CEO of Apple Computer, Inc.; provided early critical funding and managerial support; known as Apple employee #3
* [[File:Marissa Mayer interview in 2011 I.jpg|thumb|[[Marissa Mayer]]]] [[Marissa Mayer]], CEO of [[Yahoo]] and former [[Google]] executive<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kauppalehti.fi/5/i/talous/uutiset/etusivu/uutinen.jsp?oid=201111102319 |title=Marissa Mayer visits the land of her ancestors |access-date=2011-11-10 |archive-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113011835/http://www.kauppalehti.fi/5/i/talous/uutiset/etusivu/uutinen.jsp?oid=201111102319 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Gustave Niebaum]] (1842–1908), established Inglenook Winery in Napa Valley, California, the first Bordeaux style winery in the US
* [[Oscar Wirkkala]] (1880–1959), logger and inventor, developed the high lead method of logging, which revolutionized the industry; also invented important pieces of that industry's machinery used during the first half of the 20th century

===Film and television===
* [[Pamela Anderson]], actress, father is of part Finnish ancestry<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/viihde/a/200706226269106|title=Iltalehti|date=June 22, 2007|website=www.iltalehti.fi|access-date=2022-03-21|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050118/http://www.iltalehti.fi/viihde/200706226269106_vi.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Richard Dean Anderson]], paternal grandfather came from Finland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11221007|title=Huhu, joka osoittautui todeksi - "MacGyverilla" suomalaiset sukujuuret|website=Yle Uutiset|date=22 February 2020|language=fi|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref>
* [[Maude Apatow]] (born 1997), actress
* [[Lucas Bryant]], actor
* [[Austin Butler]], actor, Finnish on maternal side
* [[David Chokachi]] (born 1968), actor, mother is of Finnish descent<ref name="See the list of Finnish artists">{{Cite web|url=http://www25.brinkster.com/finhollywood/international.html|title=See the list of Finnish artists|access-date=2006-10-07|archive-date=2006-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811204410/http://www25.brinkster.com/finhollywood/international.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Matt Damon 66ème Festival de Venise 1.jpg|thumb|[[Matt Damon]]|252x252px]]
* [[Matt Damon]] (born 1970), award-winning screenwriter and actor, mother is of partial Finnish descent<ref name="See the list of Finnish artists"/>
* [[Eric Dane]] (born 1972), actor
* [[Alexa Davalos]] (born 1982), actress, mother is of partial Finnish descent
* [[Elyssa Davalos]] (born 1959), actress, father was of partial Finnish descent
* [[Richard Davalos]] (1930–2016), actor; starred in ''East of Eden'' (1955) as James Dean's brother; portrayed the convict Blind Dick in ''Cool Hand Luke'' (1967); won the Theatre World Award for his performance in the Arthur Miller play ''A Memory of Two Mondays'' in 1955; fa is of Finnish descent<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finnfilm3.bravehost.com/richard_davalos.html |title=FINN FILM ENTERTAINMENT provided by Bravenet.com |website=www.finnfilm3.bravehost.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708091500/http://www.finnfilm3.bravehost.com/richard_davalos.html |archive-date=2011-07-08}}</ref>
* [[Anna Easteden]] (born 1976), actress; ''The House of Branching Love'' (2009) and ''Sideways'' (2009); co-starred in soap operas ''Passions'' and ''Days Of Our Lives'', and the series ''Bones''
* [[Taina Elg]] (born 1931), Golden Globe-winning film and stage actress<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0253359/bio|title=Taina Elg|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref>
* [[Nathan Fillion]] (born 1970), actor
* [[George Gaynes]] (1917–2016), film actor, known for his role as Commandant Eric Lassard in the ''[[Police Academy (franchise)|Police Academy]]'' film series<ref>[http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=26241] Finnish-born ([[Helsinki]])</ref>
* [[Renny Harlin]] (born 1959), producer and director; immigrant from Finland<ref>[http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=93452] "Finnish director Renny Harlin..."</ref>
* [[Crystal Hayes]] (born 1984), model and actress
* [[Brian Heidik]] (born 1968), won $1,000,000 on the [[Thailand]] edition of ''Survivor''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-09-22|title=Selviytyjät-voittaja on puoliksi suomalainen|url=https://www.is.fi/viihde/art-2000000061757.html|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Ilta-Sanomat|language=fi}}</ref>
* [[Nancy Juvonen]] (born 1967), American-Finnish film producer; with Drew Barrymore, co-owner of production company Flower Films; produced ''Never been Kissed'' (1999), ''Charlie's Angels'' (2000), ''Donnie Darko'' (2002), ''Charlie's Angels – Full Throttle'' (2003); wife of comedian and talk show host Jimmy Fallon<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nancy Juvonen |url=http://www.finnfilm4.bravehost.com/nancy_juvonen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004222946/http://www.finnfilm4.bravehost.com/nancy_juvonen.html |archive-date=October 4, 2011 |access-date=May 26, 2024 |website=www.finnfilm4.bravehost.com}}</ref>
* [[Paul Kangas]], host of ''[[Nightly Business Report]]'' television program<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/FinnsAmer/finchro.html|title=The Finns in America (European Reading Room, Library of Congress)|website=www.loc.gov}}</ref>
* [[Vincent Kartheiser]] (born 1979), actor, known for his role in ''[[Mad Men]]'', has distant Finnish ancestry<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bbook.com/tv/the-truth-about-vincent-kartheiser/|title=The Truth About Vincent Kartheiser {{!}} BlackBook|newspaper=Blackbook|date=20 June 2013|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-04}}</ref>
* [[Marta Kristen]] (born 1945), perhaps best known for her role as the character "Judy Robinson" in the cult television series ''Lost in Space''<ref>Born in Norway to a German father and a Finnish mother; describes herself as a "Finnish Girl" at [http://www.martakristen.com/marta/magazine/elokuva16/index.htm]</ref>
* [[Christine Lahti]] (born 1950), film actress, paternal grandparents were immigrants from Finland<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Du-Ha/Finnish-Americans.html|title=Finnish Americans - History, Modern era, The first finns in america|website=www.everyculture.com|access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref>
* [[Jessica Lange]] (born 1949), two-time Academy Award-winning film actress, maternal grandparents were of Finnish descent<ref>Noted as one of several Finnish Americans at [https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/FinnsAmer/finchro.html]; [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/01/30/1075340818857.html?from=storyrhs] notes that Lange is "the granddaughter of Finnish and Dutch-German migrants"</ref>
* [[Dick Latvala]] (1943–1999), tape archivist for the Grateful Dead
* [[Scott Lautanen]], television director and producer<ref name="See the list of Finnish artists"/>
* [[David Lynch]] (born 1946), director, mother is of part Finnish ancestry<ref name="See the list of Finnish artists"/>
* [[Leslie Mann]] (born 1972), actress who has appeared in numerous films, including ''[[The Cable Guy]]'' (1996), ''[[George of the Jungle (film)|George of the Jungle]]'' (1997), ''[[Big Daddy (1999 film)|Big Daddy]]'' (1999), ''[[The 40-Year-Old Virgin]]'' (2005), ''[[Knocked Up]]'' (2007), ''[[17 Again (film)|17 Again]]'' (2009), ''[[Funny People]]'' (2009), ''[[This Is 40]]'' (2012), and ''[[Blockers (film)|Blockers]]'' (2018){{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* [[Lisa Niemi]] (born 1956), actress, director and choreographer[[File:Marian Nixon photop1124.jpg|thumb|[[Marian Nixon]]|213x213px]] [[File:PlanNine 07.jpg|thumb|[[Maila Nurmi]]|213x213px]]
* [[Marian Nixon]] (1904–1983), actress<ref name="See the list of Finnish artists" />
* [[Maila Nurmi]] (1921–2008), creator of the well-remembered 1950s character of [[The Vampira Show|Vampira]]<ref>[http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=72733] born in [[Territories ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union|Petsamo]], [[Finland]]</ref>
* [[Catherine Oxenberg]] (born 1961), actress
* [[Ethan Peck]] (born 1986), actor
* [[Bonnie Pietila]], casting director and producer for ''The Simpsons''
* [[Joyce Randolph]] (born Joyce Sirola, 1924–2024), actress, best known for playing Trixie Norton on ''The Honeymooners''
* [[Allison Rosati]] (born 1963), journalist, paternal Finnish ancestry
* [[Eric Saarinen]] (1942–2024), cinematographer, son of Eero Saarinen
* [[Albert Salmi]] (1928–1990), film and television actor<ref>Noted as one of several Finnish Americans at [http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Du-Ha/Finnish-Americans.html]; parents were Finnish immigrants</ref>
* [[Steve Schubert]] (born 1951), football player, paternal grandmother was a Finnish immigrant
* [[Georgia Tennant]] (born 1984), actress, daughter of British actor [[Peter Davison]] and American actress [[Sandra Dickinson]]
* [[Vanessa Williams]] (born 1963), singer, actress, producer, former fashion model; first African American to be crowned Miss America; a DNA test revealed she is 12% Finnish<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ancestry.com/cm/2013/05/14/actress-vanessa-williams-explains-how-dna-powers-her-family-tree/?o_xid=55843&o_lid=55843&o_sch=External+Paid+Media |title=Actress Vanessa Williams Explains How DNA Powers Her Family Tree |work=ancestry.com |date=May 14, 2013 |access-date=August 23, 2014 |archive-date=April 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405073017/http://blogs.ancestry.com/cm/2013/05/14/actress-vanessa-williams-explains-how-dna-powers-her-family-tree/?o_xid=55843&o_lid=55843&o_sch=External+Paid+Media |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Marsha Garces Williams]], film producer and mom of Zelda Williams
* [[Zelda Williams]] (born 1989), actress, daughter of [[Robin Williams]]; mother of partial Finnish descent
* [[Renée Zellweger]] (born 1969), actress and producer; mother of partial Finnish descent
* [[Daphne Zuniga]], actress, mother of partial Finnish descent

===Military personnel===
* [[Johannes Anderson]] (1887–1950), Finnish-born U.S. Army soldier during World War I; Medal of Honor recipient
* [[Reino Hayhanen]] (1920–1961), U.S. spy; Soviet Lt. Colonel who defected to the U.S. during the Cold War; helped break open the [[Hollow Nickel Case]] which led to the capture of top Soviet spies in the U.S. looking for atomic secrets[[File:T. Kopra.jpg|thumb|[[Timothy Kopra|Timothy L. Kopra]]|213x213px]]
* [[Timothy L. Kopra]] (born 1963), astronaut; flew missions on the International Space Station and Space Shuttle Discovery; U.S. Army Colonel; Desert Storm veteran; Bronze Star recipient; West Point graduate
* [[Lauri Törni]] (1919–1965), Finnish Army Captain who led an infantry company in Finnish [[Winter War|Winter]] and [[Continuation War]]s; moved to the United States after World War II and adopted the name Larry Thorne; served with the U.S. Army Special Forces in Vietnam War; killed in Laos while on a clandestine mission
* [[Dale Eugene Wayrynen]] (1947–1967), U.S. Army enlisted soldier; recipient of the Medal of Honor, America's highest military decoration, for his actions in the Vietnam War
* [[Carl E. Vuono]] (born 1934), retired [[United States Army]] [[General (United States)|general]] who served as the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] from 1987 to 1991.
* [[Olavi Alakulppi]] (1915-1990), Finnish Army Captain and recipient of the [[Mannerheim cross]], who later moved to the US enlisting in the US army and retiring at the rank of [[Lieutenant Colonel]].

===Musicians===
* [[Sylvester Ahola]], jazz musician
* [[Muriel Anderson]] (born 1960), guitarist and harp-guitarist
* [[Carla Harvey]] (born 1976), singer
* [[Jillian Hervey]] (born 1989), singer and dancer
* [[Mark Hoppus]] (born 1972), bass player in [[Blink-182]]
* [[Jorma Kaukonen]] (born 1940), blues, folk and rock guitarist<ref>Described as "Finnish-American" at [http://www.mrlucky.com/html/music/rev53a.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421035328/http://www.mrlucky.com/html/music/rev53a.htm|date=2006-04-21}}; father was Finnish and mother was Jewish-American</ref>
* [[Peter Kaukonen]] (born 1945), blues, folk and rock guitarist; younger brother of Jorma Kaukonen
* [[Dave Mustaine|David Mustaine]] (born 1961), musician best known as the co-founder, vocalist, lead guitarist, and primary songwriter of American [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Megadeth]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* [[Jaco Pastorius]] (1951–1987), influential jazz bassist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jacop.net/faq.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-09-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522003452/http://www.jacop.net/faq.html |archive-date=2009-05-22 }}"Jaco's Grandmother on his Mom's side, Kaisa Eriika ISOJÄRVI, was born north of the Arctic Circle in Lappi, Finland, and married David Haapala from Minnesota, whose father, Andrew Haapala was from Oulu, Finland"</ref>
* [[Wilho Saari]], Kantele musician
* [[Hiski Salomaa]] (1891–1957), folk singer and songwriter<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fingerlakesfinns.org/articles/kylander.htm |title=Arthur Kylander |access-date=2012-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216175800/http://www.fingerlakesfinns.org/articles/kylander.htm |archive-date=2012-02-16 }} "Arthur Kylander, Finnish American Folksinger"; born in Kangasniemi, Finland</ref>
* [[Esa-Pekka Salonen]] (born 1958), orchestral conductor and composer; Principal Conductor and artistic director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic
* [[T-Bone Slim]] (1890?–1942?), humourist, poet, songwriter, hobo, and a labour activist in the Industrial Workers of the World<ref>[http://www.iww.org/culture/chronology/Siitonen1.shtml] "T-Bone Slim (the itinerant Finnish-American worker from Ashtabula, Ohio, Matt Valentine Huhta)"</ref>
* [[Einar Aaron Swan]], jazz musician
* [[David Uosikkinen]] (born 1956), rock drummer
* [[Osmo Vänskä]] (born 1953), orchestral conductor, clarinetist and composer; music director of the Minnesota Orchestra
* [[Bobby Vee]] (1943–2016), rock singer, 1960s teen idol, Finnish on his mother's side (Tapanila)
* [[Charles Wuorinen]] (1938–2020), Pulitzer Prize-winning composer<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/24/arts/music-finnish-tribute.html |title = Music: Finnish Tribute|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 24 November 1985|last1 = Holland|first1 = Bernard}}</ref>

===Dance===
* [[Shura Baryshnikov]] (born 1981), dancer and choreographer
* [[Carolyn Carlson (artist)|Carolyn Carlson]] (born 1943), choreographer and performer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biennale-de-lyon.org/danse2008/angl/bios/carlson.htm |title=Biennale de la Danse 2008 |access-date=2009-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007053632/http://www.biennale-de-lyon.org/danse2008/angl/bios/carlson.htm |archive-date=2009-10-07 }}</ref>

===Politics===
* [[Gregory Nevala Calvert]] (1937–2005), National Secretary of [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]], 1966–67
* [[Gus Hall]] (1910–2000), labor organizer, a founder of the United Steelworkers of America trade union; a leader of the Communist Party USA; five-time U.S. presidential candidate<ref>[http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/art/article253e.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611054240/http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/art/article253e.htm|date=2007-06-11}} "Although a few younger Finns held notable positions in the party leadership (e.g. Gus Hall, the party general secretary)"</ref>
* [[Cheri Honkala]] (born 1963), the Green Party's nominee for vice-president in the 2012 U.S. presidential election
* [[Emil Hurja]] (1892–1953), pioneer of political opinion polling; a top advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt; appeared on the cover of ''Time'' magazine in March 1936
* [[Oscar Larson]] (1871–1957), U.S. Representative from Minnesota, Republican, lawyer
* [[Marko Liias]] (born 1981), [[Washington State Senate|Washington State Democratic Senator]] representing the 21st legislative district[[Edmonds, Washington|. Former]] member of the [[Washington House of Representatives]], 2020 candidate for Lieutenant Governor
* [[Robert W. Mattson, Jr.]] (1948–2012), Minnesota State Auditor, 1975–1979; Minnesota State Treasurer, 1983–1987
* [[Robert W. Mattson, Sr.]] (1924–1982), Minnesota State Attorney General, 1964–1967[[File:JohnMorton.jpg|thumb|[[John Morton (American politician)|John Morton]]|201x201px]]
* [[John Morton (American politician)|John Morton]] (1724–1777), signer of the Declaration of Independence; delegate who cast the deciding vote in favor of Pennsylvania's support for [[United States Declaration of Independence]]<ref>[http://finnishheritagemuseum.org/fame/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507114145/http://finnishheritagemuseum.org/fame/|date=2006-05-07}} "JOHN MORTON was an early Finnish-American"</ref>
* [[William A. Niskanen]], chairman of the [[Cato Institute]]
* [[William Alex Stolt]] (1900–2001), mayor of Anchorage, Alaska, 1941–1944<ref>[http://politicalgraveyard.com/group/finnish.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103120150/http://politicalgraveyard.com/group/finnish.html|date=2010-01-03}}"William Alex Stolt"</ref>
* [[Oskari Tokoi]] (1873–1963), Finnish politician<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series |title=/volume7/countries/finland.html Welcome to... / Bienvenue à |access-date=2006-08-01 |archive-date=2001-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010606131735/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[John Raymond Ylitalo]] (1916–1987), U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay; career U.S. Foreign Service Officer

===Sports===
* [[Lars Anderson (wrestler)|Lars Anderson]], wrestler
* [[Michael Anti (sport shooter)|Michael Anti]], sport shooter
* [[Randy Carlyle]], ice hockey player, coach
* [[Dick Enberg]] (1935–2017), former sportscaster for the San Diego Padres, CBS, and ESPN
* [[Link Gaetz]], ice hockey player
* [[File:Drew Gooden Wizards.jpg|thumb|[[Drew Gooden]]|229x229px]] [[Drew Gooden]], NBA player; Finnish mother
* [[Dwight Helminen]], ice hockey player
* [[Lars Helminen]], ice hockey player
* [[Shawn Huff]], basketball player for the Finnish national team; Finnish mother
* [[Tristan Jeskanen]], luger
* [[Kai Kantola]], ice hockey player
* [[Teemu Kivihalme]], ice hockey player
* [[William Kolehmainen]] (1887–1967), long-distance runner
* [[Jeff Lahti]], Major League Baseball pitcher
* [[Gerald Lee (basketball)|Gerald Lee]], basketball player for the Finnish national team; Finnish mother
* [[Kristi Leskinen]], freestyle skier
* [[Chico Maki]], ice hockey player
* [[Wayne Maki]], ice hockey player
* [[John Michaelson]], only Major League Baseball player born in Finland
* [[Alex Murphy (basketball)|Alex Murphy]], NCAA basketball player and brother of Erik Murphy; Finnish mother
* [[Erik Murphy]], basketball player for the Finnish national team; Finnish mother
* [[Matt Niskanen]], ice hockey player
* [[Dan O'Brien]] (born 1966), former American decathlete, deemed one of the best decathlon athletes of the 1990s, winning an Olympic gold medal in Atlanta in 1996 after winning three consecutive world titles
* [[Will Ohman]], Major League Baseball pitcher
* [[Blake Pietila]], ice hockey player
* [[Luke Putkonen]], Major League Baseball pitcher
* [[Pete Rasmus]] (1906–1975), discus thrower<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/us/utah/salt-lake-city/salt-lake-tribune/1932/05-17/page-15 |date=May 17, 1932 |access-date=October 31, 2014 |title=Cleveland Athlete Seeks Discus Throw Honors at Los Angeles |newspaper=[[Salt Lake Tribune]]}}</ref>
* [[Rudy Rintala]] (1909–1999), four-sport collegiate athlete and hall-of-famer at Stanford University
* [[Brian Salonen]], football player
* [[Kevin Tapani]], Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the New York Mets, Minnesota Twins, Los Angeles Dodgers, Chicago White Sox, and Chicago Cubs, 1989–2001
* [[Nick Theslof]], soccer player and coach; first American player to play in Europe
* [[Tyler Varga]], retired NFL running back for Indianapolis Colts; Finnish mother

