wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Showbox

2025-06-09T02:03:55Z

172.56.232.73: providing romanization for mere hangul transcription of non-Korean term is not particularly useful

{{Short description|South Korean film company}}
{{About|the South Korean film production and distribution company|other meanings of ''Showbox''|Showbox (disambiguation)}}
{{Expand Korean|쇼박스|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Showbox Entertainment
| logo = SHOWBOX Co., Ltd. (South Korea) logo.png
| logo_caption = Showbox logo
| trading_name =
| native_name = 쇼박스
| native_name_lang = ko
| former_name = Showbox Mediaplex Co., Inc. {{small|(쇼박스㈜미디어플렉스)}}
| type = [[Joint-stock company|Joint-stock]]
| traded_as = {{Korea Exchange|086980}} {{small|(July 7, 2006)}}
| ISIN =
| industry = Entertainment, media
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor = Media Flex Co., Ltd.
| successor = Showbox Co., Ltd.
| founded = {{Start date and age|1999|6|10}} in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]
| founder = Yoo Jung-hoon
| defunct = 
| hq_location = [[Nambusunhwan]], [[Gangnam District|Gangnam]]
| hq_location_city = Seoul
| hq_location_country = South Korea
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Yoo Jung-hoon {{small|(CEO & founder)}}
| products =
| brands =
| production =
| production_year =
| services = Film distribution
| revenue = 12,327,000,000 won
| revenue_year = 2014
| operating_income = 2,086,000,000 won
| income_year =
| net_income = 20000,000 won
| net_income_year =
| assets =
| assets_year =
| equity = 105,272,000,000 won
| equity_year = 2014
| owner = {{ubl|[[Orion Holdings]]: 57.50%|Lee Hwa-kyung: 0.3%|[[Kumho Asiana Group]]: 4.00%|[[Sega Sammy Holdings|Sega Sammy Group]]: 5.78%|[[China Media Capital]]: 25.00%}}
| members =
| members_year =
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|http://www.showbox.co.kr/}}
| footnotes =
| intl = 
}}

'''Showbox Co., Ltd.''' ({{Ko-hhrm|쇼박스}}) is a South Korean film distribution and production company. It is one of the largest [[Film distributor|film distribution companies]] in South Korea, founded in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.showbox.co.kr/comp/history.asp |language=ko |title=ShowBox 회사연혁 |website=www.showbox.co.kr |series=HOME > COMPANY |trans-title=ShowBox History}}</ref> Showbox is the film investment, production and distribution branch of Mediaplex, Inc., entertainment arm of [[Orion Confectionery|Orion Group]] and [[Kumho Asiana Group]]. Its main competitors for domestic box office are [[CJ Entertainment]], [[Lotte Entertainment]] and [[Next Entertainment World]]. Despite having very short history in the industry, they managed to have top 6 of 10 blockbusters in Korean box office history, number 1 being 2012's ''[[The Thieves]]''.

== History ==
* June 1996: Establishment of Media Flex Co., Ltd. to enter the movie business.
* November 1999: Establishment of [[Megabox (movie theaters)|Megabox]] to enter the movie theater business.
* January 2002: Establishment of ShowBox brand and start of movie distribution investment.
* December 2002: Their first film [[Sex Is Zero]] premiers and becomes the fifth most popular film of 2002; selling 4 million tickets.
* February 2004: [[Taegukgi (film)|Taegukgi]] premiers and hits a new record of 11.74 million tickets sold.
* August 2005: [[Welcome to Dongmakgol]] premiers and becomes (at the time) as the fourth highest grossing South Korean film of all time; selling 8 million tickets.
* July 2006: [[The Host (2006 film)|The Host]] premiers and setting a new record of being (at the time) the [[List of highest-grossing films in South Korea|highest grossing South Korean film of all time]]; selling 13 million tickets.
* July 2007: [[Megabox (movie theaters)|Megabox]] is sold to [[Macquarie Group|Macquarie]] Investment Fund.
* August 2007:[[D-War]] premiers and setting a new record of being (at the time) the highest-budgeted South Korean film of all time; selling 8.42 million tickets.
* February 2008: [[The Chaser (2008 film)|The Chaser]] premiers and sells 5 million tickets.
* July 2009: [[Take Off (2009 film)|Take Off]] premiers and becomes the 2nd most attended film of the year in South Korea; selling 8.39 million tickets.
* February 2010: [[Secret Reunion]] premiers and becomes one of the highest grossing Korean films of 2010; selling 5.5 million tickets.
* January 2011: [[Detective K: Secret of the Virtuous Widow]] premiers and becomes the 4th best selling Korean film of 2011; selling 4.78 million tickets.
* February 2012: [[Nameless Gangster: Rules of the Time]] premiers and sells 4.71 million thousand tickets.
* July 2012: [[The Thieves]] premiers and becomes (at the time) as the fifth highest-grossing movie in Korean film history; selling 12.9 million tickets.
* May 2013: [[Secretly, Greatly]] premiers and breaks several box office records in South Korea: the highest single day opening for a domestic film, most tickets sold in one day for a domestic film, the biggest opening weekend, the highest-grossing webtoon-based film, and the fastest movie to reach the million, two million, three million, and four million marks in audience number; selling 4.71 million tickets.<ref name=teen>{{cite web|last=Byun|first=hee-won|title=''Secretly Greatly'' Blazes Trail at Box Office by Tapping Teen Audience|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/06/10/2013061001331.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=June 10, 2013|date=June 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Yun|first=Suh-young|title=''Secretly'' success shows teen power at box office|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/06/141_137220.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=June 19, 2013|date=June 10, 2013}}</ref>
* September 2013: [[The Face Reader]] premiers and became one of the highest-grossing films in South Korea in 2013; selling 9.1 million tickets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Hyo-won|title=''The Face Reader'' Shines at South Korea's Dae Jong Film Awards|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/face-reader-shines-at-south-652497|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=November 5, 2013|date=November 1, 2013}}</ref>
* May 2014: [[A Hard Day]] premiers and sells 3.44 million tickets.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Hard Day (2014)|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/films/index/filmsView.jsp?movieCd=20130442|website=Korean Film Biz Zone|access-date=June 12, 2015}}</ref>
* February 2015: [[Detective K: Secret of the Lost Island]] premiers and the 9th highest-grossing film of 2015; selling 3.87 million tickets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Hee-eun|title=''Detective K'' team returns to set|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2990322|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=June 10, 2014|access-date=December 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tae|first=Sang-joon|title=DETECTIVE K: LABORER'S DAUGHTER to Crankin in June|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode=VIEW&seq=3065|website=Korean Film Biz Zone|access-date=December 15, 2014|date=June 16, 2014}}</ref>
* March 2015: entered into an exclusive partnership with one of the biggest Chinese entertainment companies, [[Huayi Brothers]], and expanding its way to China and a co-produced partnership with the [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] genre movie studio [[Blumhouse Productions|Blumhouse]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Hyo-won|title=South Korea's Showbox and China's Huayi Bros. Ink Co-Production Deal|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/south-koreas-showbox-chinas-huayi-784546|access-date=December 4, 2017|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hand In Hand With China - Korea-Chinese Co-production Creates Global Demand|url=http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/english/news/lifestyle/9801-hand-hand-china-korea-chinese-co-production-creates-global-demand|access-date=December 4, 2017|work=Business Korea|date=March 26, 2015}}</ref>
* June 2015: Changed the company names from ''Showbox Mediaplex Co., Inc.'' to ''Showbox Co., Ltd.'', in a step to unify the brand name.
* March 2019: Showbox entered the [[Korean drama|drama]] production industry. It signed a consignment deal with generalist network [[JTBC]], being the second film company to do so (the first being [[Next Entertainment World|NEW]]).<ref name="hankyung">[https://www.hankyung.com/entertainment/article/201903192100H [단독] 쇼박스 첫 드라마 '이태원클라쓰'·'대세녀', JTBC에서 본다]</ref>

==Releases==
===Films===
{{See also|Category:Showbox films}}
{{hidden begin

|showhide =
|title = Click on the 'Show' button to view this table
|titlestyle= background:Gainsboro
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! width=100|Production Country
! Release date{{efn|Release date in South Korea}}
! Production type
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2002
| ''[[Addicted (2002 film)|Addicted]]''
| rowspan="4"|[[South Korea]]
| October 25, 2002
| rowspan="30"|[[Live action]]
| rowspan="6"|[[Film distribution|Distribution]]{{efn|In South Korea}}
|-
| ''[[Sex Is Zero]]''
| December 12, 2002
|-
| rowspan="7"|2003
| ''[[Double Agent (2003 film)|Double Agent]]''
| January 24, 2003
|-
| ''[[Garden of Heaven]]''
| April 4, 2003
|-
| ''[[Adaptation (film)|Adaptation]]''
| [[United States]]
| May 5, 2003
|-
| ''[[Oh Brothers]]''
| South Korea
| September 5, 2003
|-
| ''[[Underworld (2003 film)|Underworld]]''
| United States United Kingdom Germany Hungary
| September 26, 2003
| {{ubl|Import|Distribution}}
|-
| ''[[Silver Knife (film)|Silver Knife]]''
| rowspan="5"|South Korea
| October 24, 2003
| rowspan="3"|Distribution
|-
| ''[[North Korean Guys]]''
| December 31, 2003
|-
| rowspan="19"|2004
| ''[[Ice Rain (film)|Ice Rain]]''
| January 16, 2004
|-
| ''[[Spy Girl]]''
| January 30, 2004
| rowspan="2"|Provider
|-
| ''[[Taegukgi (film)|Taegukgi]]''
| February 5, 2004
|-
| ''[[The Human Stain (film)|The Human Stain]]''
| United States
| March 3, 2004
| {{ubl|Import|Distribution}}
|-
| ''[[Dance with Solitude]]''
| rowspan="4"|South Korea
| March 19, 2004
| rowspan="4"|Distribution
|-
| ''[[The Last Wolf (film)|The Last Wolf]]''
| April 4, 2004
|-
| ''[[The Big Swindle]]''
| April 15, 2004
|-
| ''[[The President's Barber]]''
| May 5, 2004
|-
| ''[[Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior]]''
| [[Thailand]]
| May 26, 2004
| {{ubl|Import|Distribution}}
|-
| ''[[Dead Friend]]''
| South Korea
| June 17, 2004
| Distribution
|-
| ''[[One Missed Call (2003 film)|One Missed Call]]''
| [[Japan]]
| September 7, 2004
| {{ubl|Import|Distribution}}
|-
| ''[[Temptation of Wolves]]''
| rowspan="2"|South Korea
| July 22, 2004
| rowspan="2"|Distribution
|-
| ''[[To Catch a Virgin Ghost]]''
| August 13, 2004
|-
| ''[[Around the World in 80 Days (2004 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]''
| United States United Kingdom Germany Ireland
| September 17, 2004
| {{ubl|Import|Distribution}}
|-
| ''[[Crying Out Love in the Center of the World]]''
| Japan
| October 10, 2004
| Distribution
|-
| ''[[The Scarlet Letter (2004 film)|The Scarlet Letter]]''
| South Korea
| October 29, 2004
| Provider
|-
| ''[[The Butterfly Effect]]''
| rowspan="2"|United States
| November 12, 2004
| Distribution
|-
| ''[[Blade: Trinity]]''
| December 15, 2004
| {{ubl|Import|Distribution}}
|-
| ''[[Shinsukki Blues]]''
| South Korea
| December 30, 2004
| Provider
|-
|}

{{Hidden end}}

===Television series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Original title
! Network
! Associated production
! Ref.
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Itaewon Class]]''
| 이태원 클라쓰
|[[JTBC]]
| Zium Content Itaewon Class Production Partners
| <ref name="hankyung" /><ref>[http://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2019071809422098116&MS1 박서준X김다미X유재명 '이태원클라쓰' 캐스팅 확정(공식)]</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[The Witch (TV series)|The Witch]]''
| 마녀
|[[Channel A (TV channel)|Channel A]]
|Mr. Romance
|<ref> {{Cite web |title=뉴스 : 네이버 엔터 |url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/article/449/0000283841 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=m.entertain.naver.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Delusion (South Korean TV series)|Delusion]]''
| 현혹
| [[Disney+]]
| Magnum Nine
| <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Ji-hye |date=May 23, 2025 |title=수지X김선호, '현혹'으로 다시 만났다…2026년 디즈니+ 공개 확정 |trans-title=Suzy X Kim Seon-ho, meet again through 'Hwanok'... Disney+ release confirmed for 2026 |url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/now/article/416/0000314089 |access-date=May 23, 2025 |website=SBS Entertainment News |language=ko |via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| ''Dolled Up''
| 대세녀
| {{TBA}}
|
| <ref name="hankyung" />
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Film distributors of South Korea}}
{{Television production companies of South Korea}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Kumho Asiana Group}}

[[Category:Orion Group subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Kumho Asiana Group]]
[[Category:Film distributors of South Korea]]
[[Category:Film production companies of South Korea]]
[[Category:Television production companies of South Korea]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:South Korean companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Companies based in Seoul]]
[[Category:International sales agents]]

Chung Mong-koo

2025-06-09T01:26:13Z

172.56.232.73: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean business magnate (born 1938)}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Jeong (Korean name)|Chung]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chung Mong-koo
| image = Mr. Chung Mong Koo calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in Seoul, South Korea (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = Chung Mong-koo in 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1938|3|19}}
| birth_place = [[Tongchon County|Tsūsen-gun]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea, Empire of Japan]]
| alma_mater = [[Hanyang University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]])
| occupation = Business magnate
| title = Honorary [[Chairman]] of [[Hyundai Motor Group]]
| education = [[Hanyang University]]
| spouse = Lee Jung-Hwa (Deceased)
| children = 4
| awards = [[James A. Van Fleet Award|Van Fleet Award]] (2009)
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=%정몽구
|hanja=鄭夢九
|child=yes
}}
}}

'''Chung Mong-koo''' ({{korean|hangul=정몽구}}; born March 19, 1938, in [[Kangwon Province (North Korea)|Kangwon Province]]) is a South Korean business magnate. He is the honorary chairman and former CEO of [[Hyundai Motor Group]], Korea's second largest chaebol that manages 54 subsidiaries including [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai Motor]], [[Kia|Kia Motors]], and [[Hyundai Steel]]. He started his career in 1970, joining the engineering & construction division of the group. Chung succeeded his father, [[Chung Ju-yung]], the founder of the conglomerate known as the Hyundai Group. When the conglomerate split into several parts in 1999, Chung Mong-koo took over the Hyundai Motor division. He is the eldest surviving son of Chung Ju-yung's eight sons.

He is among the [[List of South Korean billionaires by net worth|richest people in South Korea]]. In December 2024, [[Forbes]] estimated his net wealth at [[United States dollar|US$]]4 billion and ranked him 5th richest person in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mong-Koo Chung |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/mong-koo-chung/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

He was convicted of [[embezzlement]] and breach of [[Fiduciary|fiduciary duty]] in February 2007,<ref name="bloomberg found guilty" /> but was given a [[suspended sentence]] and was fully pardoned by President [[Lee Myung-bak]].<ref name="bbc" />

==Education==
* Graduated, [[Kyungbock High School]]
* [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[industrial engineering]], [[Hanyang University]]

== Professional experience ==
* 2020–present: Honorary Chairman of [[Hyundai Motor]] Co. & [[Kia Motors]] Corp.
* 2000–2020: Chairman & CEO of [[Hyundai Motor]] Co. & [[Kia Motors]] Corp.
* 1996–1998: Chairman of [[Hyundai Group]]
* 1987–1998: CEO, Hyundai Motor Service
* 1986: CEO, [[Hyundai Steel|Incheon Iron & Steel]]
* 1981: CEO, Hyundai Pipe
* 1977: CEO, [[Hyundai Mobis|Hyundai Precision & Industry]]
* 1970: started his career by joining Hyundai Engineering & Construction
He also owns INNOCEAN Worldwide, an ad & [[marketing]] agency, with his eldest daughter Chung Sung-yi.<ref>{{cite news | author1=David Kiley |title= Innocean Strives to Be Known as More Than Hyundai Agency |url = https://adage.com/article/agency-news/innocean-strives-hyundai-agency/227144 |work= AdAge |date= April 25, 2011}}</ref>

===Management===
Chung is described as a "vigorous septuagenarian" who comes to work at 6:30 a.m. and "personally heads monthly quality reviews with senior executives".<ref name=bloom>{{cite news|author1=John Lippert|author2=Alan Ohnsman| author3=Rose Kim |title= Billionaire Chung Proving Hyundai No Joke Aiming for BMW|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-03-01/billionaire-chung-proving-hyundai-luxury-no-joke-in-drive-to-top-bmw-cars |work=Bloomberg Business|date=March 1, 2012}}</ref>

Although he only holds 5.2% of Hyundai Motor's stock, Chung "wields disproportionately strong control" and is able to control its board thanks to a complex [[corporate governance]] arrangements in which Hyundai Motor owns 34% of Kia, which owns 16.9% of [[Hyundai Mobis|Mobis]], which in turn owns 20.8% of Hyundai Motor. This means that "because the companies essentially control each other, no outside shareholder is strong enough to name board members".<ref name=bloom/>

==Controversies==

=== 2007 embezzlement conviction ===
In 2006, he and his family were targeted by the [[Seoul]] [[Supreme Prosecutors' Office of the Republic of Korea|Supreme Prosecutor's Office]] as part of an investigation into embezzling 100 billion won ($106 million) from Hyundai to create [[slush fund]]s to [[Corruption in South Korea|bribe officials]].<ref>{{cite news | author=Kim Jong-moon, Chun Su-jin | title=Hyundai case widens with official's arrest | date=28 March 2006 | work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] | url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200603/27/200603272208478279900090409041.html | access-date=28 April 2006 | archive-date=4 November 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104092957/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200603/27/200603272208478279900090409041.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Despite a travel ban, Chung left South Korea in April 2006. Chung was arrested on 28 April 2006 on charges related to embezzlement and other corruption.<ref>{{cite news | first=Kelly | last=Olson | title= Hyundai Chairman Chung Mong-Koo Arrested | date=28 April 2006 | agency =Associated Press | url= http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/04/28/hyundai.probe.ap/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/world/asia/28cnd-hyundai.html |title = South Korea Arrests Head of Hyundai Motor | work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 April 2006 |author=Sang-Hun, Choe }}</ref>

On 5 February 2007 he was convicted of embezzlement and breach of fiduciary duty for selling securities to his son [[Chung Eui-sun]] at below-market prices. He was sentenced to three years in prison.<ref name="bloomberg found guilty">{{cite news | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=aELMtVK7UHLA |title= Hyundai Motor's Chung Found Guilty of Embezzlement |work =Bloomberg |date=5 February 2007 |author=Seonjin Cha }}</ref>
Chung remained free on bail while he appealed the sentence.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=businessNews&storyid=2007-02-05T134525Z_01_SEO243826_RTRUKOC_0_US-HYUNDAI-CHAIRMAN.xml |title=Hyundai Motor chairman sentenced to 3 yrs in jail |work=Reuters |date=5 February 2007 |author=Cheon Jong-woo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310064610/http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=businessNews |archive-date=10 March 2007 }}</ref>
On September 6, 2007, Chief Judge Lee Jae-hong ruled to suspend the sentence of Chung Mong-koo (in consideration of the huge economic impact of imprisonment), ordering instead of a 3-year jail term,
community service and a $1 billion{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jong-woo |first=Cheon |date=6 September 2007 |title=Hyundai chief given suspended sentence |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hyundai-idUSSEL00010120070906 |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=REUTERS}}</ref> donation to charity.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6981064.stm | title=Guilty Hyundai boss escapes jail | work=[[BBC News]] | date=6 September 2007}}</ref>

The trial was seen as "a victory for [[Corruption in South Korea|transparency]] and [[rule of law]] in South Korea",<ref>{{cite news|author1=Ishaan Tharoor|title=Top 10 CEO Scandals: Chung Mong Koo, Hyundai Motor|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2009445_2009447_2009523,00.html|work=Time magazine|date=August 10, 2010}}</ref> but on August 15, 2008, South Korean President [[Lee Myung-bak]] granted him a special pardon to allow Chung to continue to contribute to the development of Hyundai Motor Group as well as the [[Economy of South Korea|Korean economy]].<ref>{{cite news | author = Jin Hyun-joo |url = http://www.koreaherald.com/business/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20091230000051 |title= Amnesty clears the way for Lee's comeback to Samsung top job |work=[[The Korea Herald]] | date= March 30, 2010 }}</ref>

===Nepotism===
His only son [[Chung Eui-sun]] is his "heir apparent", despite his relatively unproven business and leadership skills. According to Bloomberg, "no one can assess how Eui Sun will perform when he becomes chairman because his father keeps him on a tight leash".<ref name=bloom/>

Furthermore, in 2011, he was accused of [[nepotism]]<ref name=bloom/> when Ozen, a bakery cafe whose advisors included his three daughters Sung-yi, Myung-yi, and Yun-yi, set up shop in company buildings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Conglomerate offspring compete in rising bakery cafe sector|url=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2011110280108|work=[[The Dong-A Ilbo]]|date=November 2, 2011}}</ref> Ozen eventually closed in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Kim Su-heon|title=Big bakeries roll on despite absence of chaebol daughters|url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_business/555634.html|work=[[Hankyoreh]]|date=October 13, 2012}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
* 2020: [[Automotive Hall of Fame]]
* 2009: [[James A. Van Fleet Award]], The Korea Society
* 2008–present: Honorary Chairman of the Organizing Committee for the [[Expo 2012]] in [[Yeosu]]
* 2004: [[Inchon Award]]
* 2001: Awarded Distinguished Service Citation by [[Detroit]]'s [[Automotive Hall of Fame]]
* 1997–present: Honorary Vice President of [[World Archery Federation]]
* 1986–1997: Chairman of Asia Archery Association
* 1985–1997: Chairman of Korea Archery Association

==Family==
{{Chung family tree}}

==See also==
* [[Automotive industry in South Korea]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Chung Mong-Koo}}

{{Hyundai Motor Group}}
{{Hyundai}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chung, Mong-koo}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Seoul]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:South Korean businesspeople]]
[[Category:South Korean chairpersons of corporations]]
[[Category:South Korean billionaires]]
[[Category:Hyundai Motor Group]]
[[Category:Hyundai people]]
[[Category:Kyungbock High School alumni]]
[[Category:South Korean fraudsters]]
[[Category:People convicted of embezzlement]]
[[Category:Hanyang University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of South Korean presidential pardons]]
[[Category:Chung family]]

Nongae

2025-06-09T01:18:30Z

172.56.232.73: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Korean kisaeng (1574–1593)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ju Nongae
| image = Nongae.jpg
| caption = ''Nongae'' by Kim Eun-ho {{circa}} 1892–1979
| birth_date = 1574
| birth_place = Daegok-ri, Imnae-myeon
Juchon Village, [[Jangsu County|Jangsu-hyeon]], [[Jeolla Province]], [[Joseon]]
| death_date = 1593 (aged 18-19)
| death_place = Sunjeol, Jinjuseong Fortress, [[Jinju|Jinju-mok]], [[Gyeongsang Province]], [[Joseon]]
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes
| hangul = %_논개
| hanja = 論介
}}
}}
{{family name hatnote|Ju/Joo||lang=Korean}}
'''Nongae''' or '''Ju Nongae''' ({{Korean|hangul=주논개|hanja=朱論介}}; 1574–1593) <ref>Birth year of her is doubtful; references indicate it could be before 1574</ref><ref>{{cite book | pages =1622 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqKrAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4838] | last = Kim| first = Jinwoo| year = 2014| script-title=ko:한국인 성씨의 역사| publisher = 춘추필법}}</ref><ref name="CultureContent">
{{cite web |url=http://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div=CP_AGE&search_div_id=CP_AGE001&cp_code=cp0208&index_id=cp02081516&content_id=cp020815160001&print=Y |title=Nongae |work=Korean Culture Content |accessdate= |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630193759/http://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div=CP_AGE&search_div_id=CP_AGE001&cp_code=cp0208&index_id=cp02081516&content_id=cp020815160001&print=Y |archivedate=June 30, 2016}}</ref> was a [[gisaeng]] of [[Jinju]] during the [[Joseon]] period of [[Korea]].<ref name="NongaeShrine">
{{cite web |url=http://eng.jirisantour.com/tour/tour_view.jsp?menu=tour&submenu=history&idx=T100041 |title=Nongae Shrine |work=Jirisan Dullebogo |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117051622/eng.jirisantour.com/tour/tour_view.jsp?menu=tour&submenu=history&idx=T100041 |archivedate= January 17, 2021}}</ref>

A popular legend tells the story of her [[Suicide attack|sacrificial assassination]] of the Japanese general [[Kida Magobee|Keyamura Rokusuke]].<ref name="dangerous">{{cite book | pages =172 | last = Elaine H. | first = Kim|author2=Chungmoo Choi | year = 1998| title = Dangerous Women: Gender and Korean Nationalism |publisher = Psychology Press, 1998| isbn = 0415915066}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Choksuk pavillion in Jinju Castel.JPG|left|thumb|200px|Choseokru pavilion and Nam River]]
Nongae was born in [[Jeolla Province]] during the late 16th century [[Joseon Dynasty]]. She was born into the [[Sinan Joo clan|Sinan Ju clan]]. Her father was Ju Dal-mun ({{Korean|labels=no|hangul=주달문|hanja=朱達文}}), who was a Jinsa scholar, and her mother, of whom we only know her family name, Park, was from the Miryang Park clan.<ref>{{cite book | pages =115 [https://books.google.com/books?id=zyf-AwAAQBAJ&q=%EB%85%BC%EA%B0%9C+%EB%B0%80%EC%96%91+%EB%B0%95%EC%94%A8] | last = Hyejae| first = Jang|author2=Lee, Seonyoung | year = 2014 | script-title=ko:기녀의 순정 논개("Nongae, the heart of kisaeng") |publisher = ebookshub | isbn = 9791155191378}}</ref> Nongae was a late-born child to the couple, whose son, Ju Dae-ryong ({{Korean|hangul=주대룡|labels=no}}), died at the age of 15 from a disease.

