wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Kiwa hirsuta

2025-06-04T17:37:49Z

189.199.225.3:

{{Short description|Species of crustacean}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Yeti crab.jpg
| status = NE
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="SeaLifeBase">{{SeaLifeBase species|genus=Kiwa|species=hirusta|id=72302|month=May|year=2025}}</ref>
| genus = Kiwa
| species = hirsuta
| authority = Macpherson, Jones & Segonzac, 2006
}}

'''''Kiwa hirsuta''''' is a [[crustacean]] discovered in 2005 in the [[South Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="Macpherson">{{cite journal | author = E. Macpherson, W. Jones & M. Segonzac | year = 2006 |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/front/medias/publication/6892_z05n4a3.pdf |title=A new squat lobster family of Galatheoidea (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) from the hydrothermal vents of the Pacific–Antarctic Ridge | journal = [[Zoosystema]] | volume = 27 | issue = 4 | pages = 709–723}}</ref> This [[Decapoda|decapod]], which is approximately {{convert|15|cm|abbr=on}} long, is notable for the quantity of silky blond [[setae]] (resembling fur) covering its [[pereiopod]]s ([[thorax|thoracic]] legs, including [[claw]]s). Its discoverers dubbed it the "'''[[yeti]] lobster'''" or "'''yeti crab'''".<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4785482.stm |title='Furry lobster' found in Pacific |publisher=BBC News |date=March 8, 2006}}</ref>

==Identification==
''Kiwa hirsuta'' was discovered in the month of March 2005 by a group organized by Robert Vrijenhoek of the [[Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute]] in [[Monterey, California]], Michel Segonzac of the [[Ifremer]] and a [[Census of Marine Life]] scientist using the [[submarine]] [[DSV Alvin|DSV ''Alvin'']], operating from RV ''Atlantis''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.mbari.org/expeditions/EasterMicroplate/index.htm |title=Easter Microplate Expedition March 12–April 6, 2005 |publisher=[[Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute]]}}</ref> The discovery was announced on 7 March 2006. It was found along the [[Pacific-Antarctic Ridge]], {{convert|1500|km|mi}} south of [[Easter Island]] at a depth of {{convert|2200|m}}, living on [[hydrothermal vent]]s.<ref name="Macpherson"/> Based on both [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] and [[molecular biology|molecular data]], the organism was deemed to form a new biological [[family (biology)|family]] ([[Kiwaidae]]);<ref name=NYTimes>{{Cite news |title=In the deep, deep sea, the 'yeti crab' |author=Cornelia Dean |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/14/science/14find.html?_r=1&scp=6 |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=March 14, 2005
|access-date=December 6, 2010}}</ref> a second species, very interest ''[[Kiwa puravida]]'', was discovered in 2006 and described in 2011.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Andrew R. Thurber, William J. Jones & Kareen Schnabel |year=2011 |title=Dancing for food in the deep sea: bacterial farming by a new species of yeti crab |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=6 |issue=11 |page=e26243 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0026243 |pmid=22140426 |pmc=3227565|bibcode=2011PLoSO...626243T |doi-access=free }}</ref> Yeti Crabs live in hydrothermal vents, which are deep within the ocean. These vents provide hot water, which makes up the environment where these crabs live. The crabs regulate their ecosystem by using their hairy arms to collect toxins released from the hydrothermal
vents.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thurber|first1=Andrew R.|last2=Jones|first2=William J.|last3=Schnabel|first3=Kareen|date=2011-11-30|title=Dancing for Food in the Deep Sea: Bacterial Farming by a New Species of Yeti Crab|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=6|issue=11|pages=e26243|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0026243|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3227565|pmid=22140426|bibcode=2011PLoSO...626243T |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Characteristics==
The animal has strongly reduced eyes that lack [[pigment]], and is thought to be blind. The "hairy" pincers contain [[filamentation|filamentous]] [[bacteria]], which the creature may use to detoxify poisonous minerals from the water emitted by the hydrothermal vents where it lives. This process is known as chemosynthesis. Lipid and isotope analyses provide evidence that epibiotic bacteria are the crab's main food source and ''K. puravida'' has highly modified setae (hairs) on its 3rd maxilliped (a mouth appendage) which it uses to harvest these bacteria. Yeti crabs receive most of their essential nutrients from chemosynthetic episymbiotic bacteria which grows on hairlike setae. This chemosynthetic episymbiotic bacteria can be found growing from numerous areas of their ventral surface as well as their appendages. The ε- and γ- proteobacteria that this methane-deep species farms are closely related to hydrothermal-vent decapod epibionts. These bacteria contain enzymes that are involved with the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle and sulfite oxidation. It is believed that these enzymes play a critical role in carbon fixation and sulfur cycling.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goffredi |first1=Shana |title=Epibiotic bacteria associated with the recently discovered Yeti crab, Kiwa hirsuta |journal=Environmental Microbiology |date=10 September 2008 |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=2623–2634 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01684.x |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01684.x |access-date=2025-03-19|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Thurber Andrew R | year = 2011 | title = Dancing for Food in the Deep Sea: Bacterial Farming by a New Species of Yeti Crab | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6| issue = 11| page = e26243| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0026243 | pmid=22140426 | pmc=3227565 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...626243T| doi-access = free }}</ref> Alternatively, it may be a [[carnivore]], although it is generally thought to feed on [[bacteria]].<ref name="BBC" />

