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Lord of Abernethy

2025-07-08T11:48:22Z

178.78.252.98:

{{For|the Scottish judge|Alastair Cameron, Lord Abernethy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Arms of Thomas Stewart, Earl of Angus.svg|thumb|The arms of [[Thomas Stewart, 2nd Earl of Angus]] and his successors, incorporating the arms of Stewart of Bonkyll (first and fourth quarters) and those of his mother Margaret de Abernethy (second and third quarters).]]

The '''Lord of Abernethy''' was from the 12th century to the 14th century the hereditary holder of the church and lands of the Scottish [[monastery]] at [[Abernethy, Perth and Kinross|Abernethy]]. It gradually evolved alongside the title '''Abbot of Abernethy''', displacing that term in extant sources by the end of the 13th century. It was held by the descendants of [[Gille Míchéil, Earl of Fife]].

As '''Lord Abernethy''', it is a subsidiary title of the [[Duke of Hamilton|Dukes of Hamilton and Brandon]]. The [[Mormaer]]s and [[Earl of Fife|Earls of Fife]] had enjoyed the privilege of crowning new [[List of Scottish monarchs|Kings of Scots]]. Following the failure of the main [[Clan MacDuff|MacDuff]] line, and after the execution of the Stewart [[Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany|Murdoch, Earl of Fife]] in 1425, the privilege fell back to the second line of [[Clan MacDuff|MacDuffs]], those of Abernethy.

Through them this honour was regarded as passing to the Douglas [[Earl of Angus|Earls of Angus]], notably at the coronation of [[James III of Scotland|James III]] in 1460 when [[George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus]] proclaimed "There! Now that I have set it upon your Grace's head, let me see who will be so bold as to move it."<ref>Maxwell Vol II, p.17</ref>

This continuity has survived to the current era, most notably at the coronation of [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] in 1953, when the then Lord Abernethy and [[Earl of Angus|Angus]], [[Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton]] bore and presented the [[Crown of Scotland]] to the Queen at [[St. Giles' Cathedral]]. Hamilton's son the [[Angus Douglas-Hamilton, 15th Duke of Hamilton|15th Duke]], and the [[Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, 16th Duke of Hamilton|16th Duke]] performed similar duties at the opening of [[Scottish Parliament]]s since 1999.

==History==
The abbots of Abernethy were descendants of [[Gille Míchéil, Earl of Fife]]. The abbacy may have been held by Áed (called ''Hugo'' or ''Eggu'' and other Latinised forms), son of [[Gille Míchéil, Mormaer of Fife|Gille Míchéil]],<ref>See [http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/History/Scottish/Level1/level1C-material.htm#Genealogical%20chart%20of%20morma%EDr genealogical chart] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010717192346/http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/History/Scottish/Level1/level1C-material.htm |date=2001-07-17 }} by [[Dauvit Broun]].</ref> but the abbacy is first attested when Áed's son Orm is confirmed in possession of it by King [[William I of Scotland|William of Scotland]] in the 1170s, in condition for making concessions favorable to the King's new monastic establishment at [[Arbroath Abbey]].<ref>Barrow, "Reign of William the Lion", p. 80; McGladdery, "Abernethy family (per. c.1260–c.1465)".</ref> The title of Abbot disappears in the sources during the abbacy of Laurence, with the title of ''dominus'' predominating:

* Orm de Abernethy ([[floruit|fl.]] 1170s)
* Laurence de Abernethy (fl. 1190s)
* Hugh de Abernethy (d. 1291)
* [[Alexander de Abernethy]] (d. c. 1315)

Following the death of Alexander Abernethy, the title passed to his daughter Margaret who married [[John Stewart, 1st Earl of Angus|John Stewart of Bonkyll]], who assumed the title, as well as being granted the forfeited [[Earl of Angus|Earldom of Angus]].

===Douglas lords of Abernethy===
His granddaughter [[Margaret Stewart, 3rd Countess of Angus]] and Lady of Abernethy, had an illegitimate son by [[William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas]]. In a [[charter]] of 1389, Lady Angus transferred the titles of [[Earl of Angus]] and the Lordships of Abernethy and Bonkyll to her child.

*[[George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus]], Lord of Abernethy and Bonkyll (1380–1403), upon his betrothal to Princess Mary, daughter of [[Robert III of Scotland]]

For further Lords of Abernethy please see:
*[[Earl of Angus]]
*[[Duke of Hamilton]]

==Baronial title==
'''Lord of Abernethy''' or '''Baron of Abernethy''' is also a separate, non-peerage title in the [[Baronage of Scotland]], formerly referred to as a [[feudal barony]].

The status of [[Lords in the Baronage of Scotland|Lord in the Baronage of Scotland]] was detached from land ownership by the [[Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000]], which retained the title and dignity. Unlike other titles in the United Kingdom, these baronies can be assigned by grant or sale.

[[Mahfouz Marei Mubarak bin Mahfouz|Mahfouz Marei Mubarak bin Mahfouz, Lord of Abernethy]] succeeded to the title in 2008 by assignation.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{Rayment|date=February 2012}}
* [[John Bannerman (historian)|Bannerman, John]], "MacDuff of Fife", in A. Grant & K. Stringer (eds.) ''Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, Essays Presented to G.W.S. Barrow'', (Edinburgh, 1993), pp. 20–38
* [[G. W. S. Barrow|Barrow, G. W. S.]], "The Reign of William the Lion", in Scotland and its Neighbours in the Middle Ages", (London, 1992), pp. 67–89
* [[Herbert Maxwell|Maxwell, Rt. Hon Sir Herbert]]. ''A History of the House of Douglas''. Freemantle, London, 1902
* McGladdery, C. A., "Abernethy family (per. c.1260–c.1465)", in the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/54130 , accessed 11 August 2007]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abernethy}}
[[Category:House of Douglas and Angus| ]]
[[Category:Extinct lordships of Parliament]]
[[Category:Noble titles created in 1233]]

Informant

2025-06-29T17:26:41Z

178.78.252.98:

{{Short description|Person who provides information}}
{{About|a person who provides privileged information}}
{{redirect-multi|3|Informer|Stool pigeon|Confidential Informant|other uses|Informer (disambiguation)|and|Stool pigeon (disambiguation)|the film|Confidential Informant (film)}}
[[File:Payment to an informant.jpg|thumb|right|240px|A representative from the [[United States Department of State |U.S. State Department]] congratulates and offers a partial payment to a fully disguised informant whose information led to the neutralization of a [[Terrorism in the Philippines |terrorist in the Philippines]]]]
[[File:Two page totally confidential, direct and immediate letter from the Minister of Finance to the Minister of Foreign Affairs about creating a foreign information network for controlling smuggling.jpg|thumb|Two-page totally confidential, direct and immediate letter from the Iranian Minister of Finance to the Minister of Foreign Affairs ([[Hossein Fatemi]]) about creating a foreign information network for controlling smuggling, 15 December 1952]]
{{wikt | informant | stool pigeon}}

An '''informant''' (also called an '''informer''' or, as a [[slang]] term, a "'''snitch'''", "'''rat'''", "'''canary'''", "'''stool pigeon'''", "'''stoolie'''", "'''tout'''" or "'''grass'''", among other terms)<ref>{{cite web|title=informer|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/informer|website= Merriam-Webster Dictionary|publisher= [[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date= 6 June 2016|quote= '''2:''' one that informs against another; ''specifically'' : one who makes a practice especially for a financial reward of informing against others for violations of penal laws}}</ref> is a person who provides privileged information, or (usually damaging) information intended to be intimate, concealed, or secret, about a person or organization to an agency, often a government or [[law enforcement agency]]. The term is usually used within the law-enforcement world, where informants are officially known as '''confidential human sources''' ('''CHS'''), or '''criminal informants''' ('''CI'''). It can also refer pejoratively to someone who supplies information without the consent of the involved parties.<ref name="lying">"The Weakest Link: The Dire Consequences of a Weak Link in the Informant Handling and Covert Operations Chain-of-Command" by M Levine. ''Law Enforcement Executive Forum'', 2009</ref> The term is commonly used in politics, industry, entertainment, and academia.<ref>"Pursuing strategic advantage through political means: A multivariate approach" by DA Schuler, K Rehbein, RD Cramer – ''Academy of Management Journal'', 2002</ref><ref>"Reading English for specialized purposes: Discourse analysis and the use of student informants" by A Cohen, H Glasman, PR Rosenbaum-Cohen, ''TESOL Quarterly'', 197</ref>

In the United States, a '''confidential informant''' or "'''CI'''" is "any individual who provides useful and credible information to a law enforcement agency regarding felonious criminal activities and from whom the agency expects or intends to obtain additional useful and credible information regarding such activities in the future".<ref>
{{Cite web|title=Special Report|url= https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/0509/chapter3.htm#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Confidential%20Informant,obtain%20additional%20useful%20and%20credible|access-date=2021-01-28|website= oig.justice.gov | quote = According to the Confidential Informant Guidelines, a confidential informant or "CI" is "any individual who provides useful and credible information to a Justice Law Enforcement Agency (JLEA) regarding felonious criminal activities and from whom the JLEA expects or intends to obtain additional useful and credible information regarding such activities in the future."}}</ref>

==Criminal informants==
Informants are extremely common in every-day police work, including homicide and narcotics investigations. Any citizen who provides crime-related information to law enforcement by definition is an informant.<ref>Palmiotto, J., Micheal. ''Criminal Investigation''. 4th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013. pp. 65–66</ref>

Law enforcement and intelligence agencies may face criticism regarding their conduct towards informants. Informants may be shown leniency for their own crimes in exchange for information, or simply turn out to be dishonest in their information, resulting in the time and money spent acquiring them being wasted.

Informants are often regarded as [[traitors]] by their former criminal associates. Whatever the nature of a group, it is likely to feel strong hostility toward any known informers, regard them as threats and inflict punishments ranging from social ostracism through physical abuse and/or death. Informers are therefore generally protected, either by being segregated while in [[prison]] or, if they are not incarcerated, relocated under a new identity.

===Informant motivation===
[[File:Program Aids - CHS Assessing.pdf|thumb|[[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]] aid for assessing confidential human sources]]
Informants, and especially criminal informants, can be motivated by many reasons. Many informants are not themselves aware of all of their reasons for providing information, but nonetheless do so. Many informants provide information while under stress, duress, emotion and other life factors that can affect the accuracy or veracity of information provided.

Law enforcement officers, prosecutors, defense lawyers, judges and others should be aware of possible motivations so that they can properly approach, assess and verify informants' information.

Generally, informants' motivations can be broken down into self-interest, self-preservation and conscience.

A list of possible motivations includes:

* Self-Interest:
** Financial reward.<ref name="Lyman, D. 2010. p264">Lyman, D., Micheal. ''Criminal Investigation: The Art and the Science''. 6th ed. Columbia College of Missouri. Pearson, 2010. p. 264</ref>
** Pre-trial release from custody.
** Withdrawal or dismissal of criminal charges.
** Reduction of sentence.
** Choice of location to serve sentence.
** Elimination of rivals or unwanted criminal associates.
** Elimination of competitors engaged in criminal activities.
** Diversion of suspicion from their own criminal activities.
** Revenge.<ref name="Lyman, D. 2010. p264"/>
** Desire to become a spy.
* Self-Preservation:
** Fear of harm from others.
** Threat of arrest or charges.
** Threat of incarceration.
** Desire for witness protection program.
* Conscience:
** Desire to leave criminal past.
** Guilty conscience.
** Redemption.
** Mutual respect.
** Genuine desire to assist law enforcement and society.<ref name="Van Allen Criminal Investigation">{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Bill Van|title=Criminal investigation : in search of the truth|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Canada|location=Toronto|isbn=978-0-13-800011-0|page=217|edition=2nd}}</ref>

==Labor and social movements==
Corporations and the detective agencies that sometimes represent them have historically hired [[labor spies]] to monitor or control labor organizations and their activities.<ref>"Private detective agencies and labour discipline in the United States, 1855–1946" by RP Weiss. ''The Historical Journal'', 2009. Cambridge Univ Press</ref> Such individuals may be professionals or recruits from the workforce. They may be willing accomplices, or may be tricked into informing on their co-workers' unionization efforts.<ref>"Judicial Control of Informants, Spies, Stool Pigeons, and Agent Provocateurs" by RC Donnelly – ''Yale Law Journal'', 1951</ref>

Paid informants have often been used by authorities within politically and socially oriented movements to weaken, destabilize and ultimately break them.<ref>"Thoughts on a neglected category of social movement participant: The agent provocateur and the informant" by GT Marx – ''American Journal of Sociology'', 1974</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:Confidential Human Source Policy Guide (redacted).pdf|thumb|A redacted version of the FBI policy manual concerning the use of informants]]
Informers alert authorities regarding government officials that are corrupt. Officials may be taking [[Bribery|bribes]] or be participants in a [[Money trail|money loop]] also called a [[Kickback (bribery)|kickback]]. Informers in some countries receive a percentage of all money recovered by their government.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

The [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] historian [[Lactantius]] described a judiciary case which involved the prosecution of a woman suspected to have advised another woman not to marry [[Maximinus II]]: "Neither indeed was there any accuser, until a certain [[Jews in the Roman Empire|Jew]], one charged with other offences, was induced, through hope of pardon, to give false evidence against the innocent. The equitable and vigilant magistrate conducted him out of the city under a guard, lest the populace should have stoned him... The Jew was ordered to the torture till he should speak as he had been instructed... The innocent were condemned to die.... Nor was the promise of pardon made good to the feigned adulterer, for he was fixed to a gibbet, and then he disclosed the whole secret contrivance; and with his last breath he protested to all the beholders that the women died innocent."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.iii.v.xl.html|title=On the Deaths of the Persecutors|author=Lactantius|author-link=Lactantius}}</ref>

Criminal informant schemes have been used as cover for politically motivated intelligence offensives.<ref>"CIA Assets and the Rise of the Guadalajara Connection" J. Marshall – ''[[Crime, Law and Social Change]]'', 1991</ref>

==Jailhouse informants==
Jailhouse informants, who report [[hearsay]] (admissions against penal interest) which they claim to have heard while the accused is in [[Remand (detention)|pretrial detention]], usually in exchange for sentence reductions or other inducements, have been the focus of particular controversy.<ref>[http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/2000/2000scc11/2000scc11.html scc.lexum.umontreal.ca] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110084712/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/2000/2000scc11/2000scc11.html |date=2010-11-10 }}</ref> Some examples of their use are in connection with [[Stanley Williams]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/11/30/153247 |title=A Conversation with Death Row Prisoner Stanley Tookie Williams from his San Quentin Cell |website=[[Democracy Now!]] |date=November 30, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115033333/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F11%2F30%2F153247 |archive-date=November 15, 2007 }}</ref> [[Cameron Todd Willingham]],<ref name="chicagotribune">{{cite news|title = Man executed on disproved forensics|first1=Steve|last1=Mills|first2=Maurice|last2=Possley|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0412090169dec09,0,1173806.story|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=December 9, 2004|access-date=September 1, 2009 }}</ref> [[Thomas Silverstein]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectposner.org/case/1985/768F2d790|title=UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CLAYTON FOUNTAIN, THOMAS E. SILVERSTEIN, and RANDY K. GOMETZ, Defendants-Appellants|publisher=Project Posner|accessdate=May 28, 2007|archive-date=September 28, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928123334/http://www.projectposner.org/case/1985/768F2d790|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Marshall "Eddie" Conway]],<ref name=James96>{{cite book |title=Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy |editor-last=James |editor-first=Joy |year=2007 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, NC |isbn=978-0-8223-3923-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/warfareinamerica02unse_2/page/96 96–99] |url=https://archive.org/details/warfareinamerica02unse_2/page/96 }}</ref> [[Temujin Kensu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Temujin Kensu a 'ninja killer' or wrongfully convicted man? |work=[[NBC News]] |date=2021-03-21 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/all/temujin-kensu-ninja-killer-or-wrongfully-convicted-man-n1260983 |last=Rappleye |first=Hannah |access-date=2024-12-30}}</ref> and a suspect in the disappearance of [[Etan Patz]].<ref name=ABCNews>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/2020/etan-patz-missing-boy-case-reopened-31-years/story?id=10749565 |title=Etan Patz Case Reopened 31 Years Later|last1=Berman |first1=Thomas |last2=Sher |first2=Lauren |date=May 26, 2010 |access-date=July 16, 2011 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> The [[Innocence Project]] has stated that 15% of all wrongful convictions later exonerated because of [[DNA]] results were accompanied by [[false testimony]] by jailhouse informants. 50% of [[murder]] convictions exonerated by DNA were accompanied by false testimony by jailhouse informants.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2011/12/27/wrong-convictions-spur-florida-to-rethink-using-jail-informants/ |title=Wrong convictions spur Florida to rethink using jail informants|work= [[Orlando Sentinel]] |first=Rene |last=Stutzman|date= December 27, 2011}}</ref>

==Terminology and slang==
{{Redirect|Narc (Narcotics)|another usage of the phrase "narc"|Drug addict}}

[[Slang]] terms for informants include:
*blabbermouth<ref name="Thesaurus.com synonyms for snitch">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesaurus.com/browse/snitch|publisher=Thesaurus.com |title=snitch|date=September 2023 }}</ref>
*cheese eater<ref name="rat" />
*canary – derives from the fact that canaries sing, and "singing" is underworld or street slang for providing information or talking to the police.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Orwant|first1=Jon|title=Games, Diversions & Perl Culture: Best of the Perl Journal|year=2003|publisher=O'Reilly Media|isbn=9781449397784|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GkMNv7PM68C&q=canary+informant&pg=PT189}}</ref>
*dog – [[Australian English|Australian]] term. May also refer to [[police forces]] who specialize in surveillance, or police generally.
*ear – someone who overhears something and tells the authorities.
*fink – this may refer to the [[Pinkerton National Detective Agency|Pinkertons]] who were used as [[Plainclothes law enforcement|plain-clothes]] [[detective]]s and [[strike-breakers]].<ref>"The Origin of fink 'informer, hired strikebreaker'" by William Sayers. ''A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews''. Winter 2005 Cornell University</ref>
*grass<ref>{{cite book|title = Criminal Classes: Offenders at School|first = A|last = Devlin|date = 1995|publisher = Waterside Press|isbn = 9781906534493}}</ref> or [[Supergrass (informer)|supergrass]]<ref>"The Intelligence War in Northern Ireland" by K Maguire – ''International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence'', Volume 4, Issue 2 1990, pp. 145–165</ref> – [[rhyming slang]] for "grasshopper", meaning "copper" or "shopper",<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=grass |dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary|quote=A spy or informer, esp. for the police}}</ref> having additional associations with the popular song ''[[Whispering Grass]]'' and the phrase "snake in the grass".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tpC-7A7y-cC|title=Supergrasses: a study in anti-terrorist law enforcement in Northern Ireland |year=1995|isbn=9780198257660 |last1=Greer |first1=Steven C. |publisher=Clarendon Press }}</ref>
*narc – a member of a specialist anti-narcotic [[law enforcement]] agency or [[police intelligence]] force.<ref>''Chicano intravenous drug users: The collection and interpretation of data from hidden Populations'' by R Ramos. 1990</ref>
*nark – this may have come from the [[Romani language|Romani]] term ''nak'' for "nose" or the [[French language|French]] term ''narquois'', which means "cunning", "deceitful", and/or "criminal".<ref>''Prison patter: a dictionary of prison words and slang'' by A Devlin. 1996</ref><ref>"Some ethical dilemmas in the handling of police informers" by C Dunnighan, C Norris – ''Public Money & Management'', 1998</ref>
*nose<ref>{{cite dictionary |dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary |title=nose |quote=A spy or informer, esp. for the police}}</ref>
*[[pentito]] – [[Italian language|Italian]] term meaning "one who repents". Originally and most frequently used in reference to [[Organized crime in Italy|Mafia]] informants,<ref name="Nicaso-Danesi">{{cite book |author1-last=Nicaso |author1-first=Antonio |author2-last=Danesi |author2-first=Marcel |year=2013 |title=Made Men: Mafia Culture and the Power of Symbols, Rituals, and Myth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fEQAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |location=[[Lanham, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |edition=1st |page=86 |isbn=978-1-4422-2227-4 |lccn=2013006239 |oclc=1030395983}}</ref> it has also been used to refer to informants for [[Terrorism in Italy|Italian paramilitary and terrorist organizations]]<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Rossi |author-first=Federica |date=April 2021 |title=The failed amnesty of the 'years of lead' in Italy: Continuity and transformations between (de)politicization and punitiveness |editor-last=Treiber |editor-first=Kyle |journal=[[European Journal of Criminology]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=381–400 |location=[[Los Angeles]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] on behalf of the [[European Society of Criminology]] |doi=10.1177/14773708211008441 |doi-access=free |issn=1741-2609 |s2cid=234835036 |quote=The [[Years of Lead (Italy)|1970s in Italy]] were characterized by the persistence and prolongation of political and social unrest that many Western countries experienced during the late 1960s. The decade saw the multiplication of [[Far-left politics|far-left]] [[Terrorism in Italy|extra-parliamentary organizations]], the presence of a [[militant]] [[Far-right politics in Italy|far right movement]], and an upsurge in the use of [[Political violence|politically motivated violence]] and state repressive measures. [...] The early 1980s were characterized by the appearance of the first ''[[Pentito|pentiti]]'' (justice collaborators), waves of arrests and trials, and the incarceration of several hundreds of radical left activists, many of whom were sentenced to very long terms (22 years and over). According to available data, 4087 activists were detained at the beginning of the 1980s in prisons around the country, including a few hundred in maximum security facilities.|url=https://openresearch.lsbu.ac.uk/download/56eac4694759293784fc3cdea6a41935b73428098612bf02849a1bb12bf040d6/163633/14773708211008441.pdf }}</ref> (such as the [[Brigate Rosse|Red Brigades]]<ref name="Drake 2021">{{cite book |last=Drake |first=Richard |year=2021 |origyear=1989 |chapter=The Blast Furnace of Terrorism: 1979–1980 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xG0cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT220 |title=The Revolutionary Mystique and Terrorism in Contemporary Italy |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |edition=2nd |page=220 |isbn=9780253057143 |lccn=2020050360}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Sullivan |author-first=Colleen |year=2011 |chapter=Dozier, James Lee (1931– ) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAVqklkq2uUC&pg=PA162 |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Gus |editor-link=C. Augustus Martin |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism |location=[[Los Angeles]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |edition=2nd |pages=162–163 |isbn=9781412980166 |lccn=2011009896}}</ref> and [[Prima Linea|Front Line]]),<ref name="Drake 2021"/> and people who delivered confidential informations to the authorities during the "[[Maxi Trial]]" and "[[Mani pulite]]" nationwide judiciary investigations.<ref name="Nicaso-Danesi"/>
*pursuivant ''(archaic)''<ref>"Speaker and Structure in Donne's Satyre" by NM Bradbury. ''Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900'', 1985.</ref>
*rat<ref name="rat">{{cite journal|title = The Role of the "Rat" in the Prison|first = HA|last = Wilmer|journal = Fed. Probation|date = 1965|volume = 29|url = https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/fedpro29&id=46&men_tab=srchresults}}</ref><ref>"Sociology of Confinement: Assimilation and the Prison 'Rat'" by EH Johnson. ''The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science''. 1961</ref> – informing is commonly referred to as "ratting" in [[American English]].
*snitch<ref name="snitch">"Reflections on the role of statutory immunity in the criminal justice system" by WJ Bauer – ''Journal of Criminal Law. & Criminology'', 1976</ref> – informing is commonly referred to as "snitching", term originally used within the [[African Americans|African-American community]] and more recently associated with [[hip hop music]], [[Hardcore hip hop|hardcore rap]], and [[Trap music|trap]], alongside their [[List of hip hop genres|derivative subgenres]] and [[subculture]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Natapoff |first=Alexandra |year=2009 |chapter=The Role of Rap and Hip Hop |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkMx-o6dNK8C&pg=PA135 |title=Snitching: Criminal Informants and the Erosion of American Justice |location=[[New York City|New York]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |pages=135–138 |isbn=9780814758588}}</ref>
*snout<ref>{{cite dictionary |dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary |title=snout |quote=A police informer}}</ref>
*spotter<ref>"Instigated Crime" by S Shaw – ''Alta. LQ'', 1938</ref>
*squealer<ref name="snitch"/>
*[[:da:Stikker|stikker]] – [[Danish language|Danish]] term meaning "stabber", mainly used in relation to [[World War II]]. During and after the [[Nazi occupation of Denmark]] (1940–1945), the word has been used specifically to indicate the Danish whistleblowers, agents, and spies which informed the German secret police, the [[Gestapo]], in order to undermine the [[Danish resistance movement]].
*stool pigeon or stoolie<ref name="Informer">"Elevating the Role of the Informer: The Value of Secret Information". MW Krasilovsky. ''ABAJ'', 1954</ref>
*tell tale or tell-tale<ref>"On Truth and Lie in a Colonial Sense: Kipling's Tales of Tale-telling" by A Hai – ''ELH'', 1997</ref><ref>"Telling tales in school" by A Minister. ''Education 3–13'', 1990</ref>
*tattle-tale
*tittle-tattle<ref name="Informer" />
*[[tout]] – [[Languages of Northern Ireland|Northern Irish]] term for an informant, often one who informed on the activities of [[Outline of the Troubles#Paramilitaries|Irish paramilitary organizations]] during "[[the Troubles]]".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/oct/29/northernireland.humanrights |title=End of 'touts' in Northern Ireland |last=McDonald |first=Henry |date=2000-10-28 |access-date=2018-02-01 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4877704.stm |title=The murky world of informers |date=2006-04-04 |work=BBC News |access-date=2018-02-02 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
*trick<ref>''Prison ministry: hope behind the wall'' by Dennis W. Pierce – 2006</ref>
*[[turncoat]]<ref name="Thesaurus.com synonyms for snitch"/>
*weasel<ref name="Thesaurus.com synonyms for snitch"/>
*X9 - A slang term in [[Brazil]], possibly inspired by the comic strip [[Secret Agent X-9]].<ref name="abril">{{cite web|url=https://super.abril.com.br/coluna/oraculo/de-onde-surgiu-o-termo-x-9|language=pt|title=De onde surgiu o termo X-9?|publisher=Super Interessante Magazine|date=21 December 2016|access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref>

The term "stool pigeon" originates from the antiquated practice of tying a [[passenger pigeon]] to a stool. The bird would flap its wings in a futile attempt to escape. The sound of the wings flapping would attract other pigeons to the stool where a large number of birds could be easily killed or captured.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=E. |author-link=Errol Fuller |title=The Passenger Pigeon |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2014 |location=Princeton and Oxford |isbn=978-0-691-16295-9 |pages=72–88}}</ref>

==List of notable individuals ==

*[[Tim Allen]], actor, who was arrested with cocaine and provided the names of other dealers in exchange for a sentence of three to seven years rather than a possible life imprisonment
*[[Nicky Barnes]], head of [[The Council (drug syndicate)|The Council]], which he would later testify against
*[[Whitey Bulger]], Boston Irish mob boss
*[[Nicholas Calabrese]], a [[made man]] who testified against the [[Chicago Outfit]]
*[[James Carey (Fenian)|James Carey]], Irish terrorist
*[[Stephen Flemmi]], Whitey Bulger's partner-in-crime
*[[Sinaloa Cartel#Arrests and seizures|Flores twins Pedro and Margarito]]
*[[Nicola Gobbo]], former Australian barrister who provided information on her own clients<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=Lawyer X: how Victoria police got it 'profoundly wrong' with informant Nicola Gobbo |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/sep/05/lawyer-x-how-victoria-police-got-it-profoundly-wrong-with-informant-nicola-gobbo |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Sammy Gravano]], former [[underboss]] of the [[Gambino crime family]]
*[[6ix9ine|Daniel Hernandez]] a.k.a. Tekashi 6ix9ine, American rapper, who [[Trial of the Nine Trey Gangsters|testified]] against [[Nine Trey Gangsters]]
*[[Henry Hill]], [[Lucchese crime family]] associate
*[[Frank Lucas]], New York City drug dealer turned informant
*[[Joseph Massino]], the first boss of one of the [[Five Families]] in New York City to [[turn state's evidence]]
*[[George Orwell]], author of [[Orwell's list]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/09/25/orwells-list/|title=Orwell's List|work = The New York Review of Books|date=September 25, 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071504/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/09/25/orwells-list/|archive-date=2016-03-05 |last1=Ash |first1=Timothy Garton }}</ref>
*[[Abe Reles]], [[Murder, Inc.]] hit man
*[[Freddie Scappaticci]], member of the [[Provisional IRA]]
*[[Joseph Valachi]], soldier of the [[Genovese crime family]]
*[[Salvatore Vitale]], former underboss of the [[Bonanno crime family]]
*[[Richard Wershe Jr.]] (commonly known as "White Boy Rick"), the youngest FBI informant ever at age 14

==By country==
===Russia and Soviet Union===
A system of informants existed in the [[Russian Empire]] and was later adopted by the [[Soviet Union]]. In [[Russia]], such people were known as ''osvedomitel'' or ''donoschik'', and secretly cooperated with law enforcement agencies, such as the [[Secret police|secret-police]] force [[Okhrana]] and later the Soviet [[militsiya]] or [[KGB]]. Officially, those informants were referred to as "secret coworker" ({{langx|ru|секретный сотрудник}}, ''sekretny sotrudnik'') and often were referred by the Russian-derived [[portmanteau]] ''seksot''. In some KGB documents has also been used the designation "source of operational information" ({{langx|ru|источник оперативной информации}}, ''istochnik operativnoi informatsii'').<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/annals/sakharov/documents_frames/Sakharov_008.htm Andropov to the Central Committee. The Demonstration in Red Square Against the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia. September 20, 1968] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012132901/http://yale.edu/annals/sakharov/documents_frames/Sakharov_008.htm |date=2007-10-12 }}</ref>

=== Germany ===
{{Main|Unofficial collaborator}}

=== Poland ===
{{Main|pl:Tajny współpracownik}}

=== Venezuela ===
{{Main|Snitch Law|:es:Patriota cooperante}}

==See also==
{{commons category|Informants}}
* [[Agent provocateur]]
* [[Aguilar–Spinelli test]]
* [[Counter-terrorism]]
* [[Covert interrogation]]
* [[Denunciation]]
* [[Espionage]]
* [[Hollywood blacklist]]
* ''[[Pentiti]]''
* [[Plea bargain]]
* [[Turn state's evidence]]
* [[United States Marshals Service]]
* [[Watergate scandal]]
* [[Whistleblower]]
* [[Witness Protection Program]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.nealirc.org/Chicago/GangSnitches.html Federal informants in Chicago gangs]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Criminal law]]
[[Category:Criminal procedure]]
[[Category:Law enforcement terminology]]
[[Category:Organized crime members by role]]
[[Category:Police informants| ]]
[[Category:Spies by role]]

Glasgow smile

2025-06-29T12:21:31Z

178.78.252.98:

{{Short description|Scar caused by using a knife to cut near the mouth}}
{{Redirect2|Chelsea grin|Chelsea smile|the deathcore band|Chelsea Grin|the metalcore song by Bring Me the Horizon|Chelsea Smile (song)}}
{{other uses|Glasgow (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
[[Image:Tommy Flanagan March 2012 (cropped).jpg|200px|thumb|Actor [[Tommy Flanagan (actor)|Tommy Flanagan]] has the scars of a Glasgow smile from having been attacked outside a bar in Glasgow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vulture.com/2014/11/sons-of-anarchy-interview-tommy-flanagan.html |title=Sons of Anarchy's Tommy Flanagan on Those Facial Scars, This Final Season, and Chibs |last1= Fretts |first1= Bruce |date=12 November 2014 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>]]
A '''Glasgow smile''' (also known as a '''Chelsea grin/smile''', or a '''Glasgow''', '''Smiley''', '''Huyton''', '''A buck 50''', '''forced smile''' or '''Cheshire grin''') is a [[wound]] caused by making a cut from the corners of a victim's mouth up to the ears, leaving a [[scar]] in the shape of a smile.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mills, Rod|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/68037/Surgeon-says-hospitals-treat-a-knife-victim-every-six-hours|work=[[Daily Express]]|title=Surgeon Says Hospitals Treat a Knife Victim Every Six Hours|date=27 October 2008|access-date=20 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/city-slicker-glasgow-1616900.html|title=City Slicker Glasgow|work=The Independent|access-date=20 November 2009| location=London | first=John |last=Arlidge |date=24 April 1995}}</ref>

The act is usually performed with a [[utility knife]] or a piece of broken glass, leaving a scar which causes the victim to appear to be [[smile|smiling]] broadly.<ref>{{citation |title=Maxillofacial trauma and esthetic facial reconstruction |page=555 |author1=Peter Ward Booth |author2=Barry L. Eppley |author3=Rainer Schmelzeisen |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tdpAAAAMAAJ|publisher=[[Churchill Livingstone]]|isbn=9780443071249 }}</ref>

The practice is said to have originated in [[Glasgow]], Scotland, in the 1920s and 30s.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/razor-gangs-ruled-the-streets-but-even-960790 |title=Razor gangs ruled the streets but even in the violence of pre-war years, one man stood out|date=19 October 2007 |author=McKay, Reg |work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]|location=[[Glasgow]]|access-date=12 January 2019}}</ref>

== Notable victims ==
* [[Fang Xiaoru]] (1357–1402), Chinese scholar-official<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elman |first=Benjamin |title=Civil Examinations and Meritocracy in Late Imperial China |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780674724952 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Agustín Lara]] (1897–1970), Mexican composer
* [[William Joyce]] (1906–1946), American-born fascist and [[Nazi propaganda]] broadcaster during [[World War II]]
* [[Elizabeth Short]] (1924–1947), also known as Black Dahlia, an American woman found murdered in [[Leimert Park]], [[Los Angeles]], California
* [[Lee Seung-bok]] (1959–1968), a nine-year-old South Korean boy murdered by North Korean commandos
* [[Tommy Flanagan (actor)|Tommy Flanagan]] (born 1965), a Scottish actor

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Colombian necktie]]
* [[Dueling scar]]
* [[Glasgow razor gangs]]
* {{annotated link|Glasgow's miles better}}
* [[Headbutt]], known as a "Glasgow kiss" or "Glaswegian kiss"
* [[Joker (The Dark Knight)|Joker (''The Dark Knight'')]]
* [[Kuchisake-onna]] ("Slit-Mouthed Woman")
* [[Slashing (crime)]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Glasgow Smile}}
[[Category:Gangs]]
[[Category:Gangs in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:History of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Youth culture in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Torture]]
[[Category:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors]]
[[Category:Scarring]]

{{Crime-stub}}

Railroad switch

2025-06-29T12:19:07Z

178.78.252.98:

{{Short description|Mechanism to transfer rail vehicles from one track to another}}
{{Other uses|Switch (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect2|Set of points|Pointwork|the mathematical concepts|Point set|and|Locus (mathematics){{!}}Locus|the ballet technique|pointe technique}}
{{Hatnote|This article uses North American terminology first. British and Commonwealth terminology follows in parentheses.}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2015}}
[[File:Railway turnout - Oulu Finland.jpg|thumb|A right-hand railroad switch with point indicator pointing to right]]
[[File:Funzionamento Deviatoio.gif|thumb|Animated diagram of a right-hand railroad switch. The green line represents direction of travel only, the black lines represent fixed portions of track, and the red lines depict the moving components. Track A divides into two: the straight track (B), named the ''normal'', and the diverging track (C), named the ''reverse''.]]
{{Infobox
|image={{switcher
|[[File:Turnout drawing with US terminology.png |600px]]|Turnout components (North American terminology)
|[[File:Turnout drawing with UK terminology.png |600px]]|Turnout components (British terminology)
}}}}
[[File:SunsetTracksCrop.JPG|thumb|Large stations may have hundreds of normal and double switches (Frankfurt am Main main station, Germany).]]
[[File:MTR LRT railway switch blades.ogv|thumb|Switch blades in motion ([[MTR Light Rail|Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway light rail]])]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1985-0927-007, Dresden, Standseilbahn.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Funicular#Abt automatic turnout|Abt switch]] used in the 1895-built [[Dresden Funicular Railway]] (photo of 1985)]]

A '''railroad switch''' ([[American English|AE]]), '''turnout''', or ('''set of''') '''points''' ([[Commonwealth English|CE]]) is a mechanical installation enabling [[railway]] trains to be guided from one [[Rail tracks|track]] to another, such as at a [[Junction (rail)|railway junction]] or where a [[Branch line|spur]] or [[Siding (rail)|siding]] branches off.

==Design==
The parts of a turnout are known by different names in different jurisdictions. The main terms in U.S. and UK usage are shown in the selectable diagrams. In this article, the U.S. term is listed first and UK second, in parentheses.

The most common type of switch consists of a pair of linked tapering rails, known as ''points'' (''switch rails'' or ''point blades''), lying between the diverging outer rails (the ''stock rails''). These points can be moved laterally into one of two positions to direct a [[train]] coming from the point blades toward the straight path or the diverging path. A train moving from the narrow end toward the point blades (i.e. it will be directed to one of the two paths, depending on the position of the points) is said to be executing a ''facing-point movement''.

For many types of switch, a train coming from either of the converging directions will pass through the switch regardless of the position of the points, as the vehicle's wheels will force the points to move. Passage through a switch in this direction is known as a ''trailing-point movement'' and switches that allow this type of movement without damage to the mechanism are called ''trailable switches''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Railroad Classification Yard Technology Manual |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Research and Development |date=1981 |page= }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=April 2025}}

A switch generally has a straight "through" track (such as the main-line) and a diverging route. The handedness of the installation is described by the side that the diverging track leaves. ''Right-hand switches'' have a diverging path to the right of the straight track, when coming from the point blades, and a ''left-handed switch'' has the diverging track leaving to the opposite side. In many cases, such as rail yards, many switches can be found in a short section of track, sometimes with switches going both to the right and left (although it is better to keep these separated as much as feasible). Sometimes a switch merely divides one track into two; at others, it serves as a connection between two or more parallel tracks, allowing a train to ''switch'' between them. In many cases, where a switch is supplied to leave a track, a second is supplied to allow the train to reenter the track some distance down the line; this allows the track to serve as a siding, allowing a train to get off the track to allow traffic to pass (this siding can either be a dedicated short length of track, or formed from a section of a second, continuous, parallel line), and also allows trains coming from either direction to switch between lines; otherwise, the only way for a train coming from the opposite direction to use a switch would be to stop, and reverse through the switch onto the other line, and then continue forwards (or stop, if it is being used as a siding).

A ''straight track'' is not always present; for example, both tracks may curve, one to the left and one to the right (such as for a [[Railway switch#Wye switch|wye switch]]), or both tracks may curve, with differing [[radius|radii]], while still in the same direction. Switches consume a relatively high proportion of a railway maintenance budget.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shih |first1=Jou-Yi |last2=Weston |first2=Paul |last3=Entezami |first3=Mani |last4=Roberts |first4=Clive |date=1 June 2022 |title=Dynamic Characteristics of a Switch and Crossing on the West Coast Main Line in the UK |journal=Railway Engineering Science |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=183–203 |doi=10.1007/s40534-021-00269-4 |s2cid=246422034 |issn=2662-4753 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022RailE..30..183S }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:PyinOoLwin23.JPG|thumb|Control stand of a defunct railroad switch on the way from [[Pyin Oo Lwin]] to [[Goteik viaduct]] ([[Myanmar]])]]

Simple single-bladed switches were used on early wooden railways to move wagons between tracks. As iron-railed [[plateway]]s became more common in the eighteenth century, cast iron components were made to build switches with check rails.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dow |first=Andrew |date=30 October 2014 |title=The Railway: British Track Since 1804 |publisher=Pen & Sword Transport |location=Barnsley |isbn=9781473822573 |page= }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=April 2025}} In 1797, [[John Curr]] described the system that he developed which used a single iron blade, hinged on a vertical pin that was tapered to lie against the plateway.<ref>{{cite book |last=Curr |first=John |title=The Coal Viewer and Engine Builder's Practical Companion |location=Sheffield |publisher=John Northall |date=1797 |page= }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=April 2025}} By 1808, Curr's basic design was in common use.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Charles E. |date=1937 |title=The Evolution of Railways |location=London |publisher=The Railway Gazette |page= }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=April 2025}}

The use of a sprung rail, giving a smooth transition, was patented by [[Charles Fox (engineer, born 1810)|Charles Fox]] in 1838.<ref>{{cite patent |country=GB |number=7773 |inventor=Charles Fox |title=Arrangement of Rails, for Causing a Train to Pass from One Line to Another |pubdate=1838-08-15 }}</ref>

Prior to the widespread availability of [[electricity]], switches at heavily traveled junctions were operated from a [[signal box]] constructed near the tracks through an elaborate system of rods and [[lever]]s. The levers were also used to control [[railway signal]]s to control the movement of trains over the points. Eventually, mechanical systems known as [[interlocking]]s were introduced to make sure that a signal could only be set to allow a train to proceed over points when it was safe to do so. Purely mechanical interlockings were eventually developed into integrated systems with electric control. On some low-traffic branch lines, in self-contained [[marshalling yard]]s, or on [[heritage railway]]s, switches may still have the earlier type of interlocking.

== Operation ==
[[File:Railroad switch animation.gif|thumb|upright=1.2|The operation of a railroad switch. In this [[animation]], the red track is the one traveled during a facing-point movement. The switch mechanism, shown in black, may be operated remotely using an [[electric motor]] or hand-operated lever or from a nearby [[ground frame]].]]

A [[railroad car]]'s [[wheel]]s normally take up a position over the center of the rails by virtue of the [[wheel tread]]s' coning;<ref>{{Cite AV media |people=Richard Feynman |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7h4OtFDnYE |title=Feynman: How the Train Stays on the Track |date=1983 |work=Fun to Imagine |publisher=BBC TV |via=YouTube.com }}</ref> the [[flange]]s on the inside edges of the wheels. When the wheels reach the switch, the wheels are guided along the route determined by which of the two points is connected to the track facing the switch. In the illustration, if the left point is connected, the left wheel will be guided along the rail of that point, and the train will diverge to the right. If the right point is connected, the right wheel will be guided along the rail of that point, and the train will continue along the straight track. Only one of the points may be connected to the facing track at any time; the two points are mechanically locked together to ensure that this is always the case.

A mechanism is provided to move the points from one position to the other ("changing the switch-blades" or "changing the points"). Historically, this would require a lever to be moved by a human operator, and some switches are still controlled this way. However, most are now operated by a remotely controlled actuator called a switch machine or [[point machine]], which may contain an [[electric motor]] or a [[Pneumatics|pneumatic]] or [[Hydraulic machinery|hydraulic]] [[actuator]]. This both allows remote control and monitoring, and the use of stiffer, strong switches that would be too difficult to move by hand.

In a trailing-point movement (running through the switch in the wrong direction while they are set to turn off the track), the flanges on the wheels will force the points to the proper position. This is sometimes known as ''running through the switch''. Some switches are designed to be forced to the proper position without damage. Examples include variable switches, spring switches, and weighted switches.

If the points are rigidly connected to the switch control mechanism, the control mechanism's linkages may be bent, requiring repair before the switch is again usable. For this reason, switches are normally set to the proper position before performing a trailing-point movement.<ref>{{cite book |author=General Code of Operating Rules Committee |date=2005 |title=General Code of Operating Rules |edition=Fifth |at=Rules 8.9, 8.15, and 8.18 }}</ref>

=== High-speed operation ===
Generally, switches are designed to be safely traversed at low speed. However, it is possible to modify the simpler types of switch to allow trains to pass at high speed. More complicated switch systems, such as double slips, are restricted to low-speed operation. On European high-speed lines, it is not uncommon to find switches where a speed of {{convert|200|km/h|0|abbr=on}} or more is allowed on the diverging branch. Switches were passed over at a speed of {{convert|560|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (straight) during the French world speed run of April 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://extranet.artc.com.au/docs/eng/track-civil/procedures/pc/Section3.pdf?28 |website=Extranet.ARTC.com.au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327043114/https://extranet.artc.com.au/docs/eng/track-civil/procedures/pc/Section3.pdf?28 |title=Points and Crossings |archive-date=27 March 2018 |access-date=25 September 2022 }}</ref>

The US [[Federal Railroad Administration]] has published the speed limits for higher-speed turnouts with {{abbr|No.|Number}} 26.5 turnout that has speed limit of {{cvt|60|mph|0}} and {{abbr|No.|Number}} 32.7 with speed limit of {{cvt|80|mph|0}}.<ref name="63 FR 39343">{{cite web |title=63 FR 39343 – Automatic Train Control and Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System; Northeast Corridor Railroads |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/FR-1998-07-22/98-19431/content-detail.html |publisher=Federal Railroad Administration |access-date=21 October 2012 }}</ref>

=== Operation in cold conditions ===
[[File:Weichenheizung.JPG|thumb|Gas heating keeps a switch free from snow and ice.]]
[[File:Rail Switch Heater.jpg|thumb|Similarly, an electric forced-air heater can keep a switch free from snow and ice.]]

Under cold weather conditions, snow and ice can prevent the proper movement of switch or [[#Frog|frog]] point rails, essentially inhibiting the proper operation of railroad switches. Historically, railway companies have employees keep their railroad switches clear of snow and ice by sweeping the snow away using switch brooms (Basically wire brooms with a chisel attached onto the opposite end of the broom – quite similar to ice scrapers used today), or gas torches for melting ice and snow. Such operation are still used in some countries, especially for branch routes with only limited traffic (e.g. seasonal lines). Modern switches for heavily trafficked lines are typically equipped with switch heaters installed in the vicinity of their point rails so that the point rails will not be frozen onto the stock rail and can no longer move. These heaters may take the form of electric heating elements or gas burners mounted on the rail, a lineside burner blowing hot air through ducts, or other innovative methods (e.g. geothermal heat sink, etc.) to keep the point & stock rails above freezing temperatures. Where gas or electric heaters cannot be used due to logistic or economic constraints, anti-icing chemicals can sometimes be applied to create a barrier between the metal surfaces to prevent ice from forming between them (i.e. having frozen together by ice). Such approaches however, may not always be effective for extreme climates since these chemicals will be washed away over time, especially for heavily thrown switches that experience hundreds of throws daily.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Heating alone may not always be enough to keep switches functioning under snowy conditions. Wet snow conditions, which generate particularly sticky snow and whiteout conditions, may occur at temperatures just below freezing, causing chunks of ice to accumulate on trains. When trains traverse over some switches, the shock, vibration, possibly in combination with slight heating caused by braking or a city microclimate, may cause the chunks of ice to fall off, jamming the switches. The heaters need time to melt the ice, so if service frequency is extremely high, there may not be enough time for the ice to melt before the next train arrives, which will then result in service disruptions. Possible solutions include installing higher capacity heaters, reducing the frequency of trains, or applying anti-icing chemicals such as [[ethylene glycol]] to the trains.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prorail.nl/reizigers/weersinvloeden/winter |title=Information on Winter Operation by Dutch Infrastructure Manager Prorail |language=dutch |website=Prorail.nl |access-date=30 June 2024 }}</ref>

== Classification ==
[[File:Railroad Turnout on B&MLRR at City Point, ME.jpg|thumb|A low-speed #6 right-hand switch between a main line and a rail yard]]

The divergence and length of a switch is determined by the angle of the frog (the point in the switch where two rails cross, see below) and the angle or curvature of the switch blades. The length and placement of the other components are determined from this using established formulas and standards. This divergence is measured as the number of units of length for a single unit of separation.

In North America this is generally referred to as a switch's "number". For example, on a "number 12" switch, the rails are one unit apart at a distance of twelve units from the center of the frog.

In the United Kingdom points and crossings using chaired bullhead rail would be referred to using a letter and number combination. The letter would define the length (and hence the radius) of the switch blades and the number would define the angle of the crossing (frog). Thus an A7 turnout would be very short and likely only to be found in tight places like dockyards whereas an E12 would be found as a fairly high speed turnout on a mainline.

On the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]], switch curvatures were specified from A (sharpest) to F (shallowest), with the following corresponding radii:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lmssociety.org.uk/assets/pdfs/permanentWay1928.pdf |title=Drawings of Standard Railway Equipment Permanent Way |date=1928 |website=The LMS Society |publisher=London Midland & Scottish Railway |access-date=6 March 2022 |pages=8–17, 55–64 }}</ref>
* B – {{convert|613|ft|m|2}} – simple [[#Crossover|crossover]] with a 1 in 8 [[#Frog (common crossing)|crossing]] angle
* C – {{convert|980|ft|m|2}} – scissors or simple crossover with a 1 in 10 crossing angle
* D – {{convert|1379|ft|m|2}} – [[Double junction|double track junction]] switch with a 1 in 12 crossing angle

== Safety ==
Switches are necessary for the operation of a railway, but they do pose a number of risks:
* Reversing the points under a moving train will almost always derail the train.
* Points might move due to the extreme forces exerted by a passing train. In an especially noteworthy and extreme case, a switch's setting was forcibly changed as a result of a disintegrated duo-block wheel getting caught in a switch. This caused one of the world's worst rail disasters, the [[Eschede train disaster]].
* A train might stand so close to the frog of a switch that a passing train would collide with its side (the first train is then said to have been ''fouling the switch'').
* The necessary maintenance of the complex mechanical device might be neglected.
* Tampering with a manually operable switch or operation errors in an interlocking may result in two trains being on the same track, potentially causing a collision.

=== Accidents ===
Switch-related accidents caused by one or more of these risks have occurred, including:
* The 1980 [[Buttevant Rail Disaster]] at [[Buttevant]], [[County Cork]], in Ireland, when the [[Dublin]]–[[Cork (city)|Cork]] express was derailed at high speed after being inadvertently switched into a siding via [[ground frame]] operated points, resulting in 18 deaths.
* Wrecks caused by switches being thrown open in front of the trains by [[Sabotage|saboteurs]], as in the non-fatal derailments near [[Newport News, Virginia|Newport News]], on 12 August 1992, and in [[Stewiacke, Nova Scotia|Stewiacke]], on 12 April 2001. To prevent these incidents, most unused switches are locked.
* The Eschede train disaster in 1998 in Germany was one of the world's deadliest high-speed train accidents, resulting in 101 deaths. It occurred when a wheel rim of an ICE train failed at {{Convert|200|km/h|mph}}, partially derailing the car. The wheel rim went through the floor of the carriage and was dragging on the ground. While passing through the station at Eschede it threw a switch, causing the rear wheels of the car to switch onto a track diverging from the track taken by the front wheels. The car was thereby thrown into and destroyed the piers supporting a 300-tonne roadway overpass.
* The [[Potters Bar rail accidents#2002|May 2002 Potters Bar rail crash]] at [[Potters Bar]], [[Hertfordshire]], in the United Kingdom, occurred when a switch sprang to a different position as a coach crossed it, a type of mishap called ''splitting the switch''. The front wheels of a coach progressed along the straight track as intended, but the rear wheels slewed along the diverging track. This caused the whole coach to detach from the train and slew sideways across the [[Railway platform|platform]] ahead. The movement of the switch occurred beneath the final coach, so that the preceding coaches remained on the track. Poor maintenance of the points was found to be the primary cause of the crash.
* The interim report into the [[Grayrigg derailment]] of 23 February 2007 blamed an incorrectly maintained set of points.<ref>{{cite web |title=Train Derailment at Grayrigg, Cumbria 23 February 2007 – RAIB Interim Report |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/547c903840f0b60244000197/IR12007_070226_Grayrigg.pdf |website=Assets.Publishing.Service.gov.uk |publisher=Rail Accident Investigation Branch |date=26 February 2007 |page=9 |access-date=15 April 2025 }}</ref>
** On 31 July 1991, several cars derailed, killing seven passengers, due to a missing locking pin on the switch mechanism.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clark |first1=Chuck |last2=Davidson |first2=Tom |date=2 August 1991 |title=Boca Man among 7 Killed in Amtrak Wreck |website=[[Sun-Sentinel|Ft Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel]] |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1991-08-02-9101290143-story.html |access-date=13 February 2019 }}</ref>
** Twenty-seven years later, on 4 August 2018, the Silver Star [[Cayce, South Carolina, train collision|crashed into a parked freight train]] on a siding due to a misaligned switch, killing two crewmen.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Edmonson |first1=R.G. |last2=Sweeney |first2=Steve |date=4 February 2018 |title=NTSB: Misaligned Switch Directed 'Silver Star' into Parked CSX Autorack Train |magazine=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]] |url=https://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2018/02/04-two-dead-after-amtrak-silver-star-contacts-csx-train-and-derails |access-date=13 February 2019 }}</ref>

== Components ==

=== Switch rails (points or point blades) ===
[[File:Point blades.jpg|thumb|left|A pair of tapered moveable rails known as ''switch rails'' (''points'' or ''point blades'').]] ''Switch rails'' (''points'' or ''point blades'') are the movable rails that guide the wheels towards either the straight or the diverging track. They are tapered, except on ''stub switches'' occasionally found in industrial sidings, which have square ends.

In popular parlance in the UK and most other Commonwealth countries, the term ''points'' refers to the entire mechanism. In professional parlance, the term refers only to the movable rails and the entire mechanism is named ''turnout'' or ''points and crossings''. Turnout and switch are terms used in North America in all contexts.

In some cases, the switch blades can be heat treated for improvement of their service life. There are different kinds of heat treatment processes such as edge hardening or complete hardening.

The cross-section of the switch blades also influences performance. New tangential blades perform better than old-style blades.

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=== Crossing (frog) ===

[[File:Cast frog.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A one-piece cast ''crossing''. The shiny line crosses the rusty line. This North American "self-guarding cast manganese" component without guard rails has raised flanges on the crossing, which may bear on the face of the wheel as it passes through.]]
[[File:Eisenbahnweiche detail.jpg|thumb|Left, the ''crossing'' or ''frog'' with its adjacent ''wing rails''; right, the ''guard rail'' or ''check rail'']]

The '''crossing''' or '''frog''' is the component that enables passage of wheels on either route through the turnout. It can be assembled out of several appropriately cut and bent pieces of rail or can be a single [[Casting (metalworking)|casting]] of manganese steel. On lines with heavy use, the casting may be treated with [[Shock hardening|explosive shock hardening]] to increase service life.<ref>{{cite book |last=Meyers |first=Marc A. |date=1994 |title=Dynamic Behavior of Materials |publisher=John Wiley |location=New York |isbn=978-0-471-58262-5 |pages=5; 570 }}</ref>

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=== Guard rail (check rail) ===
{{Main|Guard rail (rail transport)}}

A ''guard rail'' is a short piece of rail placed alongside the main (stock) rail opposite the crossing. These ensure that the wheels follow the appropriate flangeway through the frog and that the train does not derail.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donahoe |first=M. |date=October 1914 |title=Proper Type of Track Accessories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3kfAQAAMAAJ&q=railroad+guard+rail |journal=Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Railway_Engineering_and_Maintenance_of_W/v3kfAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA415 415] |access-date=10 April 2025 }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2025||reason=Doesn't cover the claimed content.}}

''Check rails'' are often used on very sharp curves, even where there are no switches.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10038956 |title=Scene of the Accident |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=29 January 1906 |access-date=20 July 2011 |page=7 |publisher=National Library of Australia }}</ref>

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=== Switch motor ===
[[File:FAW-points1.jpg|thumb|The ''switch motor'' (in this case an electric motor) and associated mechanism used to operate this switch can be seen to the right in the picture.]]

A ''switch motor'' or ''switch machine'' (point motor or point machine) is an electric, [[hydraulic]] or [[pneumatic]] mechanism that aligns the points with one of the possible routes. The motor is usually controlled remotely by the dispatcher (signaller in the UK). The switch motor also includes electrical contacts to detect that the switch has completely set and locked. If the switch fails to do this, the governing signal is kept at red (stop). There is also usually some kind of manual handle for operating the switch in emergencies, such as power failures, or for maintenance purposes.

A patent by [[1897 in rail transport|W. B. Purvis]] dates from 1897.

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=== Switch stand (points lever) ===
[[File:Railroad switch, Grain elevator district, Minneapolis.jpg|thumb|An example of a mechanism used at a switch. The two points are linked together with a throw bar (also known as a stretcher bar). The throw bar extends to the lever on the near side of the track, which is used to ''throw the switch''. This is an example of a low switch stand, used at locations where there is not sufficient clearance for a tall switch stand. This particular stand is designed to be trailed through by rolling stock, which will cause the points to become lined for the route that the wheels have passed through. It has a reflectorized target.]]

A ''switch stand'' (''points lever'' or ''ground throw'') is a lever and accompanying linkages to align the points of a switch by hand. The lever and its accompanying hardware is usually mounted to a pair of long [[Railroad tie|ties]] (sleepers) that extend from the switch at the points. They are often used in a place of a switch motor on less frequently used switches. In some places, the lever may be some distance from the points, as part of a [[lever frame]] or ground frame. To prevent the tampering of switches by outside means, these switches are locked when not in use.

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=== Facing point lock ===
[[File:Facing points Broomhill.jpg|thumb|left|A set of points on the Strathspey Railway in Scotland. The facing point lock in the middle will need to be withdrawn using the blue lever (behind) on the left before the points themselves can be moved using the black lever (front). Once the points have been moved the lock will be pushed in again with the blue lever to lock the points in position.]]

A ''facing point lock'' (''FPL''), or ''point lock'', is a device which, as the name implies, locks a set of points in position, as well as mechanically proving that they are in the correct position. The ''facing point'' part of the name refers to the fact that they prevent movement of the points during facing moves, where a train could potentially ''split'' the points (end up going down both tracks) if the points were to move underneath the train. During trailing moves, the wheels of a train will force the points into the correct position if they attempt to move, although this may cause considerable damage. This act is known as a "run through".

In the United Kingdom, FPLs were common from an early date, due to laws being passed which forced the provision of FPLs for any routes traveled by passenger trains – it was, and still is, illegal for a passenger train to make a facing move over points without them being locked, either by a point lock, or temporarily clamped in one position or another.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BoT_Requirements1902.pdf |title=Requirements in Regard to the Opening of Railways |website=RailwaysArchive.co.uk |date=1892 |publisher=British Board of Trade }}</ref>

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=== Joints ===
''Joints'' are used where the moving points meet the fixed rails of the switch. They allow the points to hinge easily between their positions. Originally the movable switch blades were connected to the fixed closure rails with loose joints, but since steel is somewhat flexible it is possible to obviate this looseness by thinning a short section of the rail's bottom itself.

=== Straight and curved switches ===
Turnouts were originally built with straight switch blades, which ended at the pointed end with a sharp angle. These switches cause a bump when the train traverses in the turnout direction. The switch blades could be made with a curved point which meets the stockrail at a tangent, causing less of a bump, but the disadvantage is that the metal at the point is thin and necessarily weak. A solution to these conflicting requirements was found in the 1920s on the German Reichsbahn. The first step was to have different [[Tangential turnout|rail profile]] for the stock rails and switch rails, with the switch rails being about {{convert|25|mm|2|abbr=on}} less high, and stockier in the middle.

== Types ==
Apart from the standard right-hand and left-hand switches, switches commonly come in various combinations of configurations.

=== Slip switches ===

==== Double slip ====
[[File:Double slip at Munich central.jpg|thumb|upright|A double switch, or double slip—the points are set to connect the upper left and lower right tracks.]]

A ''double slip switch'' (''double slip'') is a narrow-angled diagonal flat crossing of two lines combined with four pairs of points in such a way as to allow vehicles to change from one straight track to the other, alternatively to going straight across. A train approaching the arrangement may leave by either of the two tracks on the opposite side of the crossing. To reach the third possible exit, the train must change tracks on the slip and then reverse.

The arrangement gives the possibility of setting four routes, but because only one route can be traversed at a time, the four blades at each end of the crossing are often connected to move in unison, so the crossing can be worked by just two levers or point motors. This gives the same functionality of two points placed end to end. These compact (albeit complex) switches usually are found only in locations where space is limited, such as station throats (i.e. approaches) where a few main lines spread out to reach any of numerous platform tracks.

In North American English, the arrangement may also be called a ''double switch'', or more colloquially, a ''puzzle switch''. The [[Great Western Railway]] in the United Kingdom used the term ''double compound points'', and the switch is also known as a ''double compound'' in [[Victoria (Australia)]]. In Italian, the term for a double switch is {{lang|it|deviatoio inglese}}, which means ''English switch''. Likewise, it is called {{lang|nl|Engels(e) Wissel}} in Dutch and, occasionally, {{lang|de|Engländer}} ("english one", literally "Englishman") in German.

==== Single slip ====
A ''single slip switch'' works on the same principle as a double slip, but provides for only one switching possibility. Trains approaching on one of the two crossing tracks can either continue over the crossing, or switch tracks to the other line. However, trains from the other track can only continue over the crossing, and cannot switch tracks. This is normally used to allow access to sidings and improve safety by avoiding having switch blades facing the usual direction of traffic. To reach the sidings from what would be a facing direction, trains must continue over the crossing, then reverse along the curved route (usually onto the other line of a double track) and can then move forward over the crossing into the siding.

==== Outside slip ====
[[File:2001-07-19.0004.DKW-Baeseler.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A double, outside slip in Heidelberg main station]]

An ''outside slip switch'' is similar to the double or single slip switches described above, except that the switch blades are outside of the diamond instead of inside. An advantage over an inside slip switch is that trains can pass the slips with higher speeds. A disadvantage over an inside slip switch is that they are longer and need more space.

An outside slip switch can be so long that its slips do not overlap at all, as in the example pictured. In such a case a single, outside slip switch is the same as two regular switches and a regular crossing. Double outside slip switches are only used in rare, specific cases.

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=== Crossover ===

[[File:Überleitstelle Richthof.JPG|thumb|left|A double crossover at {{lang|de|Richthof}} between {{lang|de|[[Kirchheim, Hesse|Kirchheim]]}} and {{lang|de|Langenschwarz}} stations on the [[Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway|{{lang|de|Hanover–Würzburg|nocat=yes}} high-speed railway]]]]
[[File:Scissors crossing Demachiyanagi.JPG|thumb|A scissors crossover: two pairs of switches linking two tracks to each other in both directions]]

A ''crossover'' is a pair of switches that connects two parallel [[rail track]]s, allowing a train on one track to cross over to the other. Like the switches themselves, crossovers can be described as either ''facing'' or ''trailing''.

When two crossovers are present in opposite directions, one after the other, the four-switch configuration is called a ''double crossover''. If the crossovers in different directions overlap to form an ×, it is dubbed a ''scissors crossover'', ''scissors crossing'', or just ''scissors''; or, due to the diamond in the center, a ''diamond crossover''. This makes for a very compact track layout at the expense of using a [[level junction]].

In a setup where each of the two tracks normally carries trains of only one direction, a crossover can be used either to detour "wrong-rail" around an obstruction or to reverse direction. A crossover can also join two tracks of the same direction, possibly a pair of local and express tracks, and allow trains to switch from one to the other.

On a crowded system, routine use of crossovers (or switches in general) will reduce throughput, as use of the switch blocks multiple tracks. For this reason, on some high-capacity [[rapid transit]] systems, crossovers between local and express tracks are not used during normal [[rush hour]] service, and service patterns are planned around use of the usually [[flying junction]]s at each end of the local-express line.

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=== Stub switch ===
[[File:Railroad switch Boucher.jpg|thumb|upright|Closeup of a stub switch in Pennsylvania]]
[[File:Stub switch at Welsh Slate Museum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|A narrow-gauge ''stub switch''—this switch has an additional piece of movable rail instead of a frog.]]

A ''stub switch'' lacks the tapered points (point blades) of a typical switch. Instead, both the movable rails and the ends of the rails of the diverging routes have their ends cut off square. The switch mechanism aligns the movable rails with the rails of one of the diverging routes. In 19th century US railroad use, the stub switch was typically used in conjunction with a [[harp switch stand]].

The rails leading up to a stub switch are not secured to the sleepers for several feet, and rail alignment across the gap is not positively enforced. Stub switches also require some [[flexibility]] in the rails (meaning lighter rails), or an extra joint at which they hinge. Therefore, these switches cannot be traversed at high speed or by heavy traffic and so are not suitable for main line use. A further disadvantage is that a stub switch being approached from the diverging route that is not connected by the points would result in a derailment. Yet another disadvantage is that in very hot weather, expansion of the steel in the rails can cause the movable rails to stick to the stock rails, making switching impossible until the rails have cooled and contracted.

One advantage to stub switches is that they work better in the snow. The sideways action of the point rails pushes snow to the side, instead of packing the snow between the points and the rail in a more modern design.

Stub switches were more common in the very early days of railways and their tramway predecessors. Now, because of their disadvantages, stub switches are used primarily on [[Narrow-gauge railway|narrow-gauge]] and branch lines.

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=== Three-way switch ===
[[File:ThreeWayStub.jpg|thumb|A three-way stub switch at Sheepscot station on the [[Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington Railway]]]]

A ''three-way switch'' is used to split a railroad track into three divergent paths rather than the more usual two. There are two types of three-way switches. In a ''symmetrical three-way switch'', the left and right branches diverge at the same place. In an ''asymmetrical three-way switch'', the branches diverge in a staggered way using two [[#Interlaced turnout|interlaced turnouts]]. Both types of three-way switches require three frogs.

The complexity of symmetrical switches usually results in speed restrictions, therefore three-way switches are most often used in stations or depots where space is restricted and low speeds are normal. Symmetrical switches were used quite often on Swiss narrow-gauge railways. Asymmetrical three-way switches are more common, because they do not have speed restrictions compared to standard switches. However, because of their higher maintenance cost due to special parts as well as asymmetric wear, both types of three-way switches are replaced with two standard switches wherever possible.

In areas with very low speeds, like depots, and on railroads that had to be built very cheaply, like logging railroads, three-way switches were sometimes built as stub switches.

=== Plate switch ===
[[File:Plate switch at Welsh Slate Museum.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|A narrow-gauge ''plate switch'']]

A ''plate switch'' incorporates the tapered points of a typical switch into a self-contained plate. Each point blade is moved separately by hand. Plate switches are only used for double-flanged wheels, with wheels running through the plates on their flanges, guided by the edges of the plate and the movable blade.

=== Off-railer ===
The off-railer is a system of installing a turnout over and above some plain track, without having to cut or replace that track. It is useful for installing temporary branches on agricultural railways, and sidings for track machines on mainline rails. Special ramps lift the wheels off the normal track, and then the off-railer curves away as required. [[Decauville]] has such a system.
<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://shop.lrrsa.org.au/product/light-railways-230-april-2013-pdf-download/ |title=Portable Railway Track for Light Railways |last=Zelmer |first=Lynn |date=April 2013 |magazine=[[Light Railways]] |location=Surrey Hills, Melbourne |publisher=[[Light Railway Research Society of Australia]] |issn=0727-8101 |pages=12–19 |access-date=13 April 2025 }}</ref>
It is similar to a [[Level junction#Drawbridge crossing|drawbridge]] crossing.

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=== Interlaced turnout ===
{{Multiple image
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An ''interlaced turnout'' is a method of splitting a track into three or more divergent paths. It is an arrangement of two standard turnouts, usually one left- and one right-handed, in an "interlaced" fashion. The points of the second turnout are positioned between the points and the frog of the first turnout. In common with other forms of three way turnouts an additional frog is required. Due to the inherent complexity of the arrangement, interlaced turnouts are normally only used in locations where space is exceptionally tight, such as station throats or industrial areas within large cities.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

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=== Wye switch ===
[[File:Points near Ravenstein.jpg|thumb|A ''wye switch'' on the mainline, leading to a single-track bridge, near [[Ravenstein, Netherlands]]]]

A ''wye switch'' (''Y points'') has trailing ends which diverge symmetrically and in opposite directions. The name originates from the similarity of their shape to that of the letter Y. Wye switches are usually used where space is at a premium. In North America this is also called an "equilateral switch" or "equilateral turnout". Common switches are more often associated with mainline speeds, whereas wye switches are generally low-speed yard switches.

One advantage of wye switches is that they can have a coarser frog angle using the same radius of curvature than a common switch. This means that they give rise to a less severe speed restriction than the diverging branch of a common switch, without having to resort to more expensive switches with a moving frog. For this reason they are sometimes used on a main line where it splits into two equally important branches or at the ends of a single track section in an otherwise double track line.

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=== Run-off points ===
{{Main|Catch points}}
[[File:StokeGiffordYard-catchpoints.jpg|thumb|left|Trap points at the exit from a [[Classification yard|yard]]]]

''Run-off points'' are used to protect main lines from stray or runaway cars, or from trains passing signals set at danger. In these cases, vehicles would otherwise roll onto and foul (obstruct) the main line and cause a collision. Depending on the situation in which they are used, run-off points are referred to either as trap points or catch points. Derailers are another device used for the same purpose.

''Catch points'' are installed on the running line itself, where the railway climbs at a steep gradient. They are used to prevent runaway vehicles colliding with another train further down the slope. In some cases, catch points lead into a sand drag to safely stop the runaway vehicle, which may be traveling at speed. Catch points are usually held in the 'derail' position by a spring. They can be set to allow a train to pass safely in the downhill direction using a lever or other mechanism to override the spring for a short time.

Catch points originate from the days of the 'unfitted' goods (freight) train. As these trains tended to consist of either completely unbraked wagons (relying entirely on the locomotive's own brakes), or ones with unlinked, manually applied brakes (necessitating a stop at the top of steep downgrades for the guard to walk along the train and set the brakes on each wagon in turn), they also lacked any mechanism to automatically brake runaway cars. Catch points were therefore required to stop the rear portion of a poorly coupled train that might break away while ''climbing'' a steep grade – although they would also stop vehicles that ran away for any other reason. Now that trains are all 'fitted' (and broken couplings are far less common), catch points are mostly obsolete.

Similar to catch points, ''trap points'' are provided at the exit from a siding or where a goods line joins a line that may be used by passenger trains. Unless they have been specifically set to allow traffic to pass onto the main line, the trap points will direct any approaching vehicle away from the main line. This may simply result in the vehicle being derailed, but in some cases a sand drag is used, especially where the vehicle is likely to be a runaway traveling at speed due to a slope.

==== Derailers ====
{{Main|Derail}}

A ''derailer'' works by derailing any vehicle passing over it. There are different types of derailers, but in some cases they consist of a single switch point installed in a track. The point can be pulled into a position to derail any equipment that is not supposed to pass through.

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=== Dual gauge switches ===
[[File:DualgaugeHakonetozanJP14.jpg|thumb|A dual-gauge switch in Japan]]

''Dual gauge switches'' are used in [[dual gauge]] systems. There are various possible scenarios involving the routes that trains on each gauge may take, including the two gauges separating or one gauge being able to choose between diverging paths and the other not. Because of the extra track involved, dual gauge switches have more points and frogs than their single gauge counterparts. This limits speeds even more than usual.

A related formation is the 'swish' or rail exchange, where (usually) the common rail changes sides. These have no moving parts, the narrower gauge wheels being guided by [[Guard rails (railroad)|guard rails]] as they transition from one rail to another. The wider gauge only encounters continuous rail so is unaffected by the exchange. At dual gauge turntables, a similar arrangement is used to move the narrow-gauge track from one side to a central position.

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=== Rack-railway switches ===
[[File:Rack railway turnout (SPB).JPG|thumb|left|[[Rack railway#Riggenbach (1871)|Railroad switch]] of the [[Schynige Platte Railway]] (at [[Schynige Platte]], Switzerland)]]

[[Rack railway|Rack-railway]] switches are as varied as rack-railway technologies. Where use of the rack is optional, as on the [[Zentralbahn]] in Switzerland or the [[West Coast Wilderness Railway]] in [[Tasmania]], it is common to place turnouts only in relatively flat areas where the rack is not needed. On systems where only the pinion is driven and the conventional rail wheels are idlers, such as the [[Dolderbahn]] in [[Zürich]], [[Štrbské Pleso railway station|Štrbské Pleso]] in [[Slovakia]] and the [[Schynige Platte]] rack railway, the rack must be continuous through the switch. The Dolderbahn switch works by bending all three rails, an operation that is performed every trip as the two trains pass in the middle. The Štrbské Pleso and Schynige Platte Strub rack system instead relies on a complex set of moving points which assemble the rack in the traversed direction and simultaneously clear the crossed direction conventional rails. In some rack systems, such as the [[Rack railway#Morgan|Morgan system]], where locomotives always have multiple driving pinions, it is possible to simplify turnouts by interrupting the rack rail, so long as the interruption is shorter than the spacing between the drive pinions on the locomotives.<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=772736 |inventor=John H. Morgan |title=Switching or Crossover Device for Traction Rack Rail Systems |pubdate=18 October 1904 }}</ref>

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=== Switch diamond ===
[[File:Switchdiamond.jpg|thumb|A switch diamond at a junction in the UK]]

Although not strictly speaking a turnout, a ''switch diamond'' is an active trackwork assembly used where the crossing angle between two tracks is too shallow for totally passive trackwork: the unguided sections of each rail would overlap. These vaguely resemble two standard points assembled very closely toe-to-toe. These would also often utilize [[swingnose crossing]]s at the outer ends to ensure complete wheel support in the same way as provided on shallow angle turnouts. In North America these are known as ''movable-point diamonds''. In the UK, where the angle of divergence is shallower than 1 in 8 (center-line measure) a switched diamond will be found rather than a passive or fixed diamond.

Such switches are usually implemented on the basis of increasing the safe crossing speed. Open blades impose a speed restriction, due to the potential of the crossing impact fracturing the rail as both wheels on each axle hit the crossing gaps almost simultaneously. Switched blades, as shown in the photograph, allow a much higher speed across the gap by providing an essentially continuous piece of rail across the gap on both sides.

The frog end of the switched crossing, despite still having a gap in one rail, is less problematic in this regard. The outer rail is still continuous, the wing rail (the part that turns out, after the frog gap) provides a gradual transition, and the check rail avoids the possibility of points splitting. This can be seen in how, under examination, the wing rail has a wider polished section, showing how the wheel load is transferred across the gap.

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=== Single-point switch ===
[[File:ON-TTC 20071110 StreetcarTrackSwitchPoint.jpg|thumb|left|A single-point switch on the [[Toronto streetcar system]]]]

Single point switches, known as Tongue and Plain Mate switches, are sometimes used on freight railways in slow speed operation in paved areas such as in ports. In the United States, they are regulated by provision 213.135(i) of the Federal Railroad Administration Track Safety Standards.

On streetcar ([[tram]]) systems using [[Tramway track#Grooved rail|grooved rail]]s, if the wheels on both sides of the car are connected by a rigid solid axle, only one switchpoint is needed to steer it onto one or the other track. The switchpoint will be on inside rail of the switch's curve route. When a streetcar enters the curve route of the switch, the wheel on the inside of the curve (the right side of the car on a right turn) is pulled into the turn, and through the axle, directs the wheel on the outside to also follow the curve.<ref name="Munro 2011">{{cite web |last=Munro |first=Steve |author-link=Steve Munro |date=10 November 2011 |url=https://stevemunro.ca/2011/11/10/ttc-unveils-new-streetcar-design-and-mockup/ |title=TTC Unveils New Streetcar Design and Mockup |access-date=2 October 2016 }}</ref> The outside wheel is supported for a short distance by its flange running in the groove.

Some low floor streetcar designs use split axles (a separate half-axle for the wheel on each side of the car). Such streetcars are unsuitable for use with single-point switches as there would be no mechanism to transfer the force from the inner to outer wheels at switches.<ref name="Munro 2011" />

A single-point switch is cheaper to build, especially in street trackage, as there is no need to link to a second switchpoint.<ref name="Munro 2011" />

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=== Rotary switch ===
[[File:Pilatus2.jpg|thumb|A [[Pilatus Railway]] turnout consisting of a bridge that rotates about its lengthwise [[axle]]]]

Rotary switches are sometimes used on cog railways to maintain alignment of the cog with two different tracks. They are used on the Pilatus Cog Railway to allow up-bound and down-bound trains to pass each other on a grade while sharing the remainder of the single track.

A rotary switch rotates about its long axis to present a track connection to a chosen set of tracks. Physically, it flips over (rotates about its long axis 180 degrees) to connect to the chosen set of tracks. Once the rotary switch is secured the train can proceed. Cog alignment is maintained in both positions.

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=== Temporary points ===
[[File:20180711 aiguillage californien at Bailli 2.jpg|thumb|Temporary or 'Californian' points installed on tramline 81 at the junction of Avenue Louise and Rue Bailli {{In lang|fr}}, a.k.a. Louisalaan and Baljuwstraat {{In lang|nl}}, [[Brussels]]]]

When a tram track is interrupted during repairs, a set of temporary points may be placed on top of existing track to allow trams to cross to the parallel track. These are known as {{lang|de|{{interlanguage link|Kletterweichen|de|Weiche_(Bahn)#Kletterweiche}}}} or {{lang|de|Auflegeweichen}} in German, {{lang|fr|aiguillages californiens}} in French, and {{lang|nl|{{interlanguage link|oplegwissels|nl|Wissel_(spoorweg)#Oplegwissels}}}}, {{lang|nl|klimwissels}} or {{lang|nl|Californische wissels}} in Dutch. They may be welded into place and allow trams to pass at walking pace.

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== Expansion joint ==
[[Expansion joint#Railway expansion joints|Expansion joint]]s look like a part of a railroad switch, but have a completely different purpose, namely to compensate for the shrinkage or expansion of the road bed – e.g. typically, a larger steel bridge – due to changes in temperature, to avoid [[sun kink]].

== Speeds over turnouts ==
Train speeds over turnouts are governed by a number of factors. As a general rule, the smaller the crossing angle of a turnout, the higher the turnout speed.
Turnouts are usually rated numerically, which represents the ratio of divergence per length as measured at the frog. A rule of thumb{{according to whom|date=April 2025}} is that the rated speed of a switch (in miles per hour) is twice the numerical rating:
* {{abbr|no.|number}} 15: {{convert|30|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}
* {{abbr|no.|number}} 20: {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}

Higher-speed turnouts in the United States include:<ref name="63 FR 39343" />
* {{abbr|no.|number}} 26.5: {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}
* {{abbr|no.|number}} 32.7: {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}

Such specifications, however, are by no means universal: 1:16 is specified for {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} standard-gauge track in Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sgr.go.ug/specifications |title=Specifications |publisher=SGR Uganda |website=SGR.go.ug |access-date=25 August 2023 }}</ref>

Turnouts on [[high-speed rail]] lines have much larger crossing numbers than the above, combined with swing noses.

== Assembly and transport ==
[[File:Weichentransport 510.jpg|thumb|Transport of switches by rail creates problems as they are so long and wide.]]

Turnouts are large pieces of rail infrastructure which may be too big, wide, or heavy to transport in one piece. Special wagons can carry the pieces at approximately 45° from vertical, so that they fit within the [[structure gauge]]. Once all the pieces have arrived, the turnout is assembled sleeper by sleeper on site. A set of turnouts may be trial assembled beforehand off site, to check that everything fits.

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== See also ==
* {{Annotated link|1928 Times Square derailment}}
* [[Centralized traffic control]]
* {{Annotated link|Flange-bearing frog}}
* {{Section link|Funicular|Turnout systems for two-rail funiculars}}
* {{Annotated link|Gauntlet track}}
* [[Glossary of rail transport terms]]
* {{Annotated link|Minimum railway curve radius}}
* {{Section link|Monorail|Switching}}
* {{Section link|Rack railway|Switches}}
* {{Annotated link|Railway turntable}}
* [[Transfer table]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite magazine |last=Cooper |first=Basil |date=February 1984 |title=Points, Locks & Bolts |magazine=[[Rail (magazine)|Rail Enthusiast]] |publisher=EMAP National Publications |pages=60–61 |issn=0262-561X |oclc=49957965 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Railway points}}
* {{YouTube|MbSmoUH1Cqk|How a Railway Frog Point Works}}

{{Rail tracks}}
{{Railway track layouts}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Mechanisms (engineering)]]
[[Category:Rail infrastructure]]
[[Category:Rail junction types]]

Valeria gens

2025-06-29T12:16:55Z

178.78.252.98:

{{short description|Ancient Roman family}}
{{redirect2|Valerius|Valerii|other uses|Valerius (name)|and|Valerii (name)}}
[[File:L. Valerius Flaccus (cos. 100BC) denarius.jpg|thumb|[[Denarius]] of [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 100 BC)|Lucius Valerius Flaccus]], consul in 100 BC, and later magister equitum to the dictator Sulla.]]

