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Arvika

2025-06-26T15:34:29Z

2.248.44.18: /* Twin towns — Sister cities */Textual correction

{{Infobox settlement

|official_name = Arvika
|image_skyline = Arvika central village.jpg
|image_caption = Central Arvika in June 2004
|pushpin_map = Sweden
|pushpin_label_position =
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[Sweden]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Municipalities of Sweden|Municipality]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Arvika Municipality]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Sweden|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Värmland County]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Sweden|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Värmland]]
|established_title = Established
|established_date = 1911
|area_footnotes = <ref name=scb>{{cite web|url=http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls |title=Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km<sup>2</sup> 2005 och 2010 |date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Statistics Sweden]] |language=sv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055525/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls |archive-date=27 January 2012 |url-status=live |access-date=10 January 2012 }}</ref>
|area_total_km2 = 10.62
|population_as_of = 31 December 2010
|population_footnotes = <ref name=scb />
|population_total = 14,244 
|population_density_km2 = 1341
|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset = +1
|timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|coordinates = {{coord|59|39|15|N|12|35|29|E|region:SE|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m = 58
|postal_code_type = Postal code
|postal_code = 671 xx
|area_code = (+46) 570
|website = {{official_website|www.arvika.se}}
}}
'''Arvika''' is a [[Urban areas in Sweden|locality]] and the seat of [[Arvika Municipality]], [[Värmland County]], [[Sweden]] with 14,244 inhabitants in 2010.<ref name=scb />

==Geography==
The town of Arvika is situated at [[Kyrkviken]], a bay of [[Glafsfjorden]], Sweden's only inland [[fjord]], a remnant of the time following the last [[ice age]] (once a fjord of the [[Ancylus Lake]]). The town is located approximately 380 km west of [[Stockholm]], 250 km north of [[Gothenburg]], 150 km east of [[Oslo]], and 50 km from the [[Norway|Norwegian]] border.

The area is hilly with the tallest hill ''Storkasberget'' close to the town centre.

Arvika and its surroundings have excellent water infrastructure. In fact, Arvika has the innermost harbour in the whole of Sweden. Through a system of [[canal]]s, lake [[Vänern]] can be reached, and from there the [[Göta Canal]] allows further passage to [[Gothenburg]] and Sweden's west coast.

==History==
[[File:Trefaldighetskyrkan Arvika view.jpg|left|300px]]
Ten kilometers west of the city, in ''Bergs Klätt'', there are remnants of a younger [[Stone Age]] and [[Nordic Bronze Age]] settlements in the form of graves.

The town was a [[village]] until 1811 when it was given town privileges by royal charter under the name ''Oscarsstad'' in order to improve the economy of the area. This attempt was unsuccessful, and the town privileges were repealed in 1821 and the town was instead given the status of [[köping]] (township) and renamed Arvika. The town privileges were reinstated at the founding centennial in 1911, and the name Arvika remained. The city status is now obsolete, but Arvika is since 1971 the seat of the larger Arvika municipality.

The church Mikaelikyrkan is from 1647, and the church in the centre, Trefaldighetskyrkan, is from the same year as the town, 1911.

==Industry==
Arvika has several heavy industrial production facilities which employ the majority of the population, among these Thermia, [[Volvo Construction Equipment]] ([[Loader (equipment)|Wheel loaders]]), [[Arvika Gjuteri]] (nodular and grey iron foundry) and [http://www.coffeequeen.com Coffee Queen], a coffee machine factory.

==Culture==
Arvika is known for the turn of the century (around 1900) artist commune ''[[Rackstad]]'' just outside the city. Here, several famous Swedish artists lived and worked, the most well-known probably being [[Christian Eriksson]] and [[Gustaf Fjæstad]] and his wife [[Maja Fjæstad]]. Other talents that lived in Rackstad include [[Björn Ahlgrensson]] and [[Fritz Lindström]]. Arvika is also home of [[NHL]] player [[Jacob De La Rose]], drafted by the [[Montreal Canadiens]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=165996 |title = Jacob De La Rose Hockey Stats and Profile at hockeydb.com}}</ref>

The [[Arvika Festival]] (since 1992) was the biggest annual event in the area, with several international bands visiting the town during three days in July every summer. In recent years such bands as [[Einstürzende Neubauten]], [[Hot Chip]], [[Robyn]], [[The Knife]], [[Ministry (band)|Ministry]], [[New Order (band)|New Order]], [[Kraftwerk]] and [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]] have performed here. The 2009 festival was headlined by [[Depeche Mode]], [[Nine Inch Nails]], [[Röyksopp]] and [[Korn]] and was the biggest edition of the festival ever.

One of the six [[College or university school of music|university colleges of music]] in Sweden, [[Ingesund College of Music]], a department of [[Karlstad University]], is situated in Arvika.

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Sweden}}

===Twin towns — Sister cities===
Arvika has four twin cities:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightgray;"
|{{flagicon|Norway}} ||'''[[Kongsvinger (town)|Kongsvinger]]''', [[Norway]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} ||'''[[Skive Municipality]]''', [[Denmark]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Finland}} ||'''[[Ylöjärvi]]''', [[Finland]]
|-
|{{flagicon|HUN}}
|| '''[[Szigetszentmiklós]]''', [[Hungary]]
|}

==Climate==
Arvika has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb'') that borders being subarctic (''Dfc'') using the official reference period 1961-1990. It has partial maritime influence, but retains its classification due to cool nights throughout the year courtesy of its inland position with less maritime influence than the Värmland capital of [[Karlstad]] on [[Lake Vänern]]. The highest recorded temperature since the weather station's inception in 1945 is {{convert|33.9|C|F}} on August 7, 1975, and the lowest is {{convert|-38.0|C|F}} from February 9, 1966.

