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Bartonella henselae

2025-08-22T08:08:37Z

199.79.167.27: /* Prevention */

{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Blood culture negative endocarditis.jpg
| genus = Bartonella
| species = henselae
| authority = (Regnery ''et al.'' 1992) Brenner ''et al.'' 1993
| synonyms = ''Rochalimæa henselae'' {{small|Regnery ''et al.'' 1992}}
}}
'''''Bartonella henselae''''', formerly '''''Rochalimæa henselae''''', is a [[bacterium]] that is the causative agent of [[cat-scratch disease]]<ref name="pmid8905096">{{cite journal |author=Jerris RC, Regnery RL |title=Will the real agent of cat-scratch disease please stand up? |journal=Annu. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=50 |pages=707–25 |year=1996 |pmid=8905096 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.707 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235025 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |access-date=2019-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205056/https://zenodo.org/record/1235025 |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[bartonellosis]]). It primarily infects [[red blood cell]]s and [[endothelial cell]]s and is transmitted to humans through scratches, bites, or [[flea]] vectors associated with domestic and feral cats.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chomel |title=Cat scratch disease and other zoonotic Bartonella infections |url=https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/224/8/javma.2004.224.1270.xml}}</ref>

''Bartonella henselae'' is a member of the genus ''[[Bartonella]]'', one of the most common types of bacteria in the world.{{Specify |reason=Uncertain what the metric for "most common types of bacteria" are being measured by and what citation this belongs with.|date=March 2022}} It is a facultative [[intracellular parasite|intracellular microbe]] that targets red blood cells. In the United States, about 20,000 cases are diagnosed each year,{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} most under 15 years old. Most often, it is transmitted by scratches or bites from kittens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-19 |title=Bartonella henselae infection or cat scratch disease (CSD) {{!}} Bartonella {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/bartonella/bartonella-henselae/index.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Higher prevalence is reported in warm, humid climates where flea infestations are more common.

==History==
The specific name ''henselae'' honors Diane Marie Hensel (b. 1953), a clinical microbiology technologist at University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, who collected numerous strains and samples of the infective agent during an outbreak in Oklahoma in 1985.<ref>{{cite web |last=Parte |first=A.C. |title=Bartonella |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/bartonella |website=[[LPSN]] |access-date=2020-02-19 |archive-date=2024-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916222250/https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/bartonella |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Etiology==
Bartonella henselae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that invades endothelial and red blood cells. One study showed ''Bartonella henselae'' invaded the mature blood cells of humans.<ref>Cotté, Violaine, et al. "Transmission of Bartonella henselae by Ixodes ricinus." Emerging infectious diseases 14.7 (2008): 1074.</ref> It infects the host cell by sticking to it using [[trimeric autotransporter adhesin]]s.<ref name="auto1">Angelakis E, Raoult D. Pathogenicity and treatment of Bartonella infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014;44:16–25.</ref>

==Diagnosis==
''Bartonella henselae'' is a [[Gram-negative]] [[bacillus|rod]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="Diddi">{{cite journal |pmc=3657863 |title=Strategy for identification & characterization of ''Bartonella henselae'' with conventional & molecular methods |author1=Kavita Diddi |author2=Rama Chaudhry |author3=Nidhi Sharma |author4=Benu Dhawan |date=28 March 2011 |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=137 |issue=2 |pages=380–387 |pmid=23563383}}</ref> It can be cultured in a lysis-centrifugation blood culture.<ref name="la scola">{{cite journal |author1=Bernard La Scola |author2=Didier Raoult |date=17 March 1999 |title=Culture of ''Bartonella quintana'' and ''Bartonella henselae'' from Human Samples: a 5-Year Experience (1993 to 1998) |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1899–1905 |doi=10.1128/JCM.37.6.1899-1905.1999 |pmc=84980 |pmid=10325344}}</ref> The presence of bacteria can be detected by [[Warthin-Starry stain]], or by a similar [[silver stain]] technique performed on infected tissue. A pan-Bartonella PCR detection is non-invasive and uses blood or biopsies to diagnose.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Luciani |first1=Léa |last2=El Baroudi |first2=Yahya |last3=Prudent |first3=Elsa |last4=Raoult |first4=Didier |last5=Fournier |first5=Pierre-Edouard |date=2021-11-01 |title=Bartonella infections diagnosed in the French reference center, 2014–2019, and focus on infections in the immunocompromised |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-021-04244-z |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=2407–2410 |doi=10.1007/s10096-021-04244-z |pmid=33846874 |issn=1435-4373 |archive-date=2024-09-16 |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916222259/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10096-021-04244-z |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Signs and symptoms==
''Bartonella henselae'' infection can appear up to 10 days after exposure to the microbe. Symptoms start with a papule at the site the microbe entered, followed by [[lymphadenopathy]], usually in the axillary node. Half of patients also get aches, nausea, abdominal pain, and malaise.<ref name="auto">Mazur-Melewska, Katarzyna, et al. "Cat-scratch disease: a wide spectrum of clinical pictures." Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postȩpy Dermatologii i Alergologii 32.3 (2015): 216.</ref> Many other complications can arise from this infection beyond the typical fever, lymphadenopathy, and general malaise. Immunocompromised people or patients who already have other conditions are at greater risk for further complications. Some cases have been found in children who had previous heart-valve disease; these children got [[endocarditis]] from ''B. henselae'' infection. Some patients had hepatosplenic involvement, myalgia, and arthritis after exposure to ''B. henselae''.<ref name="auto"/> In rare cases, [[osteomyelitis]], an infection in the bone, can be a manifestation of ''B. henselae''.<ref>Pitassi, Luiza Helena Urso, et al. "Bartonella henselae infects human erythrocytes." Ultrastructural pathology 31.6 (2007): 369–372.</ref>

