wiki143 - User contributions [en]

RailCorp Transit Officer

2025-06-02T11:56:34Z

185.137.137.154: /* Criticism */

{{Short description|Function of RailCorp train services in Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
[[Image:Transit-Officer-logo.jpg|150px|right]]
'''Transit Officers''' were the security and fare compliance function for [[RailCorp]] train services in [[New South Wales]], Australia. Transit Officers conducted uniformed and plainclothes patrols on [[CityRail]] and [[CountryLink]] train services and assigned to ensure the security of passengers, staff and rail property.<ref name="RailCorp Careers">{{cite web |title = Careers in Service Delivery |url = http://www.railcorp.info/careers/careers_in_service_delivery |publisher = [[RailCorp]] |accessdate = 4 March 2008 }}</ref>
The position was created in 2002 after a report found that rail security required more authority than possessed by the [[Chubb Security]] [[security guards]] contracted by RailCorp. Previous figures showed that over 600 Transit Officers had been engaged,<ref name="RailCorp Annual Report 2007" /> however the number was reduced to 150.<ref name=cut/>

NSW Transit Officers were phased out in December 2013, when all security functions across the Transport Cluster were transitioned to the New South Wales Police Transport Command. At the same time Transport for New South Wales (TfNSW) created the new and distinct role of Transport Officer, deployed across the network in a revenue protection role only.

==Status and powers==

===Legal status===
The ''Rail Safety Act 2008'' provides for persons employed as a RailCorp Transit Officer to be appointed as a "Rail Safety Officer" for the purposes of the ''Rail Safety Act 2008'' and its subordinate legislation.<ref name="rail reg">{{cite web |title = Rail Safety Act 2008 |url = http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/scanview/inforce/s/1/?TITLE=%22Rail%20Safety%20Act%202008%20No%2097%22&nohits=y |publisher = New South Wales Parliamentary Counsel's Office |accessdate = 1 January 2008 }}</ref> The Act and Regulations establish various railway [[offence (law)|offences]] and the powers of an authorised officer in relation to those offences.

A Transit Officer was also able to be appointed as a [[special constable#Australia|special constable]] under the ''Police (Special Provisions) Act 1901'', which would give the Transit Officer similar legal powers as a constable of the [[New South Wales Police Force]], but only while on RailCorp property.<ref>{{cite web |title = Police (Special Provisions) Act 1901 |url = http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/fullhtml/inforce/act+5+1901+FIRST+0+N? |publisher = New South Wales Parliamentary Counsel's Office |accessdate = 1 January 2008 }}</ref> A requirement of employment as a Transit Officer is eligibility to be appointed as a special constable.<ref name="RailCorp Careers" />

===Legal powers and responsibilities===
By virtue of the ''Rail Safety Act 2008<ref name="RSAct 2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/scanview/inforce/s/1/?TITLE=%22Rail%20Safety%20Act%202008%20No%2097%22&nohits=y |title= Rail Safety Act 2008 |publisher=Legislation.nsw.gov.au |accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref>'' and the ''Rail Safety (Offences) Regulation 2008,<ref name="RS(O)Regs 2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/scanview/inforce/s/1/?SRTITLE=%22Rail%20Safety%20(Offences)%20Regulation%202008%22&nohits=y |title=Rail Safety (Offences) Regulation 2008 |publisher=Legislation.nsw.gov.au |accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref>'' Transit Officers are empowered to:
*Request tickets and concession cards for inspection,<ref name="RSAct 2008"/>
*Direct people to leave stations and trains,<ref name="RS(O)Regs 2008"/>
*Demand full name and residential address when they suspect, on reasonable grounds that a person has committed a railway offence,
*Issue [[fine (penalty)|infringement notices]] ('on-the-spot' fines) for railway offences.

In 2013, the ''Rail Safety Act 2008'' was repealed and the NSW Government subsequently introduced a new legislative framework for rail safety under the ''Rail Safety National Law (NSW)''. Section 168(3) of the new legislation provides Transit Officers with the power to require proof of identity documentation where they reasonably suspect a name and address provided to them may be false.<ref name=RailSafetyNationalLaw>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/rsnl270/s168.html|title=RAIL SAFETY NATIONAL LAW (NSW) - SECT 168 Power to require name and address|publisher=Austlii|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref>

Prior to the introduction of the new legislation, unless appointed as a special constable, a Transit Officer had no legal basis to demand identification documents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/04/2234866.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716095315/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/04/2234866.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2012 |title=Union calls for more transit officer power |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=4 May 2008 |accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/05/03/1209235226975.html |title=Rail staff bluff in handing out fines |work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=4 May 2008 |accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.smh.com.au/national/rail-officers-have-no-power-to-see-id-20080503-2ao6.html |title=Rail Officers have no power to see ID |publisher=News.smh.com.au |date=3 May 2008 |accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/scanview/inforce/s/1/?TITLE=%22Rail%20Safety%20Act%202008%20No%2097%22&nohits=y RAIL SAFETY ACT 2008 - SECT 104] - A request does not mean a person is legally obliged to provide proof of name and address details provided, it is however an offense to provide incorrect details to a Transit Officer.</ref>

===Power of arrest===
Transit Officers, unless they were appointed as a special constable, were not granted any specific power of arrest by legislation.<ref name="YouthJustice">{{cite web |title =Youth Justice: your guide to cops and court in New South Wales |url = http://esvc001460.wic011u.server-web.com/pdf/Transit%20Officers.pdf |publisher = Youth Education Project, Macquarie Legal Centre |accessdate = 1 January 2008}}</ref> The power of arrest as exercised by Transit Officers is commonly referred to as a [[citizen's arrest]] and is granted to all persons in [[New South Wales]] by section 100 of the ''Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002''.<ref name="YouthJustice" /><ref name="LEPRA">{{cite web |title = Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002 |url = http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/fullhtml/inforce/act+103+2002+FIRST+0+N? |publisher = New South Wales Parliamentary Counsel's Office |accessdate = 1 January 2008 }}</ref>

By virtue of section 231 of the ''Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002'', a person making an arrest under section 100 may use reasonable force to make the arrest or to prevent the escape of the person after arrest.<ref name="LEPRA" /> Upon making an arrest, the Transit Officer would make arrangements to transfer the person into police custody.

==Uniform and equipment==

===Uniform===
Transit Officers wore a distinctive mid blue and black uniform with Rail Corporation of N.S.W. arm patches and yellow rank insignia on their shoulders. [[RailCorp]] reviewed the uniform worn by Transit Officers in 2008 with feedback from focus groups deeming the old dark grey uniforms too threatening and "SWAT-like".<ref>{{cite web |title = Transit News No. 6 |url = http://www.rtbu-nsw.asn.au/newsletter/editions/2944/DocumentName/06.Transit_News_No.6.pdf |publisher = Rail Tram and Bus Union |accessdate = 2 March 2008}}</ref> A week-long trial of blue uniforms took place from 20 February 2008, with RailCorp conducting a survey of passengers to gauge the public response to the changes. As a result of this process, the new uniforms were progressively issued to officers in the closing months of 2008 which was worn until 2013, when Transit Officers were phased out.

===Equipment===
Transit Officers carried [[baton (law enforcement)|batons]] and handcuffs while on duty.<ref name="Batons" /> For communication between other transit officers and base operations they carried Motorola XTS5000 radios which use the NSW [[Government Radio Network (Australia)|Government Radio Network]] (GRN) to remain in contact over all of Sydney and surrounds.<ref>{{cite web|title = NSW Government Radio Network|url = http://www.grn.nsw.gov.au|publisher = NSW Department of Commerce|accessdate = 17 July 2009|date = 21 July 2009|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090703220727/http://www.grn.nsw.gov.au//|archivedate = 3 July 2009}}</ref>

===Rank insignia===
Transit Officers had a rank structure, insignia of which was worn on their [[epaulettes]]. Ranks set out below ascend in seniority from left to right. One rank that is not shown in the pictures below, is that of a Probationary Transit Officer. The rank comes before a Transit officer on the far left and is a solid black epaulette with no other decoration.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|Transit Officer||Transit Officer (1 Year +)||Senior Transit Officer||Senior Transit Officer (1 Year)||Transit Team Leader||Operations Inspector||Regional Operations Manager
|-
|[[Image:Transit-Officer-1.png|50px]]||[[Image:Transit-Officer-1-2.png|50px]]||[[Image:Transit-Officer-2.png|50px]]||[[Image:Transit-Officer-2-2.png|50px]]||[[Image:Transit-Officer-3.png|50px]]||[[Image:Transit-Officer-4.png|50px]]||[[Image:Transit-Officer-5.png|50px]]
|}

== Training ==
Transit Officers underwent a six-month training programme focusing on rail law and law enforcement based customer service, they received training covering the Rail Safety Act, the Crimes Act, the Evidence Act, the Young Offenders Act, Graffiti Control Act, investigation and crime scene preservation. During these six months Transit Officers gained experience in oral de-escalation techniques, Defensive tactics, the use of [[baton (law enforcement)|batons]] and handcuffs were done with [[Corrective Services NSW]], rail safety, communications, documenting, briefs of evidence and various other areas. Upon completion of their training officers received the [[Australian Qualifications Framework|Certificate III in Government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railcorp.info/careers/careers_in_service_delivery |title=Careers in service delivery |publisher=Railcorp.info |accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
The NSW Premier has said the [[Ombudsmen in Australia|NSW Ombudsman]] has made valid criticisms of the behaviour of some of the state's 600 transit officers and of RailCorp's failings in addressing complaints.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

The NSW Ombudsman has called for proper oversight to rein in the officers.<ref name="Ombudsman"/>

Ombudsman Bruce Barbour has raised serious concerns about the way RailCorp investigates complaints regarding the behaviour of transit officers.

In his annual report to parliament, Mr Barbour says many of the public's complaints about the officers related to serious issues such as assault, use of excessive force and grossly inappropriate conduct.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

"People have been assaulted, people have been inappropriately treated, one person was made to squat for 15 minutes while he was handcuffed until police arrived but ultimately he wasn't charged with anything," he said.

"He had a valid ticket and he hadn't done anything wrong."<ref name="Ombudsman">{{cite web |title = Ombudsman makes scathing criticism of transit officers |url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/2005-10-13/ombudsman-makes-scathing-criticism-of-transit/2123956 |publisher = [[ABC Online]] |accessdate = 27 February 2009 |date = 13 October 2005}}</ref>

== Abolition ==
The ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' reported on 21 February 2009 that the NSW government was considering abolishing Transit Officers and transferring their responsibilities to the [[NSW Police Force]].<ref name="RailCorp Annual Report 2007">{{cite web |title = RailCorp Annual Report 2006-2007 |url = http://www.railcorp.info/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/5493/RailCorp_Annual_Report_2006-2007.pdf |publisher = [[RailCorp]] |accessdate = 4 March 2008 |date = 31 October 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Batons">{{cite news |title = Now all rail guards to carry batons |url = http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/15/1076779837267.html |work = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |accessdate = 4 March 2008 |date = 16 February 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Police to replace transit officers on public transport |url = http://www.smh.com.au/national/police-to-replace-transit-officers-on-public-transport-20090220-8dor.html |work = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |accessdate = 21 February 2009 |date = 21 February 2009 | first=Alexandra | last=Smith}}</ref>

In September 2011 the NSW State Government announced that the Transit Officer function might be dissolved or moved to the [[NSW Police Force]].<ref>{{cite news|author= Saulwick, Jacob | url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/police-to-take-on-train-safety-as-cityrail-force-faces-cut-20110902-1jq5g.html | title=Police to take on train safety as CityRail force faces cut| work=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=3 September 2011 | accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref> Under the State Governments plan the 600 current transit officers would be abolished by the end of 2012. Officers would be offered three options, redundancy, new positions as revenue protection officers or placement at the NSW Police Force College to train to be police officers if they meet the requirements.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Lawrence Kara |author2=Haynes, Rhys |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/sydney-nsw/state-transit-officers-to-join-the-police-force/story-e6freuzi-1226132638318 |title=State transit officers to join the police force |publisher=Dailytelegraph.com.au |date=9 September 2011 |accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref>

In February 2012 the State Government announced that Transit Officers would be cut back to 150 positions from a total of 600 and redeployed as non-confrontational 'revenue protection officers' across all three modes of public transport (rail, bus and ferry)<ref name=cut>{{cite web|last=Clennell |first=Andrew |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/sydney-nsw/transit-officers-replaced-with-cops/story-e6freuzi-1226270756287 |title=Transit officers replaced with cops |publisher=Dailytelegraph.com.au |date=14 February 2012 |accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref> with the new title of "Transport Officer". 310 Police will replace 600 Transit Officers in public safety duties as part of a restructuring of the 610 strong Police Transport Command. This occurred prior to the end of 2013.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/police-to-take-over-security-on-public-transport-20120214-1t3d2.html | title=Police to take on train safety as CityRail force faces cut| work=The Sydney Morning Herald |author1=Saulwick, Jacob |author2=Patty, Anna | date=14 February 2012 |accessdate=16 November 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060819183911/http://www.railcorp.info/careers/careers_in_service_delivery RailCorp Careers in Service Delivery]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080105025016/http://www.trackingtrains.com.au/info/careers_transit_officer.htm Careers in Rail - Transit Officer Profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Railcorp Transit Officer}}
[[Category:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Australia]]
[[Category:Law enforcement agencies of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Sydney Trains]]
[[Category:CountryLink]]
[[Category:NSW TrainLink]]
[[Category:Railroad police agencies]]