===Other===
* [[Carrie Keranen]], voice actress, production manager, producer and voice director
* [[Armi Kuusela]], winner of the first [[Miss Universe]] beauty contest
* [[Miriam Patchen]], peace activist
* [[Aileen Wuornos]], serial killer, mother is of Finnish descent

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Finnish diaspora}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Americans With Finnish Ancestry}}
[[Category:Lists of American people by descent|Finnish Americans]]
[[Category:American people of Finnish descent| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Finnish people]]

Karis

2025-06-07T13:33:17Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4:

{{Short description|Town and former municipality in Uusimaa, Finland}}{{other uses}}

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Karis
|official_name = {{lang|sv|Karis stad}} {{lang|fi|Karjaan kaupunki}}
|native_name = {{lang|sv|Karis}} – {{lang|fi|Karjaa}}
|settlement_type = Former town
|image_shield = Karjaa.vaakuna.svg
|image_map = Karjaa.sijainti.suomi.2008.svg
|image_skyline = Köpmansgatan lördag kväll söderut 2018.jpg
|image_caption = Kauppiaankatu street in the town center of Karis
|mapsize = 150px
|map_caption = Location of Karis in [[Finland]]
|pushpin_mapsize = 150px
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Finland]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Finland|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Uusimaa]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Sub-regions of Finland|Sub-region]]
|subdivision_name2 = Ekenäs sub-region
|established_title = Founded
|established_date = 1930
|established_title2 = [[Town privileges]]
|established_date2 = 1977
|extinct_title = Consolidated
|extinct_date = 2009
|area_footnotes = <ref name="total_area">{{Cite web |url= http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/sites/default/files/pinta_alat_kunnittain_01012008.pdf |title= Area by municipality as of {{#time: j F Y|2008-01-01}} |access-date={{#time: j F Y|2010-11-23}} |publisher= Land Survey of Finland |format= PDF |language= fi, sv}}</ref>
|area_total_km2 = 214.76
|area_land_km2 = 196.82
|area_water_km2 = 17.94
|population_as_of = 2008-12-31
|population_footnotes = <ref name="population_count">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vrk.fi/vrk/files.nsf/files/029EEED89C84611BC22575350052CE3A/$file/081231.html |title=Population by municipality as of {{#time: j F Y|2008-12-31}} |access-date={{#time: j F Y|2010-11-23}} |work=Population Information System |publisher=Population Register Center of Finland |language=fi, sv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202145510/http://vrk.fi/vrk/files.nsf/files/029EEED89C84611BC22575350052CE3A/%24file/081231.html |archive-date=2010-12-02 }}</ref>
|population_total = 9155
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = [[Languages of Finland|Population by native language]]
|demographics1_title1 = [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
|demographics1_info1 = 38% (official)
|demographics1_title2 = [[Finland Swedish|Swedish]]
|demographics1_info2 = 59% (official)
|demographics1_info3 = %
|demographics1_info4 = %
|demographics2_title1 = 0 to 14
|demographics2_info1 = %
|demographics2_title2 = 15 to 64
|demographics2_info2 = %
|demographics2_title3 = 65 or older
|demographics2_info3 = %
|blank1_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
|blank1_info = [[Humid continental climate#Mild/cool summer subtype|Dfb]]
|timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset = +2
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|coordinates = {{coord|60|04|15|N|023|39|45|E|region:FI|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = Postal code
}}

'''Karis''' ({{IPA|sv-FI|ˈkɑːris|lang|Karis.ogg}}; {{langx|fi|Karjaa}} {{IPA|fi|ˈkɑrjɑː|}}) is a [[List of cities and towns in Finland|town]] and [[List of former municipalities of Finland|former municipality]] in [[Finland]]. On January 1, 2009, it was consolidated with [[Ekenäs (Finland)|Ekenäs]] and [[Pohja]] to form the new municipality of [[Raseborg]] ({{langx|fi|Raasepori}}).

It is located in the [[provinces of Finland|Finnish province]] of [[Southern Finland]] and is part of [[Uusimaa]], one of the [[regions of Finland]]. The town had a population of 9,155 (as of 31 December 2008) and covered a land area of {{convert|196.82|km2}}. The [[population density]] was {{convert|46.51|PD/km2}}.

The municipality was [[bilingual]], with a majority (59%) being [[Swedish language]] speakers and a minority (38%) being [[Finnish language]] speakers.

[[Karis railway station]] is on both the ''{{lang|fi|[[Rantarata]]}}'' line, connecting [[Helsinki Central railway station]] and [[Turku Central railway station]]; and on the [[Hanko–Hyvinkää railway]] where it is the junction station for branch line services to [[Hanko railway station]]. By driving along the [[Finnish national road 51|national road 51]] to [[Helsinki]], the minimum distance is about 75 kilometers.

Stage magician [[Simo Aalto]] came from the town.

==See also==
*[[Ingå]]
*[[Junkarsborg]]
*[[Virkkala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline}}

<gallery>

Image: Tk3 1170 Karjaalla.JPG|[[VR Class Tk3]] steam locomotive no. 1170 in Karis
</gallery>

{{Raseborg Cityscape}}
{{uusimaa}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Former municipalities of Finland]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1930]]
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 disestablishments in Finland]]
[[Category:Raseborg]]

{{SouthernFinland-geo-stub}}

Raseborg

2025-06-07T13:32:37Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raseborg
| official_name = {{lang|sv|Raseborgs stad}} {{lang|fi|Raaseporin kaupunki}}
| native_name = {{lang|sv|Raseborg}} – {{lang|fi|Raasepori}}
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Castle of Raseborg (Raaseporin linna) in Tammisaari Finland.jpg
| image_caption = [[Castle of Raseborg]]
| image_flag = Raasepori.lippu.svg
| flag_size = 120x80px
| image_shield = Raasepori.vaakuna.svg
| shield_size = 120x80px
| image_map = Raasepori sijainti Suomi.svg
| map_caption = Location of Raseborg in [[Finland]]
| coordinates = {{coord|59|58.5|N|023|26|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Finland}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Finland|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uusimaa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Sub-regions of Finland|Sub-region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raseborg sub-region|Raseborg]]
| seat_type = [[Administrative centre]]
| seat = [[Ekenäs, Finland|Ekenäs]]
| parts_type = Other settlements
| parts = [[Fiskars, Finland|Fiskars]], [[Karis]], [[Tenala (village)|Tenala]]
| leader_title = [[Town manager]]
| leader_name = Petra Theman
| established_title = [[Charter]]
| established_date = 2009
| area_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|area_footnotes|Raseborg}}
| area_total_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_total_km2|Raseborg}}
| area_land_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_land_km2|Raseborg}}
| area_water_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_water_km2|Raseborg}}
| area_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|area_rank|Raseborg}}
| population_as_of = {{Data Finland municipality|population_as_of|Raseborg}}
| population_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|population_footnotes|Raseborg}}
| population_total = {{Data Finland municipality|population_total|Raseborg}}
| population_density_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|population_density_km2|Raseborg}}
| population_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|population_rank|Raseborg}}
| demographics_type1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type1|Raseborg}}
| demographics1_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_footnotes|Raseborg}}
| demographics1_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title1|Raseborg}}
| demographics1_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info1|Raseborg}}
| demographics1_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title2|Raseborg}}
| demographics1_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info2|Raseborg}} (official)
| demographics1_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title3|Raseborg}}
| demographics1_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info3|Raseborg}}
| demographics1_title4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title4|Raseborg}}
| demographics1_info4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info4|Raseborg}}
| demographics_type2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type2|Raseborg}}
| demographics2_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_footnotes|Raseborg}}
| demographics2_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title1|Raseborg}}
| demographics2_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info1|Raseborg}}
| demographics2_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title2|Raseborg}}
| demographics2_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info2|Raseborg}}
| demographics2_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title3|Raseborg}}
| demographics2_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info3|Raseborg}}
| blank_name = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_name|Raseborg}}
| blank_info = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_info|Raseborg}}
| blank3_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank3_info = [[Humid continental climate#Mild/cool summer subtype|Dfb]]
| timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset = +02:00
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +03:00
| website = [https://www.raseborg.fi/ www.raseborg.fi]
}}

'''Raseborg''' ({{IPA|sv-FI|ˈrɑːseˌborj|lang}}; {{langx|fi|Raasepori}}, {{IPA|fi|ˈrɑːseˌpori|lang}}) is a [[town]] in [[Finland]], located in the southern coast of the country. Raseborg is situated in the western part of the [[Uusimaa]] region. The population of Raseborg is approximately {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{Data Finland municipality/population count|Raseborg}}round -3}}}}, while the [[Raseborg sub-region|sub-region]] has a population of approximately {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Hanko, Finland}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Inkoo}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Raseborg}}round -3}}}}. It is the {{ordinal|{{Data Finland municipality/population count sequence|Raseborg}}}} most populous [[Municipalities of Finland|municipality]] in Finland.

Raseborg was created on January 1, 2009, when the municipalities of [[Ekenäs, Finland|Ekenäs]], [[Karis]] and [[Pohja]] were consolidated into a single town,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.yle.fi/news/left/id62904.html|title= Local Councils Vote to in Favour of Municipal Merger|access-date=2007-06-19 |date=2007-06-19|work=Yle.fi |publisher=[[YLE]]}}</ref> creating the largest Swedish-speaking-majority city of Finland in terms of population. Of these, Ekenäs now serves as the [[administrative center]] of Raseborg. The name of the new town is based on the [[Raseborg Castle]] located in Ekenäs, or formerly in the municipality of ''Snappertuna''. Historically the name of the county was also Raseborg in the 14th century.

Raseborg covers an area of {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/total area|Raseborg}}|km2}} of which {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/waters area|Raseborg}}|km2|abbr=on}} is water.<ref name="total_area" /> The [[population density]] is {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/population density|Raseborg|round=2}}|PD/km2}}.

Raseborg is a [[bilingual]] municipality with [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] as its official languages. The population consists of {{Formatnum: {{pct|{{Data Finland municipality/native language Finnish|Raseborg}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Raseborg}}|0}}}} Finnish speakers, {{Formatnum: {{pct|{{Data Finland municipality/native language Swedish|Raseborg}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Raseborg}}|0}}}} Swedish speakers, and {{Formatnum: {{pct|{{Data Finland municipality/native language other|Raseborg}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Raseborg}}|0}}}} speakers of other languages.

The [[coat of arms]] of Raseborg, introduced in 2009, is inspired by the area's [[Biotope|grove biotope]] and the eight former municipalities that originally belonged to the united municipality, which are symbolized by [[Anemonoides nemorosa|white windflowers]] arranged in a circle. The yellow wall crown on top of the green [[Shield (heraldry)|shield]] in the area therefore belongs to the history of the region and its three fortresses (including the Raseborg Castle).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.raasepori.fi/images/stories/raaseporin-vaakuna.pdf | title = Raaseporin kaupungin uusi vaakuna | first = Henrik | last = Strömberg | date = 14 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925095750/http://www.raasepori.fi/images/stories/raaseporin-vaakuna.pdf | access-date = 17 March 2023 | archive-date = 2015-09-25 | language = fi }}</ref> In addition to the coat of arms, the town of Raseborg uses a [[flag]] and [[pennon]] based on the coat of arms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://svenska.yle.fi/a/7-381447|title=Vitsipporna blommar på Raseborgs vimplar|website=svenska.yle.fi|publisher=[[Yle]]|access-date=17 March 2023|language=sv}}</ref> The coat of arms has attracted criticism for its "non-heraldic structure".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.today/20130425205807/http://www.etela.com/uutiset/2008/080521-13.html | title = Heraldiikan säännöt ja tyyli koetuksella Raaseporin vaakunassa | work = Etelän Uutiset | date = 21 May 2008 | access-date = 17 March 2023 | language = fi }}</ref>

In February 2011, Raseborg Municipality entered into a "Friendship Co-operation Agreement" with [[Makana Local Municipality|Makana Municipality]] in [[South Africa]]. The project, which is to last three years, seeks to facilitate information sharing in the fields of economic development, arts and culture, women's development, youth development, and education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.makana.gov.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=399:finland-trip-feedback&catid=77:news&Itemid=29 |publisher=Makana Municipality |title=Finland Trip Feedback |access-date=2011-11-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419164211/http://www.makana.gov.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=399:finland-trip-feedback&catid=77:news&Itemid=29 |archive-date=2012-04-19 }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Raasepori-Hanko kuntaliitokset.svg|thumb|left|Municipalities of the area, all of them except [[Hanko, Finland|Hanko]] are now parts of Raseborg.]]
Raseborg as a municipal name is a new coinage, but the castle of Raseborg was first mentioned in 1378 as ''Rasaborge''. It acted as the center of the Raseborg ''slottslän'' (Finnish: ''linnalääni'') covering western [[Uusimaa (historical province)|Uusimaa]] and some parts of [[Finland Proper (historical province)|Finland Proper]] such as [[Kisko]].

The area of the modern municipality had eight municipalities at its peak: [[Ekenäs, Finland|Ekenäs]], [[Ekenäs landskommun]], [[Snappertuna]], [[Karis]], [[Karis landskommun]], [[Pohja]], [[Tenala]] and [[Bromarv]]. The first merger in the area happened in 1969, when Karis landskommun was merged into Karis. By 2008, only Ekenäs, Pohja and Karis were independent municipalities, forming the modern Raseborg municipality in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf|url=https://kaino.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk63/SuomalainenPaikannimikirja_e-kirja_kuvallinen.pdf|page=367|access-date=December 21, 2022|website=kaino.kotus.fi|language=fi}}</ref>

== Politics ==
After the 2021 municipal election the municipal council of Raseborg became the following:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yle - Result service - Raasepori - Uudenmaan vaalipiiri - Municipal Elections 2021 - Yle.fi|url=https://vaalit.yle.fi/kv2021/en/regions/2/municipalities/710|access-date=2021-09-07|website=vaalit.yle.fi|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Party
!Share of vote (%)
!Seats
|-
|[[Swedish People's Party of Finland|Swedish People's Party]]
|49.2
|23
|-
|[[Social Democratic Party of Finland|Social Democrats]]
|27.6
|12
|-
|[[Green League|Greens]]
|7.5
|3
|-
|[[National Coalition Party]]
|5.9
|2
|-
|[[Left Alliance (Finland)|Left]]
|4.6
|2
|-
|[[Finns Party]]
|4
|1
|}

== Culture ==

=== Sights ===

* [[Ekenäs Church]]
* [[Riilahti Manor]]
* [[Raseborg Castle]]
* [[Raseborg Museum]]
* [[Fiskars, Finland|Fiskars Village]]

== See also ==
* [[Fiskars, Finland]]
* [[Ingå]]
* [[Tenala (village)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline|Raseborg}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Raseborg}}
* [https://www.raseborg.fi/ City of Raseborg] – Official website {{in lang|sv|fi}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010829/http://raseb.org/makana/ Makana-Raseborg] – blog documenting the progress of the friendship co-operation agreement

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Raseborg
| N = [[Salo, Finland|Salo]] ([[Southwest Finland]])
| NE = [[Lohja]]
| E = [[Ingå]]
| S = [[Hanko, Finland|Hanko]], ''[[Gulf of Finland]]''
| W = [[Kimitoön]] ([[Southwest Finland]]) / ''[[Archipelago Sea]]''
}}
{{Raseborg Cityscape}}
{{Uusimaa}}
{{50 most populous Finnish municipalities}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Raseborg| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Finland]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Finland]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 2009]]

Pohja

2025-06-07T13:25:01Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4: /* Former villages */

{{Other}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Pohja
|official_name = {{lang|fi|Pohja}} {{lang|sv|Pojo}}
|native_name = {{lang|fi|Pohja}} – {{lang|sv|Pojo}}
|settlement_type = Former municipality
|image_skyline = Pohja church 1 AB.jpg
|image_caption = Pohja Church
|image_shield = Pohja.vaakuna.svg
|image_map = Pohja.sijainti.suomi.2008.svg
|mapsize = 150px
|map_caption = Location of Pohja in [[Finland]]
|pushpin_mapsize = 150px
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Finland]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Finland|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Uusimaa]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Sub-regions of Finland|Sub-region]]
|subdivision_name2 = Ekenäs sub-region
|extinct_title = Consolidated
|extinct_date = 2009
|area_footnotes = <ref name="total_area">{{Cite web |url= http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/sites/default/files/pinta_alat_kunnittain_01012008.pdf |title= Area by municipality as of {{#time: j F Y|2008-01-01}} |accessdate={{#time: j F Y|2010-11-23}} |publisher= Land Survey of Finland |format= PDF |language= Finnish, Swedish}}</ref>
|area_total_km2 = 266.13
|area_land_km2 = 224.66
|area_water_km2 = 41.47
|population_as_of = 2008-12-31
|population_footnotes = <ref name="population_count">{{Cite web |url= http://www.vrk.fi/vrk/files.nsf/files/029EEED89C84611BC22575350052CE3A/$file/081231.html |title= Population by municipality as of {{#time: j F Y|2008-12-31}} |accessdate= {{#time: j F Y|2010-11-23}} |work= Population Information System |publisher= Population Register Center of Finland |language= Finnish, Swedish |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101202145510/http://www.vrk.fi/vrk/files.nsf/files/029EEED89C84611BC22575350052CE3A/%24file/081231.html |archivedate= 2010-12-02 }}</ref>
|population_total = 4936
|population_density_km2 = auto
|blank1_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
|blank1_info = [[Humid continental climate#Mild/cool summer subtype|Dfb]]
|timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset = +2
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|coordinates = {{coord|60|06|N|023|31.5|E|region:FI|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = Postal code
}}

'''Pohja''' ({{IPA|fi|ˈpohjɑ}}; {{langx|sv|Pojo}} ({{IPA|sv|ˈpu:ju}})) is a [[List of former municipalities of Finland|former municipality]] of [[Finland]]. It was consolidated with [[Ekenäs, Finland|Ekenäs]] and [[Karis]] to form the new town of [[Raseborg]] in 2009.

It is located in the [[provinces of Finland|province]] of [[Southern Finland]] and is part of the [[Uusimaa]] [[regions of Finland|region]]. The municipality had a population of 4,936 (as of 31 December 2008)<ref name="population_count" /> and covered a land area of {{convert|224.66|km2}}.<ref name="total_area" /> The [[population density]] was {{convert|21.97|PD/km2}}.

The municipality was [[bilingual]], with majority being [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (60%) and minority [[Finland-Swedish|Swedish]] (40%) speakers. Pohja is one of the birthplaces of the Finnish metal industry. [[Fiskars|Fiskars Corporation]] was founded near Pohja in 1649 and remains the largest employer in municipality area to date.