{{Weather box
|location = Arvika (temperature & precipitation 2002–2018 — extremes 1945–present)
|collapsed =
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 10.2
|Feb record high C = 14.0
|Mar record high C = 20.4
|Apr record high C = 25.5
|May record high C = 30.2
|Jun record high C = 33.8
|Jul record high C = 33.7
|Aug record high C = 33.9
|Sep record high C = 28.0
|Oct record high C = 20.4
|Nov record high C = 16.1
|Dec record high C = 13.0
|year record high C = 33.9
|Jan avg record high C = 6.6
|Feb avg record high C = 6.8
|Mar avg record high C = 13.5
|Apr avg record high C = 18.8
|May avg record high C = 25.0
|Jun avg record high C = 27.4
|Jul avg record high C = 29.2
|Aug avg record high C = 27.0
|Sep avg record high C = 22.5
|Oct avg record high C = 16.6
|Nov avg record high C = 11.4
|Dec avg record high C = 7.7
|year avg record high C = 30.2
|Jan high C = -0.7
|Feb high C = 0.6
|Mar high C = 5.6
|Apr high C = 11.7
|May high C = 17.2
|Jun high C = 21.0
|Jul high C = 23.3
|Aug high C = 21.3
|Sep high C = 17.0
|Oct high C = 10.0
|Nov high C = 4.8
|Dec high C = 0.5
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = -4.5
|Feb mean C = -3.8
|Mar mean C = -0.1
|Apr mean C = 5.3
|May mean C = 10.6
|Jun mean C = 14.5
|Jul mean C = 17.0
|Aug mean C = 15.4
|Sep mean C = 11.3
|Oct mean C = 5.4
|Nov mean C = 1.5
|Dec mean C = -3.2
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = -8.3
|Feb low C = -8.2
|Mar low C = -5.8
|Apr low C = -1.1
|May low C = 4.0
|Jun low C = 7.9
|Jul low C = 10.7
|Aug low C = 9.5
|Sep low C = 5.6
|Oct low C = 0.7
|Nov low C = -1.9
|Dec low C = -6.9
|year low C =
|Jan avg record low C = -21.7
|Feb avg record low C = -20.4
|Mar avg record low C = -15.3
|Apr avg record low C = -7.6
|May avg record low C = -3.7
|Jun avg record low C = 1.6
|Jul avg record low C = 4.7
|Aug avg record low C = 2.3
|Sep avg record low C = -2.8
|Oct avg record low C = -7.2
|Nov avg record low C = -10.9
|Dec avg record low C = -18.7
|year avg record low C = -25.4
|Jan record low C = -35.5
|Feb record low C = -38.0
|Mar record low C = -30.0
|Apr record low C = -16.0
|May record low C = -6.7
|Jun record low C = -3.4
|Jul record low C = 1.2
|Aug record low C = -1.9
|Sep record low C = -7.0
|Oct record low C = -14.5
|Nov record low C = -24.0
|Dec record low C = -31.9
|year record low C = -38.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 46.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 31.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 26.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 32.8
|May precipitation mm = 57.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 60.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 82.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 85.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 53.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 59.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 55.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 42.4
|year precipitation mm =
|source 1=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240|title=Monthly & Yearly Statistics|publisher=SMHI|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502092934/http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|source 2=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer/#param=airTemperatureMinAndMaxOnceEveryDay,stations=all,stationid=92410|title=SMHI Open Data|publisher=SMHI|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411092753/https://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airTemperatureMinAndMaxOnceEveryDay,stations=all,stationid=92410|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

== References ==
{{Wikivoyage|Arvika}}
{{Commons category|Arvika}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Localities in Arvika Municipality}}
{{Värmland County}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Populated places in Arvika Municipality]]
[[Category:Municipal seats of Värmland County]]
[[Category:Swedish municipal seats]]

Common quail

2025-06-21T21:56:15Z

2.248.44.18: /* Description */Typo correction

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Common quail
| image = Coturnix coturnix, Fraunberg, Bayern, Deutschland 1, Ausschnitt.jpg
| image2 = Common Quail (Coturnix coturnix) (W1CDR0001390 BD1).ogg
| image2_caption = Male (nominate subsp.) in Germany, and the advertising call in England
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Coturnix coturnix'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22678944A131904485 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678944A131904485.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> (Global)
| status2 = NT
| status2_system = IUCN3.1
| status2_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Coturnix coturnix'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22678944A131904485 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678944A131904485.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> (Europe)
| genus = Coturnix
| species = coturnix
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| synonyms = *''Tetrao coturnix'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}
| range_map = CoturnixCoturnixIUCNver2019-2.png
| range_map_caption = Range of ''C. coturnix''{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#FF80FF|Possible extinct & Introduced|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Extant & Introduced (resident)|outline=gray}}
}}

The '''common quail''' ('''''Coturnix coturnix'''''), or '''European quail''', is a small ground-nesting [[Galliformes|game bird]] in the pheasant family [[Phasianidae]]. It is mainly migratory, breeding in the western [[Palearctic]] and wintering in Africa and southern India.

With its characteristic call of three repeated chirps (repeated three times in quick succession), this species of [[quail]] is more often heard than seen. It is widespread in Europe and North Africa, and is categorised by the IUCN as "least concern". It should not be confused with the [[Japanese quail]] (''Coturnix japonica)'', native to Asia, which, although visually similar, has a call that is very distinct from that of the common quail. Like the Japanese quail, common quails are sometimes kept as [[poultry]].