==Treatment==
No definite treatment regimen is known for a patient infected with ''B. henselae''. Treatment depends on the wide range of symptoms that present. In most cases, it will resolve on its own in four to six weeks.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Zangwill KM, Hamilton DH, Perkins BA, Regnery RL, Plikaytis BD, Hadler JL, Cartter ML, Wenger JD|title=Cat Scratch Disease in Connecticut—Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Evaluation of a New Diagnostic Test|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|year=1993|volume=329|issue=1|pages=8-13|doi=10.1056/NEJM199307013290102|pmid=8505963|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Aminoglycoside]]s in laboratory tests showed some bactericidal activity. [[Bacteriostatic]] antibiotics are not able to easily get through to intracellular ''Bartonella'', so they are not recommended. In [[immunocompromised]] patients, pain medication is often prescribed. Nodes may need to be aspirated if painful, microabscesses often form, the abscess needs to be aspirated in many places to remove all the exudate. Because of chronic [[sinus tract]] formation risks, the nodes should not be incised to be drained. [[Azithromycin]] can be used for lymphadenopathy, which is enlarged or swollen lymph nodes.<ref name="auto"/>

==Prevention==
Regular flea control measures, such as using flea preventatives on cats, are essential to reduce the risk of ''Bartonella henselae'' transmission. Practicing proper hygiene, including washing hands after handling cats and avoiding rough play with kittens, can further minimize exposure. Additionally, immunocompromised individuals should take extra precautions by limiting contact with young cats and avoiding direct exposure to cat saliva.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chomel |title=Cat scratch disease and other zoonotic Bartonella infections |url=https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/224/8/javma.2004.224.1270.xml}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[BH11960]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=38323 ''Bartonella henselae''] at NCBI Taxonomy Browser
* [http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=23777&submit=Search Type strain of ''Bartonella henselae''] at BacDive, the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

{{Gram-negative bacterial diseases}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q140599}}

[[Category:Bartonellaceae]]
[[Category:Bacteria described in 1992]]
[[Category:Pathogenic bacteria]]

Wegener

2025-07-24T11:04:07Z

199.79.167.27: Adding a fact to elaborate-Friedrich Wegener was a Nazi German pathologist. Rather important detail

{{toc right}}
'''Wegener''' may refer to:

== Astronomy ==
* [[29227 Wegener]], a main-belt asteroid
* [[Wegener (lunar crater)]]
* [[Wegener (Martian crater)]]

== Places ==
* [[Wegener Range]], an Antarctic mountain range
* [[Mount Wegener]], an Antarctic mountain in the Read Mountains in the Shackleton Range
* [[Wegener Canyon]], an undersea canyon
* [[Wegener Halvo Formation]], a geologic formation in Greenland

== Businesses ==
* [[Wegener (company)]], a Dutch media conglomerate
* [[Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research]]

== Medicine ==
* Wegener's granulomatosis, now known as [[granulomatosis with polyangiitis]]