In 1578, her father died at the age of 40 and she was entrusted to the care of her uncle Ju Dal-mu ({{Korean|hangul=주달무|labels=no}}) who lived in a house in Anui-hyeon in [[Gyeongsang Province]] (present day [[Hamyang County]], [[South Gyeongsang Province]]).

Nongae's uncle attempted to have her married to a man named Kim Bu-ho ({{Korean|labels=no|hangul=김부호|hanja=金富豪}}) in exchange for 50 sacks of rice.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} When Lady Park heard and learned of this attempted exchange, she stole Nongae from her uncle. By 1579, her mother was caught with Nongae and was prosecuted. Her mother's trial was overseen by a province official, Choi Gyeong-hwi of the Haeju Choi clan ({{Korean|labels=no|hangul=최경회|hanja=崔慶會}}), who ruled on behalf of her innocence. Nongae and her mother were later released and permitted to live at a residence in Hyeongam. By the age of 17, Nongae became a mistress of Choi and was given the title of "Lady Uiam of the Sinan Joo clan" ({{Korean|labels=no|hangul=의암부인 신안 주씨|hanja=義巖夫人新安朱氏}}), and lived in his house where she birthed a son.<ref name="NongaeShrine" /><ref name="dangerous" />

In 1592, the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Imjin War]] began and Choi started to recruit and train soldiers in Udo, Jeolla, in which Nongae helped him.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

In 1593, Japanese forces invaded the Korean peninsula during which Choi was assassinated in June. Afterwards, the Japanese eventually succeeded in their invasion of Suyeong Fortress (now near Jinju). To celebrate the victory, soldiers forced all the gisaeng to serve them at the Choseokru Pavilion (nugak) on a cliff that overlooked the [[Nam River (South Korea)|Nam River]] in Jinju.<ref>{{cite book | pages =115 [https://books.google.com/books?id=p3yW5MdzKnUC&pg=PA115] | last = Yongyi| first = Pae| year = 2008 | title = Women in Korean History (한국 역사 속의 여성들) |publisher = [[Ewha Womans University Press]], 2009| isbn = 978-8973007844}}</ref> Nongae was called to entertain the victorious Japanese generals alongside the other gisaeng. Nongae walked to a steep rock sticking out of the Nam river under the Choseokru, which prevented the Japanese soldiers from joining her due to a fear of falling into the river. Nongae challenged the Japanese general, Keyamura Rokusuke, to join her. The general attempted to lure Nongae away from the rock. However, she eventually led him to the cliff-side, where she embraced him, clasped her fingers with rings that locked her around him, and cast herself along with the general into the river, killing them both.<ref>{{cite book | pages =123 [https://books.google.com/books?id=I0vsyEHGkPoC&q=nongae] | last = Hongsuk| first = Oh| year = 2005 | title = Traditional Korean Villages 25권/The spirit of Korean cultural roots Traditional Korean Villages| publisher = Ewha Womans University Press, 2009| isbn = 897300784X}}</ref> It is said{{Who|date=March 2022}} that she sacrificed herself not only in revenge for Choi's murder but also out of love for her country.<ref name="KorHerald">
{{cite web |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140523000896 |title=Mount Jirisan area reveals rich heritage and culture |work=[[The Korea Herald]] |date=23 May 2014 |accessdate=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307200026/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140523000896 |archivedate=March 7, 2022}}</ref> However this story is highly dubious and it is most likely to have originated from Park Jonghwa's ({{Korean|labels=no|hangul=박중화|hanja=朴鍾和}}) ''Nongae and Gyewolhyang'' (1962).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bunroku Keichō no eki [Jinshin-Teiyū Waran] 文禄・慶長の役 [壬辰・丁酉倭乱] (in Japanese)|last=Choi|first=Gwan 崔官|year=1994}}</ref>

== After death ==
In 1625, 32 years after Nongae died, during the 3rd year of [[Injo of Joseon|King Injo's]] reign, stories of her spread to the people of Jinju and "Uiam" was carved on the rock from which she jumped. In 1650, during the 2nd year of [[Hyojong of Joseon|King Hyojong's]] reign, a court official arrived to examine a disaster that happened in Gyeongsang-Udo, and noted that he saw the words "Uiam" engraved on the rock when he visited Jinju. In 1721, during the 1st year of [[Gyeongjong of Joseon|King Gyeongjong's]] reign, a Gyeongsangwoo soldier, Choi Jin-han ({{Korean|labels=no|hangul=최진한|hanja=崔鎭漢}}), built the Uiamsajeok monument right above the Uiam carving to memorialize Nongae. In 1739, during the 16th year of [[Yeongjo of Joseon|King Yeongjo's]] reign, another Gyeongsangwoo soldier, Nam Deok-ha ({{Korean|labels=no|hangul=남덕하|hanja=南德夏}}), built Uigisa, a shrine dedicated to Nongae, next to Chokseokru in Jinju.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

In 1846, Jong Joo-seok ({{Korean|hangul=중주석|labels=no}}) of Jangsu Hyeongam, built a memorial to honor Nongae.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} It was designated as Local Monument No. 46 in 1955, and the birthplace of Nongae has been restored in Juchon Village, Daegok-ri, Janggye-myeon, Jangsu-gun, where Nongae was born.

The rock from which she leapt, Uiam ({{Korean|labels=no|hangul=의암|hanja=義巖}}), has been called "the Rock of Righteousness".<ref name="JinjuFest">
{{cite web |url=https://www.jinju.go.kr/05210/05227/05266.web |title=Jinju Nongae Festival |work=CharmJinju |accessdate=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013111225/https://www.jinju.go.kr/05210/05227/05266.web |archivedate=October 13, 2021}}</ref>

During the mid 20th century, it was rumored that Nongae was a daughter and heir of a fallen [[yangban]] family and was eventually promoted to be the Jeongsil ({{Korean|hangul=정실 부인|labels=no}}), wife, of Choi after he died.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

== Family ==
* Father
** Ju Dal-mun ({{Korean|hangul=주달문|hanja=朱達文|labels=no}}; 1500–1578)<ref>Was a Jinsa (China's equivalent of [[Jinshi]])</ref>
*** Uncle: Ju Dal-mu ({{Korean|hangul=주달무|labels=no}})
* Mother
** Lady Park of the Miryang Park clan ({{Korean|hangul=밀양 박씨|hanja=密陽朴氏|labels=no}}; 1550–?)
* Sibling
** Older brother: Ju Dae-ryeong ({{Korean|hangul=주대룡|labels=no}})
* Husband
** Choi Gyeong-hwi ({{Korean|hangul=최경회|hanja=崔慶會|labels=no}}) of the Haeju Choi clan ({{Korean|hangul=해주 최씨|hanja=海州崔氏|labels=no}}; 1532 – June 1593)
* Son
** Choi Hong-nam ({{Korean|hangul=최홍남|labels=no}})

==Memorial==
[[File:The Jinju rock of loyalty.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Uiam]]
According to 1868 records in ''Gyobang Gayo'' written by a local official, Jeong Hyun-Seok ({{Korean|hangul=정현석|hanja=鄭顯奭|labels=no}}), during the 5th year of [[Gojong of Korea|King Gojong's]] reign, it is said a festival called ''Uiam Byeolje'' took place every June to pay respects to her spirit.<ref name="Newsis">
{{cite web |url=https://newsis.com/ar_detail/view.html?ar_id=NISX20130518_0012093088&cID=10815&pID=10800 |script-title=ko:진주 논개제와 함께하는 진주 봄 축제 |work=[[Newsis]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630234446/http://www.newsis.com/ar_detail/view.html?ar_id=NISX20130518_0012093088&cID=10815&pID=10800 |archivedate=June 30, 2016}}</ref> Currently, there is a shrine to the memory of Nongae near Chokseokru, in central Jinju.<ref>The old name of Jinju fortress is Chokseok, and Chokseongnu is a pavilion located inside the fortress.</ref> Around the fortress, the Nongae festival has been celebrated every May since 2002 to honor and preserve the memory of Nongae.<ref name="JinjuFest" />

The portrait of Nongae painted by Kim Eun-ho had been kept in Jinju fortress, whereas his drawing were forcibly removed by a local civil group that argued Kim was one of the renowned pro-Japanese artists during the Colonial Period.<ref name="Chosun">
{{cite web |url=http://www.chosun.com/national/news/200505/200505110014.html |script-title=ko:친일파가 그렸다 |work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190654/http://www.chosun.com/national/news/200505/200505110014.html |archivedate=March 4, 2016}}</ref> Following support from the regional government, a newly executed painting was adopted in 2008.<ref name="idomin">
{{cite web |url=http://www.idomin.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=244216 |script-title=ko:'논개 표준영정' 만들어졌다 |work=idomin |date=10 February 2008 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113002302/http://www.idomin.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=244216 |archivedate=November 13, 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)]]
*[[Military history of Korea]]
*[[Kisaeng]]
**[[Hwang Jini]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Jinju]]
[[Category:Kisaeng]]
[[Category:1593 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Korean people]]
[[Category:Suicides by drowning]]
[[Category:Sinan Ju clan]]
[[Category:16th-century Korean women]]
[[Category:16th-century suicides]]
[[Category:1574 births]]

Horace Grant Underwood

2025-06-09T00:49:38Z

172.56.232.73: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|American missionary in Korea (1859–1916)}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Grant Underwood]] or [[Horace Grant]]}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Horace Grant Underwood
| image = Horace Grant Underwood.jpg
| caption = Underwood in 1888
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1859|07|19}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1916|10|12|1859|07|19}}
| birth_place = [[London]], United Kingdom
| death_place = [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], United States
| resting_place = {{plainlist|
* [[Yanghwajin Foreign Missionary Cemetery]], South Korea (1999–)
* [[Grove Church Cemetery]], United States (1916–1999)
}}
| known_for = Early missionary in Korea, founding school that became [[Yonsei University]]
| notable_works = ''[[The Call of Korea]]''
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=%원두우
|hanja=元杜尤
|child=yes
}}
}}

'''Horace Grant Underwood''' (19 July 1859 – 12 October 1916) was an American [[Northern Presbyterian Church|Presbyterian]] [[missionary]], [[education|educator]], and translator who dedicated his life to developing Christianity in Korea.<ref name="encyber">{{cite encyclopedia |title=언더우드 Horace Grant Underwood |encyclopedia=[[Dusan Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Doosan Group|Doosan Corporation]] |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=110222&contentno=110222 |accessdate=8 July 2008 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Early life==
Underwood was born in [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[English Americans|immigrated]] to the [[United States]] at age 12. He graduated from [[New York University]] in 1881 and [[New Brunswick Theological Seminary]] in 1884.

==Work in Korea==
It is said that Underwood was moved by a letter from Lee Soo-jung (the first translator of the Bible into Korean) published in an American Bible Society publication, which inspired him to commit to missionary work in Korea.<ref>{{cite news|last=Baek|first=Jong Geun|title=이수정과 마가복음|trans-title=Lee Soo-jung and the Gospel of Mark|url=http://m.amennews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=20445|access-date=22 August 2024|newspaper=Church and Faith|date=21 August 2024}}</ref>
Underwood served as a [[Northern Presbyterian Church]] missionary in Korea, teaching [[physics]] and [[chemistry]] at [[Gwanghyewon]] in [[Seoul]], the first modern hospital of Korea.<ref name="am-in-kor">
{{cite web | title = Americans in Korea in the late 1800s | last = Kim | first = Young-sik | date = 5 August 2003 | publisher = Association for Asia Research | url = http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/1483.html | accessdate = 8 July 2008}}</ref> Underwood arrived in Korea on the same boat as [[Henry G. Appenzeller]] on Easter Sunday (5 April) 1885, and he also worked with [[Henry Appenzeller]], [[William B. Scranton]], [[James Scarth Gale]], and [[William D. Reynolds]]<ref>[http://anthony.sogang.ac.kr/RASKBHistory1940.html Brother Anthony of Taizé website, ''The Early Years of the RASKB: 1900-1920'' ]</ref> to translate the Bible into Korean. The New Testament was completed in 1900 and the Old Testament in 1910. Underwood also worked with [[Horace Newton Allen|Horace N. Allen]], an American missionary doctor attached to the royal court. In 1900, Underwood and [[James Scarth Gale]] established the Seoul YMCA, and in 1912 Underwood became the president of the [[Pyeongtaek University]] established by [[Arthur Tappan Pierson]] ({{Korean|hangul=평택대학교, 구 피어선기념성경학교|labels=no}}). The same year Underwood became the president of the Joseon Christian College ({{Korean|hangul=경신학교|hanja=儆新學校|labels=no}}), the predecessor of [[Yonsei University]]. Underwood wrote several books on Korea, including ''[[The Call of Korea]].''<ref name="korea-times">{{cite news | title= 10 Most Remembered | work= [[The Korea Times]] | date= 17 October 2007 | url= https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2007/10/113_12096.html | access-date= 25 August 2016}}</ref>

== Death ==
In 1916, Underwood returned to the US due to failing health, but he died shortly thereafter in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]]. He was originally buried at [[Grove Church Cemetery]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Church for Hudson County - History |url=http://www.grovereformedchurch.org/page/glimpses_of_grove}}</ref> in [[North Bergen, New Jersey]], but in 1999 his remains were reinterred in the [[Yanghwajin Foreigners' Cemetery]] in Seoul, South Korea.

==Personal life==
[[File:Lillias Horton Underwood.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lillias Horton Underwood]]]]
Underwood's older brother, [[John T. Underwood]], a typewriter entrepreneur based in New York, helped finance Horace Grant's missionary endeavours. In 1889, Underwood married [[Lillias Horton Underwood|Lillias Horton]] (1851–1921), a doctor.

==Underwood family legacy==
[[File:Horace_Grant_Underwood_statue_in_Yonsei_Univ_main_campus.jpg|thumb|100px|Statue at Yonsei University]]
Underwood's legacy is visible at various Christian educational institutes in [[Seoul]]. There is a statue of Underwood in the centre of the [[Yonsei University]] campus, and the Underwood Activity Centre of [[Seoul Foreign School]] is dedicated to his grandson, [[Richard F. Underwood]]. Underwood's descendants continued to develop Korean society, religion, politics and education for over one hundred years.

His son, [[Horace H. Underwood|Horace Horton Underwood]] (1890–1951) continued the tradition of education and worked at Yonhi University, another predecessor of Yonsei University.

His grandson, Horace Grant Underwood II (1917–2004) who, among other notable achievements,<ref>[http://www.koreasociety.org/special_events/van_fleet_award/2002_horace_g._underwood.html The Korea Society] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205020050/http://www.koreasociety.org/special_events/van_fleet_award/2002_horace_g._underwood.html |date=5 December 2008 }} 2002 VAN FLEET AWARD</ref> served as an interpreter in the [[Korean War]] [[Korean Armistice Agreement|armistice talks]].<ref>[http://seoul.usembassy.gov/dr._horace_grant U.S. Embassy Eulogy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719123244/http://seoul.usembassy.gov/dr._horace_grant |date=19 July 2011 }} TRIBUTE TO DR. HORACE GRANT UNDERWOOD</ref>

His great-grandson, Horace Horton Underwood II (1942– ), served as a professor of [[English literature]] at [[Yonsei University]].

The Underwood family is no longer involved with mission work but continues to serve in Korea at the [[Embassy of the United States, Seoul|US Embassy]] in [[South Korea|Korea]] and in business.<ref>[http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200405/200405110042.html Korea Times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224132809/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200405/200405110042.html |date=24 December 2009 }} Underwood Family Bids Farewell to Korea after 119 Years of Service</ref>

The New Brunswick Theological Seminary has an endowed chair in honour of Underwood for a professor specialising in Global Christianity and missions.<ref>Reformed Church in America. [https://www.rca.org/document.doc?id=680 "RCA Report of the New Brunswick Theological Seminary: Building a New Future for the Oldest Protestant Seminary in North America."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927155516/https://www.rca.org/document.doc?id=680 |date=27 September 2013 }} (2013). Retrieved 17 September 2013.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Christianity in South Korea]]
* [[Yonsei University]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
* {{cite book
| last = Underwood
| first = Horace G.
| title = The Call of Korea
| year = 1908
| publisher = Fleming H. Revell Co.
| url = https://archive.org/details/callkoreapoliti00undegoog
| accessdate = 8 July 2008
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Horace Grant Underwood}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130815180258/http://www.history.pcusa.org/resources/heritage_sunday/2002/part1.cfm The first Presbyterian missionaries in Korea]
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=gov.archives.arc.95874|description="Longines Chronoscope with Horace E. Underwood (SIC)}}

{{Christianity in Korea}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Underwood, Horace Grant}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:American Presbyterian missionaries]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in Korea]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Korean]]
[[Category:University and college founders]]
[[Category:19th-century American translators]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Korea]]
[[Category:American missionary educators]]
[[Category:American missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Yonsei University people]]
[[Category:Burials at Yanghwajin Foreign Missionary Cemetery]]
[[Category:American Koreanists]]

Hamchang

2025-06-09T00:48:44Z

172.56.232.73: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|Place in South Korea}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto|hangul=^함창*읍|hanja=咸昌邑}}

'''Hamchang''' is an ''eup'' in [[Sangju]] City, [[North Gyeongsang]] province, [[South Korea]]. It comprises 30 distinct ''ri'' (the smallest [[Administrative divisions of South Korea|South Korean administrative division]]), and has a population of 8,427 (from 2003 registration figures). There are two elementary schools, a middle school and a high school. Hamchang was once the capital of a small kingdom, [[Goryeong Gaya]]. Although its role today is far less central, it remains an important local town, served by intercity buses as well as the [[Gyeongbuk Line]] railroad.

==Geography==
Hamchang is located about 19 kilometers north of the Sangju city center, and borders [[Jeomchon]] in [[Mungyeong]] City directly on the north. Within Sangju, it adjoins the local districts of [[Ian-myeon]], [[Gonggeom-myeon]], and [[Sabeol-myeon]]. It covers a total area of 43.37 km². Of this 16.87 km² are vacant. The vacant land is mostly mountainous, but contains no high peaks; [[Obong Mountain]] itself stands a mere 192 meters high. Hamchang's eastern border is formed by the [[Yeong River]], which flows between Mungyeong's [[Yeongsun-myeon]] and Hamchang-eup. The Iancheon stream runs from west to east across southern Hamchang and into the Yeong, which shortly thereafter meets the [[Nakdong River|Nakdong]].

==History==
[[Image:Hamchangmound2.jpg|thumb|300px|Tomb attributed to King [[Taejo of Goryeong Gaya]], in Hamchang-eup, Sangju City.]]
In the early [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms period]], the small [[monarchy|kingdom]] of [[Goryeong Gaya]] is traditionally supposed to have been based in Hamchang, making it by far the northernmost state of the [[Gaya confederacy]].

The reputed tomb of [[Taejo of Goryeong Gaya|Goryeong's founder]], who is also the progenitor of the Hamchang [[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]] lineage, is located near the town center. On Obong Mountain, other tombs dating to the Three Kingdoms period have been [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavated]]. These are sometimes associated with [[Sabeol-guk]], a minor state which appears in early Silla records . What relation may have existed between Sabeol-guk and Goryeong Gaya, or whether they were in fact the same kingdom, is not known.

By the early 6th century, the Hamchang area was securely under [[Silla]] control. It was subsequently administered as part of the ''ju'' of Sangju. At this time, Hamchang was known by various names which appear to suggest a connection with Goryeong Gaya, such as Goreung (고릉, 古陵), Gonyeong (고녕, 古寧), and Godongnam-gun (고동람군, 古冬欖郡).

In the [[Goryeo]] period, in 964, the area became known as Hamnyeong-gun (함녕군, 咸寧郡). The name changed to the present "Hamchang" in 1018. In the [[Joseon dynasty|Joseon]] period, the Hamchang area was designated as Hamchang-hyeon in 1490 and Hamchang-gun (Hamchang County) in 1895. In 1914, it became known as Hamchang-myeon and was included in Sangju County. It received its present designation as Hamchang-eup by presidential decree on December 1, 1980.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040223102044/http://www.sangju.go.kr/area/ar_main.php?code=701 Official eup website, in Korean]

{{coord missing|South Korea}}

[[Category:Sangju]]
[[Category:Towns and townships in North Gyeongsang Province]]

Choegowi

2025-06-09T00:32:32Z

172.56.232.73: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Go competition that ran from 1959 to 1997}}
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul = ^최고위
| hanja = 最高位
}}
The '''Choegowi''' ({{Korean|hangul=최고위|lit=Top Position}}) was a [[Go (board game)|Go]] competition that ran from 1959 to 1997. The preliminary stages were 8-player knockout rounds, with the players who won the preliminary split into two sections. The winners of those sections played a best-of-three match to decide who would challenge the holder of the title. The final was played in a best-of-five format. The thinking time was 5 hours, and [[Komidashi|komi]] was 5.5 points.