The '''gens Valeria''' was a [[patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] family at [[ancient Rome]], prominent from the very beginning of the [[Roman Republic|Republic]] to the latest period of the [[Roman Empire|Empire]]. [[Publius Valerius Poplicola]] was one of the [[Roman consul|consuls]] in 509 BC, the year that saw the overthrow of the [[King of Rome|Tarquins]], and the members of his family were among the most celebrated statesmen and generals at the beginning of the Republic. Over the next ten centuries, few [[gens|gentes]] produced as many distinguished men, and at every period the name of ''Valerius'' was constantly to be found in the lists of annual [[Roman magistrate|magistrates]], and held in the highest honour. Several of the [[Roman emperor|emperors]] claimed descent from the Valerii, whose name they bore as part of their official nomenclature.<ref name="DGRBM Valeria Gens">''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, pp. 1215, 1216 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Valeria gens|Valeria Gens]]").</ref>

A number of unusual privileges attached to this family, including the right to burial within the city walls,<ref>Cicero, ''De Legibus'' ii. 23.</ref><ref>Plutarch, "The Life of Publicola", 23.</ref> and a special place for its members in the [[Circus Maximus]], where the unique honour of a throne was granted them.<ref>Livy, ii. 31.</ref> The house built by [[Publius Valerius Poplicola|Poplicola]] at the foot of the [[Velian Hill]] was the only one whose doors were permitted to open into the street.<ref>Dionysius, v. 39.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Plutarch, "The Life of Publicola", 20.</ref> The historian [[Barthold Georg Niebuhr]] conjectured that, during the transition from the [[Roman Kingdom|monarchy]] to the Republic, the Valerii were entitled to exercise royal power on behalf of the Titienses, one of the three [[Roman tribe#The Romulean tribes|Romulean tribes]] that made up the Roman people.<ref>Niebuhr, ''History of Rome'', vol. i. p. 538.</ref>

Although one of the most noble and illustrious families of the Roman aristocracy, from the very beginning the Valerii were notable for their advocacy of [[plebeian]] causes, and many important laws protecting the rights of the plebeians were sponsored by the Valerii.<ref>''Dictionary of Antiquities, s. v. Leges Valeriae''.</ref> As with many other ancient patrician houses, the family also acquired plebeian branches, which must have been descended either from [[freedman|freedmen]] of the Valerii, or from members of the family who, for one reason or another, had gone over to the plebeians.<ref name="DGRBM Valeria Gens"/>

==Origin==
According to tradition, the Valerii were of [[Sabines|Sabine]] descent, having come to Rome with [[Titus Tatius]], shortly after the founding of the city.<ref name="Dionysius ii 46">Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ii. 46.</ref><ref name="Plutarch Numa 5">Plutarch, "The Life of Numa", 5, "The Life of Publicola", 1.</ref> However, their [[Nomen gentilicium|nomen]], ''Valerius'', is a patronymic surname derived from the Latin [[praenomen]] ''Volesus'' or ''Volusus'', which in turn is derived from {{lang|la|valere}}, to be strong.<ref>Chase, pp. 127, 129–132, 147, 148.</ref><ref>''New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. valeo''.</ref> [[Volesus]], or Volesus Valerius, the eponymous ancestor of the gens, is said to have been a powerful warrior in the retinue of the Sabine king. Several generations later, another Volesus Valerius was the father of Publius, Marcus, and Manius, three brothers from whom the oldest branches of the family claimed descent.<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 1001 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Maximus, Valerius|Valerius Maximus]]" no. 1), vol. III, pp. 514 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Potitus, Valerius|Valerius Potitus]]", no. 2), 600–602 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Publicola|Publicola]]", "[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Publicola, Valerius|Valerius Publicola]]" no. 1), 1283 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Volusus|Volusus]]").</ref>

==Praenomina==
The earliest of the Valerii known to history bore the praenomen ''[[Volesus (praenomen)|Volesus]]'', which continued to enjoy occasional use among the Valerii of the early Republic. However, most ''stirpes'' of the Valerii favoured ''[[Publius (praenomen)|Publius]], [[Marcus (praenomen)|Marcus]], [[Manius (praenomen)|Manius]]'', and ''[[Lucius (praenomen)|Lucius]]''. Several branches of the family also used ''[[Gaius (praenomen)|Gaius]]'', while the Valerii Faltones employed ''[[Quintus (praenomen)|Quintus]]'', and the Valerii Asiatici of imperial times used ''[[Decimus (praenomen)|Decimus]]''. Other names are seldom found among the Valerii, although in one instance ''Potitus'', an ancient surname of the gens, was revived as a praenomen by the Valerii Messallae during the first century. Examples of ''[[Aulus (praenomen)|Aulus]]'', ''[[Numerius (praenomen)|Numerius]]'', ''[[Sextus (praenomen)|Sextus]]'', ''[[Tiberius (praenomen)|Tiberius]]'', and ''[[Titus (praenomen)|Titus]]'' are found in inscriptions.

==Branches and cognomina==
The oldest branches of the Valerii bore the surnames ''Poplicola, Potitus'', and ''Maximus'', with ''Volusus'' being used by the first generations of the ''Potiti'' and ''Maximi''. Later families bore various [[cognomen|cognomina]], including ''Corvus'' or ''Corvinus, Falto, Flaccus, Laevinus, Messalla, Tappo'', and ''Triarius''. Most other surnames found in Republican times belonged to freedmen or [[Patronage in ancient Rome|clientes]] of the Valerii. The surnames ''Acisculus, Catullus, Flaccus'', and ''Barbatus'' appear on coins. A few Valerii are known without any cognomina, but they achieved little of significance.<ref name="DGRBM Valeria Gens"/>

''Poplicola'', also found as ''Publicola'' and ''Poplicula'', belongs to a class of surnames referring to the character of the bearer. Derived from {{lang|la|populus}} and {{lang|la|colo}}, the name might best be explained as "one who courts the people."<ref name="DGRBM Publicola">''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, p. 600 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Publicola|Publicola]]"),</ref><ref name="Chase 110">Chase, pp. 110, 111.</ref> The cognomen first appears in history as the surname given to Publius Valerius, one of the consuls chosen in 509 BC to serve alongside [[Lucius Junius Brutus]]. Despite his patrician background, he made a considerable effort to win the support of the plebeians, averting a breach between the two orders at the inception of the Republic.<ref>Livy, ii. 7, 8.</ref> ''Poplicola'' seems to have been the original form, while in inscriptions ''Publicola'' is more common, and ''Poplicula'' is occasionally found.<ref>Orelli, ''Inscriptionum Latinarum Selectarum Collectio'' n. 547.</ref> ''Publicola'' is found in literary sources from the end of the Republic, including [[Livy]] and [[Cicero]].<ref name="DGRBM Publicola"/>

The Valerii Potiti were descended from [[Marcus Valerius Volusus]], the brother of Poplicola, who fell in battle at [[Battle of Lake Regillus|Lake Regillus]]. The surname ''Potitus'' seems to be derived from {{lang|la|potio}}, to place someone under one's power, and might be translated as "leader".<ref name="Chase 110"/> This family flourished from the early years of the Republic down to the Samnite Wars, when the cognomen seems to have been replaced by ''Flaccus'', a surname first borne by one of the Potiti, who must have been flabby or had floppy ears.<ref name="Chase 109"/> ''Potitus'' was later revived as a praenomen by the Valerii Messallae, a practice that was common in aristocratic families toward the end of the Republic. As a distinct family, the Valerii Flacci continued down to the first century AD.<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, p. 514 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Potitus, Valerius|Valerius Potitus]]").</ref>

''Maximus'', the superlative of {{lang|la|magnus}}, "great",{{efn-lr|While ''Maximus'' might be taken to mean that Manius was the "greatest" of the brothers, either physically or because of his reputation, it could also mean that he was the eldest brother; according to tradition he was already elderly at the time of his dictatorship in 494 BC.}} was the cognomen of the Valerii descended from the third brother, [[Manius Valerius Maximus|Manius Valerius Volusus]], who first bore the surname. The Valerii Maximi appear in history down to the [[First Punic War]], after which time the surname was replaced by ''Messalla'' or ''Messala'', a cognomen derived from the city of [[Messina|Messana]] in [[Sicilia (Roman province)|Sicilia]]. [[Manius Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla|The first to bear this name]] received it after relieving Messana from a [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] blockade in 264 BC. The Valerii Messallae held numerous consulships and other high offices in the Roman state, remaining prominent well into imperial times. Some of them had additional surnames, including ''Barbatus'', "bearded", as well as ''Niger'' and ''Rufus'', originally referring to someone with black or red hair. The names ''Valerius Maximus'' and ''Valerius Messalla'' occur as late as the third century, but the consular family of that age may have been descended from the Valerii through the female line, and more properly belonged to the [[Vipstana gens|Vipstani]].<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, pp. 1001 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Maximus, Valerius|Valerius Maximus]]"), 1049 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Messalla|Messalla]]").</ref><ref>Chase, pp. 109, 110 ("Barbatus, Niger, Rufus"), 111 ("Maximus"), 113, 114 ("Messala").</ref>

The branch of the Valerii Maximi that gave rise to the Messallae also bore the surname ''Corvinus'', a diminutive of {{lang|la|Corvus}}, a raven. The first of this family was [[Marcus Valerius Corvus]], who in his youth earned everlasting renown for his combat against a giant [[Gauls|Gaul]] in 349 BC. Corvus defeated his adversary with the help of a raven that repeatedly flew in the barbarian's face. He held the consulship six times, was dictator twice, and reached the age of one hundred. The two forms of this surname are interchangeable, but the hero is usually referred to as ''Corvus'', while ''Corvinus'' generally refers to his descendants.<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, pp. 861, 862 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Corvus|Corvus]]", Nos. 2, 3).</ref><ref name="Chase 112">Chase, pp. 112, 113.</ref>

Another branch of the Valerii Maximi bore the surname ''Lactucinus'', derived from {{lang|la|Lactuca}}, lettuce, the cognomen of an early member of the family. Such names, referring to objects, were quite common at Rome. The first of this family was a son of the first Valerius Maximus, but the surname was of brief duration; the last mention of the Valerii Lactucinae is early in the fourth century BC.<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 1001 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Maximus, Valerius|Valerius Maximus]]", Nos. 2, 3).</ref><ref name="Chase 112"/>

The cognomen {{lang|la|Laevinus}}, meaning "left-handed", belonged to a family of the Valerii that was prominent for about a century, beginning with the [[Pyrrhic War]], in 280 BC. This family may have been another offshoot of the Valerii Maximi, as the surname first appears in connection with the trial of [[Spurius Cassius Vecellinus]] in 485 BC. They continued long after they had ceased to have any importance in the Roman state, and the family is mentioned as late as the end of the first century AD.<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 709 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Laevinus|Laevinus]]").</ref><ref>Horace, ''Satirae'', 1, 6, 12, ''Schol. Vet''.</ref><ref>Martial, i. 62, vi. 9.</ref><ref name="Chase 109">Chase, pp. 109, 110.</ref>

The Valerii Faltones flourished at the end of the third century BC, first appearing at the end of the First Punic War. Their relationship to the other Valerii is not immediately apparent, as none of the older stirpes of the gens used the praenomen ''Quintus'', but they may have been a cadet branch of the Valerii Maximi, whose surname disappears around this time. The surname ''Falto'' is another form of {{lang|la|Falco}}, referring to a falcon, and was commonly given to someone with inward-pointing toes, resembling talons.{{efn-lr|The modern expression is "pigeon-toed".}}<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 135 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Falto|Falto]]").</ref><ref name="Chase 109"/><ref>''New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Falco''.</ref>

The plebeian Valerii Triarii belong to the time of Cicero, in the first century BC. None of them rose higher than the rank of [[praetor]], and the family was of brief duration. Their surname, ''Triarius'', seems to allude to their military service; in the Roman army of this period, a {{lang|la|[[triarii|triarius]]}} was a soldier of the third rank, the heavily armed reserve infantry, often consisting of older, wealthier men, and the last line of defense in battle.<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, pp. 1172, 1173 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Triarius, Valerius|Valerius Triarius]]").</ref><ref>''New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. triarii''.</ref>

''Catullus'' seems to be another orthography of {{lang|la|Catulus}}, a surname of the [[Lutatia gens]], referring to a whelp, cub, or puppy. The Valerii Catulli appear in the first century BC, beginning with the renowned poet, and their surname continued through the first century of the Empire. One of the Catulli bore the additional surname of ''Messalinus'', previously associated with the Valerii Messallae, but it is unclear whether the Catulli were descended from the Messallae, or whether the surname entered the family at a later time. The pairing of ''Catullus Messalinus'' was also borne by one of the Valerii Asiatici, but again the nature of the relationship between these families is unknown.<ref name="Chase 112"/><ref>''New College Latin & English Dictionary'', ''s. v. catulus''.</ref>

''Asiaticus'', the surname of the only major family of the Valerian gens to emerge in imperial times, belongs to a class of cognomina typically derived from the locations of military exploits.<ref>Chase, pp. 113, 114.</ref> In this instance the source of the name is not apparent, although it might allude to some connection with the [[Cornelia gens|Cornelii]] Scipiones; [[Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus]] was the younger brother of [[Scipio Africanus]], and his surname was passed down in his family for several generations. The Valerii Asiatici were closely connected with the imperial family from the time of [[Caligula]] to that of [[Hadrian]], and accounted for several consulships.<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, p. 1218 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Valerius Asiaticus|Valerius Asiaticus]]").</ref>

==Members==
{{filiation}}

===Early Valerii===
* [[Volesus]] or Volusus, the eponymous ancestor of the gens, is said to have come to Rome with [[Titus Tatius]] during the time of [[Romulus]], the first King of Rome.<ref name="Dionysius ii 46"/><ref name="Plutarch Numa 5"/>
* Marcus Valerius, One of the [[fetiales]] appointed by [[Tullus Hostilius]] to sign a treaty with [[Alba Longa]], preceding the [[Horatii and Curiatii|duel of the Horatii and Curiatii]], in which each side agreed to accept subjugation under the other if their champions were defeated. <ref>Livy, i. 24.</ref>
* Volesus Valerius, a descendant of the first Volesus, was the father of Publius Valerius Poplicola, Marcus Valerius Volusus, and Manius Valerius Volusus Maximus.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini">''[[Fasti Capitolini]]'', {{AE|1900|83}}; 1904, 114; {{AE|1927|101}}; 1940, 59, 60.</ref>
* Valeria, appointed the first priestess of [[Fortuna|Fortuna Muliebris]] in 488 BC.<ref>Dionysius, viii. 55.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, p. 19.
</ref>

===Valerii Poplicolae===

* [[Publius Valerius Poplicola|Publius Valerius Vol. f. Poplicola]], or Publicola, [[Roman consul|consul]] in 509 BC, the first year of the Republic; he triumphed over the forces of [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus|the king]]. Consul again in 508, 507, and 504, when he triumphed over the [[Sabines]].<ref>Livy, i. 58, 59, ii. 2, 6–8, 11, 15, 16.</ref><ref>Dionysius iv. 67, v. 12 ''ff'', 20, 21, 40 ''ff''.</ref><ref>Plutarch, "The Life of Publicola".</ref><ref>Cicero, ''De Republica'', ii. 31.</ref><ref>Niebuhr, ''History of Rome'', i. 498 ''ff'', 525, 529 ''ff'', 558, 559.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 2, 5–7.</ref>
* Marcus Valerius P. f. Vol. n. Poplicola, perished at the Battle of Lake Regillus, after recovering the body of his uncle, Marcus Valerius Volusus. According to Dionysius, his brother Publius was also slain, but this appears to be a mistake, as Publius was consul twice after this, although he did fall in battle during his second consulship.<ref>Dionysius, vi. 12.</ref>
* [[Publius Valerius Poplicola (consul 475 BC)|Publius Valerius P. f. Vol. n. Poplicola]], consul in 475 and 460 BC, and [[interrex]] in 462; he triumphed over the [[Veii|Veientines]] and Sabines during his first consulship, but in his second, he was killed in recovering the capitol from [[Appius Herdonius]].<ref>Livy, ii. 52, 53, iii. 15-19.</ref><ref>Dionysius, vi. 12, ix. 28, x. 14-17.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 17, 27, 36, 37.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Poplicola Potitus|Lucius Valerius P. f. P. n. Poplicola Potitus]], opposed the [[decemviri#Decemviri Legibus Scribundis Consulari Imperio|decemvirs]], and was elected consul for the year 449 BC. He defeated the [[Aequi]] and the [[Volsci]], and when the [[Roman Senate|senate]] refused him a triumph, the soldiers conferred that honour on him.<ref>Livy, iii. 39–41, 49–55, 61–64.</ref><ref>Dionysius, xi. 4 ''ff'', 45 ''ff''.</ref><ref>Cicero, ''De Republica'', ii. 31, ''Brutus'', 14.</ref><ref>Tacitus, ''Annales'', xi. 22.</ref><ref>Niebuhr, ''History of Rome'', vol. ii, pp. 345–376.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 47, 51.</ref>
* Lucius Valerius L. f. (P. n.) Poplicola, the father of Lucius Valerius Poplicola, the consular tribune.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/>
* Lucius Valerius L. f. L. n. Poplicola, [[Tribuni militum consulari potestate|consular tribune]] in 394, 389, 387, 383, and 380 BC, possibly the same Lucius Valerius who was {{lang|la|magister equitum}} to [[Marcus Furius Camillus]] in 390 BC, although that was probably his cousin, Lucius Valerius Potitus.<ref>Livy, v. 26, vi. 1, 5, 21, 27.</ref><ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 90, 95, 96, 99, 103, 105.</ref>
* Publius Valerius L. f. L. n. Poplicola, father of the consul of 352 BC.<ref name="Broughton I 125 128"/>
* [[Marcus Valerius Poplicola|Marcus Valerius L. f. L. n. Poplicola]], served as {{lang|la|[[magister equitum]]}} in 358 BC, under the [[Roman dictator|dictator]] [[Gaius Sulpicius Peticus]]. He was consul in 355, and again 353, serving alongside Peticus on both occasions.<ref>Livy, vii. 12, 17–19.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 122, 124, 125.</ref>
* [[Publius Valerius Poplicola (consul 352 BC)|Publius Valerius P. f. L. n. Poplicola]], consul in 352 BC; as [[praetor]] in 350 he commanded the reserves during the war against the [[Gauls]]. He was appointed dictator in 344, in order to hold a religious festival in response to dreadful omens. He is probably the same man who was nominated {{lang|la|magister equitum}} by the dictator [[Marcus Papirius Crassus]] in 332.<ref>Livy, vii. 21, 23, 28, viii. 17.</ref><ref name="Broughton I 125 128">Broughton, vol. I, pp. 125, 128.</ref>

===Valerii Potiti===
* [[Marcus Valerius Volusus|Marcus Valerius Vol. f. Volusus]], the brother of Poplicola, was one of the Roman commanders against Lars Porsenna in 508 BC. As consul in 505 BC, he and his colleague triumphed over the Sabines. He was one of the ambassadors to the [[Latin League]] in 501, and fell at the Battle of Lake Regillus, in 499.<ref>Livy, ii. 16, 20.</ref><ref>Dionysius, v. 37.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 5, 7, 9, 11.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Potitus (consul 483 BC)|Lucius Valerius M. f. Vol. n. Potitus]], one of the [[quaestor]]s who prosecuted Spurius Cassius Vecellinus in 485 BC. He was consul in 483 and 470 BC, and fought against the [[Aequi]] during his second consulship. He was {{lang|la|[[praefectus urbi]]}} in 464.<ref>Livy, ii. 41, 42, 61, 62.</ref><ref>Dionysius, viii. 77, 87, ix. 51, 55.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, p. 22, 23, 31, 34.</ref>
* Volesus Valerius Potitus, the grandfather of Gaius Valerius Potitus Volusus, consular tribune three times from 415 to 404 BC, according to the [[Fasti Capitolini]]. Münzer suggests that his praenomen should be ''Publius''.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref name="Münzer DGV 36">Münzer, ''De Gente Valeria'', p. 36.</ref><ref name="Broughton I 74">Broughton, vol. I, p. 74 (note 1).</ref>
* Publius Valerius Potitus, the grandfather of Lucius Valerius Potitus, consular tribune five times from 414 to 398 BC, may be the same person as Volesus Valerius Potitus.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref name="Münzer DGV 36"/><ref name="Broughton I 74"/>
* Lucius Valerius Vol. f. Potitus,{{efn-lr|The Capitoline Fasti give Gaius' filiation as ''L. f. Vol. n.'', and Lucius' as ''L. f. P. n.'', but Münzer suggests that "Volesus" is a mistake for "Publius", in which case Gaius and Lucius would probably be brothers.}} the father of Gaius Valerius Potitus Volusus, and perhaps also of his contemporary, Lucius Valerius Potitus.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref name="Münzer DGV 36"/><ref name="Broughton I 74"/>
* Lucius Valerius P. f. Potitus, the father of Lucius Valerius Potitus, twice consul and five times consular tribune, and perhaps also of Gaius Valerius Potitus Volusus.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref name="Münzer DGV 36"/><ref name="Broughton I 74"/>
* [[Gaius Valerius Potitus Volusus|Gaius Valerius L. f. Vol. n. Potitus Volusus]], consular tribune in 415, 407, and 404 BC, and consul in 410. As consul, he opposed the agrarian law of Marcus Maenius, and recovered the Arx Carventana from the Volsci, in consequence of which he was granted an [[ovation]].<ref>Livy, iv. 49, 57, 61.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 74, 77, 79, 81, 86.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Potitus (consul 392 BC)|Lucius Valerius L. f. P. n. Potitus]], consular tribune in 414, 406, 403, 401, and 398 BC, and consul in 393 and 392; triumphed over the Aequi. Interrex for the purpose of holding the comitia in 392, and {{lang|la|magister equitum}} under the dictator [[Marcus Furius Camillus]] in 390, the year in which Rome was taken by the Gauls.<ref>Livy, iv. 49, 58, v. 1, 10, 14, 31, 48.</ref><ref>Dionysius, i. 74.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 74, 79, 81, 83–86, 88, 90–93, 95, 100.</ref>
* Publius Valerius L. f. L. n. Potitus Poplicola, consular tribune in 386, 384, 380, 377, 370, and 367 BC.<ref>Livy, vi. 6, 18, 27, 32, 36, 42.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 100–102, 105, 107, 110, 113.</ref>
* Gaius Valerius (C. f. L. n.) Potitus, consular tribune in 370 BC.<ref>Livy, vi. 36.</ref>
* Gaius Valerius L. f. L. n. Potitus Flaccus, consul in 331 BC. He is probably the progenitor of the Valerii Flacci.<ref name="Livy viii 18">Livy, viii. 18.</ref>
* Lucius Valerius (L. f. L. n.) Potitus, {{lang|la|magister equitum}} in 331 BC.<ref name="Livy viii 18"/>

===Valerii Maximi===
* [[Manius Valerius Maximus|Manius Valerius Vol. f. Volusus Maximus]], dictator in 494 BC, he promised to alleviate the conditions of the debtors if the people would serve in the war against the Sabines and the Aequi. After triumphing over the enemy, Valerius was prevented from fulfilling his promise, and resigned the dictatorship, but was honoured by the people.<ref>Dionysius of Halicarnassus, vi. 39-45.</ref><ref>Livy, ii. 30, 31.</ref><ref>Cicero, ''Brutus'', 14.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, p. 14, 15.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Maximus Lactuca|Marcus Valerius M'. f. Vol. n. Maximus Lactuca]], quaestor in 458 BC, prosecuted the accusers of [[Caeso Quinctius]]. As consul in 456 BC, he opposed the plan of [[Lucius Icilius]], one of the [[tribune of the plebs|tribunes of the plebs]], to assign the [[Aventine Hill]] to the commons.<ref>Dionysius, x. 31–33.</ref><ref>Livy, iii. 31.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 40–42.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Lactuca Maximus|Marcus Valerius M. f. M'. n. Lactucinus Maximus]], consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in 437 BC.<ref>Broughton, vol. I, p. 58.</ref>
* Marcus Valerius M. f. M. n. Lactucinus Maximus, consular tribune in 398 and 395 BC.<ref>Livy, v. 14, 24.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 85, 89.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Corvus|Marcus Valerius M. f. M. n. Maximus Corvus]], afterward surnamed ''Calenus'', was consul in 348, 346, 343, 335, 300, and 299, dictator in 342 and 301, and interrex in 332 and 320 BC; triumphed over the Volsci in 346, the Samnites in 343, [[Cales]] in 335, and the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] in 301. He was elected consul at twenty-three, and lived to the age of one hundred, filling the curule chair twenty-one times.<ref>Livy, vii. 26–42, viii. 16, 17, ix. 7, 40, 41, x. 3–9, 11.</ref><ref name="Gellius, ix. 11">Gellius, ix. 11.</ref><ref>Valerius Maximus, viii. 13, § 1, 15. § 5.</ref><ref>Eutropius, ii. 6.</ref><ref>Censorinus, 17.</ref><ref>Cicero, ''De Senectute'', 17.</ref><ref>Pliny the Elder, vii. 48. s. 49.</ref><ref>Niebuhr, vol. iii, p. 124.</ref>
* Marcus Valerius M. f. Maximus, father of the consul of 312 BC.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/>
* Marcus Valerius M. f. M. n. Maximus, consul in 312 and 289 BC, triumphed over the [[Samnites]]. He was [[Roman censor|censor]] in 307, and extended or improved the roads through the demesne lands.<ref>Livy, ix. 29, 40, 41, 43.</ref>
* Marcus Valerius Maximus Potitus, consul in 286 BC. He was occupied by the agitation attending the [[Lex Hortensia|Hortensian laws]].<ref>Pliny the Elder, xvi. 10.</ref>
* [[Valerius Maximus|Marcus (or Publius?) Valerius Maximus]], one of the most important Roman scholars and antiquarians, and compiler of historical anecdotes, flourished during the early part of the first century.<ref>Briscoe, ''Valerius Maximus'', p. 1.</ref>{{efn-lr|John Briscoe says "it is unlikely in the extreme" that Valerius Maximus belonged to the patrician Valerii, and suggests he descended from the plebeian Valerii Tapones or Triarii.}}

===Valerii Laevini===
* Manius Valerius Laevinus, said to have numbered among a group of former military tribunes who were burned alive near the [[Circus Maximus]] in 485 BC, by the tribune of the plebs Publius Mucius Scaevola, allegedly for having conspired with Spurius Cassius Vecellinus.<ref>Valerius Maximus, vi. 3. § 2.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, p. 21.</ref>
* [[Publius Valerius Laevinus]], consul in 280 BC, during the war with [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]]. Although defeated by Pyrrhus, he escaped with much of his army intact, defended [[Capua]], and successfully harried the [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote]] army.<ref>Livy, ''Epitome'', xiii.</ref><ref>Dionysius, xvii. 15, 16, xviii. 1–4.</ref><ref>Cassius Dio, ''Fragmenta'', xl.</ref><ref>Appian, ''Bellum Samniticum'', ''Fragmenta'', x.</ref><ref>Plutarch, "The Life of Pyrrhus", 16, 17.</ref><ref>Zonaras, viii. 3.</ref><ref>Justin, xviii. 1.</ref><ref>Orosius, iv. 1.</ref><ref>Frontinus, ''Strategemata'', ii. 4. § 9; iv. 7. § 7.</ref><ref>Aurelius Victor, ''De Viris Illustribus'', 35.</ref><ref>Florus, i. 18.</ref><ref>Eutropius, ii. 11.</ref>
* Publius Valerius P. f. Laevinus, father of Marcus Valerius Laevinus, consul in 220 and 210 BC.
* [[Marcus Valerius Laevinus|Marcus Valerius P. f. P. n. Laevinus]], elected consul in 220 BC, but probably resigned together with his colleague due to a fault in the elections. He was praetor ''peregrinus'' in 215, and afterward [[promagistrate|propraetor]] for several years, and consul for the second time in 210. He led a number of successful campaigns against Hannibal's allies during the Second Punic War, recovering much territory.<ref>Polybius, viii. 3. § 6; ix. 27. § 2; xxii. 12. § 11.</ref><ref>Livy, xxuuu. 24, 30, 32–34, 37, 38, 48, xxiv. 10, 11, 20, 40, 44, xxv. 3, xxvi. 1, 22, 24, 26–30, 32, 36, 40, xxvii. 5, 7, 9, 22, 29, xxviii. 4, 10, 46, xxix. 11, 16, xxx. 23, xxxi. 3, 5, 50.</ref><ref>Florus, ii. 7.</ref><ref>Justin, xxix. 4.</ref><ref>Eutropius, iii. 12.</ref><ref>Claudian, ''De Bello Gothico'', 395.</ref>
* Marcus Valerius M. f. P. n. Laevinus, son of Marcus Valerius Laevinus, consul in 220 and 210 BC. Together with his brother, Publius, he staged funeral games to commemorate the death of their father in 200. Might be the same person as Marcus Valerius Laevinus, praetor in 182 BC.<ref>Livy, xxxi. 50.</ref>
* Publius Valerius M. f. P. n. Laevinus, along with his brother Marcus, staged funeral games in 200 BC to commemorate the death of their father, Marcus Valerius Laevinus, consul in 220 and 210 BC.<ref>Livy, xxxi. 50.</ref>
* Marcus Valerius Laevinus, praetor ''peregrinus'' in 182 BC.<ref>Broughton, vol. I, p. 382.</ref>
* [[Gaius Valerius Laevinus|Gaius Valerius M. f. P. n. Laevinus]], half-brother of Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, consul in 189 BC, whom he accompanied to Greece. He was praetor in 179, with Sardinia as his province. Consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in 176 BC, he fought against the [[Ligures]], and received a triumph the following year. He afterward served on ambassadorial missions to Greece and Egypt.<ref>Polybius, xxii. 12. § 10; 14. § 2.</ref><ref>Livy, xxxviii. 9, 10, xl. 44, xli. 25, xlii. 6, 17, xliii. 14.</ref>
* Publius Valerius C. f. M. n. Laevinus, praetor in 177 BC, was assigned a portion of [[Cisalpine Gaul]].<ref>Livy, xxxi. 50, xli. 8.</ref>

===Valerii Flacci===
* Lucius Valerius Flaccus, {{lang|la|magister equitum}} under the dictator Marcus Aemilius Papus, 321 BC.<ref>Livy, ix. 7.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, p. 151.</ref>
* Marcus Valerius L. f. Flaccus, father of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, the consul of 261 BC.<ref name="Broughton I 204"/>
* [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 261 BC)|Lucius Valerius M. f. L. n. Flaccus]], consul in 261 BC, during the First Punic War. He fought against the Carthaginians in Sicily, but made little progress.<ref>Polybius, i. 20.</ref><ref name="Broughton I 204">Broughton, vol. I, p. 204.</ref>
* [[Publius Valerius Flaccus|Publius Valerius L. f. M. n. Flaccus]], consul in 227 BC. During his year of office, the number of praetors was increased from two to four. In 219, he was one of the ambassadors sent to the Carthaginians to threaten war in response to the attack on [[Sagunto|Saguntum]]. He held several important commands during the early years of the Second Punic War.<ref>Aulus Gellius, iv. 3.</ref><ref>Livy, xxi. 6, xxiii. 16, 34, 38, xxvi. 8 ''Epitome'' 20.</ref><ref>Cicero, ''Philippicae'', v. 10.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 229, 237, 251, 257, 261.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 195 BC)|Lucius Valerius P. f. L. n. Flaccus]], as a military tribune in 212 BC, led a daring attack on the camp of the Carthaginian general [[Hanno, son of Bomilcar|Hanno]] near [[Benevento|Beneventum]]. He was consul in 195, and won important victories over the Gauls in that and the following year. In 184 he became {{lang|la|[[princeps senatus]]}}, and served as censor with [[Cato the Elder]].<ref>Livy, xxv. 14, xxxi. 4, 49, 50, xxxii. 42, 43, xxxiv. 21, 46, xxxvi. 17, 19, xxxvii. 46, xxxix. 40 ''ff'', 52, xl. 42.</ref><ref>Polybius, xx. 9 ''ff''.</ref><ref>Plutarch, "The Life of Cato the Elder"</ref><ref>Cornelius Nepos, "The Life of Cato", 2.</ref><ref>Orosius, iv. 20.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 269, 272 (note 6), 327, 339, 374, 375.</ref>
* [[Gaius Valerius Flaccus (flamen Dialis)|Gaius Valerius P. f. L. n. Flaccus]], a young man of poor character, was named [[Flamen Dialis]] by the Pontifex Maximus in 209 BC, and to general astonishment proved himself worthy of the responsibility. He was curule aedile in 199, but as Flamen Dialis he could not take the oath of office. His brother, Lucius, took the oath for him. He was praetor {{lang|la|peregrinus}} in 183, and in that capacity, introduced a Gallic embassy to the Senate.<ref>Livy, xxvii. 8, xxxi. 50, xxxii. 7, xxxix. 54.</ref><ref>Valerius Maximus, vi. 9. § 3.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 289, 327, 379.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 152 BC)|Lucius Valerius L. f. P. n. Flaccus]], consul in 152 BC, died during his year of office.<ref>Obsequens, 18.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 448, 453.</ref>
* Lucius Valerius L. f. L. n. Flaccus, [[Flamen Martialis]], and consul in 131 BC. His colleague, Publius Licinius Crassus, was also Pontifex Maximus, and forbade Flaccus from taking the conduct of the war against [[Eumenes III|Aristonicus]], imposing a fine for Flaccus' attempted desertion of his religious office. Although compelled to remain at Rome, the fine was remitted by public vote.<ref>Cicero, ''Philippicae'', xi. 8.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 490, 491 ''ff'' (note 2), 500, 501.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 100 BC)|Lucius Valerius L. f. L. n. Flaccus]], consul in 100 BC, with [[Gaius Marius]], acted to quell the unrest caused by [[Lucius Appuleius Saturninus|Saturninus]] and [[Gaius Servilius Glaucia|Glaucia]]. He was censor in 97, and {{lang|la|princeps senatus}} by 86; in 82 he proposed the {{lang|la|lex Valeria}} appointing Sulla dictator, and in turn was nominated {{lang|la|magister equitum}}, holding the post until Sulla's resignation in 79. He was ''Flamen Martialis'' before 69.<ref>Plutarch, "The Life of Sulla", 33.</ref><ref>Appian, ''Bellum Civile'', i. 97 ''ff''.</ref><ref>Cicero, ''De Lege Agraria'', iii. 2, ''Epistulae ad Atticum'', viii. 3.</ref><ref>Scholia Gronoviana, ''Pro Roscio'', p. 435 (ed. Orelli).</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 563, 574, 577 (note 1); vol. II, pp. 6, 7, 67, 68. 76, 79, 83, 135, 137 (note 13).</ref>
* [[Gaius Valerius Flaccus (consul)|Gaius Valerius C. f. L. n. Flaccus]], consul in 93 BC, and afterwards proconsul of [[Hispania Citerior]], where he put down a revolt by the [[Celtiberi]]. Later he held a command in Gallia Narbonensis, probably also as proconsul, and celebrated a triumph for his victories in 81.<ref>Cicero, ''Pro Balbo'', 24, ''Pro Roscio Comoedo'', 7.</ref><ref>Scholia Bobiensia, ''In Ciceronis Pro Flacco'', p. 233 (ed. Orelli).</ref><ref>Appian, ''Hispanica'', 100.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. II, pp. 9, 10 (note 4), 14, 18, 19 (note 7), 58, 59, 60 (note 3), 61, 64, 70, 77, 78.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 86 BC)|Lucius Valerius C. f. L. n. Flaccus]], as curule aedile in 99 BC, was accused by [[Gaius Appuleius Decianus|Decianus]], one of the tribunes of the plebs. In 86, he was appointed consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in the place of [[Gaius Marius]], who died shortly after entering his seventh consulship. Sent against [[Mithradates VI Eupator|Mithridates]] in the east, Flaccus was betrayed and murdered by [[Gaius Flavius Fimbria (cavalry prefect)|Gaius Flavius Fimbria]].<ref>Cicero, ''Pro Flacco'', 23, 25, 32, ''Pro Fonteio'', 1–5.</ref><ref>Sallust, ''Bellum Catilinae'', 33.</ref><ref>Velleius Paterculus, ii. 23.</ref><ref>Münzer, ''De Gente Valeria'', p. 42 (No. 27).</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. II, pp. 1, 15, 18, 19, 51, 53 (and note 12), 56 (note 1).</ref>
* Lucius Valerius L. f. L. n. Flaccus (son of [[Lucius Valerius Flaccus (consul 86 BC)|Lucius Valerius Flaccus]]), praetor in 63 BC, he assisted his colleague, Gaius Pomptinus, in arresting the envoys of the [[Allobroges]]. He then served as propraetor in Asia, and was accused of extortion in 59. Despite his probable guilt, he was successfully defended by Cicero in his oration, ''Pro Flacco''.<ref>Cicero, ''Pro Flacco'', ''Epistulae ad Atticum'', i. 19, ii. 25, ''In Pisonem'', 23, ''Pro Plancio'', 11.</ref><ref>Scholia Bobiensia, ''Pro Flacco'', p. 228 (ed. Orelli).</ref><ref>Sallust, ''Bellum Catilinae'', 45.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. II, pp. 71, 87, 91, 94, 123, 129, 140, 147, 156 (and note 3), 167, 177, 178 (note 2), 185, 186, 213.</ref>
* Gaius Valerius L. f. Flaccus, a friend of [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 BC)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]]. Cicero met him in [[Cilicia (Roman province)|Cilicia]] in 51 BC.<ref>Cicero, ''Epistulae ad Familiares'', iii. 4, 11.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. II, p. 232, 239, 245.</ref>
* Lucius Valerius L. f. L. n. Flaccus, son of the praetor defended by Cicero, was brought before the court as an appeal to the judges' pity. During the [[Caesar's Civil War|Civil War]], he fought on the side of [[Pompey|Pompeius]], and was killed at [[Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)|Dyrrachium]] in 48 BC.<ref>Cicero, ''Pro Flacco'', 36, ''De Oratore'', 38.</ref><ref>Caesar, ''De Bello Civili'', iii. 53.</ref>
* Lucius Valerius (L. f. L. n.) Flaccus, [[Flamen Martialis]] in the time of Cicero, whose brother, [[Quintus Tullius Cicero|Quintus]], heard him give an account of a marvelous occurrence. [[Joseph Hilarius Eckhel]] believed that he was the same Flaccus whom Cicero defended, which seems likely, as he would have inherited the priesthood from his father, the consul of 100 BC.<ref>Cicero, ''De Divinatione'', i. 46.</ref><ref>Varro, ''De Lingua Latina'', vi. 21.</ref><ref>Eckhel, ''Doctrina Numorum Veterum'', vol. v. p. 333.</ref>
* Publius (Valerius) Flaccus, successfully accused Marcus Papirius Carbo of extortion while as governor of Sicily.<ref>Cicero, ''Epistulae ad Familiares'', ix. 21.</ref>
* [[Gaius Valerius Flaccus (poet)|Gaius Valerius Flaccus]], a Latin poet, active during the latter half of the first century AD. He was a friend of Martial. His only surviving work is his ''Argonautica'', an unfinished poem about the voyage of the [[Argonauts]] in eight books.<ref>Martial, i. 62, 77.</ref><ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, pp. 159, 160 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Flaccus, C. Valerius|Gaius Valerius Flaccus]]").</ref>
* Lucius Valerius Flaccus, consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in AD 128, serving from the Kalends of July to the Kalends of September.<ref name="Fasti Ostienses"/>

===Valerii Messallae===

* [[Manius Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla|Manius Valerius M. f. M. n. Corvinus Messalla]], consul in 263 BC, the second year of the [[First Punic War]]. Campaigning in [[Sicily]], he and his colleague, Manius Otacilius Crassus, concluded a treaty with [[Hiero II of Syracuse|Hiero]]. He was granted a triumph, and earned the cognomen ''Messalla'' by relieving [[Messina|Messana]] from naval blockade. He was censor in 252.<ref>''[[Fasti Triumphales]]''.</ref><ref>Asconius Pedianus, ''In Ciceronis in Pisonem'', p. 13 (ed. Orelli).</ref><ref>Pliny the Elder, xxxv. 4. § 7.</ref><ref>Scholia Bobiensia, ''In Vatinium'', p. 318 (ed. Orelli).</ref><ref>Varro, ''apud'' Pliny the Elder, vii. 60.</ref><ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'', ''s. v. Horologium''.</ref><ref>Polybius, i. 16, 17.</ref><ref>Diodorus Siculus, ''Eclogue'' xxiii.</ref><ref>Zonaras, viii. 9.</ref><ref>Livy, ''Epitome'', xvi.</ref><ref>Eutropius, ii. 19.</ref><ref>Orosius, iv. 7.</ref><ref>Seneca the Younger, ''De Brevitate Vitae'', 13.</ref><ref>Macrobius, i. 6.</ref><ref>Valerius Maximus, ii. 9. § 7.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Messalla (consul 226 BC)|Marcus Valerius M'. f. M. n. Maximus Messala]], consul in 226 BC, organized the allies in preparation for an anticipated invasion of Italy by the Gauls.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref>Zonaras, viii. 19.</ref><ref>Orosius, iv. 13.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Messalla (consul 188 BC)|Marcus Valerius M. f. M'. Messalla]], prefect of the fleet in Sicily in 210 BC, the ninth year of the Second Punic War, carried out a successful raid on the countryside around [[Utica, Tunisia|Utica]]. He was nominated dictator, but his appointment was annulled. Messalla was praetor {{lang|la|peregrinus}} in 194, and consul in 188 BC.<ref>Livy, xxvii. 5, xxxiv 54, 55, xxxviii. 35, 42, xli. 22, xlii. 28.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Messalla (consul 161 BC)|Marcus Valerius M. f. M. n. Messalla]], consul in 161 BC, the year in which the senate prohibited the residence of Greek rhetoricians at Rome. Although previously degraded by the censors, Messalla himself held the censorship in 154.<ref>Aulus Gellius, ii. 24, xv. 11.</ref><ref>Suetonius, ''De Claris Rhetoribus'' i.</ref><ref>Valerius Maximus, ii. 9. § 9.</ref>
* Manius Valerius M. f. M. n. Messalla, the great-grandfather of Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger, consul in 61 BC.<ref>Münzer, ''De Gente Valeria'', p. 52 (No. 55, and note 3).</ref>
* Marcus Valerius M'. f. M. n. Messalla, grandfather of Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger. Either he or his brother, Manius, was a legate of the consul [[Publius Rutilius Lupus (consul)|Publius Rutilius Lupus]] in 90 BC, toward the beginning of the [[Social War (91–87 BC)|Social War]].<ref>Appian, ''Bellum Civile'', i. 40.</ref><ref>Münzer, ''De Gente Valeria'', p. 52 (No. 56).</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. II, pp. 30, 32 (note 19).</ref>
* Manius Valerius M' f. M. n. Messalla, uncle of Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger, and father-in-law of [[Sulla]].<ref>Valerius Maximus, v. 9. § 2.</ref><ref>Münzer, ''De Gente Valeria'', p. 52 (no. 57).</ref>
* Marcus Valerius M'. f. M'. n. Messalla, father of Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger.<ref name="DGV 58"/>
* [[Valeria Messala|Valeria M'. f. M. n.]], the fifth and last wife of Sulla, and mother of his daughter [[Cornelia Postuma]].<ref>Plutarch, "The Life of Sulla", 35, 37.</ref><ref name="DGV 58">Münzer, ''De Gente Valeria'', p. 52 (no. 58).</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger|Marcus Valerius M. f. M'. n. Messalla Niger]], consul in 61 BC, was one of the prosecutors of [[Publius Clodius Pulcher]]. He was censor in 55. Cicero describes Valerius as a capable orator. He married Hortensia, sister of the orator [[Quintus Hortensius]].<ref>Cicero, ''Epistulae ad Atticum'', i. 12, 13, 14, ''De Haruspicum Responsis'', 6, ''Brutus'', 70, ''Pro Sexto Roscio'', 51, ''Pro Sulla'', 6, ''Epistulae ad Familiares'', viii. 2, 4.</ref><ref>Asconius Pedianus, ''In Ciceronis Pro Scauro'', p. 20 (ed. Orelli).</ref><ref>Cassius Dio, xxxvii. 46.</ref><ref>Caesar, ''De Bello Gallico'', i. 2.</ref><ref>Pliny the Elder, vii. 26, viii. 36, xxxviii. 2.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus|Marcus Valerius M. f. M. n. Messalla Rufus]], consul in 53 BC. He was supported by Cicero, and opposed by [[Pompey|Pompeius]] and the supporters of Publius Clodius Pulcher. In 47, he served under [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] during the [[Caesar's Civil War|Civil War]].<ref>Cassius Dio, xl. 17, 45.</ref><ref>Appian, ''Bellum Civile'', ii. 19.</ref><ref>Plutarch, "The Life of Pompeius", 54.</ref><ref>Asconius Pedianus, ''In Ciceronis Pro Milone'', p. 48 (ed. Orelli).</ref><ref>Cicero, ''Epistulae ad Atticum'', i. 13, iv. 9, 15, 16, ''Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem'', iii. 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 16, ''Brutus'', 96, ''Epistulae ad Familiares'', vi. 18, viii. 2, 4.</ref><ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'', ''s.v. ambitus''.</ref><ref>Scholia Bobiensia, ''De Aere Alieno Milonis'', p. 343 (ed. Orelli).</ref><ref>Caesar, ''De Bello Africo'', 28, 86.</ref><ref>Gellius, xiii. 14, 15.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus|Marcus Valerius M. f. M. n. Messalla Corvinus]], a partisan of [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]], he was proscribed by the [[Second Triumvirate|triumvirs]], but accepted terms from [[Marcus Antonius]] after the death of [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] and Cassius. He later went over to [[Augustus|Octavian]], and was appointed consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in place of Antonius in 31 BC. He distinguished himself at the [[Battle of Actium]], and triumphed over the [[Aquitani]] in 27.<ref>St. Jerome, ''In Chronicon Eusebii'', 180, 2.</ref><ref>Cicero, ''Epistulae ad Atticum'', xii. 32, xv. 17, xvi. 16.</ref><ref>Horace, ''Satirae'', i. 10, 81–86.</ref><ref>Appian, ''Bellum Civile'', iv. 38, v. 102, 103, 110–113, ''Bella Illyrica'', 17.</ref><ref>Tacitus, ''Annales'', iv. 34, vi. 11, ''Dialogus de Oratoribus'', 17.</ref><ref>Cassius Dio, xlvii. 24, xlix. 16, 38, l. 10, li. 7, liii. 12.</ref><ref>Plutarch, "The Life of Brutus", 40, 41, 45, 53.</ref><ref>Velleius Paterculus, ii. 71.</ref><ref>Strabo, ''Geographica'', iv. p. 189.</ref><ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref>Tibullus, i. 3, 7, ii. 1, 33, ii. 5, 117, iv. 1, 8, 5.</ref><ref>Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus", 58, 74.</ref><ref>Pliny the Elder, vii. 24, xxxiv. 13, xxxv. 2.</ref><ref name="Gellius, ix. 11"/><ref>Martial, ''Epigrammata'', viii. 3, x. 2.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Messalla (consul 32 BC)|Marcus Valerius M. f. M. n. Messalla]], consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in 32 BC.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/>
* [[Potitus Valerius Messalla|Potitus Valerius M. f. Messalla]], consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} from the Kalends of October in 29 BC. He was subsequently proconsul of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]], and later governor of [[Roman Syria|Syria]].<ref>''Fasti Albenses'', {{AE|2012|437}}.</ref><ref name="Fasti Magistrorum Vici">''Fasti Magistrorum Vici'', {{CIL|6|10286}}, 10287; ''AE'', 1937, 62; 1938, 66; 2002, 206.</ref><ref>''Fasti Tauromenitani'', {{AE|1988|626}}; 1991, 894; 1996, 788; 2008, 84.</ref><ref>{{CIL|6|41061}}.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus|Marcus Valerius Messalla M. f. M. n. Barbatus]], surnamed ''Appianus'', consul in 12 BC, died during his year of office. He was probably the grandfather of the empress Messalina.<ref>Cassius Dio, liv. 28.</ref><ref>Tacitus, ''Annales'', xi. 37.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus|Marcus Valerius M. f. M. n. Messallinus]], consul in 3 BC.<ref name="Fasti Magistrorum Vici"/>
* Lucius Valerius Potiti f. M. n. Messalla Volesus, consul in AD 5. Subsequently, while proconsul of Asia, he behaved with extreme cruelty, for which he was condemned by the emperor and the Senate.<ref>Tacitus, ''Annales'', iii. 68.</ref><ref>Seneca the Younger, ''De Ira'', ii. 5.</ref><ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/>
* [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus|Marcus Valerius M. f. M. n. Messalla Barbatus]], consul in AD 20, had proposed that the oath of loyalty given by the senate to the emperor be repeated annually. He was the first husband of [[Domitia Lepida the Younger|Domitia Lepida]].<ref>Tacitus, ''Annales'', i. 8, iii. 2.</ref><ref name="Fasti Ostienses">''[[Fasti Ostienses]]'', {{CIL|14|244}}, 245, 4531–4546, 5354, 5355, ''AE'', 1917/18, 122; 1922, 94; 1924, 111.</ref><ref>''Fasti Arvalium'', {{AE|1987|163}}; 1991, 306, 307.</ref>
* [[Valeria Messalina|Valeria M. f. M. n. Messalina]], third wife of the emperor [[Claudius]]. She was infamous for her intrigues, which brought about the downfall of many members of the imperial aristocracy. At last the emperor was persuaded that her open betrayal of his trust foreboded a plot against him, and she was put to death.<ref>Tacitus, ''Annales'', 1, 2, 12, 25–38.</ref><ref>Cassius Dio, lx. 14–18, 27–39, 31.</ref><ref>Juvenal, ''Satirae'', vi. 115–135, x. 333–336, xiv. 331.</ref><ref>Suetonius, "The Life of Claudius", 17, 26, 27, 29, 36, 37, 39, "The Life of Nero", 6, "The Life of Vitellius", 2.</ref><ref>Aurelius Victor, "The Life of Caesar", iv.</ref><ref>Pliny the Elder, x. 63.</ref><ref>Seneca the Younger, ''Apocolocyntosis Divi Claudii''.</ref><ref>Josephus, ''Antiquitates Judaïcae'', xx. 8. § 1, ''Bellum Judaïcum'', ii. 12. § 8.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (consul 58)|Marcus Valerius M. f. M. n. Messalla Corvinus]], consul in AD 58. Although a great-grandson of Corvinus, the consul of 31 BC, his family fortune had since been lost, and so he was granted an allowance from the treasury.<ref>Tacitus, ''Annales'', xiii. 34.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Messalla Thrasea Priscus|Lucius Valerius (L. f.) Messalla Thrasea Priscus]], a man of great wisdom, was consul in AD 196, and slain by [[Caracalla]] in 212. Perhaps the progenitor of the third century consular family of the Valerii, he may in fact have been a son of [[Lucius Vipstanus Poplicola Messalla]], who discarded his original nomen in order to emphasize his descent from the Valerii through a female line.<ref>Cassius Dio, lxxvii. 5.</ref><ref>Mennen, pp. 123, 125.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Messalla (consul 214)|Lucius Valerius (L. f. L. n.) Messalla]], possibly surnamed ''Apollinaris'', consul in AD 214, and perhaps proconsul of Africa about 236 to 238.<ref>Mennen, pp. 123, 125, 126.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Maximus Acilius Priscillianus|Lucius Valerius (L. f. L. n.) Maximus Acilius Priscillianus]], consul in AD 233, and afterward curator of the banks of the Tiber. He was involved in the senatorial revolt against the emperor [[Maximinus Thrax]] in 238. About 255 he was ''praefectus urbi'', and in 256 he was consul for the second time.<ref>{{CIL|16|145}}, {{AE|1930|25}}, {{AE|1948|+00129}}, {{CIL|11|6335}}</ref><ref>Mennen, pp. 124, 126.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Poplicola Balbinus Maximus|Lucius Valerius L. f. (L. n.) Poplicola Balbinus Maximus]], consul in AD 253. He held a number of minor offices, but does not seem to have governed a province.<ref>{{CIL|6|1531}}, {{CIL|6|1532}}</ref><ref>Mennen, pp. 124, 126, 127.</ref>
* (Lucius Valerius L. f. L. n.) Messalla, consul in AD 280.<ref>Mennen, pp. 125, 127.</ref>
* [[Valerius Maximus Basilius|Valerius Maximus signo Basilius]], {{lang|la|praefectus urbi}} of Rome from AD 319 to 323.
* [[Melania the Elder|Saint Melania the Elder]] ca. 350-417, married to Valerius Maximus signo Basilius
* [[Valerius Maximus (praetorian prefect)|Valerius Maximus]], consul in AD 327 and [[praetorian prefect]] under the emperor Constantine,<ref>{{AE|1981|878}}</ref> and probably son of Valerius Maximus signo Basilius.
* Valerius Publicola, (c. 350 AD) son of [[Melania the Elder]] and Valerius Maximus signo Basilius, and father of [[Melania the Younger]]
* [[Melania the Younger|Saint Melania the Younger]] 383-439

===Valerii Faltones===

* Publius Valerius, grandfather of Quintus and Publius Valerius Falto, the consuls of 239 and 238 BC.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/>
* Quintus Valerius P. f. (Falto), father of the consuls Quintus and Publius Valerius Falto.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/>
* [[Quintus Valerius Falto|Quintus Valerius Q. f. P. n. Falto]], consul in 239 BC; as the first praetor ''peregrinus'' in 242, commanded the Roman fleet at the [[Battle of the Aegates Islands|Battle of the Aegates]], and triumphed over the Carthaginians.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref>Livy, ''Epitome'', xix.</ref><ref>Valerius Maximus, i. 1. § 2, ii. 8. § 2.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 218, 221.</ref>
* [[Publius Valerius Falto|Publius Valerius Q. f. P. n. Falto]], consul in 238 BC, he suffered a defeat at the hands of the [[Boii]] and Ligures, but counterattacked and routed them. He was refused a triumph in consequence of his earlier defeat, and because his counterattack before reinforcements could arrive was considered rash.<ref>Zonaras, viii. 18.</ref><ref>Orosius, iv. 12.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, p. 221.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Falto]], one of the senatorial envoys sent to [[Attalus I]] of [[Pergamon]] in 205 BC. As curule aedile in 203, he and his colleague secured a large supply of Spanish grain, which they were able to sell to the poor for one [[sestertius]] per bushel. He was praetor in 201, with [[Calabria|Bruttium]] as his province.<ref>Livy, xxix. 11, xxx. 40, 41.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 304, 311, 320.</ref>

=== Valerii Tappones ===
* Lucius Valerius Tappo, tribune of the plebs in 195 BC, opposed the repeal of the [[Lex Oppia]] with Cato the Censor. He was praetor in 192, he obtained Sicily as his province. In 190 he was one of the triumvirs for settling new colonists at Placentia and Cremona.<ref>Livy, xxxv. 10, 20, xxxvii. 46.</ref><ref>Cornell, ''Fragments'', vol. I, pp. 196, 197.</ref>
* Gaius Valerius Tappo, tribune of the plebs in 188 BC, proposed that the franchise be extended to the [[Formia]]ni, [[Fondi|Fundani]], and [[Arpino|Arpinates]].<ref>Livy, xxxviii. 36.</ref>

===Valerii Triarii===
* Lucius Valerius Triarius, perhaps the same person as Gaius Valerius Triarius, the legate of [[Lucullus]].<ref>Broughton, vol. II, pp. 77, 86, 91, 113.</ref>
* [[Gaius Valerius Triarius]], praetor ''circa'' 78 BC, and propraetor in Sardinia in 77, subsequently served as a legate under Lucullus in the war against Mithridates. In 68 and 67, he put Mithridates on the defensive, but overextended himself, and was attacked at a disadvantage. His forces were utterly defeated with great loss of life, and Triarius was only saved by the arrival of Lucullus.<ref>Appian, ''Bella Mithridatica'', 88, 89, 112, 120.</ref><ref>Plutarch, "The Life of Pompeius", 35.</ref><ref>Cassius Dio, xxxv. 10-12.</ref><ref>Cicero, ''Pro Lege Manilia'', 9.</ref><ref>Livy, ''Epitome'', 98.</ref><ref>Pliny the Elder, vi. 3.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. II, pp. 77, 86, 91, 113, 120, 125, 130, 134, 141, 148.</ref>
* Publius Valerius C. f. Triarius, in 54 BC accused [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (praetor 56 BC)|Marcus Aemilius Scaurus]], first of ''repetundae'' (extortion) and then of ''ambitus'' (bribery). Cicero defended Scaurus on both occasions.<ref>Asconius Pedianus, ''In Ciceronis Pro Scauro'', p. 19.</ref><ref>Cicero, ''Pro Scauro'', 1, 2; ''Epistulae ad Atticum'', iv. 16. § 8, iv. 17. § 2; ''Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem'', iii. 2. § 3.</ref>
* [[Gaius Valerius Triarius (friend of Cicero)|Gaius Valerius (C. f.) Triarius]], a friend of Cicero, and a supporter of Pompeius during the Civil War. At the [[Battle of Pharsalus]] in 48 BC, Pompeius, acting on Triarius' advice, ordered his troops to stand fast against Caesar's charge. Triarius apparently died during the war, leaving Cicero as the guardian of his children.<ref>Caesar, ''De Bello Civili'', iii. 5, 92.</ref><ref>Cicero, ''Brutus'', 76, ''Epistulae ad Atticum'', xii. 28, § 3.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. II, pp. 271, 284.</ref><ref>''Volkmann H''. ''Valerius 365'' // [[Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft|Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] (RE). — 1975. — Bd. VIII А, 1. — Sp. 234.</ref>
* Valeria (C. f.) Paula, sister of Cicero's friend Gaius Valerius Triarius, was divorced in 50 BC, and subsequently married [[Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus]].<ref>[[Marcus Caelius Rufus]], ''apud'' Cicero, ''Epistulae ad Familiares'', viii. 7.</ref><ref>''Volkmann H''. ''Valerius 394'' // RE. - 1975. - Bd. VIII A, 1. - Sp. 244.</ref>

===Valerii Catulli===
* [[Catullus|Gaius Valerius Catullus]], the poet, flourished during the middle of the first century BC.
* Lucius Valerius Catullus, a {{lang|la|[[triumvir monetalis]]}} in the time of Augustus.<ref name="Salomies APN 26"/>
* [[Sextus Tedius Valerius Catullus|Lucius Valerius L. f. Catullus]], was adopted by Sextus Tedius,{{efn-lr|Or ''Teidius''; both spellings are found for Valerius.}} becoming ''Sextus Tedius Valerius Catullus''. He was consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in AD 31, serving from the seventh day before the Ides of May to the Kalends of July.<ref name="Fasti Ostienses"/><ref name="Salomies APN 26">Salomies, ''Adoptive and Polyonymous Nomenclature'', p. 26.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Catullus Messalinus]], consul in AD 73, together with the future emperor Domitian. He was governor of [[Crete and Cyrenaica]], but recalled due to his mistreatment of the Libyan Jews. He was a notorious [[delator]] during the reign of Domitian, and consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} from the kalends of March to the kalends of May in 85.<ref>{{CIL|10|5405}}.</ref><ref name="Fasti Ostienses"/><ref>Josephus, ''Bellum Judaïcum'', vii. 11. § 3.</ref><ref>Pliny the Younger, ''Epistulae Morales'', iv. 22.</ref><ref>Juvenal, ''Satirae'', iv. 113–122.</ref><ref>Gallivan, "The ''Fasti'' for A.D. 70–96", p. 188, 190.</ref>

===Valerii Asiatici===
* [[Decimus Valerius Asiaticus (consul 35)|Decimus Valerius Asiaticus]], consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in AD 35, serving from the kalends of July. Suspected of [[Caligula]]'s murder, he avoided the retribution of the praetorian guard by boldly proclaiming that he wished he had slain the emperor. He was consul {{lang|la|ordinarius}} in 46, serving until the kalends of March. The following year he fell victim to the intrigues of the empress Messalina.<ref>Cassius Dio, lix. 30, lx. 27, 29, 31.</ref><ref>Seneca the Younger, ''De Constantia Sapientis'', 18.</ref><ref>Tacitus, ''Annales'', xi. 1–3, xiii. 43.</ref><ref name="Fasti Ostienses"/><ref>''Fasti Teanenses'', {{AE|1905|192}}; 1909, 78; 1939, 172; 2008, 385.</ref><ref>''PIR'', vol. III, pp. 352, 353.</ref><ref>Gallivan, "The ''Fasti'' for the Reign of Claudius", pp. 408, 413.</ref>
* [[Decimus Valerius Asiaticus (Legatus)|Decimus Valerius D. f. Asiaticus]], governor of [[Gallia Belgica]] during the reign of Nero. He married a daughter of [[Vitellius]], and was designated consul for AD 70 under [[Vespasian]], but died before taking office.<ref>Tacitus, ''Historiae'', i. 59, iv. 4, 6.</ref><ref name="PIR III 353">''PIR'', vol. III, p. 353.</ref>
* [[Marcus Lollius Paulinus Decimus Valerius Asiaticus Saturninus|Marcus Lollius Paullinus Decimus Valerius D. f. D. n. Asiaticus Saturninus]], grandson of the emperor Vitellius, was consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in AD 94, serving from the kalends of May to the kalends of August. He was proconsul of Asia from 108 to 109, and {{lang|la|praefectus urbi}} from 124 to 134, holding the consulship for a second time in AD 125.<ref name="Fasti Ostienses"/><ref>''PIR'', vol. II, p. 296.</ref><ref name="Gallivan 70 191 218"/>
* [[Decimus Valerius Taurus Catullus Messallinus Asiaticus|Decimus Valerius M. f. D. n. Taurus Catullus Messallinus Asiaticus]], was a member of the [[Arval Brethren]].<ref>''PIR'', vol. III, p. 378.</ref>
* Quintus Valerius Asiaticus, mentioned in a libationary inscription from [[Liguria]].<ref>{{CIL|5|7592}}.</ref><ref name="PIR III 353"/>

===Others===

* Valerius of Ostia, an architect, who designed the covered theatre built for the games of Libo (probably the Lucius Scribonius Libo who, while curule aedile in 193 BC, celebrated the [[Megalesia]]).<ref>Pliny the Elder, xxxvi. 15. s. 24.</ref>
* Marcus Valerius M. f. Artema, an architect, mentioned in an extant inscription.<ref>Sillig, ''Catalogus Artificium'', Appendix, ''s.v. Artema''.</ref><ref name="Rochette 422">Rochette, ''Lettre à M. Schorn'', p. 422, 2nd ed.</ref>
* Decimus Valerius L. f., a {{lang|la|vascularius}}, or maker of bronze vases, from [[Tusculum]].<ref name="Rochette 422"/><ref>Muratori, ''Novus Thesaurus Veterum Inscriptionum'', vol. i. p. xii. 12, p. xiv. 6.</ref>
* [[Valerius Aedituus]], a Roman poet, who probably lived about 100 BC. Two epigrams quoted in the ''Noctes Atticae'' of [[Aulus Gellius]] are attributed to him.<ref>Aulus Gellius, xix. 9.</ref><ref>[[Latin Anthology]], iii. 242, 243, ed. Burmann, or Nos. 27, 28, ed. Meyer.</ref>
* Gaius Valerius Caburnus, a Gaul who was granted [[Roman citizenship]] by Gaius Valerius Flaccus, the consul of 93 BC. He was the father of Gaius Valerius Procillus.<ref name="Caesar DBG Procillus"/>
* [[Quintus Valerius Soranus]], an orator, scholar, and poet, much admired by Cicero; he had been tribune of the plebs, but the year is uncertain. He was put to death in 82 BC, ostensibly for revealing the [[Angerona|sacred name of Rome]], but more probably because he was proscribed by Sulla as a partisan of Marius.
* Valerius Nepos, one of [[Titus Annius Milo|Milo]]'s accusers.<ref>Asconius Pedianus, ''In Ciceronis Pro Milone'', p. 35.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Antias]], sent with five ships by Publius Valerius Flaccus in 215 BC, during the Second Punic War, to convey the Carthaginian ambassadors to Rome.
* [[Valerius Antias]], the [[annalist]], lived during the first century BC.
* [[Publius Valerius Cato]], a scholar and poet who lived during the first century BC.
* [[Quintus Valerius Orca]], praetor in 57 BC, and subsequently proconsul of Africa. He served under Caesar during the Civil War.<ref>Cicero, ''Post Reditum in Senatu'', 23, ''Epistulae ad Familiares'', xiii. 6.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. II, pp. 201, 212, 270.</ref>
* Lucius Valerius Praeconinus, a legate under Caesar's command, who was defeated and slain by the [[Aquitani]] in 57 BC.<ref>Caesar, ''De Bello Gallico'', iii. 20.</ref>
* Gaius Valerius C. f. Procillus, a Gallic chief who became one of the friends and allies of Caesar during his conquest of [[Gaul]]. He served as Caesar's interpreter and emissary, and was rescued by Caesar after being captured by [[Ariovistus]], to whom he had been dispatched as an ambassador.<ref name="Caesar DBG Procillus">Caesar, ''De Bello Gallico'', i. 19, 47, 53.</ref>
* Valerius Valentinus, accused Gaius Cosconius, probably of extortion in his province. Cosconius was apparently guilty, but his acquittal was secured when a bawdy poem by Valentinus was read in court.<ref>Valerius Maximus, viii. 1. abs. 8.</ref>
* Lucius Valerius Acisculus, [[List of Roman moneyers during the Republic|triumvir monetalis]] in 45 BC.
* Valerius Ligur, praetorian prefect in the time of Augustus.<ref>Cassius Dio, lx. 23.</ref>
* Valerius Largus, earned the ire of Augustus by accusing [[Cornelius Gallus|Gaius Cornelius Gallus]].<ref>Cassius Dio, liii. 23, 24.</ref>
* [[Valerius Gratus]], as [[Procurator (Roman)|procurator]] of [[Judea (Roman province)|Judaea]] from AD 15 to 27, fought to deliver the country from robbers, assisted the proconsul Quinctilius Varus in putting down a revolt, and appointed several successive high priests, of whom the last was [[Caiaphas]]. He was followed by [[Pontius Pilate]].<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquitates Judaïcae'', xvii. 10. § 6, 7; xviii. 2. § 2, ''Bellum Judaïcum'', ii. 4. § 2, 3; ii. 5. § 2.</ref>
* Valerius Naso, a former praetor, who was appointed to oversee the construction of a temple in honour of [[Tiberius]] at [[Smyrna]] in AD 26.<ref>Tacitus, ''Annales'', iv. 56.</ref>
* Valerius Capito, had been banished by [[Agrippina the Younger]], but after her death, [[Nero]] recalled him.<ref>Tacitus, ''Annales'', xiv. 12.</ref>
* Valerius Ponticus, banished in AD 61.<ref>Tacitus, ''Annales'', xiv. 41.</ref>
* Valerius Fabianus, a man of senatorial rank, was degraded in AD 62 by the {{lang|la|lex Cornelia Testamentaria}}, after forging a will purportedly belonging to a wealthy relative, Domitius Balbus, in order to claim the latter's fortune.<ref>Tacitus, ''Annales'', xiv. 40.</ref><ref>Julius Paulus, ''Receptarum Sententiarum'', v. tit. 25.</ref>
* [[Marcus Valerius Probus]], a grammarian who flourished from the time of Nero to the end of the first century. He was quite learned, but published little of importance, and seldom took pupils.<ref>Suetonius, ''De Illustribus Grammaticis'', 24.</ref>
* Valerius Marinus, announced as consul designate by [[Galba]] in AD 69, he never took office, as Vitellius succeeded to the empire first.<ref>Tacitus, ''Historiae'', ii. 71.</ref>
* Marcus Valerius Paulinus, a friend and early ally of Vespasian, who had been appointed procurator of [[Gallia Narbonensis]] in AD 69. He served in the Jewish War, and is said to have been consul in AD 101, early in the reign of Trajan.<ref>Tacitus, ''Historiae'', iii. 42, 43.</ref><ref>Josephus, ''Bellum Judaïcum'', iii. 7. § 1.</ref><ref>Pliny the Younger, ''Epistulae'', ii. 2, iv. 16, v. 19, ix. 3, 37.</ref>
* [[Gaius Calpetanus Rantius Quirinalis Valerius Festus]], a partisan of [[Vespasian]], whom he secretly served as legate in Africa. After Vespasian's accession, Festus was named consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in AD 71, serving from the kalends of May to the kalends of July.<ref>Tacitus, ''Historiae'', ii. 98.</ref><ref>"The ''Fasti'' for A.D. 70–96", pp. 187, 213.</ref>
* Valerius Theon, a [[sophist]], and the author of a commentary on [[Andocides]]. Some scholars suppose him to be the same person as the sophist [[Aelius Theon]].<ref>''Suda'', ''Valerius Theon''.</ref><ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, p. 1081 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Theon, literary|Theon, literary]]" No. 6).</ref>
* [[Publius Valerius Patruinus]], consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} from the Kalends of July to the Kalends of September in AD 82.<ref name="Fasti Ostienses"/><ref>Gallivan, "The ''Fasti'' for A.D. 70–96", pp. 194, 211, 216.</ref><ref>Eck, "Epigraphische Untersuchungen zu Konsuln und Senatoren des 1.–3. Jh. n. Chr.", pp. 51-54</ref>
* Publius Valerius Marinus, consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} from the Kalends of May to the Kalends of September in AD 91.<ref name="Fasti Potentini">''[[Fasti Potentini]]'', {{AE|1949|23}}; 2003, 588; 2005, 457.</ref><ref name="Gallivan 70 191 218">Gallivan, "The ''Fasti'' for A.D. 70–96", pp. 191, 218.</ref>
* Quintus Valerius Vegetus, consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} from the Kalends of September to the end of the year in AD 91.<ref name="Fasti Potentini"/><ref name="Gallivan 70 191 218"/>
* Valerius Licinianus, an advocate, and former praetor, who was accused of having committed incest with Cornelia, chief of the [[Vestal Virgin]]s. He confessed in hopes of being spared by Domitian, who banished him. Under [[Nerva]] he was permitted to live in Sicily, where he taught rhetoric.<ref>Pliny the Younger, ''Epistulae'', iv. 11.</ref><ref>Suetonius, "The Life of Domitian", 8.</ref>
* Quintus Fabius Barbarus Valerius Magnus Julianus, consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} from the Kalends of July to the Kalends of September in AD 99.<ref name="Smallwood">Smallwood, ''Principates of Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian''.</ref>
* [[Valeria of Milan]], a first- or second-century Christian martyr.
* [[Martial|Marcus Valerius Martialis]], otherwise known as "Martial", a poet who flourished under the reigns of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and was famous for his epigrams.
* Gaius Valerius Anemestione C. Ius, an {{lang|la|anaglyptarius}}, or metalworker, so described in a [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Cordova]]n inscription.<ref name="Rochette 422"/><ref>Muratori, ''Novus Thesaurus Veterum Inscriptionum'', vol. ii. p. cmlxxxi. 9.</ref>
* [[Gaius Valerius Paullinus]], consul ''suffectus'' in AD 107, serving from the Kalends of September to the end of the year.<ref name="Fasti Ostienses"/><ref name="Smallwood"/>
* Lucius Mummius Niger Quintus Valerius Vegetus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 112, serving from the Kalends of April to the Kalends of July.<ref name="Fasti Ostienses"/><ref name="Fasti Potentini"/><ref name="Smallwood"/>
* [[Gaius Valerius Severus]], governor of [[Achaea (Roman province)|Achaea]] from AD 117 to 118, then of [[Lycia et Pamphylia|Lycia and Pamphylia]] until 122. In 124, he was consul ''suffectus'' from the Kalends of September to the end of the year.
* [...]catus Publius Valerius Priscus, consul ''circa'' AD 120 or 121.
* [[Lucius Valerius Propinquus|Lucius Valerius Propinquus Pomponius Granius Grattius (Cerealis?) Geminius Restitutus]], consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in AD 126, from the Kalends of March to the Kalends of July. He was governor of [[Germania Inferior]] in the early 130s, and of Asia from 140 to 141.
* Valerius Pollio, a philosopher from [[Alexandria]], who lived in the time of Hadrian. He was the father of Valerius Pollio Diodorus.<ref name="Suda Polion">''Suda'', ''s. v. Πωλίων''.</ref>
* Valerius Pollio Diodorus, the son of Valerius Pollio, was a philosopher who lived in the age of Hadrian.<ref name="Suda Polion"/><ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I p. 1015 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Diodorus, literary|Diodorus, literary]]", No. 2).</ref>
* Valerius Urbicus, consul in an uncertain year before AD 138.
* Marcus Valerius Junianus, consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in AD 143.
* Gaius Valerius L. f. Florinus, the brother of Proculus, was a military tribune in the [[Legio VII Claudia]], according to a second-century inscription from [[Praeneste]].<ref>{{CIL|14|2957}}.</ref>
* [[Lucius Valerius Proculus|Lucius Valerius L. f. Proculus]], the brother of Florinus, was ''[[praefectus annonae]]'' from AD 142 to 144, and prefect of [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]] from 144 to 147.<ref>Bastianini, "Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto", p. 289.</ref>
* Sextus Quinctilius Valerius Maximus, consul in AD 151.
* [[Marcus Valerius Homullus]], consul in AD 152, was a friend of [[Antoninus Pius]], and humorously admonished the emperor on various occasions.<ref>Julius Capitolinus, "The Life of Antoninus Pius", 11, "The Life of Marcus Aurelius", 6.</ref>
* Marcus Valerius Etruscus, legate of the third legion, was probably consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} from the Kalends of July to the Kalends of September in AD 154.
* Marcus Valerius Bradua, the father of Marcus Valerius Bradua Mauricus, the consul of AD 191.<ref name="AE 1975 404"/>
* Marcus Asinius Rufinus Valerius Verus Sabinianus, consul in an uncertain year between AD 183 and 185.
* [[Marcus Valerius Maximianus]], consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in AD 185.
* Valerius Senecio, consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in AD 186.
* Marcus Valerius M. f. Bradua Mauricus, consul in AD 191.<ref name="AE 1975 404">{{AE|1975|404}}.</ref>
* [[Gaius Valerius Pudens]], consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in AD 193 or 194. He had been governor of [[Pannonia Inferior]], and was governor of Britain in the early third century. He was proconsul of Africa ''circa'' 211.
* Valerius Bassianus, put to death by Commodus.<ref>Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Commodus", 7.</ref>
* Ofilius Valerius Macedo, consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in an uncertain year, before AD 198.
* Valerius Catulinus, appointed by [[Didius Julianus]] to succeed [[Septimius Severus]] as governor of [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]], when Severus refused to acknowledge his title. However, Catulinus was slain by Severus' forces.<ref>Aelius Spartianus, "The Life of Didius Julianus", 5, "The Life of Severus", 13.</ref>
* Marcus Valerius Senecio, consul {{lang|la|suffectus}} in an uncertain year, between AD 211 and 217.
* [[Publius Valerius Comazon|Publius Valerius Eutychianus Comazon]], an actor and dancer who became a friend and confidant of [[Elagabalus]] after having taken part in the conspiracy against [[Macrinus]]. He was appointed praetorian prefect, then consul in AD 220, and served three times as {{lang|la|praefectus urbi}}, twice under Elagabalus, and again under [[Alexander Severus]].<ref>Cassius Dio, lxxviii. 31, 32, 39, lxxix. 3, 4, 21.</ref><ref>Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Elagabalus", 12.</ref><ref>Herodian, v. 7.</ref>
* Quintus (or Claudius?) Valerius Rufrius Justus, consul ''suffectus'' in an uncertain year, between AD 220 and 230.
* Valerius Marcellinus, a historian, and biographer of the emperors, cited by [[Augustan History|Julius Capitolinus]].<ref>Julius Capitolinus, "The Lives of Maximinus and Balbinus", 4.</ref>
* [[Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius]], a scholar of the late third and early fourth century, who translated the [[Alexander romance|life of Alexander the Great]], of the [[Pseudo-Callisthenes]], into Latin.
* [[Valerius of Saragossa]], Bishop of [[Zaragoza|Caesaraugusta]] in [[Hispania Tarraconensis]] from AD 290 to 315.
* Valerius Proculus, consul in AD 325.
* [[Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus]], consul in AD 330.
* [[Lucius Aradius Valerius Proculus]], also known as ''Populonius'', consul in AD 340, and {{lang|la|praefectus urbi}} from 337 to 338, and from 351 to 352.
* [[Valerius of Trèves]], a fourth-century bishop of [[Trier|Augusta Treverorum]].
* [[Lucius Valerius Septimius Bassus]], {{lang|la|praefectus urbi}} under [[Gratian]], [[Valentinian II]], and [[Theodosius I]].<ref>''PLRE'', vol. I, p. 158.</ref>
* Valerius II, Bishop of Zaragoza, ''circa'' 380
* [[Valerius Adelphius Bassus]], {{lang|la|consularis}} of Venetia and Histria under Valentinian II, Theodosius I and [[Arcadius]], and perhaps the son of Lucius Valerius Septimius Bassus.<ref>''PLRE'', vol. I, p. 152.</ref>
* [[Valerius (consul 432)|Flavius Valerius]], consul in AD 432.<ref>''PLRE'', Valerius, No. 6.</ref>
* [[Valerius Faltonius Adelphius]], consul in AD 451, perhaps the son of Valerius Adelphius Bassus.<ref>''PLRE'', vol. II, pp. 8, 9.</ref>
* Flavius Valerius, consul in AD 521.

===Imperial Valerii===
* [[Diocletian|Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus]], emperor from AD 284 to 305.<ref>Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'' and ''Epitome de Caesaribus'', 39.</ref><ref>Eutropius, ix. 13. ''ff''.</ref><ref>Zonaras, xii. 31.</ref>
* [[Maximian|Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus 'Herculius']], emperor from AD 286 to 305, 306 to 308, and 310.<ref>Zosimus, ii. 7, 8, 10, 11.</ref><ref>Zonaras, xii. 31–33.</ref><ref>Lactantius, ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'', 8, 29, 30.</ref><ref>Aurelius Vctor, ''Epitome de Caesaribus'', 39, 40.</ref><ref>Eutropius, ix. 14, 16, x. 1, 2.</ref><ref>Orosius vii. 25, 28.</ref>
* [[Galerius|Galerius Valerius Maximianus]], better known as ''Galerius'', emperor from AD 305 to 311.<ref>Zosimus, ii. 8, 10, 11.</ref><ref>Zonaras, xii. 32–34.</ref><ref>Eusebius, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'', viii. 5, 17, ''Vita Constantini'', 18.</ref><ref>Lactantius, ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'', 18 ''ff'', 33 ''ff''.</ref><ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, xiv. 11. § 10.</ref><ref>Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'' and ''Epitome de Caesaribus'', 39, 40.</ref><ref>Eutropius, ix. 15, x. 1–3.</ref><ref>Orosius, vii. 26, 28.</ref><ref>Jornandes, ''Getica'', 21.</ref>
* [[Galeria Valeria]], the daughter of Diocletian, and second wife of Galerius.<ref>Lactantius, ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'', cc. 12, 15, 35, 39–42, 50, 51.</ref>
* [[Maximinus Daza|Galerius Valerius Maximinus Daza]], emperor from AD 305 to 313.<ref>Zosimus, ii. 8.</ref><ref>Aurelius Victor, ''Epitome de Caesaribus'', 40.</ref><ref>Orosius, vii. 24.</ref><ref>Lactantius, ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'', 5, 32, 36, 38, 45 ''ff''.</ref><ref>Eusebius, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'', viii. 14, ix. 2. ''ff''.</ref>
* [[Constantius Chlorus|Flavius Valerius Constantius Chlorus]], emperor from AD 305 to 306.<ref>Eutropius, ix. 14–23.</ref><ref>Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'' and ''Epitome de Caesaribus'', 39 ''ff''.</ref><ref>Zosimus, ii. 7 ''ff''.</ref><ref>Theophanes the Confessor, pp. 4–8 (ed. Paris).</ref><ref>Eusebius, ''Vita Constantini'', i. 13–21.</ref><ref>Trebellius Pollio, "The Life of Claudius Gothicus", 3, 13.</ref><ref>Aelius Spartianus, "The Life of Aelius Verus", 2.</ref><ref>Flavius Vopiscus, "The Life of Carinus", 16, 17, "The Life of Aurelian", 44, "The Life of Probus", 22.</ref><ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, xix. 2.</ref>
* [[Flavius Valerius Severus]], emperor from AD 306 to 307.<ref>Lactantius, ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'', 18–20, 25, 26.</ref><ref>Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'' and ''Epitome de Caesaribus'', 40.</ref><ref>Eutropius, x. 2.</ref><ref>Zosimus, ii. 8, 10.</ref>
* [[Maxentius|Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius]], emperor from AD 306 to 312.<ref>Zosimus, ii. 9–18.</ref><ref>Zonaras, xii. 33, xiii. 1.</ref><ref>Lactantius, ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'', cc. 26, 28, 44.</ref><ref>Eusebius, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'', viii. 14, ''Vita Constantini'', i. 26, 33 ''ff''.</ref>
* [[Valeria Maximilla]], the daughter of Galerius and wife of Maxentius.
* [[Constantine the Great|Flavius Valerius Constantinus]], better known as ''Constantine the Great'', emperor from AD 306 to 337.<ref>Eusebius, ''Vita Constantini''.</ref><ref>Eutropius, x.</ref><ref>Festus, ''Breviarum Rerum Gestarum Populi Romani'', 26.</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'' and ''Epitome de Caesaribus'', 40, 41.</ref><ref>Zosimus, ii.</ref><ref name="Zonaras, xiii">Zonaras, xiii.</ref><ref>Lactantius, ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'', 24–52.</ref><ref>Orosius, vii.</ref><ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, xiv. ''ff''.</ref>
* [[Licinius|Valerius Licinianus Licinius]], emperor from AD 308 to 324.<ref>Zosimus, ii. 7, 11, 17–28.</ref><ref>Zonaras, xiii. 1.</ref><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>Eutropius, x. 3, 4.</ref><ref>Orosius, vii. 28.</ref>
* [[Valerius Romulus]], the son of Maxentius and Valeria Maximilla, consul in AD 308 and 309.
* [[Julius Valerius Majorianus]], emperor from AD 457 to 461.<ref>Sidonius Apollinaris, ''Panegyrici'', "Majorian", i. 1.</ref><ref>Procopius, ''De Bello Vandalico'', i. 7, 8.</ref><ref>Gregory of Tours, ii. 7.</ref><ref>Priscus, in ''[[Excerpta de Legationibus]]'', p. 42.</ref><ref>Evagrius, ii. 7.</ref><ref>Hydatius, ''Chronicon''.</ref><ref>Marcellinus, ''Chronicon''.</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Roman gentes]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=lower-roman}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
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{{Refend}}

[[Category:Valerii| ]]
[[Category:Roman gentes]]

Pyotr Stolypin

2025-06-29T12:15:48Z

178.78.252.98:

{{short description|Russian politician (1862–1911)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}{{Redirect|Stolypin|}}
{{family name hatnote|Arkadyevich|Stolypin|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pyotr Stolypin
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ru|Пётр Столыпин}}}}
| image = Pyotr Stolypin LOC 07327.jpg
| nationality = [[Russia]]n
| order = 3rd
| office = Prime Minister of Russia
| monarch = [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]]
| term_start = 21 July 1906
| term_end = 18 September 1911
| predecessor = [[Ivan Goremykin]]
| successor = [[Vladimir Kokovtsov]]
| order2 = [[Minister of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia]]
| primeminister2 = [[Ivan Goremykin]] Himself
| term_start2 = 26 April 1906
| term_end2 = 18 September 1911
| predecessor2 = [[Pyotr Nikolayevich Durnovo|Pyotr Durnovo]]
| successor2 = [[Alexander Alexandrovich Makarov|Alexander Makarov]]
| birth_name = Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
| birth_date = {{birth date|1862|04|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dresden]], [[Kingdom of Saxony]], [[German Confederation]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1911|09|18|1862|04|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kiev]], [[Kiev Governorate]], [[Southwestern Krai]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_cause = [[#Assassination|Assassination]]
| resting_place = [[Kyiv Pechersk Lavra]], Ukraine
| spouse = Olga Borisovna von [[:File:Neidhart Siebmacher209 - Ulm.jpg|Neidhardt]]
| party =
| president =
}}
{{Conservatism in Russia}}

'''Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin''' ({{lang-rus|Пётр Аркадьевич Столыпин|p=pʲɵtr ɐrˈkadʲjɪvʲɪtɕ stɐˈlɨpʲɪn}}; {{OldStyleDate|14 April|1862|2 April}} – {{OldStyleDate|18 September|1911|5 September}}) was a Russian statesman who served as the third [[Prime Minister of Russia|prime minister]] and the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire|interior minister]] of the [[Russian Empire]] from 1906 until his assassination in 1911. Known as the greatest reformer of Russian society and economy, he initiated reforms that caused unprecedented growth of the Russian state, which was halted by his assassination.