==Taxonomy==
The common quail was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Tetrao coturnix''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=161 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727068 }}</ref> The specific epithet ''coturnix'' is the [[Latin]] word for the common quail.<ref>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |page =[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n120 120]}}</ref> This species is now placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Coturnix]]'' that was introduced in 1764 by the French naturalist [[François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Garsault | first=François Alexandre Pierre de | author-link=François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault | year=1764 | title=Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, décrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Geoffroy Medecin | volume=5 | language=fr | location=Paris | publisher=Desprez | at=Plate 686 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33606631 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Welter-Schultes | first1=F.W. | last2=Klug | first2=R. | year=2009 | title=Nomenclatural consequences resulting from the rediscovery of ''Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en médecine'', a rare work published by Garsault in 1764, in the zoological literature | journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature | volume=66 | issue=3 | pages=225–241 [233] | doi=10.21805/bzn.v66i3.a1 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/377172 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2020 | title=Pheasants, partridges, francolins | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pheasants/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=3 October 2020 }}</ref> The common quail was formerly considered to be [[conspecific]] with the Japanese quail (''Coturnix japonica'').<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=92 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14482905 }}</ref> The ranges of the two species meet in Mongolia and near [[Lake Baikal]] without apparent interbreeding and in captivity the offspring of crosses show reduced fertility.<ref name=moreau>{{ cite journal | last1=Moreau | first1=R.E. | last2=Wayre | first2=P. | year=1968 | title=On the Palaearctic quails | journal=Ardea | volume=56 | issue=3–4 | pages=209–227 | url=http://ardea.nou.nu/ardea_show_article.php?nr=1077 | url-access=registration }}</ref>{{sfn|Cramp|1980|p=503}} The Japanese quail is therefore now treated as a separate species.<ref name=ioc/>

Five [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''C. c. coturnix'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) – breeding in Europe and northwest Africa to Mongolia and north India, wintering in Africa and central, south India
* ''C. c. conturbans'' [[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1917 – [[Azores]]
* ''C. c. inopinata'' Hartert, 1917 – [[Cape Verde Islands]]
* ''C. c. africana'' [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1848 – sub-Saharan Africa and the three islands
* ''C. c. erlangeri'' [[Otto Eduard Graf von Zedlitz und Trützschler|Zedlitz]], 1912 – east and northeast Africa

==Description==
The common quail is a small compact [[gallinaceous]] bird {{cvt|16|-|18|cm|in|frac=2}} in length with a wingspan of {{cvt|32|-|35|cm|in|frac=2}}.{{sfn|Cramp|1980|p=496}} The weight is {{cvt|70|to|140|g|oz|frac=4}}. It is greatest before migration at the end of the breeding season. The female is generally slightly heavier than the male.{{sfn|Cramp|1980|p=503}} It is streaked brown with a white eyestripe, and, in the male, a white chin. As befits its migratory nature, it has long wings, unlike the typically short-winged gamebirds. According to Online Etymology Dictionary, "small migratory game bird of the Old World, late 14c. (early 14c. as a surname, Quayle), from Old French ''quaille'' (Modern French ''caille''), perhaps via Medieval Latin ''quaccula'' (source also of Provençal ''calha'', Italian ''quaglia'', Portuguese ''calha'', Old Spanish ''coalla''), or directly from a Germanic source (compare Dutch ''kwartel'', Old High German ''quahtala'', German ''Wachtel'', Old English ''wihtel''), imitative of the bird's cry. Or the English word might have come up indigenously from Proto-Germanic."<ref name=Hume1880/>

==Distribution and habitat==
This is a terrestrial species, feeding on [[seed]]s and [[insect]]s on the ground. It is notoriously difficult to see, keeping hidden in crops, and reluctant to fly, preferring to creep away instead. Even when flushed, it keeps low and soon drops back into cover. Often the only indication of its presence is the distinctive "wet-my-lips" repetitive song of the male. The call is uttered mostly in the mornings, evenings and sometimes at night. It is a strongly [[bird migration|migratory]] [[Aves|bird]], unlike most [[game bird]]s.

The common quail has been introduced onto the island of [[Mauritius]] on several occasions but has failed to establish itself and is now probably extinct.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Safford | first1=Roger | last2=Basque | first2=Rémy | year=2007 | title=Records of migrants and amendments to the status of exotics on Mauritius in 1989–93 | journal=Bulletin of the African Bird Club | volume=14 | issue=1 | pages=26–35 [30] | doi=10.5962/p.309797 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51745887 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
===Breeding===
[[File:Coturnix coturnix MWNH 2037.JPG|thumb|200px|upright=0.5|Eggs]]
Males generally arrive in the breeding area before the females. In northern Europe laying begins from the middle of May, and with repeat laying can continue to the end of August. The female forms a shallow [[Bird nest#Scrape|scrape]] in the ground {{cvt|7|-|13.5|cm|in|frac=4}} in diameter which is sparsely lined with vegetation. The eggs are laid at 24-hour intervals to form a clutch of between 8 and 13 eggs. These have an off-white to creamy yellow background with dark brown spots or blotches. Their average dimensions are {{cvt|30|x|23|mm|in|frac=8}} with a weight of {{cvt|8|g|oz|frac=8}}. The eggs are incubated by the female alone beginning after all the eggs are laid. The eggs hatch synchronously after 17–20 days. The young are [[precocial]] and shortly after hatching leave the nest and can feed themselves. They are cared for by the female who broods them while they are small. The young fledge when around 19 days of age but stay in the family group for 30–50 days. They generally first breed when one year old and only have a single brood.{{sfn|Cramp|1980|pp=501-502}}

==Relationship to humans==
{{See also|Quail as food}}
The common quail is heavily hunted as [[game (food)|game]] on passage through the [[Mediterranean]] area. Very large numbers are caught in nets along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. It is estimated that in 2012, during the autumn migration, 3.4 million birds were caught in northern Sinai and perhaps as many as 12.9 million in the whole of Egypt.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Eason | first1=P. | last2=Rabia | first2=B. | last3=Attum | first3=O. | date=2016 | title=Hunting of migratory birds in North Sinai, Egypt | journal=Bird Conservation International | volume=26 | issue=1 | pages=39–51 | doi=10.1017/S0959270915000180 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284560515 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

This species over recent years has seen an increase in its [[biological reproduction|propagation]] in the United States and Europe. However, most of this increase is with [[hobbyists]]. It is declining in parts of its range such as Ireland.