== People ==

* [[Alfred Wegener]] (1880–1930), German geologist who originated the theory of [[continental drift]]
* ''Kapitänleutnant'' Bernhard Wegener, commander of German submarine ''U-27'', killed in one of the two [[Baralong incidents]] in 1915
* [[Bertha Frensel Wegener]] (1874–1953), Dutch composer and music educator
* [[Bobby Wegener]], American lawyer and Oklahoma's Secretary of Energy from 2008-2011
* [[Manuela (singer)]] (1943–2001), German singer Doris Inge Wegener
* Einar Mogens Wegener (1882–1931), birth name of transsexual pioneer [[Lili Elbe]]
* [[Emmy Wegener]] (1901–1973), Dutch violinist, pianist, poet and composer
* Frederico or Federico Wegener, aliases of [[Eduard Roschmann]] (1908–1977), Nazi SS officer known as the "Butcher of Riga"
* [[Friedrich Wegener]] (1907–1990), [[Nazi]] German pathologist
* [[Gerda Wegener]] (1886–1940), Danish illustrator
* [[Ingo Wegener]] (1950–2008), German computer scientist
* [[Kurt Wegener]] (1878–1964), German polar explorer and meteorologist, brother of Alfred
* [[Mike Wegener]] (born 1946), American Major League Baseball pitcher
* [[Myrton O. Wegener]] (1917–1991), American farmer, businessman, and politician
* [[Otto Wegener]] (1849–1924), French portrait photographer
* [[Otto Wegener (sport shooter)|Otto Wegener]] (1881–1938), Danish sports shooter
* [[Paul Wegener]] (1874–1948), German actor and film director
* [[Paul Wegener (Nazi)]] (1908–1993), German Nazi Party official
* [[Stephen T. Wegener]] (born 1952), American psychologist
* [[Ulrich Wegener]] (1929–2017), German police officer
* [[Wilhelm Wegener]] (1895–1944), German general during World War II
* [[Wolfgang Wegener]] (1875–1956), German admiral and naval historian

== See also ==
* [[Wegner]]

{{dab}}

[[Category:German-language surnames]]
[[Category:Occupational surnames]]

List of pathologists

2025-04-20T00:00:53Z

199.79.167.27: Back to good. This is accurate. Please read their page.

{{Short description|none}}
A list of people notable in the field of [[pathology]].


{{compact ToC|date=June 2015}}
{{dynamic list|date=June 2015}}

==A==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[John Abercrombie (physician)|John Abercrombie]], Scottish physician, neuropathologist and philosopher.
* [[Maude Abbott]] (1869–1940), Canadian pathologist, one of the earliest women graduated in medicine, expert in congenital heart diseases.
* [[Emile Achard]] (1860–1944), French internist and pathologist.
* [[A. Bernard Ackerman]] (1936–2008), American dermatopathologist & dermatologist
* [[Lauren Ackerman]] (1905–1993), American pathologist and one of the fathers of [[Surgical pathology]].
* [[Theodor Ackermann]] (1825–1896), German pathologist.
* [[Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz]] (1850–1921), Polish pathologist, (see [[Artery of Adamkiewicz]]).
* [[W. Stewart Alexander]], contemporary British pathologist (see [[Alexander disease]]).
* [[Ingrid Allen|Dame Ingrid Allen]], Northern Irish neuropathologist.
* [[Friedrich August von Ammon]] (1799–1861), German ophthalmologist and pathologist.
* [[Gabriel Andral]] (1797–1876) French pathologist.
* [[Nikolay Anichkov]] (1885–1964), Russian pathologist.
* [[Julius Arnold]] (1835–1915), German pathologist.
* [[Ludwig Aschoff]] (1866–1942), German pathologist, discoverer of the [[Aschoff body]] and the [[Atrioventricular node]] in the heart.
* [[Max Askanazy]] (1865–1940), German pathologist (see [[Askanazy cell]]).
* [[E. Ask-Upmark]], 20th-century Swedish pathologist (see [[Ask-Upmark kidney]]).
{{div col end}}