Born in [[Dresden]], in the [[Kingdom of Saxony]], to a prominent Russian aristocratic family, Stolypin became involved in government from his early 20s. His successes in public service led to rapid promotions, culminating in his appointment as interior minister under prime minister [[Ivan Goremykin]] in April 1906. In July, Goremykin resigned and was succeeded as prime minister by Stolypin.

As prime minister, Stolypin initiated major [[agrarian reform]]s, known as the [[Stolypin reform]], that granted the right of private land ownership to the peasantry. His tenure was also marked by increased revolutionary unrest, to which he responded with a new system of [[martial law]] that allowed for the arrest, speedy trial, and execution of accused offenders. After numerous assassination attempts, Stolypin was fatally shot in September 1911 by revolutionary [[Dmitrii Bogrov]] in [[Kyiv|Kiev]].

Stolypin was a monarchist and hoped to strengthen the throne by modernizing the rural Russian economy. Modernity and efficiency, rather than democracy, were his goals. He argued that the land question could be resolved and revolution averted only when the [[Obshchina|peasant commune]] was abolished and a stable landowning class of peasants, the [[kulak]]s, had a stake in the ''status quo''. His successes and failures have been the subject of controversy among scholars, who agree that he was one of the last major statesmen of Imperial Russia with cogent and forceful public reform policies.{{sfn|Ascher|2001|p={{page?|date=September 2024}}}}

==Early life and career==

Stolypin was born at [[Dresden]] in the [[Kingdom of Saxony]], on 14 April 1862, and was baptized on 24 May in the [[St. Simeon of the Wonderful Mountain Church|Russian Orthodox Church]] in that city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Столыпин Петр Аркадьевич|url=http://www.serednikovo.com/history/stolypin_p_a/stolypin_p_a.html |website=www.webcitation.org |access-date=2016-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112225701/http://www.serednikovo.com/history/stolypin_p_a/stolypin_p_a.html |archive-date=12 January 2009}}</ref> His father, Arkady Dmitrievich Stolypin (1821–99), was a Russian envoy at the time.

Stolypin's family was prominent in the [[Russian aristocracy]], his forebears having served the tsars since the 16th century, and as a reward for their service had accumulated huge estates in several provinces. His father was a general in the Russian artillery, the governor of [[Eastern Rumelia]] and commandant of the [[Kremlin]] Palace guard.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} He was married twice. His second wife, Natalia Mikhailovna Stolypina (''née'' [[Gorchakov]]a; 1827–89), was the daughter of Prince [[Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov]], the Commanding general of the Russian infantry during the [[Crimean War]] and later the [[Namiestnik of Poland|viceroy]] of [[Congress Poland]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Pyotr grew up on the family estate ''Serednikovo'' ({{langx|ru|Середниково}}) in [[Solnechnogorsky District]], once inhabited by [[Mikhail Lermontov]], near [[Moscow Governorate]]. In 1879 the family moved to [[Oryol]]. Stolypin and his brother Aleksandr studied at the Oryol Boys College where he was described by his teacher, B. Fedorova, as 'standing out among his peers for his rationalism and character.'<ref>{{Cite book|title = 'I believe in Russia': a Biography of Petr Stolypin|last = Fedorovo|first = B.G.|publisher = Limbus Press|year = 2002}}</ref>
[[File:Serednikovo - main house (August, 2012) by shakko 01.jpg|thumb|Serednikovo]]
[[File:Stolypin 1876.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Photo of 14-year-old Stolypin]]
In 1881 Stolypin studied agriculture at [[St. Petersburg University]] where one of his teachers was [[Dmitri Mendeleev]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Vospominaniya o moem otse P.A. Stolypina|last = Bok|first = M.P.|publisher = New York: Chekhov publishers|year = 1953}}</ref> He entered government service upon graduating in 1885, writing his thesis on tobacco growing in the south of Russia. It is unclear if he joined the [[Ministry of State Property]] or Internal Affairs.

In 1884, Stolypin married Olga Borisovna von [[:File:Neidhart Siebmacher209 - Ulm.jpg|Neidhart]] whose family was of a similar standing to Stolypin's.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.serednikovo.com/history/stolypin_p_a/stolypin_p_a.html |title=Stolypin, Pyotr Aleksandrovich |access-date=2016-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112225701/http://www.serednikovo.com/history/stolypin_p_a/stolypin_p_a.html |archive-date=12 January 2009}}</ref> They married whilst Stolypin was still a student, an uncommon occurrence at the time. The marriage began in tragic circumstances: Olga had been engaged to Stolypin's brother, Mikhail, who died in a duel. The marriage was a happy one, devoid of scandal. The couple had five daughters and one son.<ref>Blumberg, Arnold. ''Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers Who Made History'', p. 302. Greenwood Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-313-28751-1}}.</ref>

===Lithuania===
Stolypin spent much of his life and career in [[Lithuania]], then administratively known as [[Northwestern Krai]] of the Russian Empire.

[[File:Kalnaberžės Dvaras.jpg|thumb|left|Stolypin's favourite manor house in Kalnaberžė]] From 1869, Stolypin spent his childhood years in [[:lt:Kalnaberžė|Kalnaberžė]] manor (now [[Kėdainiai district]] of [[Lithuania]]), built by his father, a place that remained his favorite residence for the rest of life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolos.lt/index.php?Itemid=28&id=202&option=com_content&task=view|title=kolos.lt – Reliģija un reliģiskie uzskati|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> In 1876, the Stolypin family moved to [[Vilnius|Vilna]] (now Vilnius), where he attended grammar school.

Stolypin served as marshal of the [[Kovno Governorate]] (now [[Kaunas]], Lithuania) between 1889 and 1902. This public service gave him an inside view of local needs and allowed him to develop administrative skills.<ref>{{Cite book|title = A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution.|last = Figes |first = Orlando |publisher = The Bodley Head |year = 2017|isbn = 978-1-847-92451-3 |pages = 223}}</ref> His thinking was influenced by the single-family farmstead system of the Northwestern Krai, and he later sought to introduce the land reform based on private ownership throughout the Russian Empire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kultura.lrytas.lt/-12614956691260089535-vilniuje-%C4%AFam%C5%BEintas-rus%C5%B3-reformatoriaus-p-stolypino-atminimas.htm|title=Vilniuje įamžintas rusų reformatoriaus P.Stolypino atminimas|publisher=[[Lrytas.lt]]|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref>

Stolypin's service in Kovno was deemed a success by the Russian government. He was promoted seven times, culminating in his promotion to the rank of [[State Council (Russian Empire)|state councilor]] in 1901. Four of his daughters were also born during this period; his daughter Maria recalled: "this was the most calm period [of] his life".<ref name=":0" />

In May 1902 Stolypin was appointed governor in [[Grodno Governorate]], where he was the youngest person ever appointed to this position.

==Governor of Saratov==
[[File:Stolypin by Repin.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Stolypin by [[Ilya Repin]]]]

In February 1903, he became governor of [[Saratov Governorate|Saratov]]. Stolypin is known for suppressing strikers and peasant unrest in January 1905. According to [[Orlando Figes]], its peasants were among the poorest and most rebellious in the whole of the country.<ref name="O. Figes 1996 p. 223">O. Figes (1996) ''A People's Tragedy. The Russian Revolution 1891–1924'', p. 223. {{ISBN?}}</ref> It seems he cooperated with the [[zemstvo]]s, the local government. He gained a reputation as the only governor able to keep a firm hold on his province during the [[Revolution of 1905]], a period of widespread revolt. The roots of unrest lay partly in the [[Emancipation Reform of 1861]], which had given land to the [[Obshchina]], instead of individually to the newly freed [[serfs]].<ref>[http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/stolypin-piotr-arkadevich.html PyotrArkadevich Stolypin] © 2000–2013 Pearson Education, publishing as Fact Monster. 20 May. 2014</ref> Stolypin was the first governor to use effective police methods. Some sources suggest that he had a police record on every adult male in his province.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/peter_stolypin.htm|title=Peter Stolypin – History Learning Site|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref>

==Interior minister and prime minister==
{{see also|Pyotr Stolypin's Cabinet}}
Stolypin's successes as provincial governor led to his appointment as interior minister under [[Ivan Goremykin]] in April 1906. He advocated for a new track of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] along the Russian side of the [[Amur]] river.

The absent-minded Goremykin had been described by his predecessor [[Sergei Witte]] as a bureaucratic nonentity. After two months, [[Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov]] suggested Goremykin step down and conducted secret negotiations with [[Pavel Milyukov]], who proposed a cabinet of only [[Kadet]]s, which Trepov believed would fall afoul of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]]. Trepov opposed Stolypin, who promoted a [[coalition cabinet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/recollectionsofa008591mbp|title=Recollections of a Foreign Minister|last=Charles Louis Seeger|date=1921|publisher=Doubleday Page & Co.|access-date=12 March 2017|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> [[Georgy Lvov]] and [[Alexander Guchkov]] tried to convince the Tsar to accept liberals in the new government.

When Goremykin resigned on {{OldStyleDate|21 July|1906|8 July}}, Nicholas II appointed Stolypin as Prime Minister, while remaining as Minister of the Interior. He dissolved the [[State Duma (Russian Empire)|Duma]], despite the reluctance of some of its more radical members, to clear the field for cooperation with the new government. In response, 120 Kadet and 80 [[Trudoviks|Trudovik]] and [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party|Social Democrat]] deputies went to [[Vyborg]] (then under the autonomous [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], beyond the reach of Russian police) and responded with the [[Vyborg Manifesto]] (or the "Vyborg Appeal"), written by Pavel Milyukov. Stolypin allowed the signers to return to the capital unmolested.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

[[File:Stolypin's villa after the attempted assassination.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Stolypin's wooden villa after the attempted assassination. One third was blown to pieces.]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R04510, Russland, Attentat auf Stolypin.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The aftermath of the August 1906 attempted assassination of Stolypin.]]

On 25 August 1906, three assassins from the [[Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists]], wearing military uniforms, bombed a public reception Stolypin was holding at his [[dacha]] on [[Aptekarsky Island]]. Stolypin was only slightly injured by flying splinters, but 28 others were killed. Stolypin's 15-year-old daughter lost both legs and later succumbed to her injuries at the hospital, and his 3-year-old son Arkady broke a leg, as the two stood on a balcony.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/08/26/101714707.pdf|title=Bomb kills 28 – Hurts Stolypin|date=26 August 1906|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Stolypin moved into the [[Winter Palace]]. In October 1906, at the request of the tsar, [[Grigori Rasputin]] paid a visit to the wounded child.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljZhTg79ZocC&q=Rasputin+Stolypin+august+1906&pg=PA41|title=Rasputin: The Untold Story|first=Joseph T.|last=Fuhrmann|date= 2012|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9781118226933}}</ref> On 9 November an imperial decree made far-reaching changes in land tenure law, disrupting in one sweep the communal and the household (family) property systems.<ref>Lazar Volin (1970) ''A century of Russian agriculture. From Alexander II to Khrushchev'', pp. 103–104. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

Stolypin changed the rules of the First Duma to attempt to make it more amenable to government proposals.<ref>Orlando Figes, ''A People's Tragedy. The Russian Revolution 1891–1924'', p. 225 {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref name=Oxley>{{cite book |last= Oxley |first= Peter|title= Russia, 1855–1991: from tsars to commissars |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |year= 2001 |isbn= 0-19-913418-9}}</ref> On 8 June 1907, Stolypin [[Coup of June 1907|dissolved the Second Duma]], and 15 Kadets who had associated with terrorists were arrested; he also changed the weight of votes in favor of the nobility and wealthy, reducing the value of lower-class votes.<ref name=Oxley/> The leading Kadets were ineligible. This affected the elections to the Third Duma, which returned much more conservative members eager to cooperate with the government.<ref>Lazar Volin (1970) A century of Russian agriculture. From Alexander II to Khrushchev, p. 101. Harvard University Press</ref> This changed Georgy Lvov from a moderate liberal into a radical.<ref>O. Figes (1996) ''A People's Tragedy. The Russian Revolution 1891–1924,'' p. 220</ref>

[[File:Distribution of newly formed farms in Grodno governorate.jpeg|thumb|upright=1|Distribution of newly formed farms in Grodno Governorate (1909)]]

As governor in Saratov, Stolypin had become convinced that the [[open field system]] had to be abolished; communal [[land tenure]] had to go. The chief obstacle appeared to be the [[Mir (commune)]], so its dissolution and the individualization of peasant land ownership became the leading objectives of his agrarian policy.<ref>Lazar Volin (1970) A century of Russian agriculture. From Alexander II to Khrushchev, p. 102.</ref> He introduced Denmark-style land reforms to allay peasant grievances and soothe dissent. Stolypin proposed his own landlord-sided reform in opposition to the previous democratic proposals which led to the dissolution of the first two Russian parliaments.<ref>Lazar Volin (1970) ''A century of Russian agriculture. From Alexander II to Khrushchev'', p. 106</ref> [[Stolypin Reform|Stolypin's reforms]] aimed to stem peasant unrest by creating a class of market-oriented [[smallholding|smallholders]] who would support the social order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/A0846802.html|title=Stolypin, Piotr Arkadevich|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> He was assisted by [[Alexander Krivoshein]], who in 1908 became Minister of Agriculture. In June 1908 Stolypin lived in a wing of the [[Yelagin Palace]]<ref>[https://archive.org/details/kinohistoryofrus0000leyd/page/32  Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film, With a New Postscript by Jay Leyda, p. 32]</ref> where the [[council of Ministers of Russia|Council of Ministers]] convened.<ref>{{cite book|author=Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|author-link=Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|title=August 1914: A Novel: The Red Wheel I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MT3RAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP21|year=2014|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-71212-9|page=601}}</ref>

Supported by the [[Peasants' Land Bank]], [[credit cooperative]]s proliferated from 1908, and Russian industry was booming.<ref>Lazar Volin (1970) ''A century of Russian agriculture. From Alexander II to Khrushchev'', pp. 112–114.</ref> Stolypin tried to improve the lives of urban laborers and worked towards increasing the power of [[zemstvos|local governments]], but the zemstvos adopted an attitude hostile to the government.

[[Leo Tolstoy]] was particularly indignant, writing to Stolypin: "Stop your horrible activity! Enough of looking up to Europe, it is high time Russia knew its own mind!" Tolstoy had argued similarly to [[Dostoyevsky]], who was in favor of private ownership of land and wrote: "If you want to transform humanity for the better, to turn almost beasts into humans, give them land and you will reach your goal."<ref name="Angelfire2">{{cite web |title=ROYAL RUSSIA NEWS. THE ROMANOV DYNASTY & THEIR LEGACY, MONARCHY, HISTORY OF IMPERIAL & HOLY RUSSIA |url=http://www.angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussian/blog/index.blog?topic_id=1069120 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716072043/http://www.angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussian/blog/index.blog?topic_id=1069120 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref>

In his handling of the “Jewish Question”, Stolypin set a fine example for his fellow statesmen, petitioning the Tsar to dissolve the Pale of Settlement, visiting synagogues and inviting Jewish musicians to his home to play for his family.

In 1910, Stolypin's brother-in-law [[Sergey Sazonov]] became [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], replacing Count [[Alexander Izvolsky]]. Around 1910 the press started a campaign against Rasputin, accusing him of improper sexual relations. Stolypin wanted to ban Rasputin from the capital and threatened to prosecute him as a sectarian.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Rasputin decamped to Jerusalem, returning to St. Petersburg only after Stolypin's death.

On 14 June 1910, Stolypin's land reforms came before the Duma as a formal law,<ref>Lazar Volin (1970) ''A century of Russian agriculture. From Alexander II to Khrushchev'', p. 103.</ref> including a proposal to spread the [[zemstvo]] system to the southwestern provinces of [[Asian Russia]]. Though the law seemed likely to pass, Stolypin's political opponents narrowly defeated it. In March 1911 Stolypin resigned from the fractious and chaotic Duma after the failure of his land-reform bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://souloftheeast.org/2011/09/07/solzhenitsyn-stolypins-murder/|title=Solzhenitsyn: Stolypin's Murder|first=Mark|last=Hackard|date=7 September 2011|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> Tsar Nicholas II decided to look for a successor to Stolypin and considered [[Sergei Witte]], [[Vladimir Kokovtsov]] and [[Alexei Khvostov]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} [[The Moscow Times]] has summarized his career:

{{quote|Pyotr Stolypin's reforms produced astounding results within a few years. Between 1906 and 1915, thanks to the efforts of Stolypin's farmers, the productivity of crops nationwide grew by 14 percent, in Siberia by 25 percent. In 1912, Russia's grain exports exceeded by 30 percent those of Argentina, the United States and Canada combined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/tmt/334012.html|title=Pioneering Land Reform - News|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref>}}

==Assassination==

[[File:P1390961-1.JPG|right|upright=1|thumb|[[Kiev Opera House]] where Stolypin was assassinated]]
[[File:Stolypin's burial.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Stolypin's burial.]]

Stolypin traveled to Kiev despite police warnings of an assassination plot, as there had already been 10 attempts to kill him. On {{OldStyleDate|14 September|1911|1 September}}, Stolypin attended a performance of [[Rimsky-Korsakov]]'s [[The Tale of Tsar Saltan (opera)|''The Tale of Tsar Saltan'']] at the [[National Opera of Ukraine|Kiev Opera]] in the presence of the tsar and his eldest daughters, grand duchesses [[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia|Olga]] and [[Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia|Tatiana]]. The theater was guarded by 90 men inside the building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/stolypin-murder-1911-kiev.html|title=Murder of Prime Minister Stolypin in Kiev 1911 – Blog & Alexander Palace Time Machine|first=Pallasart Web|last=Design|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> According to [[Alexander Spiridovich]], after the second act "Stolypin was standing in front of the ramp separating the parterre from the orchestra, his back to the stage. On his right were Baron [[Vladimir Freedericksz| Freedericksz]] and Gen. [[Vladimir Sukhomlinov|Sukhomlinov]]." His personal bodyguard had stepped out to smoke. Stolypin was shot twice, once in the arm and once in the chest, by [[Dmitry Bogrov]], a Jewish leftist revolutionary. Bogrov ran to one of the entrances and was caught. Stolypin rose from his chair, removed his gloves and unbuttoned his jacket, exposing a blood-soaked waistcoat. He gave a gesture to tell the tsar to go back and made the sign of the cross. He remained conscious, but his condition deteriorated. He died four days later.<ref>Quotes from General Alexander Spiridovitch, "Murder of Prime Minister Stolypin in Kiev 1911" (1929) [http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/stolypin-murder-1911-kiev.html translated by Rob Moshein]</ref>

Bogrov was hanged 10 days after the assassination. The judicial investigation was halted by order of the tsar, giving rise to suggestions that the assassination was planned not by leftists, but by conservative monarchists opposed to Stolypin's reforms and his influence on the tsar. However, this has never been proven. On his request, Stolypin was buried in the city where he was murdered.<ref name="O. Figes 1996 p. 223"/>

==Legacy==
{{also|1905 Russian Revolution|October Manifesto|State Duma (Russian Empire)}}
[[File:Kyiv-stolypin-statue.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|A statue of Pyotr Stolypin near the [[Kyiv City Duma building]], removed after the [[February Revolution]].]]
[[File:Pyotr Stolypin 2018 Столыпин, Пётр Аркадьевич_Vadim Chuprina.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|Stolypin's grave in the [[Pechersk Monastery]] (Lavra) in [[Kyiv]].]]

Since 1905 Russia had been plagued by widespread political dissatisfaction and revolutionary unrest. With broad support, leftist organizations waged a violent campaign against the autocracy; throughout Russia, many police officials and bureaucrats were assassinated. "Stolypin inspected rebellious areas unarmed and without bodyguards. During one of these trips, somebody dropped a bomb under his feet. There were casualties, but Stolypin survived."<ref name="Angelfire">{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussian/blog/index.blog?topic_id=1069120|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716072043/http://www.angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussian/blog/index.blog?topic_id=1069120|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2011|title=ROYAL RUSSIA NEWS. THE ROMANOV DYNASTY & THEIR LEGACY, MONARCHY, HISTORY OF IMPERIAL & HOLY RUSSIA|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> To respond to these attacks, Stolypin introduced a new court system of [[martial law]], that allowed for the arrest and speedy trial of accused offenders. Over 3,000 (possibly 5,500) suspects were convicted and executed by these special courts between 1906 and 1909.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} In a Duma session on 17 November 1907, [[Kadet]] party member {{Ill|Fedor Rodichev|ru|Родичев, Фёдор Измайлович}} referred to the gallows as "Stolypin's efficient black Monday necktie". Outraged, Stolypin challenged Rodichev to a duel, but Rodichev apologized to avert it. Nevertheless, the expression became popular.{{sfn|Ascher|2001|p={{page?|date=September 2024}}}} The capacious railroad cars used for Siberian resettlement were named [[Stolypin car]]s.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

There remains doubt whether, even without the disruption of Stolypin's murder and the [[First World War]], his agricultural policy could have succeeded. The deep conservatism from the mass of peasants made them slow to respond. In 1914 the [[Open field system|strip system]] was still widespread, with only around 10% of the land having been consolidated into farms.<ref name="Lynch">Lynch, Michael ''From Autocracy to Communism: Russia 1894–1941'' p. 42 {{ISBN|978-0-340-96590-0}}</ref> Most peasants were unwilling to leave the security of the commune for the uncertainty of individual farming. Furthermore, by 1913, the government's own Ministry of Agriculture had itself begun to lose confidence in the policy.<ref name="Lynch" /> Nevertheless, Krivoshein became the most powerful figure in the Imperial government.

Lenin in the Paris newspaper said, "Social-Democrat" on 31 October 1911, wrote "Stolypin and the Revolution", calling for the "mortification of the uber-lyncher",<ref>https://leninism.su/bo</ref>
Opinion is divided on Stolypin's legacy, and historians disagree over how realistic Stolypin's policies were. Some{{who|date=September 2019}} approve of his firm hand to suppress revolt and anarchy in the unruly atmosphere after the [[Russian Revolution of 1905|1905 Revolution]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Lenin in the Paris newspaper "Social-Democrat" on 31 October 1911, wrote "Stolypin and the Revolution", calling for the "mortification of the uber-lyncher",<ref>[https://leninism.su/books/4051-lenin-vo-franczii.html?start=19 Lenin in France – Stolypin and the Revolution (Ленин во Франции – Столыпин и революция)]. leninism.su</ref> saying: ″Stolypin tried to pour new wine into old bottles, to reshape the old autocracy into a bourgeois monarchy; and the failure of Stolypin's policy is the failure of tsarism on this last, the last conceivable, road for tsarism."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1911/oct/18.htm|title=Lenin: Stolypin and the Revolution|website=www.marxists.org}}</ref>

In "[[Name of Russia (Russia TV)|Name of Russia]]", a 2008 television poll to select "the greatest Russian", Stolypin placed second, behind [[Alexander Nevsky]] and followed by [[Joseph Stalin]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7802485.stm Stalin voted third-best Russian] BBC</ref> He is seen by his admirers as the greatest statesman Russia ever had, the one who could have saved the country from revolution and the civil war.<ref>O. Figes (1996) A People's Tragedy. The Russian Revolution 1891–1924, p. 221.</ref>

On 27 December 2012, a monument to Pyotr Stolypin was unveiled in Moscow to mark the 150th anniversary of his birth. The monument, designed by [[Andrei Korobtsov]] is situated near the [[Russian White House]], seat of the [[Government of Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Monument to P.A. Stolypin {{!}} Sculptor Andrey Korobtsov|url=https://korobtsov.com/en/works/monuments/monument-to-p.a.-stolypin|access-date=2021-12-09|website=korobtsov.com|date=9 November 2017}}</ref> At the foot of the pedestal, a bronze plaque quotes Stolypin: ''"We must all unite in defense of Russia, coordinate our efforts, our duties and our rights in order to maintain one of Russia's historic supreme rights – to be strong."''

==Screen portrayals==

Stolypin is portrayed by [[Eric Porter]] in the opening scenes of the 1971 British film ''[[Nicholas and Alexandra]]'', fictitiously taking part in the Romanov dynasty tercentenary celebrations of 1913 before being assassinated later in the film, two years after his actual assassination.

Stolypin is portrayed by [[Frank Middlemass]] in episode 9 of the 1974 British miniseries ''[[Fall of Eagles]]'', ''Dress Rehearsal.''

==See also==
* [[Coup of June 1907]]
* [[Stolypin reform]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia |first=Abraham |last=Ascher |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-8047-3977-3 }}
* Conroy, M.S. (1976), ''Peter Arkadʹevich Stolypin: Practical Politics in Late Tsarist Russia'', Westview Press, (Boulder), 1976. {{ISBN|0-8915-8143-X}}
* Fuhrmann, Joseph T. (2013). Rasputin, the untold story (illustrated ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 314. {{ISBN|978-1-118-17276-6}}.
* {{cite journal |last=Kotsonis |first=Yanni |title=The problem of the individual in the Stolypin reforms |journal=Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History |volume=12 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=25–52 |doi=10.1353/kri.2011.a411659 |s2cid=153249001 }}
* Lieven, Dominic, ed. ''The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 2, Imperial Russia, 1689–1917'' (2015)
* {{cite journal |last=Macey |first=David |title=Reflections on peasant adaptation in rural Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century: the Stolypin agrarian reforms |journal=Journal of Peasant Studies |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |year=2004 |pages=400–426 |doi=10.1080/0306615042000262634 |s2cid=154275204 }}
* {{cite book |title=United Government and Foreign Policy in Russia, 1900–1914 |first=David MacLaren |last=McDonald |location=Cambridge, Mass. |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0674922396 }}
* Pallot, Judith. ''Land reform in Russia, 1906–1917: peasant responses to Stolypin's project of rural transformation'' (1999). [https://www.questia.com/read/13733923/land-reform-in-russia-1906-1917-peasant-responses online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705045411/https://www.questia.com/read/13733923/land-reform-in-russia-1906-1917-peasant-responses |date=5 July 2019 }}
* Pares, Bernard. ''A History of Russia'' (1926) pp. 495–506. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174320/page/n7 Online]
* Pares, Bernard. '' The Fall of the Russian Monarchy'' (1939) pp. 94–143. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89642 Online]
* {{cite journal |last=Shelokhaev |first=Valentin V. |title=The Stolypin Variant of Russian Modernization |journal=Russian Social Science Review |volume=57 |issue=5 |year=2016 |pages=350–377 |doi=10.1080/10611428.2016.1229962 |s2cid=141548699 }}

==External links==
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
* {{commonscat-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161114235423/http://getrussia.com/articles/stolypin_and_russian_agrarian_miracle/ Stolypin and the Russian Agrarian Miracle]
* [http://www.russia-today.narod.ru/past/gen/stolyp_petr_ark.htm The ancestors of Pyotr Stolypin]{{in lang|ru}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/017198}}
* [https://www.rbth.com/arts/2013/12/07/stolypin_reformist_ahead_of_his_time_32375.html Stolypin: Reformist ahead of his time]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | before=[[Pyotr Nikolayevich Durnovo]]
|title=[[List of Ministers of Interior of Imperial Russia|Minister of Interior]]
|years=26 April 1906 – 18 September 1911|after=[[Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Makarov]]}}
{{succession box | before = [[Ivan Goremykin]] | title = [[Prime Minister of Russia]] | years = 21 July 1906 – 18 September 1911 | after = [[Vladimir Kokovtsov]]}}
{{s-end}}
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{{Authority control}}

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Sound film

2025-06-29T12:07:03Z

178.78.252.98:

{{Short description|Motion picture with synchronized sound}}
{{Redirect-multi|3|Talking pictures|Talkie|Talkies|the British television channel|Talking Pictures TV|the adventure games that feature voice-overs|Adventure game#Expansion (1990–2000)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}}
[[File: Gaumont1902.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|alt=Illustration of a theater from the rear of the stage. At the front of the stage, a screen hangs. In the foreground is a gramophone with two horns. In the background, a large audience is seated at orchestra level and on several balconies. The words "Chronomégaphone" and "Gaumont" appear at both the bottom of the illustration and, in reverse, at the top of the projection screen.|1908 poster advertising [[Gaumont Film Company|Gaumont]]'s sound films. The [[Chronomégaphone]], designed for large halls, employed compressed air to amplify the recorded sound.<ref>Wierzbicki (2009), p. 74; "Representative Kinematograph Shows" (1907).[http://www.aqpl43.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/COMMS/auxetophone/auxetoph.htm The Auxetophone and Other Compressed-Air Gramophones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918210354/http://www.aqpl43.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/COMMS/auxetophone/auxetoph.htm |date=September 18, 2010 }} explains pneumatic amplification and includes several detailed photographs of Gaumont's Elgéphone, which was apparently a slightly later and more elaborate version of the Chronomégaphone.</ref>]]

A '''sound film''' is a [[Film|motion picture]] with [[synchronization|synchronized]] sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a [[silent film]]. The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900, but decades passed before sound motion pictures became commercially practical. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early [[sound-on-disc]] systems, and amplification and recording quality were also inadequate. Innovations in [[sound-on-film]] led to the first commercial screening of [[Short film|short motion pictures]] using the technology, which took place in 1923. Before sound-on-film technology became viable, soundtracks for films were commonly played live with organs or pianos.

The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid-to-late 1920s. At first, the sound films which included synchronized dialogue, known as "'''talking pictures'''", or "'''talkies'''", were exclusively shorts. The earliest [[feature film|feature-length]] movies with recorded sound included only music and effects. The first feature film originally presented as a talkie (although it had only limited sound sequences) was ''[[The Jazz Singer]]'', which premiered on October 6, 1927.<ref>[https://jolsonville.net/2013/09/10/the-first-talkie/#more-1016 The first talkie - "The Jazz Singer"], Jolsonville, Oct. 9, 2013</ref> A major hit, it was made with [[Vitaphone]], which was at the time the leading brand of sound-on-disc technology. Sound-on-film, however, would soon become the standard for talking pictures.

By the early 1930s, the talkies were a global phenomenon. In the United States, they helped secure Hollywood's position as one of the world's most powerful cultural/commercial centers of influence (see [[Cinema of the United States]]). In Europe (and, to a lesser degree, elsewhere), the new development was treated with suspicion by many filmmakers and critics, who worried that a focus on dialogue would subvert the unique aesthetic virtues of silent cinema. In [[Cinema of Japan|Japan]], where the popular film tradition integrated silent movie and live vocal performance (''[[benshi]]''), talking pictures were slow to take root. Conversely, in India, sound was the transformative element that led to the rapid expansion of [[Cinema of India|the nation's film industry]].

== Early history ==
{{Further|Kinetoscope}}
[[File:Dickson Film Still 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|alt=On the left is a large acoustical horn, suspended from a cord that rises out of the frame. A man plays a violin in front of it. To the right, two men dance together.|Image from [[The Dickson Experimental Sound Film]] (1894 or 1895), produced by [[William Kennedy Dickson|W.K.L. Dickson]] as a test of the early version of the [[Thomas Edison|Edison]] [[Kinetoscope#Kinetophone|Kinetophone]], combining the [[Kinetoscope]] and [[phonograph]].]]
[[File:Eric Magnus Tigerstedt.jpg|thumb|[[Eric M. C. Tigerstedt]] (1887–1925) was one of the pioneers of sound-on-film technology. Tigerstedt in 1915.]]
The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as the concept of cinema itself. On February 27, 1888, a couple of days after photographic pioneer [[Eadweard Muybridge]] gave a lecture not far from the laboratory of [[Thomas Edison]], the two inventors met privately. Muybridge later claimed that on this occasion, six years before the first commercial motion picture exhibition, he proposed a scheme for sound cinema that would combine his image-casting [[zoopraxiscope]] with Edison's recorded-sound technology.<ref>Robinson (1997), p. 23.</ref> No agreement was reached, but within a year Edison commissioned the development of the [[Kinetoscope]], essentially a "peep-show" system, as a visual complement to his [[phonograph cylinder|cylinder]] [[phonograph]]. The two devices were brought together as the [[kinetoscope#Kinetophone|Kinetophone]] in 1895, but individual, cabinet viewing of motion pictures was soon to be outmoded by successes in film projection.<ref>Robertson (2001) claims that German inventor and filmmaker [[Oskar Messter]] began projecting sound motion pictures at 21 Unter den Linden in September 1896 (p. 168), but this seems to be an error. Koerber (1996) notes that after Messter acquired the Cinema Unter den Linden (located in the back room of a restaurant), it reopened under his management on September 21, 1896 (p. 53), but no source beside Robertson describes Messter as screening sound films before 1903.</ref>

In 1899, a projected sound-film system known as Cinemacrophonograph or Phonorama, based primarily on the work of Swiss-born inventor François Dussaud, was exhibited in Paris; similar to the Kinetophone, the system required individual use of earphones.<ref>Altman (2005), p. 158; Cosandey (1996).</ref> An improved cylinder-based system, Phono-Cinéma-Théâtre, was developed by Clément-Maurice Gratioulet and Henri Lioret of France, allowing short films of theater, opera, and ballet excerpts to be presented at the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris Exposition]] in 1900. These appear to be the first publicly exhibited films with projection of both image and recorded sound. Phonorama and yet another sound-film system—Théâtroscope—were also presented at the Exposition.<ref>Lloyd and Robinson (1986), p. 91; Barnier (2002), pp. 25, 29; Robertson (2001), p. 168. Gratioulet went by his given name, Clément-Maurice, and is referred to thus in many sources, including Robertson and Barnier. Robertson incorrectly states that the Phono-Cinéma-Théâtre was a presentation of the Gaumont Co.; in fact, it was presented under the aegis of Paul Decauville (Barnier, ibid.).</ref>

Three major problems persisted, leading to motion pictures and sound recording largely taking separate paths for a generation. The primary issue was synchronization: pictures and sound were recorded and played back by separate devices, which were difficult to start and maintain in tandem.<ref>Sound engineer Mark Ulano, in [http://www.filmsound.org/ulano/talkies2.htm "The Movies Are Born a Child of the Phonograph"] (part 2 of his essay "Moving Pictures That Talk"), describes the Phono-Cinéma-Théâtre version of synchronized sound cinema:
<blockquote>
This system used an operator adjusted non-linkage form of primitive synchronization. The scenes to be shown were first filmed, and then the performers recorded their dialogue or songs on the Lioretograph (usually a Le Éclat concert cylinder format phonograph) trying to match tempo with the projected filmed performance. In showing the films, synchronization of sorts was achieved by adjusting the hand cranked film projector's speed to match the phonograph. the projectionist was equipped with a telephone through which he listened to the phonograph which was located in the orchestra pit.
</blockquote></ref> Sufficient playback volume was also hard to achieve. While motion picture projectors soon allowed film to be shown to large theater audiences, audio technology before the development of electric amplification could not project satisfactorily to fill large spaces. Finally, there was the challenge of recording fidelity. The primitive systems of the era produced sound of very low quality unless the performers were stationed directly in front of the cumbersome recording devices (acoustical horns, for the most part), imposing severe limits on the sort of films that could be created with live-recorded sound.<ref>Crafton (1997), p. 37.</ref>

[[File:Expo1900SoundFilm.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|alt=Illustration of a red-haired woman wearing a large hat, an ankle-length yellow dress, and high heels. She is holding a long baton or swagger stick and leaning against a film projector. A gramophone sits at her feet. The top of the illustration reads "Phono-Cinéma-Théâtre". Text to the left of the woman reads "Visions Animées des Artistes Celèbres", followed by a list of performers.|Poster featuring [[Sarah Bernhardt]] and giving the names of eighteen other "famous artists" shown in "living visions" at the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Paris Exposition]] using the Gratioulet-Lioret system.]]
Cinematic innovators attempted to cope with the fundamental synchronization problem in a variety of ways. An increasing number of motion picture systems relied on [[gramophone records]]—known as [[sound-on-disc]] technology. The records themselves were often referred to as "Berliner discs", after one of the primary inventors in the field, German-American [[Emile Berliner]]. In 1902, [[Léon Gaumont]] demonstrated his sound-on-disc Chronophone, involving an electrical connection he had recently patented, to the [[Société française de photographie|French Photographic Society]].<ref>Barnier (2002), p. 29.</ref> Four years later, Gaumont introduced the Elgéphone, a compressed-air amplification system based on the Auxetophone, developed by British inventors Horace Short and Charles Parsons.<ref>Altman (2005), p. 158. If there was a drawback to the Elgéphone, it was apparently not a lack of volume. Dan Gilmore describes its predecessor technology in his 2004 essay [https://www.angelfire.com/nc3/talkingmachines/auxetophone.html "What's Louder than Loud? The Auxetophone"]: "Was the Auxetophone loud? It was painfully loud." For a more detailed report of Auxetophone-induced discomfort, see [http://www.aqpl43.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/COMMS/auxetophone/auxetoph.htm The Auxetophone and Other Compressed-Air Gramophones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918210354/http://www.aqpl43.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/COMMS/auxetophone/auxetoph.htm |date=September 18, 2010 }}.</ref> Despite high expectations, Gaumont's sound innovations had only limited commercial success. Despite some improvements, they still did not satisfactorily address the three basic issues with sound film and were expensive as well. For some years, American inventor E. E. Norton's Cameraphone was the primary competitor to the Gaumont system (sources differ on whether the Cameraphone was disc- or cylinder-based); it ultimately failed for many of the same reasons that held back the Chronophone.<ref name=Alt>Altman (2005), pp. 158–65; Altman (1995).</ref>

In 1913, Edison introduced a new cylinder-based synch-sound apparatus known, just like his 1895 system, as the Kinetophone. Instead of films being shown to individual viewers in the Kinetoscope cabinet, they were now projected onto a screen. The phonograph was connected by an intricate arrangement of pulleys to the film projector, allowing—under ideal conditions—for synchronization. However, conditions were rarely ideal, and the new, improved Kinetophone was retired after little more than a year.<ref>Gomery (1985), pp. 54–55.</ref> By the mid-1910s, the groundswell in commercial sound motion picture exhibition had subsided.<ref name=Alt /> Beginning in 1914, ''[[The Photo-Drama of Creation]]'', promoting [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]' conception of humankind's genesis, was screened around the United States: eight hours worth of projected visuals involving both slides and live action, synchronized with separately recorded lectures and musical performances played back on phonograph.<ref>Lindvall (2007), pp. 118–25; Carey (1999), pp. 322–23.</ref>

Meanwhile, innovations continued on another significant front. In 1900, as part of the research he was conducting on the [[photophone]], the German physicist [[Ernst Ruhmer]] recorded the fluctuations of the transmitting arc-light as varying shades of light and dark bands onto a continuous roll of photographic film. He then determined that he could reverse the process and reproduce the recorded sound from this photographic strip by shining a bright light through the running filmstrip, with the resulting varying light illuminating a selenium cell. The changes in brightness caused a corresponding change to the selenium's resistance to electrical currents, which was used to modulate the sound produced in a telephone receiver. He called this invention the [[photographophone]],<ref>Ruhmer (1901), p. 36.</ref> which he summarized as: "It is truly a wonderful process: sound becomes electricity, becomes light, causes chemical actions, becomes light and electricity again, and finally sound."<ref>Ruhmer (1908), p. 39.</ref>

Ruhmer began a correspondence with the French-born, London-based [[Eugene Augustin Lauste|Eugene Lauste]],<ref name="Crawford 1931, p. 638">Crawford (1931), p. 638.</ref> who had worked at Edison's lab between 1886 and 1892. In 1907, Lauste was awarded the first patent for [[sound-on-film]] technology, involving the transformation of sound into light waves that are photographically recorded direct onto [[celluloid]]. As described by historian Scott Eyman,
<blockquote>
It was a double system, that is, the sound was on a different piece of film from the picture.... In essence, the sound was captured by a microphone and translated into light waves via a light valve, a thin ribbon of sensitive metal over a tiny slit. The sound reaching this ribbon would be converted into light by the shivering of the diaphragm, focusing the resulting light waves through the slit, where it would be photographed on the side of the film, on a strip about a tenth of an inch wide.<ref>Eyman (1997), pp. 30–31.</ref>
</blockquote>
In 1908, Lauste purchased a photographophone from Ruhmer, with the intention of perfecting the device into a commercial product.<ref name="Crawford 1931, p. 638"/> Though sound-on-film would eventually become the universal standard for synchronized sound cinema, Lauste never successfully exploited his innovations, which came to an effective dead end. In 1914, Finnish inventor [[Eric Tigerstedt]] was granted German patent 309,536 for his sound-on-film work; that same year, he apparently demonstrated a film made with the process to an audience of scientists in Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sipilä, Kari |url=http://www.finland.cn/Public/default.aspx?contentid=99637 |title=A Country That Innovates |publisher=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland |date=April 2004 |access-date=December 8, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707031053/http://www.finland.cn/Public/default.aspx?contentid=99637 |archive-date=July 7, 2011 }} {{cite web|url=http://www.filmsoundsweden.se/backspegel/tigerstedt.html |title=Eric Tigerstedt |publisher=Film Sound Sweden |access-date=December 8, 2009 }} See also A. M. Pertti Kuusela, ''E.M.C Tigerstedt "Suomen Edison"'' (Insinööritieto Oy: 1981).</ref> Hungarian engineer [[Denes Mihaly]] submitted his sound-on-film Projectofon concept to the Royal Hungarian Patent Court in 1918; the patent award was published four years later.<ref>Bognár (2000), p. 197.</ref> Whether sound was captured on cylinder, disc, or film, none of the available technology was adequate for big-league commercial purposes, and for many years the heads of the [[major film studio#The majors before the Golden Age|major Hollywood film studios]] saw little benefit in producing sound motion pictures.<ref>Gomery (1985), pp. 55–56.</ref>

== Crucial innovations ==
A number of technological developments contributed to making sound cinema commercially viable by the late 1920s. Two involved contrasting approaches to synchronized sound reproduction, or playback:

=== Advanced sound-on-film ===
In 1919, American inventor [[Lee De Forest]] was awarded several patents that would lead to the first [[optical sound]]-on-film technology with commercial application. In De Forest's system, the sound track was photographically recorded onto the side of the strip of motion picture film to create a composite, or "married", print. If proper synchronization of sound and picture was achieved in recording, it could be absolutely counted on in playback. Over the next four years, he improved his system with the help of equipment and patents licensed from another American inventor in the field, [[Theodore Case]].<ref>Sponable (1947), part 2.</ref>

At the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]], Polish-born research engineer [[Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner]] was working independently on a similar process. On June 9, 1922, he gave the first reported U.S. demonstration of a sound-on-film motion picture to members of the [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]].<ref>Crafton (1997), pp. 51–52; Moone (2004); Łotysz (2006). Crafton and Łotysz describe the demonstration as taking place at an AIEE conference. Moone, writing for the journal of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign's Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, says the audience was "members of the Urbana chapter of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers."</ref> As with Lauste and Tigerstedt, Tykociner's system would never be taken advantage of commercially; however, De Forest's soon would.

[[File:Phonofilm1.jpg|thumb|right|alt=All-text advertisement from the Strand Theater, giving dates, times, and performers' names. At the top, a tagline reads, "$10,000 reward paid to any person who finds a phonograph or similar device used in the phonofilms." The accompanying promotional text describes the slate of sound pictures as "the sensation of the century ... Amazing! Astounding! Unbelievable".|Newspaper ad for a 1925 presentation of Phonofilm shorts, touting their technological distinction: no phonograph.]]
On April 15, 1923, at the New York City's Rivoli Theater, the first commercial screening of motion pictures with sound-on-film took place. This would become the future standard. It consisted of a set of short films varying in length and featuring some of the most popular stars of the 1920s (including [[Eddie Cantor]], [[Harry Richman]], [[Sophie Tucker]], and [[George Jessel (actor)|George Jessel]] among others) doing stage performances such as [[vaudeville]]s, musical acts, and speeches which accompanied the screening of the silent feature film ''Bella Donna''.<ref>{{cite book|last=MacDonald|first=Laurence E.|date=1998|title=The Invisible Art of Film Music: A Comprehensive History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0NYYHWtz6sC&q=lee+de+forest+bella+donna&pg=PA5|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Ardsley House|page=5|isbn=978-1-880157-56-5}}</ref> All of them were presented under the banner of [[Phonofilm|De Forest Phonofilms]].<ref>Gomery (2005), p. 30; Eyman (1997), p. 49.</ref> The set included the 11-minute short film ''From far Seville'' starring [[Concha Piquer]]. In 2010, a copy of the tape was found in the [[Library of Congress|U.S. Library of Congress]], where it is currently preserved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/es-es/noticias/virales/12-mentiras-de-la-historia-que-nos-tragamos-sin-rechistar-4/ar-BBTeaLx?li=BBpmbhJ&ocid=DELLDHP#page=8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015725/https://www.msn.com/es-es/noticias/virales/12-mentiras-de-la-historia-que-nos-tragamos-sin-rechistar-4/ar-BBTeaLx?li=BBpmbhJ&ocid=DELLDHP#page=8|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-02-07|title=12 mentiras de la historia que nos tragamos sin rechistar (4)|website=MSN|language=es-ES|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2010/11/03/actualidad/1288738815_850215.html|title=La primera película sonora era española|last=EFE|date=2010-11-03|work=[[El País]]|access-date=2019-02-06|language=es-ES|issn=1134-6582}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=López|first=Alfred|url=https://blogs.20minutos.es/yaestaellistoquetodolosabe/sabias-que-el-cantor-de-jazz-no-fue-realmente-la-primera-pelicula-sonora-de-la-historia-del-cine/|title=¿Sabías que 'El cantor de jazz' no fue realmente la primera película sonora de la historia del cine?|date=2016-04-15|work=[[20 minutos]]|access-date=2020-02-06|language=es-ES}}</ref> Critics attending the event praised the novelty but not the sound quality which received negative reviews in general.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crafton|first=Donald|date=1999|title=The Talkies: American Cinema's Transition to Sound, 1926-1931|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFB_oT-jupQC&q=the+gavotte|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=University of California Press|page=65|isbn=0-520-22128-1}}</ref> That June, De Forest entered into an extended legal battle with an employee, [[Freeman Harrison Owens]], for title to one of the crucial Phonofilm patents. Although De Forest ultimately won the case in the courts, Owens is today recognized as a central innovator in the field.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Hall, Brenda J.|url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=66|title=Freeman Harrison Owens (1890–1979)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture|date=July 28, 2008|access-date=December 7, 2009}}</ref> The following year, De Forest's studio released the first commercial dramatic film shot as a talking picture—the two-reeler ''Love's Old Sweet Song'', directed by [[J. Searle Dawley]] and featuring [[Una Merkel]].<ref>A few sources indicate that the film was released in 1923, but the two most recent authoritative histories that discuss the film—Crafton (1997), p. 66; Hijiya (1992), p. 103—both give 1924. There are claims that De Forest recorded a synchronized musical score for director [[Fritz Lang]]'s ''[[Die Nibelungen: Siegfried|Siegfried]]'' (1924) when it arrived in the United States the year after its German debut—Geduld (1975), p. 100; Crafton (1997), pp. 66, 564—which would make it the first feature film with synchronized sound throughout. There is no consensus, however, concerning when this recording took place or if the film was ever actually presented with synch-sound. For a possible occasion for such a recording, see the August 24, 1925, [http://movies2.nytimes.com/mem/movies/review.html?title1=Siegfried&title2=&reviewer=MORDAUNT%20HALL.&pdate=19250824&v_id= ''New York Times'' review of ''Siegfried''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405194333/http://movies2.nytimes.com/mem/movies/review.html?title1=Siegfried&title2=&reviewer=MORDAUNT%20HALL.&pdate=19250824&v_id= |date=April 5, 2016 }}, following its American premiere at New York City's Century Theater the night before, which describes the score's performance by a live orchestra.</ref> However, phonofilm's stock in trade was not original dramas but celebrity documentaries, popular music acts, and comedy performances. President [[Calvin Coolidge]], opera singer [[Abbie Mitchell]], and vaudeville stars such as [[Phil Baker (comedian)|Phil Baker]], [[Ben Bernie]], Eddie Cantor and [[Oscar Levant]] appeared in the firm's pictures. Hollywood remained suspicious, even fearful, of the new technology. As ''[[Photoplay]]'' editor [[James R. Quirk|James Quirk]] put it in March 1924, "Talking pictures are perfected, says Dr. Lee De Forest. ''So'' is [[castor oil]]."<ref>Quoted in Lasky (1989), p. 20.</ref> De Forest's process continued to be used through 1927 in the United States for dozens of short Phonofilms; in the UK it was employed a few years longer for both shorts and features by British Sound Film Productions, a subsidiary of British Talking Pictures, which purchased the primary Phonofilm assets. By the end of 1930, the Phonofilm business would be liquidated.<ref>Low (1997a), p. 203; Low (1997b), p. 183.</ref>

In Europe, others were also working on the development of sound-on-film. In 1919, the same year that DeForest received his first patents in the field, three German inventors, [[Josef Engl]] (1893–1942), [[Hans Vogt (engineer)|Hans Vogt]] (1890–1979), and [[Joseph Massolle]] (1889–1957), patented the [[Tri-Ergon]] sound system. On September 17, 1922, the Tri-Ergon group gave a public screening of sound-on-film productions—including a dramatic talkie, ''Der Brandstifter'' (''The Arsonist'') —before an invited audience at the Alhambra Kino in Berlin.<ref>Robertson (2001), p. 168.</ref> By the end of the decade, Tri-Ergon would be the dominant European sound system. In 1923, two Danish engineers, Axel Petersen and Arnold Poulsen, patented a system that recorded sound on a separate filmstrip running parallel with the image reel. Gaumont licensed the technology and briefly put it to commercial use under the name Cinéphone.<ref>Crisp (1997), pp. 97–98; Crafton (1997), pp. 419–20.</ref>

US competition eclipsed Phonofilm. By September 1925, De Forest and Case's working arrangement had fallen through. The following July, Case joined [[Fox Film]], Hollywood's third largest [[studio system|studio]], to found the Fox-Case Corporation. The system developed by Case and his assistant, Earl Sponable, given the name [[Movietone sound system|Movietone]], thus became the first viable sound-on-film technology controlled by a Hollywood movie studio. The following year, Fox purchased the North American rights to the Tri-Ergon system, though the company found it inferior to Movietone and virtually impossible to integrate the two different systems to advantage.<ref>Sponable (1947), part 4.</ref> In 1927, as well, Fox retained the services of Freeman Owens, who had particular expertise in constructing cameras for synch-sound film.<ref>See [http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=66 Freeman Harrison Owens (1890–1979)], op. cit. A number of sources erroneously state that Owens's and/or the Tri-Ergon patents were essential to the creation of the Fox-Case Movietone system.</ref>

=== Advanced sound-on-disc ===
[[File:The Voice From The Screen (Oct 1926).webm|thumb|The Voice From the Screen (1926), a film demonstrating the [[Vitaphone]] [[sound-on-disc]] process|left]]
Parallel with improvements in sound-on-film technology, a number of companies were making progress with systems that recorded movie sound on phonograph discs. In sound-on-disc technology from the era, a phonograph turntable is connected by a mechanical [[interlock]] to a specially modified [[movie projector|film projector]], allowing for synchronization. In 1921, the [[Photokinema]] sound-on-disc system developed by Orlando Kellum was employed to add synchronized sound sequences to [[D. W. Griffith]]'s failed silent film ''[[Dream Street (film)|Dream Street]]''. A love song, performed by star Ralph Graves, was recorded, as was a sequence of live vocal effects. Apparently, dialogue scenes were also recorded, but the results were unsatisfactory and the film was never publicly screened incorporating them. On May 1, 1921, ''Dream Street'' was re-released, with love song added, at New York City's Town Hall theater, qualifying it—however haphazardly—as the first feature-length film with a live-recorded vocal sequence.<ref>Bradley (1996), p. 4; Gomery (2005), p. 29. Crafton (1997) misleadingly implies that Griffith's film had not previously been exhibited commercially before its sound-enhanced premiere. He also misidentifies Ralph Graves as Richard Grace (p. 58).</ref> However, the sound quality was very poor and no other theaters could show the sound version of the film as no one had the Photokinema sound system installed.<ref>[[Scott Eyman]], ''The Speed of Sound'' (1997), page 43</ref> On Sunday, May 29, ''Dream Street'' opened at the Shubert Crescent Theater in [[Brooklyn]] with a program of short films made in Phonokinema. However, business was poor, and the program soon closed.

[[File:Don Juan (1926).webm|220px|thumb|right|''[[Don Juan (1926 film)|Don Juan]]'']]
[[File:DonJuanPoster2.jpg|thumb|alt=Illustration of a man dressed in an orange-and-purple Elizabethan costume with puffy shoulders and sheer leggings. Accompanying text provides film credits, dominated by the name of star John Barrymore.|Poster for [[Warner Bros.]]' ''[[Don Juan (1926 film)|Don Juan]]'' (1926), the first major motion picture to premiere with a full-length synchronized [[soundtrack]]. Audio recording engineer [[George Groves (sound engineer)|George Groves]], the first in Hollywood to hold the job, would supervise sound on ''[[Woodstock (film)|Woodstock]]'', 44 years later.]]
In 1925, [[Sam Warner]] of [[Warner Bros.]], then a small Hollywood studio with big ambitions, saw a demonstration of the Western Electric sound-on-disc system and was sufficiently impressed to persuade his brothers to agree to experiment with using this system at New York City's [[Vitagraph Studios]], which they had recently purchased. The tests were convincing to the Warner Brothers, if not to the executives of some other picture companies who witnessed them. Consequently, in April 1926 the Western Electric Company entered into a contract with Warner Brothers and W. J. Rich, a financier, giving them an exclusive license for recording and reproducing sound pictures under the Western Electric system. To exploit this license the Vitaphone Corporation was organized with Samuel L. Warner as its president.<ref name="Crafton 1997, pp. 71–72">Crafton (1997), pp. 71–72.</ref><ref>Historical Development of Sound Films, E.I.Sponable, Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 48 April 1947</ref> [[Vitaphone]], as this system was now called, was publicly introduced on August 6, 1926, with the premiere of ''[[Don Juan (1926 film)|Don Juan]]''; the first feature-length movie to employ a synchronized sound system of any type throughout, its [[soundtrack]] contained a musical [[film score|score]] and added [[sound effects]], but no recorded dialogue—in other words, it had been staged and shot as a silent film. Accompanying ''Don Juan'', however, were eight shorts of musical performances, mostly classical, as well as a four-minute filmed introduction by [[Will H. Hays]], president of the [[Motion Picture Association of America]], all with live-recorded sound. These were the first true sound films exhibited by a Hollywood studio.<ref>The eight musical shorts were ''Caro Nome'', ''An Evening on the Don'', ''La Fiesta'', ''His Pastimes'', ''The Kreutzer Sonata'', ''Mischa Elman'', ''Overture "Tannhäuser"'' and ''Vesti La Giubba''.</ref> Warner Bros.' ''[[The Better 'Ole (1926 film)|The Better 'Ole]]'', technically similar to ''Don Juan'', followed in October.<ref>Crafton (1997), pp. 76–87; Gomery (2005), pp. 38–40.</ref>

Sound-on-film would ultimately win out over sound-on-disc because of a number of fundamental technical advantages:
* Synchronization: no interlock system was completely reliable, and a projectionist's error, or an inexactly repaired film break, or a defect in the soundtrack disc could result in the sound becoming seriously and irrecoverably out of sync with the picture
* Editing: discs could not be directly edited, severely limiting the ability to make alterations in their accompanying films after the original release cut
* Distribution: phonograph discs added expense and complication to film distribution
* Wear and tear: the physical process of playing the discs degraded them, requiring their replacement after approximately twenty screenings<ref>Liebman (2003), p. 398.</ref>

Nonetheless, in the early years, sound-on-disc had the edge over sound-on-film in two substantial ways:
* Production and capital cost: it was generally less expensive to record sound onto disc than onto film and the exhibition systems—turntable/interlock/projector—were cheaper to manufacture than the complex image-and-audio-pattern-reading projectors required by sound-on-film
* Audio quality: phonograph discs, Vitaphone's in particular, had superior [[dynamic range]] to most sound-on-film processes of the day, at least during the first few playings; while sound-on-film tended to have better [[frequency response]], this was outweighed by greater [[distortion]] and [[signal noise|noise]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Schoenherr, Steven E.|url=http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/dynamic.html|title=Dynamic Range|work=Recording Technology History|publisher=History Department at the University of San Diego|date=March 24, 2002|access-date=December 11, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060905003034/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/dynamic.html |archive-date = September 5, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=MPS>{{cite web|author=Schoenherr, Steven E.|url=http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/motionpicture1.html|title=Motion Picture Sound 1910–1929|work=Recording Technology History|publisher=History Department at the University of San Diego|date=October 6, 1999|access-date=December 11, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070429191100/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/motionpicture1.html |archive-date = April 29, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As sound-on-film technology improved, both of these disadvantages were overcome.

The third crucial set of innovations marked a major step forward in both the live recording of sound and its effective playback:
[[File:VitaphoneDemo.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|alt=Two suited men stand in a studio with a large film projector and other electrical equipment. The man on the left is holding a large phonograph record.|[[Western Electric]] engineer E. B. Craft, at left, demonstrating the [[Vitaphone]] projection system. A Vitaphone disc had a running time of about 11 minutes, enough to match that of a {{convert|1000|ft|m|adj=on}} reel of 35 mm film.]]

=== Fidelity electronic recording and amplification ===
In 1913, [[Western Electric]], the manufacturing division of AT&T, acquired the rights to the [[Lee de Forest|de Forest]] [[audion]], the forerunner of the triode [[vacuum tube]]. Over the next few years they developed it into a predictable and reliable device that made electronic amplification possible for the first time. Western Electric then branched-out into developing uses for the vacuum tube including public address systems and an electrical recording system for the recording industry. Beginning in 1922, the research branch of Western Electric began working intensively on recording technology for both sound-on-disc and sound-on film synchronised sound systems for motion-pictures.

The engineers working on the sound-on-disc system were able to draw on expertise that Western Electric already had in electrical disc recording and were thus able to make faster initial progress. The main change required was to increase the playing time of the disc so that it could match that of a standard {{convert|1000|ft|m|abbr=on}} reel of 35 mm film. The chosen design used a disc nearly 16 inches (about 40 cm) in diameter rotating at 33 1/3 rpm. This could play for 11 minutes, the running time of 1000 ft of film at 90 ft/min (24 frames/s).<ref>History of Sound Motion Pictures by Edward W. Kellogg, Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 64 June 1955</ref> Because of the larger diameter the minimum groove velocity of 70 ft/min (14 inches or 356 mm/s) was only slightly less than that of a standard 10-inch 78 rpm commercial disc.
In 1925, the company publicly introduced a greatly improved system of electronic audio, including sensitive [[Microphone#Condenser microphone|condenser microphones]] and rubber-line recorders (named after the use of a rubber damping band for recording with better frequency response onto a wax master disc<ref>The Bell [http://www.stokowski.org/Development_of_Electrical_Recording.htm "Rubber Line" Recorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117073535/http://www.stokowski.org/Development_of_Electrical_Recording.htm |date=January 17, 2013 }}.</ref>). That May, the company licensed entrepreneur Walter J. Rich to exploit the system for commercial motion pictures; he founded Vitagraph, in which Warner Bros. acquired a half interest, just one month later.<ref>Crafton (1997), p. 70.</ref> In April 1926, Warners signed a contract with AT&T for exclusive use of its film sound technology for the redubbed Vitaphone operation, leading to the production of ''Don Juan'' and its accompanying shorts over the following months.<ref name="Crafton 1997, pp. 71–72" /> During the period when Vitaphone had exclusive access to the patents, the fidelity of recordings made for Warners films was markedly superior to those made for the company's sound-on-film competitors. Meanwhile, [[Bell Labs]]—the new name for the AT&T research operation—was working at a furious pace on sophisticated sound amplification technology that would allow recordings to be played back over [[loudspeaker]]s at theater-filling volume. The new moving-coil speaker system was installed in New York's Warners Theatre at the end of July and its patent submission, for what Western Electric called the No. 555 Receiver, was filed on August 4, just two days before the premiere of ''Don Juan''.<ref name=MPS /><ref>{{cite web|author=Schoenherr, Steven E.|url=http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/bell-labs.html|title=Sound Recording Research at Bell Labs|work=Recording Technology History|publisher=History Department at the University of San Diego|date=January 9, 2000|access-date=December 7, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070522014549/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/bell-labs.html |archive-date = May 22, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Late in the year, AT&T/Western Electric created a licensing division, Electrical Research Products Inc. (ERPI), to handle rights to the company's film-related audio technology. Vitaphone still had legal exclusivity, but having lapsed in its royalty payments, effective control of the rights was in ERPI's hands. On December 31, 1926, Warners granted Fox-Case a sublicense for the use of the Western Electric system; in exchange for the sublicense, both Warners and ERPI received a share of Fox's related revenues. The patents of all three concerns were cross-licensed.<ref>Gomery (2005), pp. 42, 50. See also [http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/motionpicture1.html Motion Picture Sound 1910–1929] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513192557/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/motionpicture1.html |date=May 13, 2008 }}, perhaps the best online source for details on these developments, though here it fails to note that Fox's original deal for the Western Electric technology involved a sublicensing arrangement.</ref> Superior recording and amplification technology was now available to two Hollywood studios, pursuing two very different methods of sound reproduction. The new year would finally see the emergence of sound cinema as a significant commercial medium.

=== Travel ===
In 1929 a "new [[RCA Photophone]] portable sound and picture reproducing system" was described in the industry journal Projection Engineering.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Danson|first=H. L.|date=September 1929|title=The Portable Model RCA Photophone|url=https://archive.org/details/projectionengine01brya/page/n161/mode/2up?q=portable|journal=Projection Engineering|publisher=Bryan Davis Publishing Co., inc.|volume=November 1929|pages=32|access-date=6 August 2021|via=InternetArchive}}</ref> In Australia, [[Hoyts]] and Gilby Talkies Pty., Ltd were touring talking pictures to country towns.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 August 1929|title=LOCAL & GENERAL|volume=I|page=2|newspaper=[[Geraldton Guardian and Express]]|issue=170|location=Western Australia|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67100728|via=National Library of Australia|accessdate=6 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Nathan|title=TOURING SOUND EQUIPMENT TO REGIONAL AREAS|url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/latest/hoyts-1920s-talking-pictures-roadshow|access-date=6 August 2021|website=National Film and Sound Archive of Australia|date=April 2020}}</ref> The same year the White Star Line installed talking picture equipment on the s.s. Majestic. The features shown on the first voyage were ''[[Show Boat (1929 film)|Show Boat]]'' and ''[[Broadway (1929 film)|Broadway]].''<ref>{{cite news|date=30 August 1929|title=TALKIES AT SEA|volume=XLVIII|page=10 (HOME FINAL EDITION)|newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]]|issue=16,950|location=Western Australia|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79212925|via=National Library of Australia|accessdate=6 August 2021}}</ref>

== Triumph of the "talkies" ==
[[File:The Jazz Singer (1927).webm|thumb|300px|thumbtime=16|left|''The Jazz Singer'' (1927)]]
In February 1927, an agreement was signed by five leading Hollywood movie companies: [[Famous Players–Lasky]] (soon to be part of [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]), [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Universal Pictures|Universal]], [[First National Pictures|First National]], and [[Cecil B. DeMille]]'s small but prestigious [[Producers Distributing Corporation]] (PDC). The five studios agreed to collectively select just one provider for sound conversion, and then waited to see what sort of results the front-runners came up with.<ref>Crafton (1997), pp. 129–30.</ref> In May, Warner Bros. sold back its exclusivity rights to ERPI (along with the Fox-Case sublicense) and signed a new royalty contract similar to Fox's for use of Western Electric technology. Fox and Warners pressed forward with sound cinema, moving in different directions both technologically and commercially: Fox moved into newsreels and then scored dramas, while Warners concentrated on talking features. Meanwhile, ERPI sought to corner the market by signing up the five allied studios.<ref>Gomery (1985), p. 60; Crafton (1997), p. 131.</ref>

[[File:JazzSingerAndFox.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|alt=Advertisement from the Blue Mouse Theater announcing the Pacific Coast premiere of ''The Jazz Singer'', billed as "The greatest story ever told". A photo of stars [[Al Jolson]] and [[May McAvoy]] accompanies extensive promotional text, including the catchphrase "You'll see and hear him on Vitaphone as you've never seen or heard before". At the bottom is an announcement of an accompanying newsreel.|Newspaper ad from a fully equipped theater in Tacoma, Washington, showing ''[[The Jazz Singer]]'', on Vitaphone, and a Fox newsreel, on [[Movietone sound system|Movietone]], together on the same bill.]]
The big sound film sensations of the year all took advantage of preexisting celebrity. On May 20, 1927, at New York City's [[Roxy Theatre (New York City)|Roxy Theater]], [[Fox Movietone]] presented a sound film of the takeoff of [[Charles Lindbergh]]'s celebrated flight to Paris, recorded earlier that day. In June, a Fox sound newsreel depicting his return welcomes in New York City and Washington, D.C., was shown. These were the two most acclaimed sound motion pictures to date.<ref>Gomery (2005), p. 51.</ref> In May, as well, Fox had released the first Hollywood fiction film with synchronized dialogue: the short ''They're Coming to Get Me'', starring comedian [[Chic Sale]].<ref>Lasky (1989), pp. 21–22.</ref> After rereleasing a few silent feature hits, such as ''[[Seventh Heaven (1927 film)|Seventh Heaven]]'', with recorded music, Fox came out with its first original Movietone feature on September 23: ''[[Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans]]'', by acclaimed German director [[F. W. Murnau]]. As with ''Don Juan'', the film's soundtrack consisted of a musical score and sound effects (including, in a couple of crowd scenes, "wild", nonspecific vocals).<ref>Eyman (1997), pp. 149–50.</ref>

Then, on October 6, 1927, Warner Bros.' ''[[The Jazz Singer]]'' premiered. It was a smash box office success for the mid-level studio, earning a total of $2.625 million in the United States and abroad, almost a million dollars more than the previous record for a Warner Bros. film.<ref>Glancy (1995), p. 4 [online]. The previous highest-grossing Warner Bros. film was ''Don Juan'', which Glancy notes earned $1.693 million, foreign and domestic. Historian Douglas Crafton (1997) seeks to downplay the "total domestic gross income" of ''The Jazz Singer'', $1.97 million (p. 528), but that figure alone would have constituted a record for the studio. Crafton's claim that ''The Jazz Singer'' "was in a distinct second or third tier of attractions compared to the most popular films of the day and even other Vitaphone talkies" (p. 529) offers a skewed perspective. Although the movie was no match for the half-dozen biggest hits of the decade, the available evidence suggests that it was one of the three highest-earning films released in 1927 and that overall its performance was comparable to the other two, ''[[The King of Kings (1927 film)|The King of Kings]]'' and ''[[Wings (1927 film)|Wings]]''. It is undisputed that its total earnings were more than double those of the next four Vitaphone talkies; the first three of which, according to Glancy's analysis of in-house Warner Bros. figures, "earned just under $1,000,000 each", and the fourth, ''[[Lights of New York (1928 film)|Lights of New York]]'', a quarter-million more.</ref> Produced with the Vitaphone system, most of the film does not contain live-recorded audio, relying, like ''Sunrise'' and ''Don Juan'', on a score and effects. When the movie's star, [[Al Jolson]], sings, however, the film shifts to sound recorded on the set, including both his musical performances and two scenes with ad-libbed speech—one of Jolson's character, Jakie Rabinowitz (Jack Robin), addressing a cabaret audience; the other an exchange between him and his mother. The "natural" sounds of the settings were also audible.<ref>{{cite web|author=Allen, Bob|url=http://www.amps.net/newsletters/issue23/23_jazz.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991022042212/http://www.amps.net/newsletters/Issue23/23_jazz.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1999-10-22|title=Why ''The Jazz Singer''?|work=AMPS Newsletter|publisher=Association of Motion Picture Sound|date=Autumn 1997|access-date=December 12, 2009}} Allen, like many, exaggerates ''The Jazz Singer''{{'}}s commercial success; it was a big hit, but not "one of the big box office hits of all time".</ref> Though the success of ''The Jazz Singer'' was due largely to Jolson, already established as one of U.S. biggest music stars, and its limited use of synchronized sound hardly qualified it as an innovative sound film (let alone the "first"), the movie's profits were proof enough to the industry that the technology was worth investing in.<ref>Geduld (1975), p. 166.</ref>

The development of commercial sound cinema had proceeded in fits and starts before ''The Jazz Singer'', and the film's success did not change things overnight. Influential gossip columnist [[Louella Parsons]]' reaction to ''The Jazz Singer'' was badly off the mark: "I have no fear that the screeching sound film will ever disturb our theaters," while [[MGM]] head of production [[Irving Thalberg]] called the film "a good gimmick, but that's all it was."<ref name="Fleming, E.J. 2005, pg. 78">Fleming, E.J., The Fixers, McFarland & Co., 2005, pg. 78</ref> Not until May 1928 did the group of four big studios (PDC had dropped out of the alliance), along with [[United Artists]] and others, sign with ERPI for conversion of production facilities and theaters for sound film. It was a daunting commitment; revamping a single theater cost as much as $15,000 (the equivalent of $220,000 in 2019), and there were more than 20,000 movie theaters in the United States. By 1930, only half of the theaters had been wired for sound.<ref name="Fleming, E.J. 2005, pg. 78"/>

Initially, all ERPI-wired theaters were made Vitaphone-compatible; most were equipped to project Movietone reels as well.<ref>Crafton (1997), p. 148.</ref> However, even with access to both technologies, most of the Hollywood companies remained slow to produce talking features of their own. No studio besides Warner Bros. released even a [[part-talkie|part-talking]] feature until the low-budget-oriented [[Film Booking Offices of America]] (FBO) premiered ''[[The Perfect Crime (1928 film)|The Perfect Crime]]'' on June 17, 1928, eight months after ''The Jazz Singer''.<ref>Crafton (1997), p. 140.</ref> FBO had come under the effective control of a Western Electric competitor, [[General Electric]]'s [[RCA]] division, which was looking to market its new sound-on-film system, [[RCA Photophone|Photophone]]. Unlike Fox-Case's Movietone and De Forest's Phonofilm, which were variable-density systems, Photophone was a variable-area system—a refinement in the way the audio signal was inscribed on film that would ultimately become the standard. (In both sorts of systems, a specially designed lamp, whose [[Exposure (photography)|exposure]] to the film is determined by the audio input, is used to record sound photographically as a series of minuscule lines. In a variable-density process, the lines are of varying darkness; in a variable-area process, the lines are of varying width.) By October, the FBO-RCA alliance would lead to the creation of Hollywood's newest major studio, [[RKO Pictures]].
[[File:BarkerMackaillSills.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|alt=A middle-aged man wearing a plaid jacket and boldly striped tie grabs a younger woman wearing a sweater vest by the arm. Her hand tugs at his as they gaze into each other's eyes, he fiercely, she with surprise or concern.|[[Dorothy Mackaill]] and [[Milton Sills]] in ''The Barker'', [[First National Pictures|First National]]'s inaugural talkie. The film was released in December 1928, two months after Warner Bros. acquired a controlling interest in the studio.]]
Meanwhile, Warner Bros. had released three more talkies, all profitable, if not at the level of ''The Jazz Singer'': In March, ''[[Tenderloin (film)|Tenderloin]]'' appeared; it was billed by Warners as the first feature in which characters spoke their parts, though only 15 of its 88 minutes had dialogue. ''[[Glorious Betsy]]'' followed in April, and ''[[The Lion and the Mouse (1928 film)|The Lion and the Mouse]]'' (31 minutes of dialogue) in May.<ref>Hirschhorn (1979), pp. 59, 60.</ref> On July 6, 1928, the first all-talking feature, ''[[Lights of New York (1928 film)|Lights of New York]]'', premiered. The film cost Warner Bros. only $23,000 to produce, but grossed $1,252,000, a record rate of return surpassing 5,000%. In September, the studio released another Al Jolson part-talking picture, ''[[The Singing Fool]]'', which more than doubled ''The Jazz Singer'''s earnings record for a Warner Bros. movie.<ref>Glancy (1995), pp. 4–5. Schatz (1998) says the production cost of ''Lights of New York'' totaled $75,000 (p. 64). Even if this number is accurate, the rate of return was still over 1,600%.</ref> This second Jolson screen smash demonstrated the movie musical's ability to turn a song into a national hit: inside of nine months, the Jolson number "[[Sonny Boy (song)|Sonny Boy]]" had racked up 2 million record and 1.25 million sheet music sales.<ref>Robertson (2001), p. 180.</ref> September 1928 also saw the release of [[Paul Terry (cartoonist)|Paul Terry]]'s ''[[Dinner Time (cartoon)|Dinner Time]]'', among the first [[animated cartoon]]s produced with synchronized sound. Soon after he saw it, [[Walt Disney]] released his first sound picture, the [[Mickey Mouse]] [[short subject|short]] ''[[Steamboat Willie]]''.<ref>Crafton (1997), p. 390.</ref>

Over the course of 1928, as Warner Bros. began to rake in huge profits due to the [[List of early Warner Bros. talking features|popularity of its sound films]], the other studios quickened the pace of their conversion to the new technology. Paramount, the industry leader, put out its first talkie in late September, ''[[Beggars of Life]]''; though it had just a few lines of dialogue, it demonstrated the studio's recognition of the new medium's power. ''[[Interference (film)|Interference]]'', Paramount's first all-talker, debuted in November.<ref>Eames (1985), p. 36.</ref> The process known as "goat glanding" briefly became widespread: soundtracks, sometimes including a smatter of post-dubbed dialogue or song, were added to movies that had been shot, and in some cases released, as silents.<ref>Crafton (1997) describes the term's derivation: "The skeptical press disparagingly referred to these [retrofitted films] as 'goat glands' ... from outrageous cures for impotency practiced in the 1920s, including restorative elixers, tonics, and surgical procedures. It implied that producers were trying to put some new life into their old films" (pp. 168–69).</ref> A few minutes of singing could qualify such a newly endowed film as a "musical." (Griffith's ''Dream Street'' had essentially been a "goat gland.") Expectations swiftly changed, and the sound "fad" of 1927 became standard procedure by 1929. In February 1929, sixteen months after ''The Jazz Singer'''s debut, [[Columbia Pictures]] became the last of the eight studios that would be known as "[[Major film studio#The majors during the Golden Age|majors]]" during Hollywood's Golden Age to release its first part-talking feature, ''[[The Lone Wolf's Daughter (1929 film)|The Lone Wolf's Daughter]]''.<ref>The first official releases from RKO, which produced only all-talking pictures, appeared still later in the year, but after the October 1928 merger that created it, the company put out a number of talkies produced by its FBO constituent.</ref> In late May, the first all-color, all-talking feature, Warner Bros.' ''[[On with the Show! (1929 film)|On with the Show!]]'', premiered.<ref>Robertson (2001), p. 63.</ref>

Yet most American movie theaters, especially outside of urban areas, were still not equipped for sound: while the number of sound cinemas grew from 100 to 800 between 1928 and 1929, they were still vastly outnumbered by silent theaters, which had actually grown in number as well, from 22,204 to 22,544.<ref>Block and Wilson (2010), p. 56.</ref> The studios, in parallel, were still not entirely convinced of the talkies' universal appeal—until mid-1930, the majority of Hollywood movies were produced in dual versions, silent as well as talking.<ref>Crafton (1997), pp. 169–71, 253–54.</ref> Though few in the industry predicted it, silent film as a viable commercial medium in the United States would soon be little more than a memory. ''[[Points West (film)|Points West]]'', a [[Hoot Gibson]] [[Western (genre)|Western]] released by Universal Pictures in August 1929, was the last purely silent mainstream feature put out by a major Hollywood studio.<ref>In 1931, two Hollywood studios would release special projects without spoken dialogue (now customarily classified as "silents"): [[Charles Chaplin]]'s ''[[City Lights]]'' (United Artists) and [[F. W. Murnau]] and [[Robert Flaherty]]'s ''[[Tabu (1931 film)|Tabu]]'' (Paramount). The last totally silent feature produced in the United States for general distribution was ''The Poor Millionaire'', released by Biltmore Pictures in April 1930. Four other silent features, all low-budget Westerns, were also released in early 1930 (Robertson [2001], p. 173).</ref>

=== Transition: Europe ===

''The Jazz Singer'' had its European sound premiere at the [[Piccadilly Theatre]] in London on September 27, 1928.<ref>As Thomas J. Saunders (1994) reports, it premiered the same month in Berlin, but as a silent. "Not until June 1929 did Berlin experience the sensation of sound as New York had in 1927—a premiere boasting dialogue and song": ''The Singing Fool'' (p. 224). In Paris, ''The Jazz Singer'' had its sound premiere in January 1929 (Crisp [1997], p. 101).</ref> According to film historian [[Rachael Low]], "Many in the industry realized at once that a change to sound production was inevitable."<ref>Low (1997a), p. 191.</ref> On January 16, 1929, the first European feature film with a synchronized vocal performance and recorded score premiered: the German production ''[[I Kiss Your Hand, Madame|Ich küsse Ihre Hand, Madame]]'' (''I Kiss Your Hand, Madame''). Dialogueless, it contains only a few songs performed by [[Richard Tauber]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmportal.de/df/93/Artikel,,,,,,,,EF9714737BF39C19E03053D50B373807,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.html|title=How the Pictures Learned to Talk: The Emergence of German Sound Film|work=Weimar Cinema|publisher=filmportal.de|access-date=December 7, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109101325/http://www.filmportal.de/df/93/Artikel%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2CEF9714737BF39C19E03053D50B373807%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C.html|archive-date=January 9, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The movie was made with the sound-on-film system controlled by the German-Dutch firm [[Tobis Film|Tobis]], corporate heirs to the [[Tri-Ergon]] concern. With an eye toward commanding the emerging European market for sound film, Tobis entered into a compact with its chief competitor, Klangfilm, a joint subsidiary of Germany's two leading electrical manufacturers. Early in 1929, Tobis and Klangfilm began comarketing their recording and playback technologies. As ERPI began to wire theaters around Europe, Tobis-Klangfilm claimed that the Western Electric system infringed on the Tri-Ergon patents, stalling the introduction of American technology in many places.<ref>Gomery (1980), pp. 28–30.</ref> Just as RCA had entered the movie business to maximize its recording system's value, Tobis also established its own production operations.<ref>See, e.g., Crisp (1997), pp. 103–4.</ref>

During 1929, most of the major European filmmaking countries began joining Hollywood in the changeover to sound. Many of the trend-setting European talkies were shot abroad as production companies leased studios while their own were being converted or as they deliberately targeted markets speaking different languages. One of Europe's first two feature-length dramatic talkies was created in still a different sort of twist on multinational moviemaking: ''[[The Crimson Circle (1929 film)|The Crimson Circle]]'' was a coproduction between director [[Frederic Zelnik|Friedrich Zelnik]]'s Efzet-Film company and British Sound Film Productions (BSFP). In 1928, the film had been released as the silent ''Der Rote Kreis'' in Germany, where it was shot; English dialogue was apparently dubbed in much later using the De Forest Phonofilm process controlled by BSFP's corporate parent. It was given a British trade screening in March 1929, as was a part-talking film made entirely in the UK: ''[[The Clue of the New Pin (1929 film)|The Clue of the New Pin]]'', a [[British Lion Film Corporation|British Lion]] production using the sound-on-disc British Photophone system. In May, ''[[Black Waters]]'', which [[British and Dominions Film Corporation]] promoted as the first UK all-talker, received its initial trade screening; it had been shot completely in Hollywood with a Western Electric sound-on-film system. None of these pictures made much impact.<ref>Low (1997a), pp. 178, 203–5; Low (1997b), p. 183; Crafton (1997), pp. 432; {{cite web|url=http://www.deutsches-filminstitut.de/f_films/film/f018529.htm|title=''Der Rote Kreis''|publisher=Deutsches Filminstitut|access-date=December 8, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624004618/http://www.deutsches-filminstitut.de/f_films/film/f018529.htm|archive-date=June 24, 2011|df=mdy-all}} [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020345/ IMDb.com] incorrectly refers to ''Der Rote Kreis/The Crimson Circle'' as a [[Associated British Picture Corporation|British International Pictures]] (BIP) coproduction (it also spells Zelnik's first name "Frederic"). The authentic BIP production ''Kitty'' is sometimes included among the candidates for "first British talkie." In fact, the film was produced and premiered as a silent for its original 1928 release. The stars later came to New York to record dialogue, with which the film was rereleased in June 1929, after much better credentialed candidates. See sources cited above.</ref>