Windows System Assessment Tool

2025-06-01T04:02:25Z

185.137.137.154:

{{Short description|Computer assessment tool for Windows}}
{{redirect|Windows Experience|the version of Microsoft Windows|Windows XP}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox software
| name = WinSAT
| logo = 
| logo caption =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| screenshot = WinSAT-en.PNG
| caption = A sample test result from a PC running [[Windows 8]]
| screenshot_size =
| screenshot_alt =
| collapsible =
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2005|3}} (announced)
| discontinued =
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| status =
| programming language =
| operating system = {{Plainlist|
* [[Windows Vista]]
* [[Windows 7]]
* [[Windows 8]]
* [[Windows 8.1]]
* [[Windows 10]]
* [[Windows 11]]
}}
| platform = [[x86]], [[x86-64]]
| size =
| language =
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = [[Computer performance]] measurement
| license =
| alexa =
| website = [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/cc948912%28v=vs.85%29.aspx Windows System Assessment Tool at MSDN]
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}

The '''Windows System Assessment Tool''' ('''WinSAT''') is a module of [[Microsoft Windows Vista]], [[Windows 7]], [[Windows 8]], [[Windows 8.1]], [[Windows 10]], and [[Windows 11]] that is available in the [[Control Panel (Windows)|Control Panel]] under ''Performance Information and Tools'' (except in [[Windows 8.1]], [[Windows 10]], and [[Windows 11]]). It measures various performance characteristics and capabilities of the hardware it is running on and reports them as a '''Windows Experience Index''' ('''WEI''') score. The WEI includes five subscores: processor, memory, 2D graphics, 3D graphics, and disk; the basescore is equal to the lowest of the subscores and is not an average of the subscores.<ref name="Softpedia">{{cite web |title=Windows 7 WEI Scores 6.0 through 7.9 Explained|date=December 13, 2010 |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Windows-7-WEI-Scores-6-0-through-7-9-Explained-172277.shtml |publisher=Softpedia |access-date=June 3, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Microsoft_Perfect_Score">{{cite web |title=Earning the top Windows Experience Index score |url=http://windows.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows7/achieving-a-perfect-windows-experience-index-score-in-windows-7 |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=June 3, 2011}}</ref> WinSAT reports WEI scores on a scale from 1.0 to 5.9 for Windows Vista,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://windowsvistablog.com/blogs/windowsvista/archive/2006/09/22/windows-experience-index-an-in-depth-look.aspx |title=Vista Team Blog : Windows Experience Index: An In-Depth Look |access-date=November 22, 2006 |archive-date=November 10, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110165619/http://windowsvistablog.com/blogs/windowsvista/archive/2006/09/22/windows-experience-index-an-in-depth-look.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> 7.9 for Windows 7,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/239713/how_to_max_out_your_windows_performance_for_1000.html |title = How to Max Out Your Windows Performance for $1000 | author = Marco Chiappetta |publisher = [[PC World]] | date = September 8, 2011 | access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> and 9.9 for Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10, and Windows 11.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/hh825488.aspx |title = WinSAT Comprehensive | date = October 20, 2013 | publisher = MSDN | access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref>

The WEI enables users to match their computer hardware performance with the performance requirements of software. For example, the [[Windows Aero|Aero]] [[graphical user interface]] will not automatically be enabled unless the system has a WEI score of 3 or higher.<ref>{{cite web |title=Full screen previews have got disabled. How do I re-enable them? |url=http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_7-desktop/full-screen-previews-have-got-disabled-how-do-i-re/d44193c0-7e51-4a2f-8ec0-4ac115c710c0 |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=June 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What Is the Windows Experience Index |url=http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-vista/What-is-the-Windows-Experience-Index |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=June 3, 2011}}</ref>

The WEI can also be used to show which part of a system would be expected to provide the greatest increase in performance when upgraded. For example, a computer with the lowest subscore being its memory, would benefit more from a [[RAM]] upgrade than adding a faster hard drive (or any other component).<ref name="Microsoft_Perfect_Score"/>

Detailed raw performance information, like actual disk bandwidth, can be obtained by invoking <code>winsat</code> from the command line. This also allows only specific tests to be re-run.<ref>[http://windowsitpro.com/systems-management/winsat-command-line-utility Winsat Command-Line Utility]</ref> Obtaining the WEI score from the command line is done invoking <code>winsat formal</code>, which also updates the value stored in <code>%systemroot%\Performance\WinSAT\DataStore</code>.<ref>[http://windowsitpro.com/systems-management/how-can-i-run-windows-system-assessment-tool-winsat-update-directly-command-line How can I run the Windows System Assessment Tool (WinSAT) update directly from a command line?]</ref> (The XML files stored there can be easily hacked to report fake performance values.<ref>[http://www.howtogeek.com/71500/stupid-geek-tricks-hacking-the-windows-experience-index/ Stupid Geek Tricks: Hacking the Windows Experience Index]</ref>) The WEI is also available to applications through an [[API]], so they can configure themselves as a function of hardware performance, taking advantage of its capabilities without becoming unacceptably slow.<ref>{{cite web |title=Windows Experience Index: Overview |date=July 10, 2009 |url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc507870.aspx |publisher=Microsoft TechNet |access-date=September 24, 2011}}</ref>

The Windows Experience Index score is not displayed in [[Windows 8.1]] and onwards because the [[graphical user interface]] for WinSAT was removed in these versions of Windows, although the [[command line]] winsat tool still exists and operates correctly along with a final score when launching the command "shell:games".<ref name="WEI killed">{{cite web| url=http://www.cnet.com/how-to/find-your-windows-experience-index-scores-in-windows-8-1/| title=Find your Windows Experience Index scores in Windows 8.1 | author = Ed Rhee |
date=January 2, 2014 | publisher=[[CNET]]| access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref> According to an article in [[PC Pro]], Microsoft removed the WinSAT GUI in order to promote the idea that all kinds of hardware run Windows 8 equally well.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.pcpro.co.uk/blogs/2013/09/19/farewell-to-the-windows-experience-index/ | date = September 19, 2013 | author = Darien Graham-Smith| title = Farewell to the Windows Experience Index | access-date=May 17, 2014}}</ref>

==History==
At the 2003 [[Game Developers Conference]] Dean Lester, Microsoft's General Manager of Windows Graphics and Gaming, stated in an interview with [[GameSpot]] that Microsoft intended to focus on improvements to the PC gaming experience as part of a new gaming initiative for the next version of Windows, [[Windows Vista]], then codenamed "Longhorn." Lester stated that as part of this initiative the operating system would include a [[Games for Windows#Games Explorer|games folder that would centralize settings pertinent to gamers]] and, among other features, [[Windows Display Driver Model|display driver streamlining]], [[Security and safety features new to Windows Vista#Parental controls|parental controls for games]] and the [[Games for Windows#Tray and Play|ability to start a Windows game directly from optical media]] during installation—in a manner similar to games designed for a [[video game console]]. Microsoft would also require a new method of displaying system requirements on retail packaging for Windows games with a rating system that would categorize games based on a numerical system.<ref name="GDC">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/microsofts-big-pc-plans/1100-2912498/ |title=Microsoft's big PC plans |last=Parker |first=Sam |date=March 10, 2003 |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |work=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=August 10, 2015}}</ref> In 2004, Lester expanded further on Microsoft's intentions by stating that the company would work with hardware manufacturers to create PCs for Windows Vista that used a "level system" to designate the performance and capabilities of a system's hardware and that [[Xbox 360]] peripherals would be fully compatible with the operating system.<ref name="LonghornXbox">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/microsoft-talks-longhorn-xna-and-xbox-2/1100-6108247/ |title=Microsoft talks Longhorn, XNA, and Xbox 2 |date=September 22, 2004 |author=GameSpot |author-link=GameSpot |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> The Windows Experience Index feature in Windows Vista relies on measurements taken with WinSAT to provide an accurate assessment of a system's capabilities—these capabilities are presented in the form of a rating, where a higher rating indicates better performance.

Preliminary design elements created for Microsoft by Robert Stein in 2004 suggest that WinSAT was intended to rate a user's hardware during the [[out-of-box experience]];<ref name="Stein">{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/rs3art/304021764/in/set-72157594393542938 |title=Aurora for OOBE |last=Stein |first=Robert |work=[[Flickr]] |date=November 22, 2006 |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref> this is a design decision that would be retained for the operating system's [[release to manufacturing]].<ref name="WinSAT2006">{{cite web |url=http://download.microsoft.com/download/5/b/9/5b97017b-e28a-4bae-ba48-174cf47d23cd/cpa101_wh06.ppt |title=Windows Vista System Requirements and WinSAT |last=Russell |first=Richard |date=2006 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |format=PPT |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref>

During the [[Windows Hardware Engineering Conference]] of 2005, Microsoft formally unveiled the existence of WinSAT and presented it as a technology not only for games, but one that would allow Windows Vista to make decisions, such as whether to enable [[compositing window manager|desktop composition]], based on a machine's hardware capabilities.<ref name="LongShort">{{cite web |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-long-and-short-of-longhorns-hardware-requirements/ |title=The long and short of Longhorn's hardware requirements |last=Shultz |first=Greg |date=June 30, 2005 |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |work=[[TechRepublic]] |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Muench">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/mikehall/archive/2005/04/26/412402.aspx |title=WinHEC : Chris Muench Report for Day 2 - Everything has two sides |last=Muench |first=Chris |date=April 26, 2005 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |work=MSDN Blogs |access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="WinSAT2005">{{cite web |url=http://download.microsoft.com/download/9/8/f/98f3fe47-dfc3-4e74-92a3-088782200fe7/TWAR05002_WinHEC05.ppt |title=System Performance Assessment Tools for Windows 'Longhorn' |last=Russell |first=Richard |date=2005 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |format=PPT |access-date=April 18, 2015 |archive-date=November 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105224141/http://download.microsoft.com/download/9/8/f/98f3fe47-dfc3-4e74-92a3-088782200fe7/TWAR05002_WinHEC05.ppt |url-status=dead }}</ref> WinSAT would remain a key focus throughout development of the operating system before its release to manufacturing.<ref name="WinSAT2006"/>

==Tests==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2014}}
WinSAT in Windows Vista and Windows 7 performs the following tests:
* Direct3D 9 Aero Assessment
* Direct3D 9 Batch Assessment
* Direct3D 9 [[alpha compositing|Alpha Blend]] Assessment
* Direct3D 9 [[texture mapping|Texture]] Load Assessment
* Direct3D 9 [[arithmetic logic unit|ALU]] Assessment
* Direct3D 10 Batch Assessment
* Direct3D 10 Alpha Blend Assessment
* Direct3D 10 Texture Load Assessment
* Direct3D 10 ALU Assessment
* Direct3D 10 Geometry Assessment
* Direct3D 10 Constant Buffer Assessment
* Windows Media Decoding Performance
* Windows Media Encoding Performance
* [[Central processing unit|CPU]] Performance
* [[Computer storage|Memory]] Performance
* [[Hard disk|Disk]] Performance (includes devices such as [[Solid-state drive]]s)

While running, the tests show only a progress bar and a "working" background animation. Aero Glass is deactivated on Windows Vista and Windows 7 during testing so the tool can properly assess the graphics card and CPU.

In Windows 8, WinSAT runs under the maintenance scheduler every week. The default schedule is 1am on Sundays. The maintenance scheduler collates various OS tasks into a schedule so the computer is not being randomly interrupted by the individual tasks. The scheduler wakes the computer from sleep, runs all the scheduled tasks and then puts the computer back to sleep. During this weekly task, WinSAT runs long enough to detect if there have been any hardware changes. If so, then the tests are run again. If not, then WinSAT simply ends as the existing scores must be valid.

WinSAT cannot perform the above tests when a laptop is battery-operated.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Wikibooks|Guide to Windows Commands}}
* [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-gb/library/ms737395.aspx WinSAT API]
* [https://www.microsoft.com/store/apps/9MT9H8PTP897 WinSAT Microsoft Store app for Windows 11 and Windows 10]

{{Windows Components}}
{{Windows commands}}

[[Category:2005 software]]
[[Category:Windows Vista|System Assessment Tool]]
[[Category:Benchmarks (computing)]]

Stockland Green Hills

2025-05-31T23:03:15Z

185.137.137.154: /* Transport */

{{Use Australian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Stockland Green Hills
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| location = [[East Maitland]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
| coordinates = {{coord|-32.76270|151.59134|type:landmark_region:AU|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| address = 1 Molly Morgan Drive
| opening_date = 14 November 1977
| closing_date =
| developer =
| manager = [[Stockland]]
| owner = Stockland
| number_of_stores = 250
| number_of_anchors = 6
| floor_area = {{convert|75,796|m2|sqft|0|abbr=on}}
| floors = 2
| parking = 3,125 spaces
| website = [https://www.stockland.com.au/shopping-centres/centres/stockland-green-hills www.stockland.com.au]
| footnotes = }}

'''Stockland Green Hills''', formerly '''Green Hills Shopping Centre''', is a large indoor/outdoor shopping centre located in [[East Maitland]], [[New South Wales]], Australia.<ref name="portfolio">{{Cite web|title=Stockland Green Hills Portfolio|url=https://www.stockland.com.au/~/media/corporate/investor-centre/fy21/annual-results/property-portfolio-30-june-2021.ashx?la=en|website=[[Stockland]]}}</ref>

It is located on Molly Morgan Drive near the [[New England Highway]], on a {{convert|15.7|ha|acre|1|lk=on|adj=on}} parcel of land.