==Past winners==
{| class="wikitable"
!Player || Years held
|-
| [[Cho Namchul]]
| 1959 - 1966
|-
| [[Kim In]]
| 1967, 1971, 1972
|-
| [[Kang Cheol-min]]
| 1968, 1970
|-
| [[Cho Hunhyun]]
| 1973 - 1979, 1981 - 1988, 1992
|-
| [[Seo Bongsoo]]
| 1980
|-
| [[Lee Chang-ho]]
| 1989 - 1991, 1993 - 1997
|}

{{Korean go titles}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Go competitions in South Korea]]

Choe Deok-geun

2025-06-09T00:31:17Z

172.56.232.73: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean diplomat (1942–1996)}}
[[File:Choe Deok-geun.jpg|right|thumb|170px|Choe Deok-geun]]
{{family name hatnote|[[Choi (Korean name)|Choe]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=%최덕근
|hanja=崔德根
}}
'''Choe Deok-geun''' ({{Korean|hangul=최덕근}}; 2 November 1942 – 1 October 1996), also spelled '''Choi Duck-keun''' or '''Choi Duk-gun''', was a [[South Korean diplomatic missions|South Korean consular official]] for the [[Russian Far East]] who was believed to have been assassinated by [[poison]] in October 1996.<ref>{{citation|url=http://news.media.daum.net/politics/administration/200409/21/donga/v7411326.html?nil_rcmd=news|last=Bu|first=Hyeong-gwon|periodical=Donga Ilbo|date=2004-09-21|access-date=2007-06-01|title=盧-푸틴 정상회담: 한-러 '외교 악연' 이젠 끊길까/Roh-Putin Ministerial Meeting: Stopping the decline of Korea-Russia relations?}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{citation|url=http://www.dongailbo.co.kr/docs/magazine/news_plus/news64/plus64-12.html|periodical=Donga Ilbo Magazine|date=December 1996|access-date=2007-06-01|last=Yi|first=Su-hyeong|title='최영사 피살'범인은 역시 북한？/North Korea was the criminal in the "Choe Deok-gun murder"?}} (States that Choi was 44 at the time of his death)</ref>

==Biography==
Choe was born in [[Songtan]], [[Pyeongtaek]], [[Gyeonggido]], [[South Korea]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPqfynOuSX0&t=16s |title=피살된 외교관 최덕근 영사! 러시아 전문가였던 그는 왜 살해당했을까? {{!}} 이제 만나러 갑니다 613 회 |date=2023-09-18 |last=play 채널A |access-date=2024-08-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref> He studied the Russian language at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies.<ref name=":4" /> In 1985, he passed the [[Republic of Korea public service examinations|Korean civil service exam]].<ref name=":4" /> In February of 1993, Choe was appointed to the Ukrainian embassy in Korea.<ref name=":4" /> By December 1995, he was dispatched to Vladivostok to be the Consulate General.<ref name=":4" />

Vladivostok was a popular destination for North Koreans working for or fleeing their government.<ref name=":2" /> The DPRK held a consulate in nearby [[Nakhodka]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=TONG-HYUNG |first=KIM |title=Other mysterious deaths of North Korea's perceived enemies |url=https://www.gosanangelo.com/story/news/crime/2017/03/03/other-mysterious-deaths-north-koreas-perceived-enemies/98720518/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Standard-Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Choe's diplomatic work officially involved him acting as a consul of arts and culture, though it was later reported he was investigating counterfeiting and drug trafficking by North Koreans.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Russia asked to reinvestigate 1996 murder of SK diplomat |url=https://www.donga.com/en/List/article/all/20110927/402214/1 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Assassination==
Choe's body was discovered in the stairwell of an apartment complex housing other Korean nationals and diplomats.<ref name=":4" /> A few residents reported hearing a physical struggle, groans, and someone running away from the area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=최덕근영사 피살현장 상황 |url=https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/pc/view/view.do?ncd=3766471 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=KBS 뉴스 |language=ko}}</ref> Blood was discovered from the 6th floor all the way down to the 3rd.<ref name=":5" />

He had moved into this complex about 2 months prior.<ref name=":4" /> The complex was known to have lax security and issues with power outages. It is believed Choe was in the stairwell because the elevator power was out on that day.<ref name=":5" />

The official cause of Choe's death was listed as bludgeoning, and he had damage to his skull; two pencil-sized holes on his torso suggested injection of a foreign substance into his body.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fifield |first=Anna |date=2021-12-01 |title=Analysis {{!}} A not-that-short history of North Korean assassinations and attempts |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/02/15/a-not-that-short-history-of-north-korean-assassinations-and-attempts/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title= North Korean Provocative Actions, 1950 - 2007|url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/RL30004.pdf}}</ref> The injection is believed to have contained [[neostigmine]] bromide.<ref name=":3" /> When his corpse was discovered, he still had $1,200 cash in his pocket.<ref name=":2">{{citation|last=Bertil|first=Lintner|title=Blood Brothers: Crime, Business, and Politics in Asia|pages=213–214|publisher=Allen and Unwin|year=2002|isbn=1-86508-419-0}}</ref>

It emerged soon after that he had poison in his bloodstream of the same type as that carried by a [[North Korean Naval Force|North Korean submarine]] which had [[1996 Gangneung submarine infiltration incident|infiltrated South Korean waters and landed]] near [[Gangneung]], [[Gangwon (South Korea)|Gangwon]] the previous month; North Korea had threatened to retaliate for the killings of their [[Korean People's Army Special Operation Force|special forces]] agents by the [[Republic of Korea Army|South Korean Army]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IBS/is_4_30/ai_n13822276/pg_4|title=North Korean Special Operations Forces: 1996 Kangnung submarine infiltration|last=Dies|first=Harry P. Jr.|periodical=Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin|date=October–December 2004|access-date=2007-06-01}}</ref> North Korea denied all involvement and accused the South of fabricating evidence in order to frame the North.<ref>{{citation|date=1996-10-04|access-date=2007-06-01|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9610/04/korea.consul/index.html|title=North Korea denies murdering diplomat|periodical=CNN}}</ref> Some news reports at the time suggested that the North Koreans had hired a [[Russian Mafia]] hitman to actually carry out the murder.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.sisapress.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=4231|title=최덕근 영사, 러시아 마피아가 살해했다?/Consul Choe Deok-geun, killed by the Russian Mafia?|last=Jeong|first=Hoe-sang|periodical=Sisa Journal|date=1996-10-17|access-date=2007-06-01|archive-date=27 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031912/http://www.sisapress.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=4231|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Two or three assailants participated in the murder.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=1996 Global Terrorism: App. A Chron of Terrorist Incidents |url=https://irp.fas.org/threat/terror_96/appa.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=irp.fas.org}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Russia's two year long investigation concluded Choe was killed in an act of random violence. The South Korean government maintains its disagreement with this conclusion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-01-04 |title=Russia Concludes Korean Murder Investigation |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2003/01/04/socialAffairs/Russia-Concludes-Korean-Murder-Investigation/1869816.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |language=en}}</ref>

As a result of his death, South Korea's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] allegedly instructed their personnel to refrain from contacting with or providing assistance to [[North Koreans in Russia]], even [[North Korean defectors|refugees]], for fear that they too could be murdered.<ref>{{citation|title=North Korean refugees in Trouble |periodical=The Chosun Ilbo |date=1999-12-13 |access-date=2007-06-01 |url=http://www.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/199912/199912120308.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209012318/http://www.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/199912/199912120308.html |archive-date=2005-02-09 }}</ref> Some analysts believe that the North Korean government chose to delay announcing their 24 August arrest and detention of American citizen [[Evan Hunziker]] until around the time of Choe's murder in an attempt to divert attention.<ref name="LAT19961008">{{citation|last=Efron|first=Sonni|date=1996-10-08|access-date=2009-06-08|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-10-08-mn-51593-story.html|periodical=Los Angeles Times|title=North's Arrest of American Deepens Freeze in Korea}}</ref>

In 2011, the government requested Russia open a renewed investigation into the killing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia asked to reinvestigate 1996 murder of SK diplomat |url=https://www.donga.com/en/List/article/all/20110927/402214/1 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]] |language=en}}</ref>

No murderer has ever been accused in Choe's death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia asked to reinvestigate 1996 murder of SK diplomat |url=https://www.donga.com/en/List/article/all/20110927/402214/1 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|Russia|Biography|Politics}}
{{reflist|2}}

{{Auth}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choe, Deok-geun}}
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated diplomats]]
[[Category:Assassinated South Korean people]]
[[Category:Deaths by poisoning]]
[[Category:People murdered in Russia]]
[[Category:South Korean diplomats]]
[[Category:South Korean expatriates in Russia]]
[[Category:South Korean people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:North Korea–South Korea relations]]
[[Category:1942 births]]

Choi Soo-jong

2025-06-09T00:25:50Z

172.56.232.73: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|South Korean actor (born 1962)}}
{{family name hatnote|Choi||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Choi Soo-jong
| image = 180912 KBS 주말드라마 '하나뿐인 내편' 제작발표회 최수종 (1).jpg
| caption = Choi in September 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|12|18}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 1987–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ha Hee-ra]]|November 20, 1993}}
| children = 2
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes|headercolor=transparent
| hangul = %최수종
| hanja =
}}
}}
'''Choi Soo-jong''' ({{Korean|hangul=최수종}}; born December 18, 1962) is a South Korean actor. Choi made his debut in 1987 as a young actor in the TV [[soap opera]] ''Love Tree''. He has appeared in movies, on television and as an MC for various award shows. He has received worldwide recognition for his leading roles in some of the [[Korean drama#List of highest-rated series on terrestrial television|highest-rated Korean dramas of all time]], including ''[[Jealousy (1992 TV series)|Jealousy]]'' (1992), ''Sons and Daughters'' (1992–1993), ''Pilot'' (1993), ''Ambition'' (1994), ''Blowing of the Wind'' (1995–1996), ''[[First Love (1996 TV series)|First Love]]'' (1996–1997), ''Legend of Ambition'' (1998), ''[[Taejo Wang Geon (TV series)|Taejo Wang Geon]]'' (2000–2002).

Most recently, Choi garnered acclaim for his leading role in ''[[My Only One (TV series)|My Only One]]'' (2018–2019). He is also well known for his portrayals in the Korean historical dramas ''[[Emperor of the Sea]]'' (2004–2005), played the role of [[Jang Bogo]], and as the title character [[Dae Joyoung]] in the epic series ''[[Dae Jo-yeong (TV series)|Dae Jo-yeong]]'' (2006–2007).

==Career==
When reflecting on his more than twenty years as an actor, Choi said "To an actor, fame is short, but acting is long."

As a [[public figure]] and social activist, Choi Soo-jong has sought to project an image of integrity and wholesomeness. His fidelity to his wife and dedication to his role as father and husband are widely discussed in the media, although he strives to retain his family's privacy. Choi also openly discusses his commitment to clean living through regular exercise and healthy eating. Despite his advancing age, Choi continues to accept physically challenging roles that require horseback riding, combat and swordsmanship, and exposure to extreme temperatures. His youthful appearance and physical fitness allow Choi to play characters much younger than his actual age.

Despite Choi's image of integrity and health, in 2007 his career was briefly overshadowed by scandal. In a series of news stories, it was revealed that several high-profile Korean actors had falsified their academic credentials. Choi was among those whose educational background on his resume proved to be exaggerated and included untrue information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/nation_view.asp?newsIdx=8794&categoryCode=117 |title=Actor Choi Su-jong Falsifies Education |website=[[The Korea Times]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521065817/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/nation_view.asp?newsIdx=8794&categoryCode=117 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2007/08/117_8978.html |title=Film 'D-War Tops Internet News |publisher=[[The Korea Times]] |date=2007-08-26 |access-date=2013-08-02 |archive-date=2014-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230020/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2007/08/117_8978.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Choi tearfully apologized for misleading the public.

In 2010, Choi was cast in a lead role in Legend of the Patriots, a remake of the 1975 series Comrades. According to a press release from KBS, Choi found acting in a war drama even more challenging than the historical dramas he is known for. When asked why he chose to pursue the challenging genre of war drama, Choi stated "There is a problem though that the more I act, the more I become greedy for acting. What do I have to do from now on? Anyway, I want to remain as a good actor as I put more effort into managing myself"."

On January 3, 2022, Choi was appointed as the new president of the Korean Broadcasting Actors Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=629&aid=0000125578|author=Il Hong-kang|title=[인터뷰] 최수종, 연기자협회 신임 이사장 "연기자 인력풀 활성화|trans-title=[Interview] Soo-Jong Choi, new president of the Actors Association "Activating the talent pool for actors"|publisher=The Fact|via=[[Naver]]|date=January 5, 2022|access-date=January 5, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=January 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105061818/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=629&aid=0000125578|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2025}}
Choi is married to actress [[Ha Hee-ra|Ha Hee Ra]], a [[Chinese people in Korea|Hwagyo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Choi Soo-jong and Ha Hee-ra celebrate 20 years of marriage with photo shoot|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2982171|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=10 March 2015|date=18 December 2013|archive-date=18 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218115420/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2982171|url-status=live}}</ref> They have two children together: son Min-seo (1999) and daughter Yoon-seo (2000).<ref name=first /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sunwoo|first1=Carla|title=Ha Hee-ra reveals four miscarriages|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2956407|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=10 March 2015|date=19 July 2012|archive-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118141427/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2956407|url-status=live}}</ref> Choi Soo-jong and Ha Hee Ra's happy marriage is well-known in Korea. When Ha was pregnant, Choi did the housework, cooked, and let her rest, a fact that has made Choi very popular with Korean women and jokingly scorned by Korean men. In a television interview in early 2010, Choi's wife Ha stated her husband is a better housekeeper than she is. Choi is frequently seen text messaging and making phone calls with his wife Ha Hee Ra while filming and was even documented doing so in the television special for ''Emperor of the Sea''.

Choi has a reputation amongst co-stars as funny and bright. He is known as a jokester on the set that has earned him the title "NG Mawang" (NG Master). When he makes an NG (blooper), he attempts to make light of his error.

In his free time, Choi enjoys playing soccer on Sunday mornings. In 2008,
Choi announced that he would also begin studying English in his spare time.

==Social activities==
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2025}}
When not filming, Choi and his wife also are involved with charitable projects both jointly and separately. They contribute regularly to charitable causes in addition to actively volunteering for causes such as disabled children and were actively involved in the cleaning up after the massive oil spill in Korea in 2007.<ref>[http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/culturenlife/culturenlife_hotclick_detail.htm?No=88] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130042204/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/culturenlife/culturenlife_hotclick_detail.htm?No=88|date=January 30, 2009}}</ref> In the first half of 2009, Choi and Ha were selected to be the ambassadors for a worldwide campaign against tuberculosis. Also in 2009, Choi and Ha became goodwill ambassadors of the National Museum of Korea and sponsored a project to provide 50,000 Korean language guidebooks for visitors to the American Museum of Natural History in New York.

Additionally, in December 2008, Choi was one of five celebrities appointed as a goodwill ambassador to the Korean capital Seoul.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2008/12/178_35529.html |title=Fabulous Five to Promote Seoul |publisher=[[The Korea Times]] |date=2008-12-03 |access-date=2013-08-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820015417/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2008/12/178_35529.html |archive-date=2012-08-20 }}</ref>
As a member of the "Fabulous Five," Choi was chosen to publicize the international appeal of the city. In June 2009, Choi Soo-jong and six other high-profile actors waived their fees to teach master acting classes at Im Kwon-taek Film and Art College of Dongseo University.

==Filmography==

=== Films===
* ''Obedience'' (documentary, 2016)
* ''Iron Bag, Mr. Woo-soo'' (2012)
* ''The Man Who Cannot Kiss'' (1994)
* ''Man Upstairs, Woman Downstairs'' (1992)
* ''The Night Full of Stars'' (1991)
* ''Do You Like the Afternoon After the Rain?'' (1991)
* ''To You Again'' (1991)
* ''You Know What, It's A Secret'' (1990)
* ''Superman Yiljimae'' (1990)
* ''Puppy Love'' (1988)
* ''A Young Punch'' (1988)

===Television===
* ''[[Korea–Khitan War]]'' as [[Gang Gam-chan]] (KBS2, 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |author=Lee Ho-young |title=[단독] "강감찬 장군 납시오"…김산호부터 최수종, '고려거란전쟁' 라인업(종합) |trans-title=[Exclusive] "General Kang Gam-chan, please"... From Kim San-ho to Choi Soo-jong, 'Goryeo Georan War' lineup (comprehensive) |url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=408&aid=0000187314 |date=April 29, 2023 |access-date=April 29, 2023 |publisher=iMBC Entertainment |language=ko |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429032114/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=408&aid=0000187314 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Record of Youth]]'' (Cameo) (tvN,2020)<ref>{{cite web|title=[단독] 최수종, '청춘기록' 특별출연...아내 하희라 사랑의 지원사격|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/052/0001501351|website=news.naver|language=ko|date=2020-10-13|access-date=2020-10-13|archive-date=2020-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017202728/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/052/0001501351|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[My Only One (TV series)|My Only One]]'' (KBS2, 2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=312&aid=0000342269|title=배우 최수종, KBS2 주말극 '하나뿐인 내편'으로 안방극장 복귀 (공식)|date=August 7, 2018|website=10Asia|language=ko|access-date=August 8, 2018|archive-date=August 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808171922/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=312&aid=0000342269|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[:ko:임진왜란 1592|Japanese Invasion of Korea 1592]]'' (2016)
*''[[Into the Flames]]'' (TV Chosun, 2014)
*''[[You Are the Boss!]]'' (MBC, 2013) (cameo)
*''[[Dream of the Emperor]]'' (KBS1, 2012)
*''[[KBS Drama Special]]: For Her Son'' (KBS2, 2011)
*''[[The President (South Korean TV series)|The President]]'' (KBS2, 2010)
*''[[Legend of the Patriots]]'' (KBS1, 2010)
*''Korean Ghost Stories: Curse of the Sajin Sword'' (KBS2, 2008)
*''[[Dae Jo-yeong (TV series)|Dae Jo-yeong]]'' (KBS1, 2006)
*''[[Emperor of the Sea]]'' (KBS2, 2004)
*''War of the Roses'' (MBC, 2004)
*''On the Prairie'' (KBS2, 2003)
*''Man of the Sun, Lee Je-ma'' (KBS2, 2002)
*''[[Taejo Wang Geon (TV series)|Taejo Wang Geon]]'' (KBS1, 2000)
*''[[Did We Really Love?]]'' (KBS2, 1999)
*''People's House'' (KBS1, 1999)
*''Beautiful Secret'' (KBS2, 1999)
*''Legend of Ambition'' (KBS2, 1998)
*''When She Beckons'' (KBS2, 1997)
*''Fireworks'' (MBC, 1997)
*''Three Guys and Three Girls'' (MBC, 1997) (cameo)
*''[[First Love (1996 TV series)|First Love]]'' (KBS2, 1996)
*''Blowing of the Wind'' (KBS2, 1995)
*''Last Lovers'' (MBC, 1994)
*''Rival of History'' (KBS1, 1994)
*''Ambition'' (MBC, 1994)
*''Pilot'' (MBC, 1993)
*''Hot River'' (MBC, 1993)
*''Drama Game'' (KBS2 1993)
*''Best Theater'' (MBC, 1993)
*''Bong Yi-jeon'' (KBS2, 1993)
*''Sons and Daughters'' (MBC, 1992-1993)
*''Chunwon Yi Kwang-su'' (MBC, 1992)
*''[[Jealousy (1992 TV series)|Jealousy]]'' (MBC, 1992)
*''City People'' (MBC, 1992)
*''The Family'' (KBS2, 1991-1992)
*''Happiness Dictionary'' (MBC, 1991)
*''Chunsa Na Woon-gyu'' (MBC, 1991)
*''Seoul Earthenware Pot'' (KBS1, 1990)
*''Daewongun'' (MBC, 1990)
*''Love's Open Every Hour'' (MBC, 1990)
*''Love Rains Clouds'' (MBC, 1989)
*''Sir'' (MBC, 1989)
*''Principal Investigator'' (MBC, 1989)
*''The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong'' (MBC, 1988-1989)
*''[[:ko:인현왕후 (드라마)|Queen Inhyeon]]'' (MBC, 1988)
*''Love Tree'' (KBS, 1987-1990)

===Variety shows===
* ''You'll Know when You Leave'' (2023; New Year's specials) with Do Kyung-wan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=009&aid=0005076437|author=Lee Da-gyeom|title=SBS 설특집 '떠나보면 알 거야', 최수종·도경완의 합법적 외박|trans-title=SBS Lunar New Year Special 'You'll Know When You Leave', Soo-Jong Choi and Kyung-Wan Do stay out legally|publisher=Maeil Business Daily Star Today|via=[[Naver]]|date=January 18, 2023|access-date=January 20, 2023|language=ko|archive-date=January 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120161649/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=009&aid=0005076437|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Second House'' (2022–2023; Season 1–2) with [[Ha Hee-ra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=410&aid=0000899327|author=Son Jin-ah|title=최수종·하희라·주상욱·조재윤, '세컨 하우스' 출연…10월 말 첫방(공식)|trans-title=Choi Soo-jong, Ha Hee-ra, Joo Sang-wook, and Jo Jae-yoon to appear in 'Second House'... First episode at the end of October (official)|publisher=MK Sports|via=[[Naver]]|date=October 12, 2022|access-date=October 12, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=October 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013061145/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=410&aid=0000899327|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''This is Wild 3'' (2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=001&aid=0013152606|author=Kang Ae-ran|title=EBS, 생태 다큐시리즈 '이것이 야생이다3' 내달 첫선…최수종 MC|trans-title=EBS, ecological documentary series 'This is Wild 3' premieres next month... Choi Soo-jong MC|publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=May 2, 2022|access-date=May 2, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=May 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502105626/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=001&aid=0013152606|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''{{ill|Melodies of Korea|ko|한국인의 노래}}'' (2020)
*''{{ill|Friendly Variety Show|ko|친한 예능}}'' (January 2020–May 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=202001080100046260002793&servicedate=20200107|title=[SC현장] "'1박2일'과 달라"..최수종→브루노 '친한예능', 2.5% 넘길까 (종합)|date=2020-01-07|access-date=2020-01-07|website=[[Sports Chosun]]|language=ko|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421091120/https://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=202001080100046260002793&servicedate=20200107|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Choi Soo-jong Show'' (2003)