==Former villages==
Villages located within the former Pohja municipality and which now belong to the city of Raseborg are: Antkärr, [[Antskogs bruk|Antskog]] (fi. ''Ansku''), Baggby, [[Billnäs]] (fi. ''Pinjainen''), [[Björsby, Pojo|Björsby]], Bockboda, Bollstad,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 September 2017 |publisher=Institutet för de inhemska språken |title=Svenska ortnamn i Finland |url=http://kaino.kotus.fi/svenskaortnamn/?a=abc&b=K&pos=500}}</ref> [[Borgby, Pojo|Borgby]],<ref>{{cite web|access-date=21 July 2018 |publisher=Institutet för de inhemska språken |title=Svenska ortnamn i Finland |url=https://kaino.kotus.fi/svenskaortnamn/?a=abc&b=B&pos=200}}</ref> Brunkom, [[Brödtorp]], [[Böle, Pojo|Böle]],<ref>{{cite web|access-date=21 July 2018 |publisher=Institutet för de inhemska språken |title=Svenska ortnamn i Finland |url=https://kaino.kotus.fi/svenskaortnamn/?a=abc&b=B&pos=300}}</ref> [[Dalkarby, Pojo|Dalkarby]], [[Degernäs, Pojo|Degernäs]], Ekerö, Elimo, [[Fiskars, Finland|Fiskars]], [[Forsby, Pojo kommun|Forsby]],<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2 March 2018 |publisher=Institutet för de inhemska språken |title=Svenska ortnamn i Finland |url=https://kaino.kotus.fi/svenskaortnamn/?a=abc&b=F}}</ref> [[Gammelby, Pojo|Gammelby]],<ref>{{cite web|access-date=21 July 2018 |publisher=Institutet för de inhemska språken |title=Svenska ortnamn i Finland |url=https://kaino.kotus.fi/svenskaortnamn/?a=abc&b=G}}</ref> [[Gennäs]], Grabbskog, [[Grännäs, Pojo|Grännäs]],<ref>{{cite web|access-date=21 July 2018 |publisher=Institutet för de inhemska språken |title=Svenska ortnamn i Finland |url=http://kaino.kotus.fi/svenskaortnamn/?a=find&qfind=Gr%C3%A4nn%C3%A4s}}</ref> Gumnäs, [[Gästerby]], Hindraböle, Hällskulla, Järnvik, [[Kila, Raseborg|Kila]],<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2 March 2018 |publisher=Institutet för de inhemska språken |title=Svenska ortnamn i Finland |url=http://kaino.kotus.fi/svenskaortnamn/?a=abc&b=K&pos=200}}</ref> Klinkbacka, Kockböle (en del av Persböle), Koppskog, [[Kvarnby, Pojo|Kvarnby]],<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 September 2017 |publisher=Institutet för de inhemska språken |title=Svenska ortnamn i Finland |url=http://kaino.kotus.fi/svenskaortnamn/?a=abc&b=K&pos=500}}</ref> [[Kyrkbacka, Pojo kommun|Kyrkbacka]],<ref>{{cite web|access-date=17 January 2018 |publisher=Institutet för de inhemska språken |title=Svenska ortnamn i Finland |url=http://kaino.kotus.fi/svenskaortnamn/?a=abc&b=K&pos=500}}</ref> Lillfors, Munckbacka, [[Mörby, Pojo kommun |Mörby]], [[Nygård, Pojo|Nygård]], [[Näsby, Pojo kommun|Näsby]], Pentby, Persböle, Ramskulla, Sidsbacka, Sjösäng, Skarpkulla, Skogböle (fi. [[Kuovila]]), Skogäng, Skrittskog, Skuru, Slicko, Sonabacka, Spakanäs, Starrböle, Stålbacka, [[Sunnanvik, Pojo|Sunnanvik]], Svedjeby, Sällvik, Torby, Trädbollstad, [[Åminne, Pojo|Åminne]]<ref>{{cite web|access-date=17 January 2018 |publisher=Institutet för de inhemska språken |title=Svenska ortnamn i Finland |url=https://kaino.kotus.fi/svenskaortnamn/?a=abc&b=%C3%85}}</ref> and [[Åminnefors]].<ref>[http://hiski.genealogia.fi/seurakunnat/srk?CMD=SRK&ID=825&TYPE=HTML&LANG=SE Genealogiska samfundet i Finland.] {{in lang|sv}} Läst 4 december 2014.</ref>

The River of Fiskars flowed through the former municipality and Flacksjö is a lake.
Please note, however, that Pohja Manor is located in the city of Salo.

==Notable residents==
*[[Charles Linn]] – one of the founders of [[Birmingham, Alabama]]
* [[Peter Lindroos]] – opera singer

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat-inline}}

{{Raseborg Cityscape}}
{{Uusimaa}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 disestablishments in Finland]]
[[Category:Former municipalities of Finland]]
[[Category:Raseborg]]

Seinäjoki

2025-06-07T13:14:27Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4:

{{expand Finnish|date=June 2023|topic=geo}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Seinäjoki
| official_name = {{lang|fi|Seinäjoen kaupunki}} {{lang|sv|Seinäjoki stad}}
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Seinajoki Montage2022.png
| image_caption =
| image_shield = Seinäjoki.vaakuna.svg
| shield_size = 120x80px
| image_map = Seinäjoki_sijainti_Suomi.svg
| map_caption = Location of Seinäjoki in Finland
|coordinates = {{coord|62|47.5|N|022|50.5|E|type:city({{Data Finland municipality|population_total|Seinäjoki}})_region:FI-03|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Finland}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Finland|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[South Ostrobothnia]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Sub-regions of Finland|Sub-region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Seinäjoki sub-region|Seinäjoki]]
| leader_title = [[City manager]]
| leader_name = Jaakko Kiiskilä
| established_title = [[Charter]]
| established_date = 1868
| established_title2 = [[Köping|Market town]]
| established_date2 = 1931
| established_title3 = [[City rights|Town]]
| established_date3 = 1960
|area_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|area_footnotes|Seinäjoki}}
|area_total_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_total_km2|Seinäjoki}}
|area_land_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_land_km2|Seinäjoki}}
|area_water_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_water_km2|Seinäjoki}}
| area_urban_km2 = 52.78
|area_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|area_rank|Seinäjoki}}
|population_as_of = {{Data Finland municipality|population_as_of|Seinäjoki}}
|population_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|population_footnotes|Seinäjoki}}
|population_total = {{Data Finland municipality|population_total|Seinäjoki}}
|population_density_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|population_density_km2|Seinäjoki}}
| population_urban = 46639
| population_density_urban_km2 = 883.6
|population_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|population_rank|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics_type1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type1|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics1_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_footnotes|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics1_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title1|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics1_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info1|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics1_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title2|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics1_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info2|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics1_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title3|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics1_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info3|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics1_title4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title4|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics1_info4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info4|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics_type2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type2|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics2_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_footnotes|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics2_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title1|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics2_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info1|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics2_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title2|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics2_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info2|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics2_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title3|Seinäjoki}}
|demographics2_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info3|Seinäjoki}}
|blank_name = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_name|Seinäjoki}}
|blank_info = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_info|Seinäjoki}}
|timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset = +02:00
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +03:00
| website = {{Url|https://www.seinajoki.fi/en/}}
}}

'''Seinäjoki''' ({{IPA|fi|ˈsei̯næˌjoki|lang|fi-Seinäjoki.ogg}}; {{lit.}} "Wall River"; {{langx|la|Wegelia}}, formerly {{langx|sv|Östermyra}}) is a [[city]] in [[Finland]] and the regional capital of [[South Ostrobothnia]]. Seinäjoki is located in the western interior of the country and along the [[Seinäjoki (river)|River Seinäjoki]]. The population of Seinäjoki is approximately {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{Data Finland municipality/population count|{{PAGENAME}}}}round -3}}}}, while the [[Seinäjoki sub-region|sub-region]] has a population of approximately {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Seinäjoki}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Ilmajoki}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Isokyrö}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Kauhava}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Kurikka}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Lapua}}round -3}}}}. It is the {{ordinal|{{Data Finland municipality/population count sequence|{{PAGENAME}}}}}} most populous [[Municipalities of Finland|municipality]] in Finland, and the 13th most populous [[List of urban areas in Finland by population|urban area]] in the country.

Seinäjoki is located {{convert|80|km}} east of [[Vaasa]], {{convert|178|km}} north of [[Tampere]], {{convert|193|km}} west of [[Jyväskylä]] and {{convert|324|km}} southwest of [[Oulu]].

Seinäjoki originated around the [[Östermyra bruk]] iron and gunpowder factories founded in 1798. Seinäjoki became a [[municipality]] in 1868, a [[köping|market town]] in 1931, and a [[town]] in 1960. In 2005, the municipality of [[Peräseinäjoki]] was merged into Seinäjoki,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.finlex.fi/fi/lainsaadanto/saadoskokoelma/2003/677|title=677/2003: Valtioneuvoston päätös Seinäjoen kaupungin ja Peräseinäjoen kunnan lakkauttamisesta ja uuden kunnan perustamisesta|publisher=Finlex|access-date=7 June 2025|language=fi}}</ref> and at the start of 2009, the neighbouring municipalities of [[Nurmo]] and [[Ylistaro]] were amalgamated with Seinäjoki. The city itself is growing steadily from year to year, but the population of the surrounding municipalities is correspondingly decreasing.<ref>{{cite web|last=Niemistö|first=Elina |title=Seinäjoen väkiluku ylitti uuden tuhatluvun – muuten maakunnasta ei ole hyvää kerrottavaa |date=22 September 2022 |url= https://yle.fi/a/3-12634442 |publisher=YLE |access-date=15 March 2024|language=fi}}</ref>

The [[Seinäjoki City Hall|city hall]], city library, [[Lakeuden Risti Church]] and other public buildings were designed by Alvar Aalto. Seinäjoki was historically called ''{{lang|sv|Östermyra}}'' in [[Swedish language|Swedish]]. Today, this name, which was never official, is very seldom used even among Swedish speakers. [[Seinäjoki Airport]] is located in the neighbouring municipality of [[Ilmajoki]], {{convert|11|km|-1}} south from the Seinäjoki city centre. Seinäjoki railway station in city centre was opened in 1883 and until 1897, it carried the name Ostermyra station.

==History==
{{Unreferencedsect|date=August 2024}}
The settlement spread in the area of the present Seinäjoki during the first half of the 16th century. During the 1550s, there is said to have been three houses in Seinäjoki: the houses of Marttila, Jouppi and Uppa. The house of Jouppila, which separated from the house of Jouppi, was established during the same century. All of the houses were located on the shore of the river.

Seinäjoki belonged to the church parish of [[Ilmajoki]] like [[Kurikka]], [[Kauhajoki]], [[Jalasjärvi]] and [[Alavus]]. However, in the 18th century the roads from Seinäjoki to the Church of Ilmajoki were generally in poor condition. Therefore, the inhabitants of Seinäjoki and the neighbouring [[Nurmo]] built a new chapel together in 1725, which in 1765 led to the formation of the chapel town of Nurmo. Seinäjoki, which was called [[Alaseinäjoki]] since the [[Greater Wrath]], became a part of the chapel town. The chapel parish of [[Peräseinäjoki]] was founded in 1798, and the village of Alaseinäjoki began to be called Seinäjoki again. The very same year, the Östermyra steel mill was founded on the shore of the Seinäjoki river.

[[File:Östermyra - Johan Knutson - Finland framställdt i teckningar - 108.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration in [[Finland framstäldt i teckningar]] edited by [[Zacharias Topelius]] and published 1845-1852.]]
In the 1850s, actions were taken to separate Seinäjoki from the church parish of Nurmo. Ilmajoki wanted to connect Seinäjoki back to its own parish. In spite of strong objections from the inhabitants of Nurmo, the Senate of Finland accepted the petition from the inhabitants of Seinäjoki in 1863, to form a chapel congregation of their own. Seinäjoki got an independent local government in 1868. In 1900, Seinäjoki became an independent municipality.

Seinäjoki has grown around a few important railroad crossings. The [[Tampere]]–[[Vaasa]] railway, which passes through Seinäjoki, was inaugurated in 1883. The track, along with the [[Kokkola]] track that was opened for rail service in 1885, and the [[Kristinestad]] track which had been completed in 1913, raised Seinäjoki as an important railway crossing section in Finland. In the early 1970s, a direct railway between Tampere and Seinäjoki was opened, and the services of Seinäjoki improved further.

After the [[Winter War]] and Continuation War, some refugees from [[Jaakkima]] and [[Lumivaara]] were resettled to Seinäjoki.

==Geography==
[[File:Seinäjoki roads and villages.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A map of the Seinäjoki municipality with main roads and villages]]
The neighboring municipalities of Seinäjoki are [[Kauhava]] in the north, [[Lapua]] in the northeast, [[Kuortane]] and [[Alavus]] in the east, [[Virrat]] and [[Kihniö]] in the south, [[Ilmajoki]] and [[Kurikka]] in the west and [[Isokyrö]] in the northwest.

The proportion of water in the Seinäjoki landscape is small. Seinäjoki River flows through the city in a south-east-northwest direction and turns at the northern border of the city center, connecting with the [[Kyrönjoki River]],<ref>{{cite book | author= Reino Ala-Kulju | year= 1963 | title= Seinäjoen kirja | publisher= Seinäjoen seurakunta | language=fi}}</ref> which flows into the [[Gulf of Bothnia]] in the [[Vaasa]] area.

The most significant road connections in Seinäjoki are highways [[Finnish national road 16|16]], [[Finnish national road 18|18]] (between cities of [[Vaasa]] and [[Jyväskylä]]), [[Finnish national road 19|19]] and [[Finnish national road 67|67]].
{{Clear left}}
===Climate===
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| location = Seinäjoki Pelmaa (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1959–present)
| Jan mean C = -5.6
| Feb mean C = -6.2
| Mar mean C = -3.5
| Apr mean C = 3.3
| May mean C = 9.2
| Jun mean C = 14.1
| Jul mean C = 16.7
| Aug mean C = 14.9
| Sep mean C = 10.0
| Oct mean C = 4.3
| Nov mean C = -0.1
| Dec mean C = -4.3
| year mean C = 4.6
| Jan high C = -2.6
| Feb high C = -2.7
| Mar high C = 1.7
| Apr high C = 8.2
| May high C = 15.0
| Jun high C = 19.5
| Jul high C = 22.1
| Aug high C = 20.5
| Sep high C = 15.0
| Oct high C = 7.4
| Nov high C = 2.1
| Dec high C = -0.8
| year high C = 8.8
| Jan low C = -9.2
| Feb low C = -10.1
| Mar low C = -6.8
| Apr low C = -1.1
| May low C = 3.1
| Jun low C = 8.1
| Jul low C = 11.0
| Aug low C = 9.6
| Sep low C = 5.5
| Oct low C = 1.3
| Nov low C = -2.5
| Dec low C = -6.4
| year low C = 0.2
| Jan record low C = -40.5
| Feb record low C = -43.6
| Mar record low C = -31.4
| Apr record low C = -21.1
| May record low C = -7.6
| Jun record low C = -3.0
| Jul record low C = -0.8
| Aug record low C = -2.4
| Sep record low C = -7.4
| Oct record low C = -22.8
| Nov record low C = -29.4
| Dec record low C = -37.3
| year record low C = -43.6
| Jan record high C = 8.6
| Feb record high C = 9.8
| Mar record high C = 15.4
| Apr record high C = 24.5
| May record high C = 29.2
| Jun record high C = 32.6
| Jul record high C = 33.6
| Aug record high C = 31.5
| Sep record high C = 27.7
| Oct record high C = 20.6
| Nov record high C = 12.9
| Dec record high C = 9.1
| year record high C = 33.6
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 32
| Feb precipitation mm = 24
| Mar precipitation mm = 26
| Apr precipitation mm = 28
| May precipitation mm = 46
| Jun precipitation mm = 59
| Jul precipitation mm = 74
| Aug precipitation mm = 73
| Sep precipitation mm = 54
| Oct precipitation mm = 58
| Nov precipitation mm = 47
| Dec precipitation mm = 40
| year precipitation mm = 561
| Jan humidity = 90
| Feb humidity = 87
| Mar humidity = 80
| Apr humidity = 74
| May humidity = 68
| Jun humidity = 70
| Jul humidity = 77
| Aug humidity = 80
| Sep humidity = 85
| Oct humidity = 90
| Nov humidity = 93
| Dec humidity = 92
| year humidity = 82
| Jan sun = 30
| Feb sun = 71
| Mar sun = 145
| Apr sun = 189
| May sun = 267
| Jun sun = 276
| Jul sun = 268
| Aug sun = 207
| Sep sun = 140
| Oct sun = 80
| Nov sun = 31
| Dec sun = 17
| year sun = 1718
| source 2 = Record highs and lows <ref name="FMI open data">{{cite web
| url = https://kilotavu.com/asema-taulukko.php?asema=101486
| title = FMI open data
| publisher = FMI
| access-date = 22 February 2024}}</ref>
| source = FMI normals for Finland 1991-2020<ref name="FMI">{{cite web|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/336063/Tilastoja%20Suomen%20ilmatosta%20ja%20merest%c3%a4%201991-2020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yf |title=FMI normals 1991-2020|publisher=fmi.fi |access-date= 22 February 2024}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==

===Population===
{{Historical populations
| title= Historical population
| percentages = pagr
|state = collapsed
|1940|5085
|1972|38296
|1980|42497
|1990|47182
|2000|50670
|2010|57811
|2020|64130
|footnote=Source: Tilastollinen päätoimisto,<ref name="stv1940">{{Cite web | url=https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/69230/stv_1940.pdf | title=Suomen tilastollinen vuosikirja 1940 | date=1941 | publisher=Tilastollinen päätoimisto | access-date=5 January 2025 | language=fi }}</ref> [[Statistics Finland]] (1972-2020)<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons"/>
}}

The city of Seinäjoki has {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Seinäjoki}}}} inhabitants, making it the {{ordinal|{{Data Finland municipality/population count sequence|Seinäjoki}}}} most populous municipality in Finland. The [[Seinäjoki sub-region|Seinäjoki region]] has a population of {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Seinäjoki}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Ilmajoki}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Isokyrö}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Kauhava}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Kurikka}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Lapua}}}}}}.

{{Bar chart
| title = Population size of Seinäjoki (and merged municipalities) 1990–2020<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons">{{Cite web | url=https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lprraorrr20dut5a0tywm5 | title=Number of foreign-language speakers grew by nearly 38,000 persons | date=31 May 2023 | publisher=Statistics Finland | access-date=12 September 2023 | language=en }}</ref>
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Population
| bar_width = 47
| width_units = em
| label3 = 1990
| label4 = 1995
| label5 = 2000
| label6 = 2005
| label7 = 2010
| label8 = 2015
| label9 = 2020
| data_max = 66000
| data3 = 47182
| data4 = 49209
| data5 = 50670
| data6 = 53965
| data7 = 57811
| data8 = 61530
| data9 = 64130
}}

=== Languages ===

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|direction=row
|caption = Population by mother tongue (2024)<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final">{{cite web |url= https://stat.fi/en/publication/cm1jg8tr20lco07vwvoif9s6i |title= Number of foreign-language speakers exceeded 600,000 during 2024 |date= 2025-04-04 |series= Population structure |publisher= Statistics Finland |issn= 1797-5395 |access-date=2025-04-10 }}</ref>
|label1 = Finnish
|value1 = 94.4
|color1 = #002F6C
|label2 = Ukrainian
|value2 = 0.8
|color2 = #FFD800
|label3 = Russian
|value3 = 0.5
|color3 = #D52B1E
|label4 = English
|value4 = 0.4
|color4 = #FFFFFF
|label5 = Arabic
|value5 = 0.3
|color5 = #165D31
|label6 = Sinhala
|value6 = 0.3
|color6 = #F7B718
|label7 = Estonian
|value7 = 0.3
|color7 = #0072CE
|label8 = Other
|value8 = 3.0
|color8 = #C5C5C5
}}
Seinäjoki is a monolingual [[Finnish language|Finnish-speaking]] municipality. {{As of|2024}}, the majority of the population, {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/native language Finnish|Seinäjoki}}}} persons ({{Percentage|sigfig = 3|{{Data Finland municipality/native language Finnish|Seinäjoki}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Seinäjoki}}}}), spoke Finnish as their first language. In addition, the number of [[Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Swedish speakers]] was {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/native language Swedish|Seinäjoki }}}} persons ({{Percentage|sigfig = 1|{{Data Finland municipality/native language Swedish|Seinäjoki}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Seinäjoki}}}}) of the population. Foreign languages were spoken by {{Formatnum: {{pct|{{Data Finland municipality/native language other|Seinäjoki}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Seinäjoki}}|1}}}} of the population.<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/> As [[English language|English]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.