==B==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Matthew Baillie]] (1761{{ndash}}1823), British physician and pathologist, credited with first identifying [[transposition of the great vessels]] and [[situs inversus]].
* [[Heinrich von Bamberger]] (1822–1888), Austrian pathologist from Prague.
* [[Paul Clemens von Baumgarten]] (1848–1928), German pathologist.
* [[John Bruce Beckwith]] (born 1933), American pathologist (see [[Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome]]).
* [[Antonio Benivieni|Antonio di Paolo Benivieni]] (1443{{ndash}}1502), Florentine physician who pioneered the use of the autopsy and many medical historians have considered him a founder of pathology.
* [[Franz Best]] (1878–1920), German pathologist (see [[Vitelliform macular dystrophy|Best's disease]]).
* [[Xavier Bichat]] (1771–1802), French anatomist and physiologist, remembered as father of modern histology and pathology.
* [[Max Bielschowsky]] (1869–1940), German neuropathologist & developer of histochemical stains.
* [[Edmund Biernacki]] (1866–1912), Polish pathologist (see [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|Biernacki Reaction]]).
* [[Felix Victor Birch-Hirschfeld]] (1842–1899), German pathologist.
* [[Giulio Bizzozero]] (1846–1901), Italian doctor and medical researcher.
* [[Otto Bollinger]] (1843–1909), German pathologist.
* [[Charles-Joseph Bouchard]] (1837–1915), French pathologist.
* [[William Boyd (pathologist)|William Boyd]] (1885–1979), Scottish-Canadian physician, pathologist, [[academic]] and author of several 20th-century textbooks on general and surgical pathology.
* [[Erich Franz Eugen Bracht]] (1882–1969), German pathologist and gynaecologist.
* Fritz Brenner (1877–1969), German pathologist (see [[Brenner tumor]]).
* [[Alexander Breslow]] (1928–1980), American pathologist (see [[Breslow's depth]]).
* [[Richard Bright (physician)|Richard Bright]] (1789–1858), British internist and pathologist (see [[Bright's disease]]).
* [[Ludwig von Buhl]] (1816–1880), German pathologist.
{{div col end}}

==C==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]] (1852–1934), Spanish pathologist and [[Nobel laureate]] in Physiology or Medicine 1906
* [[Francis Camps]] (1905–1972), English forensic pathologist.
* [[Myrtelle Canavan]] (1879–1953), American physician, medical researcher, and one of the first female pathologists (see [[Canavan disease]]).
* [[Karl Friedrich Canstatt]] (1807–1850), German physician, pathologist, and medical author.
* [[Marie Cassidy]] (born 1959), Irish forensic pathologist.
* [[Benjamin Castleman]] (1906–1982), American surgical pathologist and eponymist of Castleman's disease.
* Jamie Chapman (1970–present), Australian ground-breaking histologist.
* [[Hans Chiari]] (1851–1916), Austrian pathologist (see [[Arnold–Chiari malformation]], [[Budd–Chiari syndrome]]).
* [[Jacob Churg]] (1910–2005), Russian-born American pathologist (see [[Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis|Churg–Strauss syndrome]]).
* [[Giuseppe Vincenzo Ciaccio]] (1824–1901), Italian anatomist and histologist.
* [[Julius Friedrich Cohnheim]] (1839–1884), German pathologist known for his research on the mechanism of inflammation and the study of circulation.
* [[Albert Coons]] (1912–1978), American physician, immunologist, & immunopathologist.
* [[Astley Cooper]] (1768–1841), English surgeon, anatomist & pathologist.
* [[Victor André Cornil]] (1837–1908), French pathologist and histologist.
* [[Dominic Corrigan]] (1802–1880), Irish physician & pathologist (see [[Corrigan's pulse]]).
* [[Ramzi Cotran]], American pathologist
* [[William Thomas Councilman]] (1854–1933), American pathologist (see [[Councilman body]]).
* [[Jean Cruveilhier]] (1791–1874), French anatomist and pathologist (see [[Cruveilhier's sign]], [[Cruveilhier–Baumgarten disease]]).
{{div col end}}