=== Hosting ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2022
| opening ceremony 19th EBS International Documentary Film Festival (EIDF)
| with [[Park Kyung-lim]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=001&aid=0013369662|author=Kang Ae-ran|title=[방송소식] 최수종·박경림, EBS국제다큐영화제 개막식 사회|trans-title=[Broadcasting News] Choi Soo-jong and Park Kyung-rim, EBS International Documentary Film Festival Opening Ceremony Moderator|publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=August 11, 2022|access-date=August 11, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=August 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811171141/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=001&aid=0013369662|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2023
|Public Broadcasting 50th Anniversary Special
|with [[Kang Ho-dong]] And [[Chae Shi-ra]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=최수종×채시라×강호동 '당신의 KBS, 우리의 50년' MC 확정 |url=https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/5897685 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=노컷뉴스}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
| 1990
| [[KBS Drama Awards]]
| Popularity Award
|
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1991
| 27th [[Baeksang Arts Awards]]
| Popularity Award in Film
| ''Well, It's A Secret''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[MBC Drama Awards]]
| Excellence Award, Actor
|
| {{won}}
|-
| [[KBS Drama Awards]]
| Popularity Award
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 1992
| [[MBC Drama Awards]]
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| ''Jealousy''
| {{won}}
|-
| 1993
| [[MBC Drama Awards]]
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| ''Sons and Daughters''
| {{won}}
|-
| 1994
| 30th [[Baeksang Arts Awards]]
| Popularity Award in TV
| ''Pilot''
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 1995
|rowspan=2| [[KBS Drama Awards]]
| Popularity Award
|rowspan=2| ''Blowing of the Wind''
| {{won}}
|-
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1996
| [[KBS Drama Awards]]
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
|rowspan=2| ''[[First Love (1996 TV series)|First Love]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| 1997
| 10th Grimae Awards
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1998
| 25th Korea Broadcasting Awards
| Best Actor
| rowspan="5"| ''Legendary Ambition''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[KBS Drama Awards]]
| Photogenic Award
| {{won}}
|-
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| {{nom}}
|-
| '''Grand Prize/Daesang'''
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan=3| 1999
| 35th [[Baeksang Arts Awards]]
| Best Actor in TV
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2| [[KBS Drama Awards]]
| Popularity Award
|rowspan=2| ''Did You Ever Love?''
| {{won}}
|-
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2 |2001
|rowspan=2| [[KBS Drama Awards]]
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
|rowspan=2| ''[[Taejo Wang Geon (TV series)|Emperor Wang Gun]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|'''Grand Prize/Daesang'''
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 2002
|rowspan=2| [[KBS Drama Awards]]
| Popularity Award
|rowspan=2| ''Man of the Sun, Lee Je-ma''
| {{won}}
|-
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2003
| [[KBS Drama Awards]]
| Special Award
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 2005
| [[KBS Drama Awards]]
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
|rowspan=2| ''[[Emperor of the Sea]]''
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 2006
| 1st [[Seoul International Drama Awards]]
| Best Actor<ref>{{cite web|title=류시원, 제 1회 '서울드라마어워즈 2006' 사회|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&aid=0000039929|website=starnews|access-date=2017-09-10|archive-date=2017-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910082853/http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&aid=0000039929|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[2006 KBS Drama Awards|KBS Drama Awards]]
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| rowspan="6"| ''[[Dae Jo-yeong (TV series)|Dae Jo-yeong]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2007
| rowspan="3"| [[2007 KBS Drama Awards|KBS Drama Awards]]
| Netizen Award
| {{won}}
|-
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| {{nom}}
|-
| '''Grand Prize/Daesang'''
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2008
| [[2nd Korea Drama Awards|2nd]] [[Korea Drama Awards]]
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| {{won}}
|-
| 35th Korea Broadcasting Association Awards
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
|-
| [[2008 KBS Drama Awards|KBS Drama Awards]]
| Excellence Award, Actor in a One-Act/Special/Short Drama
| ''Hometown Legends - "The Curse of Sajin Sword"''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2010
| [[2010 KBS Drama Awards|KBS Drama Awards]]
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| ''[[Legend of the Patriots]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2011
| [[2011 KBS Drama Awards|KBS Drama Awards]]
| Excellence Award, Actor in a One-Act/Special/Short Drama
| ''For My Son''
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 2012
|rowspan=2| [[2012 KBS Drama Awards|KBS Drama Awards]]
| Excellence Award, Actor in a Serial Drama
|rowspan=4| ''[[Dream of the Emperor]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 2013
|rowspan=2| [[2013 KBS Drama Awards|KBS Drama Awards]]
| Excellence Award, Actor in a Serial Drama
| {{nom}}
|-
| Top Excellence Award, Actor
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2014
| [[Miss Supertalent]] Star Awards
| Excellence Award, Actor
| ''Korean Wave''
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2018
|rowspan=3|[[KBS Drama Awards]]
|Top Excellence Award, Actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=312&aid=0000364968|script-title=ko: [2018 KBS 연기대상] 유동근 대상 "장미희 덕분인데 내가 왜..대하드라마 부활 기원"|trans-title=[2018 KBS Drama Awards] Donggeun Lee Grand Prize "Why am I ... thanks to Jang Mi-hee.|last=Woo|first=Bin|date=January 1, 2019|work=Ten Asia|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101002757/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=312&aid=0000364968|archive-date=January 1, 2019|access-date=January 1, 2019|via=[[Naver]]}}</ref>
|rowspan=4|''[[My Only One (TV series)|My Only One]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|Excellence Award, Actor in a Serial Drama
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Couple {{small|(with [[Jin Kyung]])}}
|{{won}}
|-
| 2019 || [[12th Korea Drama Awards]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Park|first= Pan-suk|title= '하나뿐인내편' 최수종, 2019 코리아드라마 어워즈 대상 영예[공식] |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0004094701|work=OSEN| date=October 2, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191222113022/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0004094701 |archive-date=December 22, 2019|access-date=May 15, 2020|language=ko|via=[[Naver]]}}</ref> || Grand Prize (Daesang)||{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| rowspan="2" | [[2021 KBS Entertainment Awards|19th KBS Entertainment Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tenasia.hankyung.com/tv-drama/article/2021122536524|author=Jeong Tae-geun|title=최수종♥하희라, '2021 KBS 연예대상' 공로상…"모든 건 배우자 덕분|trans-title=Choi Soo-jong ♥ Ha Hee-ra, '2021 KBS Entertainment Awards' Achievement Award... "It's all thanks to my spouse"|publisher=Ten Asia|date=December 25, 2021|access-date=December 26, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=December 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225183429/https://tenasia.hankyung.com/tv-drama/article/2021122536524|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Achievement Award
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mr. House Husband]] 2''
| {{won}}
|-
| Excellence Award in Reality Category<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0003564951|author=Lee Seung-rok|title=오윤아·장민호, 우수상 리얼리티 부문 수상 영광 [KBS연예대상]|trans-title=Yoona Oh and Minho Jang, Received Excellence Award in Reality Category [KBS Entertainment Awards]|publisher=My Daily|via=[[Naver]]|date=December 26, 2021|access-date=December 26, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111184657/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0003564951|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=5|2023
| rowspan=5|[[2023 KBS Drama Awards|KBS Drama Awards]]
| '''Grand Prize/Daesang'''<ref name="kbs23">{{Cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=112&aid=0003673407|last=Kim|first=Na-yul|date=January 1, 2024|language=ko|publisher=[[Herald Pop]]|script-title=ko:[2023 KBS 연기대상]최수종, 16년만 4번째 대상에 오열.."당연한 건 없었다"(종합)|trans-title=[2023 KBS Drama Awards] Choi Soo-jong wins the Grand Prize for the 4th time in 16 years.."Nothing was taken for granted" (Comprehensive)|access-date=January 1, 2024|via=[[Naver]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101124345/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=112&aid=0003673407|archive-date=January 1, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
|rowspan=4| ''[[Korea–Khitan War]]''
| {{Won}}
|-
|Top Excellence Award, Actor<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kim Min-seo|title=[KBS 연기대상] 최우수상 로운 "흐린 눈으로 지켜봐 주길"·김동준 "최수종에 감사"|trans-title=[KBS Drama Awards] Grand Acting Prize Rowoon “Please watch with blurry eyes” · Kim Dong-jun “Thank you to Choi Soo-jong”|url=https://www.mediapen.com/news/view/885186|work=MediaPen|date=January 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101115201/https://www.mediapen.com/news/view/885186|archive-date=January 1, 2024|access-date=January 1, 2024|language=ko|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|Excellence Award, Actor in a Serial Drama<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kim Min-seo|title=[KBS 연기대상] 지승현·하준·백진희, 장편 우수상…"스태프들에 감사"|trans-title=[KBS Drama Awards] Ji Seung-hyun, Ha Jun, Baek Jin-hee, Excellence Award for Feature Film... "Thank you to the staff"|url=https://www.mediapen.com/news/view/885180|work=MediaPen|date=January 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101130406/https://www.mediapen.com/news/view/885180|archive-date=January 1, 2024|access-date=January 1, 2024|language=ko|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|Popularity Award, Actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://program.kbs.co.kr/2tv/drama/2023dramaawards/pc/board.html?smenu=652d74&bbs_loc=T2023-0438-01-62465,list,none,1,0|title=2023 KBS 연기대상 인기상 투표|trans-title=2023 KBS Drama Awards Popularity Award Vote|website=[[Korean Broadcasting System]]|access-date=January 1, 2024|language=ko|archive-date=January 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101113446/https://program.kbs.co.kr/2tv/drama/2023dramaawards/pc/board.html?smenu=652d74&bbs_loc=T2023-0438-01-62465,list,none,1,0|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Couple Award<ref name="kbs23"/>
| Choi Soo-jong (with [[Kim Dong-jun]]) ''[[Korea–Khitan War]]''
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://sujong.softland.co.kr/}}
*{{HanCinema person}}
*{{IMDb name|1104868}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Choi Soo-jong
|list =
{{Paeksang Arts Award Best Actor Television}}
{{KBS Drama Awards for Grand Prize (Daesang)}}
{{KBS Drama Awards for Popularity Award, Actor}}
{{Korea Drama Awards Grand Prize}}
{{Korea Drama Awards Top Excellence Award, Actor}}
{{Grimae Awards for Best Actor}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choi, Soo Jong}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:South Korean male film actors]]
[[Category:South Korean male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Seoul]]
[[Category:20th-century South Korean male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean male actors]]
[[Category:Haeju Choe clan|Soo-jong]]

Choi Mong-lyong

2025-06-09T00:23:31Z

172.56.232.73: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean archaeologist}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=%최몽룡
|hanja= 崔夢龍
}}
'''Choi Mong-lyong''' (born 1946) is an archaeologist and professor in the Department of Archaeology and Art History at [[Seoul National University]] in Seoul, South Korea. Choi was born in Seoul and received his PhD degree in [[anthropology]] in 1984 from [[Harvard University]] in the [[United States]]. At Harvard, Choi was a student of [[K.C. Chang]].

Choi has conducted archaeological research on the [[Mumun Pottery Period]], the rise of civilization, ancient cities, and states. Although they are truly multi-authored publications, Choi is credited as the author of many archaeological site reports from Jeonnam University and Seoul National University Museum.

Choi Mong-lyong served as assistant dean of the Faculty of Humanities at SNU in the late 1980s and was the director of the Seoul National University Museum from 1995 to 1999. He has been a member of the National Heritage Committee of Korea since 1999. Choi is a past president of the Korean Ancient Historical Society.

==Selected bibliography==
*Dolmens of Korea, Archaeology. ''Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia'' 2, 2000.
*Origin and Distribution of Korean Dolmens. ''Hanguk Sanggosa Hakbo'' [Journal of the Korean Ancient Historical Society] 39, 1999.
*Trade in Wiman State Formation. In ''Pacific Northeast Asia in Prehistory'', edited by C. Melvin Aikens and Song-nai Rhee, pp. Washington State University, Pullman, 1992.
*(with Rhee Song-nai, senior author). Emergence of Complex Society in Prehistoric Korea. ''Journal of World Prehistory'' 6(1):51-95, 1992.
*A Study of Youngsan River Valley Culture. PhD dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, 1984.
*''Jaemi Innun Gogohak Yeohaeng'' [Interesting Archaeological Tourism]. Hakyeon Munhwasa, Seoul, 1991.
*Yeongsan-gang Yuyeok-eui Seonsa Yujeok Yumul [Prehistoric Sites and Artifacts Discovered form the Yeongsan-gang River Valley]. ''Yeoksa Hakbo'' [Journal of History] 73:67-87, 1973.

==See also==
*[[Jeong Ji-hae]]
*[[Kim Won-yong]]
*[[K.C. Chang]]
*[[Mumun Pottery Period]]
*[[Prehistory of Korea]]
*[[Proto–Three Kingdoms]]
*[[Korean Three Kingdoms]]

==External links==
*[https://archive.today/20121219203714/http://www.archaeology-arthistory.or.kr/introduce/professor03.htmBrief profile of Choi Mong-lyong and comprehensive bibliography] (Korean)
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Choi, Mong-lyong}}
[[Category:South Korean archaeologists]]
[[Category:South Korean expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Korea-academic-bio-stub}}

Moon Hee-joon

2025-06-09T00:17:26Z

172.56.232.73: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|South Korean singer-songwriter}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{family name hatnote|Moon||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Moon Hee-joon
| image = ((TV10) 문희준이 밝힌 소율과의 결혼 소감 (feat. 크레용팝 빠빠빠) 1m14s.jpg
| image_upright = 1.15
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|03|14}}<ref>[http://www.sidushq.com/star/mhjun Official SidusHQ MoonHeeJun Star About Star Page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828061243/http://www.sidushq.com/star/mhjun |date=August 28, 2008}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Gangnam District]], [[Seoul]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web|url=https://c5.cinefox.com/actor/view?isb=Y&movieman_seq=22419|title=
문희준|website=Cinefox (씨네폭스)|access-date=2024-01-01|language=ko}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|dancer|choreographer|TV host|composer}}
| years_active = 1996–present
| agent =
| spouse = {{marriage|Soyul|2017}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater =
| website =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed= yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
* Rock
* pop}}
| years_active = 1996–present
| label = IOK Company
| past_member_of = [[H.O.T.]]
| current_member_of = H.S.g.R.
| module2 = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes
|hangul = %문희준
|hanja = 文熙畯
}}}}
}}

'''Moon Hee-joon''' ({{korean|문희준}}; born March 14, 1978), also spelled '''Moon Hee-jun''', is a South Korean [[pop rock]] singer-songwriter and dancer signed under [[SidusHQ]]. He initially rose to fame as the leader of former boy band [[H.O.T. (Korean band)|H.O.T.]] under [[SM Entertainment]].

==Biography==
===1996–2001: H.O.T.===
{{see also|H.O.T.}}
Being the second member to join H.O.T. after auditioning, Moon made his debut as a singer as the leader of the boy group. The group debuted with their first album, ''We Hate All Kinds of Violence'' in September 1996, which was accused of being plagiarized and lawsuits were placed against them. Despite their controversial debut, the group eventually rose to fame with their first hit, ''Candy'' and ''We Are the Future'', which the latter won them a [[MTV]] award for Best International Video. During his time as part of the group, Moon composed and wrote music for the group and with fellow member, Jang Woo-hyuk, he often choreographed the group's dance routine.<ref name=koreaboo>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaboo.com/index.html/_/editorial/spotlight-moon-heejun-r10210|title=SPOTLIGHT: Moon Heejun|publisher=Korea Boo|access-date=August 31, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140831135052/http://www.koreaboo.com/index.html/_/editorial/spotlight-moon-heejun-r10210|archive-date=August 31, 2014}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=See reliable sources list on [[WP:KO/RS]]|date=December 2024}} Despite H.O.T.'s success, after releasing their last album, ''Outside Castle'' in September 2000, the group disbanded in May 2001.

===2001–2005: Solo artist and leaving S.M. Entertainment===
After the disbandment of the group, Moon stayed on in S.M. Entertainment with [[Kangta]], who was also part of H.O.T., and debuted as a solo artist. Moon attempted to establish a rock music career with his first album, ''Alone'', but received criticism from the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kome-world.com/us/artists-biography-102-moon-hee-jun.html|title=Moon Hee Jun|publisher=Kome World|access-date=August 31, 2014}}</ref> His second album, ''Messiah'', was tinted with controversy as one of the songs, ''Media'', was banned from all 3 major broadcasting stations in South Korea, for attacking mass media. After the release of his third album, Legend, in 2003, Moon released ''The Best: Soaring for a Dream'', his last album under S.M. Entertainment and created his own company, PS Entertainment. After Moon released his fourth album, ''Triple X'', he enlisted in the army in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/%EB%AC%B8%ED%9D%AC%EC%A4%80|script-title=ko:문희준|publisher=last.fm|access-date=August 31, 2014}}</ref>

===2006–2009: Military service, SidusHQ and comeback ===
Before entering the army, Moon had signed a contract with SidusHQ and during his time in the army, he hosted the KFN Korean Army Broadcast "Music Talk Show", which received recognition from various Korean artistes. In 2008, Moon released his fifth album, ''Special Album'', which included songs from H.O.T. previous albums. Moon released his first mini album, ''Last Cry'', in 2009. In the same year, Moon appeared in sitcom ''Taehee, Hyegyo, Jihyun'' and took a break from the music scene.<ref name=koreaboo/>

===2010–present: Other activities, ''Begins'', HotSechgodRG===
Despite being absent from the music scene, Moon took up hosting in several variety programs such as, [[Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend]], Mnet's 'Wide Celebrity News' and other programs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tvreport.co.kr/?c=news&m=newsview&idx=157545|script-title=ko:'불후의 명곡2' 문희준 MC 정식 발탁…김구라와 '폭풍 수다' 예고 |date=September 29, 2011|publisher=TV Report|access-date=November 16, 2011|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/10/moon-hee-jun-becomes-the-new-mc-for-mnets-wide-celebrity-news|title=Moon Hee Jun becomes the new MC for Mnet's 'Wide Celebrity News'|publisher=[[Allkpop]]|access-date= August 31, 2014}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=See reliable sources list on [[WP:KO/RS]]|date=December 2024}} In 2013, Moon released his second mini album, ''Begins'', after being away from the music scene from 3 years. It was released on January 18, 2013.

Moon, his H.O.T. bandmate [[Tony An]] and three members of disbanded or inactive fellow first-generation idol groups [[Eun Ji-won]] of [[Sechs Kies]], [[Danny Ahn]] of [[g.o.d]] and [[Chun Myung-hoon]] of [[NRG (South Korean band)|NRG]] starred in their own variety-reality television show ''[[Handsome Boys of the 20th Century]]''. He had conceived the idea following the success of ''[[Reply 1997]]'' and invited the four other entertainers, all of whom were born in the same year (1978), to star in a reality version of the show. They called their "group" HOTSechgodRG, which is made up of each of their idol group names.<ref>{{cite news|title="20th Century Boys" Create "HotSechGodRG" and Release Music Video Teaser|url=https://www.soompi.com/2013/05/11/20th-century-boys-create-hotsechgodrg-and-release-music-video-teaser/|publisher=[[Soompi]]|date=May 11, 2013}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=See reliable sources list on [[WP:KO/RS]]|date=December 2024}}<ref>{{cite news|title=H.O.T, Sechskies, g.o.d, and NRG form H.S.g.R and compete on 'Immortal Song 2'|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/06/hot-sechskies-god-and-nrg-form-hjgr-compete-on-immortal-song-2|publisher=[[allkpop]].com|date=June 23, 2013}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=See reliable sources list on [[WP:KO/RS]]|date=December 2024}} They have since appeared on shows such as KBS's ''[[Happy Together (2001 TV series)|Happy Together]]'' [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]'s ''[[Running Man (South Korean TV series)|Running Man]]''. Due to the reuniting of Eun's group Sechs Kies and Danny Ahn's group g.o.d, they have not appeared as a five-some since the 2014 show ''Where is My Superhero?'', which aired on [[OnStyle]], due to busy schedules but remain close friends. The group, except Eun, most recently met at Moon's bachelor party which was shown on ''[[My Little Old Boy]]'', the reality show that Tony An was participating in.

In 2015, Moon signed an exclusive contract with KOEN Stars.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ko:문희준, 코엔스타즈와 전속계약…이경규 이휘재와 한솥|url=http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/405279|work=10Asia ([[Korea Economic Daily]])|date=January 2, 2015|language=ko}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Moon Hee-jun and Soyul wedding.jpg|thumb|250px|Park and Moon at the press conference of their wedding]]
On November 25, 2016, Moon announced that he would be marrying fellow entertainer Park Hye-Kyeong, also known as Soyul of [[Crayon Pop]], who is 13 years his junior. The wedding was held on February 12, 2017, in Seoul. The pair then welcomed their first child, daughter Moon Hee-yul, on May 12, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2017/05/moon-hee-jun-and-soyul-welcome-their-first-child|title=Moon Hee Jun and Soyul welcome their first child jamjam}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=See reliable sources list on [[WP:KO/RS]]|date=December 2024}} On February 5, 2022 the couple announced of their second pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ha Ji-won|date=February 5, 2022|script-title=ko:"잼잼이 동생 생겨"…문희준♥소율, 둘째 임신 발표 [종합]|trans-title="Jam Jam has a younger brother"... Moon Hee-jun ♥ So-yul announces second pregnancy [General]|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001406329|access-date=February 5, 2022|website=Xports News|language=ko|via=Naver}}</ref> Their second child, son Moon Heewoo was born on September 7, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeong Tae-yoon |date=September 10, 2022 |script-title=ko:문희준·소율, 7일 득남…"결혼 5년 만에 둘째" |trans-title=Moon Hee-jun and So-yul gave birth on the 7th... "Second after 5 years of marriage" |url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=433&aid=0000085617 |access-date=September 10, 2022 |website=Dispatch |language=ko}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{{See also|H.O.T.#Discography}}

===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album details
! scope="col" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales
|-
! style="width:3em;" | KOR RIAK <ref name="riak_album">Recording Industry Association of Korea monthly chart:

* ''Alone'' charting: {{cite web|script-title=ko:2001년 10월 가요음반판매량|url=http://riak.or.kr/chart/riakpdf.asp?hit_year=2001&hit_month=10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627062500/http://riak.or.kr/chart/riakpdf.asp?hit_year=2001&hit_month=10|archive-date=June 27, 2018|access-date=December 6, 2020|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko}}
* ''Messiah'' charting: {{cite web|title=2002.07월 - 가요 음반 판매량|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200207.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112050255/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200207.htm|archive-date=November 12, 2008|access-date=December 6, 2020|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko}}
* ''Legend'' charting: {{cite web|title=2003.07월 - 가요 음반 판매량|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200307.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041016140648/http://www.riak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200307.htm|archive-date=October 16, 2004|access-date=August 12, 2022|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko}}
* ''Triple X'' charting: {{cite web|title=2005.9월 - 가요 음반 판매량|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200509.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518071014/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200509.htm|archive-date=May 18, 2009|access-date=December 6, 2020|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko}}
* ''Best: A Soaring For Dream'' charting: {{cite web|title=2004.04월 - 가요 음반 판매량|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200404.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112045620/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200404.htm|archive-date=November 12, 2008|access-date=December 6, 2020|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko}}
* ''Special Album'' charting: {{cite web|title=2008. 3 월 - 가요음반 판매량|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200803.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215704/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200803.htm|archive-date=February 26, 2009|access-date=December 6, 2020|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko}}
</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Alone''
|
* Released: October 5, 2001
* Label: [[SM Entertainment]]
* Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Cassette tape|cassette]]
| 1
|
* KOR: 317,237<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:2001년 - 가요 음반 판매량|url=http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2001_2h.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228163329/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2001_2h.htm|archive-date=February 28, 2009|access-date=December 6, 2020|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Messiah''
|
* Released: July 18, 2002
* Label: SM Entertainment
* Formats: CD, cassette
| 3
|
* KOR: 171,652<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:2002년 - 가요 음반 판매량|url=http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2002_2h.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228162941/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2002_2h.htm|archive-date=February 28, 2009|access-date=December 6, 2020|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Legend''
|
* Released: July 28, 2003
* Label: SM Entertainment
* Formats: CD, cassette
| 3
|
* KOR: 58,835<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:2003년 - 가요 음반 판매량|url=http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2003_2h.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228163333/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2003_2h.htm|archive-date=February 28, 2009|access-date=December 6, 2020|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Triple X''
|
* Released: September 20, 2005
* Label: PS Entertainment
* Formats: CD, cassette
| 10
|
* KOR: 27,656<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:2005년 - 가요 음반 판매량|url=http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2005.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228163338/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2005.htm|archive-date=February 28, 2009|access-date=December 6, 2020|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Other albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album details
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales
|-
! style="width:3em;" | KOR RIAK <ref name="riak_album"/>
! style="width:3em;" | [[Gaon Chart|KOR Gaon]] <ref name="gaon album">{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/search/list.gaon?serviceGbn=ALBUM&nationGbn=T&yyyy=2010&condition=2&search_str=%EB%AC%B8%ED%9D%AC%EC%A4%80|title=Album Chart "문희준" Search|website=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|access-date=December 6, 2020|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Live Revolution''
|
* Released: December 9, 2002
* Label: SM Entertainment
* Formats: CD, cassette
| —
| rowspan="3" {{n/a}}
|
|-
! scope="row"|''Best: A Soaring For Dream''
|
* Released: April 28, 2004
* Label: SM Entertainment
* Formats: CD
| 21
|
* KOR:13,316<ref>{{cite web|title=2004.06월 - 가요 상반기 음반 판매량|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2004-1h.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718172858/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2004-1h.htm|archive-date=July 18, 2007|access-date=December 6, 2020|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Special Album''
|
* Released: March 18, 2008
* Label: [[IHQ (company)|IHQ]]
* Formats: CD
| 7
|
* KOR: 8,790<ref>{{cite web|title=2008.상반기 결산 판매량|url=http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2008_1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220151023/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2008_1.htm|archive-date=February 20, 2009|access-date=December 6, 2020|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''20th Anniversary''
|
* Released: November 12, 2016
* Label: Interpark
* Formats: CD, digital download
| {{n/a}}
| 15
|
* KOR: 2,331<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?serviceGbn=ALBUM&termGbn=month&hitYear=2016&targetTime=11&nationGbn=T|script-title=ko:2016년 11월 Album Chart|website=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|access-date=December 6, 2020|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Extended plays===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album details
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales
|-
! style="width:3em;" | KOR RIAK <ref name="riak_album"/>
! style="width:3em;" | [[Gaon Chart|KOR Gaon]] <ref name="gaon album"/>
|-
! scope="row"|''Last Cry''
|
* Released: June 18, 2009
* Label: IHQ
* Formats: CD, digital download
| rowspan="2" {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|
|-
! scope="row"|''Begins''
|
* Released: January 18, 2013
* Label: Line Entertainment
* Formats: CD, digital download
| 8
|
* KOR: 4,593<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?serviceGbn=ALBUM&termGbn=month&hitYear=2013&targetTime=01&nationGbn=T|script-title=ko:2013년 01월 Album Chart|website=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|access-date=December 6, 2020|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |Year
! colspan="1" scope="col" |Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |Sales
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |Album
|-
! style="width:3em | [[Gaon Music Chart|KOR Gaon]] <ref name="gaon digital">{{Cite web|title=Digital Chart "문희준" Search|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/search/list.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&nationGbn=T&yyyy=2010&condition=2&search_str=%EB%AC%B8%ED%9D%AC%EC%A4%80|access-date=December 6, 2020|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | "Alone"
| 2001
| —
|
| ''Alone''
|-
! scope="row" |"Generous" ({{Korean|hangul=아낌없이 주는 나무|labels=no}})
| 2002
| —
|
| ''Messiah''
|-
! scope="row" |"Silent Conflict" (G.선상의 아리아)
| 2003
| —
|
| ''Legend''
|-
! scope="row" | "Love Letter"
| 2004
| —
|
* KOR {{small|(Physical)}}: 8,037<ref>{{cite web|title=2004.12월 - 가요 음반 판매량|url=http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200412.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228012936/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200412.htm|archive-date=February 28, 2009|access-date=December 6, 2020|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko}}</ref>
| ''Winter Letter'' (single)
|-
! scope="row" | "A Small Village Called Memory" ({{Korean|hangul=기억이란 작은 마을|labels=no}})
| 2005
| —
|
| ''Triple X''
|-
! scope="row" | "Obsession"
| 2008
| —
|
|''Special Album''
|-
! scope="row" | "Toy"
| 2009
| —
|
|''Last Cry''
|-
! scope="row" | "Scandal" ({{Korean|hangul=스캔들|labels=no}})
| rowspan="2" |2013
| —
|
| rowspan="2" |''Begins''
|-
! scope="row" | "I'm Not OK"
| 68
|
* KOR {{small|(Digital)}}: 32,302<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=week&hitYear=2013&targetTime=4&nationGbn=T|script-title=ko:2013년 4주차 Download Chart|website=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|access-date=December 6, 2020|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Filmography==
===Television Series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2009
|''[[Hilarious Housewives]]''
|Moon Hee-joon
|}