Although it is often referred to as the "furry lobster" and confused with lobsters outside the [[scientific literature]],<ref name="BBC"/> ''Kiwa hirsuta'' is a [[squat lobster]],<ref name="Macpherson"/> more closely related to [[crab]]s and [[hermit crab]]s than [[lobster|true lobsters]]. The term "furry lobster" is more commonly used for the family [[Synaxidae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thurber |first1=Andrew R. |title=Dancing for Food in the Deep Sea: Bacterial Farming by a New Species of Yeti Crab |journal=PLOS ONE |date=November 30, 2011 |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=e26243 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0026243|pmid=22140426 |citeseerx=10.1.1.288.5286 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...626243T |pmc=3227565|doi-access=free }}</ref> The "yeti crab" was found in a recently discovered family called the Kiwaidae. This family is closely associated with the two families, Epsilon and Gammaproteobacteria.

==Etymology==
Macpherson ''et al.'' named the genus ''Kiwa'' after "the god(dess) of the shellfish in the Polynesian mythology." ''{{lang|la|[[:wikt:hirsutus|Hirsuta]]}}'' is [[Latin]] for "hairy."

== Reproduction and life cycle ==
''Kiwa hirsuta'' exhibits a unique reproductive strategy. Unlike many other crustaceans, the females of this species carry their eggs in a specialized brooding structure on their abdomen. The eggs are attached to setae, and the female cares for them until they hatch into larvae. This method of parental care is distinctive among deep-sea organisms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruppert |first=Edward E. |title=Invertebrate zoology : a functional evolutionary approach |url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130000795892014976 |journal=(No Title) |language=en}}</ref>

== Genomic studies ==
Genomic studies of ''Kiwa hirsuta'' have provided insights into its evolutionary history and adaptation to the extreme environment of hydrothermal vents. The analysis of its genome may offer clues about the genetic basis of its unique characteristics, such as the adaptation to low-light conditions and the utilization of chemosynthetic bacteria for nutrition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Roterman |first1=C. N. |last2=Copley |first2=J. T. |last3=Linse |first3=K. T. |last4=Tyler |first4=P. A. |last5=Rogers |first5=A. D. |date=2013-08-07 |title=The biogeography of the yeti crabs (Kiwaidae) with notes on the phylogeny of the Chirostyloidea (Decapoda: Anomura) |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=280 |issue=1764 |pages=20130718 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.0718 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=3712414 |pmid=23782878}}</ref>