At least 30 different languages are spoken in Seinäjoki. The most common foreign languages are [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (0.8%), [[Russian language|Russian]] (0.5%), [[English language|English]] (0.4%), [[Arabic]] (0.3%) and [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] (0.3%).<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>

=== Immigration ===

{|class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|colspan="3"|'''Population by country of birth (2024)'''<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>
|-\
! Nationality || Population || %
|-
|{{flag|Finland}} || 62,873 || 94.4
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}} || 350 || 0.5
|-
|{{flag|Soviet Union}} || 348 || 0.5
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}} || 315 || 0.5
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}} || 204 || 0.3
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}} || 179 || 0.3
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}} || 173 || 0.3
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}} || 163 || 0.2
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}} || 152 || 0.2
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}} || 135 || 0.2
|-
|{{flag|Russia}} || 123 || 0.2
|-
|Other || 1,596 || 2.4
|-
|}
{{As of|2024}}, there were 3,651 persons with a foreign background living in Seinäjoki, or 6% of the population.{{refn|Statistics Finland classifies a person as having a "foreign background" if both parents or the only known parent were born abroad.<ref name="statistics-finland-persons-with-foreign-background">{{cite web |access-date=18 September 2023 |title=Persons with foreign background |publisher=Statistics Finland | url=https://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/maahanmuuttajat-vaestossa/ulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html}}</ref>|group=note}} The number of residents who were born abroad was 3,738, or 6% of the population. The number of persons with foreign citizenship living in Seinäjoki was 2,714. Most foreign-born citizens came from [[Ukraine]], the former [[Soviet Union]], [[Sweden]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>

The relative share of immigrants in Seinäjoki's population is below to the national average. However, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.

=== Religion ===

In 2023, the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland|Evangelical Lutheran Church]] was the largest religious group with 76.7% of the population of Seinäjoki. Other religious groups accounted for 2.1% of the population. 21.2% of the population had no religious affiliation.<ref>[https://pxdata.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11ra.px Key figures on population by region, 1990-2023] Statistics Finland</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Interior of Torikeskus 20180417.jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Torikeskus (Seinäjoki shopping centre)|Torikeskus]] shopping center in the city center]]
[[Nordic Regional Airlines]] has its financial office in Seinäjoki.<ref>"[http://flynorra.com/about-us/?lang=en About Us]." Nordic Regional Airlines. Retrieved on October 25, 2016.</ref> Its predecessor, [[Finncomm Airlines]], had its head office on the grounds of [[Seinäjoki Airport]] in nearby [[Ilmajoki]].<ref>"[http://www.fc.fi/info/contact_information.html Contact Information]." [[Finncomm Airlines]]. Retrieved on 25 February 2010.</ref>

In terms of market area, Seinäjoki is the sixth largest city in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.seinajoki.fi/tekniikka/kaupunkisuunnittelu_ja_kaavoitus/13_jouppi/.13046_kauppa-joupin_asemakaava.html/34405.pdf | title =Kauppa-Joupin asemakaavoitus, Kaupallisten ja sosiaalisten vaikutusten arviointi | date =May 10, 2010 | work= Entrecon | publisher =Seinäjoen kaupunki | access-date = November 16, 2020 | language= fi }}</ref> Also Seinäjoki has a nationally and internationally significant food production and R&D industry. Headquartered in Seinäjoki food company [[Atria Corporation]]'s net sales in 2009 were EUR 1316 million and it employed an average of 6,214 persons in several countries. According to a study published by the Economic Survey at the end of 2018, Seinäjoki has the best image among corporate leaders among the 36 largest Finnish cities and municipalities. The survey had asked the [[CEO]]s and [[CFO]]s of companies operating in the area about the municipality's affairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.taloustutkimus.fi/ajankohtaista/uutisia/seinajoella-on-paras-imago.html |title=Seinäjoella on paras imago |publisher=Taloustutkimus (taloustutkimus.fi) |date=December 11, 2018 |access-date=November 16, 2020|language=fi}}</ref>

Seinäjoki also is well known for having a large number of SME's and a big number of shops for its size. One of the most important shopping places in Seinäjoki is the [[Torikeskus (Seinäjoki shopping centre)|Torikeskus]] shopping mall in the city center.

==Culture==
{{Unreferencedsect|date=August 2024}}
There are many kinds of cultural events in Seinäjoki nowadays. For example, Seinäjoki is known for hosting three large summer events: ''[[Tangomarkkinat]]'', which is a [[tango (dance)|tango]] festival typically attracting more than 100,000 visitors annually, ''Vauhtiajot'', which is a motor racing event/music festival, and ''[[Provinssirock]]'', which is one of the largest and oldest rock festivals in Finland.
Rytmikorjaamo is a popular rock club, wherein almost every weekend some Finnish or international artists perform. In Seinäjoki there are also several other bars and clubs offering live music and other entertainment. The city theatre of Seinäjoki has a wide, quality program throughout the year, offering plays for everyone. The city orchestra of Seinäjoki performs many concerts in the area and has had many tours in Finland and abroad.

== Sport ==
[[File:Seinäjoki Areena 20180626.jpg|thumb|{{ill|Seinäjoki Arena|fi|Seinäjoki Areena}}, a multi-purpose hall in Jouppila, Seinäjoki]]
Seinäjoki is home to a big number of sports clubs, such as [[SJK Seinäjoki]], a professional football team that competes in the Finnish [[Veikkausliiga]]. SJK is one of the top football teams in Finland and it plays in the brand new [[OmaSp Stadion]]. Seinäjoki is also home to [[Seinäjoki Crocodiles]], an [[American football]] team.

Seinäjoki Speedway track is a [[motorcycle speedway]] venue located on the south east outskirts of the city, off the Routakalliontie road by the quarry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.semk.fi/ |title=Seinäjoen Moottorikerho | website=Seinäjoen Moottorikerho |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref> The track held a qualifying round of the [[Speedway World Team Cup]] in 1992<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalspeedway.co.uk/ |title=Speedway World Cup | website=International Speedway |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref> and has held the final of the [[Finnish Individual Speedway Championship]] on 11 occasions from 1986 to 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.speedwaysanomat.fi/tekstit/tilastot_sm.html |title=Speedway Individual Finnish Championship |website=Speedway Sanomat |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref>

[[Seinäjoen JymyJussit]] and [[Seinäjoen Maila-Jussit]] are the city's men's and women's [[pesäpallo]] teams respectively in the [[Superpesis]] national league, playing at [[Seinäjoki Pesäpallo Stadium]].

==Sights==
*[[Lakeuden Risti Church]] ("The Cross of the Plains")
*[[Aalto Centre, Seinäjoki|Alvar Aalto's cultural and administrative centre]], comprising the [[Seinäjoki City Hall|City Hall]], [[Seinäjoki Library|library]] and [[Seinäjoki City Theatre|theatre]], among others
*The [[Mannerheim Park, Seinäjoki|Mannerheim Park]]
*The Southern Ostrobothnia District Museum
*The Civil Guard and Lotta Svärd Museum, located at the [[Seinäjoki Civil Guard House]]
*Törnävä church
*The railway exhibition
*Mallaskoski brewery

===Other points of interest===
*Törnävä Museum Area
*the Suviyö trotting-race
*Törnävä summer theatre – Seinäjoki
*Jouppi mountain winter sports centre
*Seinäjoki City Theatre
*[[Provinssirock]]
*[[Tangomarkkinat]]
*Vauhtiajot

{{Wide image|Seinäjoki, from Alvar Aalto tower.jpg|1000px|Panorama image of Seinäjoki}}

==Education==
[[Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences]] (SeAMK) is the local higher education institution, that also pursues an international profile.

==Notable people==
*[[Jukka Hildén]], stuntman, [[The Dudesons]]
*[[Antti Isotalo (Jäger)|Antti Isotalo]], ''[[Jäger Movement|jäger]]'', tribal warrior, [[Alko]]'s local leader
*[[Katja Kankaanpää]], mixed martial artist
*[[Mari Kiviniemi]], politician (Prime Minister of Finland 2010—2011)
*[[Paula Koivuniemi]], singer
*[[Petri Kontiola]], hockey player
*[[Pekka Koskela]], speed skater
*[[Jarno Laasala]], stuntman, The Dudesons
*[[Hannu Lahtinen]], world wrestling champion
*[[Veli Lampi]], soccer player
*[[Jarppi Leppälä]], stuntman, The Dudesons
*[[Tapio Luoma]], Archbishop
*[[Jorma Ollila]], former chairman and CEO of the [[Nokia Corporation]]
*[[Hannu-Pekka Parviainen|Hannu-Pekka "HP" Parviainen]], snowboarder, stuntman, The Dudesons
*[[Pekka Puska]], public health researcher and official
*[[Paula Risikko]], Member of Parliament and Minister
*[[Arto Saari]], skateboarder
*[[Softengine]], rock pop band

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland}}

===Twin towns — Sister cities===
Seinäjoki is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twinning and partnership cities |publisher=City of Seinäjoki |access-date=27 September 2024 |url= https://www.seinajoki.fi/en/city-of-seinajoki/international-matters/twinning/ |language=en }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Koszalin]], [[Poland]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Schweinfurt]], [[Germany]]
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Sopron]], [[Hungary]]
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Melitopol]], [[Ukraine]]
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiangjin District]], [[China]]

== See also ==
* [[Ilmajoki]]
* [[Isokyrö]]
* [[Lapua]]
* [[Peräseinäjoki]]
* [[Vaasa]]

== Sources ==
=== Literatures ===
*{{cite book | author= Reino Ala-Kulju | year= 1963 | title= Seinäjoen kirja | publisher= Seinäjoen seurakunta | language=fi}}
*{{cite book | author= Aulis J. Alanen | year= 1970 | title= Seinäjoen historia I | publisher= Seinäjoen kaupunki | language=fi}}
*{{cite book | author= Annikki Kyttä & Tenho Takalo | year= 1977 | title= Seinäjoen historia II | publisher= Seinäjoen kaupunki | isbn=951-99131-5-7 | language=fi}}

=== References ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline}}
*[https://www.seinajoki.fi/en/ Seinäjoki] – Official website
*[https://www.provinssi.fi/ Provinssi] – rock festival
*[https://www.tangomarkkinat.fi/ Tangomarkkinat] – tango festival

{{Seinäjoki}}
{{Geographic location
| Centre = Seinäjoki
| NE = [[Kauhava]]
| E = [[Lapua]] [[Kuortane]] [[Alavus]]
| SE = [[Virrat]] ([[Pirkanmaa]])
| S = [[Kihniö]] ([[Pirkanmaa]])
| W = [[Ilmajoki]] [[Kurikka]]
| NW = [[Isokyrö]]
}}
{{SouthernOstrobothnia}}
{{50 most populous Finnish municipalities}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seinajoki}}
[[Category:Seinäjoki| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Finland]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1868]]
[[Category:1868 establishments in Finland]]
[[Category:Municipalities of South Ostrobothnia]]

Peräseinäjoki

2025-06-07T13:11:06Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4: /* External links */

{{Short description|Former municipality in South Ostrobothnia, Finland}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
[[Image:Peräseinäjoki.vaakuna.svg|thumb|right|120px|The former coat of arms of Peräseinäjoki.]]
'''Peräseinäjoki''' ({{IPA|fi|ˈperæˌsei̯næˌjoki}}){{efn|The name part "perä" ({{literal|rear, back}}) refers to its location "behind upstream" from Seinäjoki.}} is a [[List of former municipalities of Finland|former municipality]] of [[Finland]]. It merged with the town of [[Seinäjoki]] on January 1, 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.finlex.fi/fi/lainsaadanto/saadoskokoelma/2003/677|title=677/2003: Valtioneuvoston päätös Seinäjoen kaupungin ja Peräseinäjoen kunnan lakkauttamisesta ja uuden kunnan perustamisesta|publisher=Finlex|access-date=7 June 2025|language=fi}}</ref>

It was located in the [[provinces of Finland|province]] of [[Western Finland]] and is part of the [[Southern Ostrobothnia]] [[regions of Finland|region]]. The municipality had a population of 3,653 (2004) and covered an area of 459.13 km2 of which 14.11 km2 was water. The population density was 8.2 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality was unilingually [[Finnish language|Finnish]].

== History ==
[[File:Peräseinäjoki.sijainti.svg|thumb|Location of Peräseinäjoki in Finland]]
The first travellers at the areas of Peräseinäjoki have most likely been hunters from the northern parts of [[Satakunta]] and from [[Tavastia (historical province)|Tavastia]]. The first permanent inhabitants are estimated to be arrived at the 16th century and the population was 149 according to census figures on year 1750. Peräseinäjoki separated from [[Ilmajoki]] and formed its own municipal administration on 1868.<ref>[http://www.peraseinajoki.fi/historia/ Peräseinäjoki – Peräseinäjoen yleisesittely] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502124952/http://www.peraseinajoki.fi/historia/ |date=May 2, 2007 }}</ref>

== Today ==
[[File:Ritolahalli2023.jpg|thumb|Ritola-halli, a sports hall in Peräseinäjoki]]
Nowadays, Peräseinäjoki is best known of its [[Rautaruukki|steel industry]], Kalajärvi and [[Ville Ritola|sports tradition]].
There is The Finnish Emigrant Museum, The Finnish Emigration Center in Peräseinäjoki. The center will document and present the history and the present-day of emigration, immigration and internal migration. The task of the center will also be collecting, preserving, researching and setting out material concerning migration. The Emigrant Center will act as a meeting place and an information center for those who are interested in internationality and those who are searching their roots.

==Notable residents==
* [[Vieno Simonen]] (1898–1994), Finnish politician and farmer<ref>{{cite news |title=Vieno Simonen |url=https://www.hs.fi/muistot/art-2000002627800.html |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=Helsingin Sanomat |date=20 June 1994 |language=fi |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* [[Ville Ritola]] (1896–1982), a 5-time Olympic gold medal winner in long-distance running.

== Villages ==

* Kihniä
* Luoma
* Peräseinäjoki
* Viitala
* Haapaluoma
* Juupakylä
* Siltala

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Peräseinäjoki}}
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Peräseinäjoki}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070625114551/http://www.peraseinajoki.fi/ Peräseinäjoki]

{{SouthernOstrobothnia}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|62|34|N|23|04|E|region:FI_type:city|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peraseinajoki}}
[[Category:Populated places disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in Finland]]
[[Category:Seinäjoki]]
[[Category:Former municipalities of Finland]]

{{WesternFinland-geo-stub}}

Symphony No. 2 (Sibelius)

2025-06-04T12:02:04Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4: /* Second movement */

{{Short description|Symphony in four movements by Jean Sibelius}}
{{Infobox musical composition
| name = Symphony No. 2
| composer = {{nowrap|[[Jean Sibelius]]}}
| image = JSibelius 1900.jpg
| image_upright = .9
| caption = The composer ({{c.|1902}})
| border = Yes
| opus = 43
| key = [[D major]]
| movements = 4
| composed = {{start date|1901}}–1902
| publisher = {{ill|Fazer & Westerlund|fi|Fazerin musiikkikauppa}} (1903){{sfn|Dahlström|2003|p=198}}{{efn|On 20 July 1905, the Helsinki-based music publisher {{ill|Fazer & Westerlund|fi|Fazerin musiikkikauppa}} ({{lang|sv|Helsingfors Nya Musikhandel|italics=no}}) sold its Sibelius holdings (the publishing rights and printing plates) to the German firm of [[Breitkopf & Härtel]].{{sfn|Dahlström|2003|p=xxiv}}}}
| duration = 46 mins.{{sfn|Dahlström|2003|pp=196–197}}
| premiere_date = {{start date|1902|03|08|df=y}}{{sfn|Dahlström|2003|p=197}}
| premiere_location = [[Helsinki]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland]]
| premiere_conductor = Jean Sibelius
| premiere_performers = [[Helsinki Philharmonic Society]]
}}

The '''Symphony No. 2''' in [[D major]], [[Opus number|Op.]] 43, is a four-[[movement (music)|movement]] work for orchestra written from 1901 to 1902 by the Finnish composer [[Jean Sibelius]].

He began writing the symphony in winter 1901 in [[Rapallo]], Italy, shortly after the successful premiere of the popular ''[[Finlandia]]''. Sibelius said, "My second symphony is a confession of the soul."<ref>{{cite web|title=About His Own Compositions|url=http://www.sibelius.fi/english/omin_sanoin/ominsanoin_17.htm|website=sibelius.fi|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref>

==Background and premiere==
Baron {{ill|Axel Carpelan|fi}}, who gave Sibelius' well-known [[tone poem]] ''[[Finlandia]]'' its name, wrote to the composer shortly after its successful premiere: "You have been sitting at home for quite a while, Mr. Sibelius, it is high time for you to travel. You will spend the late autumn and the winter in Italy, a country where one learns cantabile, balance and harmony, plasticity and symmetry of lines, a country where everything is beautiful – even the ugly. You remember what Italy meant for Tchaikovsky’s development and for Richard Strauss."<ref name="Oramo">{{cite web|last1=Oramo|first1=Ilkka|title=Symphony No. 2|url=http://www.laphil.com/philpedia/music/symphony-no-2-jean-sibelius|website=LA Phil|access-date=15 February 2016|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310040621/http://www.laphil.com/philpedia/music/symphony-no-2-jean-sibelius|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although Baron Carpelan was penniless, he raised sufficient funds for Sibelius to stay in a mountain villa near Rapallo, Italy. Here, Sibelius jotted down the first notes to his second symphony.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Strawser|first1=Dick|title=Sibelius at 150: His 2nd Symphony|url=http://harrisburgsymphonyblog.blogspot.com/2015/11/sibelius-at-150-his-2nd-symphony.html|website=Dr. Dick's Harrisburg Symphony Blog|date=13 November 2015 |access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref>

More than a year after the first motifs were penned, the second symphony was premiered by the [[Helsinki Orchestral Society]] on 8 March 1902, with the composer conducting. After three sold-out performances, Sibelius made some revisions; the revised version was given its first performance by [[Armas Järnefelt]] on 10 November 1903 in [[Stockholm]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ledbetter|first1=Steven|title=Jean Sibelius: Symphony No. 2 in D major, op. 43|url=https://www.aspenmusicfestival.com/program_notes/view/sibelius-symphony-no.-2-in-d-major-op.-43/25937|website=Aspen Music Festival|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> [[Oskar Merikanto]] exclaimed that the premiere "exceeded even the highest expectations".<ref>{{cite web|title=Second Symphony Op. 43 (1902)|url=http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_02.htm|website=sibelius.fi|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref>

==Reception==
While critics were divided following the symphony's premiere, the public generally admired the piece as its grandiose finale was connected by some with the struggle for [[Independence of Finland|Finland's independence]], so that it was even popularly dubbed the "Symphony of Independence", as it was written at a time of Russian sanctions on [[Finnish language]] and [[Culture of Finland|culture]]. Sibelius's reaction to this has been widely debated; some claim that he had not intended any patriotic message and that the symphony was only identified by others as a nationalist composition, while others believe that he wrote the piece with an independent Finland in mind.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jean Sibelius: Symphony No. 2 in D|url=http://www.classicfm.com/composers/sibelius/music/symphony-no2-d/|website=Classic FM|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> Finnish composer {{ill|Sulho Ranta|fi}} said, "There is something about this music – at least for us – that leads us to ecstasy; almost like a shaman with his magic drum."<ref name="Keller-sanfran">{{cite web|last1=Keller|first1=James M.|title=Sibelius: Symphony No. 2 in D Major, Opus 43|url=https://www.sfsymphony.org/Watch-Listen-Learn/Read-Program-Notes/Program-Notes/SIBELIUS-Symphony-No-2-in-D-major,-Opus-43.aspx|website=San Francisco Symphony|access-date=15 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401131117/https://www.sfsymphony.org/Watch-Listen-Learn/Read-Program-Notes/Program-Notes/SIBELIUS-Symphony-No-2-in-D-major,-Opus-43.aspx|archive-date=1 April 2016}}</ref>

The symphony has been called "one of the few symphonic creations of our time that point in the same direction as Beethoven’s symphonies".<ref name="Keller-sanfran" /> However, [[Virgil Thomson]] wrote in the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' that the symphony was "vulgar, self-indulgent, and provincial beyond all description".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Huizenga|first1=Tom|title=Finland's Finest: The Seven Symphonies Of Jean Sibelius|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/deceptivecadence/2015/12/08/458232716/finlands-finest-the-seven-symphonies-of-jean-sibelius|website=NPR|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> [[Colin Davis|Sir Colin Davis]] quoted [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]] for one of his recordings of the symphony with the [[London Symphony Orchestra]]:
<blockquote><poem>Grand in itself alone, but in that breach
Through which the homeless voice of waters rose
That dark deep thoroughfare, had Nature lodged
The Soul, the Imagination of the whole.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Quantrill|first1=Peter|title=Sibelius Symphony No 2; Pohjola's Daughter|url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/sibelius-symphony-no-2-pohjolas-daughter|website=Gramophone|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref></poem></blockquote>

==Structure==
{{external media|width=440px
| topic = {{noitalic|Performed by the [[San Francisco Symphony]], [[Herbert Blomstedt]] conducting}}
| audio1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_Lc-6T_4g8 I. Allegretto – Poco allegro – Tranquillo, ma poco a poco...]
| audio2 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01cuUqSbSBc II. Tempo andante, ma rubato – Andante sostenuto]
| audio3 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdWGQC_t0I0 III. Vivacissimo – Lento e suave – Largamente]
| audio4 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GqovyC5CHlw IV. Finale (Allegro moderato)]
}}
Sibelius scored his second symphony for an orchestra consisting of standard instruments:
2 [[Western concert flute|flute]]s, 2 [[oboe]]s, 2 [[clarinet]]s, 2 [[bassoon]]s, 4 [[French horn|horns]], 3 [[trumpet]]s, 3 [[trombone]]s, [[tuba]], [[timpani]], and [[String section|strings]].