===Variety Shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Episode
|-
|2011–2020
|''[[Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend]]''
| align="center" |Co-host (Waiting Room)
|-
|2013
|''[[Handsome Boys of the 20th Century]]''
|Main cast
|-
|2014
|''Where is My Superhero?''<ref>{{cite web|title=Where Is My Superhero|url=http://program.tving.com/onstyle/wish|publisher=[[CJ E&M]] (TVING)}}</ref>
|Main cast
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Singderella]]''
|Co-host
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[The Return of Superman (TV series)|The Return of Superman]]''
|Father of JamJam
|-
|2023
| ''Oh Eun-young Game''
|judge<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=109&aid=0004759769|author=Jang Woo-young|title=오은영 게임' MC 신동엽·이민정→안재욱·정준호·문희준·이대호·소이현 총출동 [공식]|trans-title='Oh Eun-Young Game' MC Shin Dong-yeop · Lee Min-jeong → Ahn Jae-wook · Jung Jun-ho · Moon Hee-joon · Lee Dae-ho · So Yi-hyun all out [Official]|publisher=Osen|via=[[Naver]]|date=December 19, 2022|access-date=December 19, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination
! scope="col" | Award ceremony
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominated work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[KBS Entertainment Awards]]
| style="text-align:center" | [[2018 KBS Entertainment Awards|2018]]
| Top Excellence Award – Talk/Show Category
| ''[[Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Ah-yeong |title=[KBS 연예대상] 김숙·문희준, 토크&쇼 최우수상 공동 수상 |url=http://news.jtbc.joins.com/article/article.aspx?news_id=NB11745964 |access-date=22 December 2018 |work=[[JTBC]] |date=23 December 2018 |language=ko |archive-date=July 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719073758/http://news.jtbc.joins.com/article/article.aspx?news_id=NB11745964 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[2019 KBS Entertainment Awards|2019]]
| Grand Prize (Daesang)
| ''[[The Return of Superman (TV series)|The Return of Superman]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.donga.com/3/all/20191222/98914390/1|title=[2019 KBS 연예대상] '슈돌' 아빠들 대상 영광, 박주호 셋째 임신 수상소감 (종합)|date=December 2, 2019|website=sports.donga.com|language=ko|access-date=December 22, 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | KMTV Korean Music Awards
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" | 2001
| Bonsang
| rowspan="6" | Moon Hee-joon
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.joins.com/article/1841305|script-title=ko:KMTV가요대전, 강타·god등 19개팀 대상|trans-title=KMTV Gayo Daejeon, 19 winners including Kangta, g.o.d|work=[[Ilgan Sports]]|via=[[JoongAng Ilbo|Joins]]|last=Lee|first=Kyung-ran|date=December 20, 2001|access-date=June 14, 2022|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104190549/https://news.joins.com/article/1841305|archive-date=November 4, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| IF Award
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" | 2002
| Bonsang
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=001&aid=0000297152|script-title=ko:KMTV 코리안뮤직어워드 수상자 선정(종합)|trans-title=KMTV Korean Music Award Winner Selection (Comprehensive)|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|via=[[Naver]]|last=Hwang|first=Jung-woo|date=December 28, 2002|access-date=June 14, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| Nate Award
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" | 2003
| Bonsang
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hankyung.com/life/article/2003121057628|script-title=ko:이효리, KMTV 연말 시상식 대상|trans-title=Lee Hyori wins the Grand Prize at KMTV Korean Music Awards|website=[[Korea Economic Daily]]|last=Hong|first=Je-seong|date=April 4, 2006|access-date=June 14, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| Audience Popularity Award
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="9" | [[Mnet Asian Music Awards]]
| style="text-align:center" | [[2001 Mnet Music Video Festival|2001]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Male Artist|Best Male Artist]]
| "Alone"
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="MAMA_2001nom">[http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=6487 "2001 MMF part 1"]. ''MAMA''. Retrieved July 23, 2014.</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" | [[2002 Mnet Music Video Festival|2002]]
| rowspan="2" | "Generous" ({{Korean|hangul=아낌없이 주는 나무|labels=no}})
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="2002_nom">[http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=6490 "2002 MMF part 1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125536/http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=6490 |date=August 19, 2014}}. ''Mwave''. Retrieved August 17, 2014.</ref>
|-
| [[Mnet Asian Music Awards in the Special Awards Category|Netizen Popularity Award]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[2003 Mnet Music Video Festival|2003]]
| [[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Band Performance|Best Rock Performance]]
| "My Silent Conflict" (G 선상의 아리아)
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="2003_nom">[http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=6493 "2003 MMF part 1"]. ''Mwave''. Retrieved August 20, 2014.</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" | [[2004 Mnet KM Music Video Festival|2004]]
| [[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Band Performance|Best Rock Video]]
| rowspan="2"| "Paper Airplane"
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="2004_nom">[http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=6496 "2004 MKMF part 1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115145/http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=6496 |date=August 26, 2014}}. ''Mwave''. Retrieved August 25, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://mama.interest.me/history?type=winner&year=2004 "2004 M.net Korean Music Festival Winners list"]. ''MAMA''. Retrieved June 12, 2014.</ref>
|-
| [[Mnet Asian Music Awards in the Special Awards Category|Blue Award]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" | [[2005 Mnet KM Music Video Festival|2005]]
| [[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Band Performance|Best Rock Performance]]
| rowspan="2" | "A Small Village Called Memories"
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="2005_nom">[http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=6499 "2005 MKMF part 1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201021842/http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=6499 |date=February 1, 2016 }}. ''Mwave''. Retrieved August 28, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://mama.interest.me/history?type=winner&year=2005 "2005 M.net Korean Music Festival Winners list"]. ''MAMA''. Retrieved June 12, 2014.</ref>
|-
| [[Mnet Asian Music Awards in the Special Awards Category|Gmarket Netizen Popularity Award]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center" | [[2008 Mnet KM Music Festival|2008]]
| [[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Band Performance|Best Rock Performance]]
| "Obsession"
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="2008_nom">[http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=87840 "2008 Mnet KM Music Festival Part1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191509/http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=87840 |date=March 3, 2016 }}. ''MAMA''. Retrieved December 17, 2014.</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828061243/http://www.sidushq.com/star/mhjun SidusHQ Star Page] {{in lang|ko}}

{{H.O.T.}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moon, Hee-joon}}
[[Category:H.O.T. (band) members]]
[[Category:IHQ (company) artists]]
[[Category:South Korean pop rock singers]]
[[Category:South Korean male singers]]
[[Category:South Korean singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:South Korean record producers]]
[[Category:South Korean television presenters]]
[[Category:South Korean male idols]]
[[Category:South Korean male dancers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Seoul]]
[[Category:People from Gangnam District]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Seoul]]
[[Category:South Korean male singer-songwriters]]

Provinces of North Korea

2025-06-09T00:06:04Z

172.56.232.73:

{{Short description|First-level administrative divisions of North Korea}}
{{Refimproved|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Provinces of The Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| alt_name =
| map = [[File:Provinces of Korea (DPRK point of view)-en+Inter-Korean border.svg|250px]]
| mapsize = 330px
| category = [[Unitary state]]
| territory = [[North Korea]]
| start_date =
| current_number = 16 (8 controlled by DPRK, 7 controlled by ROK & 1 split between DPRK and ROK)
| number_date =
| population_range = 719,269 ([[Ryanggang Province]]) – 4,051,696 ([[South Pyongan Province|South Pyongan]])
| area_range = {{Convert|11255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ([[Kangwon Province (North Korea)|Kangwon]]) – {{Convert|18970|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ([[South Hamgyong Province|South Hamgyong]]) – {{Convert|28955|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ([[Kangwon Province (North Korea)|Kangwon including ROK controlled-parts]])
| government = [[Single-party government]]
| subdivision = City, [[County]]
}}
{{Administrative divisions of North Korea}}

'''Provinces''' ({{Korean/auto|hangul=도|hanja=道|rr=yes|mr=yes}}) are the first level of division within [[North Korea]]. There are nine provinces in North Korea: [[Chagang Province|Chagang]], [[North Hamgyong Province|North Hamgyong]], [[South Hamgyong Province|South Hamgyong]], [[North Hwanghae Province|North Hwanghae]], [[South Hwanghae Province|South Hwanghae]], [[Kangwon Province (North Korea)|Kangwon]], [[North Pyongan Province|North Pyongan]], [[South Pyongan Province|South Pyongan]], and [[Ryanggang Province|Ryanggang]].<ref name="City Population">{{Cite web |title=North Korea: Administrative Division |url=Provinces are the first level of division within North Korea. There are 9 provinces in North Korea: Chagang, North Hamgyong, South Hamgyong, North Hwanghae, South Hwanghae, Kangwon, North Pyongan, South Pyongan, and Ryanggang. |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=City Population}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== History ==
{{Main|Provinces of Korea}}

Although the details of local administration have changed dramatically over time, the basic outline of the current three-tiered system was implemented under the reign of [[Emperor Gojong of Korea|Gojong]] in 1895. A similar system also remains in use in [[South Korea]].

Provinces ({{Korean|hangul=도|hanja=道|context=north}}) are the highest-ranked administrative divisions in North Korea. Provinces have equal status to the [[Special cities of North Korea|special cities]].

==List of provinces==
The populations listed for each province are from the [[2008 North Korea Census]]. From this census, an additional 702,372 people are living in military camps.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name!![[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]!![[Hanja|Hancha]]!![[ISO 3166-2:KP|ISO]]
!Population!!Area (km2)!!Density (/km2)!!Capital!![[Regions of Korea|Region]]
|-
|[[Chagang]]||{{lang|ko|자강도}}||{{lang|ko|慈江道}}||KP-04
| align="right" |1,299,830|| align="right" |16,765|| align="right" |77.5
|[[Kanggye]]||[[Pyongan|Kwanso]]
|-
|[[North Hamgyong Province|North Hamgyong]]||{{lang|ko|함경북도}}||{{lang|ko|咸鏡北道}}||KP-09
| align="right" |2,327,362|| align="right" |15,980|| align="right" |145.6
|[[Chongjin]]||[[Kwanbuk]]
|-
|[[South Hamgyong Province|South Hamgyong]]||{{lang|ko|함경남도}}||{{lang|ko|咸鏡南道}}||KP-08
| align="right" |3,066,013|| align="right" |18,534|| align="right" |165.4
|[[Hamhung]]||[[Kwannam]]
|-
|[[North Hwanghae Province|North Hwanghae]]||{{lang|ko|황해북도}}||{{lang|ko|黃海北道}}||KP-06
| align="right" |2,113,672|| align="right" |8,153.7|| align="right" |259.2
|[[Sariwon]]||[[Hwanghae|Haeso]]
|-
|[[South Hwanghae Province|South Hwanghae]]||{{lang|ko|황해남도}}||{{lang|ko|黃海南道}}||KP-05
| align="right" |2,310,485|| align="right" |8,450.3|| align="right" |273.4
|[[Haeju]]||[[Hwanghae|Haeso]]
|-
|[[Kangwon Province (North Korea)|Kangwon]]||{{lang|ko|강원도}}||{{lang|ko|江原道}}||KP-07
| align="right" |1,477,582|| align="right" |11,091|| align="right" |133.2
|[[Wonsan]]||[[Gangwon (historical province)|Kwandong]]
|-
|[[North Pyongan Province|North Pyongan]]||{{lang|ko|평안북도}}||{{lang|ko|平安北道}}||KP-03
| align="right" |2,728,662|| align="right" |12,680.3|| align="right" |215.2
|[[Sinuiju]]||[[Pyongan|Kwanso]]
|-
|[[South Pyongan Province|South Pyongan]]||{{lang|ko|평안남도}}||{{lang|ko|平安南道}}||KP-02
| align="right" |4,051,696|| align="right" |11,890.6|| align="right" |340.7
|[[Pyongsong]]||[[Pyongan|Kwanso]]
|-
|[[Ryanggang Province|Ryanggang]]||{{lang|ko|량강도}}||{{lang|ko|兩江道}}||KP-10
| align="right" |719,269|| align="right" |13,880|| align="right" |51.8
|[[Hyesan]]||[[Kwannam]]
|}

==Claimed provinces==
{{Administrative divisions of South Korea}}

[[North Korea]] claims seven provinces on the territory controlled by [[South Korea]]. While people's committees for these claimed provinces were [[1950 North Korean local elections in South Korea|elected in 1950]] during the [[Korean War]], no [[Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland|government-in-exile]] for them exists as of {{currentyear}}, unlike the [[Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces|South Korean counterpart]]. These provinces are based on the divisions of the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese era]], but correspond somewhat to the present [[Provinces of South Korea|South Korean provinces]] and the special cities partitioned out of them, owing to the alterations in the provincial division affected by South Korea being more conservative relatively to those affected by the north.

{|class=wikitable
!Historical province!!Name!![[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]!![[Hanja|Hancha]]!!Capital!!Equivalent South Korean provinces
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Chungcheong Province|Ch'ungch'ŏng]]
|rowspan=2|[[North Chungcheong Province|North Ch'ungch'ŏng]]
|rowspan=2|{{lang|ko|충청북도}}||rowspan=2|{{lang|ko|忠淸北道}}
|rowspan=2|[[Cheongju|Ch'ŏngju]]
|[[North Chungcheong Province]]
|-
|[[Sejong City|Sejong Special Self-Governing City]] (part)
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Chungcheong Province|Ch'ungch'ŏng]]
|rowspan=3|[[South Chungcheong Province|South Ch'ungch'ŏng]]
|rowspan=3|{{lang|ko|충청남도}}||rowspan=3|{{lang|ko|忠淸南道}}
|rowspan=3|[[Taejŏn]]
|[[South Chungcheong Province]]
|-
|[[Daejeon|Daejeon Metropolitan City]]
|-
|[[Sejong City|Sejong Special Self-Governing City]] (part)
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Gyeonggi Province|Kyŏnggi]]
|rowspan=3|[[Gyeonggi Province|Kyŏnggi]]
|rowspan=3|{{lang|ko|경기도}}||rowspan=3|{{lang|ko|京畿道}}
|rowspan=3|[[Sŏul]]
|[[Gyeonggi Province]] (except parts of [[Pocheon]] and [[Yeoncheon County]])
|-
|[[Seoul|Seoul Special City]]
|-
|[[Incheon|Incheon Metropolitan City]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Gyeongsang Province|Kyŏngsang]]
|rowspan=2|[[North Gyeongsang Province|North Kyŏngsang]]
|rowspan=2|{{lang|ko|경상북도}}||rowspan=2|{{lang|ko|慶尙北道}}
|rowspan=2|[[Taegu]]
|[[North Gyeongsang Province|North Gyeongsang]] (except [[Uljin County]])
|-
|[[Daegu|Daegu Metropolitan City]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Gyeongsang Province|Kyŏngsang]]
|rowspan=3|[[South Gyeongsang Province|South Kyŏngsang]]
|rowspan=3|{{lang|ko|경상남도}}||rowspan=3|{{lang|ko|慶尙南道}}
|rowspan=3|[[Pusan]]
|[[South Gyeongsang Province]]
|-
|[[Busan|Busan Metropolitan City]]
|-
|[[Ulsan|Ulsan Metropolitan City]]
|-
|[[Jeolla Province|Chŏlla]]
|[[North Jeolla Province|North Chŏlla]]
|{{lang|ko|전라북도}}||{{lang|ko|全羅北道}}
|[[Jeonju|Chŏnju]]
|[[North Jeolla Province]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Jeolla Province|Chŏlla]]
|rowspan=3|[[South Jeolla Province|South Chŏlla]]
|rowspan=3|{{lang|ko|전라남도}}||rowspan=3|{{lang|ko|全羅南道}}
|rowspan=3|[[Kwangju]]
|[[South Jeolla Province]]
|-
|[[Jeju Special Self-Governing Province]]
|-
|[[Gwangju|Gwangju Metropolitan City]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Administrative divisions of North Korea]]
* [[Provinces of South Korea]]
* [[Special cities of North Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Regions and administrative divisions of North Korea}}
{{Articles on first-level administrative divisions of Asian countries}}

[[Category:Provinces of North Korea| ]]
[[Category:First-level administrative divisions by country|Provinces, Korea N]]

Sungkyunkwan

2025-06-09T00:02:51Z

172.56.232.73: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Leading academy in pre-modern Korea}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{infobox historic site
|name=Sungkyunkwan
|image=Myeongnyundang.jpg
|caption=Myeongnyundang Lecture Hall of Sungkyunkwan
|designation1=Historic Sites of South Korea
|designation1_date=1964-11-10
|designation1_partof=Munmyo Confucian Shrine and Seonggyungwan National Academy, Seoul
|location=[[Sungkyunkwan University]], [[Seoul]], South Korea
|designation1_number=143
|embedded={{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^성균관
|hanja=成均館
|child=yes
}}
}}
'''Sungkyunkwan''' ({{Korean|hangul=성균관|hanja=成均館}}) was the foremost educational institution in [[Korea]] during the late [[Goryeo]] and [[Joseon]] Dynasties. The Sungkyunkwan during the [[Joseon]] Dynasty sits in its original location, at the south end of the Humanities and Social Sciences Campus of [[Sungkyunkwan University]] in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]. The Sungkyunkwan during the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty, however, remains situated in [[Kaesong]], [[North Korea]]. At the South Korean Sungkyunkwan, twice a year, in May and September, the ceremonial rite [[Seokjeon Daeje]] is performed in the [[Munmyo|Munmyo Shrine]], to honour [[Confucius]] and the Confucian sages of China and Korea.

== Etymology ==
*Sung ({{Korean|hangul=성|hanja=成|rr=seong}}) – accomplish, achieve. To become capable, successful or to win. “To perfect or develop human nature”.
*Kyun ({{Korean|hangul=균|hanja=均|rr=gyun|labels=no}}) – balance, to be. Strengthen culture according to social standards or norms. “To build a good society”.
*Kwan ({{Korean|hangul=관|hanja=館|rr=gwan|labels=no}}) – institute, academy, university.

== History ==
[[File:Sungkyunkwan Old Campus Layout.jpg|thumb|Sungkyunkwan Old Campus Layout]]
[[File:Old Sungkyunkwan map from 1785.jpg|thumb|1785 Map of Sungkyunkwan]]
Sungkyunkwan was established in Hanyang on September 25, 1398. It was renamed, destroyed, and rebuilt several times. In 1895, it was reformed into a modern three-year university. During the [[Korea under Japanese rule|colonial era]] (between 1910 and 1945), Sungkyunkwan was demoted to a private institution and renamed Gyeonghagwon ({{Korean|hangul=경학원|hanja=經學院|labels=no}}), while Korean education was prohibited and Japanese education was forced nationwide. After Korea gained independence in 1945, Gyeonghagwon's original name was restored and with funding from Yurim ([[Confucianism|Confucians]]) nationwide, [[Sungkyunkwan University]] was established.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

== Design features ==
The old campus was designed based on [[geomancy]]. Sungkyunkwan was built with the mountains behind it to the north and the front facing south towards water (the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] and Bansu, the creek that used to run around the front of the campus). This was based on superstition as well as function. The sunlight and wind patterns were considered most ideal when the buildings were arranged this way.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

== Education ==
The primary written language of Sungkyunkwan was Hanja. Sungkyunkwan's teachings were mainly Confucian-related, and were primarily aimed at preparing students for government service. Students also studied law, medicine, interpretation, accounting, archery, mathematics, music, and etiquette. But the main goal was for the students to pass the higher [[gwageo|national civil service examinations]] (''gwageo''). Like [[imperial examination|their Chinese counterpart]], these examinations were on writing ability, knowledge of the [[Chinese classics|Confucian classics]], and proposals of management of the state (governance). Technical subjects were also included to appoint experts in medicine, interpretation, accounting, and law. The original set number of students was 150 when Sungkyunkwan was founded, which was raised to 200 in 1429. All of the students were male and women were forbidden from entering the campus.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Entrance examinations for Sungkyunkwan were extremely harsh and were only allowed for the sons of [[yangban]], the Joseon era upper class or royalty. There were two ways to be accepted into Sungkyunkwan. Either the students had to pass the two admission exams, Saengwonsi ({{Korean|hangul=생원시|hanja=生員試|labels=no}}) and Jinsasi ({{Korean|hangul=진사시|hanja=進士試|labels=no}}), or take the other two examinations, Seungbo ({{lang|ko|승보}}) and [[Protected appointments system for hereditary privileges in Asia|Eumseo]]. If they passed these examinations, they were given the opportunity to be accepted.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Students lived very comfortably on full scholarship and were waited on by servants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sung Kyun Kwan |date=24 August 2011 |url=http://www.exploringkorea.com/sung-kyun-kwan/ |publisher=Exploring Korea |accessdate=16 April 2014}}</ref>

==Images==
<gallery>
File:1000 won serieIII obverse.jpeg|The 1000 KRW banknote shows Confucian scholar [[Yi Hwang]] and Myeongnyundang.
File:Old Sungkyunkwan map from 1785.jpg|This map from 1785 shows the original campus of Sungkyunkwan. Most of the buildings to the west are gone.
File:Sungkyunkwan Bicheondang.jpg|Bicheondang
File:Sungkyunkwan Daeseongjeon.jpg|Daeseongjeon, with the doors open.
File:Sungkyunkwan Jongyeonggak.jpg|Jongyeonggak, Korea's oldest library.
File:Sungkyunkwan Myeongnyundang.jpg|The lecture hall of Sungkyunkwan.
File:Sungkyunkwan Seomu.jpg|This building enshrines tablets to the great Confucian scholars.
File:Sungkyunkwan Sinsammun.jpg|Sinsammun opened its doors for APAIE delegates on 17 March 2014.
File:Sungkyunkwan Tangpyeongbigak.jpg|Tangpyeongbigak
서울문묘의은행나무.jpg|Ginkgo tree [[:ko:서울 문묘 은행나무|natural monument 59]] possibly planted 1398
</gallery>

==Notable alumni==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
*[[Yi Kae]] (1417–1456)
*[[Hwang Hui]] (1363–1452)
*[[Chŏng Inji]] (1396–1478)
*[[Choe Hang (Joseon civil minister)|Choe Hang]] (1409–1474)
*[[Munjong of Joseon]] (1414–1452)
*[[Shin Suk-ju]] (1417–1475)
*[[Sejo of Joseon]] (1414–1468)
*[[Kim Chong-jik]] (1431–1492)
*[[Jo Gwang-jo]] (1482–1519)
*[[Yi Hwang]] (1501–1570)
*[[Hyujeong]] (1520–1604)
*[[Yi I]] (1536–1584)
*[[Yu Sŏngnyong]] (1542–1607)
*[[Kim Jang-saeng]] (1548–1631)
*[[Yun Seon-do]] (1587–1671)
*[[Heo Mok]] (1587–1682)
*[[Yun Hyu]] (1617–1680)
*[[Gwon Sang-ha]] (1641–1721)
*[[Bak Mun-su|Park Mun-su]] (1691–1756)
*[[Yeongjo of Joseon]] (1694–1776)
*[[Jeongjo of Joseon]] (1752–1800)
*[[Jeong Yak-yong]] (1762–1836)
*[[Bak Gyusu|Park Gyu-su]] (1807–1877)
*[[Choe Ik-hyeon]] (1833–1906)
*[[Kim Ok-gyun]] (1851–1894)
*[[Park Eun-sik]] (1859–1925)
*[[Yi Dong-nyeong]] (1869–1940)
*[[Sin Chaeho|Shin Chae-ho]] (1880–1936)
*[[Jo So-ang]] (1887–1959)

==See also==
*[[Education in the Joseon dynasty|Education in the Joseon Dynasty]]
*[[History of education|History of Education]]
*[[Gukhak]]
*[[Gukjagam]]
*[[Songgyungwan]] ([[Kaesong]])
*[[Sungkyunkwan University]]
*[[Guozijian (Beijing)|Beijing Guozijian]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category inline|Sungkyunkwan}}
*[http://www.skk.or.kr/skin/ Official website] {{in lang|ko}}
*[http://www.skku.edu/eng_home/index.jsp Sungkyunkwan University]
*[http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1407539 Munmyo] Korean Tourism Site

{{Joseon}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|37|35|08|N|126|59|45|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Education in Joseon]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Seoul]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in Korea]]
[[Category:Historic Sites of South Korea]]
[[Category:1398 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Jongno District]]
[[Category:Korean Confucianism]]

Muryeong of Baekje

2025-05-24T07:41:30Z

172.56.232.73: he is usually known as 무령왕, not as 무녕왕 or 무영왕

{{Short description|25th King of Baekje from 501 to 523}}
{{sources|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = King Muryeong 武寧王 무령왕
| image = King Muryeong Portrait.png
| caption = A modern depiction of King Muryeong
| succession = King of [[Baekje]]
| reign = 501–523
| coronation = 501
| predecessor = [[Dongseong of Baekje]]
| successor = [[Seong of Baekje]]
| father = [[Dongseong of Baekje]]
| mother = unknown
| birth_date = June 25, 461/July 14, 462
| birth_place = (location unknown)
| death_date = June 7, 523
| death_place = [[Baekje]]
| burial_place = [[Tomb of King Muryeong]]
| posthumous name = King Muryeong (武寧王, 무령왕)
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|image=
|hangul=무령왕
|hanja=武寧王
|rr=Muryeong-wang
|mr=Muryŏng-wang
|hangulborn=사마, 융
|hanjaborn=斯摩, 隆
|rrborn=Sama, Yung
|mrborn=Sama, Yung
}}
{{Baekje monarchs}}
'''Muryeong''' (461/462–523) was the [[List of monarchs of Korea|25th king]] of [[Baekje]], one of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]], reigning from 501 to 523. During his reign, Baekje remained allied with [[Silla]] against [[Goguryeo]], and expanded its relationships with [[China]] and [[Japan]]. According to [[Samguk sagi|''Samguk sagi'']], his height was recorded as 8 feet (190 cm).{{Contradictory inline|date=April 2025}}<ref name="OPR">{{cite web |title=의왕문화 6호 pp.54. |url=https://memory.library.kr/files/original/43e639a94c845b293d0511452f5348bb.pdf |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Tomb of King Muryeong]] calls him King Sama (斯麻), and records his birth year as 462.