== Population dynamics and conservation ==
Studies on the population dynamics of ''Kiwa hirsuta'' are ongoing to understand factors such as population size, growth rates, and potential threats to its habitat. Conservation efforts are also being explored to mitigate the impact of deep-sea mining and other human activities on the hydrothermal vent ecosystems where these crabs reside.<ref name=":0" />

== Behavioral observations ==
Observations of ''Kiwa hirsuta'' in its natural habitat have provided valuable information about its behavior. For example, researchers have documented interactions between individuals, including potential mating behaviors and social dynamics within populations living around hydrothermal vents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2018-08-11 |title=Yeti Crabs: Characteristics, alimentation habits,habitat and more.... |url=https://ourmarinespecies.com/c-crabs/yeti-crabs/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Discovering All Marine Species |language=es}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/mec.12439 |title=Ontogenetic variation in epibiont community structure in the deep-sea yeti crab, ''Kiwa puravida'': Convergence among crustaceans |date=2014 |last1=Goffredi |first1=Shana K. |last2=Gregory |first2=Ann |last3=Jones |first3=William J. |last4=Morella |first4=Norma M. |last5=Sakamoto |first5=Reid I. |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=1457–1472 |pmid=23952239 |bibcode=2014MolEc..23.1457G |s2cid=206180217 }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Goffredi |first1=Shana K. |last2=Jones |first2=William J. |last3=Erhich |first3=Hermann |last4=Springer |first4=Armin |last5=Vrijenhoek |first5=Robert C. |year=2008 |title=Epibiotic bacteria associated with the recently discovered yeti crab, ''Kiwa hirsuta'' |journal=Environmental Microbiology |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=2623–2634 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01684.x |pmid=18564185|bibcode=2008EnvMi..10.2623G }}
*{{cite journal |author=C. N. Roterman |author2=J. T. Copley |author3=K. T. Linse |author4=P. A. Tyler |author5=A. D. Rogers |year=2013 |title=The biogeography of the yeti crabs (Kiwaidae) with notes on the phylogeny of the Chirostyloidea (Decapoda: Anomura) |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=280 |issue=1764 |page=20130718 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.0718 |pmid=23782878 |pmc=3712414}}
{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/mec.12439 |title=Ontogenetic variation in epibiont community structure in the deep-sea yeti crab, ''Kiwa puravida'': Convergence among crabs. |date=2014 |last1=Goffredi |first1=Shana K. |last2=Gregory |first2=Ann |last3=Jones |first3=William J. |last4=Morella |first4=Norma M. |last5=Sakamoto |first5=Reid I. |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=1457–1472 |pmid=23952239 |bibcode=2014MolEc..23.1457G |s2cid=206180217 }}

==External links==
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Kiwa hirsuta.|''Kiwa hirsuta''}}.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q912864}}

[[Category:Squat lobsters]]
[[Category:Animals living on hydrothermal vents]]
[[Category:Crustaceans of the eastern Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Crustaceans described in 2006]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Enrique Macpherson]]

Hardin County, Tennessee

2025-03-05T18:02:16Z

189.199.225.3: /* County creation */

{{Short description|County in Tennessee, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox U.S. county
| county = Hardin County
| state = Tennessee
| seal = File:Hardin-co-tn.gif
| founded = 1819
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Kevin Davis <ref>[https://www.hardincogov.com/ Official Hardin County Government website]</ref>
| named for = [[Joseph Hardin, Sr.]]<ref name=tehc>James B. Phillips, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=599 Hardin County]," ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture''. Retrieved: October 16, 2013.</ref>
| seat wl = Savannah
| largest city wl = Savannah
| area_total_sq_mi = 596
| area_land_sq_mi = 577
| area_water_sq_mi = 19
| area percentage = 3.2%
| census yr = 2020
| pop = 26831 {{increase}}
| density_sq_mi = 45
| time zone = Central
| footnotes =
| ex image = Hardin County, Tennessee courthouse in Savannah, Tennessee.jpg
| ex image cap = Hardin County Courthouse in Savannah
| district = 8th
|website=https://www.hardincogov.com/}}