In 1537, Queen [[Jane Seymour]], third wife of [[Henry VIII]], then pregnant with the future King [[Edward VI]], developed an insatiable craving for quail, and courtiers and diplomats abroad were ordered to find sufficient supplies for the Queen.

===Poisoning===
If common quails have eaten certain plants, although which plants is still in debate, the meat from quail can be poisonous, with one in four who consume poisonous flesh becoming ill with [[coturnism]], which is characterized by muscle soreness, and which may lead to [[Rhabdomyolysis|kidney failure]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Korkmaz | first1=İ. | last2=Kukul Güven | first2=F.M. | last3=Eren | first3=Ş.H. | last4=Dogan | first4=Z. | date=2011 | title=Quail consumption can be harmful | journal=Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume=41 | issue=5 | pages=499–502 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.03.045| pmid=18963719 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Tsironi | first1=M. | last2=Andriopoulos | first2=P. | last3=Xamodraka | first3=E. | last4=Deftereos | first4=S. | last5=Vassilopoulos | first5=A. | last6=Asimakopoulos | first6=G. | last7=Aessopos | first7=A. | date=2004 | title=The patient with rhabdomyolysis: Have you considered quail poisoning? | journal=CMAJ | volume=171 | issue=4 | pages=325–326 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.1031256 | pmid=15313988 | pmc=509041 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Ouzounellis | first=T. | title=Some notes on quail poisoning | journal=JAMA |date=1970 |volume=211 | issue=7 | pages=1186–7 | pmid=4904256 | doi=10.1001/jama.1970.03170070056017}}</ref>

==In culture==
In the Bible, the [[Book of Numbers]] chapter 11 describes a story of a huge mass of quails that were blown by a wind and were taken as meat by the Israelites in the wilderness.<ref>Numbers 11:31-35</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
A common quail in Lebanon, crop.jpg|Head of female of the nominate subspecies
Weibliche Wachtel (Coturnix coturnix).jpg|Female
Quail from the Crossley ID Guide Britain and Ireland.jpg|ID composite
Head of Coturnix coturnix - Herbert Goodchild.jpg|Head of nominate subspecies
Head of Coturnix capensis - Herbert Goodchild.jpg|Head of ''Coturnix coturnix africana''
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Quails in cookery]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Hume1880>{{cite book |last1=Hume |first1=A.O. |last2=Marshall |first2=C.H.T. |title=Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon |year=1880 |publisher=A.O. Hume and C.H.T. Marshall |location=Calcutta |page=148 |volume=II |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/131457#page/5/mode/1up}}</ref>

}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{ cite book | editor1-last=Cramp | editor1-first=Stanley | editor1-link=Stanley Cramp | year=1980 | chapter=''Coturnix coturnix'' Quail | title=Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic | volume=II: Hawks to Bustards | place=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-857505-4 | pages=496–503}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Coturnix coturnix}}
{{Wikispecies|Coturnix coturnix}}
* [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/200.pdf Common quail species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds]
* [http://www.oiseaux.net/oiseaux/photos/caille.des.bles.html Common quail photos] at Oiseaux
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108171802/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/144_QuailCcoturnix.pdf Identification guide (PDF; 3.4 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
* {{BirdLife|22678944|Coturnix coturnix}}
* {{Avibase|name=Coturnix coturnix}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|common-quail-coturnix-coturnix}}
* {{VIREO|European+Quail|European Quail}}
* {{IUCN_Map|22678944/166185991|Coturnix coturnix}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Coturnix|coturnix|Common quail}}

{{Taxonbar |from=Q28358}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Coturnix|common quail]]
[[Category:Quails|common quail]]
[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Wintering birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Wintering birds of South Asia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|common quail]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|common quail]]
[[Category:Toxic birds]]
[[Category:Animals in the Bible]]
[[Category:Jane Seymour]]
[[Category:Book of Numbers]]

Odder

2025-06-15T20:46:35Z

2.248.44.18: /* Parish Church */Fixed typo

{{For|the [[Norway|Norwegian]] town|Odda}}
{{Distinguish|Otter}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Odder
| image_skyline = Odder Kirke fra sydøst22.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Odder Church
| image_map =
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| pushpin_map = Denmark#Denmark Central Denmark Region
| pushpin_label_position = above
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Denmark
| pushpin_mapsize =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Denmark]]
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = [[Central Denmark Region|Central Denmark]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Denmark|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Odder Municipality|Odder]]
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| population_as_of = 2025
| population_footnotes = <ref>[https://m.statbank.dk/TableInfo/BY3?lang=en BY3: Population 1. January by urban areas, area and population density] The Mobile Statbank from [[Statistics Denmark]]</ref>
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| population_urban = 13522
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| population_blank1_title = Gender <ref>[https://m.statbank.dk/TableInfo/BY1?lang=en BY1: Population 1. January by urban areas, age and sex] The Mobile Statbank from [[Statistics Denmark]]</ref>
| population_blank1 = 6429 males and 7093 females
| timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1 = +1
| timezone1_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{Coord|55|58|21|N|10|8|59|E|region:DK_type:city|display=inline, title}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
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| postal_code = DK-8300 Odder
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| website = [https://odder.dk/ Odder.dk]
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}}
'''Odder''' is a town in [[Jutland]], Denmark. The town is the seat of [[Odder municipality]], and is the biggest town in the municipality. It is located 20 km south of [[Aarhus]] and 16 km south-east of [[Skanderborg]].

Odder is part of [[Business Region Aarhus]], and the [[East Jutland metropolitan area]], and is served by the [[Odder Line]] since 1884 before the line was rebuilt to be part of the [[Aarhus Letbane]] in 2016-2018.