The ''[[Samguk sagi]]'' calls him King Muryeong, with the personal name ({{Korean|hangul=휘|labels=no}}) of Sama (斯摩). He is described as the second son of the 24th king [[Dongseong of Baekje|Dongseong]]. He became king when Dongseong was assassinated by the court official Baekga. The following year, he crushed a planned rebellion by Baekga.

===Other records===
China's ''[[Liang shu]]'' gives his surname as Yeo and personal name as Yung, and states that he restored Baekje into a strong nation.

==Reign==
[[Image:Baekje Diadem King.jpg|thumb|left|Muryeong's crown in his [[Tomb of King Muryeong|tomb]]]]
In 501, he sent an army to attack Goguryeo's Sugok-seong. In 503, he repelled an attack by the [[Mohe people|Mohe]]. In 507, he successfully countered another attack by Goguryeo and Mohe forces. In 512, Goguryeo conquered two castles, but Muryeong personally led 3,000 men to destroy the Goguryeo army. In 523, he ordered the building of a fortified wall to defend the northern border.

According to both historical and archeological sources, contact and trade between China and Baekje increased during Muryeong's reign. In 512, according to the ''[[Liang shu]]'', Muryeong sent Baekje's first mission to the newly established court of the [[China|Chinese]] [[Liang Dynasty]]. A second mission was sent in 521, announcing various victories over [[Goguryeo]]. In reply, the Liang emperor bestowed various titles on him, including "Great General Tranquilizing the East (寧東大將軍)" and "King of Baekje". These titles were also found engraved on a tablet in King Muryeong's tomb.

In 503, he sent a bronze mirror, and in 513 and 516, Confucian scholars to Japan.

==Legacy==
[[File:Tomb of Muryeong of Baekje.JPG|left|thumb|199x199px|Tomb of Muryeong of Baekje]]
In 1971, [[Tomb of King Muryeong|King Muryeong's tomb]] was excavated in [[Songsan-ri]], [[Gongju]], South Korea, where he was buried with his queen.{{Main article|Korean influence on Japanese culture#Notable clans and their descendants}}
In 2001, Japan's emperor [[Akihito]] told reporters "I, on my part, feel a certain kinship with Korea, given that it is recorded in the ''Chronicles of Japan'' that the mother of Emperor Kanmu was one of the descendant of King Muryong of Baekje." It was the first time that a Japanese emperor publicly referred a Korean blood in the imperial line.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/japan/story/0,7369,625426,00.html Guardian.co.uk]</ref> According to the ''[[Shoku Nihongi]]'', [[Emperor Kanmu]]'s mother, [[Takano no Niigasa]] (720 – 790) is a descendant of [[Prince Junda]], son of Muryeong, who died in Japan in 513 ([[Nihon Shoki]] Chapter 17).

==Family==
* Father: '''[[Dongseong of Baekje]]'''
* Mother: unknown
*[[Wife of Muryeong of Baekje|Unnamed Queen]]
** 1st son: '''26th King, [[Seong of Baekje]]''' (聖王, ?–554) – before he was king he was known as Buyeo Myeong (扶餘明) or Buyeo Myeongnong (扶餘明禯).
** 2nd son: '''[[Prince Junda]]''' (淳陀太子, ?–513) – known in Baekje as "'''''Buyeo Junta'''''", settled in Japan and became ancestor of the [[Yamato no Fuhito clan|Yamato clan]].
** 3rd son: '''Shigakishi''' (斯我君, ?–?) – known in Baekje as '''''Buyeo Sa'a'''''. He was sent to Japan in 505 as a political hostage to [[Emperor Buretsu]] of Japan.

==Popular culture==
* Portrayed by [[Lee Jae-ryong]] in the 2013 [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] TV series ''[[The King's Daughter, Soo Baek-hyang]]''.

==See also==
* [[List of monarchs of Korea]]
* [[History of Korea]]
* [[Tomb of King Muryeong]]

==References==
* [[File:CC BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Content in this article was copied from [https://web.archive.org/web/20110823074526/http://nihonshoki.wikidot.com/ss-23 Samguk Sagi Scroll 23] at the Shoki Wiki, which is licensed under the [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license].

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Kim, Won-Yong. “The Tomb of King Muryong of the Paekche Dynasty.” ''Asian Pacific Quarterly of Cultural and Social Affairs'' (Seoul) 3:3 (Winter 1971): 34-46.
* Paik, Seung-gil. "Excavation of the Tomb of Paekche King Muryong." ''Korea Journal'' 11:8 (August 1971): 48-51.

==External links==
* [http://history.korea.ac.kr/journal/vol6/text2.htm Article on King Muryong's Ascension to the Throne]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{in lang|ja}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120205012926/http://www.myj7000.jp-biz.net/clan/03/03013.htm#003 Yamato (和) and Takano (高野) clans : the descendant of prince Junda, son of Muryeong]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Baekje|House of Buyeo]]||462||523|[[Goguryeo|House of Go]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Dongseong of Baekje|Dongseong]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=King of [[Baekje]]|years=501–523}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Seong of Baekje|Seong]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:462 births]]
[[Category:523 deaths]]
[[Category:Baekje monarchs]]
[[Category:Baekje Buddhists]]
[[Category:Korean Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:6th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:5th-century Korean people]]
[[Category:6th-century Korean people]]
[[Category:Yamato no Fuhito clan]]

YTN Group

2025-05-24T07:24:11Z

172.56.232.73: removing worthless infobox; providing romanizations for mere hangul transcription of non-Korean term is not particularly useful

{{notability|Companies|date=October 2013}}

'''YTN Group''' is a multimedia group of [[YTN]], producing [[Mass media|media]], [[broadcast]] and [[telecommunication]] products.

==Subsidiaries==
*[[YTN]]
*[http://ytn.co.kr/ytnkorean YTN WORLD, YTN KOREAN](YTN's Satellite broadcasting service for outside [[South Korea]])
*[http://science.ytn.co.kr YTN SCIENCE] (September 2007~)
*[[YTN2]] (July 2011~)
*[http://dmb.ytn.co.kr YTN DMB]
*[http://radio.ytn.co.kr YTN RADIO]
*[http://www.ytnplus.co.kr YTN PLUS]
*[http://www.seoultower.co.kr N Seoul Tower]

===Former===
*CU Media (former YTN Media) (sold to [[sidusHQ|iHQ Inc.]] in 2005)
**[[AXN (South Korea)|AXN Korea]]
**[http://www.comedycenter.co.kr Comedy TV](Producing and Re-broadcasting Korean comedy programmes)
**[http://www.ytnstar.co.kr Y Star (Previously YTN Star)](Entertainment channel)

==See also==
*[[Economy of South Korea]]
*[[List of South Korean companies]]
*[[Communications in South Korea]]

Yonhap is no longer included in YTN Group

==External group links==
*[http://www.ytn.co.kr YTN]
*[http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr YonhapNews]
*[http://www.news-y.co.kr YonhapNewsTV newsy]
*[http://www.ytndmb.co.kr YTN DMB]
*[http://www.digitalytn.co.kr YTN PLUS]
*[http://www.seoultower.co.kr N Seoul Tower]
*[http://ytn.co.kr/ytnkorean YTN WORLD, YTN KOREAN]

[[Category:YTN Group| ]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of South Korea]]

{{SouthKorea-company-stub}}

Geomungo

2025-05-24T06:57:59Z

172.56.232.73: using semicolon for multiple terms

{{Short description|Chordophonic instrument from Korea}}
{{Italic title}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|img=Geomungo 거문고.jpg
|hangul=거문고; 현금
|hanja=(none); 玄琴 
|rr=geomungo; hyeongeum
|mr=kŏmun'go; hyŏn'gŭm
}}

The '''''geomungo''''',{{Efn|{{Korean|hangul=거문고|mr=kŏmun'go}}; also spelled '''''komungo'''''.}} alternate name '''''hyeongeum''''',{{Efn|{{korean|hangul=현금|mr=hyŏn'gŭm|lit=black zither|labels=no}}; also spelled '''''hyongum'''''.}} is a traditional [[Korean culture|Korean]] plucked [[zither]] with both bridges and [[fret]]s. ''Geomungo'' is a representative [[String instrument|stringed instrument]] made in [[Goguryeo]] before the 5th century.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=조 |first=위민 |title=거문고 |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0001820 |access-date=2024-04-26 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> Scholars believe that the name refers to [[Goguryeo]] and translates to "Goguryeo zither" or that it refers to the [[colour]] and translates to "black crane zither" (''hyeonhakgeum'', [[wikt:현학금|현학금]] / [[wikt:玄鶴琴|玄鶴琴]]).

The geomungo's place in Korean culture is traditionally that of a scholars' instrument for self-cultivation, much like ancient Chinese had done with the [[guqin]] in [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-30|title=Geomungo|url=https://magazineterra.com/korean-instrument-geomungo/|access-date=2019-09-28|website=[[TeRra Magazine]]|language=en-US}}</ref> However, the Koreans never adopted the guqin as a folk instrument but instead inherited the Confucian and literati guqin lore wholesale and applied it onto their own geomungo lore.

==History==
[[Image:Geomungo 11 string.jpg|left|thumbnail|An 11-stringed modern ''geomungo'']]
The ''geomungo'' originated circa the 4th century (see [[Anak Tomb No.3]] infra) through the 7th century from the kingdom of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]], although the instrument can be traced back to the 4th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div=CP_THE&search_div_id=CP_THE008&cp_code=cp0225&index_id=cp02250023&content_id=cp022500230001&print=Y |title=거문고 - 문화콘텐츠닷컴 |access-date=2018-04-14 |archive-date=2018-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414233843/https://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div=CP_THE&search_div_id=CP_THE008&cp_code=cp0225&index_id=cp02250023&content_id=cp022500230001&print=Y |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to the ''[[Samguk Sagi]]'' (Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms), written in 1145, the ''geomungo'' was invented in the 6th century by prime minister [[Wang San-ak]] by remodeling the form of the ancient Chinese instrument ''[[guqin]]'' (''gogeum'', also called ''chilhyeongeum'', literally "seven-string zither"). After his death, the instrument was passed down to Ok Bogo, Son Myeong-deuk, Gwi Geum, An Jang, Cheong Jang, and Geuk Jong, while being widely spread over the kingdom. However, [[National Gugak Center]] of Korea raises the possibility that the geomungo originated from a traditional musical instrument of Goguryeo before Guqin was introduced.<ref>{{Cite web
| url=https://www.gugak.go.kr/ency/topic/view/88
| title=거문고 국립국악원 국악사전
| website=Gugak Dictionary of National Gugak Center
| date= 2022
|language=ko}}</ref> Meanwhile, Japanese scholars claim that the predecessor of geomungo was Wo Konghou(卧箜篌), a fretted bridge zither that was used in China since at least the Western Han Dynasty, and opinion about predecessor of Geomungo is still discussed among East Asian Scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Study of Names of Geomungo in Classical Literatures
| journal=The Studies of Korean Language and Literature | date=2011 | issue=40 | pages=285–326 |url=https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001553717|language=ko | last1=Jung | first1=Ha Un }}</ref>
Archetype of the instrument is painted in [[Goguryeo]] tombs. They are found in the tomb of Muyongchong and [[Anak Tomb No.3]].<ref name=":0" />

==Construction==
The ''geomungo'' is approximately 162 cm long and 23 cm wide (63.75 inches long, 9 inches wide), and has movable bridges called ''anjok'' (雁足 "goose feet") and 16 frets called ''gwae'' (棵; numbered 1 to 16 from left to right). It has a hollow body where the front plate of the instrument is made of [[paulownia]] wood and the back plate is made of hard [[chestnut]] wood. Its six strings, which are made of twisted [[silk]] passed through its back plate. The pick is made from bamboo sticks in the size of regular household pencil. Near the bridge is a leather-covered section called ''daemo'' to protect the surface from the striking of the ''suldae'' stick.

The six strings are named (from closest one to the player outward) ''munhyeon'' (文弦 "civil string"), ''yuhyeon'' (遊弦 "roaming string"), ''daehyeon'' (大弦 "big string"), ''gwaesangcheong'' (棵上清 "clarity upon the frets"), ''gwaehacheong'' (棵下清 "clarity below the frets"), and ''muhyeon'' (武弦 "martial string"),<ref name=":1" /> and are numbered 1 to 6 respectively in notation (or 文、方、大、上、中、下 in tablature form).{{Cn|date=April 2024}} Strings 2 to 4 go over fret 1 and are positioned over the frets whilst 1, 5, and 6 are supported by the ''anjok'' bridges. Strings 2 and 3 are used to play stopped notes and the rest are played open or as drones (even string 4 which is above the frets, though it is sometimes played stopped in some pieces). The thickness of the strings are not sequential: usually the thickest string is the ''daehyeon'', followed by the ''munhyeon'' and ''muhyeon''. The ''yuhyeo'' is usually the thinnest string followed by the ''gwaesangcheong'' and ''gwaehacheong'', though some have the ''gwaesangcheong'' as the thinnest followed by the ''yuhyeon''.

Modernized geomungo increases the strings to 11, which are made of nylon. As with the traditional version, three strings are over the frets and the others are all open. But the traditional version of the geomungo has 6 strings, with three over the frets.

Recently, the 6-string ''geomungo'' has been modified quite a lot, with the appearance of electronic geomungo (전자 거문고). The instrument has been played with a ''hwaldae'' bow (활대 거문고), similar to playing the ''[[ajaeng]]''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djTsMkVDp_c|title='첼로 거문고?'...국악기는 변신 중|access-date=21 April 2021|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20210421110919/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djTsMkVDp_c |archive-date= April 21, 2021|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> and some versions have more strings.{{Cn|date=April 2024}} The Chinese wo konghou has 7 strings while the traditional geomungo only has 6 strings.{{Cn|date=April 2024}}

In the development of culture, besides the conservation artists, inheriting the cultural tradition of the nation, there are artists who change and modernize the traditional culture of the nation.

==Playing method==
The ''geomungo'' is generally played while seated on the floor. The strings are plucked with a short [[bamboo]] stick plectrum called {{lang|la|suldae}} (술대/匙), which is held between the index and middle fingers of the right hand, while the left-hand presses on the strings (mostly 2 and 3) by either pulling or pushing to produce various [[Pitch (music)|pitches]] using the thumb and first four fingers. The left-hand ring-finger usually wears a leather thimble (called ''golmu'') to act as support as the strings are high above the frets and are difficult to press down firmly on the frets. The player can use the stick to strike the ''daemo'' leather protector during plucks to create percussive effects.<ref name=":1" />

The most typical [[Musical tuning|tuning]] of the open strings for the playing of traditional Korean court music is (from string closest to the player outwards) Eb, Ab, Db, Bb, Bb, and Bb an [[octave]] lower than the central tone. For sanjo and folk music, the Eb string is raised to F (plus all the strings might be raised a major 2nd up). The instrument is played in traditional Korean court music and the folk styles of [[Sanjo (music)|sanjo]] and [[sinawi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gugak.go.kr/site/homepage/menu/viewMenu?menuid=001003001001001010004 |title=유동적인 연주방법 | 국악기의 특징 | 개요 | 국악이론 | 교육연구 | 국립국악원 |access-date=2018-04-14 |archive-date=2018-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414172508/http://www.gugak.go.kr/site/homepage/menu/viewMenu?menuid=001003001001001010004 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Due to its characteristically percussive sound and vigorous playing technique it is thought of as a more "masculine" instrument than the 12-string or 24 string [[gayageum]] (another Korean zither); both instruments, however, are played by both male and female performers.

The geomungo has a large range of playable songs and also has a large range of tunes.

The geomungo historically had a notation tablature system similar to that of the [[guqin]] Chinese seven-stringed zither ''jianzipu'' system, but this has been superseded by modern [[staff notation]].

The Korean-born, U.S. resident ''geomungo'' performer and composer [[Jin Hi Kim]] plays a custom-made electric ''geomungo'' in addition to the regular instrument.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediateletipos.net/wp-content/images/2006/06/electric_260x437.jpg|title=Photographic image|format=JPG|website=Mediateletipos.net|access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref>

A geomungo was featured in Korean K-pop group [[Blackpink]]'s music video "[[Pink Venom]]", played by [[Jisoo]] at the start of the video.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQlMMD8auMs |title=BLACKPINK - ‘Pink Venom’ M/V |language=en |access-date=2024-04-29 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Korean music]]
*[[Traditional Korean musical instruments]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.koreasociety.org/dmdocuments/2008-11-05-reinventing.mp3 Korea Society Podcast: Reinventing Traditional Korean Music - Geomungo Performance] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002030/http://www.koreasociety.org/dmdocuments/2008-11-05-reinventing.mp3|date=March 4, 2016}}

{{Zithers}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Goguryeo]]
[[Category:Korean musical instruments]]
[[Category:Fretted zithers]]
[[Category:Zithers]]
[[Category:National Intangible Cultural Heritage of South Korea]]

Gonggi

2025-05-24T06:42:22Z

172.56.232.73: using semicolon for multiple terms

{{Short description|Korean children's game}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox Korean name|
img=Gonggi pebbles.jpg|caption=Plastic grape-sized stones.|
hangul=공기; 공기놀이|rr=gonggi; gongginori|mr=konggi; kongginori}}
'''''Gonggi''''' ({{langx|ko|공기}}) is a Korean [[List of traditional children's games|playground game]] that is traditionally played using five or more small grape-sized pebbles or plastic stones. It can be played alone or with friends. The stones are called ''gonggitdol'' ({{langx|ko-Hang|공깃돌|lit=gonggi stones}}). The game has five levels of increasing difficulty, testing [[Eye–hand coordination|hand-eye coordination]], [[Fine motor skill|dexterity]], and timing.

Similar games are found in other countries. The game was historically played by [[Persians]], who called it "Yek Ghol Do Ghol" ({{langx|fa|یک قل دو قل}}). This traditional game has been a popular pastime among children in Iran, often played outdoors or on flat surfaces. It is also a popular game in the [[Kurdistan Region]] in Iraq, where it is known as "Halma-qo".

The game is also known by many other names, including '''Jjagebatgi''' in [[North Gyeongsang Province]], '''Salgu''' in [[South Gyeongsang Province]], '''Trupan''' in [[Kashmir]] and '''Datjjakgeoli''' in [[South Jeolla Province]].<ref>{{Citation |last=장 |first=주근 |script-title=ko:공기놀이 |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0004249 |access-date=2025-02-17 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> In English, it is also known as '''Korean [[Knucklebones|Jacks]]''' or '''Five Stones'''. More names can be found in {{harvnb|편|2003|pp=170–171}}.

== History ==
[[File:Painting of a gonggi game by 윤덕희.jpg|thumb|"Gonggi" by Yoon Deok-hee]]
While gonggi's origins are uncertain, references to the game can be found in the artwork of painter Yoon Deok-hee (1685–1776; {{Lang|ko|윤덕희}}) and 19th century text [[Oju yeonmun jangjeon sango]] ({{Lang|ko|오주연문장전산고}}; 五洲衍文長箋散稿). While children used small pebbles or any object of similar size in the past, nowadays the game is typically played with factory-produced plastic stones.<ref>{{Cite web |last=은 |first=현정 |script-title=ko:공기놀이 |url=https://folkency.nfm.go.kr/topic/detail/1467 |website=Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Arts (한국민속예술사전) |publisher=[[National Folk Museum of Korea]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|편|2003|p=173}} Modern gonggi stones contain metal beads that could be taken out to adjust its weight.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=강은 |first= |date=2025-01-18 |script-title=ko:외국도 다섯 알 돌에 꽂혔다…랭킹 1위가 말아주는 '공기놀이' A to Z |url=https://www.khan.co.kr/article/202501180600001 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |language=ko}}</ref>

In modern times, gonggi has undergone changes, including the invention of the 'crisis' gamemode (see below) and addition of more fine-grained rules.{{Sfn|편|2003|p=186}}

The game appeared in the fourth episode of the second season of the dystopian [[Netflix]] series ''[[Squid Game]]'' as one of the mini-games making up the "Six-Legged Pentathlon" round, popularizing gonggi in other countries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baik |first1=Su-jin |last2=Lee |first2=Jung-soo |date=31 December 2024 |title=Gonggi Craze: traditional Korean games spark global buzz with Squid Game Season 2 |url=https://www.chosun.com/english/kpop-culture-en/2024/12/31/ZYKQPY3RG5CFFCYECYLCIAB7OE/ |access-date=4 January 2025 |work=The Chosun}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
There is no single definitive version of gonggi; they have different levels and rules, depending on the region and the individual. Before starting the game, the players choose the number of points or "years" ({{Korean|hangul=년|labels=no}}) one needs to gain to win. The game generally begins with each player tossing the stones from the palm of their hand into the air. While airborne, the player flips their hand. to catch the ''gonggi'' stone on the back of the hand. The person with the leading amount plays first. The number of stones is typically five.[[File:Gonggi play.webm|thumb|How to play ''gonggi'']]In the most common ruleset, there are five levels ({{Lang|ko|단}}). The player who goes through every level without failing wins or gain a point.
* Level 1: Five stones are scattered on a flat surface and the player picks a stone to throw up in the air. While the first stone is still airborne, the player grabs another stone on surface. Then, the player catches the now-falling stone. This is repeated until all the stones have been caught.
* Level 2: The stones are scattered. However, at this level, the player picks up the stones two at a time.
* Level 3: The stones are scattered. This time, the player picks up the stones in a group of three, and then the remaining one.
* Level 4: The player throws one stone in the air, places the others on the surface, and catches the airborne stone. Then the player tosses the same stone again, but this time, picks up the four clustered stones on the playing surface and catches the airborne stone.
* Level 5 (called 꺾기): The player tosses the stones from the palm of their hand into the air. While airborne, the player twists their hand backside up. The stones are then caught on the back of the hand. Then, the player throws the stones in the air and catches them. The number of stones caught amount to the score. There are various tricks in this phase, such as "The Dragon" and "The Clap–Toss".