==Transport==
[[Victoria Street railway station, New South Wales|Victoria Street railway station]] is a 20 minute walk from Stockland Green Hills and is located on the [[Main Northern railway line]].

Stockland Green Hills has [[Hunter Valley Buses]] bus connections to [[Maitland, New South Wales|Maitland]], [[Morpeth, New South Wales|Morpeth]], [[Newcastle Airport, New South Wales|Newcastle Airport]], [[Rutherford, New South Wales|Rutherford]], [[Tenambit]], [[Thornton, New South Wales|Thornton]] and [[Woodberry, New South Wales|Woodberry]], as well as local surrounding suburbs. The majority of its bus services are located on Molly Morgan Drive and Mitchell Drive.

Stockland Green Hills has multi level car parks with 3,125 spaces.<ref name=portfolio/>

==History==
Green Hills Shopping Centre opened on 14 November 1977 as a single level shopping centre with car parks. It featured [[Big W]], [[Woolworths Supermarkets|Woolworths]] and 80 specialty stores.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-02|title=Reunion marks Big W's 40th|url=https://www.maitlandmercury.com.au/story/5031387/reunion-marks-big-ws-40th-photos/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=[[Maitland Mercury]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> In December 2000 Stockland acquired the centre and renamed it Stockland Green Hills.

In late 2001, Stockland Green Hills underwent a redevelopment involving the refurbishment of Big W and Woolworths and the addition of 40 specialty stores. In September 2002 a full line [[Coles Supermarkets|Coles]] supermarket, food court and 40 specialty stores opened.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockland Portfolio |url=https://www.stockland.com.au/~/media/corporate/pdf/investor-centre/property-portfolio/stockland-property-portfolio-1h06-31-dec-2005.ashx?la=en}}</ref>

In October 2011 the $350 million expansion plans were approved with construction to start in 2012. The redevelopment plans were to expand the centre onto existing car parks and add a second level of retail. [[Myer]], a discount department store, an additional 130 specialty stores and 1,500 extra car parking spaces were planned to open in this new development.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-12|title=Green light for expanded Maitland mall|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-10-12/green-light-for-new-maitland-mall/3553338|access-date=2021-03-28|website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> The two level Myer store was planned to open between July 2013 and June 2014.

However in August 2012 Myer delayed its planned opening of the store and the redevelopment was delayed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Norris|first=Sam|date=2012-08-24|title=Myer opening setback at Green Hills|url=https://www.maitlandmercury.com.au/story/243990/myer-opening-setback-at-green-hills/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Maitland Mercury|language=en-AU}}</ref> In December 2013 it was again announced that the redevelopment would start in the second half of 2014 but no work started.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maitland|first=MATT CARR|date=2013-12-16|title=Green Hills $350m redevelopment|url=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/1976741/green-hills-350m-redevelopment/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=[[Newcastle Herald]]|language=en-AU}}</ref>

On 12 March 2015, after receiving its half-yearly financial update, Myer announced that it would no longer be included in the planned expansion of the centre. Myer had previously stated that it would open a store at Green Hills in the 2017-18 financial year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BIELBY|first=NICK|date=2015-03-18|title=Myer says no to Green Hills store {{!}} POLL|url=https://www.maitlandmercury.com.au/story/2954377/myer-says-no-to-green-hills-store-poll/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Maitland Mercury|language=en-AU}}</ref>

On 9 July 2015 [[David Jones (department store)|David Jones]] announced it would open a single level store as part of the centre's planned development. Myer was originally planning to open over two levels, but David Jones announced that a single level store on the new upper level would be more appropriate. As a result of this decision two mini majors and one additional specialty store would be located in the lower space that had previously been earmarked for Myer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BIELBY|first=NICK|date=2015-07-09|title=Retail giant David Jones on plan for Stockland Green Hills revamp|url=https://www.maitlandmercury.com.au/story/3201428/retail-giant-david-jones-on-plan-for-stockland-green-hills-revamp/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Maitland Mercury|language=en-AU}}</ref>

The $377 million redevelopment was announced on 4 November 2015 and construction work started in January 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Object|first=object|date=2015-11-04|title=Stockland Announces $377M Redevelopment Of Green Hills Shopping Centre|url=https://theurbandeveloper.com/articles/green-hills-shopping-centre-hunter-valley|access-date=2021-03-28|website=The Urban Developer|language=en}}</ref> This development was completed on 17 May 2018 and cost $414 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stockland.com.au/media-centre/media-releases/stockland-celebrates-official-opening-of-$414m-green-hills-redevelopment/|title=Stockland celebrates official opening of $414 million Green Hills redevelopment|date=22 March 2018|access-date=15 November 2020|work=Stockland}}</ref> The redevelopment doubled the size of the centre and added a second level.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stockland Green Hills redevelopment Grand Opening – Shopping Centre News|url=https://www.shoppingcentrenews.com.au/shopping-centre-news/industry-news/stockland-green-hills-redevelopment-grand-opening-today/|access-date=2021-03-28|language=en-AU}}</ref>

The ground level was expanded and featured the same [[Big W]], [[Coles Supermarkets|Coles]] and [[Woolworths Supermarkets|Woolworths]], as well as new stores including [[Harris Scarfe]], [[JB Hi-Fi]], a new relocated [[Best & Less]], [[The Reject Shop]], a new fresh food precinct and an additional 80 stores. The two level [[H&M]] store opened on both ground level and level one.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swinton|first=Sage|date=2018-05-15|title=It's here! H&M opens at Green Hills on Thursday|url=https://www.maitlandmercury.com.au/story/5400054/its-here-hm-opens-at-green-hills-on-thursday/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Maitland Mercury|language=en-AU}}</ref>

New stores on level one included [[David Jones (department store)|David Jones]], [[Target Australia|Target]] and 100 specialty stores. Level one also featured a new relocated food court, an outdoor restaurant precinct known as "The Courtyard" with seating for 1000 diners and has unique LED light trees and a [[Timezone (video arcades)|Timezone]] which features a bowling alley, laser tag and arcade games.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rockman|first=Lisa|date=2018-03-21|title=New kids on the block at Stockland Green Hills|url=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/5291666/new-kids-on-the-block-at-stockland-green-hills/send-us-your-news/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Newcastle Herald|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Swinton|first=Sage|date=2018-03-19|title=Every shop at Stockland Green Hills? Here is your full list {{!}} PHOTOS|url=https://www.maitlandmercury.com.au/story/5293081/every-shop-at-stockland-green-hills-here-is-your-full-list-photos/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Maitland Mercury|language=en-AU}}</ref> Level one also has escalator access to P6 car park and [[Hoyts]] Cinema. The seven screen Hoyts cinema opened on 9 June 2018 and features two 40-seat Lux theatres and two Xtremescreens and three regular screens.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swinton|first=Sage|date=2018-06-07|title=Advanced screening: Hoyts Green Hills opens early|url=https://www.maitlandmercury.com.au/story/5452790/advanced-screening-hoyts-green-hills-opens-early/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Maitland Mercury|language=en-AU}}</ref>

The new centre outdoor restaurant precinct connects the centre with level access to Mitchell Drive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.smh.com.au/business/property/stockland-green-hills-centre-in-377m-upgrade-20151104-gkqq1n.html|title=Stockland Green Hills centre in $337m upgrade|date=4 November 2015|access-date=17 November 2015|work=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

After being placed into receivership on 11 December 2019, the [[Harris Scarfe]] store closed down on 21 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Francis|first=Meg|date=2020-01-07|title=Green Hills' Harris Scarfe will close its doors in coming weeks|url=https://www.maitlandmercury.com.au/story/6569655/green-hills-harris-scarfe-will-close-its-doors-in-coming-weeks/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Maitland Mercury|language=en-AU}}</ref> The former Harris Scarfe space was reconfigured and replaced by [[Cotton On Group|Cotton On]] which opened on 5 September and [[TK Maxx]] which opened in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cotton On Mega opening at Stockland Green Hills this week|url=https://www.stockland.com.au/media-centre/media-releases/cotton-on-mega-opening-at-stockland-green-hills-this-week|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Stockland|language=en}}</ref>

On 16 September 2020 [[Target Australia|Target]] closed its store as part of its store network converting existing stores into [[Kmart Australia|Kmart]] stores.<ref>{{Cite web|last=SHARPE|first=DONNA|date=2020-07-23|title=Kmart to open second Maitland outlet in Target store|url=https://www.maitlandmercury.com.au/story/6846599/kmart-to-open-second-maitland-outlet-in-target-store/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Maitland Mercury|language=en-AU}}</ref> [[Kmart Australia|Kmart]] opened at Stockland Green Hills on 1 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mexon|first=Michelle|date=2020-09-28|title=TK Maxx coming soon to Green Hills|url=https://www.maitlandmercury.com.au/story/6939619/tk-maxx-coming-soon-to-green-hills/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Maitland Mercury|language=en-AU}}</ref>

== Tenants ==
Stockland Green Hills has 75,796m² of floor space.<ref name="portfolio" /> The major retailers include [[David Jones (department store)|David Jones]], [[Big W]], [[Kmart Australia|Kmart]], [[Coles Supermarkets|Coles]], [[Woolworths Supermarkets|Woolworths]], [[Cotton On Group|Cotton On]], [[H&M]], [[TK Maxx]], [[JB Hi-Fi]], [[Timezone (video arcades)|Timezone]] and [[Hoyts|Hoyts Cinema]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.stockland.com.au/shopping-centres/centres/stockland-green-hills Stockland Green Hills website]

{{Shopping centres in New South Wales|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Shopping centres in New South Wales]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Australia]]

Victoria Street railway station, New South Wales

2025-05-31T23:02:04Z

185.137.137.154: /* Transport links */ already linked in 181

{{Short description|Railway station in New South Wales, Australia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Victoria Street
| type =
| style = NSW TrainLink
| image = VictoriaStreetStation.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Westbound view of the station platforms, August 2006
| address = Victoria Street, [[East Maitland]]
| country = Australia
| coordinates = {{coord|-32.750896|151.59373|region:AU-NSW_type:railwaystation|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Australia New South Wales
| map_overlay = 
| AlternativeMap = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| map_size = 
| map_dot_label = Victoria Street, East Maitland
| map_label_position =
| elevation =
| distance = {{convert|187.92|km|abbr=on}} from [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central]]
| line = [[Main Northern railway line|Main Northern]]
| other = Bus
| structure = Ground
| platform = 2 (1 island)
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4 (2 passenger, 2 coal)
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 1877
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = Yes
| code = VST
| owned = [[Transport Asset Holding Entity]]
| operator = [[NSW TrainLink]]
| zone =
| former =
| passengers =
*141,580 (year)
*388 (daily)<ref name="note1">This figure is the number of entries and exits of a year combined averaged to a day.</ref>
| pass_year = 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Train Station Monthly Usage |url=https://opendata.transport.nsw.gov.au/dataset/train-station-entries-and-exits-data |website=Open Data |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>
| pass_rank =
| pass_system = Sydney Trains, NSW TrainLink
| mpassengers =
| services =
{{Adjacent stations
|system1=NSW TrainLink
|line2=HUN|left2=East Maitland|right2=Metford|to-left2=Telarah or Scone
|line3=HUN|left3=Maitland|right3=Metford
}}
| map_locator =
| web = [https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101175#/ Transport for NSW]
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Victoria Street railway station''' is a heritage-listed railway station located on the [[Main Northern railway line|Main Northern line]] in [[New South Wales]], Australia. It serves the Victoria Street area of [[East Maitland]]. It was added to the [[New South Wales State Heritage Register]] on 2 April 1999.<ref name=nswshr-1277>{{cite NSW SHR|5012254|Victoria Street Railway Station group|hr=01277|fn=EF11/02767|access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref>

==History==

It opened on 5 April 1857.<ref>[http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Victoria+Street Victoria Street Station] NSWrail.net</ref>

It is in about the same location as the first [[East Maitland railway station|East Maitland station]] and marked the temporary terminus of the railway from [[Newcastle railway station, New South Wales|Newcastle]] while the bridge over Wallis Creek was built. From 1906 to 1926 it was also an interchange station with the [[Trams in Australia#Maitland|steam tramway line]] that ran from West to East Maitland.