[[File:BlackmailUSWindowCardOndra.jpg|thumb|left|alt=An advertisement for the movie ''Blackmail'' featuring a young woman in lingerie holding a garment over one arm looks toward camera. Surrounding text describes the film as "A Romance of Scotland Yard" and "The Powerful Talking Picture" |The Prague-raised star of ''[[Blackmail (1929 film)|Blackmail]]'' (1929), [[Anny Ondra]], was an industry favorite, but her accent became an issue when the film was reshot with sound. Without post-[[dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] capacity, her dialogue was simultaneously recorded offscreen by actress Joan Barry. Ondra's British film career was over.<ref>Spoto (1984), pp. 131–32, 136.</ref>]]

The first successful European dramatic talkie was the all-British ''[[Blackmail (1929 film)|Blackmail]]''. Directed by twenty-nine-year-old [[Alfred Hitchcock]], the movie had its London debut June 21, 1929. Originally shot as a silent, ''Blackmail'' was restaged to include dialogue sequences, along with a score and sound effects, before its premiere. A [[Associated British Picture Corporation|British International Pictures]] (BIP) production, it was recorded on RCA Photophone, General Electric having bought a share of AEG so they could access the Tobis-Klangfilm markets. ''Blackmail'' was a substantial hit; critical response was also positive—notorious curmudgeon Hugh Castle, for example, called it "perhaps the most intelligent mixture of sound and silence we have yet seen."<ref>Quoted in Spoto (1984), p. 136.</ref>

On August 23, the modest-sized Austrian film industry came out with a talkie: ''G'schichten aus der Steiermark'' (''Stories from Styria''), an Eagle Film–Ottoton Film production.<ref>Wagenleitner (1994), p. 253; Robertson (2001), p. 10.</ref> On September 30, the first entirely German-made feature-length dramatic talkie, ''[[Land Without Women|Das Land ohne Frauen]]'' (''Land Without Women''), premiered. A Tobis Filmkunst production, about one-quarter of the movie contained dialogue, which was strictly segregated from the special effects and music. The response was underwhelming.<ref>Jelavich (2006), pp. 215–16; Crafton (1997), p. 595, n. 59.</ref> Sweden's first talkie, ''Konstgjorda Svensson'' (''Artificial Svensson''), premiered on October 14. Eight days later, Aubert Franco-Film came out with ''[[The Queen's Necklace (1929 film)|Le Collier de la reine]]'' (''The Queen's Necklace''), shot at the [[Épinay-sur-Seine|Épinay]] studio near Paris. Conceived as a silent film, it was given a Tobis-recorded score and a single talking sequence—the first dialogue scene in a French feature. On October 31, ''[[The Three Masks (1929 film)|Les Trois masques]]'' (''The Three Masks'') debuted; a [[Pathé]]-Natan film, it is generally regarded as the initial French feature talkie, though it was shot, like ''Blackmail'', at the [[Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)|Elstree studio]], just outside London. The production company had contracted with RCA Photophone and Britain then had the nearest facility with the system. The Braunberger-Richebé talkie ''[[The Road Is Fine|La Route est belle]]'' (''The Road Is Fine''), also shot at Elstree, followed a few weeks later.<ref>Crisp (1997), p. 103; {{cite web|url=http://www.epinay-sur-seine.fr/epinay/rb010102.asp|title=Epinay ville du cinéma|publisher=Epinay-sur-Seine.fr|access-date=December 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612132000/http://www.epinay-sur-seine.fr/epinay/rb010102.asp|archive-date=June 12, 2010|url-status=dead}} {{cite web|author=Erickson, Hal|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/164397/Le-Collier-De-La-Reine/overview|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=''Le Collier de la reine'' (1929)|author-link=Hal Erickson (author)|access-date=December 8, 2009}} {{cite web|author=Chiffaut-Moliard, Philippe|url=http://www.cine-studies.net/r5a0_1930.html|title=Le cinéma français en 1930|work=Chronologie du cinéma français (1930–1939)|publisher=Cine-studies|year=2005|access-date=December 8, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316092417/http://cine-studies.net/r5a0_1930.html|archive-date=March 16, 2009|df=mdy-all}} In his 2002 book ''Genre, Myth, and Convention in the French Cinema, 1929–1939'' (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), Crisp says that ''Le Collier de la reine'' was "'merely' sonorized, not dialogued" (p. 381), but all other available detailed descriptions (including his own from 1997) mention a dialogue sequence. Crisp gives October 31 as the debut date of ''Les Trois masques'' and ''Cine-studies'' gives its release ("sortie") date as November 2. Note finally, where Crisp defines in ''Genre, Myth, and Convention'' a "feature" as being a minimum of sixty minutes long, this article follows the equally common, and Wikipedia-prevalent, standard of forty minutes or longer.</ref>

Before the Paris studios were fully sound-equipped—a process that stretched well into 1930—a number of other early French talkies were shot in Germany.<ref>Crisp (1997), p. 103.</ref> The first all-talking German feature, ''[[Atlantik (film)|Atlantik]]'', had premiered in Berlin on October 28. Yet another Elstree-made movie, it was rather less German at heart than ''Les Trois masques'' and ''La Route est belle'' were French; a BIP production with a British scenarist and German director, it was also shot in English as ''[[Atlantic (film)|Atlantic]]''.<ref>Chapman (2003), p. 82; {{cite web|author=Fisher, David|url=http://www.terramedia.co.uk/Chronomedia/years/1929.htm|title=Chronomedia: 1929|work=Chronomedia|publisher=Terra Media|date=July 22, 2009|access-date=December 8, 2009}}</ref> The entirely German [[Aafa-Film]] production ''[[It's You I Have Loved]]'' (''Dich hab ich geliebt'') opened three and a half weeks later. It was not "Germany's First Talking Film", as the marketing had it, but it was the first to be released in the United States.<ref>Hall (1930).</ref>
[[File:Putevka v zhisn poster.jpg|thumb|alt=A movie poster with text in Cyrillic. A red band spirals through the center of the image, over a green background. Around the spiral are arrayed five black-and-white photographs of male faces at various angles. Three, in a cluster at the top left, are smiling; two, at the top left and at bottom right (a young boy) look pensive.|The first Soviet talkie, ''Putevka v zhizn'' (''The Road to Life''; 1931), concerns the issue of homeless youth. As [[Marcel Carné]] put it, "in the unforgettable images of this spare and pure story we can discern the effort of an entire nation."<ref>Carné (1932), p. 105.</ref>]]
In 1930, the first Polish talkies premiered, using sound-on-disc systems: ''Moralność pani Dulskiej'' (''The Morality of Mrs. Dulska'') in March and the all-talking ''[[Niebezpieczny romans]]'' (''Dangerous Love Affair'') in October.<ref>Haltof (2002), p. 24.</ref> In Italy, whose once vibrant film industry had become moribund by the late 1920s, the first talkie, ''[[The Song of Love (1930 film)|La Canzone dell'amore]]'' (''The Song of Love''), also came out in October; within two years, Italian cinema would be enjoying a revival.<ref>See Nichols and Bazzoni (1995), p. 98, for a description of ''La Canzone dell'amore'' and its premiere.</ref> The first movie spoken in Czech debuted in 1930 as well, ''[[Tonka of the Gallows|Tonka Šibenice]]'' (''Tonka of the Gallows'').<ref>Stojanova (2006), p. 97. According to [[Il Cinema Ritrovato]], the [https://web.archive.org/web/20061013044431/http://www.cinetecadibologna.it/programmi/05cinema/archivio/fcr1992.pdf program for XXI Mostra Internazionale del Cinema Libero] (Bologna; November 22–29, 1992), the film was shot in Paris. According to the [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0021484/ IMDb entry on the film], it was a Czech-German coproduction. The two claims are not necessarily contradictory. According to the [http://www.csfd.cz/film/209-tonka-sibenice/ Czech-Slovak Film Database], it was shot as a silent film in Germany; soundtracks for Czech, German, and French versions were then recorded at the Gaumont studio in the Paris suburb of [[Joinville-le-Pont|Joinville]].</ref> Several European nations with minor positions in the field also produced their first talking pictures—Belgium (in French), Denmark, Greece, and Romania.<ref>See Robertson (2001), pp. 10–14. Robertson claims Switzerland produced its first talkie in 1930, but it has not been possible to independently confirm this. The first talkies from Finland, Hungary, Norway, Portugal, and Turkey appeared in 1931, the first talkies from Ireland (English-language) and Spain and the first in Slovak in 1932, the first Dutch talkie in 1933, and the first Bulgarian talkie in 1934. In the Americas, the first Canadian talkie came out in 1929—''North of '49'' was a remake of the previous year's silent ''His Destiny''. The first Brazilian talkie, ''Acabaram-se os otários'' (''The End of the Simpletons''), also appeared in 1929. That year, as well, the first Yiddish talkies were produced in New York: ''East Side Sadie'' (originally a silent), followed by ''Ad Mosay'' (''The Eternal Prayer'') (Crafton [1997], p. 414). Sources differ on whether ''Más fuerte que el deber'', the first Mexican (and Spanish-language) talkie, came out in 1930 or 1931. The first Argentine talkie appeared in 1931 and the first Chilean talkie in 1934. Robertson asserts that the first Cuban feature talkie was a 1930 production called ''El Caballero de Max''; every other published source surveyed cites ''La Serpiente roja'' (1937). Nineteen-thirty-one saw the first talkie produced on the African continent: South Africa's ''Mocdetjie'', in Afrikaans. Egypt's Arabic ''Onchoudet el Fouad'' (1932) and Morocco's French-language ''Itto'' (1934) followed.</ref> The Soviet Union's robust film industry came out with its first sound features in December 1930: [[Dziga Vertov]]'s nonfiction ''[[Enthusiasm (film)|Enthusiasm]]'' had an experimental, dialogueless soundtrack; [[Abram Room]]'s documentary ''Plan velikikh rabot'' (''The Plan of the Great Works'') had music and spoken voiceovers.<ref>Rollberg (2008), pp. xxvii, 9, 174, 585, 669–70, 679, 733. Several sources name ''Zemlya zhazhdet'' (''The Earth Is Thirsty''), directed by Yuli Raizman, as the first Soviet sound feature. Originally produced and premiered as a silent in 1930, it was rereleased with a non-talking, music-and-effects soundtrack the following year (Rollberg [2008], p. 562).</ref> Both were made with locally developed sound-on-film systems, two of the two hundred or so movie sound systems then available somewhere in the world.<ref>Morton (2006), p. 76.</ref> In June 1931, the [[Nikolai Ekk]] drama ''[[Road to Life (1931 film)|Putevka v zhizn]]'' (''The Road to Life'' or ''A Start in Life''), premiered as the Soviet Union's first true talking picture.<ref>Rollberg (2008), pp. xxvii, 210–11, 450, 665–66.</ref>

Throughout much of Europe, conversion of exhibition venues lagged well behind production capacity, requiring talkies to be produced in parallel silent versions or simply shown without sound in many places. While the pace of conversion was relatively swift in Britain—with over 60 percent of theaters equipped for sound by the end of 1930, similar to the U.S. figure—in France, by contrast, more than half of theaters nationwide were still projecting in silence by late 1932.<ref>Crisp (1997), p. 101; Crafton (1997), p. 155.</ref> According to scholar Colin G. Crisp, "Anxiety about resuscitating the flow of silent films was frequently expressed in the [French] industrial press, and a large section of the industry still saw the silent as a viable artistic and commercial prospect till about 1935."<ref>Crisp (1997), pp. 101–2.</ref> The situation was particularly acute in the Soviet Union; as of May 1933, fewer than one out of every hundred film projectors in the country was as yet equipped for sound.<ref>Kenez (2001), p. 123.</ref>

=== Transition: Asia ===
[[File:MadamuTonyobo.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|alt=A young girl, man, and woman standing outside of a house, all looking up in the sky. The girl, on the left, is smiling and pointing skyward. The man wears a bowler hat and holds a short broom over his shoulder; the woman wears a kerchief around her head. They are surrounded by domestic objects as if just moving into or out of the house.|Director [[Heinosuke Gosho]]'s ''Madamu to nyobo'' (''[[The Neighbor's Wife and Mine]]''; 1931), a production of the [[Shochiku]] studio, was the first major commercial and critical success of Japanese sound cinema.<ref>Nolletti (2005), p. 18; Richie (2005), pp. 48–49.</ref>]]
During the 1920s and 1930s, Japan was one of the world's two largest producers of motion pictures, along with the United States. Though the country's film industry was among the first to produce both sound and talking features, the full changeover to sound proceeded much more slowly than in the West. It appears that the first Japanese sound film, ''Reimai'' (''Dawn''), was made in 1926 with the De Forest Phonofilm system.<ref>Burch (1979), pp. 145–46. Burch misdates ''Madamu to nyobo'' as 1932 (p. 146; see above for sources for correct 1931 date). He also incorrectly claims that [[Mikio Naruse]] made no sound films before 1936 (p. 146; see below for Naruse's 1935 sound films).</ref> Using the sound-on-disc Minatoki system, the leading [[Nikkatsu]] studio produced a pair of talkies in 1929: ''Taii no musume'' (''The Captain's Daughter'') and ''Furusato'' (''Hometown''), the latter directed by [[Kenji Mizoguchi]]. The rival [[Shochiku]] studio began the successful production of sound-on-film talkies in 1931 using a variable-density process called Tsuchibashi.<ref>Anderson and Richie (1982), p. 77.</ref> Two years later, however, more than 80 percent of movies made in the country were still silents.<ref name=F87>Freiberg (1987), p. 76.</ref> Two of the country's leading directors, [[Mikio Naruse]] and [[Yasujirō Ozu]], did not make their first sound films until 1935 and 1936, respectively.<ref>Naruse's first talking picture, ''Otome-gokoro sannin shimai'' (''Three Sisters with Maiden Hearts''), as well as his widely acclaimed ''Tsuma yo bara no yo ni'' (''Wife! Be Like a Rose!''), also a talkie, were both produced and released in 1935. ''Wife! Be Like a Rose!'' was the first Japanese feature film to receive American commercial distribution. See Russell (2008), pp. 4, 89, 91–94; Richie (2005), pp. 60–63; {{cite web|url=http://www.midnighteye.com/features/mikio-naruse-a-modern-classic.shtml|title=Mikio Naruse—A Modern Classic|publisher=Midnight Eye|date=February 11, 2007|access-date=December 12, 2009}} {{cite magazine|author=Jacoby, Alexander|url=http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/03/naruse.html|title=Mikio Naruse|magazine=Senses of Cinema|date=April 2003|access-date=December 12, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114235348/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/03/naruse.html|archive-date=January 14, 2010|df=mdy-all}} Ozu's first talking picture, which came out the following year, was ''Hitori musuko'' (''The Only Son''). See Richie (1977), pp. 222–24; {{cite magazine|author=Leahy, James|url=http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/04/32/the_only_son.html|title=''The Only Son'' (''Hitori Musuko'')|magazine=Senses of Cinema|date=June 2004|access-date=December 12, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003212938/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/04/32/the_only_son.html|archive-date=October 3, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> As late as 1938, over a third of all movies produced in Japan were shot without dialogue.<ref name=F87 />

The enduring popularity of the silent medium in Japanese cinema owed in great part to the tradition of the ''[[benshi]]'', a live narrator who performed as accompaniment to a film screening. As director [[Akira Kurosawa]] later described, the benshi "not only recounted the plot of the films, they enhanced the emotional content by performing the voices and sound effects and providing evocative descriptions of events and images on the screen.... The most popular narrators were stars in their own right, solely responsible for the patronage of a particular theatre."<ref>Quoted in Freiberg (1987), p. 76.</ref> Film historian Mariann Lewinsky argues,
<blockquote>
The end of silent film in the West and in Japan was imposed by the industry and the market, not by any inner need or natural evolution.... Silent cinema was a highly pleasurable and fully mature form. It didn't lack anything, least in Japan, where there was always the human voice doing the dialogues and the commentary. Sound films were not better, just more economical. As a cinema owner you didn't have to pay the wages of musicians and benshi any more. And a good benshi was a star demanding star payment.<ref>Quoted in {{cite web|author=Sharp, Jasper|url=http://www.midnighteye.com/features/silentfilm_pt1.shtml|title=''A Page of Madness'' (1927)|publisher=Midnight Eye|date=March 7, 2002|access-date=December 7, 2009}}</ref>
</blockquote>
By the same token, the viability of the benshi system facilitated a gradual transition to sound—allowing the studios to spread out the capital costs of conversion and their directors and technical crews time to become familiar with the new technology.<ref>See Freiberg (2000), "The Film Industry."</ref>
[[File:AlamAra.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|alt=A young woman with long dark hair walks outside of a tent, looking down at one of two men asleep on the ground. She wears only a shawl and a knee length dress, leaving her arms, lower legs, and feet exposed.|''[[Alam Ara]]'' premiered March 14, 1931, in Bombay. The first Indian talkie was so popular that "police aid had to be summoned to control the crowds."<ref>Quoted in Chatterji (1999), "The History of Sound."</ref> It was shot with the Tanar single-system camera, which recorded sound directly onto the film.]]
The Mandarin-language ''Gēnǚ hóng mǔdān'' ({{linktext|歌|女|紅|牡|丹}}, ''Singsong Girl Red Peony''), starring Butterfly Wu, premiered as China's first feature talkie in 1930. By February of that year, production was apparently completed on a sound version of ''The Devil's Playground'', arguably qualifying it as the first Australian talking motion picture; however, the May press screening of Commonwealth Film Contest prizewinner ''Fellers'' is the first verifiable public exhibition of an Australian talkie.<ref>Reade (1981), pp. 79–80.</ref> In September 1930, a song performed by Indian star [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana]], excerpted from the silent feature ''Madhuri'' (1928), was released as a synchronized-sound short, the country's first.<ref>Ranade (2006), p. 106.</ref> The following year, [[Ardeshir Irani]] directed the first Indian talking feature, the Hindi-Urdu ''[[Alam Ara]]'', and produced ''[[Kalidas (1931 Film)|Kalidas]]'', primarily in Tamil with some Telugu. Nineteen-thirty-one also saw the first Bengali-language film, ''Jamai Sasthi'', and the first movie fully spoken in Telugu, ''Bhakta Prahlada''.<ref>Pradeep (2006); Narasimham (2006); Rajadhyaksha and Willemen (2002), p. 254.</ref><ref name=Tamil>{{cite web|author=Anandan, "Kalaimaamani"|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna1.htm|title=Tamil Cinema History—The Early Days: 1916–1936|publisher=INDOlink Tamil Cinema|access-date=December 8, 2009|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000711043247/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna1.htm|archive-date=July 11, 2000|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 1932, ''[[Ayodhyecha Raja]]'' became the first movie in which Marathi was spoken to be released (though ''Sant Tukaram'' was the first to go through the official censorship process); the first Gujarati-language film, ''Narsimha Mehta'', and all-Tamil talkie, ''Kalava'', debuted as well. The next year, Ardeshir Irani produced the first Persian-language talkie, ''Dukhtar-e-loor''.<ref>Chapman (2003), p. 328; Rajadhyaksha and Willemen (2002), p. 255; Chatterji (1999), "The First Sound Films"; Bhuyan (2006), "''Alam Ara'': Platinum Jubilee of Sound in Indian Cinema." In March 1934 came the release of the first Kannada talking picture, ''Sathi Sulochana'' (Guy [2004]); ''Bhakta Dhruva'' (aka ''Dhruva Kumar'') was released soon after, though it was actually completed first (Rajadhyaksha and Willemen [2002], pp. 258, 260). A few websites refer to the 1932 version of ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'' as the first Punjabi talkie; the most reliable sources all agree, however, that it is performed in Hindustani. The first Punjabi-language film is ''Pind di Kuri'' (aka ''Sheila''; 1935). The first Assamese-language film, ''Joymati'', also came out in 1935. Many websites echo each other in dating the first Oriya talkie, ''Sita Bibaha'', as 1934, but the most authoritative source to definitively date it—Chapman (2003)—gives 1936 (p. 328). The Rajadhyaksha and Willemen (2002) entry gives "1934?" (p. 260).</ref> Also in 1933, the first Cantonese-language films were produced in Hong Kong—''Sha zai dongfang'' (''The Idiot's Wedding Night'') and ''Liang xing'' (''Conscience''); within two years, the local film industry had fully converted to sound.<ref>Lai (2000), "The Cantonese Arena."</ref> Korea, where ''pyonsa'' (or ''byun-sa'') held a role and status similar to that of the Japanese benshi,<ref>Ris (2004), pp. 35–36; {{cite web|author=Maliangkay, Roald H|url=http://www.imageandnarrative.be/worldmusica/roaldhmaliangkay.htm|title=Classifying Performances: The Art of Korean Film Narrators|work=Image & Narrative|date=March 2005|access-date=December 9, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080528231603/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/worldmusica/roaldhmaliangkay.htm |archive-date = May 28, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> in 1935 became the last country with a significant film industry to produce its first talking picture: ''Chunhyangjeon'' ({{Korean|hangul=춘향전|hanja=春香傳}}) is based on the seventeenth-century [[pansori]] folktale "[[Chunhyangga]]", of which as many as fifteen film versions have been made through 2009.<ref>Lee (2000), pp. 72–74; {{cite web|url=http://www.koreafilm.org/feature/ans_16.asp|title=What Is Korea's First Sound Film ("Talkie")?|work=The Truth of Korean Movies|publisher=Korean Film Archive|access-date=December 9, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113050958/http://www.koreafilm.org/feature/ans_16.asp|archive-date=January 13, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

== Consequences ==

=== Technology ===
[[File:ShowgirlHollywood.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|alt=Movie poster featuring a large illustration of a young woman wearing a short orange-red dance outfit, high heels, and headdress. Her head is surrounded by shooting stars and sparkles. At her feet, much smaller-scaled, are two men—one is shouting through a megaphone, the other is operating a movie camera. The accompanying text is dominated by the name of star [[Alice White]].|''[[Show Girl in Hollywood]]'' (1930), one of the first sound films about sound filmmaking, depicts microphones dangling from the rafters and multiple cameras shooting simultaneously from soundproofed booths. The poster shows a camera unboothed and unblimped, as it might be when shooting a musical number with a prerecorded soundtrack.]]
In the short term, the introduction of live sound recording caused major difficulties in production. Cameras were noisy, so a soundproofed cabinet was used in many of the earliest talkies to isolate the loud equipment from the actors, at the expense of a drastic reduction in the ability to move the camera. For a time, multiple-camera shooting was used to compensate for the loss of mobility and innovative studio technicians could often find ways to liberate the camera for particular shots. The necessity of staying within range of still microphones meant that actors also often had to limit their movements unnaturally. ''Show Girl in Hollywood'' (1930), from First National Pictures (which Warner Bros. had taken control of thanks to its profitable adventure into sound), gives a behind-the-scenes look at some of the techniques involved in shooting early talkies. Several of the fundamental problems caused by the transition to sound were soon solved with new camera casings, known as "[[Sound blimp|blimps]]", designed to suppress noise and [[Boom operator (media)|boom microphones]] that could be held just out of frame and moved with the actors. In 1931, a major improvement in playback fidelity was introduced: three-way speaker systems in which sound was separated into low, medium, and high frequencies and sent respectively to a large bass "woofer", a midrange driver, and a treble "tweeter."<ref>Millard (2005), p. 189.</ref>

There were consequences, as well, for other technological aspects of the cinema. Proper recording and playback of sound required exact standardization of camera and projector speed. Before sound, 16 [[Frame rate|frames per second]] (fps) was the supposed norm, but practice varied widely. Cameras were often [[Time-lapse|undercranked]] or [[Slow motion|overcranked]] to improve exposures or for dramatic effect. Projectors were commonly run too fast to shorten running time and squeeze in extra shows. Variable frame rate, however, made sound unlistenable, and a new, strict standard of 24 fps was soon established.<ref name=Allen15>{{cite web|author=Allen, Bob|url=http://www.amps.net/newsletters/issue15/15_lets_.htm|title=Let's Hear It For Sound|work=AMPS Newsletter|publisher=Association of Motion Picture Sound|date=Autumn 1995|access-date=December 13, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000108115255/http://www.amps.net/newsletters/issue15/15_lets_.htm|archive-date=January 8, 2000|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Sound also forced the abandonment of the noisy [[Arc lamp|arc lights]] used for filming in studio interiors. The switch to quiet [[Incandescence|incandescent]] illumination in turn required a switch to more expensive film stock. The sensitivity of the new [[panchromatic film]] delivered superior image tonal quality and gave directors the freedom to shoot scenes at lower light levels than was previously practical.<ref name=Allen15 />

As [[David Bordwell]] describes, technological improvements continued at a swift pace: "Between 1932 and 1935, [Western Electric and RCA] created directional microphones, increased the frequency range of film recording, reduced ground noise ... and extended the volume range." These technical advances often meant new aesthetic opportunities: "Increasing the fidelity of recording ... heightened the dramatic possibilities of vocal timbre, pitch, and loudness."<ref>Bordwell (1985), pp. 300–1, 302.</ref> Another basic problem—famously spoofed in the 1952 film ''[[Singin' in the Rain]]''—was that some silent-era actors simply did not have attractive voices; though this issue was frequently overstated, there were related concerns about general vocal quality and the casting of performers for their dramatic skills in roles also requiring singing talent beyond their own. By 1935, rerecording of vocals by the original or different actors in postproduction, a process known as "looping", had become practical. The ultraviolet recording system introduced by RCA in 1936 improved the reproduction of sibilants and high notes.<ref>Bordwell and Thompson (1995), p. 124; Bordwell (1985), pp. 301, 302. Bordwell's assertion in the earlier text, "Until the late 1930s, the post-dubbing of voices gave poor fidelity, so most dialogue was recorded direct" (p. 302), refers to a 1932 source. His later (coauthored) description, which refers to the viability of looping in 1935, appears to replace the earlier one, as it should: in fact, then and now, most movie dialogue is recorded direct.</ref>
[[File:USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|alt=Vertical section of filmstrip, showing four-and-a-half frames, each of which reads, "Sea Power for Security. The End." Alongside the frames runs a continuous vertical white band of continuously fluctuating width.|Example of a variable-area sound track—the width of the white area is proportional to the [[Sound#Perception|amplitude]] of the audio signal at each instant.]]
With Hollywood's wholesale adoption of the talkies, the competition between the two fundamental approaches to sound-film production was soon resolved. Over the course of 1930–1931, the only major players using sound-on-disc, Warner Bros. and First National, changed over to sound-on-film recording. Vitaphone's dominating presence in sound-equipped theaters, however, meant that for years to come all of the Hollywood studios pressed and distributed sound-on-disc versions of their films alongside the sound-on-film prints.<ref>Crafton (1997), pp. 147–48.</ref> Fox Movietone soon followed Vitaphone into disuse as a recording and reproduction method, leaving two major American systems: the variable-area RCA Photophone and Western Electric's own variable-density process, a substantial improvement on the cross-licensed Movietone.<ref>See Bernds (1999), part 1.</ref> Under RCA's instigation, the two parent companies made their projection equipment compatible, meaning films shot with one system could be screened in theaters equipped for the other.<ref>See Crafton (1997), pp. 142–45.</ref> This left one big issue—the Tobis-Klangfilm challenge. In May 1930, Western Electric won an Austrian lawsuit that voided protection for certain Tri-Ergon patents, helping bring Tobis-Klangfilm to the negotiating table.<ref>Crafton (1997), p. 435.</ref> The following month an accord was reached on patent cross-licensing, full playback compatibility, and the division of the world into three parts for the provision of equipment. As a contemporary report describes:
<blockquote>
Tobis-Klangfilm has the exclusive rights to provide equipment for: Germany, Danzig, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Holland, the Dutch Indies, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Finland. The Americans have the exclusive rights for the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and Russia. All other countries, among them Italy, France, and England, are open to both parties.<ref>"Outcome of Paris" (1930).</ref>
</blockquote>
The agreement did not resolve all the patent disputes, and further negotiations were undertaken and concords signed over the course of the 1930s. During these years, as well, the American studios began abandoning the Western Electric system for RCA Photophone's variable-area approach—by the end of 1936, only Paramount, MGM, and United Artists still had contracts with ERPI.<ref>Crafton (1997), p. 160.</ref>
{{clear}}

=== Labor ===
[[File:PhotoplayDec.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Magazine cover with illustration of a young woman wearing a form-fitting red hat staring up at a suspended microphone. Accompanying text reads, "The Microphone—The Terror of the Studios", and, in larger type, "You Can't Get Away With It in Hollywood".|The unkind cover of ''[[Photoplay]]'', December 1929, featuring [[Norma Talmadge]]. As movie historian [[David Thomson (film critic)|David Thomson]] puts it, "sound proved the incongruity of [her] salon prettiness and tenement voice."<ref>Thomson (1998), p. 732.</ref>]]
While the introduction of sound led to a boom in the motion picture industry, it had an adverse effect on the employability of a host of Hollywood actors of the time. Suddenly those without stage experience were regarded as suspect by the studios; as suggested above, those whose heavy accents or otherwise discordant voices had previously been concealed were particularly at risk. The career of major silent star [[Norma Talmadge]] effectively came to an end in this way. The celebrated German actor [[Emil Jannings]] returned to Europe. Moviegoers found [[John Gilbert (actor)|John Gilbert]]'s voice an awkward match with his swashbuckling persona, and his star also faded.<ref>Crafton (1997), pp. 480, 498, 501–9; Thomson (1998), pp. 732–33, 285–87; Wlaschin (1979), pp. 34, 22, 20.</ref> Audiences now seemed to perceive certain silent-era stars as old-fashioned, even those who had the talent to succeed in the sound era. The career of [[Harold Lloyd]], one of the top screen comedians of the 1920s, declined precipitously.<ref>Crafton (1997), p. 480; Wlaschin (1979), p. 26.</ref> [[Lillian Gish]] departed, back to the stage, and other leading figures soon left acting entirely: [[Colleen Moore]], [[Gloria Swanson]], and Hollywood's most famous performing couple, [[Douglas Fairbanks]] and [[Mary Pickford]].<ref>Thomson (1998), pp. 288–89, 526–27, 728–29, 229, 585–86: Wlaschin (1979), pp. 20–21, 28–29, 33–34, 18–19, 32–33.</ref> After his acting career collapsed due to his Danish accent, [[Karl Dane]] committed suicide. However, the impact of sound on the careers of film actors should not be exaggerated. One statistical analysis of silent actress career length showed that the five-year ‘survival-rate’ of actresses active in 1922 was only 10% greater than those active after 1927.<ref>{{Citation |last=Baxter |first=Mike |author-link= |title=Myths and Misses |publisher=Academia.com |year= |pages=15–16 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7944423 |url-access=registration |access-date=June 12, 2021}}</ref> As actress [[Louise Brooks]] suggested, there were other issues as well:

<blockquote>
Studio heads, now forced into unprecedented decisions, decided to begin with the actors, the least palatable, the most vulnerable part of movie production. It was such a splendid opportunity, anyhow, for breaking contracts, cutting salaries, and taming the stars.... Me, they gave the salary treatment. I could stay on without the raise my contract called for, or quit, [Paramount studio chief B. P.] Schulberg said, using the questionable dodge of whether I'd be good for the talkies. Questionable, I say, because I spoke decent English in a decent voice and came from the theater. So without hesitation I quit.<ref>Brooks (1956).</ref>
</blockquote>

[[Buster Keaton]] was eager to explore the new medium, but when his studio, MGM, made the changeover to sound, he was quickly stripped of creative control. Though a number of Keaton's early talkies made impressive profits, they were artistically dismal.<ref>See Dardis (1980), pp. 190–91, for an analysis of the profitability of Keaton's early sound films.</ref>

Several of the new medium's biggest attractions came from vaudeville and the musical theater, where performers such as [[Al Jolson]], [[Eddie Cantor]], [[Jeanette MacDonald]], and the [[Marx Brothers]] were accustomed to the demands of both dialogue and song.<ref>Thomson (1998), pp. 376–77, 463–64, 487–89; Wlaschin (1979), pp. 57, 103, 118, 121–22.</ref> [[James Cagney]] and [[Joan Blondell]], who had teamed on Broadway, were brought west together by Warner Bros. in 1930.<ref>Thomson (1998), pp. 69, 103–5, 487–89; Wlaschin (1979), pp. 50–51, 56–57.</ref> A few actors were major stars during both the silent and the sound eras: [[John Barrymore]], [[Ronald Colman]], [[Myrna Loy]], [[William Powell]], [[Norma Shearer]], the comedy team of [[Stan Laurel]] and [[Oliver Hardy]], and [[Charlie Chaplin]], whose ''[[City Lights]]'' (1931) and ''[[Modern Times (film)|Modern Times]]'' (1936) employed sound almost exclusively for music and effects.<ref>Thomson (1998), pp. 45–46, 90, 167, 689–90, 425–26, 122–24; Wlaschin (1979), pp. 45–46, 54, 67, 148, 113, 16–17.</ref> [[Janet Gaynor]] became a top star with the synch-sound but dialogueless ''Seventh Heaven'' and ''Sunrise'', as did [[Joan Crawford]] with the technologically similar ''[[Our Dancing Daughters]]'' (1928).<ref>Thomson (1998), pp. 281, 154–56; Wlaschin (1979), pp. 87, 65–66.</ref> [[Greta Garbo]] was the one non–native English speaker to retain Hollywood stardom on both sides of the great sound divide.<ref>Thomson (1998), pp. 274–76; Wlaschin (1979), p. 84.</ref> Silent film [[Extra (acting)|extra]] [[Clark Gable]], who had received extensive voice training during his earlier stage career, went on to dominate the new medium for decades; similarly, English actor [[Boris Karloff]], having appeared in dozens of silent films since 1919, found his star ascend in the sound era (though, ironically, it was a non-speaking role in 1931's ''[[Frankenstein (1931 film)|Frankenstein]]'' that made this happen, but despite having a lisp, he found himself much in demand after). The new emphasis on speech also caused producers to hire many novelists, journalists, and playwrights with experience writing good dialogue. Among those who became Hollywood scriptwriters during the 1930s were [[Nathanael West]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Robert E. Sherwood|Robert Sherwood]], [[Aldous Huxley]], and [[Dorothy Parker]].<ref name="friedrich1997">{{cite book | title=City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in 1940s | publisher=University of California Press | author=Friedrich, Otto | year=1997 | edition=reprint | location=Berkeley and Los Angeles | pages=[https://archive.org/details/cityofnetsportra00frie/page/9 9] | isbn=0-520-20949-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/cityofnetsportra00frie/page/9 }}</ref>

As talking pictures emerged, with their prerecorded musical tracks, an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afm.org/about/history/1920-1929|title=1920–1929|work=Our History|publisher=American Federation of Musicians|access-date=December 9, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606044829/http://www.afm.org/about/history/1920-1929|archive-date=June 6, 2012|df=mdy-all}} "1927 – With the release of the first 'talkie,' ''The Jazz Singer'', orchestras in movie theaters were displaced. The AFM had its first encounter with wholesale unemployment brought about by technology. Within three years, 22,000 theater jobs for musicians who accompanied silent movies were lost, while only a few hundred jobs for musicians performing on soundtracks were created by the new technology. 1928 – While continuing to protest the loss of jobs due to the use of 'canned music' with motion pictures, the AFM set minimum wage scales for Vitaphone, Movietone and phonograph record work. Because synchronizing music with pictures for the movies was particularly difficult, the AFM was able to set high prices for this work."</ref> More than just their position as film accompanists was usurped; according to historian Preston J. Hubbard, "During the 1920s live musical performances at first-run theaters became an exceedingly important aspect of the American cinema."<ref>Hubbard (1985), p. 429.</ref> With the coming of the talkies, those featured performances—usually staged as preludes—were largely eliminated as well. The [[American Federation of Musicians]] took out newspaper advertisements protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices. One 1929 ad that appeared in the ''[[Pittsburgh Press]]'' features an image of a can labeled "Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual or Emotional Reaction Whatever" and reads in part:
<blockquote>
'''Canned Music on Trial''' 
This is the case of Art vs. Mechanical Music in theatres. The defendant stands accused in front of the American people of attempted corruption of musical appreciation and discouragement of musical education. Theatres in many cities are offering synchronised mechanical music as a substitute for Real Music. If the theatre-going public accepts this vitiation of its entertainment program a deplorable decline in the Art of Music is inevitable. Musical authorities know that the soul of the Art is lost in mechanization. It cannot be otherwise because the quality of music is dependent on the mood of the artist, upon the human contact, without which the essence of intellectual stimulation and emotional rapture is lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/adaccess.R0206/pg.1/|title=Canned Music on Trial|work=Ad*Access|publisher=Duke University Libraries|access-date=December 9, 2009|archive-date=May 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516133700/http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/adaccess.R0206/pg.1/|url-status=dead}} The text of the ad continues:
<blockquote>
'''Is Music Worth Saving?''' No great volume of evidence is required to answer this question. Music is a well-nigh universally beloved art. From the beginning of history, men have turned to musical expression to lighten the burdens of life, to make them happier. Aborigines, lowest in the scale of savagery, chant their song to tribal gods and play upon pipes and shark-skin drums. Musical development has kept pace with good taste and ethics throughout the ages, and has influenced the gentler nature of man more powerfully perhaps than any other factor. '''Has it remained for the Great Age of Science to snub the Art by setting up in its place a pale and feeble shadow of itself?'''
</blockquote></ref>
</blockquote>
By the following year, a reported 22,000 U.S. moviehouse musicians had lost their jobs.<ref>Oderman (2000), p. 188.</ref>

=== Commerce ===
[[File:BroadwayMelodyPoster1.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|alt=Movie poster featuring fifteen young women in dance outfits. The first appears to hold the word "The" in large letters. The other fourteen hold up the individual letters that spell out "Broadway Melody". Accompanying text reads, "All Talking, All Dancing, All Singing! Dramatic Sensation."|Premiering February 1, 1929, [[MGM]]'s ''[[The Broadway Melody]]'' was the first smash-hit talkie from a studio other than Warner Bros. and the first sound film to win the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]].]]
In September 1926, [[Jack L. Warner]], head of Warner Bros., was quoted to the effect that talking pictures would never be viable: "They fail to take into account the international language of the silent pictures, and the unconscious share of each onlooker in creating the play, the action, the plot, and the imagined dialogue for himself."<ref>"Talking Movies" (1926).</ref> Much to his company's benefit, he would be proven very wrong—between the 1927–1928 and 1928–1929 fiscal years, Warners' profits surged from $2 million to $14 million. Sound film, in fact, was a clear boon to all the major players in the industry. During that same twelve-month span, Paramount's profits rose by $7 million, Fox's by $3.5 million, and Loew's/MGM's by $3 million.<ref>Gomery (1985), pp. 66–67. Gomery describes the difference in profits simply between 1928 and 1929, but it seems clear from the figures cited that he is referring to the fiscal years that ended September 30. The fiscal year roughly paralleled (but was still almost a month off from) the traditional Hollywood programming year—the prime exhibition season began the first week of September with Labor Day and ran through Memorial Day at the end of May; this was followed by a fourteen-week "open season", when films with minimal expectations were released and many theaters shut down for the hot summer months. See Crafton (1997), pp. 183, 268.</ref> RKO, which did not even exist in September 1928 and whose parent production company, FBO, was in the Hollywood minor leagues, by the end of 1929 was established as one of America's leading entertainment businesses.<ref>Lasky (1989), p. 51.</ref> Fueling the boom was the emergence of an important new cinematic genre made possible by sound: the musical. Over sixty Hollywood musicals were released in 1929, and more than eighty the following year.<ref>Bradley (1996), p. 279.</ref>

Even as the [[Wall Street crash of 1929|Wall Street crash]] of October 1929 helped plunge the United States and ultimately the global economy into [[Great Depression|depression]], the popularity of the talkies at first seemed to keep Hollywood immune. The 1929–1930 exhibition season was even better for the motion picture industry than the previous, with ticket sales and overall profits hitting new highs. Reality finally struck later in 1930, but sound had clearly secured Hollywood's position as one of the most important industrial fields, both commercially and culturally, in the United States. In 1929, film box-office receipts comprised 16.6 percent of total spending by Americans on recreation; by 1931, the figure had reached 21.8 percent. The motion picture business would command similar figures for the next decade and a half.<ref>Finler (2003), p. 376.</ref> Hollywood ruled on the larger stage, as well. The American movie industry—already the world's most powerful—set an export record in 1929 that, by the applied measure of total feet of exposed film, was 27 percent higher than the year before.<ref>Segrave (1997) gives the figures as 282 million feet in 1929 compared to 222 million feet the year before (p. 79). Crafton (1997) reports the new mark in this peculiar way: "Exports in 1929 set a new record: 282,215,480 feet (against the old record of {{convert|9000000|ft|m}} in 1919)" (p. 418). But in 1913, for instance, the U.S. exported 32 million feet of exposed film (Segrave [1997], p. 65). Crafton says of the 1929 exports, "Of course, most of this footage was silent", though he provides no figures (p. 418). In contrast, if not necessarily contradiction, Segrave points to the following: "At the very end of 1929 the ''New York Times'' reported that most U.S. talkies went abroad as originally created for domestic screening" (p. 77).</ref> Concerns that language differences would hamper U.S. film exports turned out to be largely unfounded. In fact, the expense of sound conversion was a major obstacle to many overseas producers, relatively undercapitalized by Hollywood standards. The production of multiple versions of export-bound talkies in different languages (known as "[[Foreign Language Version]]"), as well as the production of the cheaper "[[International Sound Version]]", a common approach at first, largely ceased by mid-1931, replaced by post-[[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] and [[subtitling]]. Despite trade restrictions imposed in most foreign markets, by 1937, American films commanded about 70 percent of screen time around the globe.<ref>Eckes and Zeiler (2003), p. 102.</ref>
[[File:AcabaramSeOsOtariosAd1.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Movie poster featuring an illustration of a goateed man wearing a straw hat, plaid shirt, short polka-dotted tie, short pants, and boots. The accompanying text is in Portuguese.|Poster for ''Acabaram-se os otários'' (1929), performed in Portuguese. The first Brazilian talkie was also the first anywhere in an [[Iberian Romance languages|Iberian language]].]]
Just as the leading Hollywood studios gained from sound in relation to their foreign competitors, they did the same at home. As historian Richard B. Jewell describes, "The sound revolution crushed many small film companies and producers who were unable to meet the financial demands of sound conversion."<ref>Jewell (1982), p. 9.</ref> The combination of sound and the Great Depression led to a wholesale [[shakeout]] in the business, resulting in the hierarchy of the Big Five integrated companies (MGM, Paramount, Fox, Warner Bros., RKO) and the three smaller studios also called "majors" (Columbia, Universal, United Artists) that would predominate through the 1950s. Historian Thomas Schatz describes the ancillary effects:
<blockquote>
Because the studios were forced to streamline operations and rely on their own resources, their individual house styles and corporate personalities came into much sharper focus. Thus the watershed period from the coming of sound into the early Depression saw the [[studio system]] finally coalesce, with the individual studios coming to terms with their own identities and their respective positions within the industry.<ref>Schatz (1998), p. 70.</ref>
</blockquote>

The other country in which sound cinema had an immediate major commercial impact was [[India]]. As one distributor of the period said, "With the coming of the talkies, the Indian motion picture came into its own as a definite and distinctive piece of creation. This was achieved by music."<ref>Quoted in Ganti (2004), p. 11.</ref> From its earliest days, Indian sound cinema has been defined by the musical—''[[Alam Ara]]'' featured seven songs; a year later, ''[[Indrasabha]]'' would feature seventy. While the European film industries fought an endless battle against the popularity and economic muscle of Hollywood, ten years after the debut of ''Alam Ara'', over 90 percent of the films showing on Indian screens were made within the country.<ref>Ganti (2004), p. 11.</ref>

Most of India's early talkies were shot in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], which remains the leading production center, but sound filmmaking soon spread across the multilingual nation. Within just a few weeks of ''Alam Ara'''s March 1931 premiere, the [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]-based Madan Pictures had released both the Hindi ''Shirin Farhad'' and the Bengali ''Jamai Sasthi''.<ref>Rajadhyaksha and Willemen (2002), p. 254; Joshi (2003), p. 14.</ref> The Hindustani ''Heer Ranjha'' was produced in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]], the following year. In 1934, ''[[Sati Sulochana]]'', the first Kannada talking picture to be released, was shot in [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]]; ''Srinivasa Kalyanam'' became the first Tamil talkie actually shot in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=Tamil /><ref>Guy (2004).</ref> Once the first talkie features appeared, the conversion to full sound production happened as rapidly in India as it did in the United States. Already by 1932, the majority of feature productions were in sound; two years later, 164 of the 172 Indian feature films were talking pictures.<ref>Rajadhyaksha and Willemen (2002), pp. 30, 32.</ref> Since 1934, with the sole exception of 1952, India has been among the top three movie-producing countries in the world every single year.<ref>Robertson (2001), pp. 16–17; {{cite web|url=https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/analysis-of-the-uis-international-survey-on-feature-film-statistics-en_0.pdf|title=Analysis of the ''UIS International Survey on Feature Film Statistics''|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|date=May 5, 2009|access-date=December 13, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331135147/http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/analysis-of-the-uis-international-survey-on-feature-film-statistics-en_0.pdf|archive-date=March 31, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Aesthetic quality ===
In the first, 1930 edition of his global survey ''The Film Till Now'', British cinema pundit [[Paul Rotha]] declared, "A film in which the speech and sound effects are perfectly synchronised and coincide with their visual image on the screen is absolutely contrary to the aims of cinema. It is a degenerate and misguided attempt to destroy the real use of the film and cannot be accepted as coming within the true boundaries of the cinema."<ref>Quoted in Agate (1972), p. 82.</ref> Such opinions were not rare among those who cared about cinema as an art form; Alfred Hitchcock, though he directed the first commercially successful talkie produced in Europe, held that "the silent pictures were the purest form of cinema" and scoffed at many early sound films as delivering little beside "photographs of people talking".<ref>Quoted in Chapman (2003), p. 93.</ref> In Germany, [[Max Reinhardt]], stage producer and movie director, expressed the belief that the talkies, "bringing to the screen stage plays ... tend to make this independent art a subsidiary of the theater and really make it only a substitute for the theater instead of an art in itself ... like reproductions of paintings."<ref>Quoted in Crafton (1997), p. 166.</ref>
[[File:Westfront 1918 Weber poster.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white movie poster featuring a stylized illustration of the profiled head of a helmeted man on the right, facing left. Behind him, and progressively to the left, are the front parts of three more such profiles, with nearly identical helmet tips, noses, lips, and chins. The title below is followed by the line "Vier von der Infanterie".|''[[Westfront 1918]]'' (1930) was celebrated for its expressive re-creation of battlefield sounds, like the doomful whine of an unseen grenade in flight.<ref name=Kaes />]]
In the opinion of many film historians and aficionados, both at the time and subsequently, silent film had reached an aesthetic peak by the late 1920s and the early years of sound cinema delivered little that was comparable to the best of the silents.<ref>See, e.g., Crafton (1997), pp. 448–49; Brownlow (1968), p. 577.</ref> For instance, despite fading into relative obscurity once its era had passed, silent cinema is represented by eleven films in ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'''s Centenary of Cinema Top One Hundred poll, held in 1995. The first year in which sound film production predominated over silent film—not only in the United States, but also in the West as a whole—was 1929; yet the years 1929 through 1933 are represented by three dialogueless pictures (''[[Pandora's Box (1929 film)|Pandora's Box]]'' (1929), ''[[Earth (1930 film)|Zemlya]]'' (1930), ''[[City Lights]]'' (1931)) and zero talkies in the ''Time Out'' poll. (''City Lights'', like ''Sunrise'', was released with a recorded score and sound effects, but is now customarily referred to by historians and industry professionals as a "silent"—spoken dialogue regarded as the crucial distinguishing factor between silent and sound dramatic cinema.) The earliest sound film to place is the French ''[[L'Atalante]]'' (1934), directed by [[Jean Vigo]]; the earliest Hollywood sound film to qualify is ''[[Bringing Up Baby]]'' (1938), directed by [[Howard Hawks]].<ref>''Time Out Film Guide'' (2000), pp. x–xi.</ref>

The first sound feature film to receive near-universal critical approbation was ''[[Der Blaue Engel]]'' (''The Blue Angel''); premiering on April 1, 1930, it was directed by [[Josef von Sternberg]] in both German and English versions for Berlin's [[Universum Film AG|UFA]] studio.<ref>Kemp (1987), pp. 1045–46.</ref> The first American talkie to be widely honored was ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front (1930 film)|All Quiet on the Western Front]]'', directed by [[Lewis Milestone]], which premiered April 21. The other internationally acclaimed sound drama of the year was ''[[Westfront 1918]]'', directed by [[G. W. Pabst]] for [[Nero-Film]] of Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|author=Arnold, Jeremy|url=https://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/93569|title=''Westfront 1918''|publisher=Turner Classic Movies|access-date=December 13, 2009}}</ref> Historian Anton Kaes points to it as an example of "the new verisimilitude [that] rendered silent cinema's former emphasis on the hypnotic gaze and the symbolism of light and shadow, as well as its preference for allegorical characters, anachronistic."<ref name=Kaes>Kaes (2009), p. 212.</ref> Cultural historians consider the French ''[[L'Âge d'Or]]'', directed by [[Luis Buñuel]], which appeared late in 1930, to be of great aesthetic import; at the time, its erotic, blasphemous, anti-bourgeois content caused a scandal. Swiftly banned by Paris police chief [[Jean Chiappe]], it was unavailable for fifty years.<ref>Rosen (1987), pp. 74–76.</ref> The earliest sound movie now acknowledged by most film historians as a masterpiece is Nero-Film's ''[[M (1931 film)|M]]'', directed by [[Fritz Lang]], which premiered May 11, 1931.<ref>''M'', for instance, is the earliest sound film to appear in the 2001 [http://www.filmsite.org/villvoice.html ''Village Voice'': 100 Best Films of the 20th Century] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331174817/http://www.filmsite.org/villvoice.html |date=March 31, 2014 }} poll and the 2002 ''Sight and Sound Top Ten'' (among the 60 films receiving five or more votes). See also, e.g., Ebert (2002), pp. 274–78.</ref> As described by [[Roger Ebert]], "Many early talkies felt they had to talk all the time, but Lang allows his camera to prowl through the streets and dives, providing a rat's-eye view."<ref>Ebert (2002), p. 277.</ref>

=== Cinematic form ===
"Talking film is as little needed as a singing book."<ref>Quoted in Kenez (2001), p. 123.</ref> Such was the blunt proclamation of critic [[Viktor Shklovsky]], one of the leaders of the [[Russian formalism|Russian formalist]] movement, in 1927. While some regarded sound as irreconcilable with film art, others saw it as opening a new field of creative opportunity. The following year, a group of Soviet filmmakers, including [[Sergei Eisenstein]], proclaimed that the use of image and sound in juxtaposition, the so-called contrapuntal method, would raise the cinema to "...unprecedented power and cultural height. Such a method for constructing the sound-film will not confine it to a national market, as must happen with the photographing of plays, but will give a greater possibility than ever before for the circulation throughout the world of a filmically expressed idea."<ref>Eisenstein (1928), p. 259.</ref> So far as one segment of the audience was concerned, however, the introduction of sound brought a virtual end to such circulation: Elizabeth C. Hamilton writes, "Silent films offered people who were deaf a rare opportunity to participate in a public discourse, cinema, on equal terms with hearing people. The emergence of sound film effectively separated deaf from hearing audience members once again."<ref>Hamilton (2004), p. 140.</ref>
[[File:MDWimage.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|alt=Two sumo wrestlers confront each other on a platform, their heads touching and their fists on the ground. To the side, a third man, also in a wrestling outfit, looks on. In the background, a crowd watches.|Image of sumo wrestlers from ''Melodie der Welt'' (1929), "one of the initial successes of a new art form", in [[André Bazin]]'s description. "It flung the whole earth onto the screen in a jigsaw of visual images and sounds."<ref>Bazin (1967), p. 155.</ref>]]
On March 12, 1929, the first feature-length talking picture made in Germany had its premiere. The inaugural Tobis Filmkunst production, it was not a drama, but a documentary sponsored by a shipping line: ''Melodie der Welt'' (''Melody of the World''), directed by [[Walter Ruttmann]].<ref>There is disagreement on the running time of the film. The Deutsches Filminstitut's [http://www.deutsches-filminstitut.de/caligari/dt2fcf0429.htm webpage on the film] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045904/http://www.deutsches-filminstitut.de/caligari/dt2fcf0429.htm |date=March 11, 2007 }} gives 48 minutes; the ''35 Millimeter'' website's [http://www.35millimeter.de/filmgeschichte/deutschland/1920/filme/melodie-der-welt.355.htm entry] gives 40 minutes. According to [http://www.filmportal.de/df/93/Artikel,,,,,,,,EF9714737BF39C19E03053D50B373807,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.html filmportal.de] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109101325/http://www.filmportal.de/df/93/Artikel%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2CEF9714737BF39C19E03053D50B373807%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C.html |date=January 9, 2010 }}, it is "some 40 minutes".</ref> This was also perhaps the first feature film anywhere to significantly explore the artistic possibilities of joining the motion picture with recorded sound. As described by scholar William Moritz, the movie is "intricate, dynamic, fast-paced ... juxtapos[ing] similar cultural habits from countries around the world, with a superb orchestral score ... and many synchronized sound effects."<ref>Moritz (2003), p. 25.</ref> Composer [[Lou Lichtveld]] was among a number of contemporary artists struck by the film: "''Melodie der Welt'' became the first important sound documentary, the first in which musical and unmusical sounds were composed into a single unit and in which image and sound are controlled by one and the same impulse."<ref>Quoted in Dibbets (1999), pp. 85–86.</ref> ''Melodie der Welt'' was a direct influence on the [[sponsored film|industrial film]] ''Philips Radio'' (1931), directed by Dutch avant-garde filmmaker [[Joris Ivens]] and scored by Lichtveld, who described its audiovisual aims:
<blockquote>
To render the half-musical impressions of factory sounds in a complex audio world that moved from absolute music to the purely documentary noises of nature. In this film every intermediate stage can be found: such as the movement of the machine interpreted by the music, the noises of the machine dominating the musical background, the music itself is the documentary, and those scenes where the pure sound of the machine goes solo.<ref>Quoted in Dibbets (1999), p. 85.</ref>
</blockquote>
Many similar experiments were pursued by Dziga Vertov in his 1931 ''Entuziazm'' and by Chaplin in ''Modern Times'', a half-decade later.

A few innovative commercial directors immediately saw the ways in which sound could be employed as an integral part of cinematic storytelling, beyond the obvious function of recording speech. In ''Blackmail'', Hitchcock manipulated the reproduction of a character's monologue so the word "knife" would leap out from a blurry stream of sound, reflecting the subjective impression of the protagonist, who is desperate to conceal her involvement in a fatal stabbing.<ref>See Spoto (1984), pp. 132–33; Truffaut (1984), pp. 63–65.</ref> In his first film, the Paramount ''[[Applause (1929 film)|Applause]]'' (1929), [[Rouben Mamoulian]] created the illusion of acoustic depth by varying the volume of ambient sound in proportion to the distance of shots. At a certain point, Mamoulian wanted the audience to hear one character singing at the same time as another prays; according to the director, "They said we couldn't record the two things—the song and the prayer—on one mike and one channel. So I said to the sound man, 'Why not use two mikes and two channels and combine the two tracks in printing?'"<ref>Milne (1980), p. 659. See also Crafton (1997), pp. 334–38.</ref> Such methods would eventually become standard procedure in popular filmmaking.

One of the first commercial films to take full advantage of the new opportunities provided by recorded sound was ''[[Le Million]]'', directed by [[René Clair]] and produced by Tobis's French division. Premiering in Paris in April 1931 and New York a month later, the picture was both a critical and popular success. A musical comedy with a barebones plot, it is memorable for its formal accomplishments, in particular, its emphatically artificial treatment of sound. As described by scholar Donald Crafton,
<blockquote>
''Le Million'' never lets us forget that the acoustic component is as much a construction as the whitewashed sets. [It] replaced dialogue with actors singing and talking in rhyming couplets. Clair created teasing confusions between on- and off-screen sound. He also experimented with asynchronous audio tricks, as in the famous scene in which a chase after a coat is synched to the cheers of an invisible football (or rugby) crowd.<ref>Crafton (1997), p. 377.</ref>
</blockquote>
These and similar techniques became part of the vocabulary of the sound comedy film, though as special effects and "color", not as the basis for the kind of comprehensive, non-[[naturalism (literature)|naturalistic]] design achieved by Clair. Outside of the comedic field, the sort of bold play with sound exemplified by ''Melodie der Welt'' and ''Le Million'' would be pursued very rarely in commercial production. Hollywood, in particular, incorporated sound into a reliable system of [[genre]]-based moviemaking, in which the formal possibilities of the new medium were subordinated to the traditional goals of star affirmation and straightforward storytelling. As accurately predicted in 1928 by [[Frank E. Woods|Frank Woods]], secretary of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]], "The talking pictures of the future will follow the general line of treatment heretofore developed by the silent drama.... The talking scenes will require different handling, but the general construction of the story will be much the same."<ref>Quoted in Bordwell (1985), p. 298. See also Bordwell and Thompson (1995), p. 125.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Film sound production]] for articles concerning the development of cinematic sound recording
* [[Dubbing (filmmaking)]]
* [[Foley (filmmaking)]]
* [[History of film]]
* [[List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)]]
* [[List of film sound systems]]
* [[Musical film]]
* [[Sound stage]]
* [[The American Fotoplayer]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin}}
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* Altman, Rick (2005). ''Silent Film Sound'', New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0-231-11662-4}}
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* Łotysz, Sławomir (2006). "Contributions of Polish Jews: Joseph Tykociński–Tykociner (1877–1969), Pioneer of Sound on Film", ''Gazeta'', vol. 13, no. 3, winter–spring (available [https://web.archive.org/web/20070616093537/http://www.lotysz.webd.pl/papers/Lotysz_Tykociner.pdf online]).
* Low, Rachael (1997a [1971]). ''The History of the British Film 1918–1929 (The History of British Film, Volume IV)''. Oxford and New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis. {{ISBN|0-415-15649-1}}
* Low, Rachael (1997b [1985]). ''The History of the British Film 1929–1939: Film Making in 1930s Britain (The History of British Film, Volume VII)''. Oxford and New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis. {{ISBN|0-415-15451-0}}
* Millard, Andre J. (2005). ''America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound'', 2d ed. Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-83515-1}}
* Milne, Tom (1980). "Rouben Mamoulian", in ''Cinema: A Critical Dictionary'', ed. Richard Roud, pp. 658–663. New York: Viking. {{ISBN|0-670-22257-7}}
* Moone, Tom (2004). "Joseph Tykociner: Pioneer of Sound on Film", ''Ingenuity'', vol. 9, no. 1, March (archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20060906152116/http://www.ece.uiuc.edu/ingenuity/304/Tykociner.html online]).
* Moritz, William (2003). ''Optical Poetry: The Life and Work of Oskar Fischinger''. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|0-86196-634-1}}
* Morton, David (2006). ''Sound Recording: The Life Story of a Technology''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. {{ISBN|0-8018-8398-9}}.
* Narasimham, M. L. (2006). "A Leader and a Visionary", ''The Hindu'', September 8 (available {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20100811011047/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/09/08/stories/2006090802530100.htm online]}}).
* Nichols, Nina Da Vinci, and Jana O'Keefe Bazzoni (1995). ''Pirandello and Film''. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. {{ISBN|0-8032-3336-1}}
* Nolletti, Arthur (2005). ''The Cinema of Gosho Heinosuke: Laughter through Tears''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|0-253-34484-0}}
* Oderman, Stuart (2000). ''Lillian Gish: A Life on Stage and Screen''. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. {{ISBN|0-7864-0644-5}}
* "Outcome of Paris: Accord Signed/Total Interchangeability—Globe Divided into Three Patent Zones—Patent Exchange" (1930), ''Film-Kurier'', July 22 (available [https://web.archive.org/web/20100103075659/http://www.filmportal.de/df/6f/Artikel,,,,,,,,EF9996BC2AD2768AE03053D50B377F84,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.html online]).
* Pradeep, K. (2006). "When the Stars Talked", ''The Hindu'', March 17 (available {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060908072749/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/03/17/stories/2006031701580300.htm online]}}).
* Rajadhyaksha, Ashish, and Paul Willemen (2002 [1999]). ''BFI Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'', rev. ed. Oxford and New York: BFI/Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-85170-669-X}}
* Ranade, Ashok Da. (2006). ''Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries''. New Delhi: Promilla/Bibliophile South Asia. {{ISBN|81-85002-64-9}}
* Reade, Eric (1981 [1979]). ''History and Heartburn: The Saga of Australian Film, 1896–1978''. East Brunswick, N.J.: Associated University Presses. {{ISBN|0-8386-3082-0}}
* "Representative Kinematograph Shows: Singing Pictures at the Hippodrome" (1907), ''Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly'', September 5.
* Richie, Donald (1977). ''Ozu''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-03277-2}}
* Richie, Donald (2005). ''A Hundred Years of Japanese Film: A Concise History'', 2d ed. Tokyo: Kodansha. {{ISBN|4-7700-2995-0}}
* Ris, Peter Harry (2004). "''Jayu Manse/Hurrah! for Freedom''", in ''The Cinema of Japan & Korea'', ed. Justin Bowyer, pp. 33–40. London: Wallflower Press. {{ISBN|1-904764-11-8}}
* Robertson, Patrick (2001). ''Film Facts''. New York: Billboard Books. {{ISBN|0-8230-7943-0}}
* Robinson, David (1997). ''From Peepshow to Palace: The Birth of American Film''. New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0-231-10338-7}}
* Rollberg, Peter (2008). ''Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0-8108-6072-4}}
* Rosen, Miriam (1987). "Luis Buñuel", in ''World Film Directors, Volume I: 1890–1945'', ed. John Wakeman, pp. 71–92. New York: H. W. Wilson. {{ISBN|0-8242-0757-2}}
* Ruhmer, Ernst (1901). "The Photographophone", ''Scientific American'', July 20, 1901, vol. 85, no. 3, p. 36. ([https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951001389779w;view=1up;seq=42 available online]).
* Ruhmer, Ernst (1908). ''Wireless Telephony In Theory and Practice'' (translated from the German by James Erskine-Murray), New York: C. Van Nostrand Company. ([https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b33006;view=1up;seq=7 available online]).
* Russell, Catherine (2008). ''[[The Cinema of Naruse Mikio: Women and Japanese Modernity]]''. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. {{ISBN|0-8223-4312-6}}
* Saunders, Thomas J. (1994). ''Hollywood in Berlin: American Cinema and Weimar Germany''. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-08354-7}}
* Schatz, Thomas (1998). ''The Genius of the System: Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era''. London: Faber and Faber. {{ISBN|0-571-19596-2}}
* Segrave, Kerry (1997). ''American Films Abroad: Hollywood's Domination of the World's Movie Screens from the 1890s to the Present''. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. {{ISBN|0-7864-0346-2}}
* Sponable, E. I. (1947). "Historical Development of Sound Films", ''Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers'', vol. 48, nos. 4–5, April/May (available [http://members.optushome.com.au/picturepalace/FilmHistory.html online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222075347/http://members.optushome.com.au/picturepalace/FilmHistory.html |date=December 22, 2009 }}).
* Spoto, Donald (1984 [1983]). ''The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock''. New York: Ballantine. {{ISBN|0-345-31462-X}}
* Stojanova, Christina (2006). "Post-Communist Cinema", in ''Traditions in World Cinema'', ed. Linda Badley, R. Barton Palmer, and Steven Jay Schneider, pp. 95–114. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8135-3873-0}}
* "Talking Movies: They'll Never Take, Asserts Film Company's Head" (1926), Associated Press, September 3 (available [http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/sound/sound01.htm online]).
* Thomson, David (1998). ''[[The New Biographical Dictionary of Film|A Biographical Dictionary of Film]]'', 3d ed. New York: Knopf. {{ISBN|0-679-75564-0}}
* ''Time Out Film Guide'' (2000). Eighth ed., ed. John Pym. London and New York: Penguin. {{ISBN|0-14-028365-X}}
* Truffaut, François (1984 [1983]). ''Hitchcock'', rev. ed. New York: Simon & Schuster. {{ISBN|0-671-52601-4}}
* Wagenleitner, Reinhold (1994). ''Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria After the Second World War'', trans. Diana M. Wolf. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-8078-2149-7}}
* Wierzbicki, James (2009). ''Film Music: A History''. New York and Oxon, UK: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-99198-6}}
* Wlaschin, Ken (1979). ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Greatest Movie Stars and Their Films''. New York and London: Salamander/Harmony. {{ISBN|0-517-53714-1}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
*Cameron, E.W. (1980). ''Sound and Cinema: The Coming of Sound to American Film''. New York and Uxon, UK: Routledge. {{ISBN|091317856X}}
*Lastra, James (2000). ''Sound Technology and the American Cinema''. New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0231115164}}
*Walker, Alexander (1979). ''The Shattered Silents: How the Talkies Came to Stay''. New York: William Morrow and Company. {{ISBN|0-688-03544-2}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Film|1920s|1930s|1940s|1950s|1960s}}
* [http://www.filmsound.org/film-sound-history/ Film Sound History] well-organized bibliography of online articles and resources; part of the FilmSound website
* [http://www.terramedia.co.uk/media/change/from_silent_to_sound.htm Hollywood Goes for Sound] charts showing transition to sound production by Hollywood studios, 1928–1929; part of the Terra Media website
* [http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/indexes/earlySoundFilms.html Progressive Silent Film List (PSFL)/Early Sound Films] comprehensive and detailed listing of first generation of sound films from around the world; part of the Silent Era website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100312213800/http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/notes.html Recording Technology History] extensive chronology of developments, including subsites, by Steven E. Schoenherr; see, in particular, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070429191100/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/motionpicture1.html Motion Picture Sound]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060929053529/http://www.schoolofsound.co.uk/content/homework.htm A Selected Bibliography of Sound and Music for Moving Pictures] compiled by Miguel Mera, Royal College of Music, London; part of the School of Sound website
* [http://www.cinemaweb.com/silentfilm/bookshelf/ The Silent Film Bookshelf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125043406/http://www.cinemaweb.com/silentfilm/bookshelf/ |date=January 25, 2011 }} links to crucial primary and secondary source documents, a number of which cover the era of transition to sound
* [http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/sound/sound03.htm Sound Stage—The History of Motion Picture Sound] informative illustrated survey; part of the American WideScreen Museum website
* J. Domański [http://en.synesthesia.domanski.pro/theory/synchronization/ "Mathematical synchronization of image and sound in an animated film"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612160738/http://en.synesthesia.domanski.pro/theory/synchronization/ |date=June 12, 2016 }}
* [https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/zNMAAOSwDN1URvmZ/s-l1600.jpg 1913 add for Vivaphone]

=== Historical writings ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060721115430/http://lavender.fortunecity.com/hawkslane/575/asynchronism.htm "Asynchronism as a Principle of Sound Film"] 1934 essay by filmmaker and theorist [[Vsevolod Pudovkin]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061104160706/http://lavender.fortunecity.com/hawkslane/575/dialogue-and-sound.htm "Dialogue and Sound"] essay by film historian and critic [[Siegfried Kracauer]]; first published in his book ''Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality'' (1960)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100103075638/http://www.filmportal.de/df/37/Artikel,,,,,,,,EF98757B0E65695AE03053D50B37602C,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.html "The Film to Come"] essay by producer and composer Guido Bagier; first published in ''Film-Kurier'', January 7, 1928
* [http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/sound/rca01-cover.htm ''Handbook for Projectionists''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921144743/http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/sound/rca01-cover.htm |date=September 21, 2009 }} technical manual covering all major U.S. systems; issued by RCA Photophone, 1930
* [http://members.optushome.com.au/picturepalace/FilmHistory.html "Historical Development of Sound Films"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222075347/http://members.optushome.com.au/picturepalace/FilmHistory.html |date=December 22, 2009 }} chronology by sound-film pioneer E. I. Sponable; first published in ''Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers'', April/May 1947
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060905024521/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/ar169.html "Madam, Will You Talk?"] article on the history of Bell Laboratories' early research into sound film, by Stanley Watkins, Western Electric engineer; first published in ''Bell Laboratories Record'', August 1946
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100103075704/http://www.filmportal.de/df/7e/Artikel,,,,,,,,EF992FAA6ECA7B3CE03053D50B3774EB,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.html "Merger of the Sound Film Industry—The Founding Agenda of Tobis"] corporate manifesto first published in ''Film-Kurier'', July 20, 1928
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100103075654/http://www.filmportal.de/df/62/Artikel,,,,,,,,EF9954E0C4F28CC5E03053D50B3779A5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.html "The Official Communiqué: Foundations of the Sound-Film Accord Sales Prospects for the German Electronics Industry"] article first published in ''Film-Kurier'', July 23, 1930
* [http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/sound/we-01.htm ''Operating Instructions for Synchronous Reproducing Equipment''] technical manual for Western Electric theatrical sound projector system; issued by ERPI, December 1928
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100103075659/http://www.filmportal.de/df/6f/Artikel,,,,,,,,EF9996BC2AD2768AE03053D50B377F84,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.html "Outcome of Paris: Accord Signed/Total Interchangeability—Globe Divided into Three Patent Zones—Patent Exchange"] article first published in ''Film-Kurier'', July 22, 1930
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100103075633/http://www.filmportal.de/df/22/Artikel,,,,,,,,EF98BF4FCFCE0DF9E03053D50B376840,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.html "''The Singing Fool''"] review by film theorist and critic [[Rudolf Arnheim]], ca. 1929
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110318010115/http://www.filmportal.de/df/cb/Artikel,,,,,,,,EF98F54418F0509CE03053D50B376EAF,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.html "Sound-Film Confusion"] 1929 essay by Rudolf Arnheim
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110318010028/http://www.filmportal.de/df/03/Artikel,,,,,,,,EF98DCB2FE1D928AE03053D50B376C3B,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.html "Sound Here and There"] essay by composer [[Paul Dessau]]; first published in ''Der Film'', August 1, 1929
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061030193333/http://lavender.fortunecity.com/hawkslane/575/sound-in-films.htm "Sound in Films"] essay by director [[Alberto Cavalcanti]]; first published in ''Films'', November 1939
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090409074541/http://lavender.fortunecity.com/hawkslane/575/theory-of-film.htm "Theory of the Film: Sound"] 1945 essay by film theorist and critic [[Béla Balázs]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050318084055/http://www.antiqueradios.com/movies.shtml "What Radio Has Meant to Talking Movies"] prescient essay by Universal sound engineer Charles Feldstead; first published in ''Radio News'', April 1931

=== Historical films ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121016234118/http://redhotjazz.com/berniephonofilm.html ''Ben Bernie and All the Lads''] excerpts from ca. 1924 Phonofilm sound film; on The Red Hot Jazz Archive website
* [https://archive.org/details/eddie_cantor_1923 ''A Few Minutes with Eddie Cantor''] 1924 Phonofilm sound film; on Archive.org
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwQ6v_nYPMs ''Gus Visser and His Singing Duck''] 1925 [[Theodore Case Sound Test: Gus Visser and His Singing Duck|Theodore Case sound film]]; on YouTube
* [https://archive.org/details/coolidge_1924 ''President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Lawn''] 1924 Phonofilm sound film; on Archive.org

{{Film genres}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Audiovisual introductions in 1900]]
[[Category:Exposition Universelle (1900)]]
[[Category:History of film]]
[[Category:Film and video technology]]
[[Category:Film sound production]]
[[Category:Finnish inventions]]

Bom language

2025-06-29T12:00:55Z

178.78.252.98:

{{Short description|Endangered language of Sierra Leone}}
{{distinguish|Anjam language}}
{{Redirect2|Krim language|KRM|the language used in [[Crimea]] which is also known as Krim|Crimean Tatar language|other uses|KRM (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox language
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|name=Bom
|altname=Bom–Krim
|states=[[Sierra Leone]]
|region =
|speakers=Krim: less than 15
|date=2014
|ref=e25
|speakers2="a few hundreds" (no date)<ref name=e25/>
|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo]]
|fam3=[[Mel languages|Mel]]
|fam4=Bullom–Kissi
|fam5=[[Bullom languages|Bullom]]
|fam6=Northern
|iso3=bmf
|dia1=Bom
|dia2=Krim
|glotto=bomk1234
|glottorefname=Bom–Kim
}}

The '''Bom language''' (alternates: '''Bome'''; '''Bomo''')<ref name="Batibo2005">{{cite book|last=Batibo|first=Herman|title=Language decline and death in Africa: causes, consequences, and challenges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoZ_fU_B0KgC&pg=PA82|accessdate=13 January 2011|year=2005|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-85359-808-1|pages=82–}}</ref> is an [[endangered language]] of [[Sierra Leone]]. It belongs to the [[Mel languages|Mel]] branch of the [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] language family and is particularly closely related to the [[Bullom So language]]. Most speakers are [[bilingual]] in [[Mende language|Mende]]. Use of the Bom language is declining among members of the ethnic group.<ref>{{cite book|last=Akinsulure|first=M.O.|title= Languages and Language Problems in Sierra Leone: An Annotated Bibliography.|year=1979|publisher= Njala University College Library.}}</ref>

==Speakers==
The number of speakers range from 15<ref name=e25/> to 1669 (Census 2015)<ref name="report89">[https://sierraleone.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf ''Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census national analytical report.'' Statistics Sierra Leone, October 2017, S. 89ff.]</ref> for Krim and 20<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1315.html ''Bom.'' UNESCO Atlas of the World Languages in Danger.]</ref> to a few hundred for Bom.<ref name=e25/>

==Classification==
Bom is a Northern [[Bullom languages|Bullom]] language. The '''Krim''' dialect (also known as Dilan Hassan)<ref name="Batibo2005"/> is considered by speakers to be distinct, as speakers have separate ethnic identities.<ref>{{cite book|last=Childs|first=Tucker|title=One or two? Bom and Kim, two highly endangered South Atlantic "languages" of Sierra Leone|year=2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Redbook/Africa/AF_src.cgi?language0=Bom&language1=0&language2=0&language3=0&language4=0&language5=0 Bom entry in the UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages]
*[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/363 EndangeredLanguages.com Profile for Bom]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHN6mDDlTqs Bom Audio sample included in video on Endangered Languages]

{{Atlantic languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bullom languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of Africa]]
[[Category:Languages of Sierra Leone]]

{{atlantic-lang-stub}}

National Airlines (1999–2002)

2025-06-29T11:59:28Z

178.78.252.98:

{{Short description|Former Las Vegas, Nevada-based airline (1999–2002)}}
{{about|the third US-based airline to use this name|other uses of the name|National Airlines (disambiguation)|'national airlines'|Flag carrier}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = National Airlines
| logo = File:National Airlines Logo, May 1999.svg
| logo_size = 300
| fleet_size =
| destinations =
| IATA = N7
| ICAO = ROK
| callsign = RED ROCK
| parent =
| founded = {{start date and age|1998|07|br=y}}
| commenced = {{start date and age|1999|05|27|br=y}}
| ceased = {{end date and age|2002|11|06|br=y}}
| headquarters = [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], U.S.
| key_people = [[Michael Conway (executive)|Michael Conway]] ([[President (corporate title)|President]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
| hubs = [[McCarran International Airport]]
| frequent_flyer = National Comps<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010209033653/http://198.182.113.37/ft/membership_main.asp National Comps Membership Guide]</ref>
| alliance =
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20011014232234/http://www.nationalairlines.com:80/ nationalairlines.com] (2001 archive)
}}
[[File:National Airlines Boeing 757-200 Pashnin.jpg|thumb|300 px|A National Airlines Boeing 757-200.]]
'''National Airlines''' was a short lived [[United States]] [[low-fare airline]] that operated from 1999 to 2002. Headquartered in [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], it was the third US carrier to use the name. The airline was created to bring tourists to Las Vegas. National offered service to a limited number of cities with high traffic to Las Vegas. The airline operated a fleet of 19 [[Boeing 757-200]] jets in a two-class first class and coach seating configuration.

== History ==
Hoping to attract more visitors from the East Coast, [[Harrah's Entertainment]] and the former [[Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino|Rio Hotel & Casino, Inc.]], each contributed $15 million toward the start-up costs of National Airlines in July 1998. [[Wexford Capital]], owners of [[Republic Airways Holdings]] also contributed several million to this create the airline.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 Casino Operators Plan To Start Las Vegas Airline (Published 1998) |work=The New York Times |date=30 July 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531224617/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/30/business/2-casino-operators-plan-to-start-las-vegas-airline.html?pagewanted=1 |archive-date=2020-05-31 |url-status=live |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/30/business/2-casino-operators-plan-to-start-las-vegas-airline.html?pagewanted=1 |last1=Zuckerman |first1=Laurence }}</ref>

Taking a page from [[Southwest Airlines]]' book, National kept things simple by operating a single aircraft type—in National's case, the [[Boeing 757]].

Service began on May 27, 1999. This was the third airline in the United States to use the ''National Airlines'' name. [[Michael Conway (executive)|Michael Conway]] became [[President (corporate title)|President]] and [[CEO]] of the company. From its inception, the company fought an uphill battle against rising fuel costs and an economic recession. National Airlines filed for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection]] on December 6, 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalairlines.com/about/releaseitem.asp?releaseID=96 |title=National Airlines | About Us |website=www.nationalairlines.com |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011109142601/http://www.nationalairlines.com/about/releaseitem.asp?releaseID=96 |archive-date=9 November 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Like many other airlines, National had serious financial problems after the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, and only 41 months after their inaugural flight left Las Vegas' [[McCarran International Airport]], the airline ceased all operations on November 6, 2002, after being in Chapter 11 bankruptcy for 23 months.

As of the day of National's grounding on November 6, 2002, the airline had carried 1.85 million passengers through McCarran (January–November 2002), and National was the airport's fourth-largest carrier based upon passenger volume. Departing [[McCarran International Airport]] at 4:20 p.m., National Airlines Flight 354 to Dallas/Fort Worth was the carrier's last to leave the Las Vegas hub.