'''Hardin County''' is a [[County (United States)|county]] located in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Tennessee]]. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the population was 26,831.<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=State & County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/47071.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 2, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607142148/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/47071.html|archive-date=June 7, 2011}}</ref> The [[county seat]] is [[Savannah, Tennessee|Savannah]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> Hardin County is located north of and along the borders of [[Mississippi]] and [[Alabama]]. The county was founded in November 1819 and named posthumously for [[Joseph Hardin, Sr.|Col. Joseph Hardin]], a [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] soldier and a legislative representative for the [[Province of North Carolina]]; the [[State of Franklin]]; and the [[Southwest Territory]].<ref name = "TennGen">{{cite web | title = Tennessee Genealogy | url = http://www.familytree101.com/tennessee/hardin-county.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140213153402/http://www.familytree101.com/tennessee/hardin-county.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = February 13, 2014 | access-date = April 30, 2011 }}</ref> Hardin County was the site of the [[Battle of Shiloh]] (also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing) during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].

==History==
[[File:Joseph Hardin Courthouse Plaque Savannah TN.JPG|thumb|250px|right|'''The dedication plaque for the Savannah, TN courthouse''' which is dedicated to Col. Joseph Hardin.]]

===The Hardin Expedition===
Two parties of settlers (totaling 26) struck out from [[Knoxville, Tennessee]] in late spring of 1816 bound for the general area which would eventually become [[Savannah, Tennessee]]. The first party, traveling by boat, came by way of the [[Tennessee River]], landing in May at "the easteward curve of the Tennessee"{{sic}}<ref name = "Brazelton1">{{cite book | last = Brazelton | first = B.G. | title = A History of Hardin County, Tennessee | isbn = 978-1-4374-5605-9 | orig-year = 1885; Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House, Nashville, TN | year=2008 | publisher=Kissinger}}</ref> at [[Cerro Gordo, Tennessee|Cerro Gordo]].

The second, and larger, party had traversed overland and encountered several delays. Upon the arrival of the second group, the parties finally rejoined at Johnson Creek, near present day Savannah.<ref group=Notes>Three early surveys were made of vast tracts of land lying on the east bank of the Tennessee River, in and near the present site of Savannah, in what is now Hardin County. One of these was in behalf of Colonel Joseph Hardin (Sr) for 3,000 acres</ref><ref name = "Land Warrants">{{cite book | last = North Carolina State | title = Land Warrants of North Carolina State, North Carolina Grants and North Carolina Military Grants, 1788-1903 | date = April 5, 1784}}; no. 317- {{convert|400|acre|km2}} ("withdrawn"), 318- {{convert|600|acre|km2}}, 445- {{convert|800|acre|km2}}, 670- {{convert|1000|acre|km2}}, 924- {{convert|200|acre|km2}}, 1619- {{convert|3000|acre|km2}}, 2118- {{convert|1000|acre|km2}}, 2119- {{convert|1000|acre|km2}} and 2129- {{convert|500|acre|km2}}</ref> It was now July, and the pioneers set about the laying down of the first permanent settlement by non-[[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] in the area.<ref name="TenEn">{{cite web | title = The Tennessee on-line encyclopedia | url = http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=H017 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20070610103649/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=H017 | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 10, 2007 | access-date = April 30, 2011 }}</ref>

This second party was led by Joseph Hardin, Jr., son of Col. Joseph Hardin who had, before his death, accumulated several [[land grant]]s to the area as rewards for his Revolutionary War service. Joseph, Jr. was accompanied on the trip by his brother, James Hardin. James was the founder of what would become the first [[county seat]], [[Hardinville, Tennessee|Hardinville]].<ref name = "TennGen" /> The settlement was created in 1817 on nearby Hardin’s Creek —on the site of what was later renamed [[Hardinville, Tennessee|Old Town, Tennessee]].<ref name ="TenEn" /> Both men executed land grants in the area.<ref name = "Land Warrants2">{{cite book | last = North Carolina State | title = Land Warrants of North Carolina State, North Carolina Grants and North Carolina Military Grants, 1788-1903 | date = May 10, 1784}}; entry No. 2128; {{convert|1000|acre|km2}}</ref> They had fought alongside their father in the war and had been likewise rewarded with their own land patents, as well as inheriting some of their father's unclaimed grants.<ref name = "Land Warrants" /><ref name ="Goodspeed">{{cite book | last = Goodspeed | title = History of Tennessee: From the Earliest Time to the Present; Together with an Historical and a Biographical Sketch of Henderson, Chester, McNairy, Decatur, and Hardin Counties. | url = https://archive.org/details/historyoftenness00good_1 | publisher = Goodspeed Publishing Company; Nashville, TN | year = 1886 | isbn = 978-0-89308-098-3}} pp. 829-841</ref>

