Slava (tradition)

2025-05-22T21:51:10Z

185.15.67.35: /* Customs and feast */ citati

{{Short description|Traditional celebration found mainly among Serb Orthodox Christians}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Slava<br />{{small|{{lang|sr-cyrl|Слава}}}}
|type = cultural
|image = Slava.JPG
|imagesize =
|caption = Slava prepared for the veneration of Saints
|official_name =
|nickname =
|observedby = [[Serbian Orthodox Christians]]
|litcolor =
|longtype =
|significance = Veneration of the family's patron saint
|begins =
|ends =
|date =
|scheduling = 
|duration = 
|frequency = 
|celebrations =
|observances = [[Church service]]s, family and other social gatherings
|relatedto =
}}
{{Infobox intangible heritage
| ICH = Slava, celebration of family saint patron's day
| State Party = Serbia
| ID = 01010
| Region = ENA
| Year = 2014
| Session = 9th
| List = Representative
}}
{{Serbs}}
[[File:Etnografski muzej - decembar 2024 - Postavka "Slava".jpg|thumb|Thematic exhibition about slava, [[Ethnographic Museum, Belgrade|Ethnographic Museum in Belgrade]]]]
'''Slava''' ({{langx|sr|Слава|lit=Celebration}}, {{IPA|sh|ˈslâʋa|pron}}) is a family's annual ceremony and veneration of their [[patron saint]]. The ceremony is found mainly among [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] [[Serbs]].

Although its origin is unknown, this old tradition is an important ethnic marker of [[Serbian national identity|Serbian identity]]. It is a tribute to the family's first ancestor, who was baptized into Christianity, with its presiding saint. Slava is passed down exclusively through male lineage and it symbolizes family identity, unity, and faith.

In 2014, Slava was inscribed on [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]] of Serbia. In general, the observance of Slava remains one of the most enduring and cherished traditions among Serbs worldwide.

== History ==
=== Origin theses ===
[[File:Sveti Sava Kraljeva Crkva Detalj.jpg|thumb|{{center|[[Saint Sava]] (1174–1236)}}]]
Serbian historians consider that records of Slava amongst Serbs can be traced back at least to 1018.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nikola F.|first=Paković|date=2015|title=Slava ili krsno ime kod Srba|journal=Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU|volume=LXIII|pages=128}}</ref> However, the true origin of the Slava is unknown. According to one hypothesis, the Slava has its origins in [[Greek hero cult|Greek]] and [[Heroön|Roman]] hero cult. Proponents of the Greek hypothesis point to etymology in that the Serbian word for wheat, ''koljivo'', an indispensable item of the Slava, is derived from the Greek term for gain of wheat, ''koliva''. Proponents of the Roman hypothesis point to the fact that Slava customs mimic Roman forms of celebration including bread breaking and toasting.<ref name="Montgomery" /> Another hypothesis states that the Slava has its origin in [[Serbia in the Middle Ages|Medieval Serbia]], connected to [[Saint Sava]], the first [[List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church|Archbishop of the Serbs]]. There are indications that the institution of the Slava in the Serbian Orthodox Church dates from Saint Sava, that "in his understanding and tactful approach to Serbian folk religion", he "seems to have found a compromise formula satisfactory to both his people's pagan tradition and the requirements of theology".<ref>{{cite book|title=Serb World|volume=3-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDZpAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Neven Publishing Corporation|page=5}}</ref> The slava is a reinterpretation of a Serbian pagan rite:<ref name="Vlasto1970">{{cite book|author=A. P. Vlasto|title=The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA223|year=1970|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-07459-9|pages=223–}}</ref> the ancestor-protector became a Christian saint,<ref name=folkarts>{{cite book|title=The folk arts of Yugoslavia: papers presented at a symposium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 1977|url=https://archive.org/details/folkartsofyugosl0000symp|url-access=registration|year=1976|publisher=Duquesne University Tamburitzans Institute of Folk Arts|page=[https://archive.org/details/folkartsofyugosl0000symp/page/41 41]}}</ref> frequently [[Saint Nicholas|St. Nicholas]],<ref name="Vlasto1970"/> with the pagan rite being reduced of many religious elements and frequent ceremonies and becoming a social event with the annual meeting of the family and friends.<ref name=folkarts/><ref>{{cite book|title=Folk Culture: Folk culture & the great tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmpDAAAAYAAJ|date=1983|publisher=Institute of Oriental and Orissan Studies|page=113}}</ref>