It is written in four movements:
{{ordered list|list_style_type=upper-roman
| Allegretto – Poco allegro – Tranquillo, ma poco a poco ravvivando il tempo all'allegro – Poco largamente – Tempo I – Poco allegro (in [[D major]])
| Tempo andante, ma rubato – Poco allegro – Molto largamente – Andante sostenuto – Andante con moto ed energico – Allegro – Poco largamente – Molto largamente – Andante sostenuto – Andante con moto ed energico – Andante – Pesante (in [[D minor]])
| Vivacissimo – Lento e soave – Tempo primo – Lento e soave – (attacca) (in [[B-flat major|B{{music|b}} major]])
| Finale: Allegro moderato – Moderato assai – Meno moderato e poco a poco ravvivando il tempo – Tempo I – Largamente e pesante – Poco largamente – Molto largamente (in D major)}}

It is his longest symphony, with a duration of approximately 45 minutes.

===First movement===
Tying in with Sibelius' philosophy on the art of the symphony—he wrote that he "admired [the symphony's] severity of style and the profound logic that created an inner connection between all the motifs"<ref>{{cite book|last=Goss|first=Glenda Dawn|author-link=Glenda Goss|title=Sibelius: A Composer's Life and the Awakening of Finland|date=2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=9780226304793|pages=346}}</ref>—the work grows almost organically out of a rising three-note motif heard at the opening of the work, first unstable and pastoral, then appearing in many guises throughout the entire symphony (and indeed forming the basis for most of the material), including forming the dramatic theme of the finale. More phrases are invisibly introduced, although very much related, creating a jigsaw puzzle-like effect. It is only at the climax of the movement that the full theme is heard.<ref name="Varineau">{{cite web|last1=Varineau|first1=John P.|title=Symphony No. 2 in D Major, Op. 43|url=https://www.richmondsymphony.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Notes_Sibelius_web.pdf|website=Richmond Symphony|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=773]]
[[File:Gallen Kallela Symposion.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Robert Kajanus]] and [[Jean Sibelius]] (two right-most people), in an 1894 painting by [[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]]]]

===Second movement===
In his villa in Rapallo, Sibelius wrote: "[[Don Juan]]. I was sitting in the dark in my castle when a stranger entered. I asked who he could be again and again – but there was no answer. I tried to make him laugh but he remained silent. At last the stranger began to sing – then Don Juan knew who it was. It was death."<ref>{{cite web|last=Keller|first=James M.|title=2013 Jan 16, 17, 18, 19 / Subscription Season / Maazel|url=http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/d02aa363-44a4-4e8b-bdd5-fea13f6dec05/fullview#page/6/mode/2up|website=NY Phil|date=16 January 2013 |access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> On the same piece of paper, he wrote the bassoon theme for the first part of the second movement, out of which a [[pizzicato]]ed string "walking bass" stems. Two months later in Florence, he drafted the second theme, with a note reading "Christus," perhaps symbolizing the death and resurrection of the movement, or even of Finland.<ref name="Oramo" /> Scholars also suggest that Sibelius modeled the second movement after [[Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. Nonetheless, [[Robert Kajanus]] said that the movement "strikes one as the most broken-hearted protest against all the injustice that threatens at the present time to deprive the sun of its light and our flowers of their scent."<ref>{{cite web|last=Ross|first=Alex|author-link=Alex Ross (music critic)|title=Sibelius: Apparition from the Woods|url=http://www.therestisnoise.com/2007/07/sibelius-chapte.html|website=The Rest is Noise|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> The movement culminates with a towering, brassy theme, following by an ethereal, mist-like motif in the divided strings.<ref name="Wise">{{AllMusic|last=Wise|first=Brian|title=Jean Sibelius: Symphony No. 2 in D major, Op. 43|class=composition|id=mc0002371344}}</ref>

[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=774]]

===Third movement===
An angry, restless [[scherzo]] with machine-gun figures in the strings is blistering and fast. It is followed by a slow trio section, featuring a lyrical oboe solo accompanied by the clarinets and horns. After a trumpet blast, the scherzo is played again. The trio section returns again at the end of the movement as it bridges to the final movement.<ref name="Varineau" /> Kajanus said, "The scherzo gives a picture of frenetic preparation. Everyone piles his straw on the haystack, all fibers are strained and every second seems to last an hour. One senses in the contrasting trio section with its oboe motive in [[G-flat major]] what is at stake."<ref name="Oramo" />

[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=775]]

===Finale===
Without pause, the final movement, toward which the rest of the symphony seems to be building, begins gloriously after finally attaining D major, with colossal, loud, regal, and triumphant themes, often drawn from the first movement of the symphony.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sibelius Symphonies|url=http://www.nottinghamphilharmonic.co.uk/sibelius-symphonies|website=Nottingham Philharmonic Orchestra|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> Very similar to [[Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 5]], the transitional material from between the last two movements is brought back a second time so the victory of the major key can be savored anew.<ref name="Wise" /> This movement, inspired by [[Romantic music]], is "Italian music gone North."<ref>{{cite book|last=Hurwitz|first=David|author-link=David Hurwitz (music critic)|title=Sibelius: The Orchestral Works, an Owner's Manual|date=2007|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|isbn=9781574671490|page=87}}</ref> Kajanus wrote that the last movement "develops towards a triumphant conclusion intended to rouse in the listener a picture of lighter and confident prospects for the future."<ref name="Keller-sanfran" />

[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=776]]

==Recordings==
The first recording, sponsored by the Finnish Government, was made by [[Robert Kajanus]] with an unnamed orchestra for the British [[Columbia Graphophone Company|Columbia]] label in May 1930 at the [[Central Hall, Westminster]] on nine [[78 rpm]] sides. The final side included the 'Intermezzo' from the ''[[Karelia Suite]]''. For more information, ''see [[British Symphony Orchestra discography#Sib1|British Symphony Orchestra discography § Robert Kajanus]]''. Kajanus had recorded the First Symphony a week earlier. Although the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] and the [[British Symphony Orchestra]] are sometimes credited, Mark Obert-Thorn puts forward the view that the ensemble was the [[British Symphony Orchestra discography#Orchestra of the Royal Philharmonic Society|Orchestra of the Royal Philharmonic Society]], "the old RPO" which served as a long-term concert and recording [[pickup group|pickup orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kajanus conducts Sibelius • Volume 1 |website=Chandos Records | last=Obert-Thorn |first=Mark |url=https://www.chandos.net/chanimages/Booklets/HH1393.pdf |others=CD booklet |access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref> It should not be confused with the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]] founded by Sir [[Thomas Beecham]] in 1947.

[[Arturo Toscanini]] and the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]] performed the symphony during broadcast concerts in 1939 and 1940 in NBC Studio 8-H; the 1940 performance was commercially released by [[RCA Victor]] in 1967 on LP, then later reissued on CD. [[EMI]] has released a CD of a concert performance by Toscanini and the [[BBC Symphony Orchestra]] in [[Queen's Hall]]. One of the more remarkable live performances released on LP and CD was by [[Sir Thomas Beecham]] and the [[BBC Symphony Orchestra]] in the [[Royal Festival Hall]] in 1954, during which Beecham shouted encouragement to the musicians several times.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barnett|first=Rob|title=Historical Record of the Month|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2004/sept04/Sibelius2Beecham.htm|publisher=MusicWeb International|access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref>

On the Saturday 5 January 2013 broadcast of [[BBC Radio 3#CD Review|BBC Radio 3's ''CD Review – Building a Library'']], music critic Erica Jeal in her survey recommended the 1995 recording by the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], conducted by [[Colin Davis]], as the best available choice.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jeal|first=Erica|title=Building a Library: Sibelius: Symphony No 2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01pmdd1|work=CD Review|publisher=BBC Radio 3|access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref>

The violinist and composer [[Anthony Collins (composer)|Anthony Collins]] recorded the symphony with many revisions{{how|date=February 2016}}, saying that "Conductors must have liberty to get performance living."<ref>{{cite web|title=Sibelius: The Complete Symphonies. London Symphony Orchestra and Anthony Collins|url=http://www.mdt.co.uk/sibelius-the-complete-symphonies-london-anthony-collins-decca-vinyl-6lps.html|website=MDT|access-date=15 February 2016|archive-date=8 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808112111/http://www.mdt.co.uk/sibelius-the-complete-symphonies-london-anthony-collins-decca-vinyl-6lps.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In his 1935 recording with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]], [[Serge Koussevitzky]] conducted the same version that Collins used. Sibelius praised the recording, saying that Koussevitsky "performed my work with supreme mastery. I shall ever be deeply grateful to him for all that he has done for my art."<ref>{{cite web|last=Gutmann|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Gutmann (journalist)|title=Sibelius, Symphony #2|url=http://www.classicalnotes.net/classics2/sibelius.html|website=Classical Notes|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
*{{cite book|last=Dahlström|first=Fabian|author-link=:sv:Fabian Dahlström|title=Jean Sibelius: Thematisch-bibliographisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke|trans-title=Jean Sibelius: A Thematic Bibliographic Index of His Works|date=2003|publisher=Breitkopf & Härtel|location=Wiesbaden|language=de|isbn=3-7651-0333-0}}

==Further reading==
*Goddard, Scott (April 1931). "Sibelius's Second Symphony." ''[[Music & Letters]]'', vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 156–163.
*Kallio, Tapio (2001). "Meter in the opening of the Second Symphony." In [[Timothy L. Jackson]] and {{ill|Veijo Murtomäki|fi}}, eds., ''Sibelius Studies'' (Cambridge University Press), pp. 275–295.
*{{cite book |last=Vernon |first=David |date=2024 |title=Sun Forest Lake: The Symphonies & Tone Poems of Jean Sibelius |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Candle Row Press |isbn=978-1739659943 |ref=none}}

==External links==
*{{IMSLP|work=Symphony No.2, Op.43 (Sibelius, Jean)|cname=Symphony No. 2 in D major, Op. 43}}

{{Jean Sibelius}}
{{Portal bar|Classical music}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Symphonies by Jean Sibelius|Symphony 2]]
[[Category:1902 compositions]]
[[Category:Compositions in D major]]
[[Category:20th-century classical music]]
[[Category:Compositions for symphony orchestra]]

Evijärvi

2025-06-02T13:57:58Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4:

{{expand Finnish|date=June 2023|topic=geo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Evijärvi
| official_name = {{lang|fi|Evijärven kunta}} {{lang|sv|Evijärvi kommun}}
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline = Evijärvi church.jpg
| image_caption = Evijärvi Church
| image_shield = Evijärvi.svg
| shield_size = 120x80px
| image_map = Evijärvi sijainti Suomi.svg
| map_caption = Location of Evijärvi in Finland
|coordinates = {{coord|63|22|N|023|28.5|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Finland}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Finland|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Southern Ostrobothnia]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Sub-regions of Finland|Sub-region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Järviseutu]]
| leader_title = Municipal manager
| leader_name = Mikko Huhtala
| established_title = [[Charter]]
| established_date = 1867
|area_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|area_footnotes|Evijärvi}}
|area_total_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_total_km2|Evijärvi}}
|area_land_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_land_km2|Evijärvi}}
|area_water_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_water_km2|Evijärvi}}
|area_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|area_rank|Evijärvi}}
|population_as_of = {{Data Finland municipality|population_as_of|Evijärvi}}
|population_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|population_footnotes|Evijärvi}}
|population_total = {{Data Finland municipality|population_total|Evijärvi}}
|population_density_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|population_density_km2|Evijärvi}}
|population_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|population_rank|Evijärvi}}
|demographics_type1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type1|Evijärvi}}
|demographics1_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|population_footnotes|Evijärvi}}
|demographics1_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title1|Evijärvi}}
|demographics1_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info1|Evijärvi}}
|demographics1_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title2|Evijärvi}}
|demographics1_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info2|Evijärvi}}
|demographics1_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title3|Evijärvi}}
|demographics1_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info3|Evijärvi}}
|demographics1_title4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title4|Evijärvi}}
|demographics1_info4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info4|Evijärvi}}
|demographics_type2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type2|Evijärvi}}
|demographics2_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_footnotes|Evijärvi}}
|demographics2_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title1|Evijärvi}}
|demographics2_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info1|Evijärvi}}
|demographics2_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title2|Evijärvi}}
|demographics2_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info2|Evijärvi}}
|demographics2_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title3|Evijärvi}}
|demographics2_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info3|Evijärvi}}
|blank_name = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_name|Evijärvi}}
|blank_info = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_info|Evijärvi}}
|timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset = +02:00
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +03:00
| website = {{Url|https://evijarvi.fi/}}
}}
'''Evijärvi''' ({{IPA|fi|ˈeʋiˌjærʋi}}) is a [[municipalities of Finland|municipality]] of [[Finland]]. It is located in the [[Southern Ostrobothnia]] [[regions of Finland|region]]. The municipality has a population of {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Evijärvi}}}} ({{#time: j F Y|{{Data Finland municipality/population count|sourcedate}} }})<ref name="population_count" /> and covers an area of {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/total area|Evijärvi}}|km2}} of which {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/waters area|Evijärvi}}|km2|abbr=on}} is water.<ref name="total_area" /> The [[population density]] is {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/population density|Evijärvi|round=2}}|PD/km2}}.

Neighbouring municipalities are [[Kauhava]], [[Kronoby]], [[Lappajärvi]], [[Pedersöre]] and [[Veteli]]. The municipality is unilingually [[Finnish language|Finnish]]. There is a [[Lake Evijärvi|lake of the same name]] in the municipality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jarviwiki.fi/wiki/Evij%C3%A4rvi_(47.021.1.001)|title=Evijärvi (47.021.1.001)|website=Järviwiki|access-date=2 June 2025|language=fi}}</ref>

The [[coat of arms]] of Evijärvi, designed by Olof Eriksson, resembles the coat of arms of [[Alajärvi]] in appearance; the only difference being the two red-finned fish that appear on Evijärvi's coat of arms.<ref>{{cite book | title = Suomen kunnallisvaakunat | publisher = Suomen Kunnallisliitto | year = 1982 | page = 129 | language = fi | isbn = 951-773-085-3}}</ref> In the 1980s, [[salted fish]] made from [[Common bream|bream]] caught in the spring was named the traditional local dish of Evijärvi.<ref>{{cite book | last=Kolmonen | first= Jaakko | title=Kotomaamme ruoka-aitta: Suomen, Karjalan ja Petsamon pitäjäruoat | page = 146| location=Helsinki | publisher=Patakolmonen | year=1988 | language =fi | isbn = 951-96047-3-1}}</ref>

==Notable people born in Evijärvi==
*[[Esko Ahonen]] (1955–2025), politician
*[[Tea Ista]] (1932–2014), actress
*[[Aleksi Kiviaho]] (1913–1986), politician
*[[Ilmari Linna]] (1917–1981), business executive and politician
*[[Jalmari Linna]] (1891–1954), politician

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Evijärvi}}
{{wikivoyage-inline|Evijärvi}}
*[https://evijarvi.fi/ Municipality of Evijärvi] – Official website {{in lang|fi}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Evijärvi
| N = [[Kronoby]] ([[Ostrobothnia (administrative region)|Ostrobothnia]])
| E = [[Veteli]] ([[Central Ostrobothnia]])
| S = [[Lappajärvi]]
| SW = [[Kauhava]]
| NW = [[Pedersöre]] ([[Ostrobothnia (administrative region)|Ostrobothnia]])
}}
{{SouthernOstrobothnia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Evijarvi}}
[[Category:Evijärvi| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1867]]

{{WesternFinland-geo-stub}}

Kolho

2025-06-01T04:45:10Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4:

{{Unreferenced|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Kolhon rautatieasema.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Kolho railway station]]
'''Kolho''' is a village in the city-municipality of [[Mänttä-Vilppula]] in [[Finland]]. It is located along the [[Tampere]]–[[Haapamäki]] Line, where Kolho railway station is located.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vr.fi/en/railway-stations-and-routes/kolho|title=Kolho Railway Station|publisher=[[VR Group]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

During the [[Finnish Civil War]], in winter 1918, the Finnish air force used Kolho as a base. Kolho has influenced a number of Finnish artists ranging from Eero Järnefelt, Akseli Gallen-Kallela to Pentti Saarikoski and also was the site of the worst church boat accident in Finnish history.
[[File:Bonnen hautakappeli; Kolho, 2023.jpg|thumb|upright|The Bonn Family Mausoleum]]
Kolho played a role in the rise of the Finnish paper industry together with the neighbouring Mänttä community, and among the notable figures in Kolho's industry was the industrialist Matthias Bonn (1853–1927).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vilppulaseura.fi/2022/07/15/patruuna-matthias-bonn-1853-1927/|title=Patruuna Matthias Bonn 1853 - 1927|publisher=Vilppula-Seura ry|access-date=1 June 2025|language=fi}}</ref> More recently Kolho is known for its natural environment and is a summer resort destination.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

James Vehko (aka Jalmari Vehkomäki), the designer of the first Ford's metallic automobile chassis, was originally from Kolho.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Kolho}}
* [http://www.kolho.fi/ Kolho] {{in lang|fi}}

{{coord|62|08|N|24|31|E|region:FI_type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Pirkanmaa]]
[[Category:Mänttä-Vilppula]]

{{WesternFinland-geo-stub}}

[[fi:Vilppula]]

Mänttä-Vilppula

2025-06-01T04:21:20Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4:

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Mänttä-Vilppula
| official_name = {{lang|fi|Mänttä-Vilppulan kaupunki}} {{lang|sv|Mänttä-Vilppula stad}}
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Mänttä-Vilppula city hall 2018.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| image_caption = Mänttä-Vilppula town hall in Mänttä
| image_shield = Vilppula.vaakuna.svg
| shield_size = 120x80px
| image_map = Mänttä-Vilppula sijainti Suomi.svg
| map_caption = Location of Mänttä-Vilppula in Finland
|coordinates = {{coord|62|02|N|024|37|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Finland}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Finland|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Pirkanmaa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Sub-regions of Finland|Sub-region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Pirkanmaa]]
| seat = [[Mänttä]]
| parts_type = Villages
| parts = [[Vilppula]], [[Pohjaslahti]], [[Kolho]]
| leader_title = [[Town manager]]
| leader_name = Anne Heusala
| established_title = [[Charter]]
| established_date = 2009
|area_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|area_footnotes|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|area_total_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_total_km2|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|area_land_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_land_km2|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|area_water_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_water_km2|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|area_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|area_rank|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|population_as_of = {{Data Finland municipality|population_as_of|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|population_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|population_footnotes|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|population_total = {{Data Finland municipality|population_total|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|population_density_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|population_density_km2|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|population_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|population_rank|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics_type1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type1|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics1_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_footnotes|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics1_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title1|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics1_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info1|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics1_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title2|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics1_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info2|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics1_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title3|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics1_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info3|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics1_title4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title4|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics1_info4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info4|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics_type2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type2|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics2_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_footnotes|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics2_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title1|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics2_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info1|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics2_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title2|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics2_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info2|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics2_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title3|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|demographics2_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info3|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|blank_name = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_name|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|blank_info = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_info|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
|timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset = +02:00
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +03:00
| website = {{Url|https://www.manttavilppula.fi/}}
}}
'''Mänttä-Vilppula''' ({{IPA|fi|ˈmæntːæˌʋilpːulɑ|lang}}; {{langx|sv|Mänttä-Vilppula}}, also {{lang|sv|Mänttä-Filpula}}) is a [[List of cities and towns in Finland|town]] and [[Municipalities of Finland|municipality]] of [[Finland]]. The municipalities of [[Mänttä]] and [[Vilppula]] were consolidated into a single municipality on January 1, 2009. It is located in the [[Pirkanmaa]] region.