==D==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[David C. Dahlin]] (1917–2003) American surgical & orthopedic pathologist.
* [[Jean Baptiste Hippolyte Dance]] (1797–1832) French pathologist.
* [[Ferdinand-Jean Darier]] (1856–1938), French pathologist and dermatologist.
* [[James R. Dawson]] (1908–1986), American pathologist (see [[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis|Dawson encephalitis]]).
* [[Francis Delafield]] (1841–1915), American physician & pathologist.
* [[Franz Dittrich]] (1815–1859), Austrian-Bohemian-German pathologist.
* [[Karl Gottfried Paul Döhle]] (1855–1928), German pathologist & histologist (see [[Döhle bodies]]).
* [[William L. Donohue]] (1906–1985), Canadian pathologist (see [[Donohue syndrome]]).
* [[Georges Dreyer]] (1873–1934), Danish pathologist, professor of pathology at [[Oxford University]].
* [[I. N. Dubin]] (born 1913), American pathologist (see [[Dubin–Johnson syndrome]]).
* [[Cuthbert Dukes]] (1890–1977), English physician and pathologist for whom the [[Dukes classification]] for colorectal cancer is named.
* [[Guillaume Dupuytren]] (1777–1835), French military surgeon & surgical pathologist.
{{div col end}}

==E==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Karl Joseph Eberth]] (1835–1926), German pathologist and bacteriologist.
* [[William E. Ehrich]] (1900–1967), German-American pathologist, professor of pathology at Philadelphia General Hospital and the Graduate School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania.
* [[Paul Ehrlich]] (1854–1915), German physician, researcher and pathologist, [[Nobel laureate]], one of the founders of immunology & laboratory medicine.
* [[Jakob Erdheim]] (1874–1937), Austrian pathologist (see [[Erdheim–Chester disease]]).
* [[James Ewing (pathologist)|James Ewing]] (1866–1943), American surgical pathologist, first professor of pathology at [[Cornell University]], eponymist of [[Ewing's sarcoma]], one of the founders of [[American Association for Cancer Research|AACR]].
{{div col end}}

==F==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Robert (Robin) Sanno Fåhræus]] (1888–1968), Swedish pathologist (see [[Fåhræus effect]] and [[Fåhræus–Lindqvist effect]]).
* [[Sidney Farber]] (1903–1973), American pediatric pathologist, regarded as the father of modern [[chemotherapy]], and after whom the [[Dana–Farber Cancer Institute]] is named.
* [[Martin J. Fettman]] (born 1956), American veterinarian, veterinary pathologist, and astronaut
* [[Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger]] (1867–1928), Danish physician & pathologist, [[Nobel laureate]] in Physiology or Medicine 1926.
* [[Paul Flechsig]] (1847–1929), German neuroanatomist, psychiatrist and neuropathologist.
* [[Christopher D. M. Fletcher]], Anglo-American pathologist
* [[Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs]] (1819–1885), German pathologist.
* [[Nikolaus Friedreich]] (1825–1882), German pathologist and neurologist.
* [[August von Froriep]] (1849–1917), German anatomist.
* [[Robert Froriep]] (1804–1861), German anatomist and medical publisher.
{{div col end}}

==G==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Carl Jakob Adolf Christian Gerhardt]] (1833–1902), German pathologist
* [[Joseph von Gerlach]] (1820–1896), German professor of anatomy, pioneer of [[histological staining]] and [[micrography]]
* [[Gustav Giemsa]] (1867–1948), German physician, pathologist, & histochemist (see [[Giemsa stain]])
* [[Anthony Gill (professor)|Anthony Gill]] (born 1972), Australian pathologist and medical researcher
* [[Camillo Golgi]] (1843–1926), Italian neuropathologist & [[Nobel laureate]] in Physiology or Medicine, 1906
* [[Ernest Goodpasture]] (1886–1960), American pathologist, eponymist of [[Goodpasture's syndrome]]
* [[Austin Gresham]] (1925–2009), English forensic pathologist
{{div col end}}

==H==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Hakaru Hashimoto]] (1881–1934), Japanese medical scientist.
* [[Ludvig Hektoen]] (1863–1951), American researcher on pathology of infectious diseases.
* [[Arnold Ludwig Gotthilf Heller]] (1840–1913), German anatomist and pathologist.
* [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle]] (1809–1885), German physician, pathologist and anatomist.
* [[Richard L. Heschl]] (1824–1881), Austrian anatomist & pathologist.
* [[Thomas Hodgkin]] (1798–1866), English physician & pathologist; eponymist of [[Hodgkin's lymphoma|Hodgkin's disease]].
* [[Friedrich Albin Hoffmann]] (1843–1924), German internist and pathologist.
* [[Jason Hornick]], American pathologist and researcher
* [[Karl Hürthle]] (1860–1945), German physiologist and histologist.
* [[Helen Hart (plant pathologist)|Helen Hart]] (1900–1971), American plant pathologist
{{div col end}}