== History ==
{{stack|[[File:Prospect_af_landsbyen_Odder_i_Jylland.jpg|thumb|View of Odder in 1870.]]}}
Odder is first mentioned in 1363 as ''Oddræth''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kristian|last=Hald|title=Vore Stednavne|publisher=C. E. Gads Forlag|location=København|year=1950|page=208|language=da}}</ref> The town was built up around Odder River (Danish: ''Odder Å''), which cross through the town. By 1850, the town had grown to the population of about 900 people, and was granted a license to hold a market twice a year. Around the same time, an unsuccessful application was made to dig a canal to the north-east coast.<ref>[https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Odder Denstoredanske.lex.dk] "Odder" Retrieved 17 August 2020</ref>

Odder became a [[railway town]] in 1884 when [[Hads-Ning Herreders Jernbane]] railway line was established, connecting the city to [[Hou (Odder Municipality)|Hou]] and Aarhus. In 2018, the railway stretch became a light rail stretch in the [[Aarhus light rail]].<ref>[https://danskejernbaner.dk/vis.bane.php?BANE_ID=44&content=Hads-Ning+Herreders+Jernbane+(Odder+-+Hov)+HHJ Danskejernbaner.dk] "Hads-Ning Herreders Jernbane (Odder - Hov) - (HHJ)" Retrieved 17 August 2020</ref>

==Arts and culture==
===Odder Museum===
{{stack|[[File:Odder_Vand-_og_Dampmølle.jpg|thumb|The Odder Water- and Steam Mill.]]}}
Odder Museum is located centrally in Odder, next to Odder Water- and Steam Mill (Danish: ''Odder Vand- og Dampmølle''), which is part of the museum. The museum was founded in 1928, and has 400 m<sup>2</sup> of exhibitions, mainly focussed on local history. The mill is from 1883 and stands as it did when production stopped in 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oddermuseum.dk/om-odder-museum/odder-museum/|website=oddermuseum.dk|title=Odder Museum|access-date=13 August 2020|language=da}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Rail===
{{stack|[[File:Aarhus-letbane-tw-1110-1210-haelt-1216897.jpg|thumb|[[Odder railway station|Odder station]] in 2020.]]}}
The [[Odder railway line]] connects Odder with Aarhus and the rest of the [[Rail transport in Denmark|Danish rail network]]. [[Odder railway station]] is the principal station of the town, and offers direct [[local train]] services to Aarhus and {{rws|Grenaa}} as part of the [[Aarhus Light Rail]] system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.midttrafik.dk/koreplaner/letbanen/standsningssteder/odder/|title=Letbanen - Odder|publisher=[[Midttrafik]]|language=da|accessdate=4 June 2023}}</ref> The northern part of the town is also served by the [[halt (railway)|railway halt]] [[Rude Havvej railway halt|Rude Havvej]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.midttrafik.dk/koreplaner/letbanen/standsningssteder/rude-havvej/|title=Letbanen - Rude Havvej|publisher=[[Midttrafik]]|language=da|accessdate=4 June 2023}}</ref>

== Sports ==
*[[Odder RK]] (1996)
*[[RK Tacklers]] (2002)

==Churches==
There are 2 lutheran churches in the town of Odder. One is part of the [[Church of Denmark]] and the other is an independent church following Grundtvigtianism.

===Parish Church===
Odder Parish Church (Danish: ''Odder Sognekirke'') is located near the pedestrian street in the town, bordering Odder River to the north. It was built in the later half of the 1100s. The altarpiece is from 1640 and made by Peder Jensen Kolding. It portrays the [[Last Supper]] and in front of the two pillars are figures of the evangelists of [[Luke the Evangelist|Luke]] and [[John the Apostle|John]]. Models of [[Matthew the Apostle|Matthew]] and [[Mark the Evangelist|Mark]] sit on top of the altarpiece. On top of the altarpiece is also a model of the [[Crucifixion of Jesus]]. The church's pulpit is from 1590 to 1600 and the sounding board from 1703. The two church bells are from 1847 and 1854 respectively, and both from Copenhagen. The church once had a turret clock from 1656, but when the clock was unable to be repaired in 1856, the clock was removed and despite the church's desire for a new clock, it was never acquired.<ref>[http://danmarkskirker.natmus.dk/uploads/tx_tcchurchsearch/Aarhus_2519-2581.pdf Danmarkskirker.natmus.dk] "Odder Kirke" Retrieved 17 August 2020</ref>

===Grundtvigtianist Independent Church===
Odder Grundtvigtianist Independent Church (Danish: ''Odder Grundtvigske Valgmenighedskirke'') is located east of Odder Parish Church, also near the center of the town. It is a church, independent from the [[Church of Denmark]], though largely with the same beliefs. The congregation was founded in 1884 and the church built in 1885 and opened in 1886. The drawings for the church were made by Christen Jensen. The altarpiece displays a young Jesus, and is made by Troels Trier. The organ is from 1899, made by Frederik Nielsen from Aarhus.<ref>[http://danmarkskirker.natmus.dk/uploads/tx_tcchurchsearch/Aarhus_2583-2586.pdf Danmarkskirker.natmus.dk] "Valgmenighedskirken i Odder" Retrieved 17 August 2020</ref><ref>[https://ogv.dk/index.php/om-valgmenigheden/kirken Ogv.dk] "Kirken" Retrieved 17 August 2020</ref>

==Notable residents==
*[[Ejler Bille]] (1910 — 2004), artist
*[[Jane Muus]] (1919 — 2007), painter
*[[Knud Enggaard]] (born 1929), politician
*[[Jens Jørn Spottag]] (born 1957), actor
*[[Kirsten Brosbøl]] (born 1977), politician
*[[Mette Dencker]] (born 1978), politician and [[Folketing|MF]]
*[[Morten Nørgaard]] (born 1990), singer