The town has a population of {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Mänttä-Vilppula}}}} ({{#time: j F Y|{{Data Finland municipality/population count|sourcedate}} }})<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stat.fi/til/vamuu/index.html|title=Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT): Väestön ennakkotilasto [verkkojulkaisu]|publisher=Statistics Finland|language=Finnish|accessdate=15 March 2019}}
</ref> and covers an area of {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/total area|Mänttä-Vilppula}}|km2}} of which {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/waters area|Mänttä-Vilppula}}|km2|abbr=on}} is water.<ref name="total_area" /> Major lakes in the area include the [[Lake Ruovesi|Ruovesi]], [[Lake Kuorevesi|Kuorevesi]] and [[Keurusselkä]]. The municipality is unilingually [[Finnish language|Finnish]].

Neighbouring municipalities are [[Keuruu]], [[Juupajoki]], [[Jämsä]], [[Ruovesi]] and [[Virrat]]. The city of [[Tampere]] is located {{convert|97|km}} southwest of the center of Mänttä-Vilppula.

[[File:Gösta Serlachiuksen taidemuseo.jpg|thumb|The Serlachius Art Museum]]
Culturally, Mänttä-Vilppula is known, among other things, for the Serlachius Museum situated in the Mänttä area, which houses the art collection collected by ''Vuorineuvos'' Gösta Serlachius (1876–1942).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://serlachius.fi/en/|title=Serlachius Museums|website=serlachius.fi|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Also, the Mänttä Art Festival is held annually in the summer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mantankuvataideviikot.fi/en/index.htm|title=Mänttä Art Festival|website=mantankuvataideviikot.fi|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Eero Rahola]] (1897–1975)
* [[Lydia Wideman]] (1920-2019)
* [[Veikko Ennala]] (1922–1991)
* [[Marjatta Moulin]] (1926–2018)
* [[Keijo Liinamaa]] (1929–1980)
* [[Risto Siltanen]] (born 1958)
* [[Laura Huhtasaari]] (born 1979)
* [[Emmi (Finnish singer)]] (born 1979)
* [[Pekka Koskela]] (born 1982)
* [[Azazel (disambiguation)|Miikka "Lord Satanachia" Ojala (Finnish black metal vocalist)]] (born 1974)

== See also ==
* [[Vilppula railway station]]
* [[Finnish national road 58]]
* {{ill|Serlachius-museo Gustaf|fi}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Mänttä-Vilppula}}
* [https://www.manttavilppula.fi/ Town of Mänttä-Vilppula] – Official website {{in lang|fi}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Mänttä-Vilppula
| NE = [[Keuruu]] ([[Central Finland]])
| SE = [[Jämsä]] ([[Central Finland]])
| S = [[Juupajoki]]
| W = [[Ruovesi]]
| NW = [[Virrat]]
}}
{{Pirkanmaa}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mantta-Vilppula}}
[[Category:Mänttä-Vilppula| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Finland]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 2009]]

{{WesternFinland-geo-stub}}

Memorial Day

2025-05-30T11:20:31Z

2001:99A:80E:3A00:983E:7640:3CA7:5BC4: /* Other countries */

{{Short description|Federal holiday in the United States}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Decoration Day}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Memorial Day
| type = [[federal holidays in the United States|Federal]]
| image = Graves at Arlington on Memorial Day.JPG
| caption = [[Arlington National Cemetery]] graves decorated with flags during Memorial Day weekend
| observedby = United States
| scheduling = nth weekday of the month
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = Annual
| week_ordinal = last
| weekday = Monday
| month = May
| date2024 = May 27
| date2025 = May 26
| date2026 = May 25
| observances = [[Decoration Day (tradition)|Decoration of military graves]] with [[American flags]]
| significance = {{Ubl|Honors [[U.S. military]] personnel who died in service}}
| firsttime = May 30, 1868
}}

'''Memorial Day''' (originally known as '''Decoration Day''')<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorial Day |url=https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/memorial-day-history |website=History.com |date=May 24, 2023 }}</ref> is a [[federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday in the United States]] for [[National day of mourning|mourning]] the U.S. military personnel who died while serving in the [[United States Armed Forces]].<ref name="vamd">{{cite web |url=http://www1.va.gov/opa/speceven/memday/ |title=Memorial Day |publisher=United States Department of Veterans Affairs |access-date=May 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527171249/http://www1.va.gov/opa/speceven/memday/ |archive-date=May 27, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|36|116}}</ref> It is observed on [[Uniform Monday Holiday Act|the last Monday]] of May.

It is the unofficial beginning of [[summer]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorial Day |url=https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/memorial-day-history |website=History.com |date=May 27, 2023 |access-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221230211/http://www.history.com/topics/holidays/memorial-day-history |url-status=live }}</ref>

Memorial Day is a time for visiting cemeteries and memorials to mourn the military personnel who died in the line of duty. Volunteers will place [[American flags]] on the graves of those military personnel in [[United States national cemetery|national cemeteries]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Yan |first=Holly |date=May 26, 2016 |title=Memorial Day 2016: What You Need to Know |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/26/us/memorial-day-roundup/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=May 31, 2016 |archive-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530092748/http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/26/us/memorial-day-roundup/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first national observance of Memorial Day occurred on May 30, 1868.<ref name="Today in History - May 30">{{Cite web |title=Today in History – May 30 |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/may-30/ |access-date=May 30, 2022 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. |archive-date=May 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525183156/https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/may-30/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Then known as ''Decoration Day'' and observed on May 30, the holiday was proclaimed by Commander in Chief [[John A. Logan]] of the [[Grand Army of the Republic]] to honor the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] soldiers who had died in the [[American Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorial Day Order |publisher=National Cemetery Administration |url=https://www.cem.va.gov/history/memdayorder.asp |access-date=May 30, 2022 |website=Cem.va.gov |archive-date=May 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529133217/https://www.cem.va.gov/history/memdayorder.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> This national observance followed many local observances which were inaugurated between the end of the Civil War and Logan's declaration. Many cities and people have claimed to be the first to observe it. However, the [[United States National Cemetery System|National Cemetery Administration]], a division of the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Department of Veterans Affairs]], credits [[Mary Ann Williams]] of the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus, Georgia with originating the idea of an annual date to decorate the graves of Civil War veterans with flowers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2023 |title=Memorial Day History |url=https://www.cem.va.gov/history/Memorial-Day-History.asp |access-date=May 29, 2023 |website=[[National Cemetery Administration]] of the [[U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs]] |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528184329/https://cem.va.gov/history/Memorial-Day-History.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

Official recognition as a holiday spread among the states, beginning with New York in 1873.<ref name=":0" /> By 1890, every Union state had adopted it. The [[world war]]s turned it into a day of remembrance for all members of the U.S. military who fought and died in service. In 1968, Congress changed its observance to the last Monday in May, and in 1971 standardized its name as "Memorial Day.” Two other days celebrate those who have served or are serving in the U.S. military: [[Armed Forces Day#United States|Armed Forces Day]], which is earlier in May, an unofficial U.S. holiday for honoring those currently serving in the armed forces, and [[Veterans Day]] on November 11, which honors all those who have served in the [[United States Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kickler |first=Sarah |date=May 28, 2012 |title=Memorial Day vs. Veterans Day |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/parenting/homefront/bal-memorial-day-vs-veterans-day-20120528,0,1402423.story |newspaper=Baltimore Sun |access-date=April 7, 2014 |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021211411/http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/parenting/homefront/bal-memorial-day-vs-veterans-day-20120528,0,1402423.story |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Origins ==
[[File:Tomb of the Unknowns.jpg|thumb|The [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]]]]
A variety of cities and people have claimed origination of Memorial Day.<ref name="Today in History - May 30" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cem.va.gov/history/Memorial-Day-History.asp |title=Memorial Day History |website=U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs |access-date=October 30, 2019 |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527111330/https://www.cem.va.gov/history/Memorial-Day-History.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Where Did Memorial Day Originate? |url=https://www.history.com/news/where-did-memorial-day-originate |access-date=May 30, 2022 |website=History.com |date=May 25, 2016 |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530190108/https://history.com/news/where-did-memorial-day-originate |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Center for Civil War Research |url=https://www.civilwarcenter.olemiss.edu/memorial_day.shtml |access-date=May 30, 2022 |website=www.civilwarcenter.olemiss.edu |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519021637/https://www.civilwarcenter.olemiss.edu/memorial_day.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In some such cases, the claims relate to documented events, occurring before or after the Civil War. Others may stem from general traditions of decorating soldiers' graves with flowers, rather than specific events leading to the national proclamation.<ref>{{cite web |first=Mary |last=L'Hommedieu Gardiner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwJaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA296 |title=The Ladies Garland |page=296 |volume=6 |publisher=J. Libby |date=1842 |access-date=May 31, 2014 |via=[[Google Books]] |archive-date=September 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919053342/https://books.google.com/books?id=UwJaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA296 |url-status=live }}</ref> Soldiers' graves were decorated in the U.S. before<ref>In 1817, for example, a writer in the ''[[Analectic Magazine]]'' of Philadelphia urged the decoration of patriot's graves. E.J., "The Soldier's Grave", in ''The Analectic Magazine'' (1817), Vol. 10, 264.</ref> and during the [[American Civil War]]. Other claims may be less respectable, appearing to some researchers as taking credit without evidence, while erasing better-evidenced events or connections.<ref name="The Origins of Memorial Day">[https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/memorial-day/ "The Origins of Memorial Day"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119043212/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/memorial-day/ |date=January 19, 2022 }} Snopes.com, May 25, 2018</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Precedents in the South ==
=== Warrenton, Virginia ===
[[File:Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia - Decorating the graves of the Rebel soldiers, May 31, 1867 (16682540833).jpg|thumb|1867 Decoration Day in [[Richmond, Virginia]]'s [[Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)|Hollywood Cemetery]]]]

On June 3, 1861, [[Warrenton, Virginia]], was the location of the first [[Civil war|Civil War]] soldier's grave to be decorated, according to an article in the ''[[Richmond Times-Dispatch]]'' in 1906.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2001.05.0293%3Achapter%3D1.73 |title=Times-Dispatch |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu |date=July 15, 1906 |access-date=April 7, 2014 |archive-date=July 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702144441/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2001.05.0293%3Achapter%3D1.73 |url-status=live }}</ref> This decoration was for the funeral of the first soldier killed during the Civil War, [[John Quincy Marr]], who died on June 1, 1861, during a skirmish at the [[Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1861)|Battle of Fairfax Courthouse]] in Virginia.<ref>Poland Jr., Charles P. ''The Glories Of War: Small Battles And Early Heroes Of 1861.'' Bloomington, IN (2006), 42.</ref>

=== Jackson, Mississippi ===
On April 26, 1865, in [[Jackson, Mississippi]], [[Sue Landon Vaughan]] decorated the graves of [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] and [[Union army|Union]] soldiers according to her account. The first reference to this event however did not appear until many years later.<ref name="Bellware 2014">{{Cite book |last=Bellware |first=Daniel |date=2014 |title=The Genesis of the Memorial Day holiday in America |publisher=Columbus State University |isbn=9780692292259 |oclc=898066352 }}</ref> Mention of the observance is inscribed on the southeast panel of the [[Confederate Monument (Jackson, Mississippi)|Confederate Monument]] in Jackson, erected in 1891.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMWD72_Mississippi_Confederate_Monument_Jackson_MS |title=Mississippi Confederate Monument – Jackson, MS |website=WayMarking.com |access-date=October 30, 2019 |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030221243/https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMWD72_Mississippi_Confederate_Monument_Jackson_MS |url-status=live }}</ref> Vaughan's account is contradicted by contemporary sources.<ref name="auto" />

=== Charleston, South Carolina ===
On May 1, 1865, in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], the recently freed Black population held a parade of 10,000 people to honor 257 dead Union soldiers. The soldiers had been buried in a mass grave at the Washington Race Course, having died at the Confederate prison camp located there. After the city fell, the freed Black population unearthed and properly buried the soldiers, placing flowers at their graves. The event was reported contemporaneously in the ''[[Charleston Daily Courier]]'' and the ''[[New-York Tribune]].''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roos |first=Dave |title=One of the Earliest Memorial Day Ceremonies Was Held by Freed African Americans |url=https://www.history.com/news/memorial-day-civil-war-slavery-charleston |access-date=May 30, 2022 |website=History.com |date=May 24, 2019 |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530142431/https://www.history.com/news/memorial-day-civil-war-slavery-charleston |url-status=live }}</ref> Historian [[David Blight]] has called this commemoration the first Memorial Day. However, no direct link has been established between this event and General [[John A. Logan|John Logan]]'s 1868 proclamation for a national holiday.<ref>{{cite web |last=Blight |first=David W. |url=http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-119/lecture-19 |title=Lecture: To Appomattox and Beyond: The End of the War and a Search for Meanings, Overview |website=Oyc.Yale.edu |quote=Professor Blight closes his lecture with a description of the first Memorial Day, celebrated by African Americans in Charleston, SC 1865. |access-date=May 31, 2014 |archive-date=May 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530094526/http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-119/lecture-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/27/us/many-claim-to-be-memorial-day-birthplace.html David Blight, cited by Campbell Robertson, "Birthplace of Memorial Day? That Depends Where You're From", ''The New York Times'', May 28, 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617112424/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/27/us/many-claim-to-be-memorial-day-birthplace.html |date=June 17, 2017 }} – Blight quote from 2nd web page: "He has called that the first Memorial Day, as it predated most of the other contenders, though he said he has no evidence that it led to General Logan's call for a national holiday."</ref><ref name="The Origins of Memorial Day" />

=== Columbus, Georgia ===
{{Quote box
|quote = . . . [W]e can keep alive the memory of debt we owe them by dedicating
at least one day in the year, by embellishing their humble graves with
flowers, therefore we beg the assistance of the press and the ladies
throughout the South to help us in the effort to set apart a certain day
to be observed, from the [[Potomac River|Potomac]] to the [[Rio Grande]] and be handed
down through time as a religious custom of the country, to wreathe the
graves of our martyred dead with flowers. . . Let the soldiers’ graves,
for that day at least, be the Southern [[Mecca]], to whose shrine her
sorrowing women, like pilgrims, may annually bring their grateful
hearts and floral offerings. . .
|author = —[[Mary Ann Williams]]
|source = March 11, 1866<ref name="auto" />
|width = 33%
|align = right
}}

The [[United States National Cemetery System|National Cemetery Administration]], a division of the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Department of Veterans Affairs]],<ref name=":0" /> and scholars attribute the beginning of a Memorial Day practice in [[The Southern United States|the South]] to a group of women of [[Columbus, Georgia]].<ref name="Bellware 2014" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVXUcyJlgLkC&pg=PA190 |title=The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History |first1=Gary W. |last1=Gallagher |first2=Alan T. |last2=Nolan |date=2000 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253109026 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |via=Google Books }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9t-CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT26|title=No Holier Spot of Ground: Confederate Monuments & Cemeteries of South Carolina|first=Kristina Dunn|last=Johnson|date=2009|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=9781614232827|access-date=May 25, 2020 |via=Google Books }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CyQF6pKZ61YC&pg=PA103|title=Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture|first=Michael|last=Kammen|date= 2011|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=9780307761408|access-date=May 25, 2020|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thesouthern.com/news/local/a-complicated-journey-the-story-of-logan-and-memorial-day/article_57e2de05-b9b1-5237-b933-0d43fb8492d7.html |title=A 'complicated' journey: The story of Logan and Memorial Day |first=Tom |last=English |website=The Southern |date=May 22, 2015 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531181237/https://thesouthern.com/news/local/a-complicated-journey-the-story-of-logan-and-memorial-day/article_57e2de05-b9b1-5237-b933-0d43fb8492d7.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA246 |title=Mrs. Logan's Memoirs |page=246 |via=Google Books |access-date=April 7, 2014 |date=1913 |last=Logan|first=Mrs. John A. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/27/us/many-claim-to-be-memorial-day-birthplace.html |title=Birthplace of Memorial Day? That Depends Where You're From |date=May 27, 2012 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 27, 2017 |archive-date=June 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617112424/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/27/us/many-claim-to-be-memorial-day-birthplace.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The women were the [[Ladies' Memorial Association|Ladies Memorial Association]] of Columbus. They were represented by [[Mary Ann Williams]] (Mrs. Charles J. Williams) who as association secretary wrote an [[open letter]] to the press on March 11, 1866<ref name="auto" /> asking for assistance in establishing an annual holiday to decorate the graves of soldiers throughout the South.<ref name="Jones 2015">{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Michael |date=May 23, 2015 |title=Memorial Day's Roots Traced to Georgia |url=http://www.nwherald.com/2015/05/21/guest-view-memorial-days-roots-traced-to-georgia/a6p06gb/ |newspaper=Northwest Herald |archive-date=June 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603170409/http://www.nwherald.com/2015/05/21/guest-view-memorial-days-roots-traced-to-georgia/a6p06gb/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 10, 2016 }}</ref> The letter was reprinted in several southern states and the plans were noted in newspapers in [[Northern United States|the North]]. The date of April 26 was chosen, which corresponded with the end date of the war with the [[Bennett Place|surrender agreement]] between Generals [[Joseph E. Johnston|Johnston]] and [[William Tecumseh Sherman|Sherman]] in 1865.<ref name="auto" />