==J==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Elaine Jaffe]], American pathologist, expert in research, diagnostics and classification of lymphomas, particularly [[follicular lymphoma]].
{{div col end}}

==K==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Fujiro Katsurada]] (1867–1946), Japanese pathologist.
* [[Eduard Kaufmann]] (1860–1931), German pathologist.
* [[Ernest Kennaway]] (1881–1958), English clinical chemist and researcher on carcinogenesis.
* [[Jack Kevorkian]] (1928–2011), American pathologist, controversial advocate of euthanasia.
* [[Edwin Klebs|Theodor Albrecht Edwin Klebs]] (1834–1913), German-Swiss pathologist.
* [[Julius von Kossa]] 19th-century Austro-Hungarian pathologist (see [[Von Kossa stain]]).
* [[Leiv Kreyberg]] (1896–1984), Norwegian war hero, humanitarian and pathologist known for typology of lung cancer.
* [[Hans Kundrat]] (1845–1893), Austrian pathologist.
* [[Kathleen Coard]] (born 1952), Grenadian pathologist.
{{div col end}}

==L==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Paul Eston Lacy]] (1924–2005), former chairperson of pathology at Washington University and diabetes researcher.
* [[Paul Langerhans]] (1847–1888), German pathologist, physiologist and biologist.
* [[William Boog Leishman]] (1865–1926), English authority on the pathology of human parasitic diseases (see [[leishmaniasis]])
* [[George Lignac]] (1891–1954), Dutch pathologist-anatomist.
* [[Henrique da Rocha Lima]] (1879–1956), Brazilian physician, pathologist and infectologist
* [[James Linder]] (born 1954), American cytopathologist and technological developer
* [[Leo Loeb]] (1869–1959), American pathologist and early cancer researcher.
* [[Esmond Ray Long]] (1890–1970), American pathologist, epidemiologist, and medical historian.
{{div col end}}

==M==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Frank Burr Mallory]] (1862–1941), American surgical pathologist & histochemist (see [[Mallory body|Mallory bodies]])
* [[Rod Markin]] (born 1956) American pioneer in laboratory automation.
* [[Alexander A. Maximow]] (1874–1928), Russian-American scientist, histologist and embryologist.
* [[John McCrae]] (1872–1918), Canadian pathologist, physician, soldier and poet, author of [In Flanders Fields].
* [[Frances Gertrude McGill]] (1882–1959), pioneering Canadian pathologist and criminologist
* [[Tracey McNamara]], veterinary pathologist at the [[Bronx Zoo]] who played a pivotal role in identifying the first outbreak of [[West Nile Virus]] in the United States
* [[Giovanni Battista Morgagni]] (1682–1771), Italian pathologist, considered the father of modern [[Anatomical Pathology]]
{{div col end}}

==N==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Heijiro Nakayama]] (1871–1956), Japanese pathologist.
* [[Bernhard Naunyn]] (1839–1925), German pathologist.
* [[Franz Ernst Christian Neumann]] (1834–1918), German pathologist.
* [[Thomas Noguchi]] (born 1927), Japanese American forensic pathologist & medical examiner.
{{div col end}}

==O==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Shuji Ogino]] (born 1968), Japanese pathologist, [[epidemiologist]], [[Harvard University]] professor, and pioneer in [[molecular pathological epidemiology]].
* [[Eugene Lindsay Opie]] (1873–1971), American pathologist and researcher on tuberculosis.
* [[Johannes Orth]] (1847–1923), German pathologist.
* [[William Osler]] (1849–1919), Canadian physician and pathologist, founder professor at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]].
{{div col end}}

==P==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Richard Paltauf]] (1858–1924), Austrian pathologist and bacteriologist.
* [[George Nicolas Papanicolaou]] (1883–1962), Greek-American cytopathologist & developer of the Papanicolaou cervical smear (see [[Pap smear]])
* [[Artur Pappenheim]] (1870–1916), German physician, developer of histochemical stains.
* [[Lukáš Plank]] (born 1951), Slovak pathologist specializing in oncopathology and hematopathology.
* [[Emil Ponfick]] (1844–1913), German pathologist.
{{div col end}}