Other settlers in the expedition continued further downriver, establishing another community at [[Saltillo, Tennessee|Saltillo]], in 1817.

===County creation===
For eleven days after its initial establishment (in November 1819), the boundaries of Hardin County reached [[Wayne County, Tennessee|Wayne County]] west to the [[Mississippi River]]. The establishment of then neighboring [[Shelby County, Tennessee|Shelby County]] and others continued to diminish the size of Hardin until it reached its present boundaries.<ref name = "TennGen" /> The county was named for Revolutionary War veteran, Joseph Hardin, a former [[House of Assembly|colonial assemblyman]] for the Province of North Carolina, [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker of the House]] for the unrecognized [[State of Franklin]] and a territorial legislator of the Southwest Territory.

===Civil War and Battle of Shiloh===
{{Main|Battle of Shiloh}}
Like several other counties along the Tennessee River, Hardin County was largely pro-[[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] during [[American Civil War|the Civil War]], contrary to the generally pro-[[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] sympathies of [[West Tennessee|West]] and [[Middle Tennessee]]. In Tennessee's Ordinance of Secession referendum on June 8, 1861, Hardin County voted to remain in the Union by a margin of 1,051 to 498,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://votearchive.com/tn-sec-ref-1861/|publisher=Vote Archive|title=Tennessee Secession Referendum, 1861}}</ref> being one of only eight counties in West or Middle Tennessee to support the Union. Earlier on February 9, 1861, Hardin County voters had voted against holding a secession convention by a margin of 791 to 395.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://votearchive.com/tn-sec-conv-vote-1861/|title=Tennessee Vote on Secession Convention, 1861|publisher=[[The Fayetteville Observer|Fayetteville Observer]]|date=March 21, 1861}}</ref>

Hardin County was the site of the 1862 Battle of Shiloh (also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing) during the Civil War. The battleground is several miles south of Savannah, and extends into [[Tishomingo County, Mississippi]].

==Geography==
According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the county has a total area of {{convert|596|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|577|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|19|sqmi}} (3.2%) is water.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web | url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_47.txt| publisher=United States Census Bureau| access-date=April 5, 2015| date= August 22, 2012| title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files}}</ref>

Hardin County is located in western southern Tennessee (although part of the county is east of the Tennessee River, the county is considered part of the "Grand Division" of [[West Tennessee]]). The county is divided into two nearly equal divisions by the [[Tennessee River]], which enters about midway on the south side and passes out near the northeast corner, flowing northwards. The length of the county from north to south is about 30 miles, and its greatest width, from east to west, about 21.<ref name = "Brazelton2">{{cite book | last = Brazelton | first = B.G. | title = A History of Hardin County, Tennessee (re-print: Kissinger, 2008)| isbn = 1-4374-5605-7 | publisher = Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House; Nashville, TN | year = 1885}}</ref>

[[File:Pickwick Landing Dam from Pickwick Inn 096.jpg|upright|thumb|Pickwick Dam and Lake]]

===Adjacent counties===
{{div col}}
*[[Decatur County, Tennessee|Decatur County]] (north)
*[[Wayne County, Tennessee|Wayne County]] (east)
*[[Lauderdale County, Alabama]] (southeast)
*[[Tishomingo County, Mississippi]] (south)
*[[Alcorn County, Mississippi]] (southwest)
*[[McNairy County, Tennessee|McNairy County]] (west)
*[[Chester County, Tennessee|Chester County]] (northwest)
*[[Henderson County, Tennessee|Henderson County]] (north)
{{div col end}}