The present building was built in 1877 and in 1914 the single platform was converted to an island platform and a footbridge added when the line was duplicated.<ref>[http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=4801004 Victoria Street Railway Station] NSW Environment & Heritage</ref> The station footbridge was added along with the island conversion in 1914.<ref name=nswshr-1277/>

From 2017 to 2018, under the Transport Access Program, Victoria Street Station received three new lifts, new canopies and signage, bike racks and improvements to the interchange areas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NSW|first=Transport for|date=2017-07-01|title=Victoria Street Station Upgrade|url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/node/5218|access-date=2020-10-06|website=transport.nsw.gov.au|language=en-AU}}</ref>

==Platforms and services==
Victoria Street has one island platform with two faces. It is serviced by [[NSW TrainLink]] [[Hunter Line]] services travelling from [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] to [[Maitland railway station|Maitland]], [[Singleton railway station, New South Wales|Singleton]], [[Muswellbrook railway station|Muswellbrook]], [[Scone railway station|Scone]], [[Telarah railway station|Telarah]] and [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]].<ref name=Timetable>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|Hunter}}</ref>

{{Sydney Trains platform box
|p1linename = Hunter Line
|p1stop = services to [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]]
|p1notes = <ref name=Timetable/>
|p2linename = Hunter Line
|p2stop = services to [[Maitland railway station|Maitland]], [[Telarah railway station|Telarah]], [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]], [[Singleton railway station, New South Wales|Singleton]], [[Muswellbrook railway station|Muswellbrook]] & [[Scone railway station|Scone]]
|p2notes = <ref name=Timetable/>}}

==Transport links==
[[Hunter Valley Buses]] operates five bus routes via Victoria Street station, under [[Outer Sydney Metropolitan Bus Service Contracts|contract]] to [[Transport for NSW]]:
*181: [[Woodberry, New South Wales|Woodberry]] to [[Rutherford, New South Wales|Rutherford]]<ref>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|N181}}</ref>
*182: Rutherford to [[Thornton, New South Wales|Thornton]]<ref>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|N182}}</ref>
*183: Regiment Road to [[Tenambit, New South Wales|Tenambit]]<ref>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|N183}}</ref>
*184: [[Maitland, New South Wales|Maitland]] to Chambers Street<ref>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|N184}}</ref>
*188: [[Stockland Green Hills]] to Woodlands Estate<ref>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|N188}}</ref>

== Heritage listing ==
Victoria Street station is one of the oldest station buildings surviving in the [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] area. The site was the terminus of the line from Newcastle when it opened in 1857 until extension to the present [[Maitland railway station]] one year later. It has been adapted to an island platform form for the duplication where most of the stations on the line were rebuilt. Because of its age and as a remnant of the early line it is of high significance. The footbridge supports the group.<ref name=nswshr-1277/>

Victoria Street railway station was listed on the [[New South Wales State Heritage Register]] on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.<ref name=nswshr-1277/>

'''The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.'''

This item is assessed as historically rare. This item is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as arch. rare. This item is assessed as socially rare.<ref name=nswshr-1277/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Attribution ===
{{NSW-SHR-CC-contains|name=Victoria Street Railway Station group|dno=5012254|id=01277|year=2018|accessdate=2 June 2018}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Victoria Street railway station, New South Wales|Victoria Street railway station}}
*[https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101175#/ Victoria Street station details] Transport for New South Wales

{{Transport for New South Wales railway stations|Hunter=y}}
{{Hunter Region places and items of interest}}

[[Category:Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales]]
[[Category:East Maitland, New South Wales]]
[[Category:Railway stations in the Hunter Region]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Australia opened in 1877]]
[[Category:Regional railway stations in New South Wales]]
[[Category:New South Wales State Heritage Register]]
[[Category:Main North railway line, New South Wales]]

High Street railway station, New South Wales

2025-05-31T22:57:53Z

185.137.137.154: /* Transport links */ it passes but does not stop

{{Short description|Railway station in New South Wales, Australia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox station
|name = High Street
|type =
|style = NSW TrainLink
|image = High Street railway station.JPG
|image_size =
|image_caption = Westbound view of the station platforms, July 2014
|address = High Street, [[Maitland, New South Wales|Maitland]]
|country = Australia
|coordinates = {{coord|-32.741457|151.563917|region:AU-NSW_type:railwaystation|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation =
|distance = {{convert|191.41|km}} from [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central]]
|line = [[Main Northern railway line|Main Northern]]
|other = {{TFNSW|B}} Bus
|structure = Ground
|platform = 2 (1 island)
|depth =
|levels =
|tracks = 4
|parking =
|bicycle =
|opened = 27 May 1856
|closed =
|rebuilt =
|electrified =
|accessible =
|code = [[List of New South Wales railway station codes|HGH]]
|owned = [[Transport Asset Holding Entity]]
|operator = [[NSW TrainLink]]
|zone =
|former =
| passengers =
*10,010 (year)
*27 (daily)<ref name="note1">This figure is the number of entries and exits of a year combined averaged to a day.</ref>
| pass_year = 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Train Station Monthly Usage |url=https://opendata.transport.nsw.gov.au/dataset/train-station-entries-and-exits-data |website=Open Data |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>
| pass_rank =
| pass_system = Sydney Trains, NSW TrainLink
|mpassengers =
|services =
{{Adjacent stations
|system1=NSW TrainLink
|line2=HUN|left2=Maitland|right2=East Maitland|to-left2=Telarah or Scone
}}
|map_locator =
|web = [https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101177#/ Transport for NSW]
|route_map =
|map_state = }}

'''High Street railway station''' is located on the [[Main Northern railway line|Main Northern line]] in [[New South Wales]], Australia. It serves the High Street area of [[Maitland, New South Wales|Maitland]] opening on 27 May 1856.<ref>[http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:High+Street High Street Station] NSWrail.net</ref>

High Street formerly had a wooden structure on the footbridge, however this was destroyed by fire in 1987 and replaced with a waiting shelter on the platform.<ref>"Station News – North" ''[[Railway Digest]]'' February 1988 page 50</ref> Only the eastern half of the platform remains in use, with the western part fenced off.

==Platforms and services==
High Street has one island platform with two faces. It is serviced by [[NSW TrainLink]] [[Hunter Line]] services travelling between [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]], [[Maitland railway station|Maitland]] and [[Telarah railway station|Telarah]]. It is also serviced by one early morning service to [[Scone railway station|Scone]].<ref name=Timetable>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|Hunter}}</ref>

{{Sydney Trains platform box
|p1linename = Hunter Line
|p1stop = services to [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]]
|p1notes = <ref name=Timetable/>
|p2linename = Hunter Line
|p2stop = services to [[Maitland railway station|Maitland]] & [[Telarah railway station|Telarah]]
|p2notes = 1 early morning service to [[Scone railway station|Scone]]<ref name=Timetable/>}}

==Transport links==
[[Hunter Valley Buses]] operates two bus routes via High Street station, under [[Outer Sydney Metropolitan Bus Service Contracts|contract]] to [[Transport for NSW]]:
*181: [[Woodberry, New South Wales|Woodbury]] to [[Rutherford, New South Wales|Rutherford]]<ref>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|N181}}</ref>
*183: Regiment Road to [[Tenambit, New South Wales|Tenambit]]<ref>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|N183}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|High Street railway station, New South Wales|High Street railway station}}
*[https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101177#/ High Street station details] Transport for New South Wales

{{Transport for New South Wales railway stations|Hunter=y}}
{{Hunter Region places and items of interest}}

[[Category:Maitland, New South Wales]]
[[Category:Railway stations in the Hunter Region]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Australia opened in 1856]]
[[Category:Regional railway stations in New South Wales]]
[[Category:Main North railway line, New South Wales]]

Hilldale railway station

2025-05-29T22:25:11Z

185.137.137.154:

{{Short description|Railway station in New South Wales, Australia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Hilldale
| type =
| style = NSW TrainLink
| image = Hilldale Railway Station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Station entrance and small platform, June 2024
| address = Paterson Road, Hilldale
| country = Australia
| coordinates = {{coord|-32.504315|151.649863|region:AU-NSW_type:railwaystation|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| distance = {{convert|226.37|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central]]
| line = [[North Coast railway line, New South Wales|North Coast]]
| other =
| structure = Ground
| platform = 1
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 1
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 14 August 1911
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = Yes
| code =
| owned = [[Transport Asset Holding Entity]]
| operator = [[NSW TrainLink]]
| zone =
| former =
| passengers = *Less than 50 every month.
| pass_year = 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Train Station Monthly Usage |url=https://opendata.transport.nsw.gov.au/dataset/train-station-entries-and-exits-data |website=Open Data |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>
| pass_rank =
| pass_system = Sydney Trains, NSW TrainLink
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations
|system1=NSW TrainLink
|line2=HUN|left2=Wallarobba|right2=Martins Creek|to-left2=Dungog
}}
| map_locator =
| web = [https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101183#/ Transport for NSW]
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Hilldale railway station''' is located on the [[North Coast railway line, New South Wales|North Coast line]] in [[New South Wales]], Australia opening on 14 August 1911.<ref>[http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Hilldale&line=NSW:north_coast:0 Hilldale Station] NSWrail.net</ref> Originally a full-length platform, it was later replaced by the present short platform. It serves the rural locality of [[Hilldale, New South Wales|Hilldale]]. It is serviced by [[NSW TrainLink]] [[Hunter railway line|Hunter Line]] services travelling between [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] and [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]].

==Platforms and services==
Hilldale consists of a single wooden and concrete platform about three metres long. It is serviced by [[NSW TrainLink]] [[Hunter railway line|Hunter Line]] services travelling between [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] and [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]]. There are five services in each direction on weekdays, with three on weekends and public holidays.<ref name=timetable>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|Hunter}}</ref> It is a [[request stop]] with passengers required to notify the guard if they wish to alight and "flag" the train down if they wish to board.

{{Sydney Trains platform box
|p1linename = Hunter Line
|p1stop = services to [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]] & [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] (3–5 per day)
|p1notes = [[request stop]]<ref name=timetable/>}}

<gallery>
File:Hilldale Railway Station Platform.jpg|Platform
File:Hilldale Railway Station Ramp.jpg|Entrance ramp
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101183#/ Hilldale station details] Transport for New South Wales

{{Transport for New South Wales railway stations|Hunter=y}}
{{Hunter Region places and items of interest}}

[[Category:Railway stations in the Hunter Region]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Australia opened in 1911]]
[[Category:Regional railway stations in New South Wales]]

Martins Creek railway station

2025-05-29T21:35:03Z

185.137.137.154: Conssitency

{{Short description|Railway station in New South Wales, Australia}}
{{Distinguish|Martin Place railway station}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Martins Creek
| type =
| style = NSW TrainLink
| image = Martins_Creek_Railway_Station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Northbound view of the station platform, June 2024
| address = Martins Creek Road, [[Martins Creek, New South Wales|Martins Creek]]
| country = Australia
| coordinates = {{coord|-32.558669|151.6185|region:AU-NSW_type:railwaystation|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| distance = {{convert|218.53|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central]]
| line = [[North Coast railway line, New South Wales|North Coast]]
| other =
| structure = Ground
| platform = 1
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 14 August 1911
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = Yes
| code = [[List of New South Wales railway station codes|MCR]]
| owned = [[Transport Asset Holding Entity]]
| operator = [[NSW TrainLink]]
| zone =
| former =
| passengers = * >260 (year)
| pass_year = 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Train Station Monthly Usage |url=https://opendata.transport.nsw.gov.au/dataset/train-station-entries-and-exits-data |website=Open Data |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>
| pass_rank =
| pass_system = Sydney Trains, NSW TrainLink
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations
|system1=NSW TrainLink
|line2=HUN|left2=Hilldale|right2=Paterson|to-left2=Dungog
}}
| map_locator =
| web = [https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101182#/ Transport for NSW]
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Martins Creek railway station''' is located on the [[North Coast railway line, New South Wales|North Coast line]] in [[New South Wales]], Australia opening on 14 August 1911.<ref>[http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Martins+Creek&line=NSW:north_coast:0 Martins Creek Station] NSWrail.net</ref> It serves the town of [[Martins Creek, New South Wales|Martins Creek]]. It is served by [[NSW TrainLink]] [[Hunter railway line|Hunter Line]] services travelling between [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] and [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]].

==Platforms and services==
Martins Creek consists of a single platform. The original 1911 weatherboard building was demolished in 2009 and replaced by a waiting shelter.<ref name=DeptEnvironment&Heritage>[http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=4801206 Martins Creek Railway Station] NSW Environment & Heritage</ref>

It is served by [[NSW TrainLink]] [[Hunter railway line|Hunter Line]] services travelling between [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] and [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]]. There are five services in each direction on weekdays, with three on weekends and public holidays.<ref name=timetable>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|Hunter}}</ref>

Opposite the platform is a siding leading to Martins Creek Ballast Quarry. This was sold in December 2012 by [[RailCorp]] to the Daracon Group.<ref name=DeptEnvironment&Heritage/>

{{Sydney Trains platform box
|p1linename = Hunter Line
|p1stop = services to [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]] & [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] (3–5 per day)
|p1notes = <ref name=timetable/>}}

<gallery>
File:Martins Creek Railway Station Northbound.jpg|Looking north on the platform
File:Martins Creek Railway Station Southbound.jpg|Looking south on the platform
File:Martins Creek Railway Station Entrance.jpg|Station entrance
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101182#/ Martins Creek station details] Transport for New South Wales

{{Hunter Region places and items of interest}}
{{Transport for New South Wales railway stations|Hunter=y}}

[[Category:Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales]]
[[Category:Railway stations in the Hunter Region]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Australia opened in 1911]]
[[Category:Regional railway stations in New South Wales]]

Lochinvar railway station

2025-05-29T21:32:09Z

185.137.137.154: Undid revision 1291427514 by 180.150.29.225 (talk)

Branxton railway station

2025-05-29T21:25:12Z

185.137.137.154: Rvv

{{Short description|Railway station in New South Wales, Australia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
|name = Branxton
|style = NSW TrainLink
|image = Branxton_Railway_Station.jpg
|image_size =
|image_caption = Station looking west in February 2017
|address = Railway Street, [[Branxton, New South Wales|Branxton]]
|country = Australia
|coordinates = {{coord|-32.662247|151.34562|region:AU-NSW_type:railwaystation|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation =
|distance = {{convert|215.55|km}} from [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central]]
|line = [[Main Northern railway line|Main Northern]]
|other =
|structure = Ground
|platform = 2 side
|depth =
|levels =
|tracks = 2
|parking =
|bicycle =
|opened = 24 March 1862
|closed =
|rebuilt =
|electrified =
|accessible =
|code = [[List of New South Wales railway station codes|BNX]]
|owned = [[Transport Asset Holding Entity]]
|operator = [[NSW TrainLink]]
|zone =
|former =
| passengers =
*3,450 (year)
*9–10 (daily)<ref name="note1">This figure is the number of entries and exits of a year combined averaged to a day.</ref>
| pass_year = 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Train Station Monthly Usage |url=https://opendata.transport.nsw.gov.au/dataset/train-station-entries-and-exits-data |website=Open Data |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>
| pass_rank =
| pass_system = Sydney Trains, NSW TrainLink
|mpassengers =
|services =
{{Adjacent stations
|system1=NSW TrainLink
|line2=HUN|left2=Singleton|right2=Greta|to-left2=Scone
}}
|other_services_header = Former services
|other_services_collapsible = yes
|other_services = {{Adjacent stations
|system3=State Rail Authority
|line4=Main Northern|left4=Belford|right4=Greta|note-mid4=(1869-2005)
}}
|map_locator =
|web = [https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101189#/ Transport for NSW]
|route_map =
|map_state = }}

'''Branxton railway station''' is a heritage-listed [[Train station|railway station]] located on the [[Main Northern railway line|Main Northern line]] in [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. It serves the town of [[Branxton, New South Wales|Branxton]] opening on 24 March 1862.<ref>[http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Branxton Branxton Station] NSWrail.net</ref> It was added to the [[New South Wales State Heritage Register]] on 2 April 1999.<ref name=nswshr-1098>{{cite NSW SHR|5011953|Branxton Railway Station group and movable relics|hr=01098|access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref>

A crossing loop previously ran behind Platform 2 but this has now been taken out of use. To the south-west of the station, is a branch to the [[Hunter Valley Railway Trust]]'s [[North Rothbury, New South Wales|North Rothbury]] museum.