== Attempted hijacking ==
On July 27, 2000, National Airlines flight 19 operating from [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|John F. Kennedy International]] to [[McCarran International Airport]] was boarded by a man with a gun and knife, who immediately stormed the cockpit and took the two pilots as hostage. The hijacker demanded the flight attendant to close the cabin door, however startled passengers shoved the flight attendant aside and reopened the door to escape. All 143 passengers exited without injuries. By 12:50 AM both pilots were released. The hijacker remained on the plane alone for another two and a half hours before being apprehended. The FBI identified the suspect as Aaron Amartei Commey of Milwaukee. His motive was to be flown to Argentina or Antarctica. He was charged with attempting to hijack an aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartzman |first=Bryan |date=2000-08-02 |title=Hijack attempted on flight leaving JFK – QNS.com |url=https://qns.com/2000/08/hijack-attempted-on-flight-leaving-jfk/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=qns.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-07-28 |title=HIJACKER TAKES JFK PLANE – EVERYONE ON JET OK AFTER RUSH TO GET OUT |url=https://nypost.com/2000/07/28/hijacker-takes-jfk-plane-everyone-on-jet-ok-after-rush-to-get-out/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SWAT team members gather in front of the National Airlines terminal... |url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/team-members-gather-in-front-of-the-national-airlines-news-photo/97262344 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Getty Images |date=2 March 2010 |language=en-us}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In the science entertainment television program [[MythBusters]], a stored National Airlines 757 following their collapse is shown on camera taxing away. They were going to use it to test a myth about the effects of jet wash on vehicles behind a taking off airplane. The TV program was unable to use the jet because of a dispute with their insurance company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MythBusters Episode 13: Buried in Concrete, Daddy Long-legs, Jet Taxi |url=https://mythresults.com/episode13 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=mythresults.com}}</ref>

== Destinations ==
At the time National Airlines was grounded, the airline provided service to 14 destinations throughout the [[United States of America|United States]]:<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2002_July_29/ai_89808113 Some National Airlines Destinations]</ref>

=== United States ===
==== [[California]] ====
*[[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] ([[Los Angeles International Airport]])
*[[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] ([[San Francisco International Airport]])

==== [[District of Columbia]] ====
''See Virginia for [[Washington, D.C.]] service''

==== [[Florida]] ====
*[[Miami, Florida|Miami]] ([[Miami International Airport]])

==== [[Illinois]] ====
*[[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]
**([[Chicago Midway International Airport]])
**([[Chicago O'Hare International Airport]])

==== [[New Jersey]] ====
*[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] ([[Newark Liberty International Airport]])

==== [[New York (state)|New York]] ====
*[[New York, New York|New York]] ([[John F. Kennedy International Airport]])

==== [[Nevada]] ====
*[[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] ([[McCarran International Airport]]) Hub
*[[Reno, Nevada|Reno]] ([[Reno-Tahoe International Airport]])

==== [[Pennsylvania]] ====
*[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] ([[Philadelphia International Airport]])

==== [[Texas]] ====
*[[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]]/[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]] ([[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport]])

==== [[Virginia]] ====
*[[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington]] ([[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]])
*[[Dulles, Virginia|Dulles]] ([[Washington Dulles International Airport]])

==== [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] ====
*[[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]] ([[Seattle-Tacoma International Airport]])

== Fleet ==
At the time the airline was grounded, National had 19 aircraft in its fleet consisting of:
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="margin:1em auto; border-collapse:collapse"
|+ '''National Airlines Fleet'''
|- bgcolor=#FFCC33
!Aircraft
!Total
!Passengers (First/Coach)
!Notes
|-
||[[Boeing 757-200]]
|align=center|19
|175 (22/153)
|National's cabins provided coach seats at 33" and first class at 40", greater pitch than that of most [[legacy carriers]] at the time.
|}

The 757s were sold, eight of them under a new registration number.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planespotters.net/Production_List/search.php?manufacturer=Boeing&subtype=757-200&fleet=6737&fleetStatus=5 |title=Plane Spotters production list for N7 |access-date=2009-04-23 |archive-date=2011-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429152047/http://www.planespotters.net/Production_List/search.php?manufacturer=Boeing&subtype=757-200&fleet=6737&fleetStatus=5 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of defunct airlines of the United States]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000510102729/http://www.nationalairlines.com/noflash.asp National Airlines Home page(5/10/00)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030610214827/http://www.nationalairlines.com/ Site after shut down]

{{Portal bar|Companies|Aviation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Airlines (1999-2002)}}
[[Category:Defunct low-cost airlines of the United States]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1999]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2002]]
[[Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2000]]
[[Category:Companies based in the Las Vegas Valley]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in Nevada]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Nevada]]
[[Category:Airlines based in Nevada]]

Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany)

2025-06-29T11:57:47Z

178.78.252.98:

{{short description|Airport in the capital of Ukraine, Kyiv}}
{{redirect2|IEV|Kyiv Airport|other usecases|IEV (disambiguation)|the larger international airport serving Kyiv|Boryspil International Airport}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany)
| nativename =
| nativename-a = {{lang|uk|Міжнародний аеропорт «Київ» (Жуляни)}}
| nativename-r =
| image = Kyiv International Airport Logo.gif
| image-width = 200
| image2 = Міжнародний_аеропорт_"Київ"_(Жуляни).jpg
| IATA = IEV<ref>Code [[IATA]] «'''IeV'''» from old soviet transliteration K'''iev'''. '''KIE''' was already used by [[Kieta Airport]]</ref>
| ICAO = UKKK
| image2-width = 250
| location = [[Zhuliany]]
| focus_city =
| elevation-m = 179
| metric-elev = y
| coordinates = {{coord|50|24|06|N|30|27|06|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_label = IEV
| r1-length-f = 7,579
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| metric-rwy = y
| WMO = 33345
| type = Public / Military
| owner = City of Kyiv/Govt. of Ukraine
| operator =
| city-served = [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]
| opened = {{start date and age|1924}}
| elevation-f = 587
| website = [http://www.iev.aero iev.aero]
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| r1-number = 08/26
| r1-length-m = 2,310
| stat-year = 2019
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = {{decrease}} 2,617,900<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iev.aero/press-centre/stats|script-title=uk:Статистика пасажиропотоку IEV|language=uk}}</ref>
| stat2-header = Flights
| stat2-data = {{increase}} 30,248
| footnotes =
| pushpin_relief = y
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=13|frame-height=260 | stroke-width=1 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}

The '''Igor Sikorsky Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany)''' ({{langx|uk|Міжнародний аеропорт «Київ» імені Ігоря Сікорського (Жуляни)}}, {{airport codes|IEV|UKKK}}) is one of the two passenger [[airport]]s of the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] capital [[Kyiv]], the other being [[Boryspil International Airport]]. It is owned by the municipality of Kyiv and located in the [[Zhuliany]] neighbourhood, about {{convert|7|km|nmi|frac=2|spell=on|abbr=off}} southwest of the city centre. Aside from facilitating regular passenger flights, Kyiv International Airport is also the main [[business jet|business aviation]] airport in Ukraine, and one of the busiest business aviation hubs in Europe.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2084538 |script-title=ru:"Жуляны" настроены по-деловому |trans-title="Juliani" set up to do business |language=ru |publisher=Kommersant.ua |date=7 December 2012 |access-date=19 April 2015|journal=Коммерсантъ }}</ref>

==History==
===Early years===
The airport began in 1923 as a military airfield co-used by the [[Ukrpovitroshliakh|Ukrpovitroshlyakh]] (Ukrainian Society of Air Communications), Ukraine's earliest civil aviation company, which in 1934 was integrated into [[Aeroflot]] as the latter's regional administration. The airport terminal was built only after [[World War II]] in 1949. Until the 1960s, Zhuliany was the only passenger airport serving Kyiv.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

In 1959, the larger [[Boryspil International Airport]] was built near the city of [[Boryspil]], gradually replacing Zhuliany as the main airport serving Kyiv. Since that time the old "Kyiv" airport became commonly known just as "Zhuliany" (or ''Kyiv-Zhuliany'') and was used for Soviet domestic flights only.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

===International flights and traffic revival===
After Ukraine regained independence in 1991, Zhuliany began receiving international flights from nearby countries (first from its [[former Soviet Union|former Soviet "domestic"]] destinations), increasingly so since the 2000s when Ukraine's civil aviation started booming. On 27 March 2011, [[Wizz Air]], a European [[low-cost airline]], moved all its operations to Zhuliany from Boryspil,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bigmir.net/business/393770|script-title=ru:Wizz Air перевела свої рейси з Борисполя в Жуляни|trans-title=Wizz Air has transferred its flights from Boryspil to Juliani|language=ru|work=News.bigmir.net|date=25 September 2014|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref> bringing around-the-clock flights to the airport and increasing passenger traffic by 15 to 20%.

In 2012, the airport managed to survive the [[2012 European cold wave|European cold wave]] without major flight delays or cancellations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kiev.unian.ua/608960-stolichni-aeroporti-pratsyuyut-u-shtatnomu-rejimi.html|script-title=uk:Столичні аеропорти працюють у штатному режимі|trans-title=The capital's airports are operating in normal mode|language=uk|work=Kiev.unian.net|date=14 February 2012|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>

Surrounded by major [[railway]]s, [[highway]]s and residential districts, the airport has limited possibilities to expand its [[runway]]. Therefore, it is limited in the [[MTOW|weight]] of aircraft that are allowed to fly in the airport (currently up to [[Boeing 737]]/[[Airbus A320]] type). In 2013, the airport declared plans to expand the runway for additional 150 m, although stressing complete safety and operability of its current length.<ref name="vesti-korrnet">{{cite news|url=http://korrespondent.net/kyiv/1581669-chp-v-zhulyanah-aviakompaniya-zhaluetsya-na-posadochnuyu-polosu-aeroport-namekaet-na-oshibku-ekipazha|script-title=ru:ЧП в Жулянах: авиакомпания жалуется на посадочную полосу, аэропорт намекает на ошибку экипажа|trans-title=Problem at Zhuliany: Airline complains about the runway, airport implies crew error|language=ru|work=[[Korrespondent.net]]|date=13 July 2013|access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> Other parts of the airport infrastructure are also being developed. The new "A" [[Airport terminal|terminal]] opened on 17 May 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/city/detail/127751/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517233225/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/city/detail/127751/|archive-date=17 May 2012|title=Kolesnikov opens new terminal at Kyiv Airport|work=Kyiv Post|date=17 May 2012|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/city/detail/128033/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523022943/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/city/detail/128033/|archive-date=23 May 2012|title=Digital Journal: Ukraine opens second airport in Kyiv|work=Kyiv Post|date=22 May 2012|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref> now receives all international and some domestic flights. Projects for expanding Zhuliany's [[taxiway]]s and aircraft parking lots are being considered as well.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

===Recent developments===
In the first half of 2013, the airport's passenger traffic rose 2.7-fold (to 816,757 passengers per year) since the beginning of the year, including 4.2-fold growth of the domestic traffic.<ref name="Zhyliany pokhvastalsia">{{cite news|url=http://korrespondent.net/business/economics/1579216-aeroport-zhulyany-pohvalilsya-trehkratnym-rostom-passazhiropotoka-v-2013|script-title=ru:Аэропорт Жуляны похвалился трехкратным ростом пассажиропотока в 2013|trans-title=Juliani Airport boasting a three-fold increase in passenger traffic in 2013|language=ru|work=[[Korrespondent.net]]|date=9 July 2013|access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> According to the media and industry experts, once underdog Zhuliany Airport has rapidly grown into a major, and more efficient, competitor to the country's leading Boryspil Airport.<ref name="Kiev ukhodit v nebo">{{cite web|url=http://korrespondent.net/business/companies/1556760-korrespondent-kiev-uhodit-v-nebo-aeroport-zhulyany-prevrashchaetsya-v-mladshego-brata-schastlivchika-ne-sli|script-title=ru:Киев уходит в небо. Аэропорт Жуляны превращается в младшего брата-счастливчика не слишком успешного Борисполя|trans-title=Kyiv is heading for the skies. Juliani airport is turning to the success of its younger brother, Boryspil|language=ru|publisher=Korrespondent.net|date=13 May 2013|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>

As of July 2013, [[Moscow]], [[Treviso]] and [[Dortmund]] were the most popular international destinations from the airport, with [[Simferopol]], [[Donetsk]] and [[Odesa]] leading among domestic destinations.<ref name="Zhyliany pokhvastalsia"/> Also in 2013, the airport opened a new domestic terminal and a new business terminal,<ref name="opens business terminal">{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/kyiv-international-airports-opens-business-terminal-333592.html|title=Kyiv international airport opens business terminal|work=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=13 December 2013|access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> with currently 3 terminals in service.

In March 2015, [[Wizz Air Ukraine]] announced that it would cease operations leading to the cancellation of several routes from their base at the airport. Only some of their former routes were taken over by its parent, [[Wizz Air]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wizzair.com/en-GB/about_us/news/wizzen303|title=Wizz Air Further Restructures Ukrainian Operations|publisher=Wizzair.com|date=26 March 2015|access-date=19 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145229/https://wizzair.com/en-GB/about_us/news/wizzen303|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> though the airline has since expanded its flight network from the airport, with twenty destinations to be served by August 2017.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Between 14 and 24 May 2017, the airport was closed for runway improvement work.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.5.ua/kyiv/aeroport-zhuliany-zakryiut-na-kapitalnyi-remont-139809.html|script-title=uk:Аеропорт "Жуляни" закриють на капітальний ремонт|work=5 канал|access-date=14 March 2017|language=uk-UA}}</ref>

On 22 March 2018, the [[Kyiv City Council]] officially renamed the airport ''International Airport "Kyiv" (Zhulyany) Igor Sikorsky'' in honor of [[Igor Sikorsky]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2018/03/22/7175492/|title=Аеропорт "Київ" отримав нове ім'я|trans-title=Kyiv airport received a new name|date=22 March 2018|access-date=16 August 2018|newspaper=Українська правда}}</ref>

On 24 February 2022, five explosions erupted as part of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. On the same day, Ukraine closed airspace to civilian flights.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/airlines-should-stop-flying-over-all-ukraines-airspace-conflict-zone-monitor-2022-02-24/]." Reuters. Retrieved on February 24, 2022. "Ukraine closes airspace to civilian flights amid Russian military action."</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==
The following airlines had operated regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany) in the weeks prior to the suspension of Ukrainian airspace (on 24 February 2022):<ref>[https://travel.iev.aero/en iev.aero – Flight search] retrieved 14 November 2020</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-60505415 |title=Ukraine airspace closed to civilian flights |date= 24 February 2022 |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref>


{{Airport-dest-list

| {{nowrap|[[LOT Polish Airlines]]}} | [[Warsaw Chopin Airport|Warsaw–Chopin]]

| {{nowrap|[[Motor Sich Airlines]]}} | [[Lviv International Airport|Lviv]], [[Mykolaiv Airport|Mykolaiv]], [[Odesa International Airport|Odesa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://culturemeter.od.ua/motor-sich-vozobnovljat-polety-odessa-kiev-113378/|title = "Мотор Сич" возобновлят полеты Одесса-Киев|date = 7 March 2021}}</ref> [[Zaporizhzhia International Airport|Zaporizhzhia]]

| [[Pegasus Airlines]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Dalaman Airport|Dalaman]]

}}

==Neighboring aviation facilities==
* A major aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul company, the so-called [[Kyiv Aircraft Repair Plant 410]], adjoins the airport.

* In 2003, the [[Ukraine State Aviation Museum]] was created in one of the industrial estates neighboring the airport. It is the largest aviation museum in Ukraine, exhibiting some unique Soviet examples including original prototypes for famous airliners.

==Statistics==
[[File:Kiev airport international terminal.jpg|thumb|Terminal building]]
[[File:М.А._Киев-Жуляни_(IEV).JPG|thumb|The original, Soviet-built passenger terminal served as the domestic terminal until mid-2013.]]
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=IEV}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Passengers
! Change
|-
| 2002
| 258,800<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avianews.com/airlines/airport/kiev_zhulyany_iev.htm|title=Аэропорт Киев Жуляны: как доехать, авиабилеты, такси, расписание|publisher=Aviation Today|access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>
| –
|-
| 2016
| 1,127,500<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avianews.com/ukraine/2017/01/11_ua_aviation2016.shtml|title=Авиакомпании и аэропорты Украины: итоги работы в 2016 году|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref>
||{{increase}}{{0}}19.4%
|-
| 2017
| 1,851,700<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iev.aero/about/news/594/|title=Статистика Міжнародного аеропорту "Київ", грудень 2017. Підсумки року|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313200223/http://iev.aero/about/news/594/|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
||{{increase}}{{0}}67.3%
|-
| 2018
| 2,812,300<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avianews.com/ukraine/2019/01/03/zhulyany_2018_results/|title=Аэропорт Жуляны подобрался к отметке в 3 млн пассажиров|date=3 January 2019|access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>
||{{increase}}{{0}}51.9%
|-
| 2019
| 2,617,900<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iev.aero/press-centre/stats|title=Статистика пасажиропотоку IEV}}</ref>
||{{decrease}}{{0}}6.9%
|-
| 2020
| 690,300<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iev.aero/press-centre/stats|title=Статистика пасажиропотоку IEV}}</ref>
||{{decrease}}{{0}}73.6%
|}

==Ground transportation==
===Road===
The airport is connected to the city's main highway infrastructure via Povitroflotskyi Avenue and served by a number of city transport routes, including:<ref>[http://iev.aero/en/get-to-iev iev.aero – Directions to airport] retrieved 21 June 2018</ref>
* Trolleybus Route 22: 'Kyiv' Airport-Olzhycha Street ''(transfer for [[Kyiv Metro|metro]] at [[Dorohozhychi (Kyiv Metro)|Dorohozhychi Station]] – {{ric|Kyiv Metro|3|name=y}})''
* Bus Route 78: 'Kyiv' Airport-[[Vasylkivska (Kyiv Metro)|Vasylkivska Metro Station]]'' (transfer for [[Kyiv Metro|metro]] – {{ric|Kyiv Metro|2|name=y}})''
As well as [[marshrutka|private bus routes]]. Car parking facilities at the airport itself are limited, but long-term parking can be found in the airport's immediate vicinity. Taxis can often be found waiting directly outside the terminal, in the passenger drop-off/pick-up area.

===Rail===
The airport's old passenger terminal is located about 0.5 km away from the [[:uk:Київ-Волинський|Kyiv-Volynskyi rail station]] – a stop for [[elektrichka]] commuter trains as well as for the intracity [[Kyiv Urban Electric Train|Urban Electric Train]] service.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

==See also==
* [[List of airports in Ukraine]]
* [[List of the busiest airports in Ukraine]]
* [[List of the busiest airports in Europe]]
* [[List of the busiest airports in the former USSR]]
* [[Denis Kostrzhevskiy]], the airport's chairman

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany)}}
* [http://iev.aero Official website of the airport] {{in lang|uk|en|ru}}
* {{ASN|IEV}}
* {{NWS|UKKK}}

{{Portalbar|Ukraine|Aviation}}
{{Transport in Kyiv}}
{{Airports in Ukraine}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Airports in Kyiv]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1923]]
[[Category:1923 establishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Soviet military air bases in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Holosiivskyi District]]

Vienna International Airport

2025-06-29T11:54:06Z

178.78.252.98:

{{Short description|Airport in Austria}}
{{Redirect2|Wien Airport|VIE|the airport in Kotzebue, Alaska, United States|Ralph Wien Memorial Airport|other uses|VIE (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Vienna Airport
| nativename = {{small|{{lang|de|Flughafen Wien-Schwechat}}}}
| image = VIE_ViennaAirport_Logo_RGB.svg
| image-width = 250
| image2 = 2011-06-14 10-23-56 Austria Niederösterreich Fischamend Markt.jpg
| image2-width = 250
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| IATA = VIE
| ICAO = LOWW
| type = Public
| owner-oper = Flughafen Wien AG
| city-served = {{ubl|
| {{nowrap|[[Vienna]], [[Austria]]}}
| {{nowrap|[[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]]}}}}
| location = [[Schwechat]], [[Austria]]
| opened = {{start date and age|1938|||df=yes}}
| hub = {{nowrap|[[Austrian Airlines]]}}
| focus_city = {{nowrap|[[Korean Air|Korean Air Cargo]]}}
| operating_base = {{ubl|
| {{nowrap|[[Ryanair]]}}
| {{nowrap|[[Wizz Air]]}}}}
| elevation-f = 600
| elevation-m = 183
| metric-elev = Y
| coordinates = {{coord|48|06|39|N|016|34|15|E|region:AT|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|www.viennaairport.com}}
| image_map = File:Karte Flughafen Wien DE.png
| image_mapsize = 250
| image_map_caption = Airport map
| pushpin_map = Austria
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Austria
| pushpin_label = VIE
| r1-number = 11/29
| r1-length-f = 11,483
| r1-length-m = 3,500
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| metric-rwy = y
| r2-number = 16/34
| r2-length-f = 11,811
| r2-length-m = 3,600
| r2-surface = Asphalt
| stat-year = 2024
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 31,719,836
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 234,138
| stat3-header = Cargo (including road feeder service, metric tons)
| stat3-data = 297,945
| footnotes = Source: Statistics<ref name="Flughafen Wien">{{cite web |url= https://www.viennaairport.com/unternehmen/presse__news/presseaussendungen__news_2?news_beitrag_id=1736935400650 |date=2023-01-19 |access-date=2025-01-17 |title=Flughafen Wien - Presse & News }}</ref>
}}

'''Vienna Airport''' {{airport codes|VIE|LOWW}} is an [[international airport]] serving [[Vienna]], the capital of [[Austria]]. It is located in [[Schwechat]], {{convert|18|km|abbr=on|0}} southeast of central Vienna and {{convert|57|km}} west of [[Bratislava]], the capital of [[Slovakia]]. Its official name according to the Austrian [[Aeronautical Information Publication]] is '''Wien-Schwechat Airport'''.<ref name="AIP Austria">{{cite web |title=Luftfahrthandbuch Österreich |trans-title=AIP Austria |url=https://eaip.austrocontrol.at |access-date=9 July 2023 |publisher=Austro Control Gesellschaft für Zivilluftfahrt mit beschränkter Haftung |language=de, en}}</ref> It is the country's largest airport and serves as the [[airline hub|hub]] for [[Austrian Airlines]] as well as a base for [[low-cost carrier]]s [[Ryanair]] and [[Wizz Air]]. It is capable of handling [[wide-body aircraft]] up to the [[Airbus A380]]. The airport features a dense network of European destinations as well as long-haul flights to [[Asia]], [[North America]] and [[Africa]].

==History==
===Early years===
Originally built as a military airport in 1938 and used during [[World War II]] as the [[Heinkel]] firm's southern military aircraft design and production complex, or ''Heinkel-Süd'' facility, it was taken over by the British in 1945 and became RAF Schwechat under the occupation of the country. In 1954, the ''Betriebsgesellschaft'' was founded, and the airport replaced [[Wien-Aspern Airport]] as Vienna's (and Austria's) principal aerodrome. There was just one [[runway]], which in 1959 was expanded to measure {{convert|3000|m|abbr=on|0}}. The erection of the new airport building began in 1959.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

In 1972, another runway was built. In 1982, the airport was connected to the national motorway network ([[Ostautobahn]]). In 1986, the enlarged arrivals hall was opened, and in 1988 Pier East with 8 jet bridges was opened.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

On 27 December 1985, the [[El Al]] ticket counter was attacked by [[Abu Nidal Organization|Abu Nidal]], a [[Palestinian terrorism|Palestinian terrorist]] organization that simultaneously conducted a [[1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks|terrorist attack at Fiumicino Airport in Rome]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Paul |date=1985-12-28 |title=In Vienna, Panic in Middle Of Shooting and Grenades |language=en-US |page=4 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/28/world/in-vienna-panic-in-middle-of-shooting-and-grenades.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

{{Interlanguage link|Flughafen Wien AG|de}}, one of the few publicly traded airport operators in Europe, was privatised in 1992. The state of [[Lower Austria]] and the [[City of Vienna]] each hold 20% of the shares, the private employee participation foundation holds 10%, with the remaining 50% held privately.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Facts & Figures FWAG (Gruppe) |url=http://www.viennaairport.com/jart/prj3/va/main.jart?content-id=1249344074274&rel=en&reserve-mode=active |access-date=2013-06-20 |publisher=Vienna Airport}}</ref> The shares used to be part of the [[Austrian Traded Index]] but were removed in September 2017.<ref>{{cite report | url=https://www.wienerborse.at/indizes/indexaenderungen/komitee-entscheidungen/?c17877%5Bfile%5D=EjRBDONryNGn3eBnJPeNbw&cHash=7a3b20a57c3eb9a68d77dacb98cdffe9 | title="ATX Komitee Entscheidungen" | language=de | trans-title="ATX Committee Decisions" |date=5 September 2017 | publisher=Wiener Börse (Vienna Stock Exchange)}}
</ref>

In 1992, the new Terminal 1 was opened and a year later the shopping area around the plaza in the transit area of the B, C and D gates was opened. In 1996, Pier West with 12 jetbridges became operational.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

===Development since the 2000s===
In 2006, the {{convert|109|m|abbr=on}} tall control tower started operating. It allows a free overview of the entire airport area and offers a night laser show, which aims to welcome the passengers even from the aircraft. From 2004 to 2007, an Office Park had been erected offering {{convert|69000|m²|abbr=on}} of rentable space. A VIP and [[general aviation]] terminal, including a separated apron, opened in 2006.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

To accommodate future growth, in 1998 Vienna Airport published a master plan that outlined expansion projects until 2015. These projects included a new office park, railway station, cargo center, general aviation center, air traffic control tower, terminal, and runway. Additionally, the plan called for streamlined security control.<ref name="2005 Annual Report">{{cite report |url=http://www.viennaairport.com/jart/prj3/va/uploads/data-uploads/Konzern/Investor%20Relations/Geschaeftsberichte/GB_2005_en.pdf |title=Annual Report 2005 Flughafen Wien AG |date=16 February 2006 |publisher=Vienna Airport |location=Schwechat |access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref> The centerpiece of the enlargement was the new terminal, dubbed Skylink during its construction. In 2002, the airport's management estimated that building the new terminal will cost €401.79 million.<ref name="Court">{{cite news |date=12 May 2015 |title=Skylink: Empfehlungen des Rechnungshof umgesetzt |language=de |trans-title=Skylink: Recommendations from the Court of Audit implemented |newspaper=[[Kurier]] |url=http://kurier.at/wirtschaft/skylink-empfehlungen-des-rechnungshof-umgesetzt/130.042.713 |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611183554/http://kurier.at/wirtschaft/skylink-empfehlungen-des-rechnungshof-umgesetzt/130.042.713 |archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> However, costs skyrocketed and in 2009 stood at an estimated €929.5 million.<ref name="Court"/> The Austrian [[Court of Audit]] then recommended that the airport implement several cost-savings measures, which in the Court's estimate brought down final costs to €849.15 million, still more than double the original plans.<ref name="Court"/>

On 5 June 2012, the new ''Austrian Star Alliance Terminal'' (Terminal 3, named ''Skylink'' during its construction) was opened, which enables the airport to handle up to 30 million passengers per year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allett |first1=Tom |date=18 June 2012 |title=Vienna's Skylink Open for Business |newspaper=Airports International |publisher=[[Key Publishing]] |editor1-last=Cook |editor1-first=Caroline |url=http://www.airportsinternational.com/2012/06/viennas-skylink-open-for-business/11235 |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708235834/http://www.airportsinternational.com/2012/06/viennas-skylink-open-for-business/11235 |archive-date=8 July 2013}}</ref> Construction started in 2004 and was suspended due to projected cost increases in 2009, but resumed in 2010. The maximum planned costs totaled less than €770 million.<ref name="viennaairport.com">{{cite web |title=Flughafen Wien verzeichnet mit einem Passagierplus von 5 Prozent ein neues Rekordergebnis mit 22,2 Mio. Passagieren im Jahr 2012 |url=http://www.viennaairport.com/jart/prj3/va/main.jart?rel=de&content-id=1351048408438&news_beitrag_id=1357856078464 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209174435/http://www.viennaairport.com/jart/prj3/va/main.jart?rel=de&content-id=1351048408438&news_beitrag_id=1357856078464 |archive-date=9 February 2013 |access-date=19 December 2023 |publisher=Vienna International Airport}}</ref> Following concerns over the mismanagement of the Skylink project, chief executive Herbert Kaufman agreed to resign at the end of December 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gubisch |first=Michael |date=16 December 2010 |title=Vienna Airport chief to resign |work=[[FlightGlobal]] |location=London |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/vienna-airport-chief-to-resign-351034/ |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103095112/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/vienna-airport-chief-to-resign-351034/ |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> The new building with its North Pier has 17 jetbridges and makes the airport capable of handling more aircraft, although the new terminal is not able to handle [[Airbus A380]] aircraft. However, the older Concourse D will see an upgrade to accommodate the A380.<ref name="2016refurbishment"/>

Since the opening of Terminal 3, a few terminals and concourses underwent refurbishment. Terminal 1 and Concourses B and D were refurbished between 2012 and 2018. Between 2018 and 2022, a refurbishment of Terminal 2 took place, which has now got a new security check for the C and D concourses.

==Terminals==
[[File:Austria schwechat vienna airport terminal1.jpg|thumb|Terminal 1 interior]]
[[File:VIE Terminal1A 2014.JPG|thumb|Terminal 1A interior]]
[[File:Vienna_airport_terminal_3.jpg|thumb|Terminal 3 interior]]
[[File:Vienna International Airport tower 01.jpg|thumb|[[Air traffic control tower]] behind the head office of [[Austrian Airlines]]]]
The airport has four terminal buildings named ''Terminal 1, 2'' and ''3'' which are directly built against each other as well as the additional ''Terminal 1A'' located opposite Terminal 1. Terminals 1, 2 and 3 connect to the five concourses. The central arrivals hall for all terminal areas is located in Terminal 3.<ref name="officialairportmap"/>

===Terminals===
*'''Terminal 1''' was built in 1990, operating as the second terminal of the airport. It underwent refurbishment in January 2013 and is now mainly used by some [[Oneworld]] and [[SkyTeam]] airlines along with [[Turkish Airlines]], [[Ryanair]] and [[Wizz Air]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
*'''Terminal 1A''', a standalone building opposite Terminal 1, originally built as a temporary complex in 2005.<ref>[https://www.ittenbrechbuehl.ch/en/projects/terminal-1a-airport-vienna/ Terminal 1A Airport, Vienna, Itten+Brechbühl AG]</ref> It hosts check-in facilities for a all kind of carriers, including leisure airlines like [[Condor (airline)|Condor]] or [[SunExpress]], along with legacy and long haul carriers like [[Hainan Airlines]] or [[China Airlines]]. For renovation purposes the terminal had been temporarily closed in early 2025 and was reopened in modernized appearance April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2024 |title=Flughafen Wien modernisiert Terminal 1A |language=de |trans-title=Vienna Airport modernizes terminal 1A |work=aeroTelegraph |url=https://www.aerotelegraph.com/flughafen-wien-huebscht-sein-terminal-1a-auf |access-date=19 December 2023 }}</ref>
*'''Terminal 2''' was finished in 1960, when it was the only terminal of the airport. A huge extension was built in 1993, when the Plaza opened. Because of the opening of the new Terminal 3, the check-in area of Terminal 2 stopped operating in 2012. It was refurbished between 2016 and 2022<ref name="2016refurbishment">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2016 |title=Flughafen Wien: Neues Terminal, neue Strecken |language=de |trans-title=Vienna Airport: New terminal, new routes |url=http://www.austrianaviation.net/news-regional/news-detail/datum/2016/03/30/flughafen-wien-neues-terminal-neue-strecken.html |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604063229/http://www.austrianaviation.net/news-regional/news-detail/datum/2016/03/30/flughafen-wien-neues-terminal-neue-strecken.html |archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref> and now features new security screening areas and a revamped [[baggage reclaim]], which is connected to the baggage reclaim of Terminal 3. The original Terminal 2 is now used as the entrance of Concourses C and D.<ref name="T2new">{{Cite news |last=Dichler |first=Martin |date=5 June 2021 |title=Bald kann der Flughafen Wien seine neue Gepäckhalle eröffnen |language=de |trans-title=Vienna Airport will soon be able to open its new baggage reclaim hall |work=aeroTelegraph |url=https://www.aerotelegraph.com/bald-kann-der-flughafen-wien-seine-neue-gepaeckhalle-eroeffnen |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409014357/https://www.aerotelegraph.com/bald-kann-der-flughafen-wien-seine-neue-gepaeckhalle-eroeffnen |archive-date=9 April 2023}}</ref>
*'''Terminal 3''', also referred to as the [[Austrian Airlines|Austrian]] [[Star Alliance]] Terminal, with its adjoining Concourses F and G is the airport's newest facility. It was built between 2006 and 2012. It is used by [[Austrian Airlines]], most [[Star Alliance]] members, and a number of other carriers including [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], [[El Al]], [[Korean Air]] and [[Qatar Airways]]. A planned expansion has been postponed indefinitely.<ref name="T2new"/>

===Concourses===
*'''Concourse B''' was on ground level, adjacent to Concourse C and featured Gates B31–B42 (boarding by buses) for [[Schengen]] destinations.<ref name="officialairportmap"/> From 2021 it was temporarily used to handle non-Schengen bus arrivals. In 2022 it has been refurbished to assume that role permanently.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
*'''Concourse C''' (pier west) was finished in 1996. It is used for Schengen destinations; features Gates C21-24) (boarding via buses), C31–C42 (jetbridges) C71–C75 (boarding via buses)<ref name="officialairportmap"/>
*'''Concourse D''' (''pier east''; formerly ''Concourse A'') opened 1988 and is used for non-Schengen destinations with shared passport control at the entrance of Pier East; features Gates D21–D29 (boarding via jetbridges), D31–D37 (boarding via buses), D61–D70 (buses).<ref name="officialairportmap"/> Concourse D has been closed and partially refurbished during the COVID-19 pandemic.
*'''Concourse F''' (Level 1 of ''pier north'') was finished in 2012, when the new Terminal 3 opened. It is used for Schengen destinations and consists of Gates F01-F37 (jetbridges and buses) and Gates F71-F75 (bus gates)<ref name="officialairportmap"/>
*'''Concourse G''' (Level 3 and basement of ''pier north'') for non-Schengen destinations; shared passport control at the entrance of Level 3; features Gates G01-G37 (jetbridges and bus gates) and G61-67 (boarding via buses).<ref name="officialairportmap">{{Cite web |title=Flughafenplan |trans-title=Airport Map |url=https://www.viennaairport.com/jart/prj3/va/uploads/data-uploads/Plan/Faltplan_01_2019_.pdf |access-date=29 October 2022 |publisher=Vienna Airport}}</ref>

==Expansion projects==
===Terminal 3 expansion===
In addition to the aforementioned refurbishments of existing passenger facilities, a completely new building is under construction as of early 2024, which is supposed to connect the existing pier east and pier north. The so-called ''T3 Southern Enlargement'' will be offering {{Convert|70000|m2|abbr=on}} of leisure area, 10,000 m² of which will be used for shops and restaurants etc. The building will also feature 18 new additional bus gates, including 9 gates for Schengen Destinations and 9 gates for Non-Schengen Destinations. The opening had originally been planned for 2023, however, the project had been delayed in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. In January 2023 it was announced that the construction of the new building was then set to start in mid-2023.<ref name="T2new"/> Construction for the new terminal annex subsequently started in February 2024 with a completion date expected for early 2027.<ref>[https://presse.wien.gv.at/presse/2024/02/14/baustart-fuer-420-millionen-investition-zur-terminalerweiterung-am-flughafen-wien-schwechat presse.wien.gv.at] (German) 14 February 2024</ref>

===Third runway===
[[File:Vie-planned third runway.svg|thumb|Map with planned third runway]]
Vienna Airport originally projected that it would need a third runway by 2012, or 2016 at the latest, in the event of cooperation with nearby [[Bratislava Airport]].<ref name="2005 Annual Report"/> The third runway is planned to be parallel to and south of the existing runway 11/29. It will be designated 11R/29L, with the existing runway being renamed 11L/29R. The new runway is planned to be {{Convert|3680|m|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|60|m|abbr=on}} wide, and equipped with a category III [[instrument landing system]] in one direction (29L).<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Zukunft Flughafen Wien 3. Piste |url=http://www.viennaairport.com/jart/prj3/va/uploads/data-uploads/Konzern/projektinfo_piste3_de.pdf |access-date=28 March 2018 |publisher=Vienna Airport |page=9 |language=de}}</ref>

Prior to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] the airport projected that a third runway will be necessary by 2025,<ref>{{cite news |date=23 June 2015 |title=Flughafen: Vorstände vorzeitig verlängert |trans-title=Airport: [Management] Board [appointments] extended |publisher=[[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]] |url=http://noe.orf.at/news/stories/2717713/ |access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref> however, environmental organizations and some local communities oppose construction.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wurst |first1=Matthias |date=1 October 2012 |title=The Third Runway: Toxic on Take-Off |newspaper=[[The Vienna Review]] |publisher=Vienna Review Publishing GmbH |url=http://www.viennareview.net/news/austria/the-3rd-runway-toxic-on-take-off |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810203258/https://www.viennareview.net/news/austria/the-3rd-runway-toxic-on-take-off |archive-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> These groups have attacked the decision of [[Lower Austria]] (the state in which the airport is located) to move ahead with the first phase of construction. A verdict from the administrative court that has taken up the lawsuit was expected later in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 July 2015 |title=Dritte Piste dürfte vor Höchstrichter landen |trans-title=Third runway likely to end up in front of Chief Justice |url=http://wien.orf.at/news/stories/2687847/ |publisher=[[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]] |access-date=3 August 2015 }}</ref> As of September 2016, there were ongoing public protests while no legal decision had been made.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wien: Demo gegen dritte Piste angekündigt - Austrian Aviation Net |url=http://www.austrianaviation.net/detail/wien-demo-gegen-dritte-piste-angekuendigt/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929142510/http://www.austrianaviation.net/detail/wien-demo-gegen-dritte-piste-angekuendigt/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2016 |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> On 28 March 2018, the Austrian Federal Administrative Court ruled in favour of a third runway.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2018 |title=Vienna Airport Welcomes Positive Legal Decision in Favour of the 3rd Runway |url=http://www.viennaairport.com/jart/prj3/news_press/uploads/db-con_def-uploads/va-news/E-15_2018.pdf |access-date=28 March 2018 |publisher=Vienna International Airport}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2018 |title=Flughafen Wien: Grünes Licht für dritte Piste |language=de |website=aero.de |publisher=Aviation Media & IT GmbH |url=http://www.aero.de/news-28864/Flughafen-Wien-Gruenes-Licht-fuer-Dritte-Piste.html |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==
===Passenger===
The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Vienna Airport:


{{Airport-dest-list

| [[Aegean Airlines]] | [[Athens International Airport|Athens]]

| [[Aer Lingus]] | [[Dublin Airport|Dublin]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241031-einw24eu|title=Aer Lingus NW24 Europe Frequency Changes – 27OCT24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=31 October 2024|accessdate=14 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>

| [[Air Algerie]] | [[Houari Boumediene Airport|Algiers]]

| [[Air Albania]] | [[Tirana |Tirana]]

| [[Air Arabia]] | [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240710-g9dec24vie|title=Air Arabia Resumes Sharjah – Vienna Service From Late-Dec 2024|publisher=AeroRoutes|date=10 July 2024|accessdate=10 July 2024}}</ref>

| [[Air Cairo]] | [[Hurghada International Airport|Hurghada]]<ref name="liu1">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230313-smxq|title=Air Cairo / SunExpress Launches Extensive Partnership From NS23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=13 March 2023|accessdate=26 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Marsa Alam International Airport|Marsa Alam]]<ref name="liu1"/>

| [[Air Canada]] | [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Toronto–Pearson]]

| [[Air China]] | [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]]

| [[Air France]] | [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240122-afns24eu|title=Air France NS24 Paris European Frequency Variations – 21Jan24|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref>

| [[Air India]] | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<ref>[https://www.austrianwings.info/2023/02/welcome-back-air-india-flughafen-wien-wird-wieder-regelmaessig-von-indiens-nationalairline-bedient/ austrianwings.info - "Welcome Back Air India: Flights to Vienna resumed"] (German) 19 February 2023</ref>

| [[Air Serbia]] | [[Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport|Belgrade]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240201-jueycodeshare | title=Air Serbia / Etihad Resumes Codeshare Partnership from Feb 2024 }}</ref>

| [[AirBaltic]] | [[Riga International Airport|Riga]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230904-btns24|title=airBaltic NS24 Network Changes – 03SEP23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=4 September 2023|accessdate=15 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>

| [[AJet]] | [[Ankara Esenboğa Airport|Ankara]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240313-vfns24">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240313-vfns24|title=AJet NS24 New Flight Number Designations – 12Mar24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=13 March 2024|accessdate=2 February 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref> [[Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport|Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen]]<ref name="aeroroutes_240313-vfns24"/>

| [[All Nippon Airways]] | [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo–Haneda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anahd.co.jp/group/en/pr/pdf/20240123.pdf|title=ANA connects Tokyo with Vienna again}}</ref>

| [[Arkia]] | [[David Ben Gurion International Airport|Tel Aviv]]

| [[Austrian Airlines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.austrian.com/at/en/fly/flight-information/flight-status-and-timetable#/|title=Flight status & Itinerary|website=Austrian Airlines}}</ref> | [[Queen Alia International Airport|Amman–Queen Alia]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-osnw25">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241030-osnw25|title=Austrian Airlines NW25 Systemwide Flight Number Changes – 30Oct24|website=Aeroroutes|accessdate=30 October 2024}}</ref> [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu">{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240527-osnw24eu|title=Austrian NW24 Europe Frequency Changes – 26May24|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Athens International Airport|Athens]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240528-osnw24bkk|title=Austrian Expands Vienna – Bangkok Service in NW24|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport|Barcelona]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg|Basel/Mulhouse]], [[Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport|Belgrade]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Berlin Brandenburg Airport|Berlin]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-osnw25"/> [[Birmingham Airport|Birmingham]], [[Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport|Bologna]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240213-osns24at7">{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240213-osns24at7|title=Austrian Outlines Leased BRA ATR72 NS24 Operations|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Logan International Airport|Boston]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerotelegraph.com/boston-wird-neues-langstreckenziel-von-austrian-airlines |title=Boston wird neues Langstreckenziel von Austrian Airlines |date=30 January 2024 }}</ref> [[Bremen Airport|Bremen]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240116-osmay24bre|title=Austrian Resumes Bremen Service From May 2024|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Brussels Airport|Brussels]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-osnw25"/> [[Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport|Bucharest–Otopeni]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport|Budapest]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Cairo International Airport|Cairo]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241104-nhoscodeshare">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241104-nhoscodeshare|title=ANA Expands Austrian Airlines Codeshare Network in NW24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=4 November 2024|accessdate=28 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Chicago O'Hare International Airport|Chicago–O'Hare]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240523-osnw24inc">{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240523-osnw24inc|title=Austrian NW24 Intercontinental Network Changes – 23May24|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Chisinau International Airport|Chișinău]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Cologne Bonn Airport|Cologne/Bonn]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Düsseldorf Airport|Düsseldorf]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-osnw25"/> [[Erbil International Airport|Erbil]], [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]],<ref name="auto6">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240214-os2q24777 | title=Austrian 2Q24 Boeing 777 intra-Europe Operations – 14Feb24 }}</ref> [[Geneva Airport|Geneva]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-osnw25"/> [[Gran Canaria Airport|Gran Canaria]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Graz Airport|Graz]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240213-osns24at7"/> [[Hamburg Airport|Hamburg]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Hannover Airport|Hanover]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-20|title=Austrian Airlines fliegt nach Hannover|url=https://reisetopia.de/news/austrian-airlines-hannover/|access-date=2023-03-26|website=reisetopia|language=de-DE}}</ref> [[Iași International Airport|Iași]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Innsbruck Airport|Innsbruck]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-osnw25"/> [[Klagenfurt Airport|Klagenfurt]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240213-osns24at7"/> [[Košice International Airport|Košice]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Kraków John Paul II International Airport|Kraków]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-osnw25"/> [[Larnaca International Airport|Larnaca]],<ref name="auto6"/> [[Leipzig/Halle Airport|Leipzig/Halle]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240213-osns24at7"/> [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]],<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240618-caoscodeshare|title=Air China Expands Austrian Codeshare From late-June 2024|website=AeroRoutes}}</ref> [[Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport|Lyon]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Málaga Airport|Málaga]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Milan Linate Airport|Milan–Linate]] (resumes 26 October 2025),<ref name="Milan">{{cite web |title=Austrian Moves Milan Service to Linate in NW25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250521-osnw25lin |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref> [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]] (ends 25 October 2025),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ftnnews.com/aviation/41798-austrian-airlines-to-fly-milan-linate-from-1-june|title=Austrian Airlines to Fly Milan - Linate from 1 June|first=Özgür|last=Töre|website=ftnnews.com|date=17 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Milan"/> [[Montréal-Trudeau International Airport|Montréal–Trudeau]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240523-osnw24inc"/> [[Munich Airport|Munich]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Naples International Airport|Naples]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York–JFK]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240523-osnw24inc"/> [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240523-osnw24inc"/> [[Nice Côte d'Azur Airport|Nice]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Oslo Airport, Gardermoen|Oslo]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-osnw25"/> [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-osnw25"/> [[Podgorica Airport|Podgorica]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Václav Havel Airport Prague|Prague]],<ref name="auto1"/> [[Pristina International Airport Adem Jashari|Pristina]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Rome Fiumicino Airport|Rome–Fiumicino]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Sarajevo International Airport|Sarajevo]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai–Pudong]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Austrian NW24 Intercontinental Network Changes|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241028-osnw24inc}}</ref> [[Sibiu International Airport|Sibiu]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Skopje International Airport|Skopje]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Sofia Airport|Sofia]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Stockholm Arlanda Airport|Stockholm–Arlanda]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Stuttgart Airport|Stuttgart]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-osnw25"/> [[Tbilisi International Airport|Tbilisi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Austrian Resumes Tbilisi Service in May 2024 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240115-osmay24tbs |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=AeroRoutes |date=15 January 2024 |language=en-CA}}</ref> [[Imam Khomeini International Airport|Tehran–Imam Khomeini]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230306-osvie|title=Austrian Airlines Resumes Tehran Service in May 2023|publisher=AeroRoutes|date=6 March 2023|accessdate=6 March 2023}}</ref> [[David Ben Gurion Airport|Tel Aviv]],<ref name="LH_Group_TLV_Susp_NS25">{{cite news |title=Lufthansa announces further suspension of Israel flights |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-lufthansa-group-announces-further-suspension-of-israel-flights-1001511850 |access-date=5 June 2025 |publisher=Globes, Israel business news |date=6 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> [[Tenerife South Airport|Tenerife–South]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Thessaloniki International Airport|Thessaloniki]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza|Tirana]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Varna Airport|Varna]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Venice Marco Polo Airport|Venice]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241104-nhoscodeshare"/> [[Vilnius International Airport|Vilnius]],<ref name=OS23/> [[Warsaw Chopin Airport|Warsaw–Chopin]],<ref name="auto1"/> [[Washington Dulles International Airport|Washington–Dulles]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240523-osnw24inc"/> [[Zvartnots International Airport|Yerevan]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Zagreb Airport|Zagreb]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Zurich Airport|Zurich]]<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> '''Seasonal:''' [[Antalya Airport|Antalya]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123">{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Vienna, Austria|date=August 2023|volume=25|issue=2|publisher=[[OAG (company)|OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited]]|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=1117-1123}}</ref> [[Bari Karol Wojtyla Airport|Bari]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241104-nhoscodeshare"/> [[Burgas Airport|Burgas]],<ref name="OS25">{{cite web |title=Austrian Airlines NS25 Europe Network Additions |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241113-osns25eu |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref> [[Cagliari Elmas Airport|Cagliari]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Cancún International Airport|Cancún]],<ref name="Austrian">{{cite web|url=https://myholiday.austrian.com/en/flights/timetable.html|title=Flight Timetable myAustrian Holidays|website=myAustrian Holidays}}</ref>{{better source needed|independent source needed|date=December 2024}} [[Catania-Fontanarossa Airport|Catania]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Chania International Airport|Chania]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Corfu International Airport|Corfu]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Dalaman Airport|Dalaman]],<ref name="Austrian"/> [[Dubrovnik Airport|Dubrovnik]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Edinburgh Airport|Edinburgh]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/24687929.scottish-airport-welcome-austrian-airlines-flights-vienna/ | title=Scottish airport to welcome Austrian Airlines with flights to Vienna| date=30 October 2024}}</ref> [[Florence Airport|Florence]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Fuerteventura Airport|Fuerteventura]], [[Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport|Funchal]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Göteborg Landvetter Airport|Gothenburg]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Harstad/Narvik Airport, Evenes|Harstad/Narvik]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241031-osns25eve|title=Austrian Adds Vienna – Harstad-Narvik/Evenes Service in NS25|website=Aeroroutes|accessdate=31 October 2024}}</ref> [[Heraklion International Airport|Heraklion]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Ibiza Airport|Ibiza]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Ivalo Airport|Ivalo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240527-osnw24ivl|title=Austrian Airlines Adds Ivalo Service in 1Q25|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Kalamata International Airport|Kalamata]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Karpathos Island National Airport|Karpathos]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Kavala International Airport|Kavala]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Kephalonia International Airport|Kefalonia]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Kittilä Airport|Kittilä]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230503-os1q24ktt|title=Austrian Adds Kittila Service in 1Q24|website=AeroRoutes}}</ref> [[Kos International Airport|Kos]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Lamezia Terme International Airport|Lamezia Terme]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Lemnos International Airport|Lemnos]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.gtp.gr/2025/05/14/austrian-airlines-adds-direct-vienna-limnos-route-in-strategic-deal-with-gnto/|date=14 May 2025|title=Austrian Airlines Adds Direct Vienna–Limnos Route in Strategic Deal with GNTO }}</ref> [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240402-osns24inc">{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240402-osns24inc|title=Austrian NS24 Intercontinental Network Changes – 31Mar24|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Velana International Airport|Malé]],<ref name="Austrian"/><ref name="aeroroutes_240523-osnw24inc"/> [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-osnw25"/> [[Marrakesh Menara Airport|Marrakesh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviation.direct/flughafen-wien-stellt-winterflugplan-vor|title=Austrian Airlines presents winter schedule 2022/2023|date=25 October 2022 }}</ref> [[Marseille Provence Airport|Marseille]],<ref name=OS23/> [[Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport|Mauritius]],<ref name="Austrian"/><ref name="aeroroutes_240523-osnw24inc"/> [[Menorca Airport|Menorca]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Mykonos Airport|Mykonos]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport|Olbia]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Falcone–Borsellino Airport|Palermo]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Araxos Airport|Patras]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Porto Airport|Porto]],<ref name=OS23>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221109-osns23eu|title=Austrian NS23 European Network Expansions|website=AeroRoutes}}</ref> [[Aktion National Airport|Preveza/Lefkada]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Keflavík International Airport|Reykjavík–Keflávik]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Austrian Airlines veröffentlicht Winterflugplan 2022/20234 |url=https://flug.check24.de/news/austrian-airlines-winterflugplan-2022-2023-70252|access-date=2023-03-26|website=CHECK24 Flugvergleich|language=de |trans-title=Austrian Airlines publishes winter schedule 2022/2023 |date=6 July 2022}}</ref> [[Rhodes International Airport|Rhodes]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Rovaniemi Airport|Rovaniemi]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Samos International Airport|Samos]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Santorini International Airport|Santorini]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Seville Airport|Seville]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Skiathos International Airport|Skiathos]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Split Airport|Split]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Sylt Airport|Sylt]],<ref name="OS25"/> [[Tivat Airport|Tivat]],<ref name=OS23/> [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240402-osns24inc"/> [[Tromsø Airport, Langnes|Tromsø]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aeroroutes.com/eng/220706-osnw22sh | title=Austrian NW22 Short-Haul Network Adjustment - 05Jul22 }}</ref> [[Valencia Airport|Valencia]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240527-osnw24eu"/> [[Volos Airport|Volos]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Zadar Airport|Zadar]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> [[Zakynthos International Airport|Zakynthos]]<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1117_1123"/> '''Seasonal charter:''' [[Hurghada International Airport|Hurghada]],<ref name="Austrian"/> [[Marsa Alam International Airport|Marsa Alam]],<ref name="Austrian"/> [[Monastir Habib Bourguiba International Airport|Monastir]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviation.direct/charter-austrian-airlines-fliegt-wien-monastir|title=Austrian Airlines flies charters from Vienna to Monastir|website=aviation.direct|date=11 November 2022|language=German}}</ref>

| [[Azerbaijan Airlines]] | [[Heydar Aliyev International Airport|Baku]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.trend.az/business/transport/3703611.html|title=AZAL launches flights from Baku to Vienna|date=February 2023 }}</ref>

| [[Bluebird Airways]] | [[David Ben Gurion International Airport|Tel Aviv]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=קוטלר |first1=עמית |title=החל מ-59$ לכיוון, 198$ לטיסת הלוך ושוב: מבצעי החזרה לישראל של Blue Bird |url=https://passportnews.co.il/article/192867 |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=פספורטניוז |publisher=PassportNews |date=22 October 2024 |language=he}}</ref>

| [[British Airways]] | [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241031-banw24lhreu|title=British Airways NW24 Heathrow – Europe Frequency Changes – 27Oct24|website=Aeroroutes|accessdate=31 October 2024}}</ref>

| [[Brussels Airlines]] | [[Brussels Airport|Brussels]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221220-snns23eu|title=Brussels Airlines NS23 European Network Adjustment – 18Dec22|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref>

| [[China Airlines]] | [[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]

| [[Condor (airline)|Condor]] | [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241106-dens25eu|title=Correction: Lufthansa NS25 Frankfurt – Denver Aircraft Changes|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=6 November 2024|accessdate=6 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Kos International Airport|Kos]],<ref name="aeroroutes_250328-dens25eu">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250328-dens25eu|title=Condor NS25 Short-Haul Service Changes – 23MAR25|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=28 March 2025|accessdate=28 March 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Flug1">{{cite web | url=https://www.viennaairport.com/unternehmen/presse__news/presseaussendungen__news_2?news_beitrag_id=1734392102850 | title=Flughafen Wien - Presse & News | date=19 December 2024 }}</ref> [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]],<ref name="aeroroutes_250328-dens25eu"/><ref name="Flug1"/> [[Rhodes International Airport|Rhodes]]<ref name="aeroroutes_250328-dens25eu"/><ref name="Flug1"/>

| [[Corendon Airlines]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Antalya Airport|Antalya]],<ref name="fgw 50 53">{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Antalya, Turkiye|date=August 2023|volume=25|issue=2|publisher=[[OAG (company)|OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited]]|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=50-53}}</ref> [[Heraklion International Airport|Heraklion]],{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} [[Hurghada International Airport|Hurghada]],<ref name="aeroroutes_221020-xcxrnw22">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221020-xcxrnw22|title=Corendon Airlines NW22 Scheduled Service Adjustment – 20Oct22|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=20 October 2022|accessdate=2 January 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref> [[İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport|Izmir]]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Izmir, Turkiye|date=August 2023|volume=25|issue=2|publisher=[[OAG (company)|OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited]]|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=481-482}}</ref>

| [[Croatia Airlines]] | [[Zagreb Airport|Zagreb]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240119-oufeb24|title=Croatia Airlines Feb 2024 Service Changes|website=Aeroroutes.com|accessdate=2 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Split Airport|Split]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220315-ouspu|title=Croatia Airlines Expands Split Network in NS22|website=Aeroroutes.com|accessdate=2 November 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[easyJet]] | [[Linate Airport|Milan–Linate]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241224-u2ns25|title=easyJet NS25 Network Additions – 22DEC24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=24 December 2024|accessdate=31 March 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.viennaairport.com/unternehmen/presse__news/presseaussendungen__news_2?news_beitrag_id=1733564608050 | title=Flughafen Wien - Presse & News | date=11 December 2024 }}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg|Basel/Mulhouse]] (begins 15 November 2025),<ref>https://aviation.direct/easyjet-verstaerkt-winterangebot-am-flughafen-wien-mit-fuenf-neuen-verbindungen</ref> [[Bordeaux Airport|Bordeaux]] (begins 27 November 2025),<ref>https://aviation.direct/easyjet-verstaerkt-winterangebot-am-flughafen-wien-mit-fuenf-neuen-verbindungen</ref> [[Bristol Airport|Bristol]] (begins 21 November 2025),<ref>https://aviation.direct/easyjet-verstaerkt-winterangebot-am-flughafen-wien-mit-fuenf-neuen-verbindungen</ref> [[Liverpool John Lennon Airport|Liverpool]] (begins 13 November 2025),<ref>https://aviation.direct/easyjet-verstaerkt-winterangebot-am-flughafen-wien-mit-fuenf-neuen-verbindungen</ref> [[Gatwick Airport|London–Gatwick]] (begins 5 December 2025)<ref>https://aviation.direct/easyjet-verstaerkt-winterangebot-am-flughafen-wien-mit-fuenf-neuen-verbindungen</ref>

| [[Egyptair]] | [[Cairo International Airport|Cairo]]

| [[El Al]] | [[Ben Gurion Airport|Tel Aviv]]

| [[Electra Airways]] | [[Varna Airport|Varna]]

| [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231006-eknw23|title=Emirates NW23 Network Overview/Changes – 05Oct23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=6 October 2023|accessdate=2 February 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref>

| [[Ethiopian Airlines]] | [[Addis Ababa Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]],<ref name="Eth1">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240830-etnw24lh | title=Ethiopian Airlines NW24 North America / Europe Service Changes – 30Aug24 }}</ref> [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]]<ref name="Eth1"/>

| [[Etihad Airways]] | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eturbonews.com/2997153/etihad-airways-launches-flights-to-vienna-austria/|title=Etihad Airways launches flights to Vienna, Austria|date=June 22, 2021|website=eTurboNews | Trends | Travel News}}</ref>

| [[Eurowings]] | [[Cologne Bonn Airport|Cologne/Bonn]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240313-ewns2473h|title=Eurowings NS24 Leased Smartwings 737-800 Operating Routes|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=13 March 2024|accessdate=5 January 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref> [[Düsseldorf Airport|Düsseldorf]],<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230214-ewns23|title=Eurowings NS23 Network Update – 12Feb23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=14 February 2023|accessdate=5 January 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref> [[Hamburg Airport|Hamburg]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230221-ew321|title=Eurowings NS23 A321 Network – 20Feb23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=21 February 2023|accessdate=5 January 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref> [[Stuttgart Airport|Stuttgart]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

| [[EVA Air]] | [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]], [[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]

| [[Finnair]] | [[Helsinki Airport|Helsinki]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230612-aaaycodeshare|title=American / Finnair Expands Europe Codeshare Service From July 2023|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref>

| [[Fly Lili|FlyLili]] | '''Seasonal charter:''' [[David Ben Gurion Airport|Tel Aviv]]<ref name='flns25'>{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=Fly Lili NS25 Israel Charter Network Additions |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250327-flns25 |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=AeroRoutes |date=27 March 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Flynas]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]]<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=flynas Resumes Its Direct Flights Between Riyadh and Vienna in The Presence of H.E., the Republic of Austria Ambassador to the Kingdom |url=https://www.flynas.com/en-eu/media-center/news-updates/direct-flights-between-riyadh-and-vienna |location=Riyadh |publisher=flynas |date=2022-04-28 |access-date=2024-12-31}}</ref>

| [[Georgian Airways]] | [[Tbilisi International Airport|Tbilisi]]

| [[GoTo Fly]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Forlì Airport|Forlì]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Forlì-Vienna flight from 39.99 euros: starting on June 22nd |url=https://www.corriereromagna.it/forli/volo-forli-vienna-da-3999-euro-si-comincia-il-22-giugno-KN1249369 |website=Corriere Romagna |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

| [[Hainan Airlines]] | [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport|Chengdu–Tianfu]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Hainan Airlines Adds Chengdu – Vienna Service From Dec 2024 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241021-hudec24vie |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hainan Airlines Resumes Shenzhen – Vienna Service in 2Q24 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240408-humay24vie |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref>

| [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]] | [[Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport|Madrid]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240527-ibnw24eu|title=Iberia NW24 Madrid – Europe Frequency Changes – 26May24|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref>

| [[Jet2.com]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Belfast International Airport|Belfast–International]] (begins 28 November 2025),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.irishnews.com/news/business/jet2-announce-plans-for-winter-flights-to-vienna-from-belfast-international-in-2025-ISYSTUGKPVBL3MZD7RL2O5BO5Y/ | title=Jet2 announce plans for winter flights to Vienna from Belfast International in 2025 | date=29 August 2024 }}</ref> [[Birmingham Airport|Birmingham]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240510-lsnw2432q|title=Jet2 Adds A321neo Edinburgh Service in From Nov 2024|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=10 May 2024|accessdate=26 March 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="jet2plc.com">https://www.jet2plc.com/news/2024/08/Jet2_com_and_Jet2CityBreaks_unwrap_biggest_and_best_Winter_Christmas_Markets_programme_for_25_26</ref> [[Bournemouth Airport|Bournemouth]] (begins 28 November 2025),<ref>{{cite web |title= Jet2: Two new destinations announced for winter 2025 |date= 28 August 2024 |url= https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/24547555.jet2-two-new-destinations-announced-winter-2025/ |access-date= 19 November 2024}}</ref> [[Bristol Airport|Bristol]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.northsomersettimes.co.uk/news/23798914.jet2-com-jet2citybreaks-launch-christmas-markets-programme/ | title=Christmas Markets programme launched earlier than ever before at Bristol Airport | date=19 September 2023 }}</ref> [[East Midlands Airport|East Midlands]] (begins 28 November 2025),<ref name="jet2plc.com"/> [[Edinburgh Airport|Edinburgh]],<ref name="jet2plc.com"/> [[Glasgow Airport|Glasgow]] (begins 27 November 2025),<ref name="jet2plc.com"/> [[Leeds Bradford Airport|Leeds/Bradford]],<ref name="jet2plc.com"/> [[Liverpool John Lennon Airport|Liverpool]] (begins 20 November 2025),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aviation.direct/en/winter-2025-26-jet2-announces-liverpool-vienna | title=Winter 2025/26: Jet2 announces Liverpool-Vienna | date=26 August 2024 }}</ref> [[London Stansted Airport|London–Stansted]],<ref name="jet2plc.com"/> [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]],<ref name="jet2plc.com"/> [[Newcastle International Airport|Newcastle upon Tyne]] (begins 20 November 2025)<ref name="jet2plc.com"/>

| [[KLM]] | [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]]<ref name="aeroroutes_240618-kloct2432q">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240618-kloct2432q|title=KLM Schedules Additional A321neo Routes in Oct 2024|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref>

| [[KM Malta Airlines]] | [[Malta International Airport|Malta]]<ref name="Malta">{{cite web|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/new-airline-replacing-air-malta-fly-march-31.1058754|title=New airline replacing Air Malta to fly on March 31, 2024|date=2 October 2023 }}</ref>

| [[Korean Air]] | [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]

| [[Kuwait Airways]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]]

| [[LOT Polish Airlines]] | [[Warsaw Chopin Airport|Warsaw–Chopin]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220725-loaug22|title=LOT Polish Airlines August 2022 Network Adjustment - 24Jul22|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=25 July 2022|accessdate=29 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Lufthansa]] | [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-lhnw24eu">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241030-lhnw24eu|title=Lufthansa NW24 Europe Frequency Changes – 27Oct24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=30 October 2024|accessdate=1 February 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref> [[Munich Airport|Munich]]<ref name="aeroroutes_241030-lhnw24eu"/>

| [[Luxair]] | [[Luxembourg Airport|Luxembourg]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250205-lg1q26295|title=Luxair Outlines Embraer E195-E2 1Q26 Network|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=5 February 2025|accessdate=1 February 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref>



| [[Nile Air]] | '''Seasonal charter:''' [[Hurghada International Airport|Hurghada]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240626-npns24prgvie|title=Nile Air Adds Hurghada - Prague/Vienna Charters in NS24|publisher=AeroRoutes|date=26 June 2024|accessdate=26 June 2024}}</ref>

| [[Norwegian Air Shuttle]] | [[Oslo Airport, Gardermoen|Oslo]]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide |title=November 2023|volume=25|issue=5|publisher=OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=793-797}}</ref>

| [[Nouvelair]] | '''Seasonal:''' [[Djerba–Zarzis International Airport|Djerba]],{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} [[Monastir Habib Bourguiba International Airport|Monastir]]{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

| [[Pegasus Airlines]] | [[Ankara Esenboğa Airport|Ankara]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=November 2023|volume=25|issue=5|publisher=OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=44-45}}</ref> [[Sabiha Gökçen International Airport|Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen]]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=November 2023|volume=25|issue=5|publisher=OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=463-470}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Antalya Airport|Antalya]],<ref name="fgw 50 53"/> [[Adnan Menderes Airport|Izmir]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Ankara, Turkiye|date=August 2023|volume=25|issue=2|publisher=[[OAG (company)|OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited]]|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=481-482}}</ref> [[Erkilet International Airport|Kayseri]]

| [[People's]] | [[St. Gallen–Altenrhein Airport|St. Gallen/Altenrhein]]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Altenrhein|date=August 2023|volume=25|issue=2|publisher=[[OAG (company)|OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited]]|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=35}}</ref>

| [[Qatar Airways]] | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]

| [[Ryanair]]<ref name=auto>{{cite web |url=https://www.ryanair.com/gb/en/ |title=Ryanair website |publisher=Ryanair Group|location=Dublin}} {{nonspecific|date=June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230207-fr320|title=Ryanair NS23 A320 Network Additions – 05Feb23|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> | [[Agadir Airport|Agadir]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aviation.direct/winter-2023-24-ryanair-legt-wieder-marokko-fluege-ab-wien-auf | title=Winter 2023/24: Ryanair legt wieder Marokko-Flüge ab Wien auf | date=24 August 2023 }}</ref> [[Alicante–Elche Miguel Hernández Airport|Alicante]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123">{{Cite journal|author=|journal=OAG Flight Guide Worldwide|title=Vienna, Austria|date=August 2023|volume=25|issue=2|publisher=[[OAG (company)|OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited]]|publication-place=Luton, United Kingdom|issn=1466-8718|language=en|pages=1118-1123}}</ref> [[Athens International Airport|Athens]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Banja Luka International Airport|Banja Luka]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport|Barcelona]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport|Bari]],<ref name="freq">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230516-frns23it|title=Ryanair May – Oct 2023 Italy Frequency Variations – 14May23|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Beauvais–Tillé Airport|Beauvais]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Milan Bergamo Airport|Bergamo]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport|Bologna]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport|Bucharest–Otopeni]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Catania–Fontanarossa Airport|Catania]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Brussels South Charleroi Airport|Charleroi]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220920-frnw22be|title=Ryanair NW22 Belgium Network Adjustment|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=20 September 2022|accessdate=31 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Cologne Bonn Airport|Cologne/Bonn]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]],<ref name="auto"/> [[Dublin Airport|Dublin]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Dubrovnik Airport|Dubrovnik]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Edinburgh Airport|Edinburgh]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Eindhoven Airport|Eindhoven]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Faro Airport|Faro]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Fuerteventura Airport|Fuerteventura]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Gran Canaria Airport|Gran Canaria]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Helsinki Airport|Helsinki]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://corporate.ryanair.com/news/ryanair-announces-winter-22-23-schedule-for-finland/?market=fi | title=Ryanair Announces Winter '22/23 Schedule for Finland – Ryanair's Corporate Website | date=8 June 2022 }}</ref> [[Kraków John Paul II International Airport|Kraków]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Larnaca International Airport|Larnaca]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Lisbon Airport|Lisbon]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[London Stansted Airport|London–Stansted]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/220922-frnw22320|title=Ryanair NW22 London Stansted A320 Network Additions|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=22 September 2022|accessdate=31 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport|Madrid]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Málaga Airport|Málaga]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Malta International Airport|Malta]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]],<ref name=FRW21/> [[Marseille Provence Airport|Marseille]],<ref name=FRW21/> [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Naples International Airport|Naples]],<ref name="freq"/> [[Niš Constantine the Great Airport|Niš]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Paphos International Airport|Paphos]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Porto Airport|Porto]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230223-fropo|title=Ryanair NS23 Porto Frequency Variations – 19Feb23|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref> [[Riga International Airport|Riga]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Rome Fiumicino Airport|Rome–Fiumicino]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Santander Airport|Santander]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Seville Airport|Seville]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Sofia Airport|Sofia]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Stockholm Arlanda Airport|Stockholm–Arlanda]],<ref name=FRW21/> [[David Ben Gurion Airport|Tel Aviv]],<ref name="FR_Resumes_ISR_25">{{cite news |last1=קוטלר |first1=עמית |title=רשמית: זה התאריך לחזרת ריינאייר לישראל. לאן תוכלו לטוס ב-140 שקלים? |url=https://passportnews.co.il/article/194703 |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=פספורטניוז |date=28 January 2025 |ref=FR_Resumes_IL_25 |language=he}}</ref> [[Tenerife South Airport|Tenerife–South]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Thessaloniki Airport|Thessaloniki]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza|Tirana]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231212-frns24|title=Ryanair NS24 Network Additions – 10Dec23|website=AeroRoutes}}</ref> [[Treviso Airport|Treviso]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://italiavola.com/2023/09/21/ryanair-apre-la-vienna-treviso/ | title=Ryanair apre la Vienna – Treviso | date=21 September 2023 }}</ref><ref name="auto"/> [[Valencia Airport|Valencia]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Vilnius Airport|Vilnius]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Warsaw Chopin Airport|Warsaw–Chopin]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://turystyka.rp.pl/linie-lotnicze/art37838451-ryanair-potwierdza-wracamy-na-lotnisko-chopina-na-poczatek-piec-kierunkow | title=Ryanair potwierdza: Wracamy na Lotnisko Chopina. Na początek pięć kierunków }}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Queen Alia International Airport|Amman–Queen Alia]],<ref name=FRW21>{{cite news|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/296826/ryanair-group-to-operate-nine-new-routes-from-vienna-in-summer-2022/|title=Ryanair Group to operate nine new routes from Vienna in summer 2022|last=Hoffmann|first=Kurt|work=Routes|publisher=Informa plc|location=London|date=30 September 2021}}</ref> [[Burgas Airport|Burgas]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Cagliari Elmas Airport|Cagliari]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Chania International Airport|Chania]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230207-fr320">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230207-fr320|title=Ryanair NS23 A320 Network Additions – 05FEB23|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=7 February 2023|accessdate=31 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Corfu International Airport|Corfu]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Göteborg-Landvetter Airport|Gothenburg]],<ref name="auto4">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230918-frnw23 | title=Ryanair NW23 Network Changes – 17Sep23 }}</ref> [[Heraklion International Airport|Heraklion]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Ibiza Airport|Ibiza]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Kalamata International Airport|Kalamata]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Kephalonia International Airport|Kefalonia]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Kos International Airport|Kos]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Lamezia Terme International Airport|Lamezia Terme]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230207-fr320"/><ref name=FRW21/> [[Lanzarote Airport|Lanzarote]], [[Mykonos Airport|Mykonos]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport|Olbia]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240716-frns24 | title=Ryanair NS24 Network Additions Summary – 14Jul24 }}</ref> [[Falcone–Borsellino Airport|Palermo]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Aktion National Airport|Preveza/Lefkada]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230207-fr320"/> [[Pula Airport|Pula]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230207-fr320"/> [[Rhodes International Airport|Rhodes]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230207-fr320"/> [[Rijeka Airport|Rijeka]],<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://croatianaviation.com/nove-linije-ryanaira-za-split-pulu-i-rijeku/|title=Ryanair launches Split-Vienna flights|date=5 December 2023 }}</ref> [[Federico Fellini International Airport|Rimini]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Salerno Costa d'Amalfi Airport|Salerno]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250306-frns25|title=Ryanair NS25 Network Additions – 02MAR25|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=6 March 2025|accessdate=25 March 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wetravel.biz/2024/12/21/nuovo-volo-ryanair-per-salerno-vienna/ | title=Nuovo volo Ryanair per Salerno: Vienna | date=21 December 2024 }}</ref> [[Santorini International Airport|Santorini]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Skiathos International Airport|Skiathos]],<ref name="aeroroutes_230207-fr320"/> [[Split Airport|Split]],<ref name="auto3"/> [[Varna Airport|Varna]],<ref name="auto4"/> [[Venice Marco Polo Airport|Venice]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Zadar Airport|Zadar]],<ref name="OAG_World_Aug2023_1118_1123"/> [[Zakynthos International Airport|Zakynthos]]<ref name="aeroroutes_230207-fr320"/>

| [[Saudia]] | [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Saudia NS25 Preliminary Network Expansion |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250203-svns25int |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]]<ref> https://reiseinsider.at/details/saudia-nimmt-wien-dschidda-wieder-auf</ref>

| [[Scandinavian Airlines]] | [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]] (begins 26 October 2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=SAS NW25 Short/Medium-Haul Network Additions |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250516-sknw25sh |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>

| [[Scoot]] | [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]<ref>{{cite web |author1=Andrew |title=Scoot launching non-stop Singapore – Vienna flights |url=https://mainlymiles.com/2025/01/16/scoot-launching-non-stop-singapore-vienna-flights/ |website=Mainly Miles |date=16 January 2025}}</ref>

| [[Sky Express (Greece)|Sky Express]] | [[Athens International Airport|Athens]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240813-gqnw24 |title=SKY EXPRESS NW24 ATHENS NETWORK ADDITIONS |date=13 August 2024}}</ref>

| [[Smartwings]] | '''Seasonal charter:''' [[Amílcar Cabral International Airport|Sal]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tip-online.at/news/52321/kapverden-tui-mit-direktflug-im-winter-2023-2024/|title=Kapverden: TUI mit Direktflug im Winter 2023/2024|date=20 April 2023 }}</ref> [[Ibiza Airport|Ibiza]],<ref name="aeroroutes_240108-qsns24">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240108-qsns24|title=Smartwings NS24 Network Additions – 07Jan24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=8 January 2024|accessdate=31 December 2024|language=en-ca}}</ref> [[Thessaloniki Airport|Thessaloniki]]<ref name="aeroroutes_240108-qsns24"/>

| [[SunExpress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sunexpress.com/en/information/more-services/flight-schedules/|title=Flight schedules|website=sunexpress.com}}</ref> | [[Antalya Airport|Antalya]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241113-osxqcodeshare">{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241113-osxqcodeshare|title=Austrian / SunExpress Begins Codeshare Partnership in NW24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=13 November 2024|accessdate=3 February 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref> [[Adnan Menderes Airport|Izmir]]<ref name="aeroroutes_241113-osxqcodeshare"/> '''Seasonal:''' [[Esenboğa International Airport|Ankara]],<ref name="aeroroutes_241113-osxqcodeshare"/> [[Dalaman Airport|Dalaman]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aviation.direct/en/summer-2024-sunexpress-flies-dalaman-vienna | title=Summer 2024: Sunexpress flies Dalaman-Vienna | date=12 February 2024 }}</ref> [[Diyarbakır Airport|Diyarbakır]],<ref name=XQ>{{cite web|title=SunExpress NS23 Network Additions – 30Oct22|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221031-xqns23|website=aeroroutes.com|date=31 October 2022}}</ref> [[Kayseri Airport|Kayseri]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gastepress.com/sunexpress-kayseri-viyana-ucak-seferlerini-hayata-gecirecek/102605/|title = SunExpress, Kayseri-Viyana Uçak Seferlerini Hayata Geçirecek!}}</ref><ref name="aeroroutes_241113-osxqcodeshare"/> [[Samsun-Çarşamba Airport|Samsun]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Casey |first1=David |title=SunExpress Schedules New Summer Routes |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/297398/sunexpress-schedules-new-summer-routes/ |website=Routesonline |access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Swiss International Air Lines]]}} | [[Zurich Airport|Zurich]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swiss.com/ch/en/discover/winter-timetable |title=Highly varied route network for SWISS in winter 2023/24|website=Swiss International Air Lines}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Geneva Airport|Geneva]]<ref name=GVA>{{cite web|url=https://aviation.direct/ab-ende-maerz-2023-swiss-fliegt-genf-wien-wieder-selbst|title=SWISS flies from Geneva to Vienna from end of March 2023|date=5 December 2022 |language=German}}</ref>

| [[TAP Air Portugal]] | [[Lisbon Airport|Lisbon]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/221104-tplocodeshare|title=LOT Polish Airlines / TAP Air Portugal Expands Codeshare Network in NW22|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=4 November 2022|accessdate=27 December 2024|language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Transavia]] | [[Orly Airport|Paris–Orly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/airports/2527/vienna-airport/news/297094/winter-202122-flight-schedule-new-destinations-and-frequency-increases-at-vienna-airport-destination-offering-close-to-90-of-the-pre-crisis-level-in-2019/|title = Winter 2021/22 flight schedule: new destinations and frequency increases at Vienna Airport – destination offering close to 90% of the pre-crisis level in 2019| date=5 November 2021 }}</ref>

| [[TUI Airways]]<ref name="TUI.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.tui.co.uk/flight/timetable|title=Flight Timetable|website=tui.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> | '''Seasonal:''' [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]] (begins 26 November 2025)<ref name="TUI.uk"/>

| [[Tunisair]] | [[Tunis–Carthage International Airport|Tunis]]

| [[Turkish Airlines]] | [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241112-tkns25eu|title=Turkish Airlines NS25 European Frequency Changes – 10NOV24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=12 November 2024|accessdate=16 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> '''Seasonal:''' [[Erkilet International Airport|Kayseri]]

| [[TUS Airways]] | [[Ben Gurion Airport|Tel Aviv]]<ref name="U8_TLV-EU_NS24">{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=Tus Airways Sep 2024 Tel Aviv Network Additions |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240726-u8sep24tlv |access-date=26 July 2024 |work=AeroRoutes |date=26 July 2024 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

| [[Volotea]] | [[Nantes Atlantique Airport|Nantes]]

| [[Vueling]] | [[Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport|Barcelona]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Liu|first1=Jim|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/241031-vynw24es|title=Vueling NW24 Frequency Changes – 27Oct24|website=Aeroroutes.com|date=31 October 2024|accessdate=3 January 2025|language=en-ca}}</ref>

| [[Wizz Air]]<ref name="wizzair.com">[https://wizzair.com/en-gb/flights/vienna wizzair.com - Vienna] retrieved 9 March 2022</ref> | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport|Barcelona]], [[Bilbao Airport|Bilbao]],<ref name=W6Summer>{{cite web|url=https://aviation.direct/wien-wizz-air-nimmt-kuwait-city-und-bilbao-auf|title=Vienna: Wizz Air starts Bilbao and Kuwait City|date=14 December 2022 }}</ref> [[Chișinău International Airport|Chișinău]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boardingpass.ro/wizz-air-trei-rute-noi-de-la-chisinau-din-septembrie-2024/|title=Wizz Air: trei rute noi de la Chișinău din septembrie 2024|first=Vlad|last=Marcu|date=4 July 2024}}</ref> [[Cluj International Airport|Cluj-Napoca]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boardingpass.ro/wizz-air-cinci-rute-noi-din-bucuresti-si-cluj-napoca-din-octombrie-2024/|title=Wizz Air: cinci rute noi din București și Cluj Napoca din octombrie 2024|first=Gabriel|last=Bobon|date=11 July 2024}}</ref> [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],<ref name="auto2">{{cite web | url=https://travelweekly.co.uk/news/air/wizz-air-signals-saudi-expansion-with-20-new-routes | title=Wizz Air signals Saudi expansion with 20 new routes }}</ref> [[David the Builder Kutaisi International Airport|Kutaisi]], [[Larnaca International Airport|Larnaca]], [[Gatwick Airport|London–Gatwick]], [[Málaga Airport|Málaga]], [[Nice Côte d'Azur Airport|Nice]], [[Ohrid "St. Paul the Apostle" Airport|Ohrid]], [[Podgorica Airport|Podgorica]], [[Pristina International Airport|Pristina]], [[Sibiu International Airport|Sibiu]] (begins 1 August 2025),<ref> https://boardingpass.ro/wizz-air-sase-rute-noi-de-la-sibiu-din-august-2025</ref> [[Suceava Ștefan cel Mare International Airport|Suceava]] (begins 30 September 2025),<ref>https://boardingpass.ro/wizz-air-se-extinde-la-suceava-cu-opt-rute-din-decembrie-2025/</ref> [[Ben Gurion Airport|Tel Aviv]],<ref name="Wizz_Res_Isr">{{cite news |last1=יעיש |first1=שמעון |title=צפו לירידה במחירי הטיסות - אלו היעדים החדשים של וויז אייר מישראל |url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/travel/aviation/article/15301140?amp=1 |access-date=11 March 2024 |work=www.israelhayom.co.il |date=11 March 2024}}</ref> [[Tenerife South Airport|Tenerife–South]], [[Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza|Tirana]], [[Tuzla Airport|Tuzla]],<ref>https://aviation.direct/en/wizz-air-kuendigt-wien-tuzla-an</ref> [[Zvartnots International Airport|Yerevan]] '''Seasonal:''' [[Queen Alia International Airport|Amman–Queen Alia]], [[Burgas Airport|Burgas]], [[Chania International Airport|Chania]], [[Corfu International Airport|Corfu]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Hurghada International Airport|Hurghada]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aviation.direct/wizz-air-kuendigt-wien-hurghada-an | title=Wizz Air kündigt Wien-Hurghada an | date=23 February 2023 }}</ref> [[Sharm El Sheikh International Airport|Sharm El Sheikh]],<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240102-w61q24cxld|title=Wizz Air 1Q24 Routes Suspension Summary – 31DEC23|website=AeroRoutes}}</ref> [[Varna Airport|Varna]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://varnautre.bg/2024/06/07/630378-wizz_air_puska_dopulnitelni_poleti_ot_varna_prez_avgust | title=WIZZ AIR ПУСКА ДОПЪЛНИТЕЛНИ ПОЛЕТИ ОТ ВАРНА ПРЕЗ АВГУСТ }}</ref> [[Zakynthos International Airport|Zakynthos]]

}}

===Cargo===
{{Airport-dest-list

| [[Asiana Cargo]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome To Asiana Cargo|url=https://www.asianacargo.com/schedule/nodeSchedule.do|access-date=2023-03-26|website=www.asianacargo.com}}</ref> | [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]], [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]

| [[Cargolux]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cargolux Network - Flight destinations|url=https://www.cargolux.com/network/|access-date=2024-08-24|website=Cargolux}}</ref> | [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]], [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]], [[Luxembourg Airport|Luxembourg]]

| [[DHL Aviation]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pireci|first=Granit|date=2022-10-17|title=DHL Express Austria fliegt jetzt auch vom Flughafen Wien ab|url=https://aviation.direct/dhl-express-austria-fliegt-jetzt-auch-vom-flughafen-wien-ab|access-date=2023-03-26|website=Aviation.Direct|language=de-DE}}</ref> | [[Leipzig/Halle Airport|Leipzig/Halle]]

| [[Korean Air Cargo]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flight Operation Status - Korean Air Cargo|url=https://cargo.koreanair.com/en/flight-operation-status|access-date=2023-03-26|website=cargo.koreanair.com}}</ref> | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Korean Air Cargo resumes B777F linking Seoul, Hanoi, Delhi, Europe|url=https://www.stattimes.com/air-cargo/korean-air-cargo-resumes-b777f-linking-seoul-hanoi-delhi-europe-1345903|work=STAT Trade Times|date=8 July 2022|access-date=18 February 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]], [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]], [[Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport|Madrid]], [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]], [[Oslo Airport, Gardermoen|Oslo]], [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]], [[Zurich Airport|Zürich]]

| [[Qatar Airways Cargo]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qatar Airways Cargo|url=https://www.qrcargo.com/s/network-and-services/flight-schedule|access-date=2023-03-26|website=www.qrcargo.com}}</ref> | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]

| [[Silk Way Airlines]]<ref>[http://www.silkwayairlines.com/our-network silkwayairlines.com - Our network] retrieved 16 November 2019</ref> | [[Heydar Aliyev International Airport|Baku]], [[Frankfurt–Hahn Airport|Hahn]], [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]], [[Milan Malpensa Airport|Milan–Malpensa]]