In the scientific literature exists a discussion about the historical and ethnological origin of the Slava, which has not been completed. According to some Serbian researchers, "the thesis of how Slava is Serbian ethnic identification marker is simply delusion of the romantic and patriotic citizenry".<ref>Petko Hristov, The Use of Holidays for Propaganda Purposes: The “Serbian” Slava and/or the “Bulgarian” Săbor Petko Hristov, Ethnologia Balkanica, LIT Verlag, 2002, Issue No: 06, p 79: ''And here we completely agree to the conclusion of Milenko Filipović that the thesis regarding the slava, služba or the krastno ime were a purely Serbian feature, was “…a delusion of the romantic and patriotic citizenry and those from among those circles that were writers”, a delusion, of which …je samo srpstvo imalo više štete, nego koristi” [“The Serbian people have had more losses than benefits/advantages”]. (Filipović M., 1985; 152). Although here and there in scholarly publications, and particularly in popular books, even in the formal publications of the Serbian Eastern Orthodox Church, some of these romantic delusions about the slava as a Serbian ethnic identification marker are repeated, the serious scholars giving interpretation to the slava M.Filipović, V.Čajkanović, P.Vlahović, N.Pantelić, S.Zečević, D.Bandić, point out mostly the agrarian and integrative functions of the set of rites and rituals, united under the name of slava, and its tie-up with the cult for the forefathers.''</ref>

=== Modern ===
The increased effective [[geographic mobility]] brought about by the post World War II urbanization of a previously highly agrarian society, combined with the suppression of [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] traditions under the Communist rule, has made some aspects of the custom more relaxed. In particular, in the second half of the 20th century it became common to see traditional patriarchal families separated by great distances, so by necessity Slava came to occasionally be celebrated at more than one place by members of the same [[family]].

While the ''Slava'' kept something of a grassroots underground popularity during the Communist period, the post-Communist revival of Serbian Orthodox traditions has brought it a resurgence. It is recognized as a distinctly (if not quite exclusively) Serbian custom, and today it is quite common for nonobservant Christians or even atheists to celebrate it in one form or another, as a hereditary family holiday and a mark of ethnocultural identification.

The custom is also helpful in genealogical studies as an indicator in kinship relations between families, such as tracing one's family to a specific region. It "becomes a simultaneous signifier of national and spiritual kinship and a core expression of the Serbian cosmology, whereby the dialectics of temporal, physical, and spiritual continuity converge into validated perceptions of cultural and social reality—re-enacted on a recurrent (annual) basis.<ref name="Mylonas">{{cite book |last1=Mylonas |first1=Christos |title=Serbian Orthodox Fundamentals: The Quest for an Eternal Identity |date=2003 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-9-63924-161-9 |pages=56–57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06d_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56}}</ref>

In November 2014 it was inscribed in the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]] of [[Serbia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Permanent Delegation of Serbia to UNESCO - Paris|url=http://www.unesco-paris.mfa.gov.rs/newstext.php?subaction=showfull&id=1549042190&ucat=109&|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.unesco-paris.mfa.gov.rs}}</ref><ref name=Slava>{{cite web|title=Slava, celebration of family saint patron's day|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/slava-celebration-of-family-saint-patron-s-day-01010|website=UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage}}</ref>

== Practicing groups ==
The tradition is an important ethnic marker of [[Serbian national identity|Serbian identity]].<ref name=EB70/> The slogan: {{lang|sh-Cyrl|Где је слава, ту је Србин}} ({{lang|sh-Latn|Gde je slava, tu je Srbin}}, {{lit|Where there is a Slava, there is a Serb}}) was raised as a Serbian national identifier by [[Miloš Milojević (lawyer)|Miloš Milojević]] after his travel to [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija|Kosovo and Metohija]] in 1871–1877.<ref name=EB70>{{cite book|title=Petko Hristov, The Use of Holidays for Propaganda Purposes: The "Serbian" Slava and/or the "Bulgarian" Săbor in Ethnologia Balkanica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ebpDLhkVWcC&pg=PA70|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|pages=69–80|id=GGKEY:ES2RY3RRUDS}}</ref> [[Serbs]] usually regard the Slava as their most significant and most solemn [[feast day]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Celia Jaes Falicov | title = Family Transitions: Continuity and Change Over the Life Cycle | publisher = Guilford Press | year = 1991 | location = [[New York City]] | page = 219 | isbn = 978-0-89862-484-7}}</ref> The tradition is also very well preserved among the [[Serb diaspora]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| author = Michael B. Petrovich| author2 = Joel Halpern| editor = Stephan Thernstrom| editor2 = Ann Orlov| editor3 = Oscar Handlin| encyclopedia = Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups| title = Serbs| url = https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther/page/925| edition = 2nd| year = 1980| publisher = [[Harvard University Press]]| isbn = 978-0-674-37512-3| page = [https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther/page/925 925]| url-access = registration}}</ref>