==Platforms and services==
Branxton has two side platforms. It is serviced by [[NSW TrainLink]] [[Hunter Line]] services travelling between [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]], [[Singleton railway station, New South Wales|Singleton]], [[Muswellbrook railway station|Muswellbrook]] and [[Scone railway station|Scone]].<ref name=Timetable>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|Hunter}}</ref>

{{Sydney Trains platform box
|p1linename = Hunter Line
|p1stop = services to [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]]
|p1notes =<ref name=Timetable/>
|p2linename = Hunter Line
|p2stop = services to [[Singleton railway station, New South Wales|Singleton]], [[Muswellbrook railway station|Muswellbrook]] & [[Scone railway station|Scone]]
|p2notes =<ref name=Timetable/>}}

<gallery>
Branxton_Railway_Station_Northbound_view.jpg|Northbound view on Platform 1
Branxton_Railway_Station_Southbound_view.jpg|Southbound view on Platform 2
Branxton_Railway_Station_View_from_Footbridge.jpg|View from Footbridge
</gallery>

== Description ==

The up platform station building is a brick combination office/residence of type 1 design, originally dating from 1862 with alterations in the 1880s and again in 1915. The down platform station building is a brick island building dating of type 11 design from duplication in 1915. The platform faces were completed in brick with a dock platform.<ref name=nswshr-1098/>

A timber, [[skillion roof]]ed signal box with remaining telegraph wires and poles ({{circa}} 1915), a timber store, a steel footbridge ({{circa}} 1915), the concrete base of a JC Commenson T431 5 ton jib crane, and signs, seats, and fences including examples from different periods of railway development are all included within the heritage listing.<ref name=nswshr-1098/>

A Pooley 5 ton weighing machine was recorded in the initial heritage listing, but was found to be not existent in 2004. The original double light colour light, metropolitan-style signals from 1946 were replaced {{circa|2000}} with standard colour light signals.<ref name=nswshr-1098/>

== Heritage listing ==
Branxton features some of the earliest buildings on the northern line. The substantial nature of the buildings reflects the importance once attached to the town and its station. The original station incorporated a rare example of a residence (1 of 5 similar structures in the State). The group exhibits the effects of duplication and the addition of structures from later periods including several additions to the 1862 building during the 1880s and again in 1914 to make a substantial main line railway group.<ref name=nswshr-1098/>

The group is one of the most interesting and important sites surviving in the State.<ref name=nswshr-1098/>

Branxton railway station was listed on the [[New South Wales State Heritage Register]] on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.<ref name=nswshr-1098/>

'''The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.'''

This item is assessed as historically rare. This item is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as arch. rare. This item is assessed as socially rare.<ref name=nswshr-1098/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Attribution ===
{{NSW-SHR-CC-contains|name=Branxton Railway Station group and movable relics|dno=5011953|id=01098|year=2018|accessdate=2 June 2018}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Branxton railway station, New South Wales|Branxton railway station}}
*[https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101189#/ Branxton station details] Transport for New South Wales

{{Transport for New South Wales railway stations|Hunter=y}}
{{Hunter Region places and items of interest}}

[[Category:Railway stations in the Hunter Region]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Australia opened in 1862]]
[[Category:Regional railway stations in New South Wales]]
[[Category:New South Wales State Heritage Register]]
[[Category:Singleton Council]]
[[Category:Main North railway line, New South Wales]]

Mindaribba railway station

2025-05-29T21:21:31Z

185.137.137.154:

Paterson railway station, New South Wales

2025-05-29T21:20:21Z

185.137.137.154:

{{Short description|Railway station in New South Wales, Australia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Paterson
| type =
| style = NSW TrainLink
| image = Paterson_Railway_Station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = North-east bound view from station platform, June 2024
| address = Railway Lane, [[Paterson, New South Wales|Paterson]]
| country = Australia
| coordinates = {{coord|-32.602414|151.614667|region:AU-NSW_type:railwaystation|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| distance = {{convert|213.22|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central]]
| line = [[North Coast railway line, New South Wales|North Coast]]
| other = {{TFNSW|B}} Bus
| structure = Ground
| platform = 1
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 14 August 1911
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code = [[List of New South Wales railway station codes|PTR]]
| owned = [[Transport Asset Holding Entity]]
| operator = [[NSW TrainLink]]
| zone =
| former =
| passengers = *2,840 (year)
*8 (daily)<ref name="note1">This figure is the number of entries and exits of a year combined averaged to a day.</ref>
| pass_year = 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Train Station Monthly Usage |url=https://opendata.transport.nsw.gov.au/dataset/train-station-entries-and-exits-data |website=Open Data |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>
| pass_rank =
| pass_system = Sydney Trains, NSW TrainLink
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations
|system1=NSW TrainLink
|line2=HUN||left2=Martins Creek|right2=Mindaribba|to-left2=Dungog
|line4=HUN|left4=Martins Creek|to-left4=Dungog|right4=Telarah|note-mid4=One weekday afternoon service|oneway-left4=yes
}}
| map_locator =
| web = [https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101181#/ Transport for NSW]
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Paterson railway station''' is located on the [[North Coast railway line, New South Wales|North Coast line]] in [[New South Wales]], Australia. It serves the town of [[Paterson, New South Wales|Paterson]]. It is serviced by [[NSW TrainLink]] [[Hunter railway line|Hunter Line]] services travelling between [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] and [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]]. The station opened on 14 August 1911, and its original wooden station building is still in place.<ref>[http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=4806211 Paterson Railway Precinct] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305023501/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=4806211 |date=5 March 2014 }} NSW Environment & Heritage</ref><ref>[http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Paterson&line=NSW:north_coast:0 Paterson Station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929195058/http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Paterson&line=NSW:north_coast:0 |date=29 September 2012 }} NSWrail.net</ref>

==Platforms and services==
Paterson station consists of a single platform. It is serviced by [[NSW TrainLink]] [[Hunter railway line|Hunter Line]] services travelling between [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] and [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]]. There are five services in each direction on weekdays, with three on weekends and public holidays.<ref name=timetable>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|Hunter}}</ref>

Opposite the platform is a 1,820 metre crossing loop. In the mid-1980s, the [[Rail Motor Society]] established its base on the site of the former freight yard opposite the station.<ref>"NSW Station Stories" ''[[Railway Digest]]'' November 2023 page 42</ref><ref>[http://www.railmotorsociety.org.au/history_frame.htm History of the Rail Motor Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512230207/http://www.railmotorsociety.org.au/history_frame.htm |date=12 May 2013 }} Rail Motor Society</ref>

{{Sydney Trains platform box
|p1linename = Hunter Line
|p1stop = services to [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]] & [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] (3–5 per day)
|p1notes = <ref name=timetable/>}}

<gallery>
File:Paterson Railway Station buildings.jpg|Platform buildings
File:Paterson Railway Station Southbound view.jpg|Southbound view on platform
File:Paterson Railway Station waiting area.jpg|Covered waiting area
</gallery>

== Transport links ==
[[Hunter Valley Buses]] operates one bus route via Paterson station, under [[Outer Sydney Metropolitan Bus Service Contracts|contract]] to [[Transport for NSW]]:
*185: Largs to Maitland via Bolwarra & Lorn<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2023 |title=185 bus timetable: Largs to Maitland via Bolwarra & Lorn |url=https://transportnsw.info/documents/timetables/46-185-Largs-to-Maitland-via-Bolwarra-Lorn-20230925.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Transport for NSW |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925213717/https://transportnsw.info/documents/timetables/46-185-Largs-to-Maitland-via-Bolwarra-Lorn-20230925.pdf }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101181#/ Paterson Station details] Transport for New South Wales

{{Hunter Region places and items of interest}}
{{Transport for New South Wales railway stations|Hunter=y}}

[[Category:Railway stations in the Hunter Region]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Australia opened in 1911]]
[[Category:Regional railway stations in New South Wales]]

Wallarobba railway station

2025-05-29T21:18:37Z

185.137.137.154: /* Platforms and services */

{{Short description|Railway station in New South Wales, Australia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Wallarobba
| type =
| style = NSW TrainLink
| image = File:Wallarobba RailwayStation.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Station entrance, June 2024
| address = Brookfield Road, Wallarobba
| country = Australia
| coordinates = {{coord|-32.496142|151.69563|region:AU-NSW_type:railwaystation|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| distance = {{convert|231.63|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central]]
| line = [[North Coast railway line, New South Wales|North Coast]]
| other =
| structure = Ground
| platform = 1
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 1
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 14 August 1911
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = Yes
| code = [[List of New South Wales railway station codes|WLB]]
| owned = [[Transport Asset Holding Entity]]
| operator = [[NSW TrainLink]]
| zone =
| former =
| passengers = * Less than 50 every month.
| pass_year = 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Train Station Monthly Usage |url=https://opendata.transport.nsw.gov.au/dataset/train-station-entries-and-exits-data |website=Open Data |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>
| pass_rank =
| pass_system = Sydney Trains, NSW TrainLink
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations
|system1=NSW TrainLink
|line2=HUN|left2=Wirragulla|right2=Hilldale|to-left2=Dungog
}}
| map_locator =
| web = [https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101184#/ Transport for NSW]
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Wallarobba railway station''' is located on the [[North Coast railway line, New South Wales|North Coast line]] in [[New South Wales]], Australia opening on 4 August 1911.<ref>[http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Wallarobba&line=NSW:north_coast:0 Wallarobba Platform] NSWrail.net</ref> It serves the rural locality of [[Wallarobba, New South Wales|Wallarobba]]. Originally a full-length platform with wooden station buildings it was later replaced by the present short platform. It is serviced by [[NSW TrainLink]] [[Hunter railway line|Hunter Line]] services travelling between [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] and [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]].

==Platforms and services==
Wallarobba consists of a single wooden platform about three metres long. It is serviced by [[NSW TrainLink]] [[Hunter railway line|Hunter Line]] services travelling between [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] and [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]]. There are five services in each direction on weekdays, with three on weekends and public holidays.<ref name=timetable>{{Cite New South Wales transport timetables|Hunter}}</ref> It is a [[request stop]] with passengers required to notify the guard if they wish to alight.

{{Sydney Trains platform box
|p1linename = Hunter Line
|p1stop = services to [[Dungog railway station|Dungog]] & [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] (3–5 per day)
|p1notes = [[request stop]]<ref name=timetable/>}}

<gallery>
File:Wallarobba Railway Station platform.jpg|Platform
File:Wallarobba Railway Station ramp.jpg|Entrance ramp
File:Wallarobba Railway Station exit.jpg|Exit view
</gallery>

==Accessibility==
Although classified as wheelchair accessible, there have been complaints that the ramp is too steep and can not be used by wheelchairs.<ref>[http://www.dungogchronicle.com.au/story/417779/steep-ramp-unsafe/ Steep ramp unsafe] Dungog Chronicle 24 October 2012</ref> However, this was fixed in 2014<ref>[https://www.maitlandmercury.com.au/story/2224781/wallarobba-train-station-more-accessible-and-safer/] Maitland Mercury 14 April 2014</ref> when the station received an upgrade.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10101184#/ Wallarobba station details] Transport for New South Wales

{{Hunter Region places and items of interest}}
{{Transport for New South Wales railway stations|Hunter=y}}

[[Category:Easy Access railway stations in New South Wales]]
[[Category:Railway stations in the Hunter Region]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Australia opened in 1911]]
[[Category:Regional railway stations in New South Wales]]

Wirragulla railway station

2025-05-29T21:16:00Z

185.137.137.154: /* Platforms and services */ conssitency

Run-length limited

2025-05-26T08:28:37Z

185.137.137.154: Manual of style

{{Short description|Coding technique in communication technology}}
{{Distinguish | run-length encoding}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2023}}
'''Run-length limited''' ('''RLL''') is a [[Line code|line coding]] technique that is used to send arbitrary data over a [[Channel (communications)|communications channel]] with [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] limits. RLL codes are defined by four main parameters: ''m'', ''n'', ''d'', ''k''. The first two, ''m''/''n'', refer to the rate of the code, while the remaining two specify the minimal ''d'' and maximal ''k'' number of zeroes between consecutive ones. This is used in both [[telecommunication]] and storage systems that move a medium past a fixed [[recording head]].<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine
|volume=60|issue=10|date=October 2022 |title=Innovation in Constrained Codes
|author=Kees Schouhamer Immink|authorlink=Kees Schouhamer Immink
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362866105|pages=20–24
|quote=A constrained system is defined by a constrained set of 'good' or 'allowable' sequences to be recorded or transmitted. Constrained coding focuses on the analysis of constrained systems and the design of efficient encoders and decoders that transform arbitrary user sequences into constrained sequences.|doi=10.1109/MCOM.002.2200249}}</ref>

Specifically, RLL bounds the length of stretches (runs) of repeated bits during which the signal does not change. If the runs are too long, [[clock recovery]] is difficult; if they are too short, the high frequencies might be attenuated by the communications channel. By [[Modulation|modulating]] the [[data]], RLL reduces the timing uncertainty in [[:wikt:decode|decoding]] the stored data, which would lead to the possible erroneous insertion or removal of bits when reading the data back. This mechanism ensures that the boundaries between bits can always be accurately found (preventing [[bit slip]]), while efficiently using the media to reliably store the maximal amount of data in a given space.