===Tricks in Level 5===
* Dragon (called Arirang ({{Korean|hangul=아리랑|labels=no}}) in Korean)
While the stones are airborne, the player switches their hand backside up, catches several stones, switches their hand backside down, and catches the stones that are left over.
* Clap Toss
While the stones are airborne, the player claps their hand before catching the stones.

Both "dragon" and "clap-toss" gives the player twice the score; twice the number of stones.

=== Speed gonggi ===
Once a player has mastered all five levels, they can challenge themselves to do them as fast as possible, a style called "speed gonggi" ({{Lang|ko|스피드공기}}). World Speed Gonggi Association ({{Lang|ko|세계스피드공기협회}}), founded by 박대현 with other schoolteachers, hosted their first speed gonggi competition in 2023, which was exclusively for students. In the 2024 competition, the eligibility was extended to the general public, with 58-year-old 임광택 playing the winning 6.57 seconds.<ref name=":0" />

=== Stages ===
A game of gonggi could be extended by incorporating stages ({{Lang|ko|단계}}). Once a player has completed all the levels, they move onto the next stage, often with different rulesets, some of which are listed at [[Gonggi#Variants|§ Variants]]. For example, a game recorded in [[Jeolla Province]] had seven stages, switching between different gonggi variants: 한짝거리 → 두짝거리 → 세짝거리 → 모태 → 꼬치장 → 까불이 → 곱.{{Sfn|편|2003|p=180}}

=== Crisis ===
Invented by the younger generations,{{Sfn|편|2003|p=194}} in this variant, when a player reaches a certain score, the player has to go through a "crisis" ({{lang|ko|고비}}). In Korea, the crisis scores are usually the multiples of 5 (5, 10, 15, ...) or numbers that include 3, 6, or 9 (3, 6, 9, 13, 16, 19, 23, 26, 29, 30, ….). When a player reaches a crisis score, the rules change:

* Level 1: The stones are thrown on the playing surface by the player. However, unlike the original game, where the player can choose which stone to throw up first, in crisis, other players choose the first stone for the player. The steps that follow after are the same. While the first stone is airborne, the player picks up another stone on the playing surface. Then, the player catches the stone. These steps are repeated until all the stones get caught.
Since other players don't want the player to earn more points, they choose the stone that is the hardest for the player to carry on. For example, in the first level, if two stones touch each other, other players make sure not to choose either one of the two stones. As a result, the player has to go through a crisis of needing to grab each stone without touching the other stone.

* Level 2 and 3: The stones are thrown on the playing surface again, and like level 1, other players choose the first stone to throw for the player. Other steps are the same.
* Level 4: The player covers their hand over the 5 stones and shakes it on the ground. When another player shouts, "stop!", the player stops shaking. One of the other players picks up one stone carefully and throws it at the other 4 stones. The player picks up the stone that was thrown and continues level 4 by throwing it up in the air, grabbing the other stones, and catching the airborne stone.
Other players try to throw the stone with accuracy and strength in order to make the other 4 stones scatter. The more they scatter, the harder it is for the player to grab at 4 stones at once.

* Level 5: Before the player tosses the stones from the palm of their hand into the air, other players choose between 'even' and 'odd'. The player has to catch that amount of stones on the back of the hand. For example, if other players call out 'odd,' the player has to catch either 1 or 3 or 5 stones. If the player fails to do that, the stones go on to the next person, and the player has to do level 5 again in the next turn.

=== Snail ===
This game is usually introduced to children before they learn how to play ''gonggi''. The only difference between snail and ''gonggi'' is how to grab the stone. In snail, the edge of the player's hand has to be stuck on the ground at every step. Instead of throwing a stone up in the air, the player sweeps their hand across the ground in a large circle and grabs a certain number of stones. The number of stones the player has to grab at once is same as ''gonggi''. Snail is an easy way to make oneself familiar with the number of stones one has to catch at each level.

=== [[Baekdusan]] ''gonggi'' ===
This game is named after the [[Baekdu Mountain]] because of its towering height of 2,744m. The fundamental rule of this variant is that the player must throw each stone higher than their head level. Apart from this change, the rules and gameplay remain the same as the base game, with the number of stones the player must throw and grab being the same. The 5th stage is also the same as the base game. In some aspects, this variant is easier than regular ''gonggi''.

=== [[Maneki Neko]] ''gonggi'' ===
This variant's name comes from the way the stones are caught, resembling the movement of a [[Maneki Neko]]'s paw. The key technique of this game is for the player to catch the thrown stones overhand, with their palm facing downward. Because of this, it is more challenging than basic ''gonggi''.

=== Genius ''gonggi'' ===
This game is taught to people who are adept in playing ''gonggi''. The difference from ''gonggi'' is that the player doesn't throw one stone in the air but all stones that are in the player's hand. After throwing multiple stones, the player grabs other stone(s) from the ground and catches all the stones they threw. Like snail, the number of stones the player has to grab is same as ''gonggi''.

==Playing calls==
There are many playing calls in the ''gonggi'' game. The standard calls have been listed here. The penalty for a "mess–up" requires that the player who has perpetrated it pass the stones to the next player.

* A "double touch" occurs when a player physically touches the ''gonggi'' stone(s) more than once.
* A "mushroom" or a "diamond" occurs when a ''gonggi'' stone is balanced on a diagonal position. In some versions, this orientation may be worth either extra points or the instant end of the player's turn.
* An "overhead" occurs when a player throws a ''gonggi'' stone in any distance above their head.
* A "drop" occurs when a player, after catching all 5 ''gonggi'' stones, drops a stone on to the playing surface.
* A "fixation" occurs in level 5 when a player deliberately adjusts the ''gonggi'' stones in their hand.
* An "interception" is when another person distracts the person who is currently playing.
* A "kong" occurs when a player fails catch the stone at once and catches it by bouncing it on their hand several times accidentally.
* A "movement" occurs when a player moves their position to catch or grab another stone. It is forbidden in the official game but is usually allowed in other games.
* A "tree frog" occurs when a player, in level 3, picks up one stone first, and then pick the leftover three. (The player is supposed to pick the cluster of three first, and then the amount of one)

== International equivalents ==
Similar games can be seen all around the globe.{{sfn|편|2003|p=174}}

The game is played in [[India]], especially in, [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] in the south of the country, under the name ''gutte'' or ''kallu'', 'stones' , in the north of the country it is played in [[Kashmir]] under the name of ''trup'', and in central Madhya Pradesh under the name chapeta .
In [[Italy]], the game is known as [[Gioco delle cinque pietre]], created from Romans and Greeks, is actually played in South Italy, in [[Calabria]] and [[Sicily]].
In [[Nepal]], the game is known as {{langx|ne|label=none|text=gatti}}. In [[Turkey]], the game is known as {{langx|tr|label=none|text=5 taş|translation=5 stones}}. In [[Ethiopia]], it is known as "qelemosh" ([[Amharic]]: ቅልሞሽ) in [[Amharic]] or "qulba" ([[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]: ቁልባ) in [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]. In [[Eritrea]], it is known as "ḥanday" ([[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]: ሓንዳይ).
In [[Poland]], a similar game was played under the name "Hacele"<ref>[https://www.stajniatrot.pl/texts/mondre/gryinne.html]</ref> (or "Koble" in [[Silesia]]).
In Afghanistan this game is popular among the Hazara children and is called "shighay". It is played by using lamb's leg joint bones. In South Africa, particularly in Cape Town amongst the Coloured community, kids have grown up playing a similar game with pebbles called '5 stones', or 'vyf (5) klippies' as it is known in Afrikaans. In Greece the game was popular until approximately the late 1970s, under the name pentovola ([[Greek language|Greek]] πεντόβολα).

==See also==
*[[Korean culture]]
*[[Yut]]
*[[Knucklebones]]

==References==
<references />

=== Citations ===
* {{Cite journal |last=편 |first=해문 |date=August 2003 |script-title=ko:공기놀이의 전승 모습과 아이들의 공기놀이 현장 |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE00799973 |journal=The Study of Practice Folkloristics (실천민속학연구) |publisher=실천민속학회 |volume= |issue=5 |pages=167–226 |via=DBpedia}} Open access version can be found on the [https://folklore.or.kr/ journal's website].

[[Category:Korean games]]
[[Category:Children's games]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Gogok

2025-05-24T06:41:24Z

172.56.232.73: using semicolon for multiple terms

{{Short description|Korean curved beads}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Korean words and phrases]]}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|img=Baekje gogok.jpg
|caption=Glass and jade beads excavated from the [[Tomb of King Muryeong]] with of [[Baekje]] gold cap ornaments.
|hangul=곱은옥; 곡옥
|hanja=곱은玉; 曲玉
|rr=gobeunok; gogok
|mr=kobŭnok; kogok
}}
'''''Gobeunok''''' or '''''Gogok''''' are comma-shaped or curved beads and jewels that appeared from middle age of [[Mumun pottery period|Mumun Period]] (850 to 550 BC) through the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]] (57 BC to 668 AD).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barnes|first=Gina Lee|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/29183803|title=China, Korea and Japan : the rise of civilization in East Asia|date=1993|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=0-500-05071-6|oclc=29183803}}</ref> The ''Gogok'' (곡옥; 曲玉) is posited by researchers to have been a symbol of prestige among Mumun culture community leaders as the tombs of presumably powerful figures were oftentimes accompanied by bronze daggers, stone daggers, and comma-shaped jewels.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Rhee|first1=Song-nai|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv20rsk33|title=Archaeology and History of Toraijin|last2=Aikens|first2=C. Melvin|last3=Barnes|first3=Gina L.|date=2021-09-09|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|doi=10.2307/j.ctv20rsk33 |isbn=978-1-78969-967-8|s2cid=241425969 }}</ref> The Gogok's role as a symbol of prestige would carry onto the Three Kingdoms Period of Korea (as Gogok would remain a salient feature of Korean royal paraphernalia ([[Silla]] and [[Baekje]]). They range in size range from {{convert|1 to 10|cm}}, and are oftentimes fashioned with a hole to be attached or threaded to another object. The origin of these comma-shaped jewels are posited by some to originate from the [[Pig dragon|dragon-shaped jadeite ornament]] of the [[Hongshan culture]] (4,500 to 3,000 BC) of the Liao River Basin.<ref name=":0" /> However, due to the spatial and temporal distance, most researchers have been skeptical of their genealogical relationship.<ref name=":0"/> The generally accepted interpretation in academia is that the form of the comma-shaped jewel originated from the canine teeth of predator animals such as the [[Magatama]] of Japan from the [[Jōmon period|late Jōmon period]] (approximately 1,000 BC) or as a symbol of a half-moon sacred to moon worshippers, or as a symbol of fetus and or fertility.<ref name=":0" />

==History==

===Mumun Korea===
The Gogok jewel is first found on the Korean peninsula during the Middle Mumun Period (850 to 550 BC) in which they have been unearthed from the graves of elites throughout the southern part of the peninsula. The Cist tomb #1 at [[Songguk-ri|Songguk-ni]]—in reference to the Bronze Age rounded pit dwellings of Korea—dated to 800–700 BC has revealed an impressive array of elite grave goods consisting of a lute-shaped bronze dagger and chisel, a polished stone dagger, 11 willow leaf-shaped polished stone arrowheads, 17 tubular beads, and two comma-shaped [[amazonite]] stones.<ref name=":0" /><ref>GJUB (Gungnip Jung-ang Bangmulgwan [National Museum of Korea]) 1986</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Search/List#modal}}{{dead link|date=November 2023}}</ref> These grave goods were typically found in positions where they were originally placed with or worn by the tomb-bearer. For instance, the Cist tomb #1 of the Songguk-ni site had a bronze dagger placed next to the tomb-bearer's left hand. The two comma-shaped ornaments were found on each side of the dagger tip suggested that they had been a decoration element of the now decomposed sheath. The tubular beads were scattered around the dagger between its midpoint and tip. Meanwhile, the stone dagger lay at the waist of the tomb-bearer with its tip pointing towards the feet suggesting that it was attached to the waist of the user. The comma-shaped ornaments were made of amazonite while the tubular bead ere made of [[jasper]] and [[amber]] while the small circular beads were made of amazonite, [[crystal]] or amber. This cist tomb—containing certain jade ornaments (Gogok jewels and tubular beads) and bronze tools—is believed to have belonged to the highest-ranking leaders of this particular Songguk-ni community as its contents align with the general elite paraphernalia of the Middle Mumun Period.<ref>Bae, Jin-seong, ed. Essay. In ''Mumuntogi Munhwaui Seongripgwa Gyecheungsahoe (Formation of Mumun Pottery Culture and Stratified Society)'', 87–109. Seoul: Seogyeong Munhwasa, n.d.</ref> Bronze mirrors would be added to this list of elite goods during the Late Mumun Period (550–300 BC).

These comma-shaped amazonite ornaments alongside their tubular and circular bead counterparts have been found in other cist tombs as well as [[Neolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]] dolmens (Usan-ni in Seungju, Pyeonggeo-dong in [[Yeosu]], Weol'am-ni in [[Muan County|Muan]], and Daepyeong-ni in [[Jinju]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref>GJUB Gungnip Jung-ang Bangmulgwan [National Museum of Korea] 1992</ref> They have also been found in Middle Mumun residential remains (Jodong-ni in [[Chungju]] and Changpyeong-ni in [[Ulsan]]).<ref name=":0" /> In addition to the widespread excavation of comma-shaped jewels in Mumun sites across southern Korea, between 1995 and 1999, archeologists excavating the [[Daepyeong|Daepyeong-ni]] Mumun village have discovered several industrial locations where tubular beads of jasper and comma-shaped amazonite ornaments were manufactured. The artifacts unearthed at these production locations consisted of finished and unfinished ornaments, raw materials, and grinding tools.<ref name=":0" /> On the basis of site analysis at Daepyeong-ni, Shinya Shoda and his team of researchers have concluded that the production of these prestige jade goods were carried out by the community through two specialized groups located at two different sections within the community to enhance efficiency: the eastern section would provide raw materials and roughly cut stone silhouettes while the western section would create the finished product.<ref>SHODA, Shinya, Oksana Yanshina, Jun-ho Son, and TERAMAE. 2009. New interpretation of the stone replicas in the Russian Maritime Province: re-evaluation from the perspective of Korean archeology. ''The Review of Korean Studies'' 12.2: 187–210</ref>
[[File:PS01001001 bon000 2019 0925143716970 bon013613-000-90000.jpg|thumb|A golden necklace unearthed from Gyeongju of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Jade comma-shaped beads such as these were extensively used by Silla royals and aristocrats to decorate the valuable items they wore, such as gold crowns, necklaces, belts and even garments. That it was an ornament used to further embellish a necklace, made of green jade, and features a form of voluminous crescent with a hole at the head, makes it a fine example of the curved jade beads beloved by the ruling class of Silla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gold Necklace | Collection Database|url=https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/relic/search/view?relicId=4431}}</ref>]]

===Three Kingdoms Period===
The Gogok of the Three Kingdoms period were commonly used as earrings and necklaces, and as decoration on crowns, belts, and bracelets. At this time, the material which the ornament was constructed from became increasingly more refined with some even being decorated with gold or silver caps.

The most famous examples of Gogok in [[Korean art]] are from the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms period]], in the [[crowns of Silla]], earrings, necklaces, and [[royal girdle of Korea]]. These treasures were found in the burial mounds and royal mausoleums of [[Silla]], [[Baekje]], and [[Gaya confederacy]].<ref>[http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/opac/catalogue_detail.php?&object_number=C.102-1984&_limit_=10&_function_=xslt The Fitzwilliam Museum : Catalogue Introduction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612092144/http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/opac/catalogue_detail.php?&object_number=C.102-1984&_limit_=10&_function_=xslt|date=2011-06-12}}</ref> Archaeological evidence suggests that ''Those Gogok'' were produced in specific areas of Japan as [[Magatama]] and were widely dispersed throughout the Japanese archipelago to the Southern Koreanic kingdoms via trade routes.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*[https://archive.today/20130221192016/http://enc.daum.net/dic100//viewContents.do?articleID=b02g0318a Korea Britannica article] {{in lang|ko}}
*[https://archive.today/20130129184116/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=15632 Doosan World Encyclopedia article] {{in lang|ko}}
*[http://kr.dic.yahoo.com/search/enc/result.html?pk=10815300&p=%B0%EE%BF%C1%20&field=id&type=enc Yahoo Korea Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219034355/http://kr.dic.yahoo.com/search/enc/result.html?pk=10815300&p=%B0%EE%BF%C1%20&field=id&type=enc |date=2012-02-19 }} {{in lang|ko}}

[[Category:Korean art]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Korea]]
[[Category:Archaeological artefact types]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Korea]]

Chuncheon National Museum

2025-05-24T05:59:31Z

172.56.232.73: fixing RR & MR; should reflect consonant assimilations

{{Short description|Museum in Chuncheon, South Korea}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|hangul=국립춘천박물관
|hanja=國立春川博物館
|rr=Gungnip Chuncheon bangmulgwan
|mr=Kungnip Ch'unch'ŏn pangmulgwan
|}}

'''Chuncheon National Museum''' ({{Korean|hangul=국립춘천박물관}}) is a [[national museum]] in [[Chuncheon]], [[South Korea]]. It opened on October 30, 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kr.dic.yahoo.com/search/enc/result.html?p=%C3%E1%C3%B5%B9%DA%B9%B0%B0%FC&pk=11197530&subtype=&type=enc&field=id |script-title=ko:국립춘천박물관 (國立春川博物館) |accessdate=2008-04-11 |publisher=[[Yahoo]] encyclopedia |language=Korean |archive-date=2011-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519194913/http://kr.dic.yahoo.com/search/enc/result.html?p=%C3%E1%C3%B5%B9%DA%B9%B0%B0%FC&pk=11197530&subtype=&type=enc&field=id |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of museums in South Korea]]
*[[National museum]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://chuncheon.museum.go.kr/eng/index.do Chuncheon National Museum Official Site]

{{coord|37.8641|127.7537|type:landmark_region:KR|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Chuncheon]]
[[Category:National museums of South Korea]]
[[Category:Museums in Gangwon Province, South Korea]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in South Korea]]

{{SouthKorea-museum-stub}}

Yeonsung University

2025-03-12T14:16:49Z

172.56.232.73: doing this defeats the purpose of RR & MR parameters in Template:Infobox Korean name

{{Infobox Korean name|right|
|hangul =연성대학교
|hanja =硏成大學校
|rr =Yeonseong Daehakgyo
|mr =Yŏnsŏng Taehakkyo
|}}
'''Yeonsung University''', is a [[college]] in Manan-gu, [[Anyang, Gyeonggi|Anyang]] City, [[Gyeonggi]] province, [[South Korea]]. It opened on March 15, 1977, as Anyang Industrial Technical School. It was officially designated a technical [[junior college]] in 1979. The school includes scientific faculties of electronic communications, computer information, industrial design, technology management, environmental engineering, interior construction; domestic faculties of hotel culinary management and fashion design; social service faculties of early childhood education, physical education, social welfare, English, tourism Chinese, and liberal arts. The campus covers 202,000 m2, and also hosts a library and research institutes of industrial design, construction technology, Surface Mount Technology automation, and sports science. On September 1, 2010, Anyang Technical College was permitted to change the school's English name to Anyang Science University. Following this change, on May 23, 2012, Anyang Science University was officially renamed Yeonsung University.

==Notable people==
*[[Oh Ji-ho]], actor
*[[Shin Jung-geun]], actor
*[[Hong Su-zu]], model, actress

==See also==
*[[Education in South Korea]]
*[[List of colleges and universities in South Korea]]

==External links==
*[http://www.ianyang.ac.kr/ Official school website, in Korean]

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord missing|South Korea}}

[[Category:Anyang, Gyeonggi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Gyeonggi Province]]
[[Category:Vocational education in South Korea]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in South Korea]]

{{ROK-university-stub}}

Gyeongsangbuk-do Provincial Council

2025-03-01T10:32:10Z

172.56.232.73: mandatory hyphen in RR

{{Infobox Korean name
|hangul=경상북도의회
|hanja=慶尙北道議會
|rr=Gyeongsangbuk-do Uihoe
|mr=Kyŏngsangbuk-to Ŭihoe
}}

The '''Gyeongsangbuk-do Provincial Council''' ({{Korean|hangul=경상북도의회}}) is the chief [[legislature]] governing [[North Gyeongsang Province]], South Korea. The current chairperson of the Council is [[Lee Cheol-u]]. A chairperson, together with two vice-chairs, is elected twice for each term of the council, serving for two years.

The Council has 339 members, representing the various cities and counties of the province. The largest number of members (35) is sent by the large industrial city of [[Pohang]]. The smallest number (7) represent isolated [[Ulleung County]] and sparsely populated [[Yeongyang County]].

The modern Provincial Council was established with the restoration of [[local autonomy]]. However, the first three Provincial Councils convened under the [[First Republic of South Korea|First]] and [[Second Republic of South Korea|Second]] Republics in the 1950s and early 1960s. Thus, it was the fourth Council which finally convened again in 1991. The eighth Provincial Council will begin serving in July 2006.

==See also==
*[[Politics of South Korea]]
*[[Subdivisions of South Korea]]

==External links==
*[http://council.gyeongbuk.go.kr/ Official Korean-language website]

[[Category:Politics of South Korea]]
[[Category:North Gyeongsang Province]]

Haedong

2025-03-01T09:30:45Z

172.56.232.73: Despite its name, Template:Infobox Chinese is a template for multiple languages. Also, I did not remove anything.

{{Infobox Chinese
|hangul=해동
|hanja=海東
|rr=Haedong
|mr=Haedong
|t=海東
|s=海东
|p=Hǎidōng
|kanji=海東
|hiragana=かいとう
|revhep=Kaitō
|ibox-order = ko1, zh, ja
}}
'''Haedong''' (also '''Haidong''', {{CJKV|t=海東|s=海东|p={{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|Hǎidōng}}|k=海東|l=east of the sea}}) may refer to:
*[[Haidong Prefecture]] (in the sense of ""east of the Qinghai Lake.")
*a historical term for [[Korea]] (viz., from a [[China|Chinese]] perspective)
**[[Haedong Seongguk Balhae]], a medieval kingdom in northern Korea and southern Manchuria
**[[Buddhism in Korea]]
**[[Haedong Goseungjeon]] "lives of eminent Korean monks"
**[[Haedong Gumdo]] "[[Korean swordsmanship]]"

==See also==
*[[Names of Korea]]

{{disambig|geo}}

Sango Fighter

2025-02-07T07:13:05Z

172.56.232.73: removing unnecessary "ko4, ko3"

{{multiple issues|
{{overly detailed|date=December 2013}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox transliteration
| title = Sango Fighter
| t = 三國志武將爭霸，武將爭霸2<ref name="East Asian">After the Super Fighter Team has acquired the legal rights, Sango Fighter 1 is in Chinese, English and Japanese but no Korean. Sango Fighter 2 is in Chinese, English and Korean but no Japanese.</ref>
| s = 三国志武将争霸，武將爭霸2
| p = Sānguózhì Wǔjiàng Zhēngbà, Wǔjiàng Zhēngbà 2
| kanji = 三国武将争覇<ref name="East Asian" />
| hiragana = さんごくぶしょうそうは
| romaji = sangoku bushō sōha
| hangul = 무장쟁패2<ref name="East Asian" />
| hanja = 武將爭覇2
| rr = Mujang Jaengpae 2
| ibox-order = zh, ja, ko1}}

The '''Sango Fighter''' games are a series of [[fighting game]] for [[DOS]] made by the [[Taiwan]]ese [[Panda Entertainment]]. Set in the [[Three Kingdoms]] period of [[Chinese history]], it is very similar to ''[[Street Fighter]]'' and ''[[Samurai Shodown]]'', but with historical context.