The holiday was observed in Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, Columbus and elsewhere in Georgia as well as Montgomery, Alabama; Memphis, Tennessee; Louisville, Kentucky; New Orleans, Louisiana; Jackson, Mississippi, and across the South.<ref name="Bellware 2014" /> In some cities, mostly in Virginia, other dates in May and June were observed. General John Logan commented on the observances in a speech to veterans on July 4, 1866, in [[Salem, Illinois]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brockell |first=Gillian |date=May 27, 2019 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/05/26/contested-confederate-roots-memorial-day/ |title=Memorial Day's Confederate Roots: Who Really Invented the Holiday? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=June 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609080226/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/05/26/contested-confederate-roots-memorial-day/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 9, 2019 }}</ref> After General Logan's General Order No. 11 to the [[Grand Army of the Republic]] to observe May 30, 1868, the earlier version of the holiday began to be referred to as [[Confederate Memorial Day]].<ref name="Bellware 2014" />

=== Columbus, Mississippi ===
Following Mary William's call for assistance,<ref name=":0" /> four women of [[Columbus, Mississippi]] a day early on April 25, 1866, gathered together at [[Friendship Cemetery]] to decorate the graves of the Confederate soldiers. They also felt moved to honor the Union soldiers buried there, and to note the grief of their families, by decorating their graves as well. The story of their gesture of humanity and reconciliation is held by some writers as the inspiration of the original Memorial Day.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/05/a-real-story-of-memorial-day/371497/ |title=A Real Story of Memorial Day |last=Fallows |first=Deborah |date=May 23, 2014 |website=The Atlantic |access-date=January 21, 2020 |archive-date=June 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613232901/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/05/a-real-story-of-memorial-day/371497/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Will |date=May 25, 2017 |url=https://relicrecord.com/blog/decoration-day-origins-memorial-day/ |title=Decoration Day & The Origins Of Memorial Day |website=RelicRecord |archive-date=June 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613000504/https://relicrecord.com/blog/decoration-day-origins-memorial-day/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 21, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=8552 |title=Confederate Decoration Day Historical Marker |website=Hmdb.org |archive-date=June 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612152812/https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=8552 |url-status=live |access-date=January 21, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2018/05/28/graves-union-soldiers-buried-unmarked-graves-columbus/646666002/ |title=MSU Library, Ole Miss Anthropologist, Local Historian Search for Union Graves |website=The Clarion Ledger |access-date=January 21, 2020 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531181237/https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2018/05/28/graves-union-soldiers-buried-unmarked-graves-columbus/646666002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Other Southern precedents ===
According to the [[United States Library of Congress]], "Southern women decorated the graves of soldiers even before the Civil War’s end. Records show that by 1865, Mississippi, Virginia, and South Carolina all had precedents for Memorial Day."<ref>{{cite web |title=Today in History – May 30 – Memorial Day |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/may-30/ |publisher=United States Library of Congress |access-date=May 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525183156/https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/may-30/ |archive-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref> The earliest Southern Memorial Day celebrations were simple, somber occasions for veterans and their families to honor the dead and tend to local cemeteries.<ref name="Center(Firm)2000">{{cite book |title=America, history and life |publisher=Clio Press |date=2000 |page=190 |author1=University of Michigan |author2=EBSCO Publishing (Firm) }}</ref> In following years, the Ladies' Memorial Association and other groups increasingly focused rituals on preserving Confederate culture and the [[Lost Cause of the Confederacy]] narrative.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |first=Karen L. |last=Cox |title=Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_jpxKJDleQC&pg=PA11 |date=2003 |publisher=University Press of Florida |page=11 |isbn=978-0813031330 }}</ref>

== Precedents in the North ==
[[File:John A. Logan (general).jpg|thumb|upright|General [[John A. Logan]], who in 1868 issued a proclamation calling for a national "Decoration Day"]]

=== Gettysburg, Pennsylvania ===
The 1863 cemetery dedication at [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]], included a ceremony of commemoration at the graves of dead soldiers. Some have therefore claimed that President [[Abraham Lincoln]] was the founder of Memorial Day.<ref>"Lincoln's Message to Today", Trenton (NJ) ''Evening Times'', May 30, 1913.</ref> However, Chicago journalist Lloyd Lewis tried to make the case that it was Lincoln's funeral that spurred the soldiers' grave decorating that followed.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Myths after Lincoln |last=Lloyd |first=Lewis |publisher=Press of the Readers Club |date=1941 |location=New York |pages=309–310 |isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>

=== Boalsburg, Pennsylvania ===
On July 4, 1864, ladies decorated soldiers' graves according to local historians in [[Boalsburg, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilwarcenter.olemiss.edu/memorial_day.shtml |title=Sophie Keller Hall, in The Story of Our Regiment: A History of the 148th Pennsylvania Vols., ed. J.W. Muffly (Des Moines: The Kenyon Printing & Mfg. Co., 1904), quoted in editor's note, p. 45 |website=Civilwarcenter.olemiss.edu |access-date=May 28, 2012 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531181236/http://www.civilwarcenter.olemiss.edu/memorial_day.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Boalsburg promotes itself as the birthplace of Memorial Day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boalsburg.com/ |title=Boalsburg, PA, birthplace of Memorial Day |website=Boalsburg.com |date=March 26, 1997 |access-date=May 28, 2012 |archive-date=March 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304034210/http://www.boalsburg.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, no published reference to this event has been found earlier than the printing of the History of the 148th Pennsylvania Volunteers in 1904.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muffly |first=Joseph W. |date=1994 |orig-date=Originally published 1904 |title=The Story of Our Regiment: A History of the 148th Pennsylvania Vols |publisher=Butternut and Blue |isbn=0935523391 |oclc=33463683 |page=45 }}</ref> In a footnote to a story about her brother, Mrs. Sophie (Keller) Hall described how she and Emma Hunter decorated the grave of Emma's father, Reuben Hunter, and then the graves of all soldiers in the cemetery. The original story did not account for Reuben Hunter's death occurring two months later on September 19, 1864. It also did not mention Mrs. Elizabeth Myers as one of the original participants. A bronze statue of all three women gazing upon Reuben Hunter's grave now stands near the entrance to the Boalsburg Cemetery. Although July 4, 1864, was a Monday, the town now claims that the original decoration was on one of the Sundays in October 1864.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flynn |first=Michael |date=2010 |url=https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/boalsburg-and-origin-memorial-day |title=Boalsburg and the Origin of Memorial Day |website=Pennsylvania Center for the Book |access-date=October 30, 2019 |archive-date=August 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830163845/https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/boalsburg-and-origin-memorial-day |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== National Decoration Day ===
{{Quote box
|quote = ... Let us then gather around their sacred remains and garland the passionless mounds above them with the choicest flowers of Springtime; let us raise above them the dear [[United States flag|old flag]] they saved from dishonor; let us in this solemn presence renew our pledges to aid and assist those whom they have left among us as a sacred charge upon a Nation's gratitude—the soldiers' and sailors' widow and orphan.
|author = —[[John A. Logan]]
|source = May 5, 1868<ref>{{Cite book |last=Woodman |first=Wlliam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgACAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA346 |title=Common School Education and Teachers World |date=1891 |publisher=Bemis Publishing Company |pages=346 |language=en |chapter=Decoration Day Exercise}}</ref>
|width = 33%
|align = right
}}

On May 5, 1868, General [[John A. Logan]] issued a proclamation calling for "Decoration Day" to be observed annually and nationwide; he was commander-in-chief of the [[Grand Army of the Republic]] (GAR), an organization of and for Union Civil War veterans founded in [[Decatur, Illinois]].<ref name="JabbourJabbour2010">{{cite book |first1=Alan |last1=Jabbour |first2=Karen Singer |last2=Jabbour |title=Decoration Day in the Mountains: Traditions of Cemetery Decoration in the Southern Appalachians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoiJU8N_M8UC&pg=PA125 |access-date=May 28, 2012 |date=2010 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-3397-1 |page=125 }}</ref> With his proclamation, Logan adopted the Memorial Day practice that had begun in the Southern states two years earlier.<ref name="Bellware 2014" /><ref name="Jones 2015" /><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last1=Gardiner |first1=Richard |last2=Jones |first2=P. Michael |last3=Bellware |first3=Daniel |url=https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3685&context=bibliography_faculty |title=The Emergence and Evolution of Memorial Day |journal=Journal of America's Military Past |volume=43–2 |issue=137 |date=Spring–Summer 2018 |pages=19–37 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027055058/https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3685&context=bibliography_faculty |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEOAAAAIAAJ&q=%22for+the+Union+men+of+the+nation+to+follow+the+example+of+the+people+of+the+South%22&pg=PA246 |title=General John Logan, Quoted By His Wife |via=Google Books |access-date=April 7, 2014 |date=1913 |last=Logan |first=Mrs. John A. |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531181240/https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEOAAAAIAAJ&q=%22for+the+Union+men+of+the+nation+to+follow+the+example+of+the+people+of+the+South%22&pg=PA246#v=snippet&q=%22for%20the%20Union%20men%20of%20the%20nation%20to%20follow%20the%20example%20of%20the%20people%20of%20the%20South%22&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://thesouthern.com/news/local/a-complicated-journey-the-story-of-logan-and-memorial-day/article_57e2de05-b9b1-5237-b933-0d43fb8492d7.html "A Complicated Journey: The Story of Logan and Memorial Day"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907075339/http://thesouthern.com/news/local/a-complicated-journey-the-story-of-logan-and-memorial-day/article_57e2de05-b9b1-5237-b933-0d43fb8492d7.html |date=September 7, 2017 }} Tom English, ''The Southern Illinoisan'', May 22, 2015</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Halstead |first=Marilyn |url=http://thesouthern.com/news/local/did-logan-start-memorial-day-logan-museum-director-invites-visitors/article_4a737820-3cfe-57b8-bafd-02c2d127d0f8.html |title=Did Logan Start Memorial Day? Logan Museum Director Invites Visitors to Decide |website=TheSouthern.com |access-date=May 26, 2018 |archive-date=May 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023147/http://thesouthern.com/news/local/did-logan-start-memorial-day-logan-museum-director-invites-visitors/article_4a737820-3cfe-57b8-bafd-02c2d127d0f8.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtop.com/holidays/2018/05/the-forgotten-history-of-memorial-day/ |title=The forgotten history of Memorial Day |date=May 25, 2018 |website=WTOP.com |access-date=September 17, 2018 |archive-date=September 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012239/https://wtop.com/holidays/2018/05/the-forgotten-history-of-memorial-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The northern states quickly adopted the holiday. In 1868, memorial events were held in 183 cemeteries in 27 states, and 336 in 1869.<ref name="Blight 2001">{{cite book |last=Blight |first=David W. |date=2001 |title=Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3R-yvmpYaqAC |publisher=Harvard U.P. |isbn=978-0674022096 }}</ref>{{Rp|99–100}} One author claims that the date was chosen because it was not the anniversary of any particular battle.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Hennig |last1=Cohen |first2=Tristram Potter |last2=Coffin |title=The Folklore of American Holidays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhzXAAAAMAAJ |date=1991 |publisher=Gale Research |page=215 |isbn=978-0810376021 }}</ref> Logan's wife noted that the date was chosen because it was the optimal date for flowers to be in bloom in the North.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/video/weekly-address-honoring-fallen#transcript |title=Barack Obama, Weekly Address |format=transcript |date=May 29, 2010 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |website=[[Whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=April 7, 2014 |archive-date=May 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531154222/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/video/weekly-address-honoring-fallen#transcript |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== State holiday ===
[[File:1870DecorationDayStPaulMNphotoCharlesZimmerman.jpg|thumb|upright|The 1870 Decoration Day parade in [[St. Paul, Minnesota]]]]
In 1873, New York made Decoration Day an official state holiday and by 1890, every northern state had followed suit.<ref name=":0" /> There was no standard program for the ceremonies, but they were typically sponsored by the [[Women's Relief Corps]], the women's auxiliary of the [[Grand Army of the Republic|Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)]], which had 100,000 members. By 1870, the remains of nearly 300,000 Union dead had been reinterred in 73 national cemeteries, located near major battlefields and thus mainly in the South. The most famous are [[Gettysburg National Cemetery]] in Pennsylvania and [[Arlington National Cemetery]], near Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cem.va.gov/cem/pdf/IS1_Jan_2011.pdf |title=Interments in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) National Cemeteries |date=January 2011 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=National Cemetery Administration – Department of Veterans Affairs VA-NCA-IS-1 |quote=After the Civil War, search and recovery teams visited hundreds of battlefields, churchyards, plantations and other locations seeking wartime interments that were made in haste. By 1870, the remains of nearly 300,000 Civil War dead were reinterred in 73 national cemeteries. |access-date=June 1, 2014 |archive-date=May 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513170040/https://www.cem.va.gov/CEM/pdf/IS1_Jan_2011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Waterloo proclamation ===
On May 26, 1966, President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] designated an "official" birthplace of the holiday by signing the presidential proclamation naming [[Waterloo (village), New York|Waterloo, New York]], as the holder of the title. This action followed House Concurrent Resolution 587, in which the 89th Congress had officially recognized that the patriotic tradition of observing Memorial Day had begun one hundred years prior in Waterloo, New York.<ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Proclamation 3727 |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-3727-prayer-for-peace-memorial-day-1966 |last=Johnson |first=Lyndon |access-date=May 27, 2013 |archive-date=June 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612193953/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-3727-prayer-for-peace-memorial-day-1966 |url-status=live }}</ref> The legitimacy of this claim has been called into question by several scholars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.syracuse.com/living/2019/05/the-origin-of-memorial-day-is-waterloos-claim-to-fame-the-result-of-a-simple-newspaper-typo.html |title=The origin of Memorial Day: Is Waterloo's claim to fame the result of a simple newspaper typo? |website=Syracuse.com |date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=June 3, 2021 |archive-date=June 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603231556/https://www.syracuse.com/living/2019/05/the-origin-of-memorial-day-is-waterloos-claim-to-fame-the-result-of-a-simple-newspaper-typo.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early national history ==
In April 1865, following [[Abraham Lincoln#Assassination|Lincoln's assassination]], commemorations were extensive. The more than 600,000 soldiers of both sides who fought and died in the Civil War meant that burial and memorialization took on new cultural significance. Under the leadership of women during the war, an increasingly formal practice of decorating graves had taken shape. In 1865, the federal government also began creating the [[United States National Cemetery System]] for the Union war dead.<ref name="WaughGallagher2009">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uush7mwletkC&pg=PA187 |title=Wars within a War: Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War |date=2009 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-3275-2 |page=187 |author1=Joan Waugh |author2=Gary W. Gallagher |author-link1=Joan Waugh |author-link2=Gary W. Gallagher }}</ref>

[[File:Orphans decorating their fathers' graves in Glenwood Cemetery, Philadelphia, on Decoration Day LCCN2006677411.jpg|thumb|Orphans placing flags at their fathers' graves in [[Glenwood Memorial Gardens|Glenwood Cemetery]] in Philadelphia on Decoration Day]]
By the 1880s, ceremonies were becoming more consistent across geography as the GAR provided handbooks that presented specific procedures, poems, and Bible verses for local post commanders to utilize in planning the local event. Historian Stuart McConnell reports:<ref>{{cite book |first=Stuart |last=McConnell |date=1997 |title=Glorious Contentment: The Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900 |page=184 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0807846285 }}</ref>

<blockquote>on the day itself, the post assembled and marched to the local cemetery to decorate the graves of the fallen, an enterprise meticulously organized months in advance to assure that none were missed. Finally came a simple and subdued graveyard service involving prayers, short patriotic speeches, and music ... and at the end perhaps a rifle salute.</blockquote>

=== Confederate Memorial Day ===
{{Main|Confederate Memorial Day}}
[[File:Confederate Memorial at Alabama State Capitol Apr2009.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Confederate Memorial Monument]] in Montgomery, Alabama]]

In 1868, some Southern public figures began adding the label "Confederate" to their commemorations and claimed that Northerners had appropriated the holiday.<ref name="nps.gov">[http://www.nps.gov/ande/historyculture/flowersforjennie.htm National Park Service, "Flowers For Jennie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531181242/https://www.nps.gov/ande/learn/historyculture/flowersforjennie.htm |date=May 31, 2024 }} Retrieved February 24, 2015</ref><ref name="Bellware 2014" /><ref name="google1">{{cite book |last=Knight |first=Lucian Lamar |date=1914 |title=Memorial Day: Its True History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zczAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA156 |via=Google Books |access-date=May 28, 2012 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531181242/https://books.google.com/books?id=0zczAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The first official celebration of Confederate Memorial Day as a public holiday occurred in 1874, following a proclamation by the Georgia legislature.<ref name="GeorgiaInfo">{{cite news |title=Confederate Memorial Day in Georgia |url=https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/history/article/civil-war-reconstruction-1861-1877/confederate-memorial-day-in-georgia |newspaper=New Georgia Encyclopedia |publisher=University of Georgia |access-date=January 22, 2019 |archive-date=January 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195602/https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/history/article/civil-war-reconstruction-1861-1877/confederate-memorial-day-in-georgia |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1916, ten states celebrated it, on June 3, the birthday of [[Confederate States of America|CSA]] President [[Jefferson Davis]].<ref name="GeorgiaInfo" /> Other states chose late April dates, or May 10, commemorating Davis' capture.<ref name="GeorgiaInfo" />

The [[Ladies' Memorial Association]] played a key role in using Memorial Day rituals to preserve Confederate culture.<ref name="auto1" /> Various dates ranging from April 25 to mid-June were adopted in different Southern states. Across the South, associations were founded, many by women, to establish and care for permanent cemeteries for the Confederate dead, organize commemorative ceremonies, and sponsor appropriate monuments as a permanent way of remembering the Confederate dead. The most important of these was the [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]], which grew throughout the South.<ref name="Center(Firm)2000" /> Changes in the ceremony's hymns and speeches reflect an evolution of the ritual into a symbol of cultural renewal and conservatism in the South. By 1913, [[David Blight]] argues, the theme of American nationalism shared equal time with the Confederate.<ref name="Blight 2001" />{{Rp|265}}

==Renaming==
[[File:The March of Time, by Henry Sandham.jpg|thumb|''The March of Time'', by [[Henry Sandham]] depicting Civil War veterans parading during Decoration Day, 1896 ]]

By the 20th century, various Union memorial traditions, celebrated on different days, merged, and Memorial Day eventually extended to honor all Americans who fought and died while in the U.S. military service.<ref name="vamd" /> Indiana from the 1860s to the 1920s saw numerous debates on how to expand the celebration. It was a favorite lobbying activity of the [[Grand Army of the Republic]] (GAR). An 1884 GAR handbook explained that Memorial Day was "the day of all days in the G.A.R. Calendar" in terms of mobilizing public support for pensions. It advised family members to "exercise great care" in keeping the veterans sober.<ref name="Sacco 2015">{{cite journal |first=Nicholas W. |last=Sacco |title=The Grand Army of the Republic, the Indianapolis 500, and the Struggle for Memorial Day in Indiana, 1868–1923 |journal=Indiana Magazine of History |volume=111 |issue=4 |date=2015 }}</ref>{{Rp|352}}

Memorial Day speeches became an occasion for veterans, politicians, and ministers to commemorate the Civil War and, at first, to rehash the "atrocities" of the enemy. They mixed religion and celebratory nationalism, allowing Americans to make sense of their history in terms of sacrifice for a better nation. People of all religious beliefs joined, including German and Irish soldiers – ethnic minorities who [[Anti-Irish sentiment#19th century|at the time]] faced [[Anti-German sentiment#United States|discrimination]] – who had become true Americans in the "baptism of blood" on the battlefield.<ref>{{cite book |last=Samito |first=Christian G. |date=2009 |title=Becoming American under Fire: Irish Americans, African Americans, and the Politics of Citizenship during the Civil War Era |url=https://archive.org/details/becomingamerican00sami |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-4846-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/becomingamerican00sami/page/126 126] |access-date=May 25, 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:DecorationDayMcCutcheon.jpg|thumb|upright=1|"On Decoration Day" Political cartoon c. 1900 by [[John T. McCutcheon]]. Caption: "You bet I'm goin' to be a soldier, too, like my Uncle David, when I grow up."]]