}}


==Statistics==
===Traffic figures===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width:600px"
|+ Traffic by calendar year. Official ACI statistics.
|-
! style="width:50px"| !! style="width:100px"| Passengers !! style="width:85px"| Change from previous year !! style="width:100px"| Aircraft operations !! style="width:75px"| Change from previous year !! style="width:125px"| Cargo (including road feeder service, metric tons) !! style="width:75px"| Change from previous year
|-
!2005
|15,859,050 || {{increase}} 7.26% || 252,988 || {{increase}} 3.42% || 180,066 || {{increase}}13.77%
|-
!2006
|16,855,725 || {{increase}} 6.28% || 260,846 || {{increase}} 3.11% || 201,870 || {{increase}}12.11%
|-
!2007
|18,768,468 || {{increase}}11.35% || 280,912 || {{increase}} 7.69% || 205,024 || {{increase}} 1.56%
|-
!2008
|19,747,289 || {{increase}} 5.22% || 292,740 || {{increase}} 4.21% || 201,364 || {{decrease}} 1.79%
|-
!2009
|18,114,103 || {{decrease}} 8.27% || 261,758 || {{decrease}}10.58% || 198,407 || {{decrease}} 1.47%
|-
!2010
|19,691,206 || {{increase}} 8.71% || 265,150 || {{increase}} 1.30% || 231,824 || {{increase}}16.84%
|-
!2011
|21,106,292 || {{increase}} 7.19% || 266,865 || {{increase}} 0.65% || 291,313 || {{increase}}25.66%
|-
!2012
|22,195,794 || {{increase}} 5.02% || 264,542 || {{decrease}} 0.87% || 265,467 || {{decrease}} 8.89%
|-
!2013
|21,999,926 || {{decrease}} 0.75% || 250,224 || {{decrease}} 5.41% || 268,155 || {{increase}} 1.03%
|-
!2014
|22,483,158 || {{increase}} 2.20% || 249,989 || {{decrease}} 0.09% || 290,116 || {{increase}} 8.19%
|-
!2015
|22,775,054|| {{increase}} 1.30% || 226,811 || {{decrease}} 1.70% || 272,575 || {{decrease}} 1.80%
|-
!2016
|23,352,016|| {{increase}} 2.50% || 226,395 || {{decrease}} 0.20% || 282,726 || {{increase}} 3.70%
|-
!2017
|24,392,805|| {{increase}} 4.50% || 224,568 || {{decrease}} 0.80% || 287,692 || {{increase}} 1.90%
|-
!2018
|27,037,292|| {{increase}} 10.80% || 241,004 || {{increase}} 7.30% || 295,427 || {{increase}} 2.60%
|-
!2019
|31,662,189|| {{increase}} 17.10% || 266,802 || {{increase}} 10.70% || 283,806 || {{decrease}} 3.90%
|-
!2020
|7,812,938|| {{decrease}} 75.32% || 95,880 || {{decrease}} 64.06% || 217,888 || {{decrease}} 23.23%
|-
!2021
|10,405,815|| {{increase}} 33.19% || 111,567 || {{increase}} 16.36% || 208,010 || {{decrease}} 4.53%
|-
!2022
|23,682,133|| {{increase}} 127.59% || 188,412 || {{increase}} 68.88% || 208,713 || {{increase}} 0.34%
|-
!2023
|29,533,186|| {{increase}} 24.70% || 221,095 || {{increase}} 17.3% || 245,009 || {{increase}} 17.39%
|-
!2024
|31,719,836|| {{increase}} 7.4% || 234,138 || {{increase}} 5.9% || 297,945 || {{increase}} 21.6%
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" |''Sources: (''Years 2005,<ref name="2005 WATR">[http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/_2005%20WATR.pdf Airport Council International]'s 2005 World Airport Traffic Report</ref> 2006,<ref name="2006 WATR">[http://www.domodedovo.ru/img/uploaded/rating/WorldAirportTrafficReport2006_Revised.pdf Airport Council International]'s 2006 World Airport Traffic Report</ref> 2007,<ref name="2007 WATR">[http://www.abcal.org/images/stories/docs2010/aci_watr2007.pdf Airport Council International]'s 2007 World Airport Traffic Report</ref> 2009,<ref name="2009 WATR">[http://www.soulouconsult.com/PDFs/ACI_WATR_2009_FINAL.pdf Airport Council International] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811131701/http://www.soulouconsult.com/PDFs/ACI_WATR_2009_FINAL.pdf |date=2016-08-11 }}'s 2009 World Airport Traffic Report</ref> 2011,<ref name="2011 WATR">{{Cite web|title=Trafic Mondial World Traffic 2011
|url=http://leea.recherche.enac.fr/Bdd/AirTraffic2011.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927210458/http://leea.recherche.enac.fr/Bdd/AirTraffic2011.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2015|access-date=2023-03-26|website=Airport Council International|language=en-US}}</ref> 2012,<ref name="2012 WATR">{{Cite web|title=Trafic Mondial World Traffic 2012
|url=http://leea.recherche.enac.fr/Bdd/AirTraffic2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927224111/http://leea.recherche.enac.fr/Bdd/AirTraffic2012.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2015|access-date=2023-03-26|website=Airport Council International|language=en-US}}</ref> 2013,<ref name="2013 WATR">{{Cite web|title=Trafic Mondial World Traffic 2013
|url=http://leea.recherche.enac.fr/Bdd/AirTraffic2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927235600/http://leea.recherche.enac.fr/Bdd/WorldwideAirTraffic2013.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2015|access-date=2023-03-26|website=Airport Council International|language=en-US}}</ref> and 2014'',<ref name="2014 WATR">{{Cite web|title=安全注册|url=http://haminfo-terminal.com/grafiken/WorldwideAirTraffic2014.pdf|access-date=2023-03-26|website=haminfo-terminal.com}}</ref>'' 2015,<ref name="2016 WATR">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2016 |title=Flughafen Wien 2015: Neuer Passagierrekord von 22,8 Mio. (plus 1,3 %) – Optimistischer Ausblick für 2016 |url=https://www.viennaairport.com/unternehmen/presse__news/presseaussendungen__news_2?news_beitrag_id=1452601350525 |access-date=26 March 2023 |publisher=Vienna Airport |language=de}}</ref> 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2017 |title=Flughafen Wien 2016: Drei Passagierrekorde in einem Jahr – Stärkster Tag, stärkster Monat und erstmals mehr als 23 Mio. Passagiere im Gesamtjahr |url=https://www.viennaairport.com/unternehmen/presse__news/presseaussendungen__news_2?news_beitrag_id=1484560994069 |access-date=19 December 2023 |publisher=Vienna Airport |language=de}}</ref> 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2018 |title=Rekordjahr 2017: Flughafen-Wien-Gruppe mit 30,9 Mio. (+6,9%) Passagieren erstmals über 30 Mio.-Grenze |url=https://www.viennaairport.com/unternehmen/presse__news/presseaussendungen__news_2?news_beitrag_id=1516031056393 |access-date=19 December 2023 |publisher=Vienna Airport |language=de}}</ref> 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2019 |title=Flughafen Wien legt stark zu: 2018 passagierstärkstes Jahr in der Geschichte der Flughafen-Wien-Gruppe mit 34,4 Mio. (+11,3%) Passagieren, erstmals 27 Mio.-Marke am Standort Wien geknackt |url=https://www.viennaairport.com/unternehmen/presse__news/presseaussendungen__news_2?news_beitrag_id=1547640734879 |publisher=Vienna Airport}}</ref> 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2020 |title=Starkes Passagierwachstum: Flughafen-Wien-Gruppe mit 39,5 Mio. Passagieren (+15,0%) in 2019, 31,7 Mio. Passagiere (+17,1%) am Flughafen Wien |url=https://www.viennaairport.com/unternehmen/presse__news/presseaussendungen__news_2?news_beitrag_id=1578990620436 |access-date=19 December 2023 |publisher=Vienna Airport}}</ref> 2020,<ref name="2020results">{{cite web|url=https://www.viennaairport.com/jart/prj3/va/uploads/data-uploads/IR/2021/02_Excel_Traffic_results_February_2021.xlsx |title=Excelsheet: Traffic Results Overview |format=XLSX |access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> 2021,<ref name="statistik_austria">{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Kommerzielle Zivilluftfahrt 2021: Passagieraufkommen um 20,3% gestiegen, aber noch immer deutlich unter Vorkrisenniveau |trans-title=Commercial civil aviation 2021: Passenger traffic up 20.3%, but still well below pre-crisis levels. |url=https://www.statistik.at/fileadmin/announcement/2022/05/20220224KommerzielleLuftfahrt2021.pdf |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=Statistics Austria |publisher=Bundesanstalt Statistik Österreich |language=de }}</ref> 2022<ref name="2022results">{{cite web |date=24 February 2023 |title=Number of air passengers rose by 137.4 % in 2022 |url=https://www.statistik.at/fileadmin/announcement/2023/02/20230224Zivilluftfahrt2022EN.pdf |access-date=7 April 2023 |website=Statistics Austria |publisher=Bundesanstalt Statistik Österreich}}</ref> 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=Viennaairport - Press Releases & News |url=https://www.viennaairport.com/en/company/press__news/press_releases__news_1?news_beitrag_id=1704981844106 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.viennaairport.com |language=en}}</ref> and 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Viennaairport - Press Releases & News |url=https://www.viennaairport.com/en/company/press__news/press_releases__news_1?news_beitrag_id=1730718112650 |website=www.viennaairport.com |access-date=8 December 2024 |language=en |date=14 November 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Busiest routes===
{| class="wikitable" width= align=
|+ Busiest routes at Vienna Airport (2019)<ref name="Eurostat">{{cite web |title=Air passenger transport between the main airports of Austria and their main partner airports (routes data) |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=avia_par_at&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413170936/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=avia_par_at&lang=en |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=Eurostat}}</ref>{{update inline|date=January 2025}}
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
! Rank
! Destination
! Passengers

|-
|1|| [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]] || 1,109,585
|-
|2|| [[Berlin Tegel Airport|Berlin–Tegel]] || 966,659
|-
|3|| [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]] || 944,404
|-
|4|| [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]] || 943,705
|-
|5|| [[Zurich Airport|Zürich]] || 940,410
|-
|6|| [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]] || 833,930
|-
|7|| [[Düsseldorf Airport|Düsseldorf]] || 771,175
|-
|8|| [[Hamburg Airport|Hamburg]] || 720,332
|-
|9|| [[Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport|Barcelona]] || 640,052
|-
|10||[[Henri Coandă International Airport|Bucharest]] || 634,044
|}

{| class="wikitable" width= style="font-size:95%; float:right"
|+ Busiest intercontinental routes at Vienna Airport (2019)<ref name="Eurostat" />{{update inline|date=January 2025}}
|-
! Rank
! Airport
! Passengers
! Operating airlines
|-
| 1
| {{flagdeco|Israel}} [[Ben Gurion Airport|Tel Aviv]]
| 596,989
| [[Austrian Airlines]], [[El Al]], [[Wizz Air]], [[Lauda (airline)|Lauda]], [[Malta Air]]
|-
| 2
| {{flagdeco|UAE}} [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]
| 415,169
| [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]]
|-
| 3
| {{flagdeco|Thailand}} [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]]
| 340,639
| [[Austrian Airlines]], [[EVA Air]], [[Thai Airways International]]
|-
| 4
| {{flagdeco|Republic of China}} [[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]
| 301,982
| [[China Airlines]], [[EVA Air]]
|-
| 5
| {{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport|Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen]]
| 299,778
| [[Pegasus Airlines]], [[AnadoluJet]]
|-
| 6
| {{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Antalya Airport|Antalya]]
| 273,000
| [[Austrian Airlines]], [[SunExpress]], [[Lauda (airline)|Lauda]], [[Corendon Airlines]]
|-
| 7
| {{flagdeco|Qatar}} [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]
| 228,502
| [[Qatar Airways]]
|-
| 8
| {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|US}} [[Chicago O'Hare International Airport|Chicago–O'Hare]]}}
| 163,006
| [[Austrian Airlines]]
|-
| 9
| {{flagdeco|Canada}} [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Toronto–Pearson]]
| 152,583
| [[Air Canada]]
|-
| 10
| {{flagdeco|Egypt}} [[Cairo International Airport|Cairo]]
| 147,210
| [[Austrian Airlines]], [[Egyptair]]
|}

==Ground transportation==
===Train===
[[File:Bahnhof VIE - Bahnsteige Ost.JPG|thumb|[[Vienna Airport railway station]]]]
{{main|Vienna Airport railway station}}
The [[Vienna S-Bahn]] line [[S7 (Vienna)|S7]] provides a local service to the city centre taking approx. 25 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bahnverbindungen |url=http://www.viennaairport.com/passagiere/anreise__parken/s-bahn |access-date=2 June 2015 |publisher=Vienna Airport}}</ref> The more expensive [[City Airport Train]] connects the airport directly to [[Wien Mitte railway station]], close to the city centre, in 16 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Airport Train/ CAT |url=http://www.viennaairport.com/passagiere/anreise__parken/city_airport_train_cat |access-date=2 June 2015 |publisher=Vienna Airport}}</ref>

Additionally, the underground railway station has been expanded to accommodate long-distance trains. Since December 2014, the first trains passing [[Wien Hauptbahnhof|Vienna's new main station]], [[Intercity-Express|ICE]] services from [[Germany]], terminate at the airport. Since December 2015, [[Railjet|ÖBB Railjet]] services operate to the airport as well. Long-distance train rides between the airport and the main station take approx. 15 minutes.

===Car===
The airport lies directly adjacent to motorway A4 which leads from central [[Vienna]] to [[Budapest]]. It has its own exit named ''Flughafen Wien-Schwechat''. [[Bratislava]] can be reached via motorway A6 which splits from the A4 in the east. Taxis and car rental facilities are available at the airport. There are also several taxi companies that operate at the airport.

===Bus===
Buses operate from the airport to various places in Vienna and to other cities including [[Bratislava]], [[Budapest]] and [[Brno]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vienna Airport |url=https://www.slovaklines.sk/en/world/destinations-and-experiences/schwechat-airport |access-date=8 February 2020 |website=Slovak Lines |language=en}}</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
* In 1955, a [[Convair CV-340]] crashed on approach to the airport, killing 7 of the 29 passengers and crew on board. This is the last fatal aviation accident to occur at Wien-Schwechat Airport.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 October 1955 |title=ASN Aircraft accident Convair CV-340-58 |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19551010-0 |access-date=5 October 2023 |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>
* On 27 December 1985, [[1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Twin Attacks at the Airports of Vienna and Rome (Dec. 27, 1985) |url=https://www.shabak.gov.il/english/heritage/affairs/Pages/AttacksattheAirports1985.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011101/https://www.shabak.gov.il/english/heritage/affairs/Pages/AttacksattheAirports1985.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2018 |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=Israeli Security Agency}}</ref>
* On 12 July 2000, [[Hapag-Lloyd Flight 3378]] crashed short of the runway at the airport on the final approach of its diverted flight due to [[fuel exhaustion]]. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2000 |title=ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A310-304 |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20000712-0 |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Transport in Austria]]
* [[List of airports in Austria]]
* [[Wien-Aspern Airport]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Vienna International Airport}} 
{{Wikivoyage inline}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{NWS-current|LOWW}}
* {{ASN|VIE}}

{{Portal bar|Austria|Aviation}}
{{Airports in Austria}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Airports in Lower Austria]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1938]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lower Austria]]
[[Category:Airports in Austria]]
[[Category:Schwechat]]
[[Category:Transport in Vienna]]
[[Category:Wien-Umgebung District]]

Flybe (1979–2020)

2025-06-29T11:52:35Z

178.78.252.98:

{{short description|Defunct regional airline of the United Kingdom}}
{{About|the British regional airline that ceased operation in 2020|the airline with the same trading name that operated between 2022 and 2023|Flybe (2022–2023)}}
{{Redirect2|British European|Virgin Connect|the airline that became a part of British Airways in 1974|British European Airways|Virgin telecommunication services in Russia|Virgin Mobile#Virgin Mobile Russia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = Flybe
| IATA = BE<ref name=iata>{{cite web|title=IATA – Airline and Airport Code Search|url=http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/code-search.aspx|website=iata.org|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref>
| ICAO = BEE
| callsign = JERSEY
| founded = {{start date and age|1979|11|01|df=yes}} (as ''Jersey European Airways'')
| ceased = {{end date and age|2020|03|05|df=yes}}
| aoc = 601
| hubs = {{Unbulleted list|
|{{nowrap|[[Birmingham Airport|Birmingham]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Manchester Airport|Manchester]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Exeter Airport|Exeter]]}}
}}
| focus_cities = {{Unbulleted list|
|{{nowrap|[[Aberdeen Airport|Aberdeen]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[George Best Belfast City Airport|Belfast–City]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Edinburgh Airport|Edinburgh]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Glasgow Airport|Glasgow]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Newquay Airport|Newquay]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Inverness Airport|Inverness]]{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}}}
|{{nowrap|[[Isle of Man Airport|Isle of Man]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Jersey Airport|Jersey]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Southampton Airport|Southampton]]}}
}}
| frequent_flyer = formerly ''Avios''
| fleet_size = 63
| destinations = 56<ref name="flybeofficial">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flybe.com/flights-from/ |title=Cheap flights to and from the UK and Europe |website=flybe.com |publisher = Flybe |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>
| parent = [[Connect Airways]]
| num_employees = 1,931{{cn|date=March 2020}}
| annual_passengers =
| logo = Flybe (purple).svg
| logo_size = 150
| image = G-PRPA 150702 LGW 7562 (35116586693).jpg
| caption = A former Flybe [[De Havilland Dash 8 Q400]]
| website = {{url|flybe.com}}
}}

'''Flybe''' (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|l|aɪ|ˌ|b|iː}}), styled as '''flybe''', was a British airline based in [[Exeter]], England. Launched in 1979 as '''Jersey European Airways''', and renamed '''Flybe''' in 2002, at various points it was the largest independent [[regional airline]] in Europe, and provided more than half of the UK domestic flights outside of [[London]].

'''Jersey European Airways''' (JEA) was formed in 1979 after the merger of [[Intra Airways]] and [[Express Air Services]]. In 1983, JEA was sold to [[Walkersteel]], which also owned ''Spacegrand Aviation''; the two airlines were merged under the Jersey European name during 1985. The airline experienced significant growth during the 1990s. It was renamed '''British European''' in 2000 and '''Flybe''' in 2002. On 3 November 2006, it was announced that Flybe was in the process of purchasing [[BA Connect]]. With the sale, the airline became the largest regional airline in Europe. On 10 December 2010, the company was floated in an [[initial public offering]] on the [[London Stock Exchange]].

In February 2019, the airline was sold to the [[Connect Airways]] consortium, backed by [[Virgin Atlantic]] and [[Stobart (logistics company)#Stobart Aviation|Stobart Aviation]].<ref name="reach deal">{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Sarah |last2=Smout |first2=Alistair |title=Britain reached a deal to rescue regional airline Flybe |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-flybe-funding/britain-reaches-deal-to-save-regional-airline-flybe-idUSKBN1ZD0KG |access-date=17 January 2020 |work=Reuters |date=14 January 2020}}</ref> Connect Airways intended Flybe and [[Stobart Air]] to then rebrand as '''Virgin Connect''', although they would have retained their own [[Air operator's certificate|air operator certificates]]. On 5 March 2020, Flybe filed for [[Administration (law)|administration]] and ceased operations. The airline, which had been struggling for several months, claimed that its difficulties were compounded by the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport|impact]] of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] on bookings.

In October 2020, Thyme Opco, a company linked to former shareholder Cyrus Capital, agreed with the administrators to purchase the Flybe brand and relaunch the airline in 2021, subject to regulatory approvals. In April 2021, the new company renamed itself [[Flybe (2022–2023)|Flybe Limited]], obtained an operating licence, route licences, and airport slots; the first flight took place on 13 April 2022. The relaunched airline ceased trading on 28 January 2023.

==History==
===Early years===
[[File:Jersey European Vickers Viscount.jpg|thumb|A Jersey European [[Vickers Viscount]] at [[Düsseldorf Airport]] in June 1980]]
[[File:Jersey European BAe 146-300.jpg|thumb|right|A Jersey European [[BAe 146]] wearing the 1991–2000 livery]]
[[File:British European CRJ-200.jpg|thumb|right|A British European [[Bombardier CRJ100/200|Bombardier CRJ200]] wearing the 2000–2002 livery]]
[[File:JerseyEuropeanLogo.png|thumb|One of Jersey European's former logos, used from 1991 to 2000]]
Flybe started operations on 1 November 1979 as ''Jersey European Airways'' as a result of a merger of the [[Intra Airways]] from [[Jersey]] and Express Air Services based in [[Bournemouth]].<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1980/1980%20-%201942.html "World airline directory: Jersey European Airways"]. ''[[Flight International]]'', 26 July 1980, p. 323.</ref><ref name="AIJul01 p48">Wright 2001, p. 48.</ref> It was founded by John Habin, a resident of Jersey and the majority investor. After selling [[Aviation Beauport]] and other business interests, Habin invested in the firm so that it could establish several routes from [[Jersey Airport]] to major airports in the UK.<ref name="AIJul01 p49"/> Initially equipped with an aging fleet of war-surplus [[Douglas DC-3]] aircraft, Jersey European Airways gradually reequipped with more modern commuter airliners.<ref name = "funduniv"/>

In November 1983, Habin sold his stake in Jersey European Airways to [[Jack Walker]]'s [[Walkersteel|Walker Steel Group]], which already owned the [[charter airline]] Spacegrand Aviation based in [[Blackpool]]. Initially, the two airlines were run separately although they partially shared management; [[Exeter Airport]] served as a critical hub, forming a meeting point between the two companies' route networks.<ref name = "funduniv"/> In 1985, both airlines were amalgamated under the Jersey European name; the combined entity's headquarters was established in [[Exeter]].<ref name="AIJul01 p49">Wright 2001, p. 49.</ref><ref name = "tele timeline2010">{{cite web |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8193696/Flybe-history-from-Jersey-to-regional-dominance.html |title = Flybe history: from Jersey to regional dominance |work = The Telegraph |date = 10 December 2010}}</ref> In 1985, Jersey European Airways carried 160,000 passengers and achieved an annual revenue of just under £9{{nbsp}}million.<ref name = "funduniv"/>

During 1990, Jersey European Airways' passenger count rose to 460,000, being 40 percent greater than the previous year.<ref name = "funduniv"/> During 1991, the airline commenced its first route to [[London]], flying between [[Guernsey]] and [[Gatwick Airport|London Gatwick]].<ref name = "tele timeline2010"/> In 1993, it received the first of its [[British Aerospace 146]] aircraft, a four-engined [[jet propulsion|jet-powered]] [[Regional airline|regional]] aircraft.<ref name = "funduniv">{{cite web |url = http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/jersey-european-airways-uk-ltd-history/ |title = Jersey European Airways (UK) Ltd. History |publisher = Funding Universe |access-date = 16 December 2019}}</ref> That same year, the airline introduced a [[business class]] service aboard some aircraft.<ref name = "tele timeline2010"/> Around that time, the Exeter hub was supplemented by connections in both London and [[Birmingham]]. By 1995, Jersey European Airways was again expanding after incurring minor losses during the prior year.<ref name = "funduniv"/>

In mid-1997, Jersey European Airways announced that it had achieved record results in its previous [[Fiscal year|financial year]] amid a boom in Europe's regional airlines market; in the same year, the firm secured a [[franchising|franchise]] arrangement with [[Air France]] covering routes from [[Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow]] to [[Toulouse]] and [[Lyon]], expanded its fleet to provide 32% more seat capacity, and recorded a 27% increase in sales while profits had risen by nearly a third to reach £3.4 million.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/jersey-european-ends-record-year-and-promises-more-to-come/8078.article |title = Jersey European ends record year and promises more to come |work = Flight International |date = 20 August 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/flying-franchises/7501.article |title = Flying franchises |work = Flight International |date = 1 November 1996}}</ref> That same year, the airline, which operated a mixed fleet of 12 British Aerospace 146s, four [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F27s]] and two [[Short 360]]s was in the process of leasing additional BAe 146s to cater for expansion. Jim French, Jersey European's deputy chief executive, announced that the company was performing detailed studies with the aim of introducing larger airliners in the 150- to 170-seat class, such as the [[Boeing 737]] and [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]] families.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/jersey-european-may-add-larger-aircraft-to-cope-with-expansion/439.article |title = Jersey European may add larger aircraft to cope with expansion |work = Flight International |date = 16 April 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/jea-moves-focus-to-100-seat-study/25563.article |title = JEA moves focus to 100-seat study |work = Flight International |date = 24 March 1999}}</ref>

===2000–2010===
[[File:Flybe.svg|thumb|Flybe's first logo after rebranding]]
In June 2000, the airline announced that it had rebranded as ''British European'';<ref name="AIJul01 p52">Wright 2001, p. 52.</ref> according to a company spokesperson, that was due to the Jersey European Airways name no longer being an accurate reflection of the scope of the routes which were covered.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://aviationweek.com/jersey-european-airways-changes-its-name-british-european |title = Jersey European Airways changes its name to British European |work = Aviation Week |date = 23 May 2000}}</ref> The name was soon shortened to simply ''Flybe'' on 18 July 2002 and the airline repositioned itself as a full-service, [[Low-cost carrier|low-fare airline]]. Various pricing and product changes were made in line with this position such as discounted one-way tickets, the abolition of overbooking practices, a customer charter of the airline's service standards, as well as compensation for delays.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/flybe-counting-on-new-approach-to-fly-into-black-/43810.article |title = 'Flybe' counting on new approach to fly into black |work = Flight International |date = 22 July 2002}}</ref>

In June 2005, it was announced that Flybe would procure a fleet of 26 [[Embraer E-195]] regional airliners; it would claim that it had opted for the 118-seat E-195 over rival 150-seat aircraft due to economics and performance benefits.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/flybe-rejects-150-seaters-in-favour-of-e-195-deal/60712.article |title = Flybe rejects 150-seaters in favour of E-195 deal |work = Flight International |date = 14 June 2005 }}</ref> Flybe would serve as the launch customer for the E-195, receiving the first example of the type during the later half of 2006. Initially, the E-195 fleet were assigned to the airline's high-volume trunk routes, but the firm later planned to use it on new routes to expand their network.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/picture-embraer-delivers-first-e-195-to-launch-customer-flybe/69396.article |title = Picture: Embraer delivers first E-195 to launch customer Flybe |work = Flight International |date = 4 September 2006 |first = Darren |last = Shannon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/flybes-new-low-cost-expansion-tool/69673.article |first = Carole |last = Shifrin |title = Flybe's new low-cost expansion tool |work = Flight International |date = 26 September 2006}}</ref> Further E-195s would be ordered by the airline over the following decade, the type making up a major proportion of Flybe's fleet.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/flybe-deferral-opens-path-to-re-engined-embraers/109886.article |title = Flybe deferral opens path to re-engined Embraers |work = Flight International |date = 28 May 2013 |first = David |last = Kaminski-Morrow}}</ref>

On 3 November 2006, it was announced that Flybe would buy [[BA Connect]], except for that airline's services out of [[London City Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/flybe-feasts-on-bas-regional-arm/70748.article |title = Flybe feasts on BA's regional arm |work = Flight International |date = 21 November 2006 |first = Mark |last = Pilling}}</ref> During March 2007, this takeover was completed; as a consequence of the BA Connect takeover, the ownership of Flybe was divided between Rosedale Aviation Holdings (69%), Flybe staff (16%) and the [[International Airlines Group]] (15%).<ref>{{cite news |title=Directory: World Airlines |work=[[Flight International]] |page=83 |date=3 April 2007}}</ref> The acquisition increased Flybe's route network in both the UK and continental Europe, making Flybe Europe's largest regional airline.<ref>[http://www.flybe.com/news/0703/02.htm announced] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225142020/http://www.flybe.com/news/0703/02.htm |date=25 February 2008 }} that they had completed the acquisition of BA Connect</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/flybe-now-europes-largest-regional-/72635.article |title = Flybe now Europe's largest regional |work = Flight International |date = 19 March 2007}}</ref> On 14 January 2008, it was announced that Flybe had signed a [[franchising|franchise]] agreement with [[Scotland|Scottish]] airline [[Loganair]], to commence on 26 October 2008 following the termination of Loganair's franchise agreement with British Airways on 25 October 2008. The agreement would see Loganair aircraft flying in Flybe colours on 55 routes from Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flybe.com/news/0801/14.htm |title=Flybe signs historic franchise deal with Loganair |work=Flybe Press Office |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117104330/http://www.flybe.com/news/0801/14.htm |archive-date=17 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008, in order to avoid losing a £280,000 rebate from [[Norwich Airport]], Flybe advertised for "actors", as well as offering free return flights to Dublin on its website.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/norfolk/7321306.stm |work=BBC News |title=Airline sought actors for flights |date=30 March 2008 |access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref> As a result, the environmental group [[Friends of the Earth]] called on the government to launch an investigation into the aviation industry.<ref>[http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/government_must_urgently_i_01042008.html "Archived press release: Government must urgently investigate aviation industry."] ''Friends of the Earth'', 1 April 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</ref>

Chief Executive Officer Jim French was recognised in the 2009 [[Queen's Birthday Honours]] List with a [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] for his services to the airline industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_178692.pdf |title=HM The Queen's 2009 Birthday Honours List |access-date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101141950/http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/%40dg/%40en/documents/digitalasset/dg_178692.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref> On 10 December 2010, Flybe floated in an [[IPO]] on the [[London Stock Exchange]], with trading in shares commencing on the same day. Full public release of shares followed on 15 December 2010. The share price was set at 295p, valuing the company at approximately [[Pound sterling|£]]215{{nbsp}}million, and raising [[Pound sterling|£]]66{{nbsp}}million for the company, half of which was to pay for fleet expansion.<ref name="float">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Milmo |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/dec/10/flybe-airline-industry-travel |title=Regional airline Flybe raised £66m from stock market flotation |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pressassociation.com/component/pafeeds/2010/11/14/airline_flybe_planning_flotation?camefrom=telecom-finance Press Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715112649/http://www.pressassociation.com/component/pafeeds/2010/11/14/airline_flybe_planning_flotation?camefrom=telecom-finance |date=15 July 2011 }}. Press Association, 14 November 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</ref>

===2011–2020===
On 23 May 2013, it was reported that Flybe had sold its slots at [[Gatwick Airport]] to [[EasyJet]] for £20{{nbsp}}million, and that the slots would be handed over to EasyJet on 29 March 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-22635728 |title= Flybe ends Channel Islands' Gatwick routes |work= BBC News |date=14 May 2013 |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> CEO and chairman [[Jim French (businessman)|Jim French]] retired in August 2013, leaving the post of CEO to Saad Hammad, formerly of EasyJet, while Simon Laffin became chairman.<ref name=dtnov>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/10442227/Flybe-cuts-another-500-jobs-to-secure-future.html telegraph.co.uk: "Flybe cuts another 500 jobs to 'secure future'."] ''The Telegraph'', 11 November 2013.</ref> By November 2013, Hammad had shaken up the operation, requesting the resignations of three top managers within six weeks of his arrival. Out of 158 routes flown at the time, over 60 did not cover their direct operating expenses and the costs of crew and aircraft.<ref name=dtnov/>

On 23 April 2014, Flybe announced that it would launch domestic and international flights from [[London City Airport]] from 27 October 2014 after signing a five-year deal with the airport. The airline was expecting to carry around 500,000 passengers a year, with all five allocated aircraft being based around the Flybe network overnight.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27122754 |title=BBC News Flybe in London City Airport deal |work=BBC News |date=23 April 2014 |access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref> In March 2014, it was announced that Flybe would undergo a major brand refresh. This new scheme included a new purple aircraft livery, new interior features and new uniforms.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.travelmole.com/news_feature.php?news_id=2010881&c=setreg&region=2 |title=Flybe goes purple |website=travelmole.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/New-purple-makeover-Flybe-planes-staff/story-20886279-detail/story.html |title=New purple makeover for Flybe planes and staff |date=1 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403143634/http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/New-purple-makeover-Flybe-planes-staff/story-20886279-detail/story.html |archive-date=3 April 2014}}</ref> During June 2014, British Airways sold most of its remaining stake in the airline; it had already been reduced to 5% by share issues.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/british-airways-parent-iag-sells-flybe-stake-1403275077 |title = British Airways Parent IAG Sells Flybe Stake |publisher = [[Wall Street Journal]] |first = Robert |last = Wall |date = 20 June 2014 }}</ref>

In early 2016, it was announced that Flybe had negotiated a six-year agreement with [[Scandinavian Airlines|SAS Scandinavian Airlines]] to fly 4 ATR 72–9 aircraft on their behalf, starting in October 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Flybe |journal=Airliner World |date=February 2015 |page=5}}</ref> On 4 March 2015, Flybe announced new routes from Cardiff Airport bringing the number of routes to eleven. Flybe also stated their intention to create a new base at Cardiff Airport in summer 2015,<ref>{{cite web | title = Flybe confirms new 11 route network and base at Cardiff Airport | publisher = Flybe | date = 5 March 2015 | url = http://www.cardiff-airport.com/news/2015/03/05/flybe-confirms-new-11-route-network-and-base-at-cardiff-airport/ | access-date = 14 March 2015}}</ref> initially basing two [[Embraer 195]] aircraft there, which subsequently increased to three. On 10 November 2015, Flybe announced that it would base two Embraer 195 aircraft at [[Doncaster Sheffield Airport]] in South Yorkshire, starting new routes to [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]], [[Berlin Tegel Airport|Berlin Tegel]], [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris Charles de Gaulle]] (Paris CDG), [[Jersey Airport|Jersey]], [[Alicante–Elche Miguel Hernández Airport|Alicante Airport]], [[Málaga Airport|Málaga]], [[Faro Airport|Faro, Portugal]] and [[Newquay Airport|Newquay Cornwall Airport]] {{as of|2016|March|27|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.derbyshiretimes.co.uk/news/business/video-flybe-announces-eight-new-european-destinations-from-doncaster-airport-1-7563154 |title=VIDEO: Flybe announces eight new European destinations from Doncaster Airport |website=derbyshiretimes.co.uk |access-date=10 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014140221/https://www.derbyshiretimes.co.uk/news/business/video-flybe-announces-eight-new-european-destinations-from-doncaster-airport-1-7563154 |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flybe.com/flights-from/doncaster/ |title=Cheap flights from Doncaster Sheffield Airport – Book with Flybe today! |website=flybe.com}}</ref> The announcement came on the same day that Flybe announced they would be pulling flights from [[Bournemouth Airport]] in England.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-34776454 |title=FlyBe ends Bournemouth Airport flights |date=10 November 2015 |work = BBC News}}</ref> [[Dublin Airport]] was added in October 2016, taking over where [[Stobart Air]] left. On 26 October 2016, it was announced that Hammad would be standing down as CEO with immediate effect and consequently, Flybe was beginning the process of finding a replacement. On 21 November 2016, Flybe announced it would open its first European base at [[Düsseldorf Airport]] in Germany. In February 2017 that commenced with two aircraft alongside 60 pilots, cabin crew and engineers. On 22 December 2016, Flybe started selling flights for 12 further destinations from [[Southend Airport]] in London in an extension to their existing franchise operation with Stobart Air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lse.co.uk/share-regulatory-news.asp?shareprice=STOB&ArticleCode=kap9v7ko&ArticleHeadline=Further_update_on_new_routes |title=Further update on new routes Airport |author=Stobart Group RNS |date=22 December 2016 |access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref>

Flybe and [[Loganair]] separately announced that their franchise agreement would terminate in October 2017. Flybe then announced a partnership with [[Eastern Airways]], a British airline and would now operate routes in direct competition with Loganair–namely flights from the Scottish mainland to [[Stornoway Airport|Stornoway]] in the [[Isle of Lewis]], [[Kirkwall Airport|Kirkwall]] in [[Orkney|Orkney, Scotland]] and [[Sumburgh Airport|Sumburgh]] in [[Shetland|Shetland, Scotland]]. On 16 January 2017, former [[CityJet]] boss [[Christine Ourmières-Widener|Christine Ourmieres-Widener]], took over as CEO after Saad Hammad left in October 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/news/former-cityjet-boss-ourmiereswidener-appointed-as-the-new-ceo-at-flybe-35309776.html |title=Former CityJet boss Ourmieres-Widener appointed as the new CEO at Flybe |work = The Belfast Telegraph}}</ref> Later in the year, Flybe began flying from Heathrow to [[Aberdeen Airport]] and [[Edinburgh Airport|Edinburgh]] taking over slots previously used by [[Virgin Atlantic Little Red]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/flybe-s-scottish-flights-take-off-from-heathrow-1-4408692 |title=Flybe's Scottish flights take off from Heathrow |website=The Scotsman}}</ref>

On 22 February 2018, franchise partner Stobart Air confirmed interest in a takeover bid of 100% of Flybe for an undisclosed fee.<ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-stobart-flybe-deal-idUSKCN1G61W1 |title=Britain's Stobart considering bid for airline Flybe |date=22 February 2018 |work=Reuters}}</ref> However that bid was rejected by the carrier and Stobart scrapped its interest on 22 March 2018,<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2018/03/22/stobart-scraps-bid-regional-airline-flybe/ |title=Stobart scraps bid for regional airline Flybe |first=Ayesha |last=Javed |date=22 March 2018 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> causing share prices in the airline, which had climbed by up to 25% following the bid, to drop back to their previous level.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices-and-markets/stocks/summary/company-summary-chart.html?fourWayKey=GB00B4QMVR10GBGBXSET3 |website=London Stock Exchange |title=FLYB FLYBE GROUP PLC ORD 1P |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193655/https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices-and-markets/stocks/summary/company-summary-chart.html?fourWayKey=GB00B4QMVR10GBGBXSET3 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In September 2018, a revised aircraft livery was launched, with purple and white being retained but lilac replacing the red and yellow. On 14 November 2018, after the airline's shares fell by 75%, Flybe announced that it was talking with various parties about a potential sale of the business, as part of a wide-ranging review of strategic options.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46203183 |title=Flybe up for sale weeks after profit warning |work=[[BBC News]] |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UK regional operator Flybe in talks to sell company |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uk-regional-operator-flybe-in-talks-to-sell-company-453614/ |access-date=14 November 2018 |work=Flightglobal |date=14 November 2018}}</ref> On 22 November, news emerged that [[Virgin Atlantic]] was one of the parties with which Flybe had been holding discussions; Flybe's slots at Heathrow were of particular interest to Virgin Atlantic, along with the potential to use Flybe to feed passengers into the Virgin Atlantic hubs in [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]] and London Heathrow.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kleinman |first1=Mark |title=Virgin Atlantic in surprise bid to take off with Flybe |url=https://news.sky.com/story/virgin-atlantic-in-surprise-bid-to-take-off-with-flybe-11560548 |access-date=23 November 2018 |publisher=Sky News |date=22 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Virgin Atlantic in talks to rescue Flybe |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46317706 |access-date=23 November 2018 |work=BBC News |date=23 November 2018}}</ref>

====Connect Airways takeover====
On 11 January 2019, a takeover bid worth £2.2{{nbsp}}million by the [[Connect Airways]] consortium, which includes Virgin Atlantic and Stobart Aviation, was confirmed. The consortium planned to lend £20{{nbsp}}million enabling Flybe to continue operations and would take over Stobart Air; when the acquisition is completed it would provide a further £80{{nbsp}}million. The initial deal, which would have been conditional on shareholder and court approval,<ref name="fg-20190111">{{cite news |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=Virgin Atlantic and Stobart link up to take over Flybe |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/virgin-atlantic-and-stobart-link-up-to-take-over-fly-454952/ |work=Flightglobal |date=11 January 2019}}</ref> was expected to be completed by the second quarter of 2019.<ref name="fg-20190111-cuts">{{cite news |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=Cuts likely as Virgin shapes Flybe-Stobart combination |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cuts-likely-as-virgin-shapes-flybe-stobart-combinati-454957/ |work=Flightglobal |date=11 January 2019}}</ref> Flybe and Stobart Air would operate under the Virgin Atlantic brand<ref name="bbc20190111">{{cite news |title=Flybe rescued by Virgin and Stobart |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46834827 |work=BBC News |date=11 January 2019}}</ref> though they would retain their own [[Air operator's certificate|air operator certificates]].<ref name=bbt-20190111>{{cite news |last1=Dyson |first1=Molly |title=Virgin Atlantic and Stobart agree Flybe take-over |url=https://buyingbusinesstravel.com/news/1129764-virgin-atlantic-and-stobart-agree-flybe-take-over |work=buyingbusinesstravel.com |date=11 January 2019 |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175702/https://buyingbusinesstravel.com/news/1129764-virgin-atlantic-and-stobart-agree-flybe-take-over |url-status=dead }}</ref> Optimisation of Flybe's routes would likely result in a "limited reduction" in its fleet.<ref name="fg-20190111-cuts" />

On 15 January 2019, Connect Airways increased its offer by £600,000, and set out improved bridging loan conditions, with £10{{nbsp}}million to be released immediately to support Flybe's business and a further £10{{nbsp}}million available. Subsequent funding of £80{{nbsp}}million was also confirmed. In accepting the revised offer, Flybe's board said that it provided the security which the business needed and preserved the interests of its stakeholders, customers, employees, partners, and pension members.<ref name="insider-20190115">{{cite news |last1=Gallagher |first1=Rosemary |title=Flybe-Connect Airways agreement reached on £2.8m deal |url=https://www.insider.co.uk/news/flybe-shares-connect-airways-flights-13857793 |work=Business Insider |date=15 January 2019}}</ref> The deal which covered Flybe Group's operating subsidiaries, i.e. the airline and the website,<ref name="bbc20190207"/> would be completed by 22 February 2019.<ref name="atwonline-20190115">{{cite news |last1=Reals |first1=Kerry |title=Connect Airways raises takeover offer for Flybe |url=http://atwonline.com/airlines/connect-airways-raises-takeover-offer-flybe |work=atwonline.com }}</ref>

Flybe Group's shareholders had decided in December 2018 to transfer its final shares to a standard listing,<ref name="flybe-egm-results">{{cite web |title=Results of General Meeting |url=https://www.flybe.com/application/files/2715/4480/2673/2018.12.14.Results_of_General_Meeting.pdf |publisher=Flybe}}</ref> meaning that shareholder approval for the sale of the assets was no longer required.<ref name="atwonline-20190115" /> Notwithstanding the change, on 21 January 2019 one of the largest shareholders, Hosking Partners, threatened legal action to block the deal which it believed undervalued the company.<ref name="prodctive-20190121">{{cite news |title=Major Flybe shareholder looking to stop £2.2mln Virgin-Stobart takeover |url=https://www.proactiveinvestors.co.uk/companies/news/212959/major-flybe-shareholder-looking-to-stop-22mln-virgin-stobart-takeover-212959.html |work=Proactiveinvestors UK |date=21 January 2019 }}</ref> On 4 February 2019, Flybe confirmed that it had received a valid request from Hosking Partners to convene a general meeting in order to appoint a new director, but noted that Flybe's articles of association did not give members the powers needed for the new director's proposed investigation of the sale.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davies |first1=Phil |title=Flybe rejects alternative financial approach |url=http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/articles/322991/flybe-rejects-alternative-financial-approach |work=Travel Weekly |date=4 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Flybe gives shareholders vote on ousting chairman |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2019/0204/1027373-flybe-shareholders/ |publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann |date=4 February 2019 }}</ref> It confirmed that it had received and rejected, a preliminary alternative bid from former Stobart CEO [[Andrew Tinkler]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ribbeck |first1=Michael |title=Struggling airline confirms approach from former Stobart boss |url=https://www.thebusinessdesk.com/northwest/news/2036509-struggling-airline-confirms-approach-from-former-stobart-boss |work=The Business Desk |date=4 February 2019 }}</ref> On 7 February, Flybe Group warned its shareholders that after the sale of the operating assets, the parent company would be wound up if they did not approve its sale.<ref name="bbc20190207">{{cite news |title=Flybe will wind up company if sale fails |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/47165902 |date=7 February 2019}}</ref> On 20 February, Flybe said it had rejected an alternative "preliminary and highly conditional contingency proposal" from [[Mesa Air Group]] in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] and supported by Tinkler, noting that it could not be executed quickly enough to enable the airline to continue trading.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reals |first1=Kerry |title=Flybe Rejects Rival Takeover Bid From Mesa Air Group |url=https://aviationweek.com/awincommercial/flybe-rejects-rival-takeover-bid-mesa-air-group |work=Aviation Week |date=20 February 2019 }}</ref>

On 21 February 2019, Flybe announced that the sale of Flybe Limited and Flybe.com Limited to Connect Airways had been completed,<ref name=cityam-20190221>{{cite news |last1=Warrington |first1=James |title=Flybe completes sale to Virgin-led consortium |url=http://www.cityam.com/273638/flybe-completes-sale-virgin-led-consortium-after-dramatic |work=cityam.com |date=21 February 2019 }}</ref> with Flybe flights continuing to operate as normal. The sale of the parent company, Flybe Group plc, now an empty shell, was confirmed by its shareholders at a meeting on 4 March<ref>{{cite web |title=Shareholders Approve Connect Airways Acquisition |url=https://otp.investis.com/clients/uk/flybe1/rns/regulatory-story.aspx?cid=59&newsid=1237523 |website=otp.investis.com |publisher=Flybe Group plc }}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and became effective on 11 March.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scheme effective & intended adjournment of Meeting |url=https://otp.investis.com/clients/uk/flybe1/rns/regulatory-story.aspx?cid=59&newsid=1239018 |website=otp.investis.com |publisher=Flybe Group plc }}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In October 2019, it was announced that Flybe would be rebranded as '''Virgin Connect''', reflecting its incorporation into the [[Virgin Group]], with effect from early 2020.<ref name="VC1">{{cite press release |url= https://virginconnect.co.uk/ |title= Our Journey to Virgin Connect |publisher= Virgin Connect |date= 15 October 2019 |access-date= 15 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191015161837/https://virginconnect.co.uk/ |archive-date= 15 October 2019 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="VC2">{{cite news |last1=Harper |first1=Lewis |title=Flybe to be rebranded as 'Virgin Connect' |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flybe-to-be-rebranded-as-virgin-connect-461498/ |work=Flightglobal |date=15 October 2019}}</ref> The Virgin Group launched a landing page {{URL|https://virginconnect.com}} to avoid confusion with the existing [[Virgin Mobile#Virgin Mobile Russia|Virgin Connect brand]] used in Russia for internet & mobile services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.virgin.com/virgin-connect|title=Virgin Connect|date=24 October 2019|website=Virgin|access-date=13 November 2019|quote=Looking for internet, fixed line and mobile services in Russia? Visit virginconnect.ru. In 2020 Flybe will become Virgin Connect, your new go-to name in regional flying. [...] Visit virginconnect.co.uk.}}</ref>

In January 2020, it emerged that Flybe was again in difficulties, incurring mounting losses despite the financing provided by Connect Airways.<ref>{{cite news |title=Regional airline Flybe in frantic bid to stave off collapse |url=https://news.sky.com/story/regional-airline-flybe-in-frantic-bid-to-stave-off-collapse-11907407 |publisher=Sky News |date=12 January 2020 }}</ref> A deal was reached on 15 January, entailing a deferred payment plan for Flybe's tax debts and increased funding from Connect Airways. The UK government also agreed to conduct an urgent review of [[Air Passenger Duty]] on domestic flights.<ref>{{cite news |title=Government strikes a deal to rescue Flybe |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51113895 |work=BBC News |date=15 January 2020}}</ref> By January 2020, Flybe operated 36% of all UK domestic flights (ahead of the UK's two largest airlines, [[British Airways]] and [[EasyJet]]), carrying 26% of domestic passengers (behind British Airways and EasyJet which operate larger types of aircraft).<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Flybe's market role created a UK political quandary |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/strategy/why-flybes-market-role-created-a-uk-political-quandary/136146.article |work=Flightglobal }}</ref> In February 2020, the UK government envisaged granting Flybe a £100{{nbsp}}million rescue loan, and held talks with the [[European Commission|EU Commission]] to ensure that state aid rules were not broken.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jack|first=Simon|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51453196|title=Government considers ownership stake in Flybe|date=10 February 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref> In early March, the airline faced concern over the impact of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] on bookings, casting doubt on whether the loan would be granted.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jack|first=Simon|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51733405|title=Flybe: Coronavirus pushes airline to brink of collapse|date=4 March 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>

====End of operations====
{{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation}}
In the early morning of 5 March 2020, the airline filed for [[Administration (law)|administration]] and ceased all operations with immediate effect after the UK government failed to grant a proposed £100{{nbsp}}million ($129{{nbsp}}million) loan.<ref name=Flight5march2020>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/airlines/beleaguered-flybe-ceases-operations/137095.article |title= Beleaguered Flybe ceases operations |author= Alfred Chua |date= 5 March 2020 |work= Flightglobal}}</ref> Virgin Atlantic said that Connect Airways could "no longer commit to continued financial support" despite its investment of over £135{{nbsp}}million; Virgin Atlantic placed part of the blame on the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Flybe's trading.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=Coronavirus dealt fatal blow to embattled Flybe: shareholder |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/airlines/coronavirus-dealt-fatal-blow-to-embattled-flybe-shareholder/137090.article |work=Flight Global |date=5 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> All flights operated by Flybe and Stobart Air were cancelled, although those operated by franchisees [[Blue Islands]], an airline in the [[Channel Islands]] and [[Eastern Airways]] continued.<ref>{{cite news |title=Everything you need to know about the Flybe collapse |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/flybe-collapse-passenger-rights-flights-cancelled-money-back-compensation-a9376616.html |work=The Independent |date=5 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The chief executive, Mark Anderson, said that Flybe had made "every possible attempt" to prevent the collapse but were "unable to overcome significant funding challenges".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Topham |first1=Gwyn |title=Flybe: airline collapses two months after government announces rescue |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/05/flybe-collapses-two-months-after-government-announces-rescue |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=5 March 2020 |date=5 March 2020}}</ref>

As of 1 May 2020, Flybe's administrators EY believed that a sale of the business as a going concern remained possible, having received around 20 non-binding offers including three for the entire business and assets, and expected to receive final offers for evaluation in early May. They appealed to the UK transport secretary to ensure that Flybe's operating licence is not revoked, as this would prevent the sale of the valuable airport slots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=Flybe administrators fight to retain carrier's operating licence |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/airlines/flybe-administrators-fight-to-retain-carriers-operating-licence/138191.article |work=Flight Global |date=1 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The appeal was successful, and on 9 July the CAA withdrew its revocation decision. Further legal action remained, relating to Flybe's slots at Heathrow{{snd}}which have been taken over by British Airways parent IAG{{snd}}and to its air operator certificate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=Prospects for Flybe sale lift as administrators retain licence and slots |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/airlines/prospects-for-flybe-sale-lift-as-administrators-retain-licence-and-slots/140667.article |work=Flight Global |date=17 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

===Relaunch===
{{main|Flybe (2022–2023)}}
On 19 October 2020, reports emerged that Lucien Farrell, in charge of former shareholder Cyrus Capital's London office, had formed a new company, Thyme Opco, to purchase the Flybe brand and relaunch the airline, subject to regulatory approvals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Flybe set to fly again after brand is rescued |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-54596915 |work=BBC News |date=19 October 2020}}</ref> The new owner planned to "start small and restore regional connectivity in the UK" from 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dunn |first1=Graham |title=Interest in revived Flybe shows continued faith in regional opportunity |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/networks/interest-in-revived-flybe-shows-continued-faith-in-regional-opportunity/140695.article |work=Flight Global |date=20 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> On 1 December 2020, Thyme Opco applied for a UK operating licence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Coffey |first1=Helen |title=Flybe could soon take to the skies again |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/flybe-airline-new-owner-uk-flights-b1765581.html |work=The Independent |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
Thyme Opco also registered a 21-year-old Q400, which was expected to be the first aircraft for the 'new Flybe'; since then the jet was acquired by [[PAL Airlines]], a regional airline in [[Eastern Canada]].{{cn|date=October 2021}} In April 2021, the British CAA granted the new airline an operating licence as well as Type A and B route licences, enabling the carrier to operate both charter and scheduled services.{{cn|date=April 2021}} The new company also obtained 86 slots at Heathrow for the summer 2021 season, to be used for flights to Edinburgh and [[Aberdeen Airport|Aberdeen]], but the airline was not relaunched in time to use these slots.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

The 'original' Flybe company was renamed FBE Realisations 2021 Limited, with Thyme Opco Limited becoming Flybe Limited.{{cn|date=April 2021}} On 3 June 2021, the operating licence for the original company was revoked following an unsuccessful appeal to the Transport Secretary. Despite initial beliefs that its legacy slots at UK airports had returned to the slot coordinator, that was shown not to be the case by coordinator ACL.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Telford|first=William|date=2021-10-13|title=Administrators look to claim cash from new Flybe company|url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/enterprise/administrators-look-claim-cash-new-21833195|access-date=2021-10-27|website=Business Live|language=en}}</ref> The new operating company also leased Heathrow slots from [[British Airways]] for routes to Edinburgh and Aberdeen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Completed Slot Trades - Airport Coordination Limited |url=https://www.acl-uk.org/completed-slot-trades/ |work= ACL Airport Coordination Limited Ltd |date=16 May 2017 |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628112938/https://www.acl-uk.org/completed-slot-trades/ |archive-date=28 June 2021}}</ref>

On 26 October 2021, the new Flybe Limited confirmed that it had appointed David Pflieger as its chief executive.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ltd|first=Jacobs Media Group|title=Reborn Flybe appoints chief executive|url=http://travelweekly.co.uk/news/air/reborn-flybe-appoints-chief-executive|access-date=2021-10-27|website=Travel Weekly|language=en}}</ref> That closely followed the appearance of an ex-Flybe Q400, registered as G-JECX, which had been painted with a new purple-and-white livery.<ref name="fg261021">{{Cite web|last=Perry|first=Dominic|title=Flybe appoints ex-Ravn Air chief to spearhead relaunch as crew recruitment push continues |date=26 October 2021 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/airlines/flybe-appoints-ex-ravn-air-chief-to-spearhead-relaunch-as-crew-recruitment-push-continues/146087.article|access-date=2021-10-27|website=Flight Global|url-access=limited}}</ref> In November 2021, the airline announced that it had picked [[Birmingham Airport]] as its new base, with operations scheduled to begin in early 2022 to "key regions across the UK and EU".<ref name="flight17112021">{{cite news |last1=Perry |first1=Dominic |title=Flybe picks Birmingham as first UK base and HQ |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/airlines/flybe-picks-birmingham-as-first-uk-base-and-hq/146469.article |work=Flight Global |date=17 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> On 16 March 2022, Flybe announced that it would start ticket sales the following week, and that [[Belfast City Airport|Belfast]] would be the airline's second operating base.{{cn|date=June 2024}} The company slogan was "Smile and go the extra mile."{{cn|date=March 2022}} On 22 March the company's website opened for bookings;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Collis |first1=Emily |title=Full list of new Flybe routes from Brum with flights from £19.99 |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/travel/flybe-routes-birmingham-airport-full-23461690 |work=BirminghamLive |date=22 March 2022 }}</ref> the first flight took place on 13 April 2022.<ref name="firstflight">{{cite news |last1=Orban |first1=André |title=Flybe's first flight takes to the skies from Birmingham Airport |url=https://www.aviation24.be/defunct-airlines/flybe/flybes-first-flight-takes-to-the-skies-from-birmingham-airport/ |work=Aviation24.be |date=13 April 2022 |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413103523/https://www.aviation24.be/defunct-airlines/flybe/flybes-first-flight-takes-to-the-skies-from-birmingham-airport/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 January 2023, Flybe entered administration and ceased all operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-64436500|title=Flybe: Regional carrier ceases trading and cancels all flights|work=BBC News|date=28 January 2023|accessdate=28 January 2023}}</ref> On 18 March 2024, administration of the original Flybe (FBE Realisations 2021 Limited) ceased and the company was dissolved.<ref>{{cite news |title=UK's flybe dissolved, leaves creditors £684mn short |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/138474-uks-flybe-dissolved-leaves-creditors-684mn-short |work=ch-aviation |language=en}}</ref>

==Corporate affairs==

===Ownership and structure===
[[File:JackWalkerHouseExeter.jpg|thumb|Jack Walker House, Flybe's former head office (located at [[Exeter Airport]] in [[Exeter]])]]
The former owner, Flybe Group plc, was a [[public company]] listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] ({{London Stock Exchange|FLYB}}).<ref name=lse>{{cite web |url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/companies-and-advisors/news-events/welcome/flybe.htm |title=The London Stock Exchange welcomes Flybe to the Main Market |publisher=Londonstockexchange.com |access-date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121225421/http://www.londonstockexchange.com/companies-and-advisors/news-events/welcome/flybe.htm |archive-date=21 January 2014 }}</ref> Until November 2013, the main shareholder, with 48.1% of the shares, was Rosedale Aviation Holdings Limited,<ref name="Annual Report 2013"/> the corporate representative of the trustee of the Jack Walker 1987 Settlement, which was established by the late [[Jack Walker]], who was involved in Flybe's early development.

In the UK, Flybe's largest base was at [[Birmingham Airport]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airportsinternational.com/2014/01/major-flybe-expansion-at-birmingham/15190 |title=Major Flybe Expansion at Birmingham |publisher = Airports International |date = January 2014}}</ref> the airline had other large bases at [[Belfast City Airport|Belfast City]], [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]] and [[Southampton Airport|Southampton]] airports, with a total of 14 crew and aircraft who were based across the United Kingdom, the [[Channel Islands]] and the [[Isle of Man]]. The airline held a [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] Type A Operating Licence permitting it to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caa.co.uk/default.aspx?categoryid=183&pagetype=90&pageid=340 |title=Operating Licence |publisher=Caa.co.uk |access-date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311005729/http://www.caa.co.uk/default.aspx?categoryid=183&pagetype=90&pageid=340 |archive-date=11 March 2007 }}</ref> The Flybe Group included Flybe Aviation Services (engineering and maintenance), Flybe Training Academy (engineering and flight crew training), Flybe UK (airline operations) and Flybe Europe, the holding company for all European operations, which previously consisted of [[Flybe Nordic]].

===Business trends===
Trends for Flybe Group during the period 2007–2018 are shown below (as at [[Fiscal year|year ending]] 31 March):

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! style="background: #524195" |
! style="background: #524195" | 2007
! style="background: #524195" | 2008
! style="background: #524195" | 2009
! style="background: #524195" | 2010
! style="background: #524195" | 2011
! style="background: #524195" | 2012
! style="background: #524195" | 2013
! style="background: #524195" | 2014
! style="background: #524195" | 2015
! style="background: #524195" | 2016
! style="background: #524195" | 2017
! style="background: #524195" | 2018
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Group turnover (total, less [[Joint venture|JV]]) ([[Pound sterling|£]]M)
| 367.5
| 535.9
| 572.4
| 570.5
| 595.5
| 615.3
| 614.3
| 620.5
| 574.1
| 623.8
| 707.4
! 752.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Profit before tax ([[Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization|EBITDA]]) (£M)
| {{color|red|−16.2}}
| 30.4
| 0.1
| 5.7
| 7.6
| {{color|red|−7.1}}
| {{color|red|−23.2}}
| 8.1
| {{color|red|−35.6}}
| 2.7
| {{color|red|−48.5}}
! {{color|red|−9.4}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Profit after tax (£M)
| {{color|red|−19.9}}
| 34.9
| 4.1
| 6.7
| 3.8
| {{color|red|−6.4}}
| {{color|red|−41.8}}
| 8.0
| {{color|red|−35.7}}
| 6.8
| {{color|red|−26.7}}
! {{N/A}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Number of employees (average/*year end)
| 1,931
| 3,197
| 2,860
| 2,798
| 2,949
| 2,781
| 2,667
| 2,650
| 2,069*
| 2,262*
| 2,388*
! 2,346*
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Number of passengers (scheduled) (m)
| 5.2
| 7.0
| 7.3
| 7.2
| 7.2
| 7.6
| 7.2
| 7.7
| 7.7
| 8.2
| 8.8
! 9.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Passenger load factor (schedule) (%)
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
| 65.4
| 63.5
| 61.7
| 61.9
| 62.6
| 69.5
| 75.2
| 72.6
| 69.6
! 75.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Number of aircraft (average/*year end)
| 81*
| 80*
| 68
| 67
| 68
| 84
| 81
| 97
| 66*
| 74*
| 83*
! 80*
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ''Notes/sources''
| <ref name="Annual Report 2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.flybe.com/pdf/annual_report/2007-08.pdf|title=Annual Report 2008 |publisher=Flybe Group plc |date=3 September 2008 |access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref>
| <ref name="Annual Report 2008"/>
| <ref name="Annual Report 2013"/><ref name="Annual Report 2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.flybe.com/pdf/annual_report/2008-09.pdf|title=Annual Report 2009 |publisher=Flybe Group plc |date=29 January 2010 |access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref>
| <ref name="Annual Report 2013"/><ref name="Annual Report 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.flybe.com/pdf/annual_report/2009-10.pdf|title=Annual Report 2010 |publisher=Flybe Group plc |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref>
| <ref name="Annual Report 2013"/><ref name="Annual Report 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.flybe.com/pdf/annual_report/2010-11.pdf|title=Annual Report 2011 |publisher=Flybe Group plc |date=29 June 2011 |access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref>
| <ref name="Annual Report 2013"/>
| <ref name="Annual Report 2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.flybe.com/corporate/pdf/6438_Flybe_AR_2013_Online.pdf |title=Annual Report 2013 |publisher=Flybe Group plc |date=20 June 2013 |access-date=21 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013949/http://www.flybe.com/corporate/pdf/6438_Flybe_AR_2013_Online.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| <ref name="Annual Report 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.flybe.com/corporate/investors/2014/annual-results-2014/Flybe-Group-plc-Annual-Report-2013-14.pdf |title=Annual Report 2013-4 |publisher=Flybe Group plc |date=11 June 2014 |access-date=11 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707152903/http://www.flybe.com/corporate/investors/2014/annual-results-2014/Flybe-Group-plc-Annual-Report-2013-14.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| <ref name="Annual Report 2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.flybe.com/application/files/5815/0167/9797/Flybe-Group-plc-Annual-Report-FY-2015.pdf|title=Annual Report 2014/15 |publisher=Flybe Group plc |date=9 June 2015 |access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref>
| <ref name="Annual Report 2017"/>
| <ref name="Annual Report 2017">{{cite web |url=http://cdn.flybe.com/cdn/Flybe-Group-plc-Annual-Report-2016-17.pdf |title=Annual Report 2016/17 |publisher=Flybe Group plc |date=7 June 2017 |access-date=20 December 2017 |archive-date=17 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117172016/http://cdn.flybe.com/cdn/Flybe-Group-plc-Annual-Report-2016-17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|}

===Joint ventures and franchises===
[[File:Flybe ATR 72-500 (EI-REM) @ MAN, June 2016 (02).jpg|thumb|alt= Flybe (Stobart Air) |A Flybe [[ATR 72-500]] (operated by [[Stobart Air]]) in June 2016]]
[[Loganair]], a Scottish airline, was the first franchise partner for Flybe and operated a number of flights in Scotland and [[Ireland]] under a [[Franchising|franchise]] agreement from 2008. Loganair aircraft wore the full Flybe livery during the time of the franchise. In 2016, it was announced that the agreement was to end on 31 August 2017 at which time Loganair would become an independent carrier.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

In 2014, Flybe signed their second franchise agreement with [[Stobart Air]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://buyingbusinesstravel.com/news/2522215-stobart-air-franchise-deal-flybe |title=Stobart Air in franchise deal with Flybe |website=buyingbusinesstravel.com |access-date=14 January 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016115837/https://buyingbusinesstravel.com/news/2522215-stobart-air-franchise-deal-flybe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and initially started operating European routes from [[Southend Airport]]. In 2015, Stobart Air began operating more flights on behalf of Flybe from [[Isle of Man Airport|Ronaldsway Airport, Isle of Man]] using two [[ATR 72]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/40123-flybe-sources-atr72s-from-stobart-air-for-isle-of-man-ops |title=Flybe. sources ATR72s from Stobart Air for Isle of Man ops |website=ch-aviation}}</ref> In 2017, Flybe and [[Stobart Air]] began operating additional services from Southend Airport using Flybe [[Embraer 195]] jet aircraft.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

On 11 January 2016, Flybe announced its third franchise deal with the Jersey based airline, [[Blue Islands]]. Now all Blue Islands flights operated under the Flybe name, and the Blue Islands aircraft livery was replaced with the current Flybe livery from May 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itv.com/news/channel/update/2016-01-11/blue-islands-flights-to-be-run-through-flybe/ |title=Blue Islands flights to be run through Flybe |publisher = ITV News |date = 11 January 2016}}</ref> However the deal was under investigation and was reported to potentially break local competition laws.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bailiwickexpress.com/jsy/news/bi/?t=i |title=Airlines investigated for potential competition law breach |publisher =Bailiwick Express}}</ref>

From 1 September 2017, Eastern Airways became a new franchise partner for Flybe taking over routes previously operated by Loganair from Aberdeen Airport, Glasgow Airport and Edinburgh Airport.<ref>Dalton, Alastair. [https://www.scotsman.com/news/transport/more-competition-to-islands-as-flybe-teams-with-eastern-airways-1-4548588 "More competition to islands as Flybe teams with Eastern Airways."] ''The Scotsman'', 1 September 2017.</ref> That meant both Flybe and Loganair were now in direct competition with each other. In January 2018, services to Sumburgh were being withdrawn, owing to the competition with Loganair and the route being unable to sustain two carriers.<ref>Cope, Chris. [http://www.shetnews.co.uk/news/15717-jobs-go-at-sumburgh-following-flybe-exit "Jobs go at Sumburgh following Flybe exit."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021055040/http://www.shetnews.co.uk/news/15717-jobs-go-at-sumburgh-following-flybe-exit |date=21 October 2018 }} ''Shetland News'', 11 January 2018.</ref> It was announced that Loganair was withdrawing services from Glasgow to Manchester leaving Flybe as the sole operator on that route.

Flybe purchased [[Finncomm Airlines]] with [[Finnair]] of [[Finland]] in July 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airlinehunter.co.uk/news/Flybe-Nordic.-A-challenge-to-the-Skyways-Cimber-venture |title=Flybe Nordic. A challenge to the Skyways-Cimber venture? |work=AirlineHunter |access-date=4 July 2011}}</ref> and on 30 October 2011 rebranded the airline as [[Flybe Nordic]]. The joint venture operated its own routes along with franchise routes under a [[codeshare]] agreement for Finnair, operating under Flybe's BE-code. Flybe agreed to sell its 60% stake in Flybe Nordic in November 2014 for €1, in an attempt to reduce group costs.<ref>{{cite news |last=White |first=Anna |date=12 November 2014 |title=Flybe sells its Finnish business for €1 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/leisure/11225022/Flybe-sells-its-Finnish-business-for-1.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/leisure/11225022/Flybe-sells-its-Finnish-business-for-1.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=18 November 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 1 May 2015, Flybe Nordic began operating solely for Finnair as it was no longer a part of Flybe. Flybe Nordic is now known as Nordic Regional Airlines – Norra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eturbonews.com/58211/flybe-finland-changes-name-nordic-regional |title=Flybe Finland changes name to Nordic Regional – eTurboNews (eTN) |date=28 April 2015 |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011165910/http://www.eturbonews.com/58211/flybe-finland-changes-name-nordic-regional |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Sponsorship===
Flybe was the main sponsor of [[Exeter City Football Club]] and also sponsored the [[Exeter Chiefs]] with their branding featured on both teams' shirts. Flybe had also sponsored the [[ITV Weather]] forecasts on [[ITV Channel Television]], [[ITV Cymru Wales]], [[ITV Meridian]], [[ITV West Country]], [[STV (TV channel)|STV]], [[UTV (TV channel)|UTV]], and the sport sections of the ''[[Manchester Evening News]]'', the ''[[Express & Echo]]'' (Exeter), the ''[[South Wales Echo]]'' (Cardiff), the ''[[Isle of Man Courier]]'' and the ''[[Isle of Man Examiner]]''.

Flybe had previously sponsored [[Birmingham City Football Club|Birmingham City]] (2003–2007), [[Norwich City Football Club|Norwich City]] (2006–2008), [[Southampton Football Club|Southampton]] (2006–2010), and [[Inverness Caledonian Thistle Football Club|Inverness Caledonian Thistle]] (2007–2010).

===Services===
====Frequent-flyer programmes====
Flybe used the [[International Airlines Group|Avios]] [[frequent-flyer program]] until 30 April 2019, when Flybe and Avios ended their partnership and all accounts were closed.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.choose.co.uk/news/2019/flybe-avios-partnership-ends/ |website = choose.co.uk |title = Avios partnership with Flybe has now ended |date = 2 May 2019}}</ref> The programme is operated by the [[International Airlines Group|IAG]] subsidiary Avios Group.

====Cabin and service====
Flybe's cabin interiors were configured with a single-class all-economy layout. It operated an allocated seating policy on its flights. Passengers had the option to choose a specific seat of their choice online in advance for a fee or have one allocated free of charge during online check-in or at the airport check-in. The airline operated a [[buy on board]] programme, called "Café Flybe", offering food and drinks for purchase. On most flights to and from the [[Channel Islands]] a selection of duty free spirits and tobacco items was also available for purchase.

Passengers had the option of three ticket types, "Just Fly", "Get More" and "All In".
* "Just Fly" was the most basic ticket type, with just the flight included and extra options available to add for an additional fee.
* "Get More" ticket holders were able to reserve a seat and take a 23 kg hold bag.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flybe.com/ticket-types/get-more |title=Get More! – Ticket Types | Flybe UK |website=flybe.com}}</ref>
* "All In" ticket holders received a complimentary drink and snack, access to Flybe [[airline lounge|Executive Lounges]], free pre-booked seating, priority check-in, and two hold bags.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flybe.com/ticket-types/all-in/ |title=All In – Ticket Types | Flybe UK |website=flybe.com}}</ref>

==Destinations==
Flybe provided short haul services to destinations throughout the United Kingdom, Ireland, and continental Europe.

===Former partnerships and codeshare agreements===
Flybe formerly had [[Codeshare agreement|codeshares]] with the following airlines under the 'One Stop to the World' programme:<ref name="CAPA Flybe profile">{{cite web |url=http://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airlines/flybe-be |title=Profile on Flybe |website=CAPA |publisher=Centre for Aviation |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030160823/http://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airlines/flybe-be |archive-date=30 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://onestop.flybe.com/en-GB/flights |title=Flybe One Stop to the World |website=onestop.flybe.com |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422192523/http://onestop.flybe.com/en-GB/flights |archive-date=22 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{div col}}
* [[Aer Lingus]]
* [[Air France]]
* [[Air India]]
* [[Alitalia]]
* [[British Airways]]
* [[Cathay Pacific]]
* [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]]
* [[Etihad Airways]]
* [[Finnair]]
* [[Loganair]]
* [[Singapore Airlines]]
* [[United Airlines]]
* [[Virgin Atlantic]]
{{div col end}}

The airline also had franchise agreements with the following airlines:
{{div col}}
* [[Blue Islands]]
* [[Eastern Airways]]
* [[Loganair]] (agreement ended 2017)
* [[Stobart Air]]
{{div col end}}

=== Interline agreement ===
Flybe had an [[Interlining|interline]] agreement with [[Pakistan International Airlines]]<ref name="PIA Codeshare and Interline">{{Cite web |url=https://www.piac.com.pk/interline-travel |title=Interline and Codeshare Travel |website=Pakistan International Airlines}}</ref>
==Fleet==
[[File:DASH.8-400 G-JEDR 4087 FLYBE PURPLE 09 02 15 TLS (16217391023).jpg|thumb|A Flybe [[DHC-8-400]] in February 2015]]
Before ceasing operations these were the aircraft in the Flybe fleet:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://siteapps.caa.co.uk/g-info/|title=GINFO Search Results Summary|publisher=[[Civil Aviation Authority]]|access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; text-align:center"
|+ Flybe fleet
|-
!Aircraft
!In service
!Orders
!Passengers
!Notes
|-
|[[de Havilland Canada Dash 8 Q400]]
|54
|—
|78
|
|-
|[[Embraer 175]]
|9
|—
|88
|
|-
!Total
!63
!—
!colspan=2|
|}

===Fleet strategy and developments===

Flybe retired its final Embraer 195 in February 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK's flybe. ends E195 operations |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/86742-uks-flybe-ends-e195-operations |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=ch-aviation |language=en}}</ref> which was returned to lessors once it was retired. It had said that the Q400 would be the backbone of its fleet going forward.<ref name="flybe20190403">{{Cite press release |title=Travel Advice: Flybe Announces Base Changes |url=https://flybe.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/1592 |publisher=Flybe |date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403141724/https://flybe.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/1592/ |archive-date=3 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Dash 8 Q400====
[[File:G-JECP Flybe (6226139642).jpg|thumb|A Flybe [[DHC-8-400]] wearing the 2002 livery]]
Flybe became the world's largest operator of the [[De Havilland Dash 8#Series 400|Dash 8 Q400]] after it added 24 planes leased from [[Republic Airways]], a US regional airline, in 2014.<ref name=CTV2014/> In May 2007, the airline signed a deal with [[Bombardier Inc.|Bombardier]], an aircraft manufacturer in [[Montreal|Montreal, Canada]] for a further 15 Q400 aircraft valued at US$394{{nbsp}}million (£197{{nbsp}}million), with options for a further 15, increasing its fleet of the type to 60.<ref>[http://www.atwonline.com/news/other.html?issueDate=5%2F9%2F2007 Air Transport World] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021230356/http://atwonline.com/news/other.html?issueDate=5%2F9%2F2007 |date=21 October 2007 }} 9 May 2007</ref> In September 2014, Republic Airways agreed to lease 24 of their Q400 aircraft to Flybe with delivery over two years starting from March 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wild |first1=Jane|title=Flybe reconfigures its fleet by leasing smaller aircraft |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/43822460-3e64-11e4-b7fc-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/43822460-3e64-11e4-b7fc-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=6 March 2016 |work=Financial Times|date=17 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=CTV2014>{{cite news |last1=Marowits |first1=Ross |title=U.K.-based Flybe to become world's largest Bombardier Q400 operator|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/u-k-based-flybe-to-become-world-s-largest-bombardier-q400-operator-1.2011248 |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=CTV News |date=17 September 2014}}</ref> In June 2017, Flybe announced that due to a loss of near to £20{{nbsp}}million, it would retire six Q400 aircraft in 2017.<ref name="bbc727">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-40198727 |title=Flybe promises overhaul after £20m loss |date=8 June 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=8 June 2017 }} </ref>

When Flybe collapsed in March 2020 its 54 Dash 8 Q400s were placed into storage. In January 2021, [[aerial firefighting]] airline specialist [[Conair Group]] in [[Abbotsford, British Columbia]] in Canada announced that it had purchased 11 of Flybe's Q400 for conversion into water bombers and multi-role firefighting aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=Flybe Q400s to be converted into firefighters for Conair |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/flybe-q400s-to-be-converted-into-firefighters-for-conair/141994.article |work=Flight Global |date=16 January 2021}}</ref>

====Embraer 175====
[[File:Embraer ERJ 175 (G-FBJF) of Flybe arrives Birmingham Airport, England 27June2019 arp.jpg|thumb|A Flybe [[Embraer 175]] painted in the 2002 livery]]
On 20 July 2010, Flybe placed an order for 35 [[Embraer E-Jet family|Embraer 175]] aircraft worth US$1.3 billion (£850{{nbsp}}million), with options for 65 more (value $2.3{{nbsp}}billion/£1.5{{nbsp}}billion) and purchase rights for a further 40 (value $1.4{{nbsp}}billion/£0.9{{nbsp}}billion). The 88-seat aircraft was originally planned to be delivered between July 2011 and March 2017;<ref name=E175>{{cite web |url=http://www.flybe.com/news/1007/20.htm |title=Flybe announces a deal for up to 140 Embraer E Series Aircraft |publisher=Flybe Press Office |access-date=20 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722185442/http://www.flybe.com/news/1007/20.htm |archive-date=22 July 2010 }}</ref> with the first two aircraft arriving in November 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flybe.com/corporate/media/news/1111/28.htm |title=Flybe celebrates arrival of new jets with a soaking! |publisher=Flybe |date=28 November 2011 |access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> In September 2014, Flybe agreed with [[Embraer]] to cancel 20 orders for the E-175 jets and deferred delivery of the other four until further notice.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

In 2020 Flybe's nine E175s were transferred to various lessors when they collapsed. Six of the new aircraft which had been acquired went to a company in [[Bermuda]] called Flybe Leasing, with CAW Finance Corp acquiring another one.