==R==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Louis-Antoine Ranvier]] (1835–1922), French physician, pathologist, anatomist and histologist, discoverer of [[nodes of Ranvier]].
* Ronald Rapini (born 1948), US dermatopathologist; discoverer of sclerotic fibroma.
* [[Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen]] (1833–1910), German pathologist.
* [[Benno Reinhardt]] (1819–1852), German physician, specialized in pathological anatomy.
* [[Donald Rix]] (1931–2009), founder of a Canadian commercial pathology laboratory.
* [[Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky|Carl von Rokitansky]] (1804–1878), Bohemian autopsy pathologist.
* [[Juan Rosai]] (1940–2020), Italian-American surgical pathologist, discoverer of [[Rosai-Dorfman disease]] and the [[desmoplastic small round cell tumor]].
* [[Gustave Roussy]] (1874–1948), Swiss-French neuropathologist.
{{div col end}}

==S==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Christian Georg Schmorl]] (1861–1932), German pathologist.
* [[Richard Scolyer]], Australian pathologist
* [[Johann Lukas Schönlein]] (1793–1864), German naturalist, and pathologist.
* [[Charles Scott Sherrington]] (1857–1952), English neuropathologist & [[Nobel laureate]] in Physiology or Medicine 1932
* [[Richard Shope]] (1901–1966), American virologist and pathologist.
* [[Keith Simpson (pathologist)|Keith Simpson]] (1907–1985), English forensic pathologist.
* [[Maud Slye]] (1879–1954), American experimental pathologist.
* [[Theobald Smith]] (1859–1934), American pioneering epidemiologist and pathologist.
* [[Kim Solez]] (born 1946), American pathologist, father of the Banff Classification of Transplantation Pathology.
* [[Bernard Spilsbury|Sir Bernard Spilsbury]] (1877–1947), British pathologist.
* [[Sophie Spitz]] (1910–1956), American surgical pathologist, eponymist of [[Spitz nevus]]
* [[Edward Stafne]] (born 1894, date of death unknown), American oral pathologist (see [[Stafne defect]]).
* [[Allen Starry]] (1890–1973), American pathologist (see [[Warthin–Starry stain]]).
* [[Javier Arias Stella]] (1924–2020), Peruvian pathologist, describer of the Arias Stella reaction in the endometrium.
* [[Stephen Sternberg]] (1920–2021), American pathologist, founding Editor-in-Chief of The [[American Journal of Surgical Pathology]] and editor of several 20th-century pathology textbooks.
* [[Arthur Purdy Stout]] (1885–1967). American surgeon and pathologist, & one of the fathers of modern [[Surgical pathology]].
* [[Lotte Strauss]] (1913–1985), American pathologist (see [[Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis|Churg–Strauss syndrome]]).
{{div col end}}

==T==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sunao Tawara]] (1873–1952), Japanese pathologist, discoverer of the [[Atrioventricular node]].
* [[Donald Teare]] (1911–1979), British pathologist.
* [[Jacques-René Tenon]] (1724–1816), French surgeon and pathologist.
* [[Ludwig Traube (physician)|Ludwig Traube]] (1818–1876), German physician, co-founder of the experimental pathology in Germany.
* [[Václav Treitz]] (1819–1872), Czech pathologist.
* [[Charles Emile Troisier]] (1844–1919), French doctor.
{{div col end}}

==U==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Johann Paul Uhle]] (1827–1861), German physician and pathologist.
* [[Paul Gerson Unna]] (1850–1929), one of the founders of [[dermatopathology]].
* [[James Underwood (pathologist)|James Underwood]] (born 1942), British pathologist.
{{div col end}}

==V==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[José Verocay]] (1876–1927), Czechoslovakian pathologist (see [[Verocay body]]).
* [[Rudolf Virchow]] (1821–1902), German physician, politician, & the father of "cellular" pathology.
* [[Adolf Vossius]] (1855–1925), German pathologist (see [[Vossius ring]]).
{{div col end}}