Besides present day Serbia, Slava is commonly celebrated amongst ethnic Serbs living in neighbouring Croatia, Bosnia and Montenegro. Despite the tradition being inherently tied to [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox Christianity]] it is also practiced to a lesser extent amongst some Catholic and Muslim ethnicities in the region, occasionally among [[Croats]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mišur |first=Ivo |title=Variability of Krsna Slava in Catholic Croats in the Neretva Valley |journal=Ethnologica Dalmatica |volume=25 |date=2018 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/205224}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=krsna slava |language=hr |encyclopedia=[[Croatian Encyclopedia]] |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/krsna-slava |publisher=Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža |year= 2021 |access-date=2022-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mišur |first=Ivo |title=The Bans Of Krsna Slava Among Catholics In Herzegovina (Summary) |journal=Ethnologica Dalmatica |volume=29 |date=2022 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/283983}}</ref> as well as [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kotor|Catholics from the Bay of Kotor]], and [[Gorani people|Gorani]] living in present-day southern Kosovo.{{cn|date=January 2024}} Furthermore, similar tradition can be found in Western Bulgaria and North Macedonia and also among some [[Vlachs (disambiguation)|Vlachs]] and [[Aromanians]].<ref name="EB70"/>

== Customs and feast ==
[[File:Србија, опис земле, народа и државе, 190.jpg|thumb|upright|Breaking the ''kolač'', illustration by [[Vladislav Titelbah|V. Titelbah]], 1877.]]
The Slava is a [[family]]'s annual ceremony and veneration of their patron saint.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=Gordon C. |title=Area Handbook for Yugoslavia |journal=Pamphlet |date=1973 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |issn=0892-8541 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PBBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA208}}</ref> It is a tribute to the family's first ancestor who was baptized into Christianity, with its presiding saint.<ref name="Montgomery" /> The family's patron saint is passed down from father to son and only men are allowed to carry out the Slava's rituals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaser |first1=Karl |title=Household and Family in the Balkans: Two Decades of Historical Family Research at University of Graz |date=2012 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-64350-406-7 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjmzQnrfFmQC&pg=PA72}}</ref> Upon marriage, women typically adopt the patron saint of their spouse although it is not uncommon for them to continue celebrating their native family's saint as well (in which case the secondary one is known as ''preslava'').<ref name="Montgomery">{{cite book |last1=Montgomery |first1=David W. |title=Everyday Life in the Balkans |date=2018 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-25303-820-3 |pages=291–292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNp5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA291}}</ref>

A central aspect of Slava is hospitality, which is expressed through an unwritten rule or folk saying „На славу се не зове“ (“One does not get invited to Slava”). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=Serbian Slava: 11 Most Important Things You Should Know |url=https://belgradelanguageschool.com/serbian-slava-11-most-important-things-you-should-know |access-date=2025-05-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> That means that on the day of Slava, the home is open to anyone who knows the family’s celebration date, which often includes relatives, friends, neighbours or acquaintances, even if they weren't formally invited. In that case the host family is obliged to welcome them with generous hospitality for a ritual feast, emphasizing hospitality, faith, and strong community bonds. However, in modern times, there are cases where families may informally notify guests of the celebration date ahead of time to help plan, but that remains atypical.<ref name=":0" />