====Embraer 195====
[[File:G-FBEJ Embraer 195 Flybe "Welcome to Yorkshire" (26248209660).jpg|thumb|A Flybe [[Embraer 195]] with the "Welcome to Yorkshire" special livery landing at [[Glasgow Airport]] in April 2016]]
The airline placed an order for 14 [[Embraer E-Jet family|Embraer 195]] aircraft in June 2005, plus options on an additional 12 aircraft, making it the type's worldwide launch customer. In the same month, four existing Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 options were converted into firm orders; after delivery its fleet of Q400s numbered 45.<ref>[[Air International]], July 2005</ref> Flybe received its first 118-seat Embraer 195 in September 2006, and the aircraft began to replace its existing [[BAe 146]]s, completing the fleet rationalisation which was started in 2003. The E-195s were fitted with a head-up guidance system (HGS) and configured to offer single-class service.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

In 2018, Flybe completed a review of its future fleet deciding that the Bombardier Q400 would continue to be its core aircraft; all nine of its [[Embraer E-Jet family#E190 and E195|E195]] aircraft were to be withdrawn by 2020 but some [[Embraer E-Jet family#E175|E175s]] would be retained for busier routes.<ref name="iii-20180516">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iii.co.uk/alliance-news/1526464772728040500-3/flybe-to-reduce-jet-fleet-and-concentrate-only-on-profitable-routes|title=Flybe To Reduce Jet Fleet And Concentrate Only on Profitable Routes |website=Interactive Investor |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174827/http://www.iii.co.uk/alliance-news/1526464772728040500-3/flybe-to-reduce-jet-fleet-and-concentrate-only-on-profitable-routes |archive-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> On 3 April 2019, Flybe confirmed its intention to withdraw six of its E195s in 2019 and the remainder in 2020; its bases at [[Cardiff Airport|Cardiff]] and [[Doncaster Sheffield Airport|Doncaster]] would be closed and these destinations served by Q400s from other bases.<ref name=flybe20190403 />

The last Embraer 195 was retired and returned to its lessor on 24 February 2020.<ref>[https://www.austrianaviation.net/detail/flybe-flottet-letzten-embraer-195-aus/ austrianaviation.net] (German) 27 February 2020</ref>

===Historical fleet===

[[File:Jersey European Twin Otter G-BKBC.jpg|thumb|Jersey European Twin Otter, 1983]]
[[File:G-BHJZ Bandeirante Jersey European BHX 18-08-86 (28058130893).jpg|thumb|Jersey European EMB-110, 1986]]
[[File:Jersey European Short 360-200.jpg|thumb|Jersey European Short 360, 1988]]
[[File:Jersey European F-27.jpg|thumb|Jersey European Fokker F-27, 1988]]
[[File:Jersey European BAC 1-11.jpg|thumb|Jersey European BAC 1-11, 1998]]

Flybe previously operated the following aircraft:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Aircraft
!Fleet
!Introduced
!Retired
!Notes
|-
|[[ATR 42|ATR 42-500]]
|1
|2016
|2018
|Operated by [[Blue Islands]]
|-
|[[ATR 72|ATR 72-500]]
|5
|2014
|2020
|Three operated by [[Blue Islands]] and two by [[Stobart Air]]
|-
|[[ATR 72|ATR 72-600]]
|6
|2017
|2020
|
|-
|[[British Aerospace 146|BAe 146-100/Avro RJ70]]
|3
|2002
|2007
|
|-
|[[British Aerospace 146|BAe 146-200/Avro RJ85]]
|9
|2002
|2008
|
|-
|[[British Aerospace 146|BAe 146-300/Avro RJ100]]
|11
|2002
|2008
|
|-
|[[British Aerospace Jetstream 41|BAe Jetstream 41]]
|1
|2017
|2019
|Operated by [[Eastern Airways]]
|-
|[[Boeing 737 Classic|Boeing 737-300]]
|4
|2005
|2006
|Operated by [[Astraeus Airlines]]
|-
|[[Bombardier CRJ100/200|Bombardier CRJ-200ER]]
|4
|2002
|2003
|Two operated on behalf of [[Air France]]
|-
|[[Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander]]
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|
|-
|[[de Havilland Canada Dash 8|de Havilland Canada Dash 8-200]]
|3
|2002
|2004
|
|-
|[[de Havilland Canada Dash 8|de Havilland Canada Dash 8-300]]
|10
|2002
|2008
|
|-
|[[de Havilland Canada Dash 8|de Havilland Canada Dash 8 Q400]]
|81
|2002
|2020
|
|-
|[[Dornier 328|Dornier 328-100]]
|3
|2013
|2017
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-3]]
|2
|1979
|1980
|Inherited from [[Intra Airways]]
|-
|[[Embraer E-Jet family|Embraer 175]]
|11
|2011
|2020
|
|-
|[[Embraer E-Jet family|Embraer 195]]
|14
|2006
|2020
|
|-
|[[Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante]]
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|
|-
|[[Fokker F27 Friendship]]
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|
|-
|[[Saab 2000]]
|2
|2014
|2017
|
|-
|[[Saab 340|Saab 340B]]
|14
|2008
|2017
|
|-
|[[Short 330]]
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|
|-
|[[Short 360]]
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|
|-
|[[Vickers Viscount]]
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|
|}

==Accidents and incidents==
*On 1 August 2008 an [[Embraer E-Jet family|Embraer 190-200LR]] from [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]] to [[George Best Belfast City Airport|Belfast City Airport]] suffered a failure of the No. 1 air cycle machine (ACM), releasing smoke and fumes into the aircraft. A [[Mayday]] was declared and an expeditious diversion was carried out. After donning oxygen masks the pilots of Flybe flight BE484 had great difficulty communicating with each other, ATC and cabin crew, because of technical problems with the masks. During the emergency evacuation the right overwing emergency exit door became jammed and unusable. Passengers who evacuated via the left overwing exit were unaware of how to get from the wing down to the ground. Several recommendations were made as a result of the incident.{{cn|date=December 2022}}
*On 21 July 2012 a Flybe aircraft with 47 passengers on board from [[Newquay Airport|Cornwall Airport Newquay]] to [[Edinburgh Airport|Edinburgh]] made an emergency landing and was evacuated at Edinburgh after a short circuit in a smoke detector triggered a fire alarm. The [[Air Accidents Investigation Branch]] noted pilots initiated a checklist inappropriately for the false alarm, causing depressurisation of the cabin, loss of displays on the copilot side and disconnection of the autopilot. Flybe retrained their pilots and took action to eradicate future false alarms from similar short circuits.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=April 12, 2012 |title=Flybe criticised over Newquay-Edinburgh false alarm |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-17680816 |work=BBC |location= |access-date=May 13, 2021}}</ref>
* On 23 February 2017 a [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8]] registered G-JECP from [[Edinburgh Airport|Edinburgh]] to [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]] suffered a collapse of the right main gear upon landing at [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Schiphol Airport]] resulting in severe damage to the aircraft. Damage was found to the lower fuselage structure, right-hand outboard wing tip and nose landing gear along with damage to the right-hand fuselage caused by fragments from the right (#2) engine and debris and gravel from the runway. After the aircraft came to a stop, the crew declared a [[Mayday]] and initiated an evacuation of the aircraft. The accident was caused by deformation in the right-hand landing-gear yoke causing the landing gear to be in the down but unlocked position while the gear position indicator in the cockpit displayed three green lights falsely indicating to the crew the gear was in a down and locked position. The [[Dutch Safety Board]] made several recommendations to [[Bombardier Aviation|Bombardier]], Flybe and the landing gear manufacturer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plane evacuated after landing gear collapses |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-39071466 |access-date=28 November 2024 |work=BBC News |date=23 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Video shows Flybe plane crash-landing at Schiphol airport |url=https://news.sky.com/story/video-shows-flybe-plane-crash-landing-at-schiphol-airport-10778968 |access-date=28 November 2024 |work=Sky News |date=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dutch Safety Board investigation to DHC-8-Q402, G-JECP |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/reports/2017/20170223_DH8D_G-JECP.pdf |website=Flight Safety Foundation |publisher=Dutch Safety Board |access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>
*On 10 November 2017 a Flybe [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8]] suffered a nose gear failure after takeoff from Belfast City Airport to [[Inverness Airport]], diverting to [[Belfast International Airport]] and partially landing on its nose. The underside of the nose, forward pressure bulkhead, and the nose gear as well as its doors were damaged and there were two injuries. The accident was caused by a faulty sensor causing the doors to close onto the gear while it retracted. Flybe inspected their entire fleet. The Air Accidents Investigation Branch noted the aircraft and landing gear manufacturers were already working on a revised design prior to the accident.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mullan |first=Kevin |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Two injuries after Flybe plane had to land on its nose due to faulty sensor: AAIB |url= https://www.derryjournal.com/news/transport/two-injuries-after-flybe-plane-had-land-its-nose-due-faulty-sensor-aaib-688184|work=The Derry Journal |location= |access-date=May 13, 2021}}</ref>
*On 11 January 2018 a Flybe [[Bombardier Dash 8 Q400]] flying to [[Glasgow Airport]] made an unintentional descent due to an incorrect [[autopilot]] setting shortly after departing Belfast City Airport. The plane descended from 1,500 feet to 928 feet over eighteen seconds reaching a maximum rate of descent of 4,300 feet per minute. Flybe revised their simulator training and pre-takeoff checklists in response.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=November 7, 2018 |title=Flybe flight plummeted 500ft in 18 seconds due to autopilot error – report |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/flybe-flight-plummeted-500ft-in-18-seconds-due-to-autopilot-error-report-37504927.html |work=Press Association (via The Belfast Telegraph) |location= |access-date=May 13, 2021}}</ref>
*On 28 February 2019 a Flybe [[Embraer 195]] destined for [[Alicante–Elche Miguel Hernández Airport|Alicante, Spain]] aborted takeoff and was evacuated on the runway at [[Exeter Airport]] after the copilot noticed smoke from an air conditioning vent before fumes began entering the aircraft. The evacuation left a passenger and a member of cabin crew injured. The rapid engine shutdown meant that wing flaps were not correctly positioned for evacuation, leaving a large drop for those attempting to use overwing exits, some of whom reentered the cabin and evacuated via slides. The Air Accidents Investigation Branch made recommendations to the [[European Union Aviation Safety Agency]] and the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] of the [[United States]] proposing changes to the design and layout of emergency exits on commercial aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Colleen |date=September 17, 2020 |title=Newquay flight was diverted to Exeter after cable failed |url=https://www.devonlive.com/news/devon-news/exeter-airport-plane-evacuation-investigation-4523960 |work=Devon Live |location= |access-date=May 13, 2021}}</ref>
*On 14 November 2019<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=October 15, 2020 |title=AAIB investigation to DHC-8-402, G-FLBE |url=https://www.gov.uk/aaib-reports/aaib-investigation-to-dhc-8-402-g-flbe |work=Air Accidents Investigation Branch |location= |access-date=May 13, 2021}}</ref> a Flybe [[DHC-8-400]] destined for [[Heathrow Airport]] made a precautionary emergency landing at Exeter Airport. Shortly after departing from Cornwall Airport Newquay, the flight crew noticed that their handwheels required significant offsets for the aircraft to maintain level flight. The Air Accidents Investigation Branch concluded that a broken left [[aileron]] cable was responsible; they also discovered that the right aileron on the aircraft and others in the fleet sometimes failed to respond to handwheel inputs. Although Flybe ceased operations before the probe was concluded, airlines and the plane's manufacturer made changes to design and maintenance. The report also criticised the use of irreversible filters, which are banned in the United States, on the [[flight data recorder]] resulting in the loss of relevant data.<ref>{{cite news |last=Channon |first=Max |date=October 16, 2020 |title=Newquay flight was diverted to Exeter after cable failed |url=https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/cornwall-news/newquay-flight-diverted-exeter-after-4612277 |work=Cornwall Live |location= |access-date=May 13, 2021}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=Nigel |title=Flybe |series=Airlines Series, Vol. 12 |date=2023 |publisher=Key Publishing |location=Stamford, Lincs, UK |isbn=9781802823578 |url={{GBurl|b0dazwEACAAJ}} |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Alan J. |title=Independent Survivor |journal=[[Air International]] |date=July 2001 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=48–52}}
* {{cite book |title=Airlines of the British Isles since 1919 |publisher=[[Air-Britain]] |last=Wickstead |first=Maurice J. |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-85130-456-4}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Flybe}}
*{{Official website|http://www.flybe.com/}}

{{Portal bar|Devon|Companies|Aviation}}
{{Navboxes
| list =
{{Airlines of the United Kingdom}}
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}}

[[Category:Defunct airlines of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1979]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2020]]
[[Category:British Air Transport Association]]
[[Category:British brands]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Flybe (1979-2020)}}

2010 FIFA World Cup

2025-06-29T11:48:34Z

178.78.252.98:

{{short description|Association football tournament in South Africa}}
{{redirect-multi|3|FIFA 2010|2010 World Cup|2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa|the video game|FIFA 10{{!}}''FIFA 10''|other uses|2010 World Cup (disambiguation)|the video game|2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa (video game){{!}}''2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa'' (video game)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox international football competition
| tourney_name = FIFA World Cup
| year = 2010
| other_titles = {{plainlist|
*{{langx|af| text=FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010 | link=no | italic=yes |label={{nobold|[[Afrikaans]]}}}}
*{{langx|zu| text=iNdebe Yomhlaba Ye-FIFA ka-2010| link=no | italic=yes |label={{nobold|[[isiZulu]]}}}}
*{{langx|xh| text=2010 FIFuRoni da Futboll| link=no | italic=yes |label={{nobold|[[isiXhosa]]}}}}
*{{langx|nso| text=Mogopo wa Lefase wa FIFA wa 2010| link=no | italic=yes |label={{nobold|[[Northern Sotho]]}}}}
*{{langx|st| text=Mohope wa Lefatshe wa FIFA wa 2010| link=no | italic=yes |label={{nobold|[[Sesotho]]}}}}
}}
| image = 2010 FIFA World Cup.svg
| size = 200px
| caption = ''Dis tyd. Vier Afrika se mensdom'' (Afrikaans) ''Ke nako'' (Setswana and Sesotho) ''It's time. Celebrate Africa's Humanity'' (English) ''Isikhathi. Gubha Ubuntu Base-Afrika'' (Zulu) ''Lixesha. Ukubhiyozela Ubuntu baseAfrika'' (Xhosa) ''Inguva. Kupemberera hupenyu hweAfrica'' (Shona) ''Ke nako. Keteka Botho ba Afrika'' (Southern Sotho)
| country = South Africa
| dates = 11 June – 11 July
| confederations = 6
| num_teams = 32
| venues = 10
| cities = 9
| champion = Spain
| count = 1
| second = Netherlands
| third = Germany
| fourth = Uruguay
| matches = 64
| goals = 145
| attendance = {{#expr: +84490 + 64100 + 31513 + 55686 + 38646 + 30325 + 38833 + 62660 + 83465 + 30620 + 62869 + 23871 + 37034 + 54331 + 32664 + 62453 + 42658 + 82174 + 31593 + 35370 + 38294 + 45573 + 64100 + 62010 + 34812 + 38074 + 26643 + 38229 + 84455 + 63644 + 34872 + 54386 + 33425 + 39415 + 61874 + 38891 + 35827 + 36893 + 37836 + 83391 + 53412 + 34850 + 63093 + 27967 + 34763 + 62712 + 41958 + 28042 + 30597 + 34976 + 40510 + 84377 + 61962 + 54096 + 36742 + 62955 + 40186 + 84017 + 64100 + 55359 + 62479 + 60960 + 36254 + 84490}}
| top_scorer = {{fbicon|URU}} [[Diego Forlán]] {{fbicon|GER}} [[Thomas Müller]] {{fbicon|NED}} [[Wesley Sneijder]] {{fbicon|ESP}} [[David Villa]] (5 goals each)<ref>{{cite web |title=Players – Top goals |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/statistics/players/goals.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509062752/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/statistics/players/goals.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2014 |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |access-date=6 July 2012 }}</ref>

| player = {{fbicon|URU}} [[Diego Forlán]]<ref name="golden_ball">{{cite web|title=Adidas Golden Ball |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/awards/goldenball/index.html |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |access-date=6 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427042107/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/awards/goldenball/index.html |archive-date=27 April 2015 }}</ref>
| goalkeeper = {{fbicon|ESP}} [[Iker Casillas]]<ref name="golden_glove">{{cite web|title=Adidas Golden Glove |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/awards/goldenglove/index.html |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |access-date=6 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330081425/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/awards/goldenglove/index.html |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}</ref>
| young_player = {{fbicon|GER}} [[Thomas Müller]]<ref name="young_player">{{cite web|title=Hyundai Best Young Player |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/awards/bestyoungplayer/index.html |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |access-date=6 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427021020/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/awards/bestyoungplayer/index.html |archive-date=27 April 2015 }}</ref>
| fair_play = {{fb|ESP}}<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Awards |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/awards/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220184812/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/awards/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2013 |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |access-date=6 July 2012 }}</ref>
| prevseason = [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]]
| nextseason = [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]]
}}
The '''2010 FIFA World Cup''' was the 19th [[FIFA World Cup]], the world championship for [[List of men's national association football teams|men's national]] [[Association football|football]] teams. It took place in [[South Africa]] from 11 June to 11 July 2010. The [[FIFA World Cup hosts#2010 FIFA World Cup|bidding process]] for hosting the tournament finals was open only to African nations. In 2004, the international football federation, [[FIFA]], selected South Africa over [[Egypt]] and [[Morocco]] to become the first African nation to host the finals.<ref>{{cite news|title=South Africa Is Named Host of 2010 World Cup|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/16/sports/soccer-south-africa-is-named-host-of-2010-world-cup.html|work=The New York Times|date=13 May 2018|access-date=13 May 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611223541/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/16/sports/soccer-south-africa-is-named-host-of-2010-world-cup.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The matches were played in [[#Venues|10 stadiums]] in nine host cities around the country,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/2010/2010-stadium.htm|title=South Africa 2010 Stadiums|website=Sa-venues.com|access-date=5 December 2017|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074520/https://www.sa-venues.com/2010/2010-stadium.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> with the opening and final played at the [[Soccer City]] stadium in South Africa's largest city, [[Johannesburg]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jul/11/world-cup-final-nelson-mandela|title=Nelson Mandela gives World Cup a dream finale with a wave and a smile|last=Smith|first=David|date=11 July 2010|work=The Guardian|access-date=5 December 2017|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525100902/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jul/11/world-cup-final-nelson-mandela|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/stadiums/soccer-city-johannesburg/6554681/Soccer-City-Stadium-Johannesburg-World-Cup-2010-stadium-guide.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/stadiums/soccer-city-johannesburg/6554681/Soccer-City-Stadium-Johannesburg-World-Cup-2010-stadium-guide.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Soccer City Stadium, Johannesburg: World Cup 2010 stadium guide|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=19 November 2009|access-date=5 December 2017|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Thirty-two teams were selected for participation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=7/news=south-africa-2010-teams-stories-1272292.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029012645/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=7/news=south-africa-2010-teams-stories-1272292.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2015|title=South Africa 2010: 32 teams, 32 stories|last=FIFA.com|date=11 July 2010|work=FIFA.com|access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> via a [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification|worldwide qualification tournament]] that began in August 2007. In the [[#Group stage|first round]] of the tournament finals, the teams competed in [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] groups of four teams for points, with the top two teams in each group proceeding. These 16 teams advanced to the [[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|knockout stage]], where three rounds of play decided which teams would participate in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup final|final]].

In the final, [[Spain men's national football team|Spain]], the [[UEFA Euro 2008|European champions]], beat third-time losing finalists the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]] 1–0 [[after extra time]] to win their first world title. Spain became the eighth nation to win the tournament and the first European nation to win a World Cup hosted outside its home continent: all previous World Cups held outside Europe had been won by South American nations. It was also the first time that the FIFA World Cup was passed between two different nations representing the same continent (as the previous cup holder had been Italy, who won the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 edition]]). Spain became the first national team to win the tournament after losing the first match at the finals and the first team since [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]] to win a World Cup after losing a game in the group stage. As a result of their win, Spain represented the World in the [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup]]. Host nation [[South Africa national football team|South Africa]] were eliminated in the group stage, as were both [[2006 FIFA World Cup final|2006 World Cup finalists]], [[Italy national football team|Italy]] and [[France national football team|France]]. It was the first time that the hosts had been eliminated in the group stage and the first of three successive World Cups that the defending champions would be eliminated in the group stage. [[New Zealand men's national football team|New Zealand]], with their three draws, were the only undefeated team in the tournament, but they were also eliminated in the group stage.


{{TOC limit}}

==Host selection==
{{Main|FIFA World Cup hosts#2010 FIFA World Cup}}

Africa was chosen as the host for the 2010 World Cup as part of a short-lived rotation policy, abandoned in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://za.mg.co.za/article/2007-10-29-fifa-end-world-cup-rotation-policy|title=FIFA end World Cup Rotation|publisher=Mail & Guardian Online|date=29 October 2007|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720070353/http://za.mg.co.za/article/2007-10-29-fifa-end-world-cup-rotation-policy|archive-date=20 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> to rotate the event among football confederations. Five African nations placed bids to host the 2010 World Cup: Egypt, Morocco, South Africa and a joint bid from Libya and Tunisia.

Following the decision of the FIFA Executive Committee not to allow co-hosted tournaments, Tunisia withdrew from the bidding process. The committee also decided not to consider Libya's solo bid as it no longer met all the stipulations laid down in the official ''List of Requirements''.

The winning bid was announced by FIFA president [[Sepp Blatter]] at a media conference on 15 May 2004 in [[Zürich]]; in the first round of voting, South Africa received 14 votes, Morocco received 10 and Egypt no votes. South Africa, which had narrowly [[2006 FIFA World Cup#Host selection|failed to win the right to host the 2006 event]], was thus awarded the right to host the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/germany2006/news/newsid=25395.html |title=Host nation of 2010 FIFA World Cup – South Africa |date=15 May 2004 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=8 January 2006 }}{{dead link|date=October 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Campaigning for South Africa to be granted host status, [[Nelson Mandela]] had previously spoken of the importance of football in his life, stating that while incarcerated in [[Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island|Robben Island]] prison playing football "made us feel alive and triumphant despite the situation we found ourselves in".<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/23851559 "Nelson Mandela: How sport helped to transform a nation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104064612/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/23851559 |date=4 January 2015 }}. BBC. Retrieved 6 December 2013</ref> With South Africa winning their bid, an emotional Mandela raised the [[FIFA World Cup Trophy]].<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/president/news/newsid=881662/ "Blatter presents Mandela with a special FIFA World Cup Trophy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153846/https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/president/news/newsid%3D881662/ |date=2 April 2015 }}. FIFA.com. Retrieved 5 December 2013</ref>

During 2006 and 2007, rumours circulated in various news sources that the 2010 World Cup could be moved to another country.<ref name="harding">{{cite web |first=Luke |last=Harding |title=Doubt over South Africa 2010 |date=12 June 2006 |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/worldcup2006/story/0,,1818166,00.html |access-date=29 August 2006 |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410215639/http://football.guardian.co.uk/worldcup2006/story/0,,1818166,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jermaine |last=Craig |title=Fifa denies SA may lose 2010 World Cup |date=3 July 2006 |work=[[The Star (South Africa)|The Star]] |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=19&art_id=vn20060703014312923C258638&set_id= |access-date=30 August 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060827152341/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=19&art_id=vn20060703014312923C258638&set_id=| archive-date= 27 August 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Franz Beckenbauer]], [[Horst R. Schmidt]], and, reportedly, some [[FIFA]] executives expressed concern over the planning, organisation, and pace of South Africa's preparations.<ref name="harding"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Beckenbauer issues 2010 warning |date=20 September 2006 |work=BBC Sport |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/5362504.stm |access-date=19 October 2006 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129131538/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/5362504.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> FIFA officials repeatedly expressed their confidence in South Africa as host, stating that a contingency plan existed only to cover natural catastrophes, as had been in place at previous FIFA World Cups.<ref name="yoong">{{cite news|first=Sean |last=Yoong |title=FIFA says South Africa 'definitely' will host 2010 World Cup |date=8 May 2007 |agency=Associated Press |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/sow/news;_ylt=Ah.1PkVLAGTpuoi3rG.VSMgmw7YF?slug=ap-fifa-wcup2010&prov=ap&type=lgns |access-date=15 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080626002544/http://sports.yahoo.com/sow/news;_ylt=Ah.1PkVLAGTpuoi3rG.VSMgmw7YF?slug=ap-fifa-wcup2010&prov=ap&type=lgns |archive-date=26 June 2008 }}</ref>

===Bribery and corruption===
On 28 May 2015, media covering the [[2015 FIFA corruption case]] reported that high-ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US$10 million in bribes to then-FIFA Vice President [[Jack Warner (football executive)|Jack Warner]] and to other FIFA Executive Committee members.<ref>[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20121006015957/http://touch.latimes.com/ "South Africa is shaken by FIFA corruption probe"], ''Los Angeles Times'', 28 May 2015.</ref>

On 4 June 2015, FIFA executive [[Chuck Blazer]], having co-operated with the [[FBI]] and the Swiss authorities, confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cup bids. Blazer stated, "I and others on the FIFA executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup."<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/sepp-blatter/11647665/Sepp-Blatter-FBI-investigation-live.html Vicki Hodges, Giles Mole, JJ Bull, Luke Brown and Rob Crilly, "Fifa whistleblower Chuck Blazer – bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups: as it happened", ''The Telegraph'', 3 June 2015] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115133016/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/sepp-blatter/11647665/Sepp-Blatter-FBI-investigation-live.html |date=15 January 2016 }}. Retrieved 4 June 2015</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/jun/03/fifa-chuck-blazer-bribes-world-cup Owen Gibson, Paul Lewis, "Fifa informant Chuck Blazer: I took bribes over 1998 and 2010 World Cups", ''The Guardian'', 3 June 2015] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411205843/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/jun/03/fifa-chuck-blazer-bribes-world-cup |date=11 April 2016 }}. Retrieved 4 June 2015</ref>

On 6 June 2015, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported that [[Morocco]] had actually won the vote, but [[South Africa]] was awarded the tournament instead.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/fifa/11657442/Fifa-in-crisis-Morocco-won-2010-World-Cup-vote-not-South-Africa.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/fifa/11657442/Fifa-in-crisis-Morocco-won-2010-World-Cup-vote-not-South-Africa.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=Fifa in crisis: 'Morocco won 2010 World Cup vote – not South Africa' | work=The Telegraph | date=6 June 2015 | access-date=7 June 2015 | location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Qualification==
{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup qualification}}
The qualification draw for the 2010 World Cup was held in [[Durban]] on 25 November 2007. As the host nation, [[South Africa national football team|South Africa]] qualified automatically for the tournament. As in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|previous tournament]], the defending champions were not given an automatic berth, and [[Italy national football team|Italy]] had to participate in qualification. With a pool of entrants comprising 204 of the 208 [[List of men's national association football teams|FIFA national teams]] at the time, the 2010 World Cup shares with the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] the record for most competing nations in a sporting event.

Some controversies arose during the qualifications. In the second leg of the [[2009 Republic of Ireland v France football matches|play-off between France and the Republic of Ireland]], French captain [[Thierry Henry]], unseen by the referee, handled the ball in the lead up to a late goal, which enabled France to qualify ahead of Ireland, sparking widespread comment and debate. FIFA rejected a request from the [[Football Association of Ireland]] to replay the match,<ref name=FIFA20Nov09FIFAStatementOnFAIRequest>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1137489.html |title=FIFA statement on FAI request |publisher=FIFA |date=20 November 2009 |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123062736/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1137489.html |archive-date=23 November 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Ireland later withdrew a request to be included as an unprecedented 33rd World Cup entrant.<ref name=UKPA02Dec09BlatterApologisesOverComments>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5hMVC1s6Pr6WoHBrceHOFXYf4HZRw |title=Blatter apologises over comments |publisher=Press Association |date=2 December 2009 |access-date=3 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206101142/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5hMVC1s6Pr6WoHBrceHOFXYf4HZRw |archive-date=6 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=IrishTimes02Dec09FAISetsRecordStraight>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sports/soccer/2009/1202/1224259931744.html |title=FAI tries to set record straight |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=2 December 2009 |access-date=3 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428232432/http://www.irishtimes.com/sports/soccer/2009/1202/1224259931744.html |archive-date=28 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, FIFA announced a review into the use of technology or extra officials at the highest level, but decided against the widely expected fast-tracking of goal-line referee's assistants for the South African tournament.<ref name=UKPA02Dec09FIFARejectExtraRefs>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5jO_FwfnIayPK8z-g_2K2KxWTfpPA |title=FIFA reject extra referees proposal |publisher=Press Association |date=2 December 2009 |access-date=3 December 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200112200525/https://www.webcitation.org/5lkKZdcQw?url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5jO_FwfnIayPK8z-g_2K2KxWTfpPA |archive-date=12 January 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Watching South Africa & Mexico match at World Cup 2010-06-11 in Soweto 7.jpg|thumb|Supporters watching the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, with [[vuvuzela]]s]]
[[Costa Rica national football team|Costa Rica]] complained over [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]]'s winning goal in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)#CONCACAF 4th place v CONMEBOL 5th place|CONMEBOL–CONCACAF playoff]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/internationals/blatter-we-need-goal-line-officials-at-world-cup-1831686.html|title=Blatter: we need goal line officials at World Cup President urges change as Fifa considers Ireland's appeal to be '33rd nation' at finals |last=Harris |first=Nick |date=1 December 2009|work=The Independent |location=London |access-date=5 January 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091205101907/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/internationals/blatter-we-need-goal-line-officials-at-world-cup-1831686.html| archive-date= 5 December 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> while Egypt and Algeria's [[2009 Egypt v Algeria football matches|November 2009 matches]] were surrounded by reports of crowd trouble. On the subject of fair play, FIFA President Sepp Blatter said:
{{blockquote|I appeal to all the players and coaches to observe this fair play. In 2010 we want to prove that football is more than just kicking a ball but has social and cultural value ... So we ask the players 'please observe fair play' so they will be an example to the rest of the world.<ref name=BBCSport02Dec09FIFAToInvestigateHenry>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8391388.stm |title=Fifa to investigate Thierry Henry handball |work=BBC Sport |date=2 December 2009 |access-date=3 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203030209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/8391388.stm |archive-date=3 December 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref>}}

[[Slovakia]] was making its first appearance as an independent nation but had previously been represented as part of the Czechoslovakia team that had last played in the 1990 tournament; North Korea qualified for the first time since 1966; Honduras and New Zealand were both making their first appearances since 1982; Algeria were at the finals for the first time since the 1986 competition; and Greece qualified for the first time since 1994. Serbia also made its first appearance as an independent nation, having previously been present as Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1930, as SFR Yugoslavia from 1950 to 1990, as FR Yugoslavia in 1998 and as Serbia and Montenegro in 2006.

Teams that failed to qualify for this tournament included [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]], which had qualified for the previous four tournaments; [[Tunisia national football team|Tunisia]] and [[Croatia national football team|Croatia]], both of whom had qualified for the previous three finals; [[Costa Rica national football team|Costa Rica]], [[Ecuador national football team|Ecuador]], [[Poland national football team|Poland]] and [[Sweden men's national football team|Sweden]], who had qualified for the previous two editions; 2006 quarter-finalists [[Ukraine national football team|Ukraine]] and [[UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008]] semi-finalists [[Russia national football team|Russia]] and [[Turkey national football team|Turkey]]. The highest ranked team not to qualify was Croatia (ranked 10th), while the lowest ranked team that did qualify was North Korea (ranked 105th).

{{as of|2025}}, this was the last time South Africa, North Korea, Paraguay, Slovakia and Slovenia qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals, and the last time Costa Rica, [[Iran national football team|Iran]], [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]], and Croatia (only time) failed to qualify.

===List of qualified teams===
The following 32 teams, shown with final pre-tournament rankings,<ref>Rankings shown are those in May 2010, but the rankings used for selecting the seven non-host seeds were those of October 2009 [https://web.archive.org/web/20191006015211/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/men/rank/id9054/ FIFA]</ref> qualified for the final tournament.
{{col begin}}
{{col-4}}
;[[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|AFC]] (4)
* {{fb|AUS}} (20)
* {{fb|JPN}} (45)
* {{fb|PRK}} (105)
* {{fb|KOR|1997}} (47)
;[[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)|CAF]] (6)
* {{fb|ALG}} (30)
* {{fb|CMR}} (19)
* {{fb|GHA}} (32)
* {{fb|CIV}} (27)
* {{fb|NGA}} (21)
* {{fb|RSA}} (83) (hosts)
{{col-4}}
;[[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)|CONCACAF]] (3)
* {{fb|HON|1949}} (38)
* {{fb|MEX}} (17)
* {{fb|USA}} (14)
;[[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|CONMEBOL]] (5)
* {{fb|ARG|1861}} (7)
* {{fb|BRA}} (1)
* {{fb|CHI}} (18)
* {{fb|PAR|1990}} (31)
* {{fb|URU}} (16)
;[[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)|OFC]] (1)
* {{fb|NZL}} (78)
{{col-4}}
;[[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|UEFA]] (13)
* {{fb|DEN}} (36)
* {{fb|ENG}} (8)
* {{fb|FRA|1974}} (9)
* {{fb|GER}} (6)
* {{fb|GRE}} (13)
* {{fb|ITA}} (5)
* {{fb|NED}} (4)
* {{fb|POR}} (3)
* {{fb|SRB|2004}} (15)
* {{fb|SVK}} (34) (debut)
* {{fb|SVN}} (25)
* {{fb|ESP}} (2)
* {{fb|SUI}} (24)
{{col-4}}
[[File:2010 world cup qualification.png|thumb|upright=1.3|{{legend|#000cff|Qualified countries}} {{legend|#ffb400|Countries that did not qualify}} {{legend|black|Countries that did not enter}} {{legend|#ababab|Country not a FIFA member}}]]
{{col end}}

==Preparations==

Five new stadiums were built for the tournament, and five of the existing venues were upgraded. Construction costs were expected to be [[South African rand|R]]8.4 billion (just over US$1 billion or €950 million).<ref>{{cite news |title=SA faces R8.4bn stadium bill |date=1 October 2006 |work=[[News24 (website)|News24]] |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Sport/Soccer/0,,2-9-840_2006517,00.html |access-date=13 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029200023/http://www.news24.com/News24/Sport/Soccer/0%2C%2C2-9-840_2006517%2C00.html |archive-date=29 October 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

South Africa also improved its public transport infrastructure within the host cities, including Johannesburg's [[Gautrain]] and other metro systems, and major road networks were improved.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joburg pursues bus rapid transit system in bid to ease gridlock by 2010 |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=119725 |work=Engineering News |publisher=Creamer Media |date=2 November 2007 |access-date=2 November 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071102220747/http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=119725| archive-date=2 November 2007| url-status= live}}</ref> In March 2009, [[Danny Jordaan]], the president of the 2010 World Cup organising committee, reported that all stadiums for the tournament were on schedule to be completed within six months.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/7966169.stm |title=SA 2010 venues 'ready by October' |date=26 March 2009 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=26 March 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100806172626/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/7966169.stm| archive-date=6 August 2010| url-status= live}}</ref>

The country implemented special measures to ensure the safety and security of spectators in accordance with standard FIFA requirements,<ref>{{cite news | title=2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa Special Measures Act, 2006 | work=Republic of South Africa, Minister of Sport and Recreation – Online Government Gazette No. 28593 | date=10 March 2006 | url=http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/bills/2006/b13-06.pdf | access-date=13 October 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061103065105/http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/bills/2006/b13-06.pdf| archive-date = 3 November 2006}}</ref> including a temporary restriction of flight operation in the airspace surrounding the stadiums.<ref name="sacaa-45-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.caa.co.za/resource%20center/AIC'S/45-2.pdf |title=Additional Aviation Coordination and Security measures during the 2010 World Cup |date=7 May 2009 |publisher=[[South African Civil Aviation Authority]] |access-date=24 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024123110/http://www.caa.co.za/resource%20center/AIC%27S/45-2.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2009 }}</ref>

At a ceremony to mark 100 days before the event, FIFA president Sepp Blatter praised the readiness of the country for the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.africareview.com/News/SA%20marks%20100%20days%20to%20World%20Cup/-/825442/872036/-/fcqxfuz/-/index.html |title=SA marks 100 days to World Cup |date=2 March 2010 |work=Africa Review |access-date=14 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715092930/http://www.africareview.com/News/SA%20marks%20100%20days%20to%20World%20Cup/-/825442/872036/-/fcqxfuz/-/index.html |archive-date=15 July 2010 }}</ref>

===Construction strike===
On 8 July 2009, 70,000 construction workers<ref>BBC and SABC report 70,000 while the AP, quoting the South African Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors, says 11,000</ref> who were working on the new stadiums walked off their jobs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=659780&sec=world&cc=5901|title=World Cup construction workers strike in SAfrica|date=8 July 2009|work=ESPN Soccernet|agency=Associated Press|access-date=8 July 2009|archive-date=2 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102102412/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=659780&sec=world&cc=5901|url-status=dead}}</ref> The majority of the workers receive [[South African rand|R]]2500 per month (about [[Pound sterling|£]]192, €224 or US$313), but the unions alleged that some workers were grossly underpaid. A spokesperson for the [[National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)|National Union of Mineworkers]] said to the [[South African Broadcasting Corporation|SABC]] that the "no work no pay" strike would go on until FIFA assessed penalties on the organisers. Other unions threatened to strike into 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/portal/site/SABCNews/menuitem.5c4f8fe7ee929f602ea12ea1674daeb9/?vgnextoid=4159f0381c552210VgnVCM10000077d4ea9bRCRD&vgnextfmt=default&channelPath=Sport%20%3E%3E%20Soccer|title=NUM members working on 2010 stadiums ready for massive strike action|date=7 July 2009|work=SABC News|publisher=SABC|access-date=8 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901012809/http://www.sabcnews.com/portal/site/SABCNews/menuitem.5c4f8fe7ee929f602ea12ea1674daeb9/?vgnextoid=4159f0381c552210VgnVCM10000077d4ea9bRCRD&vgnextfmt=default&channelPath=Sport%20%3E%3E%20Soccer|archive-date=1 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8140433.stm|title=S Africa strike hits stadium work |date=8 July 2009|work=BBC News|access-date=8 July 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090709012218/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8140433.stm| archive-date= 9 July 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> The strike was swiftly resolved and workers were back at work within a week of it starting. There were no further strikes and all stadiums and construction projects were completed in time for the kick off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sa2010.gov.za/en/node/2429|title=2010 construction strike ends|date=15 July 2009|work=Sapa|publisher=South African Government|access-date=1 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008061333/http://www.sa2010.gov.za/en/node/2429|archive-date=8 October 2011}}</ref>

==Prize money==
The total prize money on offer for the tournament was confirmed by FIFA as US$420 million (including payments of US$40 million to domestic clubs), a 60 percent increase on the 2006 tournament.<ref name=FIFA03Dec09RecordPrizeMoney>{{cite news |title=FIFA Executive Committee holds historic meeting in Robben Island |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/news/newsid=1143269/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329063326/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/news/newsid=1143269/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 March 2013 |work=FIFA.com |publisher=FIFA |date=3 December 2009 |access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> Before the tournament, each of the 32 entrants received US$1 million for preparation costs. Once at the tournament, the prize money was distributed as follows:<ref name=FIFA03Dec09RecordPrizeMoney/>
* US$8 million – To each team eliminated at the [[#Group stage|group stage]] (16 teams) (${{Inflation|US|8|2010|r=2}} million in {{CURRENTYEAR}} US dollars{{inflation-fn|US}})
* US$9 million – To each team eliminated in the [[#Round of 16|round of 16]] (8 teams) (${{Inflation|US|9|2010|r=2}} million in {{CURRENTYEAR}} US dollars{{inflation-fn|US}})
* US$14 million – To each team eliminated in the [[#Quarter-finals|quarter-finals]] (4 teams) (${{Inflation|US|14|2010|r=2}} million in {{CURRENTYEAR}} US dollars{{inflation-fn|US}})
* US$18 million – [[#Third-place play-off|Fourth placed team]] (${{Inflation|US|18|2010|r=2}} million in {{CURRENTYEAR}} US dollars{{inflation-fn|US}})
* US$20 million – [[#Third-place play-off|Third placed team]] (${{Inflation|US|20|2010|r=2}} million in {{CURRENTYEAR}} US dollars{{inflation-fn|US}})
* US$24 million – [[#Final|Runner up]] (${{Inflation|US|24|2010|r=2}} million in {{CURRENTYEAR}} US dollars{{inflation-fn|US}})
* US$30 million – [[#Final|Winner]] (${{Inflation|US|30|2010|r=2}} million in {{CURRENTYEAR}} US dollars{{inflation-fn|US}})

In a first for the World Cup, FIFA made payments to the domestic clubs of the players representing their national teams at the tournament. This saw a total of US$40 million paid to domestic clubs. This was the result of an agreement reached in 2008 between FIFA and European clubs to disband the [[G-14]] group and drop their claims for compensation dating back to 2005 over the financial cost of injuries sustained to their players while on international duty, such as that from Belgian club [[R. Charleroi S.C.|Charleroi S.C.]] for injury to Morocco's [[Abdelmajid Oulmers]] in a friendly game in 2004, and from English club [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] for an injury to England's [[Michael Owen]] in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]].<ref name="Journal1Mar2007">{{cite news|title=Fifa are adding insult to injury |url=http://www.journallive.co.uk/nufc/newcastle-united-news/2007/03/01/fifa-are-adding-insult-to-injury-61634-18690847/ |work=[[The Journal (Newcastle upon Tyne newspaper)|The Journal]] |date=1 March 2007 |access-date=3 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901022309/http://www.journallive.co.uk/nufc/newcastle-united-news/2007/03/01/fifa-are-adding-insult-to-injury-61634-18690847/ |archive-date=1 September 2010 }}</ref><ref name=BBC06Sep2005G14FightFifa>{{cite news |title=G14 starts legal fight with Fifa |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/4219244.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=6 September 2005 |access-date=31 December 2009 |archive-date=18 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118121108/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/4219244.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=BBC15Feb2008G14Disbanded>{{cite news |title=G-14 football group is disbanded |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7247791.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=15 February 2008 |access-date=31 December 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080218155708/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7247791.stm| archive-date=18 February 2008| url-status= live}}</ref>

==Venues==
{{GeoGroup}}

In 2005, the organisers released a provisional list of 13 venues to be used for the World Cup: [[Bloemfontein]], [[Cape Town]], [[Durban]], [[Johannesburg]] (two venues), [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]], [[Klerksdorp]], [[Nelspruit]], [[Orkney, North West|Orkney]], [[Polokwane]], [[Port Elizabeth]], [[Pretoria]], and [[Rustenburg]]. This was narrowed down to the ten venues<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php?Cat=0&Board=EarthSports&Number=944685&fpart=&PHPSESSID=|title=2010 Soccer World Cup Fan Parks & 2010 Host Cities|publisher=Google Earth Community|date=29 October 2007|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602083938/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php?Cat=0&Board=EarthSports&Number=944685&fpart=&PHPSESSID=|url-status=dead}}</ref> that were officially announced by FIFA on 17 March 2006.

The altitude of several venues affected the motion of the ball<ref>{{cite news |title=Altitude will have impact on World Cup ball |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34277552 |work=NBC News |date=4 December 2009 |access-date=13 June 2010 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814111919/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34277552 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and player performance,<ref>{{cite web |title=Altitude training and physical performance for high altitude football |url=http://www.altitude.org/football.php |publisher=Altitude.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715090344/http://www.altitude.org/football.php |archive-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=29 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Jamie |date=7 June 2010 |title=World Cup 2010: England's altitude training will be tested against USA |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jun/07/world-cup-2010-england-altitude-usa |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610193103/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/jun/07/world-cup-2010-england-altitude-usa |archive-date=10 June 2010 |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref> although FIFA's medical chief downplayed this consideration.<ref>{{cite news |last=Edwards |first=Piers |date=23 February 2010 |title=Fifa medical chief downplays World Cup altitude effect |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/8530930.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |access-date=13 June 2010 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413211403/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/8530930.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Six of the ten venues were over {{convert|1200|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, with the two Johannesburg venues—[[FNB Stadium]] (also known as Soccer City) and [[Ellis Park Stadium]]—the highest at approximately {{convert|1750|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="racingpost">{{cite news |title=Quick guide to the ten World Cup grounds |url=http://www.racingpost.com/news/sport/quick-guide-to-the-grounds/726811/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513065728/http://www.racingpost.com/news/sport/quick-guide-to-the-grounds/726811/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2011 |work=[[Racing Post]] |access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="SoccerAmerica">{{cite magazine |title=And the city to avoid... |url=http://www.socceramerica.com/article/35615/and-the-city-to-avoid.html |magazine=Soccer America |date=3 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601150829/http://www.socceramerica.com/article/35615/and-the-city-to-avoid.html |archive-date=1 June 2010 |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref>

FNB Stadium, [[Cape Town Stadium]], and [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium]] in Port Elizabeth were the most-used venues, each hosting eight matches. Ellis Park Stadium and [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]] in Durban hosted seven matches each, while [[Loftus Versfeld Stadium]] in Pretoria, [[Free State Stadium]] in Bloemfontein and [[Royal Bafokeng Stadium]] in Rustenburg hosted six matches each. [[Peter Mokaba Stadium]] in Polokwane and [[Mbombela Stadium]] in Nelspruit hosted four matches each, but did not host any knockout-stage matches.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2| [[Johannesburg]]
!width=25%| [[Cape Town]]
!width=25%| [[Durban]]
|-
| [[FNB Stadium]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/destination/stadiums/stadium=5007759/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617120423/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/destination/stadiums/stadium=5007759/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2007 |title=Soccer City Stadium – Johannesburg |work=FIFA.com |publisher=FIFA| access-date= 1 December 2011 }}</ref> {{small|'''(Soccer City)'''}}
| [[Ellis Park Stadium]]
| [[Cape Town Stadium]] {{small|'''(Green Point Stadium)'''}}
| [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]] {{small|'''(Durban Stadium)'''}}
|-
| {{small|{{Coord|26|14|5.27|S|27|58|56.47|E|region:ZA_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Soccer City}}}}
| {{small|{{Coord|26|11|51.07|S|28|3|38.76|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Ellis Park Stadium}}}}
| {{small|{{Coord|33|54|12.46|S|18|24|40.15|E|region:ZA-WC_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline|name=Cape Town Stadium}}}}
| {{small|{{Coord|29|49|46|S|31|01|49|E|type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline|name=Moses Mabhida Stadium}}}}
|-
| Capacity: '''84,490'''
| Capacity: '''55,686'''
| Capacity: '''64,100'''
| Capacity: '''62,760'''
|-
| [[File:FNB Stadium, Johannesburg.jpg|226x226px]]
| [[File:Ellis Park Stadium.jpg|200x200px]]
| [[File:Kapské město, fotbalový stadion - Jihoafrická republika - panoramio.jpg|200x200px]]
| [[File:Moses Mabhida Stadion durban aerial view 1.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
! [[Pretoria]]
!rowspan=5 colspan=3|{{location map+ |South Africa |float=center |width=375 |places=
{{location map~ |South Africa |lat=-26.234797 |long=27.982353 |label=[[Johannesburg]]|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |South Africa |lat=-29.829444 |long=31.030278 |label= [[Durban]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |South Africa |lat=-33.903461 |long=18.411153 |label=[[Cape Town]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |South Africa |lat=-25.753333 |long=28.186944 |label=    [[Pretoria]] |position=top}}
{{location map~ |South Africa |lat=-33.937778 |long=25.598889 |label=[[Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |South Africa |lat=-29.117292 |long=26.208847 |label=[[Bloemfontein]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |South Africa |lat=-23.924689 |long=29.468765 |label=[[Polokwane]] |position=top}}
{{location map~ |South Africa |lat=-25.5786 |long=27.1607 |label=[[Rustenburg]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |South Africa |lat=-25.46172 |long=30.929689 |label=    [[Nelspruit]] |position=top}}|caption=Host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup.}}
|-
| [[Loftus Versfeld Stadium]]
|-
| {{small|{{Coord|25|45|12|S|28|13|22|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Loftus Versfeld Stadium}}}}
|-
| Capacity: '''42,858'''
|-
| [[File:Loftus Versfeld Stadium.jpg|200px]]
|-
! [[Port Elizabeth]]
!rowspan=5 colspan=3|Stadiums in Johannesburg{{location map+ |Greater Johannesburg|float=center |caption= |width=375 |places=
{{location map~ |Greater Johannesburg|lat=-26.2348 |long=27.9827 |label=[[Soccer City]]|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |Greater Johannesburg|lat=-26.1975 |long=28.0609 |label= [[Ellis Park Stadium|Ellis Park]] |position=top}}}}
|-
| [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium]]
|-
| {{small|{{Coord|33|56|16|S|25|35|56|E|region:ZA_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium}}}}
|-
| Capacity: '''42,486'''
|-
| [[File:Nelson Mandela Stadium in Port Elizabeth (cropped).jpg|200px]]
|-
! [[Rustenburg]]
! [[Polokwane]]
! [[Nelspruit]]
! [[Bloemfontein]]
|-
| {{small|{{Coord|-25.5786|27.1607|display=inline|format=dms|type:landmark_scale:3000|name=Royal Bafokeng Stadium}}}}
| {{small|{{Coord|23.924689|S|29.468765|E|format=dms|region:ZA_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline|name=Peter Mokaba Stadium}}}}
| {{small|{{Coord|25.46172|S|30.929689|E|format=dms |region:ZA_type:landmark_source:ptwiki |display=inline|name=Mbombela Stadium}}}}
| {{small|{{Coord|29|07|02.25|S|26|12|31.85|E|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Free State Stadium}}}}
|-
| [[Royal Bafokeng Stadium]]
| [[Peter Mokaba Stadium]]
| [[Mbombela Stadium]]
| [[Free State Stadium]]
|-
| Capacity: '''42,000'''
| Capacity: '''41,733'''
| Capacity: '''40,929'''
| Capacity: '''40,911'''
|-
| [[File:Royal Bafokeng Stadium, Phokeng.jpg|197x197px]]
| [[File:Peter Mokaba Stadium in Polokwane, Limpopo, South Africa (8714600990).jpg|200px]]
| [[File:Mbombela Stadium Aerial View.jpg|200x200px]]
| [[File:Free_State_Stadium1.jpg|197x197px]]
|}

The following stadiums were all upgraded to meet FIFA specifications:
{{col-start|width=80%}}
{{col-3}}
* [[Cecil Payne Stadium]]<ref name="joburg">{{cite web|url=http://www.joburg.org.za/content/view/1030/244/ |title=Venues |publisher=City of Johannesburg |access-date=8 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804123029/http://www.joburg.org.za/content/view/1030/244/ |archive-date=4 August 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Dobsonville Stadium]]<ref name="joburg"/>
* [[Gelvandale Stadium]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/FIFAWORLDCUP/Content.aspx?objID=32 |title=Training Venues |publisher=Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality |access-date=19 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413090212/http://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/fifaworldcup/Content.aspx?objID=32 |archive-date=13 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Giant Stadium]]<ref name="tshwane"/>
* [[HM Pitje Stadium]]<ref name="tshwane"/>
{{col-3}}
* [[King Zwelithini Stadium]]
* [[Olympia Park|Olympia Park Stadium]]
* [[Orlando Stadium]]<ref name="joburg"/>
* [[Princess Magogo Stadium]]
* [[Rabie Ridge Stadium]]<ref name="joburg"/>
{{col-3}}
* [[Rand Stadium]]<ref name="joburg"/>
* [[Ruimsig Stadium]]<ref name="joburg"/>
* [[Seisa Ramabodu Stadium]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sa2010.gov.za/highlights-2010|title=Highlights 2010|publisher=South Africa 2010 FIFA World Cup|access-date=5 March 2010|archive-date=24 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324131701/http://www.sa2010.gov.za/highlights-2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sugar Ray Xulu Stadium]]
* [[Lucas Masterpieces Moripe Stadium|Super Stadium]]<ref name="tshwane">{{cite web|url=http://www.tshwane.gov.za/fifa_office.cfm |title=2010 FIFA World Cup Programme Office |publisher=City of Tshwane |access-date=5 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020103211/http://www.tshwane.gov.za/fifa_office.cfm |archive-date=20 October 2008 }}</ref>
{{col-end}}

===Team base camps===
The base camps were used by the 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament. In February 2010, FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/2010/wcbase-250210.htm|title=32 teams, 32 World Cup base camps|work=southafrica.info|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813030915/http://www.southafrica.info/2010/wcbase-250210.htm|archive-date=13 August 2014}}</ref> Fifteen teams were in [[Gauteng Province]], while six teams were based in [[KwaZulu-Natal]], four in the [[Western Cape]], three in [[North West Province]], and one each in [[Mpumalanga]], the [[Eastern Cape]], and the [[Northern Cape]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetownmagazine.com/base-camps-2010-soccer-world-cup|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140626214719/http://www.capetownmagazine.com/base-camps-2010-soccer-world-cup|url-status=dead|title=Base Camps FIFA 2010 Soccer World Cup - Base Camps Teams FIFA 2010|access-date=6 May 2020|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:80%;"
|-
! Team base camps
|-
|{{col begin}}
{{col-4}}
;[[Eastern Cape]] (1)
* {{fb|GHA}}

;[[Gauteng]] (15)
* {{fb|ARG|1861}}
* {{fb|AUS}}
* {{fb|GER}}
* {{fb|HON|1949}}
* {{fb|ITA}}
* {{fb|MEX}}
* {{fb|NED}}
* {{fb|NZL}}
* {{fb|PRK}}
* {{fb|SRB|2004}}
* {{fb|SVK}}
* {{fb|SLO}}
* {{fb|RSA}}
* {{fb|SUI}}
* {{fb|USA}}

{{col-4}}
;[[KwaZulu-Natal]] (7)
* {{fb|ALG}}
* {{fb|CMR}}
* {{fb|GRE}}
* {{fb|CIV}}
* {{fb|NGR}}
* {{fb|PAR|1990}}
* {{fb|POR}}

;[[Mpumalanga]] (1)
* {{fb|CHI}}

;[[North West Province]] (3)
* {{fb|ENG}}
* {{fb|KOR|1997}}
* {{fb|ESP}}

{{col-4}}
;[[Northern Cape]] (1)
* {{fb|URU}}

;[[Western Cape]] (4)
* {{fb|BRA}}
* {{fb|DEN}}
* {{fb|FRA|1974}}
* {{fb|JPN}}

{{col end}}
|}

==Final draw==
{{See also|2010 FIFA World Cup seeding}}
The FIFA Organising Committee approved the procedure for the final draw on 2 December 2009. The seeding was based on the October 2009 FIFA World Ranking and seven squads joined hosts South Africa as seeded teams for the final draw. No two teams from the same confederation were to be drawn in the same group, except allowing a maximum of two European teams in a group.<ref name="draw">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/finaldraw/01/14/22/91/fwc2010_final_draw_procedure_en_021209.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228213043/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/finaldraw/01/14/22/91/fwc2010_final_draw_procedure_en_021209.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2009 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |title=2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa Final Draw Procedure |year=2009 |access-date=4 December 2009
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;"
|-
!width=25%| Pot 1 (Host & [[FIFA World Rankings|Top seven]])
!width=25%| Pot 2 ([[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|AFC]], [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)|CONCACAF]] & [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)|OFC]])
!width=25%| Pot 3 ([[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)|CAF]] & [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|CONMEBOL]])
!width=25%| Pot 4 ([[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|UEFA]])
|-
|
{{fb|RSA}} 
{{fb|BRA}} 
{{fb|ESP}} 
{{fb|NED}} 
{{fb|ITA}} 
{{fb|GER}} 
{{fb|ARG|1861}} 
{{fb|ENG}}
|
{{fb|AUS}} 
{{fb|JPN}} 
{{fb|PRK}} 
{{fb|KOR|1997}} 
{{fb|HON|1949}} 
{{fb|MEX}} 
{{fb|USA}} 
{{fb|NZL}}
|
{{fb|ALG}} 
{{fb|CMR}} 
{{fb|GHA}} 
{{fb|CIV}} 
{{fb|NGA}} 
{{fb|CHI}} 
{{fb|PAR|1990}} 
{{fb|URU}}
|
{{fb|DEN}} 
{{fb|FRA|1974}} 
{{fb|GRE}} 
{{fb|POR}} 
{{fb|SRB|2004}} 
{{fb|SVK}} 
{{fb|SVN}} 
{{fb|SUI}}
|}

The group draw was staged in [[Cape Town]], South Africa, on 4 December 2009 at the [[Cape Town International Convention Centre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTowntohost2010finaldraw2.aspx |title=Cape Town to host 2010 final draw |access-date=6 February 2009 |date=29 May 2008 |publisher=City of Cape Town |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120165555/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTowntohost2010finaldraw2.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2008 }}</ref> The ceremony was presented by South African actress [[Charlize Theron]], assisted by FIFA Secretary General [[Jérôme Valcke]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Theron, Beckham and Gebrselassie to star at the Final Draw on 4 December |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/finaldraw/news/newsid=1142022/ |work=FIFA.com |publisher=FIFA |date=2 December 2009 |access-date=15 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427024624/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/finaldraw/news/newsid%3D1142022/ |archive-date=27 April 2015 }}</ref> The balls were drawn by [[England national football team|English]] football star [[David Beckham]] and African sporting figures [[Haile Gebrselassie]], [[John Smit]], [[Makhaya Ntini]], [[Matthew Booth (soccer)|Matthew Booth]] and Simphiwe Dludlu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Draw ignites FIFA World Cup fever |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/finaldraw/news/newsid=1143584/index.html |work=FIFA.com |publisher=FIFA |date=4 December 2009 |access-date=4 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427030443/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/finaldraw/news/newsid%3D1143584/index.html |archive-date=27 April 2015 }}</ref>

==Opening ceremony==
{{main|2010 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony}}

==Referees==
{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup officials|2010 FIFA World Cup controversies#Refereeing}}
FIFA's Referees' Committee selected 29 [[referee (association football)|referees]] through its Refereeing Assistance Programme to officiate at the World Cup: four from the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]], three from the [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]], six from [[CONMEBOL]], four from [[CONCACAF]], two from the [[Oceania Football Confederation|OFC]], and ten from [[UEFA]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Referees | work=FIFA.com | publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association | access-date=11 February 2010 | url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/referees/index.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100210072834/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/referees/index.html| archive-date= 10 February 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref> English referee Howard Webb was chosen to referee the final, making him the first person to referee both the [[UEFA Champions League]] final and the World Cup final in the same year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8802425.stm |title=Englishman Howard Webb to referee final |work=BBC Sport |date=9 July 2010 |access-date=9 July 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100708190503/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8802425.stm| archive-date= 8 July 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==Squads==
[[File:FIFA World Cup 2010 Brazil North Korea 3.jpg|thumb|The Brazilian and North Korean teams before their group stage match]]
{{further|2010 FIFA World Cup squads}}
As with the [[2006 FIFA World Cup squads|2006 tournament]], each team's squad for the 2010 World Cup consisted of 23 players. Each participating national association had to confirm their final 23-player [[2010 FIFA World Cup squads|squad]] by 1 June 2010. Teams were permitted to make late replacements in the event of serious injury, at any time up to 24 hours before their first game.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/WorldCup/67/17/65/671765_DOWNLOAD.pdf |publisher=[[UEFA]] |title=2010 FIFA World Cup Regulations |author=FIFA| access-date= 1 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910045029/https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/WorldCup/67/17/65/671765_DOWNLOAD.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Of the 736 players participating in the tournament, over half played their club football in five European domestic leagues; those in England (117 players), Germany (84), Italy (80), Spain (59) and France (46).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theglobalherald.com/fifa-world-cup-2010-where-the-players-are-based/4339/ |title=Where the players are based |work=The Global Herald |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008110006/http://theglobalherald.com/fifa-world-cup-2010-where-the-players-are-based/4339/ |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref> The English, German and Italian squads were made up of entirely home based players, while only Nigeria had no players from clubs in their own league. In all, players from 52 national leagues entered the tournament. [[FC Barcelona]] of Spain was the club contributing the most players to the tournament, with 13 players of their side travelling, 7 with the Spanish team, while another 7 clubs contributed 10 players or more.

In another first for South Africa 2010, one squad included three siblings. [[Jerry Palacios|Jerry]], [[Johnny Palacios|Johnny]], and [[Wilson Palacios]] made history thanks to their inclusion in Honduras's 23-man list.<ref name="South Africa 2010 in numbers">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/statistics/news/newsid=1273493/index.html |title=South Africa 2010 in numbers |publisher=FIFA |website=FIFA.com |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716182542/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/statistics/news/newsid%3D1273493/index.html |archive-date=16 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Unusually, the game between [[Germany national football team|Germany]] and [[Ghana national football team|Ghana]] had two brothers playing for opposite nations, with [[Jérôme Boateng]] and [[Kevin-Prince Boateng]] playing respectively.

==Match summary==
The 32 national teams involved in the tournament together played a total of 64 matches starting from the group stage matches and progressing to the knockout stage matches, with teams eliminated through the various progressive stages. Rest days were allocated during the various stages to allow players recovery during the tournament. Preliminary events were also held in celebration of the World Cup event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205235435/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2010 |title=2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa – Matches |publisher=FIFA |access-date=25 December 2015 }}</ref> All times listed in the table below are in [[South African Standard Time]] ([[UTC+02]]).

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Day !! Time !! Venue !! Stage !! Team 1 !! Result !! Team 2
|-
! rowspan="2" | Thursday 10 June || colspan="6" align="center" | Preliminary events
|-
| 20:00 || [[Soweto]] || colspan="4" align="center" | FIFA Kick-off Celebration Concert<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=2/news=about-the-concert-1162307.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225213859/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=2/news=about-the-concert-1162307.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2015 |title=About the Concert |publisher=FIFA |access-date=25 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" | Friday 11 June
| 14:00 || [[Soccer City|Johannesburg (SC)]] || colspan="4" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony|Opening ceremony]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=6/news=world-cup-set-for-colourful-opening-1232245.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619020214/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=6/news=world-cup-set-for-colourful-opening-1232245.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 June 2015 |title=World Cup set for colourful opening |date=9 June 2010 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=25 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | First round of group stage matches
|-
| 16:00 || [[Soccer City|Johannesburg (SC)]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|Group A]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|RSA}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A#South Africa vs Mexico|1–1]]''' || {{fb|MEX}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Cape Town Stadium|Cape Town]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|URU}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A#Uruguay vs France|0–0]]''' || {{fb|FRA|1974}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Saturday 12 June
| 13:30 || [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium|Port Elizabeth]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|Group B]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|KOR|1997}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B#Korea Republic vs Greece|2–0]]''' || {{fb|GRE}}
|-
| 16:00 || [[Ellis Park Stadium|Johannesburg (EP)]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|ARG|1861}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B#Argentina vs Nigeria|1–0]]''' || {{fb|NGA}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Royal Bafokeng Stadium|Rustenburg]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|Group C]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|ENG}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group C#England vs United States|1–1]]''' || {{fb|USA}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Sunday 13 June
| 13:30 || [[Peter Mokaba Stadium|Polokwane]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|ALG}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group C#Algeria vs Slovenia|0–1]]''' || {{fb|SVN}}
|-
| 16:00 || [[Loftus Versfeld Stadium|Pretoria]] || rowspan="2" align="center" |[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|Group D]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|SRB|2004}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D#Serbia vs Ghana|0–1]]''' || {{fb|GHA}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Moses Mabhida Stadium|Durban]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|GER}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D#Germany vs Australia|4–0]]''' || {{fb|AUS}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Monday 14 June
| 13:30 || [[Soccer City|Johannesburg (SC)]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|Group E]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|NED}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E#Netherlands vs Denmark|2–0]]''' || {{fb|DEN}}
|-
| 16:00 || [[Free State Stadium|Bloemfontein]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|JPN}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E#Japan vs Cameroon|1–0]]''' || {{fb|CMR}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Cape Town Stadium|Cape Town]] || rowspan="2" align="center" |[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|Group F]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|ITA}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group F#Italy vs Paraguay|1–1]]''' || {{fb|PAR|1990}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Tuesday 15 June
| 13:30 || [[Royal Bafokeng Stadium|Rustenburg]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|NZL}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group F#New Zealand vs Slovakia|1–1]]''' || {{fb|SVK}}
|-
| 16:00 || [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium|Port Elizabeth]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|Group G]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|CIV}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group G#Côte d'Ivoire vs Portugal|0–0]]''' || {{fb|POR}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Ellis Park Stadium|Johannesburg (EP)]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|BRA}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group G#Brazil vs Korea DPR|2–1]]''' || {{fb|PRK}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | Wednesday 16 June
| 13:30 || [[Mbombela Stadium|Nelspruit]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|Group H]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|HON|1949}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group H#Honduras vs Chile|0–1]]''' || {{fb|CHI}}
|-
| 16:00 || [[Moses Mabhida Stadium|Durban]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|ESP}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group H#Spain vs Switzerland|0–1]]''' || {{fb|SUI}}
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" | Second round of group stage matches
|-
| 20:30 || [[Loftus Versfeld Stadium|Pretoria]] || align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|Group A]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|RSA}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A#South Africa vs Uruguay|0–3]]''' || {{fb|URU}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Thursday 17 June
| 13:30 || [[Soccer City|Johannesburg (SC)]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|Group B]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|ARG|1861}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B#Argentina vs Korea Republic|4–1]]''' || {{fb|KOR|1997}}
|-
| 16:00 || [[Free State Stadium|Bloemfontein]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|GRE}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B#Greece vs Nigeria|2–1]]''' || {{fb|NGA}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Peter Mokaba Stadium|Polokwane]] || align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|Group A]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|FRA|1974}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A#France vs Mexico|0–2]]''' || {{fb|MEX}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Friday 18 June
| 13:30 || [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium|Port Elizabeth]] || align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|Group D]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|GER}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D#Germany vs Serbia|0–1]]''' || {{fb|SRB|2004}}
|-
| 16:00 || [[Ellis Park Stadium|Johannesburg (EP)]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|Group C]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|SVN}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group C#Slovenia vs United States|2–2]]''' || {{fb|USA}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Cape Town Stadium|Cape Town]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|ENG}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group C#England vs Algeria|0–0]]''' || {{fb|ALG}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Saturday 19 June
| 13:30 || [[Moses Mabhida Stadium|Durban]] || align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|Group E]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|NED}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E#Netherlands vs Japan|1–0]]''' || {{fb|JPN}}
|-
| 16:00 || [[Royal Bafokeng Stadium|Rustenburg]] || align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|Group D]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|GHA}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D#Ghana vs Australia|1–1]]''' || {{fb|AUS}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Loftus Versfeld Stadium|Pretoria]] || align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|Group E]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|CMR}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E#Cameroon vs Denmark|1–2]]''' || {{fb|DEN}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Sunday 20 June
| 13:30 || [[Free State Stadium|Bloemfontein]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|Group F]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|SVK}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group F#Slovakia vs Paraguay|0–2]]''' || {{fb|PAR|1990}}
|-
| 16:00 || [[Mbombela Stadium|Nelspruit]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|ITA}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group F#Italy vs New Zealand|1–1]]''' || {{fb|NZL}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Soccer City|Johannesburg (SC)]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|Group G]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|BRA}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group G#Brazil vs Côte d'Ivoire|3–1]]''' || {{fb|CIV}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Monday 21 June
| 13:30 || [[Cape Town Stadium|Cape Town]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|POR}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group G#Portugal vs Korea DPR|7–0]]''' || {{fb|PRK}}
|-
| 16:00 || [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium|Port Elizabeth]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|Group H]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|CHI}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group H#Chile vs Switzerland|1–0]]''' || {{fb|SUI}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Ellis Park Stadium|Johannesburg (EP)]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|ESP}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group H#Spain vs Honduras|2–0]]''' || {{fb|HON|1949}}
|-
! rowspan="5" | Tuesday 22 June || colspan="6" align="center" | Third round of group stage matches
|-
| rowspan="2" | 16:00 || [[Royal Bafokeng Stadium|Rustenburg]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|Group A]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|MEX}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A#Mexico vs Uruguay|0–1]]''' || {{fb|URU}}
|-
| [[Free State Stadium|Bloemfontein]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|FRA|1974}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A#France vs South Africa|1–2]]''' || {{fb|RSA}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 20:30 || [[Moses Mabhida Stadium|Durban]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|Group B]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|NGA}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B#Nigeria vs Korea Republic|2–2]]''' || {{fb|KOR|1997}}
|-
| [[Peter Mokaba Stadium|Polokwane]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|GRE}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B#Greece vs Argentina|0–2]]''' || {{fb|ARG|1861}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | Wednesday 23 June
| rowspan="2" | 16:00 || [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium|Port Elizabeth]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|Group C]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|SVN}} || align="center" |'''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group C#Slovenia vs England|0–1]]''' || {{fb|ENG}}
|-
| [[Loftus Versfield Stadium|Pretoria]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|USA}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group C#United States vs Algeria|1–0]]''' || {{fb|ALG}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 20:30 || [[Soccer City|Johannesburg (SC)]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|Group D]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|GHA}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D#Ghana vs Germany|0–1]]''' || {{fb|GER}}
|-
| [[Mbombela Stadium|Nelspruit]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|AUS}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D#Australia vs Serbia|2–1]]''' || {{fb|SRB|2004}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | Thursday 24 June
| rowspan="2" | 16:00 || [[Ellis Park Stadium|Johannesburg (EP)]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|Group F]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|SVK}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group F#Slovakia vs Italy|3–2]]''' || {{fb|ITA}}
|-
| [[Peter Mokaba Stadium|Polokwane]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|PAR|1990}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group F#Paraguay vs New Zealand|0–0]]''' || {{fb|NZL}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 20:30 || [[Royal Bafokeng Stadium|Rustenburg]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|Group E]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|DEN}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E#Denmark vs Japan|1–3]]''' || {{fb|JPN}}
|-
| [[Cape Town Stadium|Cape Town]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|CMR}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E#Cameroon vs Netherlands|1–2]]''' || {{fb|NED}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | Friday 25 June
| rowspan="2" | 16:00 || [[Moses Mabhida Stadium|Durban]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|Group G]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|POR}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group G#Portugal vs Brazil|0–0]]''' || {{fb|BRA}}
|-
| [[Mbombela Stadium|Nelspruit]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|PRK}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group G#Korea DPR vs Côte d'Ivoire|0–3]]''' || {{fb|CIV}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 20:30 || [[Loftus Versfeld Stadium|Pretoria]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|Group H]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|CHI}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group H#Chile vs Spain|1–2]]''' || {{fb|ESP}}
|-
| [[Free State Stadium|Bloemfontein]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|SUI}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Group H#Switzerland vs Honduras|0–0]]''' || {{fb|HON|1949}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Saturday 26 June || colspan="6" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|Knockout stage matches]]
|-
| 16:00 || [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium|Port Elizabeth]] || rowspan="8" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Round of 16|Round of 16]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|URU}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Uruguay vs South Korea|2–1]]''' || {{fb|KOR|1997}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Royal Bafokeng Stadium|Rustenburg]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|USA}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#United States vs Ghana|1–2]]''' {{aet}} || {{fb|GHA}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sunday 27 June
| 16:00 || [[Free State Stadium|Bloemfontein]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|GER}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Germany vs England|4–1]]''' || {{fb|ENG}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Soccer City|Johannesburg (SC)]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|ARG|1861}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Argentina vs Mexico|3–1]]''' || {{fb|MEX}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Monday 28 June
| 16:00 || [[Moses Mabhida Stadium|Durban]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|NED}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Netherlands vs Slovakia|2–1]]''' || {{fb|SVK}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Ellis Park Stadium|Johannesburg (EP)]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|BRA}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Brazil vs Chile|3–0]]''' || {{fb|CHI}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Tuesday 29 June
| 16:00 || [[Loftus Versfeld Stadium|Pretoria]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|PAR|1990}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Paraguay vs Japan|0–0]]''' {{aet}} (5–3 [[Penalty shootout (association football)|p]]) || {{fb|JPN}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Cape Town Stadium|Cape Town]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|ESP}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Spain vs Portugal|1–0]]''' || {{fb|POR}}
|-
! Wednesday 30 June
| colspan="6" rowspan="2" align="center" | ''Rest days''
|-
! Thursday 1 July
|-
! rowspan="2" | Friday 2 July
| 16:00 || [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium|Port Elizabeth]] || rowspan="4" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|NED}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Netherlands vs Brazil|2–1]]''' || {{fb|BRA}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Soccer City|Johannesburg (SC)]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|URU}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Uruguay vs Ghana|1–1]]''' {{aet}} (4–2 [[Penalty shootout (association football)|p]]) || {{fb|GHA}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Saturday 3 July
| 16:00 || [[Cape Town Stadium|Cape Town]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|ARG|1861}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Argentina vs Germany|0–4]]''' || {{fb|GER}}
|-
| 20:30 || [[Ellis Park Stadium|Johannesburg (EP)]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|PAR|1990}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Paraguay vs Spain|0–1]]''' || {{fb|ESP}}
|-
! Sunday 4 July
| colspan="6" rowspan="2" align="center" | ''Rest days''
|-
! Monday 5 July
|-
! Tuesday 6 July
| rowspan="2" | 20:30 || [[Cape Town Stadium|Cape Town]] || rowspan="2" align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|URU}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Uruguay vs Netherlands|2–3]]''' || {{fb|NED}}
|-
! Wednesday 7 July
| [[Moses Mabhida Stadium|Durban]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|GER}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Germany vs Spain|0–1]]''' || {{fb|ESP}}
|-
! Thursday 8 July
| colspan="6" rowspan="2" align="center" | ''Rest days''
|-
! Friday 9 July
|-
! Saturday 10 July
| 20:30 || [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium|Port Elizabeth]] || align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Third place play-off|Third place match]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|URU}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Third place play-off|2–3]]''' || {{fb|GER}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sunday 11 July
| 18:30
| rowspan="2" | [[Soccer City|Johannesburg (SC)]]
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | Closing ceremony<ref name="closing">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/957494/shakira-to-headline-world-cup-closing-ceremony |title=Shakira To Headline World Cup Closing Ceremony |magazine=Billboard |date=7 July 2010 |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-date=4 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104182608/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/957494/shakira-to-headline-world-cup-closing-ceremony |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 20:30 || align="center" | [[2010 FIFA World Cup Final|Final]] || align="right" | {{fb-rt|NED}} || align="center" | '''[[2010 FIFA World Cup Final|0–1]]''' {{aet}} || {{fb|ESP}}
|}

==Group stage==
''All times are [[Time in South Africa|South Africa Standard Time]] ([[UTC+02:00|UTC+2]]).''

The tournament match schedule was announced in November 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/south-africa-world-football-spotlight-from-november-637090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724143755/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/south-africa-world-football-spotlight-from-november-637090 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2020 |title=South Africa in world football spotlight from 22 to 25 November |publisher=FIFA |date=13 November 2007 |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/index.html |title=Official match schedule |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|website=FIFA.com|date=November 2007 |access-date=17 January 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125175526/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/index.html |archive-date=25 November 2007}}</ref> In the first round, or group stage, the 32 teams were divided into eight groups of four, with each team playing the other three teams in their group once. Teams were awarded three points for a win, one point for a draw and none for a defeat. The top two teams in each group advanced to the round of 16.

The South American teams performed strongly, with all five advancing to the round of 16 (four as group winners), and four further advancing to the quarter-finals. However, only Uruguay advanced to the semi-finals.

Of the six African teams, only Ghana advanced to the round of 16. South Africa became the first host nation in World Cup history to be eliminated in the first round, despite beating France and drawing with Mexico, while Ghana and Ivory Coast were the only other African teams to win a match. The overall performance of the African teams, in the first World Cup to be hosted on the continent, was judged as disappointing by observers such as Cameroon great [[Roger Milla]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Milla Disappointed With Africa |url=http://soccer365.com/world_cup/story_9710195414.php |website=Soccer365.com |date=9 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427033245/http://soccer365.com/world_cup/story_9710195414.php |archive-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref>

Only six out of the thirteen [[UEFA]] teams advanced to the round of 16, a record low since the introduction of this stage in 1986. Nonetheless, the final was contested by two European teams.<ref name="South Africa 2010 in numbers"/> In another World Cup first, the two finalists from the preceding tournament, Italy and France, were eliminated at the group stage, with Italy becoming the third defending champions to be eliminated in the first round after Brazil in 1966 and France in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Joe |date=18 June 2014 |title=World Cup 2014: Spain and the World Cup holders who crashed out at the group stage |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/worldcup/world-cup-2014-spain-and-the-world-cup-holders-who-crashed-out-at-the-group-stage-9547351.html |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |access-date=18 April 2015 |archive-date=24 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624060542/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/worldcup/world-cup-2014-spain-and-the-world-cup-holders-who-crashed-out-at-the-group-stage-9547351.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> New Zealand, one of the lowest-ranked teams, surprised many by drawing all three of their group matches, ending the tournament as the only undefeated team.

{{anchor|Tie-breaking_criteria}}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Tie-breaking criteria for group play
|-
|Teams were ranked on the following criteria:<ref name="2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa - Regulations">{{cite press release |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/fifa_wc_south_africa_2010_regulations_en_14123.pdf |title=Fifa World Cup South Africa 2010 Regulations|page=41|date=July 2007 |access-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230651/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/fifa_wc_south_africa_2010_regulations_en_14123.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2007|quote=The ranking of each team in each group will be determined as follows:...|website=FIFA.com|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association}}</ref>
:1. Greater number of points in all group matches
:2. Goal difference in all group matches
:3. Greater number of goals scored in all group matches
:4. Greatest number of points in matches between tied teams
:5. Goal difference in matches between tied teams
:6. Greatest number of goals scored in matches between tied teams
:7. Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee
|}

===Group A===

{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup Group A}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|transcludesection=standings}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|transcludesection=a1}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|transcludesection=a2}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|transcludesection=a3}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|transcludesection=a4}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|transcludesection=a5}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|transcludesection=a6}}
===Group B===

{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup Group B}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|transcludesection=standings}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|transcludesection=b1}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|transcludesection=b2}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|transcludesection=b3}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|transcludesection=b4}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|transcludesection=b5}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|transcludesection=b6}}
===Group C===

{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup Group C}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|transcludesection=standings}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|transcludesection=c1}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|transcludesection=c2}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|transcludesection=c3}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|transcludesection=c4}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|transcludesection=c5}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|transcludesection=c6}}
===Group D===

{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup Group D}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|transcludesection=standings}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|transcludesection=d1}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|transcludesection=d2}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|transcludesection=d3}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|transcludesection=d4}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|transcludesection=d5}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|transcludesection=d6}}
===Group E===

{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup Group E}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|transcludesection=standings}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|transcludesection=e1}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|transcludesection=e2}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|transcludesection=e3}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|transcludesection=e4}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|transcludesection=e5}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|transcludesection=e6}}
===Group F===

{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup Group F}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|transcludesection=standings}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|transcludesection=f1}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|transcludesection=f2}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|transcludesection=f3}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|transcludesection=f4}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|transcludesection=f5}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|transcludesection=f6}}
===Group G===

{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup Group G}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|transcludesection=standings}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|transcludesection=g1}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|transcludesection=g2}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|transcludesection=g3}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|transcludesection=g4}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|transcludesection=g5}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|transcludesection=g6}}
===Group H===

{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup Group H}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|transcludesection=standings}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|transcludesection=h1}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|transcludesection=h2}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|transcludesection=h3}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|transcludesection=h4}}
----
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|transcludesection=h5}}
{{:2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|transcludesection=h6}}

==Knockout stage==
{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage}}
''All times listed are [[South African Standard Time]] ([[UTC+02:00|UTC+2]]).''

The [[single-elimination tournament|knockout stage]] comprised the 16 teams that advanced from the group stage of the tournament. There were four rounds of matches, with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round. The successive rounds were the round of 16, quarter-finals, semi-finals, and the final. There was also a play-off to decide third and fourth place. For each game in the knockout stage, any draw at 90 minutes was followed by thirty minutes of [[extra time]]; if scores were still level, there was a [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]] to determine who progressed to the next round.<ref name=regulations>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/56/42/69/fifawcsouthafrica2010inhalt%5fe.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601111836/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/56/42/69/fifawcsouthafrica2010inhalt_e.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 June 2010 |title=Regulations 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa |publisher=FIFA |year=2010| access-date= 1 December 2011 }}</ref>

===Bracket===
{{trim|{{#section-h:2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|Bracket}}}}

===Round of 16===
In this round, each group winner (A to H) was paired against the runner-up from another group.
* South American teams again performed strongly in the round of 16, with four teams advancing to the quarter-finals including [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] who defeated fellow South Americans [[Chile national football team|Chile]].
* European teams performed even more strongly in the sense that all matches between a European and a non-European team were won by the European team. In the previous edition (2006), they had also achieved this.
* England's 4–1 loss to Germany was their biggest ever margin of defeat at a World Cup finals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/10430974.stm |title=England's World Cup exit dominates papers |work=BBC News |date=28 June 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062620/https://www.bbc.com/news/10430974 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-world-cup-jones-20100628,0,2663952.column |title=There's no disputing that England deserved its loss to Germany |work=Los Angeles Times |date=27 June 2010 |first=Grahame L. |last=Jones |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062606/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jun-27-la-sp-world-cup-jones-20100628-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also the first time that a World Cup finals match between these two traditional rivals had a decisive result in regulation time, their [[England–Germany football rivalry|three previous meetings]] all being tied at 90 minutes, with two settled in extra time and one in a penalty shoot-out.
* Ghana defeated the United States after extra time to become the third African team to reach the last eight (after [[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] in [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]] and [[Senegal national football team|Senegal]] in [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]]), and the only African team to have achieved both a top 8 finish and a separate top 16 finish (in 2006).
* Paraguay and Ghana reached the quarter-finals for the first time.

The round was marked by some [[List of 2010 FIFA World Cup controversies|controversial referees' decisions]], including:
* A disallowed goal by [[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Germany vs England|England in their 4–1 loss against Germany]], where the shot by [[Frank Lampard]] was seen to cross substantially over the goal line when shown on television broadcast replays.
* An allowed goal by [[2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Argentina vs Mexico|Argentina in their 3–1 win over Mexico]], where Argentine striker [[Carlos Tevez]] was seen to be offside when shown on television broadcast replays, which were shown inside the stadium shortly after the incident.

FIFA President [[Sepp Blatter]] took the unusual step of apologising to England and Mexico for the decisions that went against them, saying: "Yesterday I spoke to the two federations directly concerned by referees' mistakes [...] I apologised to England and Mexico. The English said thank you and accepted that you can win some and you lose some and the Mexicans bowed their head and accepted it."<ref name=Blatter_apology>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8771294.stm |title=World Cup 2010: Blatter apologises for disallowed goal |work=BBC Sport |date=29 June 2010 |access-date=29 June 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100629184921/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8771294.stm| archive-date= 29 June 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> Blatter also promised to re-open the discussion regarding devices which monitor possible goals and make that information immediately available to match officials, saying: "We will naturally take on board the discussion on technology and have the first opportunity in July at the business meeting."<ref name=Blatter_apology/> Blatter's call came less than four months after FIFA general secretary [[Jérôme Valcke]] said the door was closed on [[goal-line technology]] and video replays after a vote by the [[International Football Association Board|IFAB]].<ref name=Blatter_apology/>

{{football box
|date=26 June 2010
|time=16:00
|team1={{fb-rt|URU}}
|score=2–1
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249717/300061504?date=2010-06-26 Report]
|team2={{fb|KOR|1997}}
|goals1=
*[[Luis Suárez|Suárez]] {{goal|8||80}}
|goals2=
*[[Lee Chung-yong]] {{goal|68}}
|stadium=[[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
|attendance=30,597
|referee=[[Wolfgang Stark]] ([[German Football Association|Germany]]) }}
----
{{football box
|date=26 June 2010
|time=20:30
|team1={{fb-rt|USA}}
|score=1–2
|aet=yes
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249717/300061503?date=2010-06-26 Report]
|team2={{fb|GHA}}
|goals1=
*[[Landon Donovan|Donovan]] {{goal|62|pen.}}
|goals2=
*[[Kevin-Prince Boateng|Boateng]] {{goal|5|}}
*[[Asamoah Gyan|Gyan]] {{goal|93|}}
|stadium=[[Royal Bafokeng Stadium]], [[Rustenburg]]
|attendance=34,976
|referee=[[Viktor Kassai]] ([[Hungarian Football Federation|Hungary]]) }}
----
{{football box
|date=27 June 2010
|time=16:00
|team1={{fb-rt|GER}}
|score=4–1
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249717/300061501?date=2010-06-27 Report]
|team2={{fb|ENG}}
|goals1=
*[[Miroslav Klose|Klose]] {{goal|20}}
*[[Lukas Podolski|Podolski]] {{goal|32}}
*[[Thomas Müller|Müller]] {{goal|67||70}}
|goals2=
*[[Matthew Upson|Upson]] {{goal|37}}
|stadium=[[Free State Stadium]], [[Bloemfontein]]
|attendance=40,510
|referee=[[Jorge Larrionda]] ([[Uruguayan Football Association|Uruguay]]) }}
----
{{football box
|date=27 June 2010
|time=20:30
|team1={{fb-rt|ARG|1861}}
|score=3–1
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249717/300061502?date=2010-06-27 Report]
|team2={{fb|MEX}}
|goals1=
*[[Carlos Tevez|Tevez]] {{goal|26||52}}
*[[Gonzalo Higuaín|Higuaín]] {{goal|33}}
|goals2=
*[[Javier Hernández|Hernández]] {{goal|71}}
|stadium=[[Soccer City]], [[Johannesburg]]
|attendance=84,377
|referee=[[Roberto Rosetti]] ([[Italian Football Federation|Italy]]) }}
----
{{football box
|date=28 June 2010
|time=16:00
|team1={{fb-rt|NED}}
|score=2–1
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249717/300111113?date=2010-06-28 Report]
|team2={{fb|SVK}}
|goals1=
*[[Arjen Robben|Robben]] {{goal|18}}
*[[Wesley Sneijder|Sneijder]] {{goal|84}}
|goals2=
*[[Róbert Vittek|Vittek]] {{goal|90+4|pen.}}
|stadium=[[Moses Mabhida Stadium]], [[Durban]]
|attendance=61,962
|referee=[[Alberto Undiano Mallenco]] ([[Royal Spanish Football Federation|Spain]]) }}
----
{{football box
|date=28 June 2010
|time=20:30
|team1={{fb-rt|BRA}}
|score=3–0
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249717/300061500?date=2010-06-28 Report]
|team2={{fb|CHI}}
|goals1=
*[[Juan (footballer, born 1979)|Juan]] {{goal|34}}
*[[Luís Fabiano]] {{goal|38}}
*[[Robinho]] {{goal|59}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Ellis Park Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
|attendance=54,096
|referee=[[Howard Webb]] ([[The Football Association|England]]) }}
----
{{football box
|date=29 June 2010
|time=16:00
|team1={{fb-rt|PAR|1990}}
|score=0–0
|aet=yes
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249717/300061497?date=2010-06-29 Report]
|team2={{fb|JPN}}
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Loftus Versfeld Stadium]], [[Pretoria]]
|attendance=36,742
|referee=[[Frank De Bleeckere]] ([[Royal Belgian Football Association|Belgium]])
|penalties1=
*[[Édgar Barreto|Barreto]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Lucas Barrios|Barrios]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Cristian Riveros|Riveros]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Nelson Haedo Valdez|Valdez]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Óscar Cardozo|Cardozo]] {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore=5–3
|penalties2=
*{{pengoal}} [[Yasuhito Endō|Endō]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Makoto Hasebe|Hasebe]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Yūichi Komano|Komano]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Keisuke Honda|Honda]]
}}
----
{{football box
|date=29 June 2010
|time=20:30
|team1={{fb-rt|ESP}}
|score=1–0
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249717/300061498?date=2010-06-29 Report]
|team2={{fb|POR}}
|goals1=
*[[David Villa|Villa]] {{goal|63}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Cape Town Stadium]], [[Cape Town]]
|attendance=62,955
|referee=[[Héctor Baldassi]] ([[Argentine Football Association|Argentina]]) }}

===Quarter-finals===
The three quarter-finals between European and South American teams all resulted in wins for Europeans. Germany had a 4–0 victory over Argentina, and the Netherlands came from behind to beat Brazil 2–1, handing the Brazilians their first loss in a World Cup match held outside Europe (other than in a penalty shoot-out) since [[Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)|1950]] when Uruguay won the decisive match 2–1.<ref>In the [[1962 FIFA World Cup|1962]], [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]], [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]], and [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]] World Cups, Brazil finished as undefeated champions. In the [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]] competition, Brazil was eliminated by Argentina on goal difference without losing a match. In the [[1986 World Cup|1986]] competition, Brazil was eliminated in a penalty shoot-out with France, without having lost a match.</ref> Spain reached the final four for the first time since 1950 after a 1–0 win over Paraguay. Uruguay, the only South American team to reach the semi-finals, overcame Ghana in a [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]] after a 1–1 draw in which Ghana missed a penalty at the end of extra time after [[Luis Suárez]] controversially handled the ball on the line.