Early disk drives used very simple encoding schemes, such as RLL (0,1) FM code, followed by RLL (1,3) MFM code, which were widely used in [[hard disk drive]]s until the mid-1980s and are still used in digital optical discs such as [[CD]], [[DVD]], [[Minidisc|MD]], [[Hi-MD]] and [[Blu-ray]]. Higher-density RLL (2,7) and RLL (1,7) codes became the de facto industry standard for hard disks by the early 1990s.

==Need for RLL coding==
On a [[hard disk drive]], information is represented by changes in the direction of the magnetic field on the disk, and on magnetic media, the playback output is proportional to the density of flux transition. In a computer, information is represented by the voltage on a wire. No voltage on the wire in relation to a defined ground level would be a binary zero, and a positive voltage on the wire in relation to ground represents a binary one. Magnetic media, on the other hand, always carries a magnetic flux{{snd}} either a "north" pole or a "south" pole. In order to convert the magnetic fields to binary data, some encoding method must be used to translate between the two.

One of the simplest practical codes, modified non-return-to-zero-inverted ([[NRZI]]), simply encodes a 1 as a magnetic polarity transition, also known as a "flux reversal", and a zero as no transition. With the disk spinning at a constant rate, each bit is given an equal time period, a "data window", for the magnetic signal that represents that bit, and the flux reversal, if any, occurs at the start of this window. (Note: older hard disks used one fixed length of time as the data window over the whole disk, but modern disks are more complicated; for more on this, see [[zoned bit recording]].)

This method is not quite that simple, as the playback output is proportional to the density of ones, a long run of zeros means no playback output at all.

In a simple example, consider the binary pattern 101 with a data window of 1 ns (one nanosecond, or one billionth of a second). This will be stored on the disk as a change, followed by no change, and then another change. If the preceding magnetic polarity was already positive, the resulting pattern might look like this: −−+. A value of 255, or all binary ones, would be written as −+−+−+−+ or +−+−+−+−. A zero byte would be written as ++++++++ or −−−−−−−−. A 512-byte sector of zeros would be written as 4096 sequential bits with the same polarity.

Since a disk drive is a physical piece of hardware, the rotational speed of the drive can change slightly, due to a change in the motor speed or thermal expansion of the disk platter. The physical media on a floppy disk can also become deformed, causing larger timing errors, and the timing circuit on the controller itself may have small variations in speed. The problem is that, with a long string of zeros, there's no way for the disk drive's controller to know the exact position of the read head, and thus no way to know exactly how many zeros there are. A speed variation of even 0.1%, which is more precise than any practical floppy drive, could result in 4 bits being added to or removed from the 4096-bit data stream. Without some form of synchronization and error correction, the data would become completely unusable.

The other problem is due to the limits of magnetic media itself: it is only possible to write so many polarity changes in a certain amount of space, so there's an upper limit to how many ones can also be written sequentially, this depends on the linear velocity and the head gap.

To prevent this problem, data is coded in such a way that long repetitions of a single binary value do not occur. By limiting the number of zeros written consecutively to some maximum ''k'', this makes it possible for the drive controller to stay synchronized. By limiting the number of zeros written in a row to some minimum ''d'' between each and every one, the overall frequency of polarity changes is reduced, allowing the drive to store more data in the same amount of space, resulting in either a smaller package for the same amount of data or more storage in the same size package.

==History==
[[File:Seagate ST11R.jpg|thumb|Seagate ST11R, an 8-bit [[ISA card|ISA]] RLL [[hard disk controller]] produced in 1990.]]
All codes used to record on magnetic disks have limited the length of transition-free runs and can therefore be technically characterized as RLL codes. The earliest and simplest variants were given specific names, such as [[modified frequency modulation]] (MFM), and the name "RLL" is commonly used only for the more complex variants not given such specific names, but the term technically applies to them all.

Outside of this simplest version, the first RLL code used in hard drives was RLL (2,7), developed by [[IBM]] engineers and first used commercially in 1979 on the IBM 3370 [[Direct access storage device|DASD]],<ref>[http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/255/ibmrd2505ZC.pdf A Quarter Century of Disk File Innovation], IBM Journal of Research and Development.</ref><ref>[[Peter Franaszek|P. A. Franaszek]] (1972), “Run-Length-Limited Variable Length Coding with Error Propagation Limitation”, {{US Patent|3689899}}.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726102519/http://www.disktrend.com/5decades2.htm Five decades of disk drive industry firsts], DISK/TREND, Inc., publisher of market studies of the worldwide disk drive and data storage industries. web.archive.org.</ref> for use with the 4300 series [[Mainframe computer|mainframe]]. During the late 1980s, [[IBM PC compatible|PC]] hard disks began using RLL proper (i.e. variants more complex than those that had received their own proper names, such as MFM). RLL codes have found almost universal application in optical-disc recording practice since 1980. In consumer electronics, RLLs like the [[Eight-to-fourteen modulation|EFM code]] (rate = 8/17, ''d'' = 2, ''k'' = 10) are employed in the [[Compact Disc]] (CD) and [[Minidisc|MiniDisc]] (MD), and the [[EFMPlus]] code (rate = 8/16, ''d'' = 2, ''k'' = 10) used in the [[DVD]]. Parameters ''d'' and ''k'' are the minimal and maximal allowed run lengths. For more coverage on the storage technologies, the references cited in this article are useful.<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE
|volume=78
|issue=11
|date=December 1990 |title=Runlength-Limited Sequences
|author=Kees Schouhamer Immink
|authorlink=Kees Schouhamer Immink
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2984369
|pages=1745–1759
|quote=A detailed description is furnished of the limiting properties of runlength limited sequences.
|doi=10.1109/5.63306}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|url=https://archive.org/details/codesformassdata0000scho
|title=Codes for Mass Data Storage Systems
|edition=Second fully revised
|publisher=Shannon Foundation Publishers
|location=Eindhoven, The Netherlands
|date=November 2004
|isbn=90-74249-27-2
|author=Kees A. Schouhamer Immink
|authorlink=Kees Schouhamer Immink
|accessdate=2015-08-23
|url-access=registration
}}</ref>

==Technical overview==
Generally ''run length'' is the number of bits for which signal remains unchanged. A run length of 3 for bit 1, represents a sequence 111. For instance, the pattern of magnetic polarizations on the disk might be +−−−−++−−−++++++, with runs of length 1, 4, 2, 3, and 6. However, run-length limited coding terminology assumes NRZI encoding, so 1 bits indicate changes and 0 bits indicate the absence of change, the above sequence would be expressed as 11000101001000001, and only runs of zero bits are counted.

Somewhat confusingly, the run length is the number of zeros (0, 3, 1, 2 and 5 in the preceding) between adjacent ones, which is one less than the number of bit times the signal actually remains unchanged. Run-length limited sequences are characterized by two parameters, ''d'' and ''k'', which stipulate the minimal and maximal zero-bit run length that can occur in the sequence. So RLL codes are generally specified as (''d'',''k'') RLL, e.g.: (1,3) RLL.

==Coding==
In the encoded format a "1" bit indicates a flux transition, while a "0" indicates that the magnetic field on the disk does not change for that time interval.

===FM: (0,1) RLL===
Generally, the term "RLL code" is used to refer to more elaborate encodings, but the original '''Frequency Modulation''' code, also called [[differential Manchester encoding]], can be seen as a simple rate-1/2 RLL code.
The added 1 bits are referred to as clock bits.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Data !! Encoded
|-
! 0
| 10
|-
! 1
| 11
|}

Example:
Data: 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
Encoded: 1010111011111011101010111110
Clock: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

===GCR: (0,2) RLL===
By extending the maximal run length to 2 adjacent 0 bits, the data rate can be improved to 4/5. This is the original IBM group coded recording variant

{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Data !! Encoded
|-
! 0000
| 11001
|-
! 0001
| 11011
|-
! 0010
| 10010
|-
! 0011
| 10011
|-
! 0100
| 11101
|-
! 0101
| 10101
|-
! 0110
| 10110
|-
! 0111
| 10111
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Data !! Encoded
|-
! 1000
| 11010
|-
! 1001
| 01001
|-
! 1010
| 01010
|-
! 1011
| 01011
|-
! 1100
| 11110
|-
! 1101
| 01101
|-
! 1110
| 01110
|-
! 1111
| 01111
|}
|}

Where possible (11 out of 16 codes), the bit pattern <code>abcd</code> is encoded by prefixing it with the complement of ''a'': <code>{{overline|a}}abcd</code>. In the 5 cases where this would violate one of the rules (<code>000d</code> or <code>ab00</code>), a code beginning with 11 is substituted (<code>11be{{overline|a}}</code>, where ''e'' = ''a'' ∨ ''d'').

Example:
Data: 0010 1101 0001 1000
Encoded: 10010011011101111010

Note that to meet the definition of (0,2) RLL, it is not sufficient only that each 5-bit code contain no more than two consecutive zeros, but it is also necessary that any pair of 5-bit codes as a combined sequentially not contain more than two consecutive zeros. That is, there must not be more than two zeros between the last one bit in the first code and the first one bit in the second code, for any two arbitrarily chosen codes. This is required because for any RLL code, the run-length limits{{snd}} 0 and 2 in this case{{snd}} apply to the overall modulated bitstream, not just to the components of it that represent discrete sequences of plain data bits. (This rule must hold for any arbitrary pair of codes, without exception, because the input data may be any arbitrary sequence of bits.) The IBM GCR code above meets this condition, since the maximal run length of zeros at the beginning of any 5-bit code is one, and likewise the maximal run length at the end of any code is one, making a total run length of two at the junction between adjacent codes. (An example of the maximal run length occurring between codes can be seen in the example given above, where the code for the data "0010" ends with a zero and the code for the next data, "1101", begins with a zero, forming a run of two zeros at the junction of these two 5-bit codes.)

===MFM: (1,3) RLL===
Modified frequency modulation begins to get interesting, because its special properties allow its bits to be written to a magnetic medium with twice the density of an arbitrary bit stream. There is a limit to how close in time flux transitions can be for reading equipment to detect them, and that constrains how closely bits can be recorded on the medium: In the worst case, with an arbitrary bit stream, there are two consecutive ones, which produces two consecutive flux transitions in time, so bits must be spaced far enough apart that there would be sufficient time between those flux transitions for the reader to detect them. But this code imposes a constraint of ''d'' = 1, i.e. there is a minimum of one zero between each two ones. This means that in the worst case, flux transitions are two bit times apart, so the bits can be twice as close together as with the arbitrary bit stream without exceeding the reader's capabilities.

This doubled recording density compensates for the 1/2 coding rate of this code (it takes two bits to represent one bit of real information) and makes it equivalent to a rate-1 code.

The encoding is very similar to the FM encoding.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Data !! Encoded
|-
! 0
| x0
|-
! 1
| 01
|}
Where "x" is the complement of the stream's previously encoded bit.

Except for the clock bits not always being one, this is the same as the FM table, and that is how this code gets its name. The inserted clock bits are 0 except between two 0 data bits.

When combined with the previous ''n-1'' bit, the resulting encoding table for each data bit ''n'' effectively becomes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Data (''n'') !! Data (''n-1'') !! Encoded (''n'')
|-
! rowspan="2" | 0
| 0 || 10
|-
| 1 || 00
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| 0 || 01
|-
| 1 || 01
|}

Example:
Data: 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
Encoded: x010010001010001001010010100
Clock: x 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

===(1,7) RLL===
(1,7) RLL maps 2 bits of data onto 3 bits on the disk, and the encoding is done in 2- or 4-bit groups. The encoding rules are: (''x'', ''y'') becomes (NOT ''x'', ''x'' AND ''y'', NOT ''y''), except (''x'', 0, 0, ''y'') becomes (NOT ''x'', ''x'' AND ''y'', NOT ''y'', 0, 0, 0).<ref name=Mee>{{cite book
| last1 = Mee
| first1 = C. Denis
| last2 = Daniel
| first2 = Eric D.
| title = Magnetic Storage Handbook
| edition = 2nd
| publisher = McGraw Hill
| year = 1996
| isbn = 0-07-041275-8 }}</ref>
When encoding according to the table below, the ''longest'' (last in the table) match must be used; those are exceptions handling situations where applying the earlier rules would lead to a violation of the code constraints.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Data !! Encoded
|-
! 00
| 101
|-
! 01
| 100
|-
! 10
| 001
|-
! 11
| 010
|-
! 00 00
| 101 000
|-
! 00 01
| 100 000
|-
! 10 00
| 001 000
|-
! 10 01
| 010 000
|}

Example:
Data: 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
Encoded: 101 001 010 100 100 000 001

===(2,7) RLL===
(2,7) RLL is rate-{{frac|2}} code, mapping ''n'' bits of data onto 2''n'' bits on the disk, like MFM, but because the minimal run length is 50% longer (3 bit times instead of 2), the bits can be written faster, achieving 50% higher effective data density. The encoding is done in 2-, 3- or 4-bit groups.