===Sport===
*[[Hans Christian Nielsen]] (1928 — 1990), football player
*[[Niels Fredborg]] (born 1946), cyclist
*[[Henrik Mortensen]] (born 1968), football player
*[[Jakob Fenger-Larsen]] (born 1971), football player
*[[Torben Grimmel]] (born 1975), sport shooter
*[[Pernille Harder (badminton)|Pernille Harder]] (born 1977), badminton player
*[[Juliane Rasmussen]] (born 1979), rower
*[[Louise Pedersen]] (born 1979), handball player
*[[Steffen Ernemann]] (born 1982), football player
*[[Thomas Mogensen]] (born 1983), handball player
*[[Thomas Kvist]] (born 1987), cyclist
*[[Anders Skaarup Rasmussen]] (born 1989), badminton player
*[[Steffen Jensen]] (born 1989), rower
*[[Morten Ring Christensen]] (born 1990), athlete
*[[Mathias Bay-Smidt]] (born 1996), badminton player

== Sources ==
* {{cite book|title=Odder - en by i provinsen|author=Eric Pettersson|publisher=Lindhardt og Ringhof|date=2014|language=Danish}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Odder (Østjylland)|Category:Odder}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20021013180956/http://www.oddernettet.dk/odder_kommune/ Official municipality website]
*[http://www.visitodder.com/ln-int/odder/castles-manor-houses Castles and manor house in Odder]
* [https://www.odderfodbold.dk/ odderfodbold.dk]

{{Odder Municipality}}
{{Municipal seats of Denmark}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal seats of the Central Denmark Region]]
[[Category:Municipal seats of Denmark]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in the Central Denmark Region]]
[[Category:Odder Municipality]]

Cotton candy

2025-05-28T15:20:23Z

2.248.44.18: Fixed the incorrect attribution of the country of origin from the USA to Italy. The cotton candy machine was invented in the USA, but not cotton candy itself.

{{short description|Spun sugar confection}}
{{About|the confection|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Spun sugar|the racehorse|Spun Sugar}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Cotton candy
| image = Cotton candy Μαλλί της γριάς.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Spinning cotton candy at a [[fair]]
| alternate_name = Candy floss (candyfloss), fairy floss
| country = Italy
| region =
| creator = Unknown
| course =
| type = [[Confectionery]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Sugar]], [[food coloring]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Cotton candy''', also known as '''candy floss''' ('''candyfloss''') and '''fairy floss''', is a [[Spinning (polymers)|spun]] [[sugar]] confection that resembles [[cotton]]. It is made by heating and liquefying sugar, and spinning it centrifugally through minute holes, causing it to rapidly cool and re-solidify into fine strands.<ref name="physics">{{cite web | title =Food Science: Cotton Candy | publisher =Portageinc.com | url =http://www.portageinc.com/community/pp/cottoncandy.aspx | access-date =2014-07-28 | archive-date =2013-09-21 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130921200826/http://www.portageinc.com/community/pp/cottoncandy.aspx | url-status =live }}</ref> It usually contains small amounts of [[food flavoring]] and it naturally bears the color of the sugar it is made of which is often altered with [[food coloring]].<ref name="nyt15">{{cite news |last=Swarns |first=Rachel L. |date=July 27, 2014 |title=In Coney Island, Weaving a Confection That Tastes Like Long-Ago Summers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/28/nyregion/in-coney-island-weaving-a-confection-that-tastes-like-long-ago-summers.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 1, 2017 |archive-date=February 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210002254/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/28/nyregion/in-coney-island-weaving-a-confection-that-tastes-like-long-ago-summers.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

It is often sold at [[fair]]s, [[circus]]es, [[Traveling carnival|carnival]]s, and [[festival]]s, served in a [[plastic bag]], on a stick, or on a paper cone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/best-of-worst-july-4th-foods/ |title=Best Of Worst -- July 4th Foods |publisher=cbsnews.com |date=July 1, 2008 |access-date=September 13, 2009 |quote=Cotton Candy (1.5 oz serving) 171 calories, 0 g fat, 45 g carbs, 45 g sugar, 0 g protein |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005131351/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/07/01/earlyshow/health/main4222191.shtml |archive-date=October 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courier_journal/access/1839458411.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Aug+20%2C+2009&author=Darla+Carter&pub=Courier+-+Journal&edition=&startpage=D.1&desc=Enjoy+the+fair%2C+but+don%27t+wreck+your+diet|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131135940/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courier_journal/access/1839458411.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Aug+20,+2009&author=Darla+Carter&pub=Courier+-+Journal&edition=&startpage=D.1&desc=Enjoy+the+fair,+but+don't+wreck+your+diet|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 31, 2013|title=Enjoy the fair, but don't wreck your diet|last=Carter|first=Darla|newspaper=Louisville Courier-Journal|date=August 21, 2009|access-date=September 13, 2009|quote=A 5½-ounce bag of cotton candy can have 725 calories.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060927/NEWS/609270304|newspaper=Pocono Record|date=September 27, 2006|access-date=September 13, 2009|title=Cotton candy on a stick (about 1 ounce) has 105 calories, but when bagged (2 ounces) it has double that number: 210.|archive-date=December 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222044/http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20060927%2FNEWS%2F609270304|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is made and sold globally, as ''candy floss'' in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[India]], [[New Zealand]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sugarstand.com/candy-floss-vs-cotton-candy/|title=Candy Floss vs Cotton Candy|website=SugarStand.com|access-date=January 25, 2023 |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224172058/https://sugarstand.com/candy-floss-vs-cotton-candy/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> [[Sri Lanka]] and [[South Africa]], as ''fairy floss'' in [[Australia]], as ''barbe à papa'' 'daddy's beard' in [[France]], as شعر البنات 'girl's hair' in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Saudi Arabia]], as غزل البنات "girl's yarn" in [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.grunge.com/54701/untold-truth-cotton-candy/ |title=The Untold Truth of Cotton Candy |website=Grunge |date=4 April 2017 |access-date=January 8, 2019 |archive-date=July 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703135356/http://www.grunge.com/54701/untold-truth-cotton-candy |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar confections include Korean {{transliteration|ko|[[kkul-tarae]]}} and Iranian {{transliteration|fa|[[pashmak]]}}.