In the national capital in 1913 the four-day "Blue-Gray Reunion" featured parades, re-enactments, and speeches from a host of dignitaries, including President [[Woodrow Wilson]], the first Southerner elected to the [[White House]] since the War. [[James Thomas Heflin|James Heflin]] of [[Alabama]] gave the main address. Heflin was a noted orator; his choice as Memorial Day speaker was criticized, as he was opposed for his support of segregation; however, his speech was moderate in tone and stressed national unity and good will, winning him praise from newspapers.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=G. Allan |last=Yeomans |title=A Southern Segregationist Goes to Gettysburg |magazine=Alabama Historical Quarterly |date=1972 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=194–205 }}</ref>

The name "Memorial Day", which was first used in 1882, gradually became more common than "Decoration Day" after [[World War II]]<ref>{{cite book |first1=Henry Perkins |last1=Goddard |first2=Calvin Goddard |last2=Zon |title=The Good Fight That Didn't End: Henry P. Goddard's Accounts of Civil War and Peace |url=https://archive.org/details/goodfightthatdid0000godd |url-access=registration |date=2008 |publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-57003-772-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/goodfightthatdid0000godd/page/285 285]}}</ref> but was not declared the official name by federal law until 1967.<ref>{{cite book |last=Axelrod |first=Alan |date=2007 |title=Miracle at Belleau Wood: The Birth of the Modern U.S. Marine Corps |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjMaIjJKRTcC&pg=PA233 |publisher=Globe Pequot |isbn=978-1-59921-025-4 |page=233 }}</ref> On June 28, 1968, Congress passed the [[Uniform Monday Holiday Act]], which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a three-day weekend.<ref name="Public Law 90-363">{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/winter/images/uniform-monday-holiday-law.jpg |title=Public Law 90-363 |access-date=April 7, 2014 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050249/http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/winter/images/uniform-monday-holiday-law.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971.<ref name="Public Law 90-363" />

In 1913, an Indiana veteran complained that younger people born since the war had a "tendency ... to forget the purpose of Memorial Day and make it a day for games, races, and revelry, instead of a day of memory and tears".<ref name="Sacco 2015" />{{Rp|362}} In 1911, the scheduling of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway car race, later named the [[Indianapolis 500]], was vehemently opposed by the increasingly elderly GAR. The state legislature in 1923 rejected holding the race on the holiday. However, the new [[American Legion]] and local officials wanted the race to continue, so Governor [[Warren McCray]] vetoed the bill and the race went on.<ref name="Sacco 2015" />{{Rp|376}}

==Civil religious holiday==
[[File:Remembering the fallen at ANC on Memorial Day 150525-A-FT656-762.jpg|thumb|The [[United States Marine Band]] on Memorial Day]]

Memorial Day endures as a holiday which most businesses observe because it marks the unofficial beginning of summer. ([[Labor Day]] is the unofficial end of summer.) The [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] (VFW) and [[Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War]] (SUVCW) advocated returning to the original date. The VFW stated in 2002:<ref>{{cite web |last=Mechant |first=David |date=April 28, 2007 |url=http://www.usmemorialday.org/backgrnd.html |title=Memorial Day History |access-date=May 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101232228/http://www.usmemorialday.org/backgrnd.html |archive-date=November 1, 2018 }}</ref>

<blockquote>Changing the date merely to create three-day weekends has undermined the very meaning of the day. No doubt, this has contributed a lot to the general public's nonchalant observance of Memorial Day.</blockquote>

In 2000, Congress passed the [[National Moment of Remembrance]] Act, asking people to stop and remember at 3:00 pm.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Scott |first=Ryan |date=May 24, 2015 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/causeintegration/2015/05/24/memorial-day-3pm-dont-forget/ |title=Memorial Day, 3 p.m.: Don't Forget |journal=[[Forbes]] |access-date=June 2, 2015 |archive-date=May 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529053532/http://www.forbes.com/sites/causeintegration/2015/05/24/memorial-day-3pm-dont-forget/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On Memorial Day, the [[flag of the United States]] is raised briskly to the top of the staff and then solemnly lowered to the [[Half-mast|half-staff]] position, where it remains only until noon.<ref name="PostPost2011">{{cite book |first1=Peggy |last1=Post |first2=Anna |last2=Post |first3=Lizzie |last3=Post |author-link3=Lizzie Post |first4=Daniel Post |last4=Senning |author-link4=Daniel Post Senning |title=Emily Post's Etiquette, 18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIxPN_4IO34C&pg=PT165 |date=2011 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-210127-3 |page=165 }}</ref> It is then raised to full-staff for the remainder of the day.<ref name="Congress2009">{{cite book |title=United States Code, 2006, Supplement 1, January 4, 2007, to January 8, 2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-D35f9c0aUC&pg=PA39 |date=2009 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-083512-4 |page=39 }}</ref> In commemoration ceremonies the [[Taps (bugle call)|Taps]] are played on the bugle. The [[National Memorial Day Concert]] takes place on the west lawn of the [[United States Capitol]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/national-memorial-day-concert/about/faq/ |title=The National Memorial Day Concert |website=pbs.org |date=May 25, 2018 |access-date=May 27, 2018 |archive-date=May 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531100940/http://www.pbs.org/national-memorial-day-concert/about/faq/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Scholars,<ref>{{cite book |author1=William H. Swatos |author2=Peter Kivisto |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&pg=PA49 |date=1998 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |pages=49–50 |isbn=978-0-7619-8956-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Marcela |last=Cristi |title=From Civil to Political Religion: The Intersection of Culture, Religion and Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rg4m04-j_psC&pg=PA48 |date=2001 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier U.P. |pages=48–53 |isbn=978-0-88920-368-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=William M. Epstein|title=American Policy Making: Welfare As Ritual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPhuRckKmsoC&pg=PA99|date=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=99|isbn=978-0-7425-1733-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Corwin E. Smidt|author2=Lyman A. Kellstedt|author3=James L. Guth|title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and American Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dR385m8rcxwC&pg=PA142 |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford Handbooks Online |pages=142–143 |isbn=978-0-19-532652-9 }}</ref> following the lead of sociologist [[Robert N. Bellah|Robert Bellah]], often make the argument that the United States has a secular "[[American civil religion|civil religion]]"—one with no association with any religious denomination or viewpoint—that has incorporated Memorial Day as a sacred event. With the Civil War, a new theme of death, sacrifice, and rebirth enters the civil religion. Memorial Day gave ritual expression to these themes, integrating the local community into a sense of nationalism. The American civil religion, in contrast to that of France, was never anticlerical or militantly secular; in contrast to Britain, it was not tied to a specific denomination, such as the [[Church of England]]. The Americans borrowed from different religious traditions so that the average American saw no conflict between the two, and deep levels of personal motivation were aligned with attaining national goals.<ref>Robert N. Bellah, "Civil Religion in America", ''Daedalus'' 1967 96(1): 1–21.</ref>

== Parades ==
Since 1867, Brooklyn, New York, has held an annual Memorial Day parade which it claims to be the nation's oldest. [[Grafton, West Virginia]], and [[Ironton, Ohio]] have also had an ongoing parade since 1868. However, the Memorial Day parade in [[Rochester, Wisconsin]], predates both the Doylestown and the Grafton parades by one year (1867).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.journaltimes.com/news/local/rochester-commemorates-fallen-soldiers-in-th-memorial-day-parade/article_2c56cf98-22c7-54e3-9b73-191d155617bf.html|title=Rochester commemorates fallen soldiers in 150th Memorial Day parade|last=Knapp|first=Aaron|work=Journal Times|access-date=June 1, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2011/05/29/doylestown-hosts-oldest-memorial-day-parade-in-the-country/|title=Doylestown Hosts Oldest Memorial Day Parade In The Country|last=says|first=Lisa|date=May 29, 2011|access-date=June 1, 2017|archive-date=June 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625132803/http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2011/05/29/doylestown-hosts-oldest-memorial-day-parade-in-the-country/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Poppies ==
{{Main|Remembrance poppy}}
In 1915, following the [[Second Battle of Ypres]], Lieutenant Colonel [[John McCrae]], a physician with the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]], wrote the poem "[[In Flanders Fields]]". Its opening lines refer to the fields of [[Poppy|poppies]] that grew among the soldiers' graves in [[Flanders]].<ref name="Tucker2014">{{cite book|author=Spencer C. Tucker|title=World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBwTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1061|date=October 28, 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-965-8|pages=1061–}}</ref> Inspired by the poem, [[YWCA USA|YWCA]] worker [[Moina Michael]] attended a YWCA Overseas War Secretaries' conference three years later wearing a silk poppy pinned to her coat and distributed over two dozen more to others present. The [[American Legion|National American Legion]] adopted the poppy as its official symbol of remembrance in 1920.<ref name="bbc10nov06">{{cite news | title =Where did the idea to sell poppies come from? | work =BBC News | date =November 10, 2006 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6133312.stm | access-date=February 18, 2009}}</ref>

==Observance dates (1971–2037)==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="12" | Year || Memorial Day
|-
| 1971 || 1976 || 1982 || || 1993 || 1999 || 2004 || 2010 || || 2021 || 2027 || 2032 || May 31 (week 22)
|-
| || 1977 || 1983 || 1988 || 1994 || || 2005 || 2011 || 2016 || 2022 || || 2033 || May 30 (week 22)
|-
| 1972 || 1978 || || 1989 || 1995 || 2000 || 2006 || || 2017 || 2023 || 2028 || 2034 || May 29 (week 22)

|-
| 1973 || 1979 || 1984 || 1990 || || 2001 || 2007 || 2012 || 2018 || || 2029 || 2035 || May 28 (week 22)
|-
| 1974 || || 1985 || 1991 || 1996 || 2002 || || 2013 || 2019 || 2024 || 2030 || || May 27 (common year week 21, leap year week 22)
|-
| 1975 || 1980 || 1986 || || 1997 || 2003 || 2008 || 2014 || || 2025 || 2031 || 2036 || May 26 (week 21)
|-
| || 1981 || 1987 || 1992 || 1998 || || 2009 || 2015 || 2020 || 2026 || || 2037 || May 25 (week 21)
|}

== Related traditions ==
{{Main|Decoration Day (tradition)}}

Decoration Days in Southern [[Appalachia]] and [[Liberia]] are a tradition which arose by the 19th century. Decoration practices are localized and unique to individual families, cemeteries, and communities, but common elements that unify the various Decoration Day practices are thought to represent [[syncretism]] of predominantly Christian cultures in 19th century Southern Appalachia with pre-Christian influences from Scotland, Ireland, and African cultures. Appalachian and Liberian cemetery decoration traditions are thought to have more in common with one another than with United States Memorial Day traditions which are focused on honoring the military dead.<ref name="jabbourblog">{{cite web |last=Jabbour |first=Alan |title=What is Decoration Day? |url=https://uncpressblog.com/2010/05/27/what-is-decoration-day/ |website=University of North Carolina Blog |access-date=May 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522202026/https://uncpressblog.com/2010/05/27/what-is-decoration-day/ |archive-date=May 22, 2013 |date=May 27, 2010 }}</ref> Appalachian and Liberian cemetery decoration traditions pre-date the United States Memorial Day holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Decoration Day |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2316 |website=Encyclopedia of Alabama |access-date=May 31, 2019 |ref=encyclopedia-alabama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006044219/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2316 |archive-date=October 6, 2018 }}</ref>

According to scholars Alan and Karen Jabbour, "the geographic spread ... from the Smokies to northeastern Texas and Liberia, offer strong evidence that the southern Decoration Day originated well back in the nineteenth century. The presence of the same cultural tradition throughout the Upland South argues for the age of the tradition, which was carried westward (and eastward to Africa) by nineteenth-century migration and has survived in essentially the same form till the present."<ref name="JabbourJabbour2010" />

While these customs may have inspired in part rituals to honor military dead like Memorial Day, numerous differences exist between Decoration Day customs and Memorial Day, including that the date is set differently by each family or church for each cemetery to coordinate the maintenance, social, and spiritual aspects of decoration.<ref name="jabbourblog" /><ref name="hooker">{{cite book |last=Hooker |first=Elizabeth R. |date=1933 |title=Religion in the Highlands: Native Churches and Missionary Enterprises in the Southern Appalachian Area |publisher=Home Mission Council |location=New York |page=125 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012328160 |access-date=September 6, 2019 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224213341/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012328160 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Meyer |first=Richard E. |date= |title=American Folklore: An Encyclopedia – Cemeteries |pages=132–34 |isbn= }}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>

==In film, literature, and music==
===Films===
* In ''[[Memorial Day (2012 film)|Memorial Day]]'', a 2012 [[war film]] starring [[James Cromwell]], Jonathan Bennett, and John Cromwell, a character recalls and relives memories of World War II.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

===Music===
* American composer [[Charles Ives]] titled the second movement of his ''[[A Symphony: New England Holidays]]'', "Decoration Day".{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

===Poetry===
Poems commemorating Memorial Day include:
* Francis M. Finch's "The Blue and the Gray" (1867)<ref>{{cite web |website=CivilWarHome.com |url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/blueandgray.html |title=Blue and the Gray |last=Finch |first=Francis |date=1867 |access-date=September 1, 2018 |archive-date=September 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916014949/http://www.civilwarhome.com/blueandgray.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s "Decoration Day" (1882)<ref>{{cite news |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/05/a-memorial-day-poem-by-longfellow-from-the-atlantic-june-1882/239636/ |title=Memorial Day |last=Longfellow |first=Henry Wadsworth |access-date=March 10, 2017 |archive-date=December 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231221433/http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/05/a-memorial-day-poem-by-longfellow-from-the-atlantic-june-1882/239636/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Michael Anania]]'s "Memorial Day" (1994)<ref>{{cite web |website=PoetryFoundation |url=http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/178467 |title=Memorial Day |last=Anania |first=Michael |date=1994 |access-date=May 23, 2015 |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524135401/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/178467 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Holidays|United States}}

===United States===
* [[A Great Jubilee Day]], first held the last Monday in May 1783 ([[American Revolutionary War]])
* [[Armed Forces Day#United States|Armed Forces Day]], third Saturday in May, a more narrowly observed remembrance honoring those currently serving in the U.S. military
* [[Armistice Day]], November 11, the original name of Veterans Day in the United States
* [[Confederate Memorial Day]], observed on various dates in many states in the South in memory of those killed fighting for the Confederacy during the American Civil War
* [[Memorial Day massacre of 1937]], May 30, held to remember demonstrators shot by police in Chicago
* [[Nora Fontaine Davidson]], credited with the first Memorial Day ceremony in Petersburg, Virginia
* [[Patriot Day]], September 11, in memory of people killed in the September 11 attacks
* [[Remembrance Day at the Gettysburg Battlefield]], an annual honoring of Civil War dead held near the anniversary of the [[Gettysburg Address]]
* [[United States military casualties of war]]
* [[Veterans Day]], November 11, honoring American military veterans, both alive and deceased

===Other countries===
* [[ANZAC Day]], April 25, an analogous observance in Australia and New Zealand
* [[Armistice Day]], November 11, the original name of Veterans Day in the United States and Remembrance Day in Canada, the United Kingdom, and other Commonwealth nations
* [[Commemoration Day of Fallen Soldiers]] ("Kaatuneitten muistopäivä"), a day observed in Finland on the third Sunday of May for the soldiers killed in the [[Finnish Civil War]] and World War II
* [[Decoration Day (Canada)]], a Canadian holiday that recognizes veterans of Canada's military which has largely been eclipsed by the similar Remembrance Day
* [[Heroes' Day]], various dates in various countries recognizing national heroes
* [[International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers]], May 29, international observance recognizing United Nations peacekeepers
* [[Memorial Day (South Korea)]], June 6, the day to commemorate the men and women who died while in military service during the Korean War and other significant wars or battles
* [[Remembrance Day]], November 11, a similar observance in Canada, the United Kingdom, and many other Commonwealth nations originally marking the end of World War I
* [[Remembrance of the Dead]] ("Dodenherdenking"), May 4, a similar observance in the Netherlands
* [[Victoria Day]], a Canadian holiday on the last Monday before May 25 each year, lacks the military memorial aspects of Memorial Day but serves a similar function as marking the start of cultural summer
* [[Volkstrauertag]] ("People's Mourning Day"), a similar observance in Germany usually in November
* [[Yom HaZikaron|Yom Hazikaron]] (Israeli memorial day), the day before [[Independence Day (Israel)]], around [[Iyar]] 4

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{EB1911 poster|Memorial Day}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Albanese, Catherine. "Requiem for Memorial Day: Dissent in the Redeemer Nation", ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 26, No. 4 (Oct. 1974), pp. 386–398 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711654 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112232427/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2711654 |date=January 12, 2017 }}
* Bellah, Robert N. "Civil Religion in America". ''Daedalus'' 1967 96(1): 1–21. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110623223032/http://www.questia.com/read/5012186009?title=Civil%20Religion%20in%20America online edition]
* Blight, David W. "Decoration Day: The Origins of Memorial Day in North and South" in Alice Fahs and Joan Waugh, eds. ''The Memory of the Civil War in American Culture'' (2004), [https://web.archive.org/web/20110623223107/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst;jsessionid=L6pd2pVHvN4hNrwFhL4rdT3RWpyp8wJMS676zdVQdVhd8Wc0YGTn!-64009190?a=o&d=113423562 online edition] pp. 94–129; the standard scholarly history
* Buck, Paul H. ''The Road to Reunion, 1865–1900'' (1937) {{ISBN missing|date=May 2023}}
* Cherry, Conrad. "Two American Sacred Ceremonies: Their Implications for the Study of Religion in America", ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter, 1969), pp. 739–754 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711606 in JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112150935/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2711606 |date=January 12, 2017 }}
* Dennis, Matthew. ''Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: An American Calendar'' (2002) {{ISBN missing|date=May 2023}}
* Jabbour, Alan, and Karen Singer Jabbour. ''Decoration Day in the Mountains: Traditions of Cemetery Decoration in the Southern Appalachians'' (University of North Carolina Press; 2010) {{ISBN missing|date=May 2023}}
* Myers, Robert J. "Memorial Day". Chapter 24 in ''Celebrations: The Complete Book of American Holidays''. (1972) {{ISBN missing|date=May 2023}}
* {{cite book |first=Robert Haven |last=Schauffler |title=Memorial Day: Its Celebration, Spirit, and Significance as Related in Prose and Verse, with a Non-sectional Anthology of the Civil War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbiFcgAACAAJ |date=1911 |publisher=BiblioBazaar reprint 2010 |isbn=9781176839045 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Memorial Day}}
* [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/36/116 36 USC 116. ''Memorial Day''] (designation law)
* [https://www.alraimedia.com/article/1689238/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D8%A8%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A Kuwait's participation in the American Memorial Day]

{{Federal holidays in the United States}}
{{Public holidays in the United States}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1868 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Annual events in the United States]]
[[Category:Federal holidays in the United States]]
[[Category:Holidays and observances by scheduling (nth weekday of the month)]]
[[Category:Holidays related to the American Civil War]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:Monday observances]]
[[Category:Observances honoring victims of war]]
[[Category:Public holidays in the United States]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1868]]
[[Category:Title 36 of the United States Code]]
[[Category:United States flag flying days]]