{{football box
|date=2 July 2010
|time=16:00
|team1={{fb-rt|NED}}
|score=2–1
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249718/300061507?date=2010-07-02 Report]
|team2={{fb|BRA}}
|goals1=
*[[Wesley Sneijder|Sneijder]] {{goal|53||68}}
|goals2=
*[[Robinho]] {{goal|10}}
|stadium=[[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
|attendance=40,186
|referee=[[Yuichi Nishimura]] ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]]) }}
----
{{football box
|date=2 July 2010
|time=20:30
|team1={{fb-rt|URU}}
|score=1–1
|aet=yes
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249718/300061508?date=2010-07-02 Report]
|team2={{fb|GHA}}
|goals1=
*[[Diego Forlán|Forlán]] {{goal|55}}
|goals2=
*[[Sulley Muntari|Muntari]] {{goal|45+2}}
|stadium=[[Soccer City]], [[Johannesburg]]
|attendance=84,017
|referee=[[Olegário Benquerença]] ([[Portuguese Football Federation|Portugal]])
|penalties1=
*[[Diego Forlán|Forlán]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Mauricio Victorino|Victorino]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Andrés Scotti|Scotti]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Maxi Pereira|M. Pereira]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Sebastián Abreu|Abreu]] {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore=4–2
|penalties2=
*{{pengoal}} [[Asamoah Gyan|Gyan]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Stephen Appiah|Appiah]]
*{{penmiss}} [[John Mensah|Mensah]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Dominic Adiyiah|Adiyiah]]
}}
----
{{football box
|date=3 July 2010
|time=16:00
|team1={{fb-rt|ARG|1861}}
|score=0–4
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249718/300061505?date=2010-07-03 Report]
|team2={{fb|GER}}
|goals1=
|goals2=
*[[Thomas Müller|Müller]] {{goal|3}}
*[[Miroslav Klose|Klose]] {{goal|68||89}}
*[[Arne Friedrich|Friedrich]] {{goal|74}}
|stadium=[[Cape Town Stadium]], [[Cape Town]]
|attendance=64,100
|referee=[[Ravshan Irmatov]] ([[Uzbekistan Football Federation|Uzbekistan]]) }}
----
{{football box
|date=3 July 2010
|time=20:30
|team1={{fb-rt|PAR|1990}}
|score=0–1
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249718/300061506?date=2010-07-03 Report]
|team2={{fb|ESP}}
|goals1=
|goals2=
*[[David Villa|Villa]] {{goal|83}}
|stadium=[[Ellis Park Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
|attendance=55,359
|referee=[[Carlos Batres]] ([[Federación Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala|Guatemala]]) }}

===Semi-finals===
The Netherlands qualified for the final for the third time with a 3–2 win over Uruguay. Spain reached their first ever final with a 1–0 victory over Germany. As a result, it was the first World Cup final not to feature at least one of Brazil, Italy, Germany or Argentina.

{{football box
|date=6 July 2010
|time=20:30
|team1={{fb-rt|URU}}
|score=2–3
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249719/300061512?date=2010-07-06 Report]
|team2={{fb|NED}}
|goals1=
*[[Diego Forlán|Forlán]] {{goal|41}}
*[[Maxi Pereira|M. Pereira]] {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2=
*[[Giovanni van Bronckhorst|Van Bronckhorst]] {{goal|18}}
*[[Wesley Sneijder|Sneijder]] {{goal|70}}
*[[Arjen Robben|Robben]] {{goal|73}}
|stadium=[[Cape Town Stadium]], [[Cape Town]]
|attendance=62,479
|referee=[[Ravshan Irmatov]] ([[Uzbekistan Football Federation|Uzbekistan]]) }}
----
{{football box
|date=7 July 2010
|time=20:30
|team1={{fb-rt|GER}}
|score=0–1
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249719/300111114?date=2010-07-07 Report]
|team2={{fb|ESP}}
|goals1=
|goals2=
*[[Carles Puyol|Puyol]] {{goal|73}}
|stadium=[[Moses Mabhida Stadium]], [[Durban]]
|attendance=60,960
|referee=[[Viktor Kassai]] ([[Hungarian Football Federation|Hungary]]) }}

===Third place play-off===
Germany defeated Uruguay 3–2 to secure third place. Germany holds the record for most third-place finishes in the World Cup (4), while Uruguay holds the record for most fourth-place finishes (3).
{{football box
|date=10 July 2010
|time=20:30
|team1={{fb-rt|URU}}
|score=2–3
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249720/300061510?date=2010-07-10 Report]
|team2={{fb|GER}}
|goals1=
*[[Edinson Cavani|Cavani]] {{goal|28}}
*[[Diego Forlán|Forlán]] {{goal|51}}
|goals2=
*[[Thomas Müller|Müller]] {{goal|19}}
*[[Marcell Jansen|Jansen]] {{goal|56}}
*[[Sami Khedira|Khedira]] {{goal|82}}
|stadium=[[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
|attendance=36,254
|referee=[[Benito Archundia]] ([[Mexican Football Federation|Mexico]])<ref name="referees_63-64">{{cite news|title=Referee designations: matches 63 – 64 |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1270570/index.html |work=FIFA.com |publisher=FIFA |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=8 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711122423/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid%3D1270570/index.html |archive-date=11 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> }}

===Final===
{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup final}}


The final was held on 11 July 2010 at [[Soccer City]], [[Johannesburg]]. [[Spain men's national football team|Spain]] defeated the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]] 1–0, with an extra time goal from [[Andrés Iniesta]]. Iniesta scored the latest winning goal in a FIFA World Cup final (116th minute).<ref name="FIFA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/statistics/news/newsid=1273020/index.html |title=Roja, Oranje provide numbers aplenty |publisher=FIFA |website=FIFA.com |date=12 July 2010 |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100715050838/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/statistics/news/newsid=1273020/index.html |archive-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The win gave Spain their first World Cup title, becoming the eighth team to win it. This made them the first new winner without home advantage since Brazil in 1958,<ref>Brazil won their first World Cup in Sweden. England, Argentina, and France each won it for the first time on home soil – {{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218142115/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2013 |title=Previous FIFA World Cups |publisher=FIFA| access-date= 1 December 2011 }}</ref> and the first team to win the tournament after having lost their opening game.<ref name="South Africa 2010 in numbers"/>

A large number of fouls were committed in the final match. Referee [[Howard Webb]] handed out 14 yellow cards, more than doubling the previous record for this fixture, set when Argentina and West Germany shared six cards in 1986,<ref name="South Africa 2010 in numbers"/> and [[John Heitinga]] of the Netherlands was sent off for receiving a second yellow card. The Netherlands had chances to score, most notably in the 60th minute when Arjen Robben was released by [[Wesley Sneijder]] to be one-on-one with Spain's goalkeeper [[Iker Casillas]], only for Casillas to save the shot with an outstretched leg. For Spain, [[Sergio Ramos]] missed a free header from a corner kick when he was unmarked.<ref name="bbc_report">{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Fletcher |title=Netherlands 0–1 Spain (aet) |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_64/default.stm |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=11 July 2010 |access-date=20 February 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810004846/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_64/default.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Iniesta finally broke the deadlock in extra time, scoring a volleyed shot from a pass by [[Cesc Fàbregas]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iXcHDxnCEyTeb4JLg1sf2BGNprDQ|title=Spain beat Holland 1–0 to win World Cup|date=11 July 2010|agency=AFP|access-date=11 July 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100714034940/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iXcHDxnCEyTeb4JLg1sf2BGNprDQ| archive-date= 14 July 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

This result marked the first time that two teams from the same continent had won successive World Cups (following Italy in 2006), and saw Europe reaching 10 World Cup titles, surpassing South America's nine titles. Spain became the first team since West Germany in 1974 to win the World Cup as [[UEFA European Football Championship|European champions]]. The result also marked the first time that a European nation had won a World Cup Finals that was not hosted on European soil.

A closing ceremony was held before the final, featuring singer [[Shakira]]. Afterwards, the former South African President [[Nelson Mandela]] made a brief appearance on the pitch, wheeled in by a motorcart.<ref name="closing"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/10589713.stm|title=Mandela attends World Cup closing ceremony|date=11 July 2010|work=BBC News|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=11 July 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100711185233/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/10589713.stm| archive-date= 11 July 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

{{football box
|date=11 July 2010
|time=20:30
|team1={{fb-rt|NED}}
|score=0–1
|aet=yes
|report=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/17/249715/249721/300061509?date=2010-07-11 Report]
|team2={{fb|ESP}}
|goals1=
|goals2=
*[[Andrés Iniesta|Iniesta]] {{goal|116}}
|stadium=[[Soccer City]], [[Johannesburg]]
|attendance=84,490
|referee=[[Howard Webb]] ([[The Football Association|England]])<ref name="referees_63-64"/> }}

==Statistics==
===Goalscorers===
South African winger [[Siphiwe Tshabalala]] was the first player to score a goal in the competition, in their [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A#South Africa vs Mexico|1–1 draw against Mexico]], the opening game of the tournament. Danish defender [[Daniel Agger]] was credited with the first [[own goal]] of the tournament, in his side's [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E#Netherlands vs Denmark|2–0 loss to the Netherlands]]. Argentine striker [[Gonzalo Higuaín]] was the only player to score a [[hat-trick]] in the tournament, in Argentina's [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B#Argentina vs South Korea|4–1 win over South Korea]], the match where the second and last own goal was scored.<ref>{{cite news |title=Higuain's hat-trick sinks South Koreans |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=249722/match=300061458/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515054938/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=249722/match=300061458/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 May 2010 |access-date=10 October 2018 |agency=FIFA.com}}</ref> It was the 49th [[List of FIFA World Cup hat-tricks|World Cup hat-trick]] in the history of the tournament.

Spain set a new record for the fewest goals scored by a World Cup-winning team, with eight.<ref name="bbc_report"/> The previous record low was 11, set by Brazil in [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]], England in [[1966 FIFA World Cup|1966]],<ref name="bbc_report"/> and Italy in [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Cup 1938 – Italy Defend Their Title |url=http://www.planetworldcup.com/CUPS/1938/wc38index.html |publisher=Planet World Cup |access-date=20 February 2014 |archive-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313084944/http://www.planetworldcup.com/CUPS/1938/wc38index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Spain had the fewest goalscorers for a champion as well (three – Villa with five goals, Iniesta with two and Puyol with one).<ref name="South Africa 2010 in numbers"/> They also had the fewest goals conceded for a champion (2), equal with Italy (2006) and France (1998). Spain's victory marked the first time that a team won the World Cup without conceding a goal in the knockout stage.<ref name="FIFA"/>

The four top scorers in the tournament had five goals each. All of the four top scorers also came from the teams that finished in the top four, Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, and Uruguay. The [[World Cup Golden Boot|Golden Boot]] went to [[Thomas Müller]] of Germany who had three [[assist (football)|assist]]s, compared to one for the three others. The Silver Boot went to [[David Villa]] of Spain, who played a total of 635 minutes, and the Bronze Boot to [[Wesley Sneijder]] of the Netherlands, who played 652 minutes. [[Diego Forlán]] of Uruguay had five goals and one assist in 654 minutes. A further three players scored four goals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/awards/goldenboot/index.html|title=Golden Boot|date=11 July 2010|work=[[FIFA]]|access-date=11 July 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100615193822/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/awards/goldenboot/index.html| archive-date= 15 June 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

Only 145 goals were scored at South Africa 2010, the lowest of any FIFA World Cup since the tournament switched to a 64-game format. This continued a downward trend since the first 64-game finals were held 12 years earlier, with 171 goals at [[1998 FIFA World Cup|France 1998]], 161 at [[2002 FIFA World Cup|Korea/Japan 2002]] and 147 at [[2006 FIFA World Cup|Germany 2006]].<ref name="South Africa 2010 in numbers"/>

{{trim|{{Goalscorers
|5 goals=
* {{fbicon|GER}} [[Thomas Müller]]
* {{fbicon|NED}} [[Wesley Sneijder]]
* {{fbicon|ESP}} [[David Villa]]
* {{fbicon|URU}} [[Diego Forlán]]

|4 goals=
* {{fbicon|ARG|1861}} [[Gonzalo Higuaín]]
* {{fbicon|GER}} [[Miroslav Klose]]
* {{fbicon|SVK}} [[Róbert Vittek]]

|3 goals=
* {{fbicon|BRA}} [[Luís Fabiano]]
* {{fbicon|GHA}} [[Asamoah Gyan]]
* {{fbicon|USA}} [[Landon Donovan]]
* {{fbicon|URU}} [[Luis Suárez]]

|2 goals=
* {{fbicon|ARG|1861}} [[Carlos Tevez]]
* {{fbicon|AUS}} [[Brett Holman]]
* {{fbicon|BRA}} [[Elano]]
* {{fbicon|BRA}} [[Robinho]]
* {{fbicon|CMR}} [[Samuel Eto'o]]
* {{fbicon|GER}} [[Lukas Podolski]]
* {{fbicon|JPN}} [[Keisuke Honda]]
* {{fbicon|MEX}} [[Javier Hernández]]
* {{fbicon|NED}} [[Arjen Robben]]
* {{fbicon|NGA}} [[Kalu Uche]]
* {{fbicon|POR}} [[Tiago Mendes|Tiago]]
* {{fbicon|KOR|1997}} [[Lee Chung-yong]]
* {{fbicon|KOR|1997}} [[Lee Jung-soo]]
* {{fbicon|ESP}} [[Andrés Iniesta]]

|1 goal=
* {{fbicon|ARG|1861}} [[Martín Demichelis]]
* {{fbicon|ARG|1861}} [[Gabriel Heinze]]
* {{fbicon|ARG|1861}} [[Martín Palermo]]
* {{fbicon|AUS}} [[Tim Cahill]]
* {{fbicon|BRA}} [[Juan (footballer, born 1979)|Juan]]
* {{fbicon|BRA}} [[Maicon (footballer, born 1981)|Maicon]]
* {{fbicon|CHI}} [[Jean Beausejour]]
* {{fbicon|CHI}} [[Mark González]]
* {{fbicon|CHI}} [[Rodrigo Millar]]
* {{fbicon|DEN}} [[Nicklas Bendtner]]
* {{fbicon|DEN}} [[Dennis Rommedahl]]
* {{fbicon|DEN}} [[Jon Dahl Tomasson]]
* {{fbicon|ENG}} [[Jermain Defoe]]
* {{fbicon|ENG}} [[Steven Gerrard]]
* {{fbicon|ENG}} [[Matthew Upson]]
* {{fbicon|FRA|1974}} [[Florent Malouda]]
* {{fbicon|GER}} [[Cacau]]
* {{fbicon|GER}} [[Arne Friedrich]]
* {{fbicon|GER}} [[Marcell Jansen]]
* {{fbicon|GER}} [[Sami Khedira]]
* {{fbicon|GER}} [[Mesut Özil]]
* {{fbicon|GHA}} [[Kevin-Prince Boateng]]
* {{fbicon|GHA}} [[Sulley Muntari]]
* {{fbicon|GRE}} [[Dimitris Salpingidis]]
* {{fbicon|GRE}} [[Vasilis Torosidis]]
* {{fbicon|ITA}} [[Daniele De Rossi]]
* {{fbicon|ITA}} [[Antonio Di Natale]]
* {{fbicon|ITA}} [[Vincenzo Iaquinta]]
* {{fbicon|ITA}} [[Fabio Quagliarella]]
* {{fbicon|CIV}} [[Didier Drogba]]
* {{fbicon|CIV}} [[Salomon Kalou]]
* {{fbicon|CIV}} [[Romaric (footballer)|Romaric]]
* {{fbicon|CIV}} [[Yaya Touré]]
* {{fbicon|JPN}} [[Yasuhito Endō]]
* {{fbicon|JPN}} [[Shinji Okazaki]]
* {{fbicon|MEX}} [[Cuauhtémoc Blanco]]
* {{fbicon|MEX}} [[Rafael Márquez]]
* {{fbicon|NED}} [[Klaas-Jan Huntelaar]]
* {{fbicon|NED}} [[Dirk Kuyt]]
* {{fbicon|NED}} [[Giovanni van Bronckhorst]]
* {{fbicon|NED}} [[Robin van Persie]]
* {{fbicon|NZL}} [[Winston Reid (footballer)|Winston Reid]]
* {{fbicon|NZL}} [[Shane Smeltz]]
* {{fbicon|NGA}} [[Yakubu (footballer)|Yakubu]]
* {{fbicon|PRK}} [[Ji Yun-nam]]
* {{fbicon|PAR|1990}} [[Antolín Alcaraz]]
* {{fbicon|PAR|1990}} [[Cristian Riveros]]
* {{fbicon|PAR|1990}} [[Enrique Vera]]
* {{fbicon|POR}} [[Hugo Almeida]]
* {{fbicon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]
* {{fbicon|POR}} [[Liédson]]
* {{fbicon|POR}} [[Raul Meireles]]
* {{fbicon|POR}} [[Simão Sabrosa|Simão]]
* {{fbicon|SRB|2004}} [[Milan Jovanović (footballer, born 1981)|Milan Jovanović]]
* {{fbicon|SRB|2004}} [[Marko Pantelić]]
* {{fbicon|SVK}} [[Kamil Kopúnek]]
* {{fbicon|SVN}} [[Valter Birsa]]
* {{fbicon|SVN}} [[Robert Koren]]
* {{fbicon|SVN}} [[Zlatan Ljubijankić]]
* {{fbicon|RSA}} [[Bongani Khumalo]]
* {{fbicon|RSA}} [[Katlego Mphela]]
* {{fbicon|RSA}} [[Siphiwe Tshabalala]]
* {{fbicon|KOR|1997}} [[Park Chu-young]]
* {{fbicon|KOR|1997}} [[Park Ji-sung]]
* {{fbicon|ESP}} [[Carles Puyol]]
* {{fbicon|SUI}} [[Gelson Fernandes]]
* {{fbicon|USA}} [[Michael Bradley (soccer)|Michael Bradley]]
* {{fbicon|USA}} [[Clint Dempsey]]
* {{fbicon|URU}} [[Edinson Cavani]]
* {{fbicon|URU}} [[Álvaro Pereira]]
* {{fbicon|URU}} [[Maxi Pereira]]
|1 own goal=
* {{fbicon|DEN}} [[Daniel Agger]] (against Netherlands)
* {{fbicon|KOR|1997}} [[Park Chu-young]] (against Argentina)
}}}}

===Discipline===
28 players were suspended after being shown two consecutive yellow cards (13 players), a single red card (8 players), or a yellow card followed by a red card (7 players).

===Final standings===
[[File:2010 world cup.png|upright=2.0|thumb|{{col-start}} {{col-4}} {{legend|#2b42a3|Champion}} {{legend|#34c0be|Runner-up}} {{col-4}} {{legend|#269c5a|Third place}} {{legend|#81c846|Fourth place}} {{col-4}} {{legend|#e4e454|Quarter-finals}} {{legend|#f4d4ac|Round of 16}} {{col-4}} {{legend|#b94954|Group stage}} {{col-end}}]] 
Shortly after the final, FIFA issued a final ranking of every team in the tournament. The ranking was based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition. All 32 teams are ranked based on criteria which have been used by [[FIFA]]. The final ranking was as follows:<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8814195.stm | work=BBC News | title=England slip to worst Cup ranking | date=13 July 2010 | access-date=1 December 2011 | archive-date=16 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616155448/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8814195.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
|-
!width=25| {{abbr|R|Final Ranking}}
!width=165| Team
!width=25| {{abbr|G|Group}}
!width=25| {{abbr|Pld|Matches played}}
!width=25| {{abbr|W|Wins}}
!width=25| {{abbr|D|Draws}}
!width=25| {{abbr|L|Losses}}
!width=25| {{abbr|GF|Goals for}}
!width=25| {{abbr|GA|Goals against}}
!width=25| {{abbr|GD|Goal Difference}}
!width=25| {{abbr|Pts.|Points}}
|-
|- style="background-color:gold;"
| 1 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|ESP}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|H]] || 7 || 6 || 0 || 1 || 8 || 2 || +6 || 18
|- style="background-color:silver;"
| 2 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|NED}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|E]] || 7 || 6 || 0 || 1 || 12 || 6 || +6 || 18
|- style="background-color:#c96;"
| 3 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|GER}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|D]] || 7 || 5 || 0 || 2 || 16 || 5 || +11 || 15
|-
| 4 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|URU}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|A]] || 7 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 11 || 8 || +3 || 11
|-
| colspan="11"| '''Eliminated in the quarter-finals'''
|-
| 5 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|ARG|1861}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|B]] || 5 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 10 || 6 || +4 || 12
|-
| 6 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|BRA}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|G]] || 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 9 || 4 || +5 || 10
|-
| 7 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|GHA}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|D]] || 5 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 5 || 4 || +1 || 8
|-
| 8 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|PAR|1990}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|F]] || 5 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 3 || 2 || +1 || 6
|-
| colspan="11"| '''Eliminated in the round of 16'''
|-
| 9 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|JPN}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|E]] || 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 2 || +2 || 7
|-
| 10 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|CHI}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|H]] || 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 3 || 5 || −2 || 6
|-
| 11 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|POR}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|G]] || 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 7 || 1 || +6 || 5
|-
| 12 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|USA}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|C]] || 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 5 || 5 || 0 || 5
|-
| 13 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|ENG}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|C]] || 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 5 || −2 || 5
|-
| 14 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|MEX}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|A]] || 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 4 || 5 || −1 || 4
|-
| 15 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|KOR|1997}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|B]] || 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 6 || 8 || −2 || 4
|-
| 16 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|SVK}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|F]] || 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 5 || 7 || −2 || 4
|-
| colspan="11"| '''Eliminated in the group stage'''
|-
| 17 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|CIV}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|G]] || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 3 || +1 || 4
|-
| 18 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|SVN}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|C]] || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 4
|-
| 19 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|SUI}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|H]] || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 4
|-
| 20 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|RSA}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|A]] || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 5 || −2 || 4
|-
| 21 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|AUS}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|D]] || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 6 || −3 || 4
|-
| 22 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|NZL}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|F]] || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 3
|-
| 23 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|SRB|2004}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group D|D]] || 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 3 || −1 || 3
|-
| 24 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|DEN}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|E]] || 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 3 || 6 || −3 || 3
|-
| 25 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|GRE}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|B]] || 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 5 || −3 || 3
|-
| 26 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|ITA}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group F|F]] || 3 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 5 || −1 || 2
|-
| 27 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|NGA}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group B|B]] || 3 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 5 || −2 || 1
|-
| 28 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|ALG}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group C|C]] || 3 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 2 || −2 || 1
|-
| 29 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|FRA|1974}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group A|A]] || 3 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 4 || −3 || 1
|-
| 30 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|HON|1949}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group H|H]] || 3 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 3 || −3 || 1
|-
| 31 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|CMR}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group E|E]] || 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 5 || −3 || 0
|-
| 32 || style="text-align:left;"|{{fb|PRK}} || [[2010 FIFA World Cup Group G|G]] || 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 12 || −11 || 0
|}

==Awards==
===Main awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Golden Ball<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencies |date=2010-07-11 |title=World Cup 2010: Diego Forlán voted best player |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jul/11/world-cup-2010-diego-forlan |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202133942/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jul/11/world-cup-2010-diego-forlan |url-status=live }}</ref>
!#
!Player
!Votes
|-
!1st
|{{fbicon|URU}} [[Diego Forlán]]
|23.4%
|-
!2nd
|{{fbicon|HOL}} [[Wesley Sneijder]]
|21.8%
|-
!3rd
|{{fbicon|SPA}} [[David Villa]]
|16.9%
|}
*
*
*[[World Cup Golden Boot|Golden Boot]]: {{fbicon|GER}} [[Thomas Müller]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Boot |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/awards/goldenboot/index.html |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |access-date=6 July 2012 }}{{dead link|date=October 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*[[Yashin Award|Golden Glove]]: {{fbicon|ESP}} [[Iker Casillas]]<ref name="golden_glove" />
*[[FIFA World Cup awards#FIFA Young Player Award|Best Young Player]]: {{fbicon|GER}} [[Thomas Müller]]<ref name="young_player" />
*[[FIFA World Cup Fair Play Trophy|FIFA Fair Play Trophy]]: {{fb|ESP}}<ref name="auto" />

===All-Star Team===
FIFA released an [[FIFA World Cup awards#All-Star Team|All-Star Team]] based on the [[Castrol performance index]] in its official website.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/statistics/castrolindex/topeleven.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211083633/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/statistics/castrolindex/topeleven.html |title=2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa statistics |publisher=FIFA |archive-date=11 February 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!style="width:25%;"|Goalkeeper
!style="width:25%;"|Defenders
!style="width:25%;"|Midfielders
!style="width:25%;"|Forwards
|-
|valign=top|
{{fbicon|GER}} [[Manuel Neuer]]
|valign=top|
{{fbicon|GER}} [[Philipp Lahm]] {{fbicon|ESP}} [[Joan Capdevila]] {{fbicon|ESP}} [[Carles Puyol]] {{fbicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Ramos]]
|valign=top|
{{fbicon|NED}} [[Mark van Bommel]] {{fbicon|GER}} [[Thomas Müller]] {{fbicon|NED}} [[Wesley Sneijder]] {{fbicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Busquets]]
|valign=top|
{{fbicon|ESP}} [[David Villa]] {{fbicon|URU}} [[Luis Suárez]]
|}

===Dream Team===
For the first time, FIFA published a Dream Team decided by an online public vote. People were invited to select a team (in a [[Formation (association football)#4–4–2|4–4–2 formation]]) and best coach; voting was open until 23:59 on 11 July 2010,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dream Team Game – Rules |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/dreamteam/rules.html |work=FIFA.com |publisher=FIFA |access-date=15 July 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100707213004/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/dreamteam/rules.html| archive-date= 7 July 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref> with entrants going into a draw to win a prize.

Six of the eleven players came from the Spanish team, as did the coach. The remainder of the team comprised two players from Germany, and one each from Brazil, the Netherlands and Uruguay.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spaniards dominate All-Star Team |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1274177/index.html |work=FIFA.com |publisher=FIFA |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718231854/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid%3D1274177/index.html |archive-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dream Team Game – Winners |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/dreamteam/index.html |work=FIFA.com |publisher=FIFA |access-date=15 July 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100707212118/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/dreamteam/index.html| archive-date= 7 July 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!style="width:25%;"|Goalkeeper
!style="width:25%;"|Defenders
!style="width:25%;"|Midfielders
!style="width:25%;"|Forwards
|-
|valign=top|
{{fbicon|ESP}} [[Iker Casillas]]
|valign=top|
{{fbicon|GER}} [[Philipp Lahm]] {{fbicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Ramos]] {{fbicon|ESP}} [[Carles Puyol]] {{fbicon|BRA}} [[Maicon Sisenando|Maicon]]
|valign=top|
{{fbicon|ESP}} [[Xavi (footballer, born 1980)|Xavi]] {{fbicon|GER}} [[Bastian Schweinsteiger]] {{fbicon|NED}} [[Wesley Sneijder]] {{fbicon|ESP}} [[Andrés Iniesta]]
|valign=top|
{{fbicon|ESP}} [[David Villa]] {{fbicon|URU}} [[Diego Forlán]]
|}

==Marketing==
[[File:2010 World Cup Autographed by the entire Spanish National Team that won the 2010 World Cup.JPG|thumb|upright|A [[Spain national football team|Spain]] shirt from 2014, autographed by members of the 2010 World Cup-winning squad, on display in Madrid]]

===Sponsorship===
The sponsors of the 2010 World Cup are divided into three categories: FIFA Partners, FIFA World Cup Sponsors and National Supporters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/misc-fwcpartn/52/01/15/fs-401_01_fwc-partners.pdf|title=The Official FIFA World Cup Partners & Sponsors since 1982|website=Resources.fifa.com|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218222637/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/misc-fwcpartn/52/01/15/fs-401_01_fwc-partners.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKSHgMqCwbQ| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413163026/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKSHgMqCwbQ| archive-date=2013-04-13 | url-status=dead|title=Spanish brilliance outshines Netherlands in Final|date=11 July 2012|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/mediaclub/2010/06/2010FWC_sponsorship_2009-05-20.pdf|title=FIFA Sponsorship : A programme overview|website=Brandsouthafrica.com|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040645/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/mediaclub/2010/06/2010FWC_sponsorship_2009-05-20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sportstrader.co.za/pages/issue%20articles/FIFAWorldCup2010AndSAIndustry/FIFAWorldCup2010AndSAIndustry.php |title = 2010 FIFA World Cup |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815221516/http://sportstrader.co.za/pages/issue%20articles/FIFAWorldCup2010AndSAIndustry/FIFAWorldCup2010AndSAIndustry.php |archive-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! FIFA partners !! FIFA World Cup sponsors !! National supporters
|-
|
*[[Adidas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/adidas-extends-world-cup-sponsorship-350m-deal/232907|title=Adidas extends World Cup sponsorship in $350m deal|website=Campaignlive.co.uk|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040655/https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/adidas-extends-world-cup-sponsorship-350m-deal/232907|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-world-adidas-sponsor/adidas-extends-world-cup-sponsorship-until-2030-idUSBRE9AK0NX20131121|title=Adidas extends World Cup soccer sponsorship until 2030|website=Reuters.com|date=21 November 2013|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710014759/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-world-adidas-sponsor/adidas-extends-world-cup-sponsorship-until-2030-idUSBRE9AK0NX20131121|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/coca-cola-set-2010-world-cup-celebration/939874|title=Coca-Cola set for 2010 World Cup 'celebration'|website=Campaignlive.co.uk|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040610/https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/coca-cola-set-2010-world-cup-celebration/939874|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/timeline-history-of-coca-cola-and-the-fifa-world-cup|title=Timeline: History of Coca-Cola and the FIFA World Cup|website=Coca-colacompany.com|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010618/https://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/timeline-history-of-coca-cola-and-the-fifa-world-cup|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/emirates-airlines-signs-sixth-fifa-partner/554314|title=Emirates Airlines signs up as sixth Fifa partner|website=Campaignlive.co.uk|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040741/https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/emirates-airlines-signs-sixth-fifa-partner/554314|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]–[[Kia Motors|Kia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2010/hyundai-at-fifa-world-cup-2010/|title=Hyundai at FIFA World Cup 2010 – The Inspiration Room|date=18 June 2010|website=Theinspirationroom.com|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011203/http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2010/hyundai-at-fifa-world-cup-2010/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/new_fifa_sponsorship_keeps_hyundai_in_the_family|title=New Fifa sponsorship keeps Hyundai in the family|website=Sportspromedia.com|date=24 November 2010|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420165059/https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/new_fifa_sponsorship_keeps_hyundai_in_the_family|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Sony]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2005/m=4/news=sony-corp-signs-its-first-global-sponsorship-deal-fifa-partner-from-20-96952.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010710/https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2005/m=4/news=sony-corp-signs-its-first-global-sponsorship-deal-fifa-partner-from-20-96952.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2018|title=Sony Corp. signs its first global sponsorship deal as FIFA Partner from 2007–2014|website=FIFA.com|date=6 April 2005}}</ref>
*[[Visa Inc.|Visa]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-world-visa/visa-extends-world-cup-sponsorship-to-2022-idUSBREA0D0Y820140114|title=Visa extends World Cup sponsorship to 2022|website=Reuters.com|date=14 January 2014|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710015307/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-world-visa/visa-extends-world-cup-sponsorship-to-2022-idUSBREA0D0Y820140114|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}
*[[Anheuser-Busch InBev|Budweiser]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/budweiser-sponsorship-of-2010-fifa-world-cup-south-africatm-to-unite-soccerfans-worldwide-539680702.html|title=Budweiser Sponsorship of 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa to Unite Soccer Fans Worldwide|website=Newswire.ca|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010634/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/budweiser-sponsorship-of-2010-fifa-world-cup-south-africatm-to-unite-soccerfans-worldwide-539680702.html|archive-date=10 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/147/24765.html|title=Continental FIFA World Cup sponsor until 2010|website=Bizcommunity.com|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710012447/http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/147/24765.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Castrol]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2008/m=6/news=castrol-joins-forces-with-fifa-world-cup-until-2014-819436.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306090917/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2008/m=6/news=castrol-joins-forces-with-fifa-world-cup-until-2014-819436.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|title=Castrol joins forces with FIFA World Cup until 2014|website=FIFA.com|date=30 June 2008}}</ref>
*[[Continental AG|Continental]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/continental-signs-again-fifa-world-cup-sponsor-until-2010-771675|title=2018 FIFA World Cup Russia – News – Continental signs up again as FIFA World Cup Sponsor until 2010|website=FIFA.com|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011141/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/continental-signs-again-fifa-world-cup-sponsor-until-2010-771675|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/castrol-become-fifa-world-cup-sponsor/825668|title=Castrol to become FIFA World Cup sponsor|website=Campaignlive.co.uk|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040638/https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/castrol-become-fifa-world-cup-sponsor/825668|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Mahindra Satyam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/satyam-signs-first-indian-fifa-world-cuptm-sponsor-644235|title=2018 FIFA World Cup Russia – News – Satyam signs up as first Indian FIFA World Cup Sponsor|website=FIFA.com|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040647/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/satyam-signs-first-indian-fifa-world-cuptm-sponsor-644235|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/Satyam-to-be-FIFA-World-Cuprsquos-sponsor/article14882326.ece|title=Satyam to be FIFA World Cup's sponsor|date=25 November 2007|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724185554/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/Satyam-to-be-FIFA-World-Cuprsquos-sponsor/article14882326.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[McDonald's]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/mcdonald-renews-fifa-world-cup-sponsor-until-2014-13485|title=2018 FIFA World Cup Russia – News – McDonald's renews as FIFA World Cup Sponsor until 2014|website=FIFA.com|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123012213/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/mcdonald-renews-fifa-world-cup-sponsor-until-2014-13485|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{col-2}}
*[[MTN Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/mtn-signs-global-deal-first-african-fifa-world-cup-sponsor-until-2010-14528|title=2018 FIFA World Cup Russia – News – MTN signs global deal as first African FIFA World Cup Sponsor until 2010|website=FIFA.com|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040629/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/mtn-signs-global-deal-first-african-fifa-world-cup-sponsor-until-2010-14528|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Seara Foods]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/global-food-supplier-seara-signs-final-fifa-world-cup-sponsor-1193470|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040819/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/global-food-supplier-seara-signs-final-fifa-world-cup-sponsor-1193470|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2018|title=2018 FIFA World Cup Russia – News – Global food supplier Seara signs up as final FIFA World Cup Sponsor |website=FIFA.com}}</ref>
*[[Yingli|Yingli Solar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/fifa-signs-first-chinese-company-world-cup-sponsor/981663|title=FIFA signs first Chinese company as World Cup sponsor|website=Campaignlive.co.uk|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040636/https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/fifa-signs-first-chinese-company-world-cup-sponsor/981663|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/chinas-yingli-green-energy-will-shine-at-2010-fifa-world-cup-2010-2?international=true&r=US&IR=T|title=China's Yingli Green Energy Will Shine At 2010 FIFA World Cup|website=Businessinsider.com|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040559/http://www.businessinsider.com/chinas-yingli-green-energy-will-shine-at-2010-fifa-world-cup-2010-2?international=true&r=US&IR=T|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{col-end}}
|
*BP South Africa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/bp_signs_biggest_sponsorship_deal_in_its_history|title=BP expands biggest sponsorship deal in its history|website=Sportspromedia.com|date=16 June 2009|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420111951/https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/bp_signs_biggest_sponsorship_deal_in_its_history|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Aggreko]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.power-technology.com/contractors/gensets/aggreko/pressreleases/press40-4/|title=Shanduka-Aggreko Announced as Final National Supporter of the 2010 FIFA World Cup – Power Technology|website=Power-technology.com|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010652/https://www.power-technology.com/contractors/gensets/aggreko/pressreleases/press40-4/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[First National Bank (South Africa)|First National Bank]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/south-africa-first-national-bank-becomes-first-national-supporter-28517|title=2018 FIFA World Cup Russia – News – South Africa's First National Bank becomes first National Supporter|website=FIFA.com|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011131/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/south-africa-first-national-bank-becomes-first-national-supporter-28517|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Neo Africa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/147/53119.html|title=Charting 2010 FIFA World Cup adspend growth|website=Bizcommunity.com|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011406/http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/147/53119.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa]]
*[[Telkom (South Africa)|Telkom]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/technology/902-telkom-to-provide-telecoms-infrastructure-for-2010-fifa-world-cup.html|title=Telkom to provide telecoms infrastructure for 2010 FIFA World Cup|website=Mybroadband.co.za|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011426/https://mybroadband.co.za/news/technology/902-telkom-to-provide-telecoms-infrastructure-for-2010-fifa-world-cup.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Vuvuzelas===
{{Main|Vuvuzela}}[[File:Vuvuzela blower, Final Draw, FIFA 2010 World Cup.jpg|thumb|left|A man sounding a vuvuzela|241x241px]]The 2010 finals amplified international public awareness of the [[vuvuzela]], a long horn blown by fans throughout matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bumpworthy.com/bumps/2418|title=15 Seconds of Vuvuzela|format=Video|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-date=19 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219120101/http://www.bumpworthy.com/bumps/2418|url-status=live}} The [[Adult Swim]] cable network is among the highest rated in the US among adults 18–34.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/06/23/bzzzzzz-youtube-gets-a-vuvuzela-button-seriously/|date=23 June 2010|title=BZZZZZZ: YouTube Gets A Vuvuzela Button (Seriously)|first=Jason|last=Kincaid|work=TechCrunch|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-date=13 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113204724/http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/23/bzzzzzz-youtube-gets-a-vuvuzela-button-seriously/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-20007629-56.html|title=Annoying World Cup horn comes to iPhone|work=CNET |access-date=16 June 2010|publisher=CNET News|archive-date=27 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427004625/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-20007629-56.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardia.com.mx/furorporlasvuvuzelasyahayunmillondedescargasparacelulares-510856.html|title=Furor por las vuvuzelas: ya hay un millón de descargas para celulares|date=16 June 2010 |access-date=16 June 2010|publisher=Vanguardia|archive-date=27 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427005045/http://www.vanguardia.com.mx/furorporlasvuvuzelasyahayunmillondedescargasparacelulares-510856.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Many World Cup competitors complained about the noise caused by the vuvuzela horns, including France's [[Patrice Evra]], who blamed the horns for the team's poor performance.<ref name="bbcponder">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8737455.stm |title=World Cup 2010: South Africa ponders vuvuzela ban |work=BBC Sport |date=13 June 2010|access-date=13 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100614194032/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8737455.stm| archive-date= 14 June 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> Other critics include [[Lionel Messi]], who complained that the sound of the vuvuzelas hampered communication among players on the pitch,<ref>{{cite news|author=DPA |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article454621.ece |title=It is impossible to communicate, it's like being deaf: Messi |newspaper=The Hindu |location=India|date=13 June 2010 |access-date=13 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100615223302/http://beta.thehindu.com/sport/football/article454621.ece| archive-date= 15 June 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> and broadcasting companies, which complained that commentators' voices were drowned out by the sound.<ref name="google1">{{cite web|author=AFP|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ghUbctrzM88GqP_A_qJZppPbhjVw |title=World Cup organiser mulls vuvuzela ban |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=18 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100617034236/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ghUbctrzM88GqP_A_qJZppPbhjVw| archive-date= 17 June 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

Others watching on television complained that the ambient audio feed from the stadium contained only the sounds of the vuvuzelas with the usual sounds of people in the stands drowned out.<ref name="nyp1">{{cite news | title=Buzz off, vuvuzelas! | work=New York Post | url=http://www.nypost.com/p/sports/more_sports/buzz_off_vuvuzelas_FPa9BYlmlRWJMsF1W65cyJ | first=Elio | last=Valenti | date=13 June 2010 | access-date=1 December 2011 | archive-date=4 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104052626/http://www.nypost.com/p/sports/more_sports/buzz_off_vuvuzelas_FPa9BYlmlRWJMsF1W65cyJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/06/world-cup-broadcasters-vuvuzela-horns/comment-page-2/|last=Van Buskirk |first=Eliot |title=Should World Cup Broadcasters Mute Vuvuzela Horns? |publisher=Condé Nast Digital |magazine=Wired |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=22 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100621044610/http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/06/world-cup-broadcasters-vuvuzela-horns/comment-page-2/| archive-date= 21 June 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> A spokesperson for [[ESPN]] and other networks said that they were taking steps to minimise the ambient noise on their broadcasts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Organizers consider silencing vuvuzelas |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/story/_/id/5282269/ce/us/organizers-consider-silencing-vuvuzelas&cc=5901?ver=us |publisher=ESPN Soccernet |access-date=14 June 2010 |date=14 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616164928/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/story/_/id/5282269/ce/us/organizers-consider-silencing-vuvuzelas%26cc%3D5901?ver=us |archive-date=16 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[BBC]] also investigated the possibility of offering broadcasts without vuvuzela noise.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/jun/14/bbc-vuvuzela-free-world-cup|title=World Cup 2010: BBC may offer vuvuzela-free matches|access-date=16 June 2010|date=14 June 2010|work=The Guardian|location=London|first1=Owen|last1=Gibson|first2=Steven|last2=Morris|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016004958/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/jun/14/bbc-vuvuzela-free-world-cup|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Symbols==
===Mascot===

{{Main|Zakumi}}
The [[FIFA World Cup mascot|official mascot]] for the 2010 World Cup was ''[[Zakumi]]'', an [[anthropomorphic|anthropomorphised]] [[African leopard]] with green hair, presented on 22 September 2008. His name came from "ZA" (the [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|international abbreviation]] for South Africa) and the term ''kumi'', which means "ten" in various [[African languages]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Leopard takes World Cup spotlight |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/7630454.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=22 September 2008 |access-date=23 September 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080923073514/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/7630454.stm| archive-date= 23 September 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> The mascot's colours reflected those of the host nation's playing strip – yellow and green.

===Match ball===
{{Main|Adidas Jabulani}}
The match [[Association football (ball)|ball]] for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by [[Adidas]], was named the ''Jabulani'', which means ''"bringing joy to everyone"'' in [[Zulu language|Zulu]]. It was the 11th World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured 11 colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the 11 official [[languages of South Africa]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://goal.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/04/meet-jabulani-2010-world-cup-match-ball/ |title=Meet Jabulani: 2010 World Cup Match Ball |work=The New York Times |date=4 December 2009 |access-date=4 December 2009 |first=Jack |last=Bell |archive-date=5 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205235754/http://goal.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/04/meet-jabulani-2010-world-cup-match-ball/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shine2010.co.za/Community/blogs/goodnews/archive/2009/12/04/official-2010-world-cup-match-ball-jabulani-launched.aspx|title=2010 World Cup Jabulani Adidas ball|access-date=6 December 2009|publisher=Shine2010|date=4 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207094228/http://www.shine2010.co.za/Community/blogs/goodnews/archive/2009/12/04/official-2010-world-cup-match-ball-jabulani-launched.aspx|archive-date=7 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> A special match ball with gold panels, called the ''Jo'bulani'', was used at the final in [[Johannesburg]].

The ball was constructed using a new design, consisting of eight thermally bonded, three-dimensional panels. These were spherically moulded from [[ethylene-vinyl acetate]] (EVA) and [[thermoplastic polyurethanes]] (TPU). The surface of the ball was textured with grooves, a technology developed by Adidas called GripnGroove<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soccercleats101.com/2010/01/13/jabulani-world-cup-soccer-ball-review/|title=Jabulani Official World Cup Ball Review |access-date=12 January 2010|publisher=Soccer Cleats 101|date=13 January 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100116042438/http://www.soccercleats101.com/2010/01/13/jabulani-world-cup-soccer-ball-review/| archive-date= 16 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> that was intended to improve the ball's aerodynamics. The design received considerable academic input, being developed in partnership with researchers from [[Loughborough University]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/service/publicity/news-releases/2009/169_adidas-jabulani.html|title=adidas Jabulani Official Match Ball of the 2010 FIFA World Cup |access-date=29 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023053/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/service/publicity/news-releases/2009/169_adidas-jabulani.html| archive-date= 20 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> The balls were made in China, using latex bladders made in India, thermoplastic polyurethane-elastomer from Taiwan, ethylene vinyl acetate, isotropic polyester/cotton fabric, and glue and ink from China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dishtracking.com/newsdetails.php?news_id=OTYw |title=adidas unveils 'Jabulani' the Official Match Ball of the 2010 FIFA World CupTM |publisher=Dishtracking.com |year=2009 |access-date=5 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818052154/http://www.dishtracking.com/newsdetails.php?news_id=OTYw |archive-date=18 August 2010 }}</ref>

Some football stars complained about the new ball, arguing that its movements were difficult to predict.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/story/_/id/796261/ce/uk/?cc=5901&ver=us|title=Designer defends World Cup ball|publisher=ESPN Soccernet|date=14 June 2010|access-date=14 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100617070918/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/story/_/id/796261/ce/uk/?cc=5901&ver=us| archive-date= 17 June 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref> Brazilian goalkeeper [[Júlio César (football goalkeeper, born 1979)|Júlio César]] compared it to a "supermarket" ball that favored strikers and worked against goalkeepers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesoccerroom.com/?p=9013 |title=Julio Cesar calls Jabulani 'supermarket ball' |publisher=The Soccer Room |date=28 May 2010 |access-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621002945/http://thesoccerroom.com/?p=9013 |archive-date=21 June 2010 }}</ref> Argentinian coach [[Diego Maradona]] said: "We won't see any long passes in this World Cup because the ball doesn't fly straight."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/opinion/blogs/2010-world-cup-blog/World-Cup-diary-Diego-Maradona-blames-Jabulani-ball-for-Lionel-Messi-s-lack-of-skills-by-David-McDonnell-article492747.html |title=Jabulani ball is reason Messi is struggling, says Maradona |publisher=Mirror Football |first=David |last=McDonell |date=25 June 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-date=28 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628142913/http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/opinion/blogs/2010-world-cup-blog/World-Cup-diary-Diego-Maradona-blames-Jabulani-ball-for-Lionel-Messi-s-lack-of-skills-by-David-McDonnell-article492747.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, a number of Adidas-sponsored<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccer.fanhouse.com/2010/05/31/players-dislike-adidas-world-cup-ball/ |title=Players Dislike Adidas World Cup Ball |publisher=Soccer FanHouse |access-date=17 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603135612/http://soccer.fanhouse.com/2010/05/31/players-dislike-adidas-world-cup-ball/ |archive-date=3 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theoffside.com/world-football/adidas-xi-vs-nike-xi-which-brand-has-the-best-football-team.html |title=Adidas XI vs Nike XI: Which Brand Has the Best Football Team? |publisher=The Offside |access-date=17 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009020717/http://www.theoffside.com/world-football/adidas-xi-vs-nike-xi-which-brand-has-the-best-football-team.html |archive-date=9 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ricardo-kaka.com/information_endorsements.php |title=Ricardo Kaka Endorsements |publisher=Ricardo Kaka |date=26 October 2009 |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723174141/http://www.ricardo-kaka.com/information_endorsements.php |archive-date=23 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> players responded favourably to the ball.

===Music===
{{Main|Listen Up! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album}}

The official song of the 2010 World Cup "[[Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)]]", was performed by the [[Colombia]]n singer [[Shakira]] and the band [[Freshlyground]] from South Africa, and is sung in both English and Spanish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shakira.com/news/title/shakira-records-official-fifa-world-cup-2010-song |title=Shakira records official FIFA World Cup 2010 song |publisher=Shakira.com |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430093345/http://www.shakira.com/news/title/shakira-records-official-fifa-world-cup-2010-song |archive-date=30 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The song is based on a traditional African soldiers' song, "[[Zamina mina (Zangalewa)|Zangalewa]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://musikwelt.host-ed.net/shakira-waka-waka-this-time-for-africa |title=Shakira, Waka waka (This time for Africa) |publisher=Musik Infos |access-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709201422/http://musikwelt.host-ed.net/shakira-waka-waka-this-time-for-africa |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shakira and Freshlyground performed the song at the pre-tournament concert in [[Soweto]] on 10 June. It was also sung at the [[2010 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony|opening ceremony]] on 11 June and at the closing ceremony on 11 July.

The official mascot song of the 2010 World Cup was "Game On".

The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was "[[Sign of a Victory]]" by [[R. Kelly]] with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony.

==Event effects==
[[File:FIFA World Cup Trophy Tour Coca-Cola aeroplane.jpg|thumb|A FIFA World Cup Trophy Tour aeroplane, sponsored by [[Coca-Cola]]. (2010)]]
{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup event effects}}

===Social===
Tournament organiser [[Danny Jordaan]] dismissed concerns that the [[Togo national football team bus attack|attack on the Togo national team]] which took place in [[Angola]] in January 2010 had any relevance to the security arrangements for the World Cup.<ref name=BBCSport09Jan2010JordaanTogo>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/8450088.stm|title=World Cup boss Danny Jordaan allays security concerns|work=BBC Sport|date=9 January 2010|access-date=9 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170828234619/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/8450088.stm| archive-date= 28 August 2017 | url-status= live}}</ref> There were also reports of thefts against visitors to the country for the World Cup. Tourists from China, Portugal, Spain, South Korea, Japan and [[Colombia]] had become victims of crime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-06/11/c_13344310.htm |title=Foreigners robbed in South Africa ahead of World Cup |publisher=Xinhua News|date=11 June 2010|access-date=13 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100612101711/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-06/11/c_13344310.htm| archive-date= 12 June 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> On 19 June after the match between England and Algeria, a fan was able to break through the FIFA-appointed security staff at Green Point stadium and gain access to the England team dressing room. The breach took place shortly after [[Prince William, Duke of Cambridge|Prince William]] and [[Prince Harry]] had left the room. The trespasser was then released before he could be handed over to the Police. [[The Football Association]] lodged a formal complaint with FIFA and demanded that security be increased.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup-2010/7840048/World-Cup-2010-Police-hunt-angry-fan-who-entered-England-dressing-room.html |title=World Cup 2010: Police hunt angry fan who entered England dressing room |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=19 June 2010|access-date=19 June 2010 | first1=Martin | last1=Evans | first2=Gordon | last2=Rayner | first3=Aislinn | last3=Laing| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100620212318/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup-2010/7840048/World-Cup-2010-Police-hunt-angry-fan-who-entered-England-dressing-room.html| archive-date= 20 June 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

====Resettlement and eviction====
[[File:2009Blikkiesdorp.JPG|thumb|A police patrol in Blikkiesdorp, a settlement for the evicted]]
As with many "hallmark events" throughout the world,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/3064.cfm|title=Hallmark Events and Evictions|publisher=[[Worldpress]]|date=7 February 2008|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-date=5 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003544/https://www.worldpress.org/Americas/3064.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> the 2010 FIFA World Cup has been connected to [[eviction]]s,<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Smith |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/12/south-africa-world-cup-2010 |title=World Cup 2010: Football brings defining moment for South Africa |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=12 June 2009 |access-date=5 June 2010 |archive-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622143837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/12/south-africa-world-cup-2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Alan |last=Cowell |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/world/africa/29iht-letter.html |title=World Cup Whose Meaning Goes Beyond Soccer |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708213853/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/world/africa/29iht-letter.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/economic-cleansing-in-bbcs-world-cup-backyard-1925037.html|title='Economic cleansing' in BBC's World Cup backyard, Stewart Maclean|work=The Independent|location=UK|date=22 March 2010|access-date=5 June 2010|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327184158/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/economic-cleansing-in-bbcs-world-cup-backyard-1925037.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Mohammed |last=Allie |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/10205455.stm |title=South Africans fight eviction for World Cup car park |work=BBC News |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-date=24 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624061822/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/10205455.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="newsweek1">{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2010/06/04/kicked-out-for-the-cup.html |title=Kicked Out for the Cup? |first=Christopher |last=Worth |work=Newsweek |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052222/http://www.newsweek.com/2010/06/04/kicked-out-for-the-cup.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which many claim are meant to 'beautify the city', impress visiting tourists, and hide shackdwellers. On 14 May 2009, the Durban-based shack-dwellers' movement [[Abahlali baseMjondolo]] took the KwaZulu-Natal government to court over their controversial [[Elimination and Prevention of Re-Emergence of Slums Act]], meant to eliminate slums in South Africa and put homeless shackdwellers in transit camps in time for the 2010 World Cup.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://us.oneworld.net/article/362921-slums-act-will-displace-thousands-south-africa |title=Shack Dwellers Fight Demolition in S. Africa Court |publisher=OneWorld.net |date=15 May 2009 |access-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928224810/http://us.oneworld.net/article/362921-slums-act-will-displace-thousands-south-africa |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-05-16-poohslinging-slums-act-showdown-at-con-court|title=Pooh-slinging Slums Act showdown at Con Court|publisher=Mail & Guardian Online|date=16 May 2009|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-date=15 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615215704/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-05-16-poohslinging-slums-act-showdown-at-con-court|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another prominent controversy surrounding preparations for the World Cup was the [[N2 Gateway]] housing project in [[Cape Town]], which planned to remove over 20,000 residents from the [[Joe Slovo Informal Settlement]] along the busy N2 Freeway and build rental flats and bond-houses in its place in time for the 2010 World Cup.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Reverse Side of the Medal: About the 2010 FIFA World Cup and the Beautification of the N2 in Cape Town |publisher=Springer Link|journal=Urban Forum|date=10 February 2009|doi=10.1007/s12132-009-9048-y |last1=Newton |first1=Caroline |volume=20 |pages=93–108 |s2cid=56043934 | issn = 1015-3802}}</ref> NGOs, international human rights organisations, and the [[Anti-Eviction Campaign]] have publicly criticised the conditions in [[Blikkiesdorp]] and said that the camp has been used to accommodate poor families evicted to make way for the 2010 World Cup.<ref name="newsweek1"/><ref name="Smith">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/01/south-africa-world-cup-blikkiesdorp| title=Life in 'Tin Can Town' for the South Africans evicted ahead of World Cup|work=The Guardian |location=London | first=David | last=Smith | date=1 April 2010 | access-date=23 April 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100416091443/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/01/south-africa-world-cup-blikkiesdorp| archive-date= 16 April 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/socialmovements/59332| title=Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions ask City to reconsider Symphony Way's eviction to Blikkiesdorp| publisher=Pambazuka News| date=8 October 2009| access-date=1 December 2011| archive-date=27 December 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227023045/http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/socialmovements/59332| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2009Dec03/0,4675,SOCWCupCapeTownCleanup,00.html| title=Homeless S. Africans complain ahead of World Cup| agency=Associated Press| work=Fox News| last=Brooks| first=Courtney| date=3 December 2009| access-date=25 June 2010| archive-date=27 April 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427004236/http://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2009Dec03/0,4675,SOCWCupCapeTownCleanup,00.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

However some have argued that evictions are ordinarily common in South Africa and that in the lead up to the tournament many evictions were erroneously ascribed to the World Cup.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130703190012/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/interviews/soccer-world-cup-will-not-boost-south-africas-economy/wcarticleshow/6040153.cms Soccer World Cup will not boost South Africa's economy], Rukmini Shrinivasan, ''Times of India'', 12 June 2010</ref>

===Economy===
Some groups experienced complications in regards to scheduled sporting events, advertising, or broadcasting, as FIFA attempted to maximise control of media rights during the Cup. Affected parties included an international [[rugby union]] [[Test match (rugby union)|Test match]], a South African airline and some TV networks, all of whom were involved in various legal struggles with World Cup organisers.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.sport24.co.za/Content/Rugby/264/77253aa1191947a381482cc591be690e/30-11-2009-10-31/Boks_France_Test_moved|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121224191224/http://www.sport24.co.za/Content/Rugby/264/77253aa1191947a381482cc591be690e/30-11-2009-10-31/Boks_France_Test_moved|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2012|title=Boks' France Test moved?|publisher=SAPA|date=30 November 2009|access-date=19 March 2010}}</ref><ref name=Kulula>{{cite news|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-03-19-kulula-to-revisit-world-cup-ad-campaign|title=Kulula to continue with World Cup ad campaign|publisher=Mail & Guardian Online|date=19 March 2010|access-date=19 March 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100322220758/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-03-19-kulula-to-revisit-world-cup-ad-campaign| archive-date= 22 March 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://app.reach.gov.sg/reach/TalkAbuzz/SnapshotsofHotIssues/tabid/233/ctl/Details/mid/917/ItemID/213/Default.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626233808/http://app.reach.gov.sg/reach/TalkAbuzz/SnapshotsofHotIssues/tabid/233/ctl/Details/mid/917/ItemID/213/Default.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2010|title=Hear Us Roar: 2010 World Cup Broadcast Rights|work=REACH|publisher=[[Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports]], [[Government of Singapore]]|date=6 May 2008|access-date=12 May 2010|location=Singapore}}</ref>

During the tournament, group ticket-holders who did not utilise all their allotted tickets led to some early-round matches having as many as 11,000 unoccupied seats.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idAFJOE65E0NJ20100615 |first1=Mike |last1=Collett |title=Empty seats concern FIFA but attendances stay high |publisher=Reuters Africa |date=15 June 2010| access-date= 1 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618043959/https://af.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idAFJOE65E0NJ20100615 |archive-date= 18 June 2010 }}</ref>

While the event did help to boost the image of South Africa, it turned out to be a major financial disappointment.<ref name=tele>{{cite news |first=Rupert |last=Neate |title=South Africa recoups just a tenth of the £3bn cost of staging World Cup 2010 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/leisure/8192484/South-Africa-recoups-just-a-tenth-of-the-3bn-cost-of-staging-World-Cup-2010.html |url-access=subscription |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=10 December 2010 |access-date=11 December 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110123100551/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/leisure/8192484/South-Africa-recoups-just-a-tenth-of-the-3bn-cost-of-staging-World-Cup-2010.html| archive-date= 23 January 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> Construction costs for venues and infrastructure amounted to £3 billion (€3.6 billion), and the government expected that increased tourism would help to offset these costs to the amount of £570 million (€680 million). However, only £323 million (€385 million) were actually taken in as 309,000 foreign fans came to South Africa, well below the expected number of 450,000.<ref name=tele/>

Local vendors were prohibited from selling food and merchandise within a 1.5 kilometre radius of any stadium hosting a World Cup match. For a vendor to operate within the radius, a registration fee of [[South African rand|R]]60,000 (approximately US$7,888 or €6,200) had to be paid to [[FIFA]]. This fee was out of most local vendors' reach, as they are simple one-man-operated vendors. This prevented international visitors from experiencing local South African food. Some local vendors felt cheated out of an opportunity for financial gain and spreading South African culture in favour of multinational corporations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://csr-asia.com/upload/cover/307059103144.pdf |title=Corporate Social Responsibility in Asia |date=30 June 2010 |series=Volume 6 |access-date=16 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006161524/http://csr-asia.com/upload/cover/307059103144.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2011 }}</ref>

FIFA president Sepp Blatter declared the event "a huge financial success for everybody, for Africa, for South Africa and for FIFA," with revenue to FIFA of £2.24 billion (€2 billion).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/628/other-top-stories/2011/03/04/2378109/sepp-blatter-2010-world-cup-a-stunning-financial-success-for |title=Sepp Blatter: 2010 World Cup A Stunning Financial Success For South Africa & FIFA |publisher=Goal.com |date=4 March 2011 |first1=Max |last1=De Luca |access-date=16 November 2011 |archive-date=1 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501215855/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/628/other-top-stories/2011/03/04/2378109/sepp-blatter-2010-world-cup-a-stunning-financial-success-for |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Quality===
In a December 2010 ''Quality Progress'', FIFA President Blatter rated South Africa's organisational efforts a nine out of 10 scale, declaring that South Africa could be considered a plan B for all future competitions. The South African Quality Institute (SAQI) assisted in facility construction, event promotion, and organisations. The main issue listed in the article was lack of sufficient public transportation.<ref>Harding, Paul. "Shining on the World Stage". ''Quality Progress''. December 2010. pp. 56–61.</ref>

==Media==
===Broadcasting===
{{Main|2010 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights}}
[[File:Production set of the 2010 FIFA World Cup.jpg|thumb|left|Production set of the FIFA international broadcast centre during the event]]

The 2010 FIFA World Cup was expected to be the most-watched television event in history.<ref name="UT">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1223134/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605185909/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1223134/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2010 |title=Beaming 2010 to the world |work=FIFA.com |publisher=FIFA |date=2 June 2010| access-date= 1 December 2011 }}</ref> Hundreds of broadcasters, representing about 70 countries, transmitted the Cup to a TV audience that FIFA officials expect to exceed a cumulative 26 billion people, an average of approximately 400 million viewers per match. FIFA estimated that around 700 million viewers would watch the [[2010 FIFA World Cup Final|World Cup final]].<ref name="fifaestimate">{{Cite news |title=700 million to watch World Cup Final |work=The Spy Report |publisher=Media Spy |date=12 July 2010 |url=http://www.mediaspy.org/report/2010/07/12/700-million-to-watch-world-cup-final/ |access-date=12 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715052728/http://www.mediaspy.org/report/2010/07/12/700-million-to-watch-world-cup-final/ |archive-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

New forms of digital media have also allowed viewers to watch coverage through alternative means. "With games airing live on cell phones and computers, the World Cup will get more online coverage than any major sporting event yet," said Jake Coyle of the [[Associated Press]].<ref name="Coyle">{{cite news|first=Jake |last=Coyle |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gBU5fp-9OUOfP3BIvX0lz-A8CvtAD9G7QKR00 |title=World Cup coverage expands on the Web, cell phones |agency=Associated Press |date=9 June 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613011535/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gBU5fp-9OUOfP3BIvX0lz-A8CvtAD9G7QKR00 |archive-date=13 June 2010 }}</ref>


In the United States, [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[ESPN]], and [[ESPN2]] averaged a 2.1 rating, 2,288,000 households and 3,261,000 viewers for the 64 World Cup games. The rating was up 31 percent from a 1.6 in 2006, while households increased 32 percent from 1,735,000 and viewers rose from 2,316,000. The increases had been higher while the US remained in the tournament. Through the first 50 games, the rating was up 48 percent, households increased 54 percent and viewers rose 60 percent. [[Univision]] averaged 2,624,000 viewers for the tournament, up 17 percent, and 1,625,000 households, an increase of 11 percent.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/world-cup-2010/07/12/ratings.ap/index.html |title=World Cup final sets ratings record |access-date=12 July 2010 |date=12 July 2010 |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715093308/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/world-cup-2010/07/12/ratings.ap/index.html |archive-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An executive of the [[Nielsen Company]], a leading audience research firm in the US, described the aggregate numbers for both networks' coverage of the match between the United States and Ghana as "phenomenal".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/sports/soccer/29sandomir.html |first=Richard |last=Sandomir |title=World Cup Ratings Certify a TV Winner |access-date=19 July 2010 |date=29 June 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]]| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110501074246/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/sports/soccer/29sandomir.html| archive-date=1 May 2011| url-status= live}}</ref> Live World Cup streaming on [[ESPN3|ESPN3.com]] pulled in some of the largest audiences in history, as 7.4 million unique viewers tuned in for matches. In total, ESPN3.com generated 942 million minutes of viewing or more than two hours per unique viewer. All 64 live matches were viewed by an average of 114,000 persons per minute. Most impressive were the numbers for the semi-final between Spain and Germany, which was viewed by 355,000 people per minute, making it ESPN3.com's largest average audience ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsvideo.org/main/blog/2010/07/15/world-cup-2010-espn3-com-espn-digital-draw-in-massive-audiences/ |title=World Cup 2010: ESPN3.com, ESPN Digital Draw in Massive Audiences |access-date=19 July 2010 |date=15 July 2010| work=Sports Video Group| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100720151500/http://sportsvideo.org/main/blog/2010/07/15/world-cup-2010-espn3-com-espn-digital-draw-in-massive-audiences/| archive-date= 20 July 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

===Filming===
Sony technology was used to film the tournament. 25 of the matches were captured using 3D cameras.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8394191.stm |title=World Cup games to be filmed in 3D |work=BBC News |date=3 December 2009 |access-date=5 June 2010 |archive-date=26 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126200807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8394191.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Footage was captured in 3D through Sony's proprietary multi-image MPE-200 processors, housed in specially designed 3D outside broadcast trucks.<ref>{{cite web |first=Bhavna |last=Mistry |url=http://www.avinteractive.co.uk/news/995672/Sony-providing-HDC-1500-cameras-FIFA-World-Cup |title=Sony providing HDC-1500 cameras for FIFA World Cup |publisher=AV Interactive |date=8 April 2010 |access-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613235201/http://www.avinteractive.co.uk/news/995672/Sony-providing-HDC-1500-cameras-FIFA-World-Cup |archive-date=13 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It supplied its flagship HDC-1500 cameras as well as its new HDC-P1 unit, a compact, point-of-view (POV)-type camera with 3, 2/3-inch CCD sensors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-broadcastcameras/cat-pov/product-HDCP1|title=Sony Product Detail Page HDCP1|publisher=Sony|access-date=11 July 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100604073623/http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-broadcastcameras/cat-pov/product-HDCP1| archive-date= 4 June 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> The 3D games were produced for FIFA by Host Broadcast Services.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/450462-Sony_Preps_for_World_Cup_3D.php |title=Sony Preps for World Cup 3D |magazine=Broadcasting & Cable|date=22 March 2010 |access-date=5 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100605033503/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/450462-Sony_Preps_for_World_Cup_3D.php| archive-date= 5 June 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

===Video games===
In [[PlayStation Home]], [[Sony]] released a [[List of PlayStation Home Game Spaces#Non-gaming Company Spaces|virtual space]] based on the 2010 FIFA World Cup in the Japanese version of Home on 3 December 2009. This virtual space is called the "FevaArena" and is a virtual stadium of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, featuring different areas for events, a FIFA mini-game, and a shop with FIFA related content.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http://playstationhome.jp/member/lounge/r-type.html&sl=ja&tl=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418052703/https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fplaystationhome.jp%2Fmember%2Flounge%2Fr-type.html&sl=ja&tl=en |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2021 |title=FevaArena (Fibaarina) entrance |publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]] |access-date=4 December 2009 }}</ref>

On 27 April 2010, [[EA Sports]] released the official [[2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa (video game)|2010 World Cup video game]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ekberg |first=Brian |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/ps3/sports/fifaworldcup2010/news.html?sid=6247684&tag=newsfeatures;title;2 |title=FIFA World Cup 2010 Q&A With Simon Humber – PlayStation 3 News at GameSpot |publisher=Gamespot UK |date=26 January 2010 |access-date=12 March 2010 }}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===FIFA Fan Fest===
FIFA expanded the [[FIFA Fan Fest]], hosting in [[Sydney]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Berlin]], [[Paris]], [[Rome]], [[Rio de Janeiro (city)|Rio de Janeiro]], and [[Mexico City]], as well as several venues around South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/fanfest/index.html|title=FIFA Fan Fest|publisher=FIFA|access-date=15 June 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100614205211/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/fanfest/index.html| archive-date= 14 June 2010 | url-status= dead}}</ref> The Durban Fan Fest was the most popular in South Africa during the tournament followed by the [[World Cup 2010 FIFA Fan Fest in Cape Town|Cape Town Fan Fest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/147/49669.html |title=FIFA Fan Fests: some facts and figures |first=Issa |last=Sikiti da Silva |publisher=Bizcommunity.com |date=5 June 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003052205/http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/147/49669.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Association football|South Africa}}
*[[2010 Kampala bombings]], a series of terrorist bombings in [[Kampala]], Uganda, timed to coincide with the final match
*''[[Listen Up! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album]]''
*[[Paul the Octopus]] and [[Mani the parakeet]], animals who predicted results of the matches
*[[Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)]], the official song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikivoyage|World Cup 2010|2010 FIFA World Cup}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100729152107/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/index.html/ 2010 FIFA World Cup Official Site] (Archived)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101206000853/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/index.html 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa ], FIFA.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070615174345/http://www.sa2010.gov.za/ The official 2010 host country website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101011115552/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/technicaldevp/01/29/30/95/reportwm2010_web.pdf Official Technical Report]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150323115222/http://www.rsssf.com/tables/2010full.html RSSSF Archive of finals]

{{Portal bar|2010s|Football in Africa}}
{{2010 FIFA World Cup}}
{{2010 FIFA World Cup stadiums}}
{{2010 FIFA World Cup referees}}
{{FIFA World Cup}}
{{Football in South Africa}}
{{Cape Town|sports}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fifa World Cup 2010}}
[[Category:2010 FIFA World Cup| ]]
[[Category:2010 in men's association football|World Cup]]
[[Category:2009–10 in South African soccer|World]]
[[Category:FIFA World Cup tournaments|2010]]
[[Category:International association football competitions hosted by South Africa|2010]]
[[Category:June 2010 sports events in Africa]]
[[Category:July 2010 sports events in Africa]]

Content

2024-12-10T18:43:26Z

178.78.252.98:

{{for-text|a list of Wikipedia contents|[[Wikipedia:Contents]]|a listing of Wikipedia's directories and indexes|[[Wikipedia:Directory]]|the top-level category in Wikipedia's category system|[[:Category:Contents]]}}
{{wiktionary|content|contents}}
'''Content''' or '''contents''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==Media==
* [[Content (media)]], information or experience provided to audience or end-users by publishers or media producers
** [[Content industry]], an [[umbrella term]] that encompasses companies owning and providing mass media and media metadata
** [[Content provider]], a provider of non-core services in the telecommunications industry
** [[Free content]], published material that can be used, copied, and modified without significant legal restriction
** [[Open content]], published material licensed to authorize copying and modification by anyone
** [[Web content]], information published on the World Wide Web
* [[Content analysis]], a methodology used in the social sciences and humanities for studying the content of communication
* [[Content format]], an encoded format for converting a specific type of data to displayable information
* [[Digital content]]
* [[Table of contents]], a list of chapters or sections in a document

==Places==
* [[Content (Centreville, Maryland)]] also known as C.C. Harper Farm, a historic home located at Centreville, Maryland
* [[Content (Upper Marlboro, Maryland)]] also known as the Bowling House, a historic home located in Upper Marlboro, Maryland
* [[Content, Pennsylvania]], an unincorporated community

==People with the surname==
* [[Charles Content]] (born 1987), Mauritian footballer
* [[Karina Content]] (born 1960), Dutch writer and politician
* [[Sylvain Content]] (born 1971), Mauritian footballer

==Arts and entertainment==
===Music===
* [[Content (Gang of Four album)|''Content'' (Gang of Four album)]], a 2011 studio album by Gang of Four
* [[Content (Joywave album)|''Content'' (Joywave album)]], a 2017 studio album by Joywave
* "Content", a 2021 song by Bo Burnham from the special ''[[Bo Burnham: Inside]]''

===Periodicals===
* ''Brill's Content'', a former media watchdog publication by [[Steven Brill (journalist)]]

===Television and web series===
* [[Content (web series)|''Content'' (web series)]]; an Australian [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] comedy web series starring [[Charlotte Nicdao]] and [[Gemma Bird Matheson]]

==Mathematics==
* [[Content (measure theory)]], a concept in mathematics
* [[Primitive part and content]], in mathematics, content is the greatest common divisor of the coefficients of a polynomial

==Ships==
* [[HMS Content|HMS ''Content'']], ships of the British Royal Navy
* [[USS Content (SP-538)|USS ''Content'' (SP-538)]], a United States Navy vessel

==Other uses==
* [[Content (Freudian dream analysis)]], a dream as it is remembered and the hidden meaning of the dream in Freudian analysis
* [[Contents insurance]], insurance that pays for damage to, or loss of, an individual's personal possessions whilst they are located within that individual's home

==See also==
* [[Content security (disambiguation)]]
* [[Contentment]], a state of being
* {{Lookfrom}}
* {{Intitle}}

{{disambiguation|geo|surname}}

Car club

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178.78.252.98:

{{about|clubs for automobile enthusiasts|text="Car Club" may also refer to [[carsharing]], or [[Motor club]]s}}
{{redirect|Auto Club|the nationwide organization often referred to as simply the Auto Club|American Automobile Association}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{recentism|date=June 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2011}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

[[File:Metropolitan car club meeting.JPG|thumb|Metropolitan automobile car club meet held in [[Kenosha, Wisconsin]] ]]

A '''car club''' or [[automotive]] [[enthusiast]] community is a group of people who share a common interest in [[motor vehicles]]. Car clubs are typically organized by enthusiasts around the type of vehicle (e.g. [[Chevrolet Corvette]], [[Ford Mustang]]), brand (e.g. [[Jeep]]), or similar interest (e.g. [[off-roading]]). Traditional car clubs were [[off-line]] organizations, but automotive [[Virtual community|on-line communities]] have flourished on the internet.

==Traditional car clubs==
[[File:Car club gathering.jpg|thumb|right|Car club social in [[Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia|Lunenburg County]], Nova Scotia, Canada]]
[[File:Columbus Cars at the Dam meetup.jpg|thumb|Car meet at [[Hoover Dam (Ohio)|Hoover Dam]] in [[Columbus, Ohio]] ]]

Car clubs have been a form of gathering car aficionados for many years that focus a passion for a certain type of car or driving activity.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://blog.chiltondiymanuals.com/a-short-history-of-car-clubs-in-the-usa/ |title=A Short History of Car Clubs in the USA |date=11 March 2016 |work=Chilton DIY Manuals |access-date=9 May 2017}}</ref>

Historically, car clubs refer to off-line entities, typically organized as [[Non-profit organization|non-profits]] and run by volunteers (who were most often elected). Some clubs were large enough to be run as a paid business with salaried employees; in the 1960s, some were sponsored by [[car dealer]]s.<ref>{{cite web |work=Southern Arizona Mustang Club |title=Our History |url= http://www.southernarizonamustangclub.org/history.html |first=Gloria |last=Carroll |date=January 2009 |access-date=9 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161018115602/http://www.southernarizonamustangclub.org/history.html |archive-date=18 October 2016}}</ref>

Many car clubs charge membership fees in exchange for benefits, such as publications and events. The publications typically contain photographs, messages from other members, service and parts advice, items and vehicles wanted and/or for sale, and historical material of interest to the membership. Car clubs often host gatherings (called "'''meets'''") which often also welcome interested non-members. Car clubs also may engage in other activities of various types, including [[automobile racing|races]], [[cruising (driving)|cruising]], shows, [[car modding|"mod" days]] when garage equipment and service tools are available for members to perform and assist each other with [[DIY]] work, or [[community service]] activities. Meets are a time for the club to be with one another, talk about cars, and participate in other activities, such as eating, sightseeing, movies, etc.

Additionally, some car clubs have a "prospecting" status, where prospective members of the club meet with established club members, to assess their suitability within the club. During this time, prospective members will help work on club cars, attend events, and sometimes perform tasks; such as helping to park cars at a show, or assisting with ticket sales, etc. Upon the completion of their prospect status, members will be "patched in," whereupon they are considered full members of the club. In traditional car clubs in the US, this is typically signified by the awarding of a jacket or T-shirt with the club's name and logo on the back, and the awarding of a metal "drag plate," to be hung on the car, displaying their membership status and club name.

Many (if not most) traditional car clubs have now added online presences, although most of the content typically resides in a [[Walled garden (technology)|walled garden]] for members only. Most clubs have an online presence mainly through their car forums relevant to their car of interest. Some clubs also have their website. They usually use the forums or their site to organize their meets and gatherings. For example, before a big event, they would organize to see how many people are going, where to meet up, and how to caravan to their destination. Many car club members consider what they do to be not merely a hobby, but a lifestyle.

==Internet communities==
The [[Internet]] accelerated the growth of participation as [[online communities]] attracted large numbers of members. The Internet encouraged and fostered the development of many clubs centered on specific vehicles, including [[Niche market|niche]] [[brand|makes]] and models.

Unlike traditional clubs, the content of most online communities is open to all for free. This has facilitated their growth and made them a resource for potential owners or [[newbies]]. Larger online communities report registered members in the hundreds of thousands. The Internet communities typically provide features such as [[Internet forum|forums]], content databases (which include vehicle specifications, driving characteristics, repair information, and [[Car modding|car tuning]] advice), [[Instant messaging]] services, photo-sharing, and commercial services (such as for sale by owner listings, part supplier [[Web directory|directories]], and referrals to [[auto mechanic|mechanics]] and car dealers).

Most automotive communities were founded by individual enthusiasts/[[entrepreneur]]s, but some have been acquired by various internet and communication companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Car Enthusiast Site coverage |url= http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2007/07/19/internet-brands-acquires-several-car-forums |access-date=2006-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071114004901/http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2007/07/19/internet-brands-acquires-several-car-forums |archive-date = 14 November 2007}}</ref>

As with traditional car clubs, some Internet automotive communities sponsor or operate off-line meets. Many of the leading Internet communities feature active directories of regional meets.

Communities have also begun to form around digital media outlets such as [[YouTube]] channels and podcasts. Car enthusiasts can comment and share opinions, allowing for an element of connection not found with other media variants. These platforms are being used by smaller studios and individuals to distribute content to a mass audience without needing a large budget. Production value is often high given the technology available to amateurs in the forms of software, cameras, microphones, and other producing equipment.

==International==

{{Weasel inline|text=In some countries, notably in [[Japan]], some car clubs|date=April 2023}} are run as a way of regulating [[street racing|street races]] and to race against people they know, therefore reducing the possibility of an accident.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Clubs are used to enter team [[drifting (motorsport)|drifting]] contests.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

[[File:Horizon Saturdays.jpg|thumb|Canadian indoor car meet]]
Canadian car clubs have been known to host indoor car meets to avoid harsh weather and to make up for short summer seasons. These events are commonly hosted in a heated parkade, with the car clubs generally facilitating a deal with the operators of the facility.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Car modding]]
* [[Lowrider club]]
* [[Motorcycle club]]
* [[Kustom Kulture]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Cleanup section|reason=The choice of links and their formatting may not be encyclopedic.|date=April 2023}}
{{wiktionary|cargasm}}
* [https://rideology.io/ One Stop Nationwide Information Source For Car Clubs & Shows in the US]
* Nancy Marshall and John McWilliams, [http://www.southernspaces.org/2010/low-country-travelers-african-american-car-club-charleston-county-south-carolina "Low Country Travelers: An African American Car Club of Charleston County, South Carolina"], ''Southern Spaces'', 21 October 2010.

{{Fandom}}

[[Category:Motor clubs|*]]

Molo people

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178.78.252.98:

{{See also|Walter von Molo}}

'''Molo''' is an ethnic group in [[Blue Nile]] state in [[Sudan]].

They number less than thousand and speak [[Molo language|Molo]], a [[Nilo-Saharan language]]. Most of them or all of them are [[Muslim]]s.

==References==
*[https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13776/SU Joshua Project]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sudan]]

{{Sudan-ethno-group-stub}}

[[de:Molo]]