== History ==
[[File:MapleCandyFloss.jpg|thumb|Maple-flavored cotton candy at the {{lang|fr|cabane à sucre}} (sugar shack), Pakenham, Canada]]

Several sources track the origin of cotton candy to a form of spun sugar found in [[Europe]] in the 19th century. At that time, spun sugar was an expensive, labor-intensive endeavor and was not generally available to the average person.<ref name="The Food Timeline">{{cite web |work=[[The Food Timeline]] |first=Lynne |last=Olver |author-link=Lynne Olver |url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcandy.html#cottoncandy |title=history notes-candy |access-date=November 30, 2011 |archive-date=May 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504002845/http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcandy.html#cottoncandy |url-status=live }}</ref> Others suggest versions of spun sugar originated in [[Italy]] as early as the 15th century.<ref name="cottoncandy.net">{{cite web |author=Linda Fri |url=http://www.cottoncandy.net/history.html |title=Cotton Candy History |publisher=CottonCandy.net |date=August 11, 2010 |access-date=June 28, 2015 |archive-date=July 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701005917/http://www.cottoncandy.net/history.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Machine-spun cotton candy was invented in 1897 by dentist [[William Morrison (dentist)|William Morrison]] and [[Confectionery|confectioner]] John C. Wharton, and first introduced to a wide audience at the [[1904 World's Fair]] as Fairy Floss<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mcottoncandy.html |title=Cotton Candy |publisher=The Straight Dope |date=February 7, 2000 |access-date=November 30, 2011 |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206121138/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1738/who-invented-cotton-candy |url-status=live }}</ref> with great success, selling 68,655 boxes at 25¢ (${{format price|{{Inflation|index=US|value=0.25|start_year=1904|r=2}}}} today) per box.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} On 6 September 1905, Albert D. Robinson of [[Lynn, Massachusetts]] submitted his patent for an electric candy-spinning machine, a combination of an electronic starter and motor-driven rotatable bowl that maintained heating efficiently. By May 1907, he transferred the rights to the General Electric Company of New York. His patent remains today as the basic cotton candy machine.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLAAgp4QsAwC&q=candy-+spinning+machine&pg=PA2226|title=Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office|date=1907|publisher=The Office|language=en|access-date=2020-10-17|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712031630/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLAAgp4QsAwC&q=candy-+spinning+machine&pg=PA2226|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1915, food writer Julia Davis Chandler described "Candy Cotton" being sold at the [[Panama%E2%80%93Pacific International Exposition]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Davis Chandler |first1=Julia |title=American Cookery |url=https://archive.org/details/americancookery19unse_0/page/21/mode/1up |website=archive.org |publisher=The Boston Cooking School Magazine Company |access-date=29 January 2024 |page=22}}</ref>

Joseph Lascaux, a dentist from [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], invented a similar cotton candy machine in 1921. His patent named the sweet confection "cotton candy", eventually overtaking the name ‘fairy floss’, although it retains this name in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fineentertaining.com/page/History-of-Cotton-Candy|title=History of Cotton Candy|website=Fineentertaining.com|access-date=June 28, 2012|archive-date=June 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629071806/http://www.fineentertaining.com/page/History-of-Cotton-Candy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cotton Candy Fun Facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.candyusa.com/FunStuff/FunFactsDetail.cfm?ItemNumber=967 |title=Cotton Candy Fun Facts |access-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708114410/http://www.candyusa.com/FunStuff/FunFactsDetail.cfm?ItemNumber=967 |archive-date=July 8, 2011}}</ref> In the 1970s, an automatic cotton candy machine was created which made the product and packaged it, making it easier to produce at carnivals, stalls and other events requiring more portable production.

[[Tootsie Roll Industries]], the world's largest cotton candy manufacturer, produces a bagged, fruit-flavored version called [[Fluffy Stuff]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tootsie.com/products.php?pid=148 |title=Welcome to Tootsie – Product Information – Fluffy Stuff Cotton Candy |publisher=Tootsie.com |date=May 22, 2010 |access-date=November 30, 2011 |archive-date=November 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104190815/http://www.tootsie.com/products.php?pid=148 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the United States, National Cotton Candy Day is celebrated on 7 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/12/07/breakfast-buffet-national-cotton-candy-day/ |title=Breakfast buffet: National cotton candy day |publisher=CNN |date=December 7, 2011 |access-date=July 3, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704222741/http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2011/12/07/breakfast-buffet-national-cotton-candy-day/ |archive-date=July 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thv11.com/news/story.aspx?storyid=184179 |title=National Cotton Candy Day is Dec. 7 |publisher=THV11 |date=December 7, 2011 |access-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019153447/http://archive.thv11.com/news/story.aspx?storyid=184179 |archive-date=2015-10-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Production ==
[[File:Cotton Candy Machine.jpg|thumb|Cotton candy machine]]
[[File:Watagashi 2013 (9527560798).jpg|thumb|Bags of cotton candy being sold in [[Japan]]]]
[[File:A man selling cotton candy.jpg|thumb|A man selling cotton candy in Kolkata, West Bengal, India]]

Typical machines used to make cotton candy include a spinning head enclosing a small "sugar reserve" bowl into which a charge of granulated, colored sugar (or separate sugar and food coloring) is poured. Heaters near the rim of the head melt the sugar, which is squeezed out through tiny holes by [[centrifugal force]]. Colored sugar packaged specially for the process is milled with melting characteristics and a crystal size optimized for the head and heated holes; granulated sugar used in baking contains fine crystals which spin out unmelted, while rock sugar crystals are too large to properly contact the heater, slowing the production of cotton candy.