Although a religious ceremony for the purpose of saint veneration, the family's intent behind the celebration is for "the good health of the living" as well as for a "general remembrance of the souls of the departed family members".<ref name="Montgomery" /> Many Serbian communities (villages, cities, organizations, political parties, institutions, companies, professions) also celebrate their [[patron saint]]. For example, the city of [[Belgrade]] celebrates the [[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension of Jesus Christ]] as its patronal feast.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ascension of Jesus - the Patron Saint-day of the City of Belgrade and Ascension Church |url=http://www.spc.rs/eng/ascension_jesus_patron_saintday_city_belgrade_and_ascension_church |website=spc.rs |publisher=Serbian Orthodox Church |date=14 June 2013}}</ref>

A Slava celebration incorporates aspects of pagan traditions with minimal [[clergy|clerical]] involvement.<ref name="Mylonas" /> The ritual foods that are prepared for the feast are the ''[[slavski kolač]]'' (or simply ''kolač''), a ritual bread, and ''[[Koliva|koljivo]]'' (or ''žito''), a dish of minced boiled wheat, sweetened and sometimes mixed with chopped walnuts.<ref name="Montgomery" /><ref name="BI">{{Cite web|last=Gercevic|first=Srdjan|title=Slava: Hygge, Serbian-Style|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/11/28/slava-hygge-serbian-style-11-19-2016/|date=28 November 2016|website=[[Balkan Insight]]}}</ref> A beeswax candle stamped with an image of the saint is also a staple at the celebration.<ref name="BI" />

Prior to the slava, a priest surrounded by family members blesses the house. This is done in front of the saint's icon and the lit candle whereby the priest recites a prayer. Every room in the house is then sprinkled with [[holy water]] along with the members of the family who are each named and wished good health.<ref name="Montgomery" />

The top of the ''kolač'' is adorned with the [[Christian cross]], the [[Peace symbols#Dove and olive branch|peace dove]], and other symbols. The kolač symbolizes the body of [[Jesus]], and the wine with which the kolač is eaten represents his blood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slavski kolač |url=http://www.stil-magazin.com/clanak/broj-96-27-oktobar-2008/slavski-kolac |website=Stil Magazin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002181017/http://www.stil-magazin.com/clanak/broj-96-27-oktobar-2008/slavski-kolac |archive-date=2 October 2017}}</ref> The parish priest, either at the home or at the church, consecrates the kolač with wine; afterwards the man of the household cuts it into quarters and turns it cut-side up. It is further cut into pieces by other family members and oldest or most important guests, a total of three times.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=La Slava, celebration of the feast of the patron saint of the family |url=https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/la-slava-clbration-de-la-fte-du-saint-patron-de-la-famille-01010 |website=ich.unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage}}</ref> In other traditions the bread is "broken" together by the guests after being ritually turned.<ref name="Montgomery" /><ref name="BI" /> The ''koljivo'' is a symbol of the [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection of Christ]] (cf. "if the grain does not die..." in the [[Gospel]]) and partaken in memory of the dead (deceased family members).<ref name="Montgomery" /> The cutting into the bread three times is a symbolism of the [[Holy Trinity]].<ref name="Mylonas" />

The rest of the feast consists of a meal, the contents of which depends on whether or not the celebration falls in a period of [[Christian fasting|fasting]]. During a fast (''post''), the meal would not contain any animal products, such as meat, milk, eggs, etc, except for fish and seafood ([[Pescetarianism|pesco-vegan]]).<ref name="BI" /> Outside of a fasting period, these restrictions would not apply and the Slava is considered ''mrsna''. Thus, colloquially, ''slavas'' can be referred to as ''posna'' or ''mrsna''.<ref name="Montgomery" /> Appropriately-made sweets are consumed, as well. Alcohol is served to adults.<ref name="BI" />

The most common [[Calendar of saints|feast days]] are [[Saint Nicholas|St. Nicholas]] (''Nikoljdan'', 19 December), [[Saint George|St. George]] (''[[Đurđevdan]]'', 6 May), [[John the Baptist|St. John the Baptist]] (''Jovanjdan'', 20 January), [[Demetrius of Thessaloniki|St. Demetrius]] (''Mitrovdan'', 8 November), [[Michael (archangel)|St. Michael]] (''Aranđelovdan'', 21 November) and [[Saint Sava|St. Sava]] (''Savindan'', 27 January). Dates given are according to the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] uses the [[Julian calendar]].