==W==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Erik Waaler]] (1903–1997), Norwegian professor of medicine.
* [[Hermann Julius Gustav Wächter]] (born 1878, date of death unknown), German physician (see [[Bracht-Wachter bodies]]).
* [[Ernst Leberecht Wagner]] (1829–1888), German pathologist.
* [[Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz|Heinrich von Waldeyer-Hartz]] (1836–1921), German anatomist.
* [[Robin Warren]] (born 1937), Australian gastrointestinal pathologist & [[Nobel laureate]] in Physiology or Medicine, 2005.
* [[Aldred Scott Warthin]] (1866–1931), American pathologist (see [[Warthin–Starry stain]]).
* [[David Weatherall]] (1933–2013), British physician and researcher
* [[Friedrich Wegener]] (1907–1990), Nazi German pathologist (see [[granulomatosis with polyangiitis]]).
* [[Anton Weichselbaum]] (1845–1920), Austrian pathologist and bacteriologist.
* [[Carl Weigert]] (1845–1904), developer of histochemical stains.
* [[Adolf Weil (physician)|Adolf Weil]] (1848–1916), German physician and pathologist (see [[Weil's disease]]).
* [[Ronald S. Weinstein]] (1938–2021), American pathologist, inventor, educator (see [[Telepathology]]).
* [[Sharon Weiss]] (born 1945), American surgical pathologist, expert on soft tissue pathology (see [[Sarcoma]]).
* [[William Henry Welch]] (1850–1934), American physician, pathologist, bacteriologist, medical school administrator, founder professor at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]].
* [[Max Westenhöfer]], (1871–1957), German pathologist, disciple of [[Rudolf Virchow]], author of the [[aquatic ape hypothesis]] and influential on the development of pathology and social medicine in [[Chile]].
* [[George Whipple]] (1878–1976), American physician, pathologist, biomedical researcher, and medical school educator and administrator, [[Nobel laureate]] in Physiology or Medicine, 1934.
* [[James Homer Wright]] (1869–1928), surgical pathologist and developer of histochemical stains (see [[Wright stain]]).
* [[Guy Alfred Wyon]] (1883–1924), English pathologist, one of the team which resolved the issue of potentially-fatal [[TNT]] poisoning in [[shell (projectile)|shell]] factories during [[World War I]]
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==Y==
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* [[Yamagiwa Katsusaburō]] (1863–1930) Japanese pathologist, developed the concept of chemical carcinogenesis.
{{div col end}}

==Z==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Friedrich Wilhelm Zahn]] (1845–1904), German pathologist.
* [[Friedrich Albert von Zenker]] (1825–1898), German pathologist and physician.
* [[Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen]] (1829–1902), German pathologist and physician.
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Biography|Medicine}}
* [[Lists of people by occupation]]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathologists}}
[[Category:Lists of health professionals|Pathologists]]
[[Category:Lists of natural scientists|Pathologists]]
[[Category:Pathologists| ]]

Müller's maneuver

2024-03-30T05:26:32Z

199.79.167.27: /* Procedure */

{{Short description|Procedure used in medicine to diagnose some types of tinnitus}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2020}}
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'''Müller's maneuver''' is a procedure used in medicine to diagnose some types of [[tinnitus]],<ref>{{cite journal | pmc= 3719451 | pmid=23885280 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2013.0451 | volume=110 | title=Pulsatile tinnitus: imaging and differential diagnosis |vauthors=Hofmann E, Behr R, Neumann-Haefelin T, Schwager K | journal=Dtsch Ärztebl Int | pages=451–8}}</ref> and other medical problems.

==Procedure==
After a forced expiration, an attempt at inspiration is made with closed mouth and nose, whereby the negative pressure in the chest and lungs is made very [[atmospheric pressure|subatmospheric]]; the reverse of a [[Valsalva maneuver]].

This technique is designed to look for collapsed sections of [[airway]]s such as the [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]] and upper airways. In this maneuver, the patient attempts to inhale with their mouth closed and their nostrils plugged, which leads to a collapse of the airway. Introducing a flexible fiberoptic scope into the hypopharynx to obtain a view, the examiner may witness the collapse and identify weakened sections of the airway. Müller's maneuver is used to help determine the cause of [[sleep apnea]]. A positive test result means the site of upper airway obstruction is likely below the level of the soft palate, and the patient will probably not benefit from a [[uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]] alone.
This maneuver is very helpful in doing MRI for sleep apnea, when sedation to patient can be avoided.

There is some evidence that the sites of obstruction with Müller's maneuver do not represent reliably the sites of obstruction during normal sleep. Other factors such as the body's position whilst conducting the manoeuvre may well affect this.

Müller's maneuver can also be used to terminate [[supraventricular tachycardia]] in an acute primary care setting.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Textbook of Medical Physiology p784 - Arthur C. Guyton
* Sleep apnea and snoring: Surgical and non-surgical therapy. M Friedman, 2009

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[[Category:Respiration]]

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