===National protected area===
*[[Shiloh National Military Park]]

===State protected areas===
*Dry Creek Wildlife Management Area
*[[Pickwick Landing State Park]]
*Walker Branch State Natural Area
*White Oak Wildlife Management Area

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1820= 1462
|1830= 4868
|1840= 8245
|1850= 10328
|1860= 11214
|1870= 11768
|1880= 14793
|1890= 17698
|1900= 19246
|1910= 17521
|1920= 17291
|1930= 16213
|1940= 17806
|1950= 16908
|1960= 17397
|1970= 18212
|1980= 22280
|1990= 22633
|2000= 25578
|2010= 26026
|2020= 26831
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|access-date=July 20, 2019}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=April 5, 2015}}</ref><br />1790-1960<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|access-date=April 5, 2015}}</ref> 1900-1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/tn190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|editor-last=Forstall|editor-first=Richard L.|date=March 27, 1995|access-date=April 5, 2015}}</ref><br />1990-2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|date=April 2, 2001|access-date=April 5, 2015}}</ref> 2010-2014<ref name="QF"/>
}}
{{Stack|[[Image:USA Hardin County, Tennessee.csv age pyramid.svg|thumb|left|150px|Age pyramid Hardin County<ref>Based on [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]] data</ref>]]}}

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Hardin County racial composition<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0500000US47071&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=December 8, 2021|website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
!Race
!Num.
!Perc.
|-
|[[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (non-Hispanic)
|24,272
|90.46%
|-
|[[African American (U.S. Census)|Black or African American]] (non-Hispanic)
|805
|3.0%
|-
|[[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]]
|81
|0.3%
|-
|[[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]]
|148
|0.55%
|-
|[[Race (United States Census)|Other/Mixed]]
|960
|3.58%
|-
|[[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]]
|565
|2.11%
|}
As of the [[2020 United States census]], there were 26,831 people, 10,137 households, and 7,203 families residing in the county.

===2000 census===
At the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]] there were 25,578 people, 10,426 households, and 7,444 families in the county. The population density was {{convert|44|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|people |people|}}. There were 12,807 housing units at an average density of {{convert|22|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|units |units|}}. The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census|racial makeup]] of the county was 94.91% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 3.69% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.20% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.16% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Race (United States Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.30% from other races, and 0.72% from two or more races. 1.02%.<ref name="GR8">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=May 14, 2011|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race. 45.1% were of [[American ancestry|American]], 9.8% [[Irish Americans|Irish]], 9.7% [[English Americans|English]] and 9.5% [[German Americans|German]] ancestry according to [[Census 2000]].

Of the 10,426 households 29.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.30% were married couples living together, 10.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.60% were non-families. 25.50% of households were one person and 11.80% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.87.

The age distribution was 23.10% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 26.60% from 25 to 44, 26.40% from 45 to 64, and 16.10% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 96.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.20 males.

The median household income was $27,819 and the median family income was $34,157. Males had a median income of $28,357 versus $18,806 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,598. About 14.60% of families and 18.80% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 25.80% of those under age 18 and 17.80% of those age 65 or over.

==Politics==
{{PresHead|place=Hardin County, Tennessee|source=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|last=Leip|first=David|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref>}}