Western Digital WD5010A, WD5011A, WD50C12

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Data !! (2,7) RLL encoded
|-
! 11
| 1000
|-
! 10
| 0100
|-
! 000
| 100100
|-
! 010
| 000100
|-
! 011
| 001000
|-
! 0011
| 00001000
|-
! 0010
| 00100100
|}

Seagate ST11R, IBM

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Data !! (2,7) RLL encoded
|-
! 11
| 1000
|-
! 10
| 0100
|-
! 000
| 000100
|-
! 010
| 100100
|-
! 011
| 001000
|-
! 0011
| 00001000
|-
! 0010
| 00100100
|}

Perstor Systems ADRC

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Data !! (2,7) RLL encoded
|-
! 11
| 1000
|-
! 10
| 0100
|-
! 000
| 100100
|-
! 010
| 000100
|-
! 001
| 001000
|-
! 0111
| 00001000
|-
! 0110
| 00100100
|}

The encoded forms begin with at most 4, and end with at most 3 zero bits, giving the maximal run length of 7.

Example:
Data: 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Encoded: 1000 001000 00001000

===HHH(1,13)===
The HHH(1,13) code is a rate-2/3 code developed by three IBM researchers (Hirt, Hassner, and Heise) for use in the 16 MB/s [[IrDA]] VFIR physical layer.<ref name="mmm">{{Citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3344140 |title=IrDA-VFIr (16 Mb/s): modulation code and system design |first1=Walter |last1=Hirt |first2=Martin |last2=Hassner |first3=Nyles |last3=Heise |journal=IEEE Personal Communications |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=58–71 |date=February 2001 |doi=10.1109/98.904900}}.</ref> Unlike magnetic encoding, this is designed for an infrared transmitter, where a 0 bit represents "off" and a 1 bit represents "on". Because 1 bits consume more power to transmit, this is designed to limit the density of 1 bits to less than 50%. In particular, it is a (1,13|5) RLL code, where the final 5 indicates the additional constraint that there are at most 5 consecutive "10" bit pairs.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Data !! Encoded
|-
! 00
| 010
|-
! 01
| 001
|-
! 10
| 100
|-
! 11
| 101
|-
! 01 10
| 001 000
|-
! 01 11
| 010 000
|-
|-
! 11 10
| 101 000
|-
! 11 11
| 100 000
|-
! 00 11 00
| 010 000 000
|-
! 00 11 01
| 001 000 000
|-
! 10 11 00
| 100 000 000
|-
! 10 11 01
| 101 000 000
|-MaxDC
! 00 11 10 11
| 010 000 000 000
|-
! 10 11 10 11
| 100 000 000 000
|}
The first eight rows describe a standard (1,7)-RLL code. The additional six exceptions increase the maximal run of zeros to 13 (in the legal pattern 100 000 000 000 001, which represents 10 11 10 11, followed by 01), but limit the maximal average ones density to {{frac|1|3}}. The longest run of 1–0 pairs is 000 101 010 101 000.

This code limits the ones density to between {{frac|1|12}} and {{frac|1|3}}, with an average of 25.8%.

== Examples ==
For example, let us encode the bit sequence 10110010 with different encodings

{| class="wikitable"
! Encoding
! Data
! Encoded
|-
| RLL(0,1) || 10110010 || 1110111110101110
|-
| RLL(0,2) || 1011 0010 || 01011 10010
|-
| RLL(1,3) || 10110010 || 0100010100100100
|-
| RLL(1,7) || 10 11 00 10 || 001 010 101 001
|-
| RLL(2,7) || 10 11 0010 || 0100 1000 00100100
|-
| HHH(1,13) || 10 11 00 10 || 100 000 000 100
|}

[[File:RLL example 10110010.svg|400px]]

== Densities ==

Suppose a magnetic tape can contain up to 3200 flux reversals per inch. A modified frequency modulation, or (1,3) RLL encoding, stores each data bit as two bits on tape, but since there is guaranteed to be one 0 (no flux reversal) bit between any 1 (flux reversal) bits, then it is possible to store 6400 encoded bits per inch on the tape, or 3200 data bits per inch. A (1,7) RLL encoding can also store 6400 encoded bits per inch on the tape, but since it only takes 3 encoded bits to store 2 data bits, this is 4267 data bits per inch. A (2,7) RLL encoding takes 2 encoded bits to store each data bit, but since there is guaranteed to be two 0 bits between any 1 bits, then it is possible to store 9600 encoded bits per inch on the tape, or 4800 data bits per inch.

The flux-reversal densities on hard drives are significantly greater, but the same improvements in storage density are seen by using different encoding systems.

==See also==
*[[8b/10b encoding]]
*[[Bit slip]]
*[[Eight-to-fourteen modulation]] and EFMplus are DC-free (2,10) RLL codes used on CDs and DVDs, respectively.
*[[Error correcting codes]]
*[[Line code]]
*[[Modulation]]
*[[Physical layer]]
*[[PRML]]
*[[Run-length encoding]]
*[[Self-synchronizing code]] and bit synchronization
*[[Source coding]]

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.quadibloc.com/comp/tapeint.htm Digital Magnetic Tape Recording]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Run-Length Limited}}
[[Category:Audio storage]]
[[Category:Rotating disc computer storage media]]
[[Category:Video storage]]
[[Category:Line codes]]
[[Category:Physical layer protocols]]

Wiki143:Common sense is not common

2025-05-21T06:13:27Z

185.137.137.154:

{{essay|WP:NOTCOMMON}}
{{nutshell|What is "common sense" to you might not be so to others.}}
The concept of [[common sense]] is a long-standing term, based on human experience and people's individual perceptions. '''Common sense isn't actually common''', in either sense: it is different from person to person, and may not be employed even when many editors could agree on what it is in a particular situation.

{{quote box|text=It is sometimes said, common sense is very rare.|author=[[Voltaire]]|source=''Dictionnaire Philosophique'' (1764)}}

Thus, when discussing issues of importance to projects on Wikipedia, don't consider your position, or the position that you agree with, or even a position that has [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]], to be "common sense", because it's [[Wikipedia:There is no common sense|nothing more than your perception]]. Your idea of common sense is likely to contradict someone else's idea of common sense.

Instead of relying on "common sense" to make decisions, you should instead rely on building consensus for your position and perception, and work with other people to reach a conclusion most people can accept. By assuming your position is "common sense" and acting upon it, all you're doing is insulting the people who disagree with you.

Crack intro

2025-05-20T05:49:21Z

185.137.137.154:

{{Short description|Credit sequence added to cracked software}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
__NOTOC__
[[File:Quartex.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Cracktro for the cracking group Quartex on [[Amiga]]. A typical crack intro has a scrolling text marquee at the bottom of the screen.]]
A '''crack intro''', also known as a '''cracktro''', '''loader''', or just '''intro''', is a small introduction sequence added to [[Software cracking|cracked software]]. It aims to inform the user which cracking crew or individual cracker removed the software's [[copy protection]] and distributed the crack.<ref name="EuroGamer" /><ref name="wired"/><ref name="0dayartTheVerge"/>

==History==
Crack intros first appeared on [[Apple II]] computers in the late 1970s or early 1980s,<ref name="wired" /><ref name="jason_scott_2010" /><ref name="reunanen2010" /> and then on [[ZX Spectrum]], [[Commodore 64]] and [[Amstrad CPC]] games that were distributed around the world via [[Bulletin Board System]]s (BBSes) and [[floppy disk]] copying.<ref name="reunanen2010"/> By 1985, when reviewing the commercially available [[ISEPIC]] cartridge which adds a custom crack intro to [[memory dump]]s of Commodore 64 software, ''[[Ahoy!]]'' wrote that such intros were "in the tradition of the true hacker".<ref name="kevelson198510"/> Early crack intros resemble [[graffiti]] in many ways, although they invaded the [[private sphere]] and not the public space.<ref name="carlsson2009" /><ref name="kotlinski2009" />

As time went on, crack intros became a medium to demonstrate the purported superiority of a cracking group.<ref name="jason_scott_2010" /> Such intros grew very complex, sometimes exceeding the size<ref name="arstechnica2013" /> and complexity<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalekultur.org/files/dk_whatisthedemoscene.pdf|title=The Demoscene|publisher=Digitale Kultur e.V.|access-date=2010-10-25}}
{{better source|date= June 2015}}</ref> of the software itself. Crack intros only became more sophisticated on more advanced systems such as the [[Amiga]], [[Atari ST]], and some [[IBM PC compatible]]s with sound cards.<ref name="reunanen2010" /> These intros feature big, colourful [[2D computer graphics|effects]], [[chiptune|music]], and [[Scrolling#Demos|scrollers]].<ref name="demographics" />

Cracking groups would use the intros not just to gain credit for cracking, but to advertise their [[Bulletin board system|BBSes]], greet friends, and gain themselves recognition.<ref name="jason_scott_2010" /> Messages were frequently of a vulgar nature, and on some occasions made threats of violence against software companies or the members of some rival crack-group.<ref name="jason_scott_2010" />

Crack-intro programming eventually became an art form in its own right, and people started coding intros without attaching them to a crack just to show off how well they could program. This practice evolved into the [[demoscene]].<ref name="EuroGamer"/>

Crack intros and other small software created by [[Software cracker|software crackers]] such as [[Keygen|keygens]] and [[Patch (computing)|patches]] that remove protection from commercial applications often use [[chiptune]]s in the form of background music. These chiptunes are now still accessible as downloadable ''[[Module file#Music disk|musicdisks]]'' or ''musicpacks''.<ref name="chiptunes2009"/>

==See also==
* [[Hacker subculture]]
* [[List of warez groups]]
* ''[[Replay: The History of Video Games]]'' – The book describes the Dutch demo making as a major influence on video games in the 1980s.
* [[Warez scene]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=



<ref name="reunanen2010">{{cite thesis |title=Computer Demos – What Makes Them Tick? |last=Reunanen |first=Markku |date=2010-04-23 |publisher=[[Aalto University]] |url=http://www.kameli.net/demoresearch2/reunanen-licthesis.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="carlsson2009">{{cite conference |url=http://www.mat.ucsb.edu/Publications/burbano_MAH2009.pdf |title=The Forgotten Pioneers of Creative Hacking and Social Networking – Introducing the Demoscene |last1=Carlsson |first1=Anders |date=2009 |publisher=Cubitt, Sean & Thomas, Paul (eds.) |book-title=Re:live: Media Art Histories 2009 Conference Proceedings |pages=16–20 |location=University of Melbourne & Victorian College of the Arts and Music |isbn=978-0-9807186-3-8}}</ref>
<ref name="kotlinski2009">{{cite web |url=http://chipflip.org/dox/kotlinski_(2009)_amiga_music_programs_89-95.pdf |title=Amiga Music Programs 1985–1995 |last1=Kotlinski |first1=Johan |date=2009 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref name="chiptunes2009">{{cite journal |url=http://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/96/94 |title=Endless loop: A brief history of chiptunes |first1=Driscoll |last1=Kevin |first2=Joshua |last2=Diaz |year=2009 |journal=[[Transformative Works and Cultures]]|volume=2 |issue=2 |doi=10.3983/twc.2009.0096 |quote=As the demo scene established its independence, chiptunes were carried out of the gaming sphere altogether to finally establish their own stand-alone format: the downloadable musicdisk.|doi-access=free }}</ref>







<ref name="kevelson198510">{{Cite news |last=Kevelson |first=Morton |date=October 1985 |title=Isepic |url=https://archive.org/details/ahoy-magazine-22/page/n70/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=2025-01-14 |work=Ahoy! |pages=71–73}}</ref>
<ref name="EuroGamer">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=291159 |title=Linger in Shadows |first=Dan |last=Whitehead |date=2008-11-12 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |access-date=2010-10-23 |quote=Amateur coders busy cracking the copy-protection on the latest Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum games got into the habit of marking their work with an animated intro - or "cracktro" - inserted before the game began. |archive-date=2019-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924195029/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/linger-in-shadows-hands-on |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="0dayartTheVerge">{{cite web|last=Kopfstein|first=Janus|title=0-Day Art: saving digital art one torrent at a time - Net pirate provocateurs challenge the monetization of online works |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/4/23/2961601/0-day-art-digital-art-torrents-piracy|work=TheVerge|date=2012-04-23|access-date=2012-04-26}}</ref>
<ref name="arstechnica2013">{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/04/a-history-of-the-amiga-part-9-the-demo-scene/ |title=A history of the Amiga, part 8: The demo scene |first=Jeremy |last=Reimer |date=2013-04-29 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref>
<ref name="wired">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.07/democoders.html |title=Demo or Die! |first=Dave |last=Green |date=July 1995 |magazine=Wired |access-date=2010-10-23}}</ref>