The molten sugar solidifies in the air and is caught in a larger bowl which totally surrounds the spinning head. Left to operate for a period, the cotton-like product builds up on the inside walls of the larger bowl, at which point machine operators twirl a stick or cone around the rim of the large catching bowl, gathering the sugar strands into portions which are served on stick or cone, or in plastic bags. As the sugar reserve bowl empties, the operator recharges it with more feedstock. The product is sensitive to humidity, and in humid summer locales, the process can be messy and sticky.

== Flavoring ==

The source material for candy mesh is usually both colored and flavored. When spun, cotton candy is white because it is made from sugar, but adding dye or coloring transforms the color. Originally, cotton candy was just white. In the US, cotton candy is available in a wide variety of flavors, but two flavor-blend colors predominate—[[blue raspberry flavor|blue raspberry]] and pink [[vanilla]],<ref name="FICottonCandy">{{cite web |url=https://myfoodjobrocks.com/cotton-candy/ |title=FLAVOR INVESTIGATOR: COTTON CANDY |author=Veronica Hislop |date=23 August 2017 |publisher=My Food Job Rocks! |access-date=2020-10-07 |archive-date=2020-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007203516/https://myfoodjobrocks.com/cotton-candy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> both originally formulated by the Gold Medal brand (which uses the names "Boo Blue" and "Silly Nilly"). Cotton candy may come out purple when mixed. Cotton candy machines were notoriously unreliable until Gold Medal's invention of a sprung base in 1949—since then, they have manufactured nearly all commercial cotton candy machines and much of the cotton candy in the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1738/who-invented-cotton-candy |title=Who invented cotton candy? |publisher=The Straight Dope |date=February 7, 2000 |access-date=March 16, 2017 |archive-date=February 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222041222/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1738/who-invented-cotton-candy |url-status=live }}</ref>

Typically, once spun, cotton candy is only marketed by color. Absent a clear name other than "blue", the distinctive taste of the blue raspberry flavor mix has gone on to become a compound flavor that some other foods (gum, ice cream, rock candy, fluoride toothpaste) occasionally borrow ("cotton-candy flavored ice cream") to invoke the nostalgia of cotton candy. The sale of blue cotton candy at fairgrounds in the 1950s is one of the first documented instances of blue-raspberry flavoring in America.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Spence|first=Charles|date=2021|title=What's the Story With Blue Steak? On the Unexpected Popularity of Blue Foods|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=12|pages=499|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638703|pmid=33737898|pmc=7960775|issn=1664-1078|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pink [[bubble gum]] went through a similar transition from specific branded product to a generic flavor that transcended the original confection, and "bubble gum flavor" often shows up in the same product categories as "cotton candy flavor".{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

== Machines ==
[[File:Man_makes_cotton_candy_in_cotton_candy_machine.jpg|thumb|Man makes cotton candy in cotton candy machine, village Bharaj, [[Sangrur]], [[Punjab]], [[India]]]]

In 1978, the first automated machine was used for the production of cotton candy. Since then, many variants have appeared, ranging in size from counter-top to party- and carnival-size. Modern machines for commercial use can hold up to {{convert|3|lbs}} of sugar, have storage for extra flavors, and have bowls that spin at 3,450 revolutions per minute.<ref>{{cite web |last=Venzon |first=Christine |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/cotton-candy3.htm |title=How Stuff Works Inc. "Cotton Candy Machines and Marketing Today." Howstuffworks.com. Web. September 14, 2011 |publisher=Science.howstuffworks.com |date=December 3, 2009 |access-date=November 30, 2011 |archive-date=November 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126105114/http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/cotton-candy3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Bans ==

In February 2024, the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] implemented a ban after lab tests confirmed the presence of a cancer-causing substance, [[Rhodamine B|rhodamine-B]], in samples sent for testing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-22 |title=Cotton candy: Pink sugary sweet sets off alarm bells in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68366703 |access-date=2024-02-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh]] reportedly started testing samples of the candy while food safety officials in [[Delhi]] were pushing for a ban.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sravani |first=Nellore |date=2024-02-19 |title=After Tamil Nadu bans sale of cotton candy, A.P. government directs officials to send samples for testing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/after-tamil-nadu-bans-sale-of-cotton-candy-ap-government-directs-officials-to-send-samples-for-testing/article67864259.ece |access-date=2024-02-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Ashish |date=2024-02-22 |title=Taking cue from Tamil Nadu, Delhi govt likely to put ban on cotton candy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Feb/22/taking-cue-from-tamil-nadu-delhi-govt-likely-to-put-ban-on-cotton-candy |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Studies have shown that the chemical can increase the risk of cancer and [[Europe]] and [[California]] have made its use as a food dye illegal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-09-12 |title=EFSA reviews toxicological data of illegal dyes in food {{!}} EFSA |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/efsa-reviews-toxicological-data-illegal-dyes-food |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=www.efsa.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Food}}

* [[Candy making]]
* [[Dragon's beard candy]]

== References ==

{{refs}}

== Further reading ==

* ''The Complete Confectioners, Pastry, Cook and Baker'' by M. Sanderson (Philadelphia: Lippincott)
* [http://www.cottoncandyexpress.com/history.html "History of Cotton Candy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707083926/http://www.cottoncandyexpress.com/history.html |date=2017-07-07 }}. Cotton Candy Express. N.p., n.d. Web. September 14, 2011.

== External links ==

* {{Wiktionary inline|cotton candy}}

{{Parties}}

[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:Amorphous solids]]
[[Category:Candy]]
[[Category:Desserts]]
[[Category:Food and drink introduced in 1897]]
[[Category:Sugar confectionery]]