{{PresRow|2024|Republican|10,293|1,704|97|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|2020|Republican|9,559|1,775|204|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|2016|Republican|8,012|1,622|315|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|2012|Republican|7,886|2,467|142|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|2008|Republican|7,077|2,794|164|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|2004|Republican|6,087|3,834|33|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|2000|Republican|4,951|3,735|96|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1996|Republican|3,980|3,508|629|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|3,875|3,922|795|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1988|Republican|4,252|2,808|29|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1984|Republican|4,632|3,051|90|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1980|Republican|4,152|3,164|119|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1976|Democratic|3,362|3,438|52|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|4,401|1,202|166|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1968|Republican|2,910|1,153|2,325|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1964|Republican|3,025|2,620|0|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1960|Republican|3,323|1,690|85|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1956|Republican|2,898|1,734|48|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1952|Republican|2,459|1,677|12|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1948|Republican|1,779|1,270|228|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1944|Republican|2,124|1,358|18|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1940|Republican|2,264|1,957|26|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|1,348|1,538|9|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1932|Republican|1,036|806|9|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1928|Republican|1,580|707|6|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1924|Republican|1,175|618|4|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1920|Republican|3,077|1,398|12|Tennessee}}
{{PresRow|1916|Republican|1,811|979|10|Tennessee}}
{{PresFoot|1912|Republican|955|738|624|Tennessee}}
Hardin County is overwhelmingly Republican, and, even before the rapid trend of the upland South away from the Democratic Party, was a [[Southern Unionist|Unionist]] Republican enclave in historically Democratic [[West Tennessee]]. This is due to the shallow, humus-poor and easily erodible [[Highland Rim]] soils, which were much less suitable for plantation farming than the rest of [[Middle Tennessee|Middle]] and West Tennessee.<ref>Wright, John K.; ‘Voting Habits in the United States: A Note on Two Maps’; ''Geographical Review'', vol. 22, no. 4 (October 1932), pp. 666-672</ref> Since [[American Civil War|the Civil War]], only three Democratic Presidential candidates have ever carried Hardin County – [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in 1936, [[Jimmy Carter]] in 1976, and [[Bill Clinton]] in 1992 – with only FDR achieving a margin of more than 100 votes.

== Education ==
Hardin County has one community and several city [[elementary school]]s, and also has a [[middle school]]. The county has one [[High school (North America)|high school]], [[Hardin County High School]], whose sports teams are nicknamed "The Tigers". The Savannah-Hardin County Center, a branch campus of [[Jackson State Community College]], has operated in the City of [[Savannah, Tennessee|Savannah]], offering an [[Associate of Science]] degree in General Studies, since 1998.<ref>[http://www.jscc.edu/savannah JSCC Savannah-Hardin County Center]</ref> The [[University of Memphis]] has occasionally offered classes at the Center in the past, but there were no classes scheduled there in the summer or fall of 2009.<ref>[http://www.memphis.edu/extended/wst_tn.php University of Memphis - Extended Programs: Off-Campus Classes - West Tennessee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214203040/http://www.memphis.edu/extended/wst_tn.php |date=December 14, 2009 }} Retrieved March 11, 2009</ref> There is also the [[Tennessee Technology Center at Crump]].

===Hardin County Schools===
* Hardin County High School
* Hardin County Middle School
* East Hardin Elementary School
* West Hardin Elementary School
* Northside Elementary School
* Pickwick Southside Elementary School
* Parris South Elementary School

===Private Schools===
* Savannah Christian Academy

==Emergency services==
Hardin County maintains its own Level 4 Trauma Center out of Hardin Medical Center in Savannah. [[Emergency medical services]] to Savannah and the surrounding county are provided by a paid 24/7 ambulance service based out of this hospital. Fire protection to the city of Savannah is provided by a 24-hour paid Fire Department based out of two stations, with five pieces of apparatus. The County of Hardin is protected by a combination of paid and volunteer Firefighter/First-Responder and Firefighter/EMT-IV level engine companies, based out of 15 Fire Districts and with approximately 60 pieces of apparatus. The county also maintains a disaster/mass casualty team and a HAZMAT Team.