<ref name="jason_scott_2010">{{cite video |people=[[Jason Scott Sadofsky|Jason Scott]] |date=2010-07-31 |title=You're Stealing it Wrong: 30 Years of Inter-Pirate Battles |url=http://vimeo.com/15400820 |format=mov |publisher=[[DEF CON]] 18 |location=Las Vegas, Nevada}}</ref>
<ref name="demographics">{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Jeremy|title=Demographics: Behind the Scene|url=http://vimeo.com/1289141|work=Mindcandy Volume 1: PC Demos|access-date=2012-05-19}}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |first1=Markku |last1=Reunanen |first2=Patryk |last2=Wasiak |first3=Daniel |last3=Botz |title=Crack Intros: Piracy, Creativity and Communication |journal=[[International Journal of Communication]] |volume=9 |pages=798–817 |year=2015 |issn=1932-8036 |url=http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3731}}
* Patryk Wasiak, [http://www.zeithistorische-forschungen.de/16126041-Wasiak-2-2012 ‘Illegal Guys’]. A History of Digital Subcultures in Europe during the 1980s, in: Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History, Online-Ausgabe, 9 (2012), H. 2
* {{cite web |first=George |last=Borzyskowski |date=November 1996 |title=The Hacker Demo Scene and Its Cultural Artifacts |url=http://greent.mindnever.org/demoscene.pdf |publisher=Curtin University of Technology}} Read online: [http://www.scheib.net/play/demos/what/borzyskowski/ http://www.scheib.net/play/demos/what/borzyskowski/].
* Hastik, Canan; Steinmetz, Arnd (2012a): [http://canan.hastik.de/science/cerc2012.pdf Demoscene Artists and Community] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212154444/http://canan.hastik.de/science/cerc2012.pdf |date=2013-12-12 }}. In Bours, Patrick; Humm, Bernhard; Loew, Robert; Stengel, Ingo; Walsh, Paul (eds.): Proceedings of CERC 2012, pp. 43–48.
* Driscoll, Kevin; Diaz, Joshua (2009): [http://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/96/94 Endless Loop: A Brief History of Chiptunes]. Transformative Works and Cultures 9, 2009.
* {{cite journal |url=http://widerscreen.fi/numerot/2014-1-2/crackers-became-us-demosceners/ |title=How Those Crackers Became Us Demosceners |first=Markku |last=Reunanen |date=2014-04-15 |journal=WiderScreen |issue=1–2}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.elektrischer-reporter.de/elr/video/85/ |title=Demoszene: Hollywood in 64 Kilobyte |language=de |date=2008-12-05 |format=MP4 |website=Elektrische Reporter}}

==External links==
* [http://www.intros.c64.org World of C64 Crackintros] – A large collection of C64 cracktros in native "prg" file format (supported by most C64 emulators)
* [http://www.defacto2.net/cracktros.cfm Defacto2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231045334/http://www.defacto2.net/cracktros.cfm |date=2005-12-31 }} – Hundreds of cracktros, loaders and installers for the PC
* [http://amp.dascene.net Amiga Music Preservation] – Thousands of cracktros in all tracker formats.
* [http://www.chiptune.com/ Chiptune.com] – A chiptune dedicated website containing thousands of chiptunes from Amiga and other formats. The website itself emulates the [[Amiga Workbench|Amiga Workbench 1.3]].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50WWFEBsgfk THE AMIGA CRACKTRO MARATHRON] – A large back-to-back collection of Amiga cracktros.
* [https://www.docsnyderspage.com Docsnyderspage.com] – Hundreds of C64 crack intros re-coded for the web.

[[Category:Demo effects]]
[[Category:Copyright infringement]]
[[Category:Software cracking]]

[[de:Demoszene#Ursprünge in den Heimcomputern der 1980er]]

Keygen

2025-05-20T05:49:00Z

185.137.137.154:

{{Short description|Computer program that can generate a product licensing key}}
{{For|programs which generate cryptographic keys|Key generator}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}

A '''key generator''' ('''keygen''') is a [[computer program]] that generates a [[product key|product licensing key]], such as a [[serial number]], necessary to [[Product activation|activate]] for use of a [[software application]]. Keygens may be legitimately distributed by software manufacturers for licensing software in commercial environments where software has been licensed in bulk for an entire site or enterprise, or they may be developed and distributed illegitimately in circumstances of [[copyright infringement]] or software piracy.

Illegitimate key generators are typically programmed and distributed by [[software cracking|software crackers]] in the [[warez scene]]. These keygens often play music (taking from the tradition of [[cracktro]]s), which may include the genres [[dubstep]], [[chiptunes]], sampled loops or anything that the programmer desires. Chiptunes are often preferred due to their small size. Keygens can have artistic user interfaces or kept simple and display only a cracking group or cracker's logo.

==Software licensing==
A [[software license]] is a legal instrument that governs the usage and distribution of computer software.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://knol.google.com/k/jon-gillespie-brown/what-is-software-licensing/3v64x901bjfe2/2%23 |title=What is Software licensing?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514103947/http://knol.google.com/k/jon-gillespie-brown/what-is-software-licensing/3v64x901bjfe2/2%23 |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref> Often, such licenses are enforced by implementing in the software a [[product activation]] or [[digital rights management]] (DRM) mechanism,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://knol.google.com/k/why-product-activation-for-software-is-becoming-widespread%23 |title=Why product activation for software is becoming widespread – a knol by Dominic Haigh |website=knol.google.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121001926/http://knol.google.com/k/why-product-activation-for-software-is-becoming-widespread |archive-date=21 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> seeking to prevent unauthorized use of the software by issuing a code sequence that must be entered into the application when prompted or stored in its configuration.{{better source needed|date=April 2017}}

==Key verification==
Many programs attempt to verify or validate licensing keys over the Internet by establishing a session with a licensing application of the software publisher. Advanced keygens bypass this mechanism, and include additional features for key verification, for example by generating the validation data which would otherwise be returned by an activation server. If the software offers phone activation then the keygen could generate the correct activation code to finish activation. Another method that has been used is activation server emulation, which patches the program memory to "see" the keygen as the ''de facto'' activation server.

==Multi-keygen==
A multi-keygen is a keygen that offers key generation for multiple software applications. Multi-keygens are sometimes released over singular keygens if a series of products requires the same [[algorithm]] for generating [[product key]]s.

These tools simplify the process of obtaining activation keys for users who need access to various software products within the same suite or developed by the same company. By integrating the algorithms for multiple applications into one interface, multi-keygens eliminate the need to manage separate keygens for each program. However, the use of multi-keygens often violates software licensing agreements or constitutes [[copyright infringement]] when unauthorized, and may pose risks such as malware or compromised system security.

==Authors and distribution==
Unauthorized keygens that typically violate software licensing terms are written by programmers who engage in [[reverse engineering]] and [[software cracking]], often called ''crackers'', to circumvent [[copy protection]] of software or [[digital rights management]] for [[multimedia]]. Reverse engineering of software often involves disassembly of the software with a disassembler. The software is then analyzed and studied for its behavior. This reveals the algorithms or formulas used to verify the keys, which can then be used to create keys that will be accepted by the software, passing its verification process for the keys and activating the software, without obtaining a key from the software developer or publisher.

Keygens are available for download on [[warez]] sites or through [[peer-to-peer]] (P2P) networks.

==Malware keygens==
Keygens, available through P2P networks or otherwise, can contain [[Malware|malicious payloads]].<ref name=msir13>{{Cite web|url=http://download.microsoft.com/download/C/1/F/C1F6A2B2-F45F-45F7-B788-32D2CCA48D29/Microsoft_Security_Intelligence_Report_Volume_13_English.pdf|title=Microsoft Security Intelligence Report Volume 13, p14|accessdate=19 August 2024|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819024612/http://download.microsoft.com/download/C/1/F/C1F6A2B2-F45F-45F7-B788-32D2CCA48D29/Microsoft_Security_Intelligence_Report_Volume_13_English.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> These key generators may or may not generate a valid key, but the embedded malware loaded invisibly at the same time may, for example, be a version of [[CryptoLocker#Imitators|CryptoLocker]] ([[ransomware]]).<ref name=eset-cl2>{{cite web|title=Cryptolocker 2.0 – new version, or copycat?|url=http://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/12/19/cryptolocker-2-0-new-version-or-copycat/|work=WeLiveSecurity|date=19 December 2013|publisher=ESET|access-date=18 January 2014|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122005648/http://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/12/19/cryptolocker-2-0-new-version-or-copycat/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tm-newcl>{{cite web|title=New CryptoLocker Spreads via Removable Drives|date=26 December 2013|url=http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/new-cryptolocker-spreads-via-removable-drives/|publisher=Trend Micro|access-date=18 January 2014|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104095631/http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/new-cryptolocker-spreads-via-removable-drives/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Antivirus software]] may discover malware embedded in keygens; such software often also identifies unauthorized keygens which do not contain a payload as [[potentially unwanted software]], often labelling them with a name such as Win32/Keygen or Win32/Gendows.<ref name=msir13/>

===HackTool.Win32.HackAV===
A program designed to assist [[Hacker (computer security)|hacking]] is defined as HackTool.Win32.HackAV or not-a-virus:Keygen from [[Kaspersky Labs]] or as HackTool:Win32/Keygen by [[Microsoft Malware Protection Center]]. According to the ''Microsoft Malware Protection Center'', its first known detection dates back to 16 July 2009.<ref name=msi>{{Cite web |title=HackTool:Win32/Keygen threat description |publisher=Microsoft |website=Microsoft Security Intelligence |date=16 July 2009 |url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=HackTool:Win32/Keygen |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818011523/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=HackTool:Win32/Keygen |url-status=live }} Updated 15 September 2017</ref> The following security threats were most often found on PCs that have been related to these tools:
* ''[[Blackhole exploit kit]]''
* ''Win32/Autorun''
* ''Win32/Dorkbot''
* ''Win32/Obfuscator''<ref name=msi/>

==Keychan==
A key changer or keychan is a variation of a keygen. A keychan is a small piece of software that changes the license key or serial number of a particular piece of proprietary software installed on a computer.

==See also==
*[[BSA (The Software Alliance)]]
*Canadian Alliance Against Software Theft
*[[Free Software Foundation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130721000847/http://eupat.ffii.org/gasnu/bsa/index.en.html Business Software Alliance and Software Patents]

[[Category:Software cracking]]
[[Category:Warez]]
[[Category:Copyright infringement of software]]
[[Category:Cryptographic software]]

S3 Trio

2025-05-20T04:37:27Z

185.137.137.154:

{{Short description|Computer graphics hardware}}
[[File:S3 Trio64Vplus 86C765.jpg|thumb|S3 Trio64V+]]
The '''[[S3 Graphics|S3]] Trio''' range were popular [[video card]]s for personal computers and were S3's first fully integrated graphics accelerators. As the name implies, three previously separate components were now included in the same [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]]: the graphics core, [[RAMDAC]] and [[clock generator]]. The increased integration allowed a graphics card to be simpler than before and thus cheaper to produce.

==Variants==

The Trio64 and 64V+, first appeared in 1995, are essentially fully integrated solutions based upon the earlier Vision 864 and 868 accelerator chipsets. Like the 868, the 64V+ has a video acceleration engine that can perform [[YUV]] to [[RGB]] [[color space]] conversion and horizontal [[linear filter]]ed [[Image scaling|scaling]]. Unlike the Vision964/968, the Trio chips do not support [[VRAM]], and are limited to [[Dynamic_random_access_memory|FPM DRAM]] and [[Dynamic_random_access_memory|EDO DRAM]] only. The 2D graphics hardware was later used in the [[S3 ViRGE|ViRGE]].

The Trio32 is a low-cost version of the Trio64 with a narrower 32-bit DRAM interface (vs. 64-bit).

The Trio64V2 improved on the 64V+ by including vertical [[bilinear filtering]]. The 2D graphics core was later used in the ViRGE/DX and ViRGE/GX. Like the corresponding ViRGE chips, the 64V2 also came in /DX and /GX variants, with the latter supporting more modern [[Synchronous dynamic random access memory|SDRAM]] or [[Dynamic_random_access_memory|SGRAM]]. The final version, called the Trio3D, was effectively the 128-bit successor to the ViRGE/GX2.

[[File:S3 Trio 3D-2X On Board 86C368.png|thumb|S3 Trio 3D/2X]]
The various Trio chips were used on many motherboards. Because of the popularity of the series and the resulting compatibility advantages, they are used in various PC emulation and virtualization packages such as [[DOSBox]], [[Microsoft Virtual PC]], [[PCem]] and [[86Box]].

== Specifications ==
* Motherboard interface: [[VESA Local Bus|VLB]], [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]], [[Accelerated Graphics Port|AGP]] (Trio3D only)
* Video Connector: 15-pin [[VGA connector]]
* VRAM: 1 to 2 megabyte of FPM/EDO DRAM (for the 2D cards)

==External links==
*[http://www.xlr8yourmac.com/VPC/VPC3_vs_VPC4.html Virtual PC 4.0 Test Results, S3 Trio emulated graphics chipset]
*[http://www.s3graphics.com/en/drivers/legacy_software_archive.aspx S3 Graphics - Download Drivers - Legacy Software Archive]
*[https://www.vogonsdrivers.com/index.php?catid=26&menustate=18,1 Vogons Vintage Driver Library]

{{S3 Graphics Chips}}

[[Category:Graphics cards]]