<gallery class="center">
Sveti Jovan.jpg|Slava prepared for the veneration of [[John the Baptist]]
Slavski kolac.jpg|''Slavski kolač'', a type of bread that has an important role in the celebration of the Slava.
Koljivo from wheat.jpg|''Koljivo''
Žito, a dish of minced boiled wheat, sweetened and chopped walnuts.jpg|''Žito''
PA020045.JPG|Church prepared for the celebration of a Slava, [[Trebinje]], [[Republika Srpska]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].
Serbian Slava Candle and Bread.jpg|Slava candle
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Koliada]]
*[[Patronal feast day]]
*[[National symbols of Serbia]]

== Annotations ==
*'''''Krsna slava''''' (Крсна слава, "christened ''Slava''") and '''''Krsno ime''''' (Крсно име, "christened name")

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book|author=Hrizostom Vojinović|title=Srpska slava ili krsno ime|publisher=Fleš|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTUAAAACAAJ |isbn=9788684541026|year=2003}}
**{{cite web|title=Српска слава или крсно име|url=http://www.rastko.rs/bogoslovlje/hvojinovic-slava_c.html}}
*{{cite book|author=Jovan Todorovich|title=Serbian Patron Saint (Krsna Slava)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Uk5GwAACAAJ|year=1978}}
*{{cite book|author=Dimitrije Kiki Popadic|title=Krsna Slava Among the Serbs: A Case for Contextualized Reinterpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ea2dNwAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Fuller Theological Seminary}}
*{{cite book|title=Домаћине, срећна ти крсна слава|editor=Љубисав Милосављевић|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPw4AAAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=ИТТ Национал|isbn=978-86-85233-37-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Milan T. Vuković|title=Narodni običaji, verovanja i poslovice kod Srba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NcbAAAAMAAJ|year=1972}}
*{{cite book|author=Krsto Milovanović|title=Slave|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhEcAQAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Narodno delo|isbn=9788671191197}}
*{{cite book|author=Mile Nedeljković|title=Slava u Srba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxnkAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Vuk Karadžić|isbn=9788630703256}}
*{{cite book|author1=Bratislav Grubačić|author2=Momir Tomić|title=Srpske slave: narodni običaji i verovanja, narodne pesme i zdravice, slavska jela i pića|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=il-BAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Litera|isbn=9788674670026}}
*{{cite book|author=Dimitrije M. Kalezić|title=Krsne slave u Srba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdmfAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=[[Narodna knjiga–Alfa]]}}
*Влаховић, П. (1998). Крсна слава и њена улога у породичном и друштвеном животу код Срба. В: Етно-културолошки зборник. Књ. ІV, Сврљиг, 23–32.
*Чајкановић, Веселин. "Мит и религија у Срба." Српска књижевна задруга 443 (1973): 128–153.
*Vasić, M. (1985). Slava-Krsno ime. u: O krsnom imenu-zbornik. Beograd: Prosveta, 218–219.
*Radenković, L. R. (2013). Slava: The Serb family feast. Zbornik Matice srpske za slavistiku, (84), 9-23.
*{{cite journal|title=The Slava or Patron Saint's Day among the Serbs|author=Pavković, Nikola F.|journal=Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU|year=2015|volume=63|issue=1|pages=123–145|url=http://www.etno-institut.co.rs/files/gei/63_1/Pavkovic_SRB.pdf|doi=10.2298/GEI1501123P|doi-access=free}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary|slava}}
* {{cite web|last=Ranković|first=Ljubomir|url=http://www.svetosavlje.org/biblioteka/Obicaji/slaveiobicaji/Lat_slave46.htm|title=Krsna Slava|publisher=Svetoslavlje|language=sr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507191436/http://www.svetosavlje.org/biblioteka/Obicaji/slaveiobicaji/Lat_slave46.htm|archive-date=2015-05-07}}
*{{cite news|title=Serb families honour their saints with Slava celebrations|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21547754|date=3 March 2013|publisher=BBC}}
*{{cite web|author=Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/doc/download.php?versionID=30333|title=Slava|date=November 2014|work=Nomination file no. 01010 for Inscription on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2014|publisher=UNESCO|location=Paris, France}}

{{National symbols of Serbia}}
{{List of intangible cultural heritage of Serbia}}

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Slava (tradition)