== Communities ==

===Cities===
*[[Adamsville, Tennessee|Adamsville]] (mostly in [[McNairy County, Tennessee|McNairy County]])
*[[Crump, Tennessee|Crump]]
*[[Savannah, Tennessee|Savannah]] (county seat)

===Towns===
*[[Milledgeville, Tennessee|Milledgeville]] (partial)
*[[Saltillo, Tennessee|Saltillo]]

===Census-designated places===
*[[Childers Hill, Tennessee|Childers Hill]]
*[[Counce, Tennessee|Counce]]
*[[Morris Chapel, Tennessee|Morris Chapel]]
*[[Nixon, Tennessee|Nixon]]
*[[Olivet, Tennessee|Olivet]]
*[[Shiloh, Hardin County, Tennessee|Shiloh]]
*[[Walnut Grove, Hardin County, Tennessee|Walnut Grove]]

===Other unincorporated communities===
{{cols|rules=yes}}
* [[Big Ivy, Tennessee|Big Ivy]]
* [[Bucktown, Tennessee|Bucktown]]
* [[Caney Hollow, Tennessee|Caney Hollow]]
* [[Cerro Gordo, Tennessee|Cerro Gordo]]
* [[Crossroads, Tennessee|Crossroads]]
* [[Grandview, Hardin County, Tennessee|Grandview]]
* [[Hamburg, Tennessee|Hamburg]]
* [[Hinkle, Tennessee|Hinkle]]
* [[Hookers Bend, Tennessee|Hookers Bend]]
* [[Hurley, Tennessee|Hurley]]
* [[Lebanon, Hardin County, Tennessee|Lebanon]]
* [[Maddox, Tennessee|Maddox]]
* [[Oak Grove, Hardin County, Tennessee|Oak Grove]]
* [[Olivehill, Tennessee|Olivehill]]
* [[Pickwick Dam, Tennessee|Pickwick Dam]]
* [[Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee|Pittsburg Landing]]
* [[Pyburn, Tennessee|Pyburn]]
* [[Red Sulphur Springs, Tennessee|Red Sulphur Springs]]
* [[Shady Grove, Hardin County, Tennessee|Shady Grove]]
* [[Southside, Hardin County, Tennessee|Southside]]
* [[Swift, Tennessee|Swift]]
* [[Thompson Crossroads, Tennessee|Thompson Crossroads]]
* [[Walkertown, Tennessee|Walkertown]]
* [[Winn Springs, Tennessee|Winn Springs]]
{{colend}}

===Ghost Town===
* [[Hardinville, Tennessee|Hardinville]]

==See also==
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee#Hardin County|National Register of Historic Places listings in Hardin County, Tennessee]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Notes}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Hardin County, Tennessee: A Pictorial History''. Nashville: Turner Publishing (1994). {{ISBN|1-56311-163-2}}
* Brazelton, B.G. ''A History of Hardin County, Tennessee''. Charleston: Bibliolife (2008). {{ISBN|0-559-89017-6}}; [https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_Hardin_County_Tennessee.html?id=_EwQAAAAYAAJ 1st edition, 1885]
* Hays, Tony. ''On the banks of the river: A history of Hardin County, Tennessee''. Savannah: Tennessee River Museum (1996). {{LCCN|97105458}} {{ISBN|0-9654267-0-X}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://tourhardincounty.org/ Hardin County Guide]
* [http://www.tngenweb.org/hardin Hardin County, TNGenWeb] - free genealogy resources for the county
* {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cK7phG9XYj4 | title=The History of Hardin County TN | Bicentennial 2 | website=[[YouTube]] |date=September 29, 2019 |publisher=Tour Hardin County}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Hardin County, Tennessee
|North = [[Decatur County, Tennessee|Decatur County]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Wayne County, Tennessee|Wayne County]]
|Southeast = [[Lauderdale County, Alabama]]
|South = [[Tishomingo County, Mississippi]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[McNairy County, Tennessee|McNairy County]]
|Northwest = [[Henderson County, Tennessee|Henderson County]] and [[Chester County, Tennessee|Chester County]]
}}

{{Hardin County, Tennessee}}
{{Tennessee}}

{{Coord|35.20|-88.19|display=title|type:adm2nd_region:US-TN_source:UScensus1990}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hardin County, Tennessee}}
[[Category:Hardin County, Tennessee| ]]
[[Category:1819 establishments in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Hardin family]]
[[Category:West Tennessee]]