"Sango" is a rough romanization of Three Kingdoms. Using [[pinyin]], it would be romanized as "san guo".

==Sango Fighter==
{{Infobox video game
|collapsible=yes
|title=Sango Fighter Chinese Historic Fighting Game (PC-98 English title) 三國武將爭霸 (PC-98 Japanese title)
|image=[[File:sangobox.jpg|240px|centered]]
|developer = [[Panda Entertainment]] (PC/AT, Super A'Can) Great Co., Ltd. (PC-98)
|publisher = {{flagicon|TW}}[[Panda Entertainment]] (Commercial PC/AT Chinese version) [[Accend Inc.]] (Commercial PC/AT English version) [[Super Fighter Team]] (DOS freeware) [[Imagineer (Japanese company)|Imagineer]] (PC-98) {{flagicon|TW}}[[Dunhuang Technology]] (Super A'can)
|series=Sango Fighter
|platforms = [[PC/AT]] with [[MS-DOS|MS-DOS 3.3]], [[Super A'Can]], [[PC-9801|PC-98]] with [[MS-DOS|MS-DOS 5.0A]]
|released = 1993-? (Panda PC/AT) 1995-? (PC-98) 1995-? (Super A'can) 2009-06-18 (PC/AT DOS freeware)
|genre = [[Fighting game]]
|modes = [[Single player]], [[multi-player]] (max 2)
}}
The first '''Sango Fighter''' game was originally published by [[Panda Entertainment]] and released in 1993 for PC/AT platform.

Shareware developer and publisher [[3D Realms|Apogee Software]] was planning on licensing and releasing the game in the United States under the title ''Violent Vengeance'', but the plans for the deal fell through. Instead, the game was distributed in English under its original title by a Taiwanese company named Accend, albeit without official permission from Panda Entertainment.

In 1995, Taiwan's fledgling 16-bit [[Super A'can]] game console saw release of a cartridge version of Sango Fighter, completely programmed inhouse by a single employee of Panda Entertainment. Being a rushed port from the PC version, the A'can adaptation suffered from awkward gameplay and quite a few glitches.

Sango Fighter was also released for the Japanese [[PC-9801|PC-98]] computer, in 1995. For this release, a portion of the game's story text was translated into Japanese. It was otherwise identical to the original [[DOS]] version, upon which its code was based. This adaptation was produced by Great Co., Ltd., and released by Imagineer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/pc98/sango-fighter |title=Sango Fighter for PC-98 (1995) |publisher=MobyGames |date=2012-01-09 |accessdate=2014-01-05}}</ref>

The game was illegally [[porting|port]]ed to the [[Master System]] console, with the name ''Sangokushi'', and released only in [[South Korea]]. This port is one of the larger games in the console library, with 8 [[megabit]]s of data size.

While Sango Fighter was quite popular in Taiwan, a lawsuit by C&E Inc. (producers of the PC fighting game [[Super Fighter]]) stopped Panda Entertainment from distributing the game, let alone adapting it to other machines. Thus the game was never able to reach its full market potential.

On February 24, 2009, the full legal rights to both Sango Fighter and its sequel were acquired by the North American company [[Super Fighter Team]]. Following this, on June 18, 2009, both Chinese and English language editions of the game were released as a free download on the Official ''Sango Fighter'' Website.<ref name="sango">{{Cite web | url=http://www.sangofighter.com/ | title=Official ''Sango Fighter'' Website}}</ref><ref name="Brandon Cobb">{{cite web|author=Brandon Cobb |url=http://www.superfighter.com/ |title=Super Fighter Team |website=www.superfighter.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-05}}</ref> An updated version of the game was released, also as freeware, on February 15, 2011. It featured several significant changes and additions.<ref name="sango"/> The current Super Fighter Team version supports English, Chinese and Japanese languages, with Japanese based on the PC-9801 release of the game with newly translated text.

On December 24, 2021, ''Sango Fighter Special Edition'' was released as a free download for [[Windows]]. This version of the game contains elements from both the MS-DOS and Super A'can editions, and features new material such as a remixed and expanded soundtrack, and rebalanced fight system.

There may have also been a planned, but unfinished 3D sequel by Panda Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://209.120.136.195/want.php |title=Home of the Underdogs - Most Wanted List |access-date=2006-05-07 |archive-date=2006-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425100637/http://209.120.136.195/want.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the former owner of Panda's intellectual properties stated that no records of any such title exist.

===Reception===
Sango Fighter drew much attention of PC gamers when it was released, offering the first fighting game with great graphics for that time and became the definitive fighting game for DOS. The game came in six 1.44 MB floppy disks, considered a large size compared with other games of the same genre.

''[[Computer Gaming World]]'' in 1994 stated that "Game play in ''Sango Fighter'' is very good, on par with the PC version of ''Street Fighter''". It praised the graphics and sound: "the overall quality of this release is equivalent to any commercial offering". The magazine concluded that the $30 shareware registration fee "is a good value, and comes recommended".<ref name="miller199402">{{Cite magazine |last=Miller |first=Chuck |date=February 1994 |title=Shaking Those Winter Blues |url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1994&pub=2&id=115 |department=Best of the Rest |magazine=Computer Gaming World |pages=130, 132}}</ref>

==Sango Fighter 2==
{{Infobox video game
| collapsible = yes
| title = Sango Fighter 2 Fighter in China 2 (Panda floppy disk version box title)
| image =
| developer = [[Panda Entertainment]]
| publisher = {{flagicon|TW}}[[Panda Entertainment]] [[Super Fighter Team]] (freeware)
| series = Sango Fighter
| platforms = [[MS-DOS]]
| released = 1995 2013-11-06 (freeware)
| genre = [[Fighting game]]
| modes = [[Single player]], [[multi-player]] (max 2)
| director = Huang Wenjie
| programmer = Zheng Chuanjun Wang Jindun
| artist = Zhang Zhikai Guo Qiuyi
| designer = Zhang Zhikai
| composer = Yang Chongrong
| writer = Wen Yi
| producer = Brandon Cobb
}}
A sequel was released in 1995, '''''Sango Fighter 2''''', with more characters and more detailed graphics. Sango Fighter 2 also featured a conquest mode in which the player attempted to unify the empire by invading other nations. In addition, the kingdom of Wu was added to the game.

On November 6, 2013, Sango Fighter 2 was released as a free download on the [http://www.sangofighter2.com/ Official ''Sango Fighter 2'' Website].<ref name="Brandon Cobb"/> In addition to being translated into English, the updated game also features several new additions and enhancements.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sangofighter2.com/history.htm | title=Sango Fighter 2 development history | access-date=2013-11-08 | archive-date=2019-08-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815030524/http://www.sangofighter2.com/history.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Super Fighter Team version supports English, Chinese and Korean languages.

==Characters==
The following is a list of the characters from ''Sango Fighter'' and ''Sango Fighter 2''.
{|class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! Character !! His warlord !! Playable in Sango Fighter story mode? !! Playable in Sango Fighter battle and two-player modes? !! Playable in Sango Fighter 2?
|-
|[[Guan Yu]] || Liu Bei || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Zhang Fei]] || Liu Bei || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Zhao Yun]] || Liu Bei || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Ma Chao]] || Liu Bei || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Huang Zhong]] || Liu Bei || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Liu Bei]] || Liu Bei || {{no}} as warlord || {{no}} show || {{no}}, warlord in story mode only
|-
|[[Zhuge Liang]] || Liu Bei || {{no}} as advisor || {{no}} show || {{no}}, advisor in story mode only
|-
|[[Xiahou Dun]] || Cao Cao || {{no}} as enemy || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Xiahou Yuan]] || Cao Cao || {{no}} as enemy || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Xu Huang]] || Cao Cao || {{no}} as enemy || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Xu Chu]] || Cao Cao || {{no}} as enemy || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Dian Wei]] || Cao Cao || {{no}} as enemy || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Lü Bu]] || Lü Bu || {{no}} as enemy || {{yes}} || {{yes}}, also warlord in story mode
|-
|[[Cao Cao]] || Cao Cao || {{no}} as enemy || {{yes}} || {{no}}, warlord in story mode only
|-
|[[Sima Yi]] || Cao Cao || {{no}} show || {{no}} show || {{no}}, advisor in story mode only
|-
|[[Zhang Liao]] || Cao Cao || {{no}} show || {{no}} show || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Gan Ning]] || Sun Quan || {{no}} show || {{no}} show || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Taishi Ci]] || Sun Quan || {{no}} show || {{no}} show || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Huang Gai]] || Sun Quan || {{no}} show || {{no}} show || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Sun Ce]] || Sun Quan || {{no}} show || {{no}} show || {{yes}}
|-
|[[Sun Quan]] || Sun Quan || {{no}} show || {{no}} show || {{no}}, warlord in story mode only
|-
|[[Zhou Yu]] || Sun Quan || {{no}} show || {{no}} show || {{no}}, advisor in story mode only
|}
Cao Cao is not a playable character in ''Sango Fighter 2'', but he retains a role as a character within the story. [[Liu Bei]], [[Sun Quan]], [[Sima Yi]], [[Zhuge Liang]] and [[Zhou Yu]] also serve as story characters.

Even though Sun Ce served as leader of the kingdom of Wu historically before his death, in Sango Fighter 2, he is made a subordinate of his younger brother.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*Super Fighter Team page: [http://www.sangofighter.com/ Sango Fighter], [http://www.sangofighter2.com/ Sango Fighter 2]
*[http://www.diskman.com/presents/supersango/ Super Fighter versus Sango Fighter: Chinese War Ends in America]
*{{moby game|id=/sango-fighter|name=''Sango Fighter''}}
*{{moby game|id=/sango-fighter-2|name=''Sango Fighter 2''}}
*{{Internet Archive game| msdos_Sango_Fighter_2_1995 | Sango Fighter 2}}

{{Romance of the Three Kingdoms}}

[[Category:DOS games]]
[[Category:1993 video games]]
[[Category:Master System games]]
[[Category:NEC PC-9801 games]]
[[Category:Sega Genesis games]]
[[Category:Video games based on Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]
[[Category:Fighting games]]
[[Category:Unauthorized video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Taiwan]]

Nikolai Shin

2025-02-07T07:10:09Z

172.56.232.73: removing unnecessary "ko4, ko3"

{{Short description|Korean Soviet painter (1928–2006)}}
{{Infobox transliteration
| title = Nikolai Shin
| hangul = 신순남
| hanja = 申順南
| rr = Sin Sunnam
| mr = Sin Sunnam
| rus = Николай Сергеевич Шин
| rusr = Nikolay Sergeevich Shin
| ibox-order = ko1, ru}}
'''Nikolai Shin''' (1928 in [[Dalnegorsk]], [[Primorsky Krai]], [[Soviet Union]] – August 18, 2006 in [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]]) was an Uzbekistani painter of [[Gyopo|Korean descent]], sometimes referred to by Korean newspapers as the "[[Picasso]] of Asia".<ref name=Izvestia>{{cite news|title=Культурная интеграция (Cultural Integration)|last=Zhanuzakova|first=Mayra|newspaper=Izvestia|date=2004-11-12|accessdate=2007-02-10|url=http://www.izvestia.kz/news.php?date=12-11-04&number=8|language=Russian|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219200232/http://www.izvestia.kz/news.php?date=12-11-04&number=8|archivedate=2007-12-19}}</ref><ref name=Donga>{{cite news|url=http://www.donga.com/fbin/moeum?n=dstory$c_165&a=v&l=8&id=200608250110|publisher=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]]|date=2006-08-25|accessdate=2007-02-10|script-title=ko:(명복을 빕니다)‘아시아의 피카소’ 신순남 화백 별세|last=Jeong|first=Ui-yong|language=Korean}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Shin's childhood was filled with hardships. His father died at the age of 21, when Shin was only 4. His mother remarried the following year, sending him and his sister to live with their grandmother. In 1937, he and his family were [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|deported to Central Asia]] along with all other [[Koryo-saram|ethnic Koreans in the Russian Far East]]. After the deportations, his family stayed in the [[Kazakh SSR]] for a few years before eventually settling in [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbek SSR]] (now [[Uzbekistan]]) in 1940.<ref name=Choi>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctman.net/english/articles/article05.html|author=Choi Tae-man|title=The Painting of Nikolai Sergeevich Shin|accessdate=2007-02-12|year=2003|publisher=Kookmin University|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050422092447/http://www.ctman.net/english/articles/article05.html|archivedate=2005-04-22}}</ref> His sister became infected with [[malaria]] and died at the age of 16, leaving Shin as sole breadwinner for his mother and grandmother; Shin spoke of his memories of tilling the rocky soil with his bare hands, trying to eke out a living. Eventually, unable to care for his grandmother, he sent her to live with relatives in the [[Kazakh SSR]], where she too died.<ref name=SkyBlueHometown>{{cite web|url=http://www.sky-blue.co.kr/english/picture.html|title=Sky-Blue Hometown|last=Kim|first=So-young|publisher=Cinemaya|year=2001|accessdate=2007-02-10|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929031628/http://www.sky-blue.co.kr/english/picture.html|archivedate=2007-09-29}}</ref><ref name=KoreaHeute>{{cite news|title="Hometown" erzählt eine vergessene Geschichte |url=http://www.koreaheute.de/kultur/0503/Kul007.htm |date=May 2003 |accessdate=2007-02-11 |publisher=KOREAheute |language=German |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008165730/http://www.koreaheute.de/kultur/0503/Kul007.htm |archivedate=2006-10-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Artistic career ===
[[Image:NikolaiShinRequiem..jpg|left|thumb|250px|A panel from ''Requiem'']]

In 1949, Shin graduated from Tashkent's Benkov Art School, and began his career in painting, first receiving acclaim for his work in 1957, when he won the grand prize at the International Youth Festival in Moscow and the second prize in the Republican Festival of Young Artists of Uzbekistan.<ref name=Choi/> In 1960, he graduated from Atropsky Art College, also in Tashkent; after his graduation, he began work on his painting ''Requiem'', which would take him until 1982 to complete. ''Requiem'', painted on a canvas three metres tall and forty-four metres wide in primary colors, depicts people without eyes, noses, or mouths; Shin has stated that this was meant to represent the sense of enslavement and namelessness felt by the [[Koryo-saram]] as a result of the deportations.<ref name=SkyBlueHometown/> Following his completion of ''Requiem'', Shin would go on to paint other works on the theme of the deportations and of Korean culture in Central Asia; he began to become well known in the West with his solo exhibition in Moscow in 1990, and another in Tashkent in 1991. Eventually, his art attracted the attention of the Central Asian-American Enterprise Fund, who offered him financial support, enabling him to hold further exhibitions.<ref name=Choi/> His work was recognised by the Korean government in 1997, when they awarded him with the [[Order of Culture Merit (South Korea)|Order of Culture Merit]] ([[:ko:문화훈장|문화훈장]]); he then donated ''Requiem'' to the Museum of Contemporary Art.<ref name=Donga/><ref name=IDFA>{{cite web|url=http://www.idfa.nl/idfa_en_filmarchive_film.asp?filmid=1493 |publisher=International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam |year=2001 |accessdate=2007-02-12 |title=Sky-Blue Hometown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001105850/http://www.idfa.nl/idfa_en_filmarchive_film.asp?filmid=1493 |archivedate=2006-10-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Aside from his own artwork, Shin also took up a teaching post at his alma mater, the Benkov Art School, despite the low salary; he became a mentor to his student Elena Lee, another Uzbekistani painter of Korean descent, whose work was featured in 2004 at an exhibition in [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]].<ref name=Izvestia/><ref name=Choi/> He died August 18, 2006, in [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]]. He is survived by a wife and three sons.<ref name=Donga/>

== Documentary ==
{{Infobox Korean name|title=Sky-Blue Hometown|caption=The opening of ''Sky-Blue Hometown'', showing Shin against the background of a portion of ''Requiem''|img=|hangul=하늘색 고향|hanja=하늘色古鄉|rr=Haneulsaek Gohyang|mr=Hanŭlsaek Kohyang}}
In 2001, Shin's life story was made into a documentary film ''[[Sky-Blue Hometown]]'', directed by [[Kim So-young]]. Kim stated that she was inspired to tell Shin's story after seeing ''Requiem'' displayed at the National Museum of Contemporary Art and reading articles in the domestic press about Koreans in Uzbekistan.<ref name=KoreaHerald>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Korea Herald]]|date=2003-03-18|accessdate=2007-02-11|title=Movie looks at Russian migrants|last=Soh|first=Joon|url=http://www.e-ju.net/bbs/zboard.php?id=pds&page=1&page_num=20&select_arrange=hit&desc=&sn=off&ss=on&sc=on&keyword=&category=&no=1148}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Through the film, she hoped "to convey the earnest wishes and lost dreams of the victims, rather than render a bleak ambiance of the hurt and resentment endured by Koreans as a minority race in the former Soviet Union and Central Asia at the present time." After completing the film, she was disappointed by the initial lack of domestic interest; though it won grand prize at the [[Seoul International Documentary and Film Festival]] and was honoured as the best Korean documentary at the [[Pusan International Film Festival]], local distributors remained uninterested in the film.<ref name=YIDFF>{{cite web|url=http://www.yidff.jp/2001/cat043/01c064-e.html|title=2001 Official Catalogue: Sky-Blue Hometown|accessdate=2007-02-10|date=2001-09-13|publisher=Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival}}</ref> ''Sky-Blue Hometown'' would go on to be invited to several international film festivals in 2001, including the [[Asian American International Film Festival]] in New York, the [[Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival]] in Japan, the [[International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam]], and the [[International Festival of Audio-visual Programs]] in Paris.<ref name=KoreaHeute/><ref name=IDFA/><ref name=FIPA>{{cite web|url=http://www.fipa.tm.fr/en/fipatel/2001/fip_01372.htm|title=Sky-Blue Hometown|year=2001|accessdate=2007-02-12|publisher=International Festival of Audiovisual Programs|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928113042/http://www.fipa.tm.fr/en/fipatel/2001/fip_01372.htm|archivedate=2007-09-28}}</ref> In November of the following year, it won the Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema prize at the [[Taiwan International Documentary Festival]].<ref name=TaipeiTimes>{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2002/12/16/187445|date=2002-12-16|accessdate=2007-02-12|newspaper=Taipei Times|title=German filmmaker takes top prize at TIDF}}</ref> However, it was not shown in cinemas in Korea until 2003.<ref name=KoreaHerald/>

=== Credits ===
* Director: Kim So-young
* Production: Cine-Maya
* Screenplay: Kim So-young
* Photography: Nikolay Gerasimov
* Editing: Kim So-young
* Sound: Won-jong Soh
* Music: Duck Hyun, Jun-sung Kim, Young-jo Lee
* World Sales: Cine-Maya
* Screening copy: Korean Film Commission<ref name=IDFA/>

==Works==

=== Exhibitions ===
* 1990: Trechakopskaya Art Gallery, [[Moscow]]
* 1991: National Museum of Art, [[Tashkent]]
* 1995: National Museum of Art, [[Tashkent]]
* 1997: Korean National Museum of Contemporary Art, [[Seoul]]<ref name=SkyBlueHometown/>
* 2006: Korean Culture Day, [[Tashkent]]<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Jahon Information Agency|date=2006-10-11|accessdate=2007-02-10|script-title=ru:От вернисажа до Донгмака|url=http://jahon.mfa.uz/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=5094|language=Russian|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110117/http://jahon.mfa.uz/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=5094|archivedate=2007-09-28}}</ref>

=== Paintings ===
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Works in chronological order<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chosun.com/gallery/shin/index.html |title=『수난과 영광의 한민족 유민사 -신순남 특별전』 |newspaper=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |accessdate=2007-02-11 |year=1997 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306071906/http://www.chosun.com/gallery/shin/index.html |archivedate=March 6, 2005 }}</ref>
!Title (Hangul and [[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]])
!Translation
!Year of completion
!Size
!Comments
|-
|어머니와 딸 (''Eomeoniwa Ddal'')
|''Mother and daughter''
|1980
|Unknown
|
|-
|레퀴엠 (''Rekuiem'')
|''Requiem''
|1982
|44×3 metres
|
|-
|장미색의 눈 (''Jangmisaek'eui Nun'')
|''Rose-coloured snow''
|1985
|Unknown
|
|-
|수콕 메달들 (''Sukok Medaldeul'')
|''Sukok medals''
|1987
|240×170 cm
|
|-
|하늘색의 고향 (''Haneulsaek'eui Gohyang'')
|''Sky-blue hometown''
|1988
|8×3 metres
|4 panels of 200×300 cm
|-
|되살린 부채 (''Toesallin Buchae'')
|
|1989
|80×100 cm
|
|-
|또다른 세계로-천국에서의 신혼 (''Ddodareun Segyero - Cheongukeso'eui Sinhon'')
|''To another world - newlywed in paradise''
|1990
|8×3 metres
|4 panels of 200×300 cm
|-
|나와 아내 (''Nawa Anae'')
|''Me and my wife''
|1991
|Unknown
|
|-
|고려인 (''Goryeoin'')
|''Koryo people''
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|-
|검은 용 (''Geomeun Yong'')
|''Black dragon''
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|-
|전설 (''Jeonseol'')
|''Legend''
|Unknown
|52×3 metres
|26 panels of 200×300 cm
|-
|자화상 (''Jahwajang'')
|''Self-portrait''
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|-
|나와 나의 신부 (''Nawa Na'eui Shinbu'')
|''Me and my bride''
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|-
|수코크의 아이들 (''Sukokeu'eui Aideul'')
|''The children of Sukok''
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|-
| 울음 (''Uleum'')
| ''Tears''
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929031634/http://www.sky-blue.co.kr/ Sky-Blue Hometown]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050306071906/http://www.chosun.com/gallery/shin/index.html Online gallery of Shin's work] hosted by the ''[[Chosun Ilbo]]''

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shin, Nikolai}}
[[Category:Soviet painters]]
[[Category:Koryo-saram people]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Uzbekistani painters]]
[[Category:Soviet people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:Uzbekistani people of Korean descent]]

Hong Ta-gu

2025-02-07T07:00:33Z

172.56.232.73: removing unnecessary "ko4, ko3"

{{Short description|Korean Yuan commander (1244–1291)}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Hong (Korean name)|Hong]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Hong Ta-gu
| t = 洪茶丘
| p = Hóng Cháqiū
| hangul = 홍다구
| hanja = 洪茶丘
| rr = Hong Dagu
| mr = Hong Tagu
| ibox-order = ko1, zh}}
'''Hong Ta-gu''' ({{Korean|hangul=홍다구|hanja=洪茶丘}}; 1244–1291) was a [[Goryeo]] commander of the [[Yuan dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Grant |first=Rhode |title=Mongol Invasions of Northeast Asia Korea and Japan |url=https://www.asianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Case-Study-Mongol-Invasions-of-Northeast-Asia-1.pdf |journal=Eurasian Maritime History Case Study: Northeast Asia Thirteenth Century}}</ref> His given name was '''Chun-gi''' (俊奇; 준기, Jùnqí), but he was more well known by his [[courtesy name]] Ta-gu. Born to a northwestern warlord family that defected to the [[Mongol Empire]], Hong Ta-gu led Goryeo forces who had defected in campaigns against Goryeo and Japan. The Hong family dominated the Goryeo defector families in [[Liaoyang]] and [[Shenyang]] during the latter half of the 13th century.

==Early life==
Hong Ta-gu, originally named Chun-gi, was born in 1244 to [[Hong Pok-wŏn]], a northwestern Goryeo warlord who defected to the [[Mongol Empire]] in 1231. He entered the military at a young age and managed to impress [[Kublai Khan|Kublai]], who later became the founder of the [[Yuan dynasty]], with his courage and military prowess. Kublai gave Chun-gi the courtesy name of Ta-gu.<ref name="oleg">Oleg Pirozhenko, 'Political Trends of Hong Bog Won Clan in the Period of Mongol Domination', International Journal of Korean History, Vol. 9 (2005); available at http://ijkh.khistory.org/journal/view.php?number=469; English translation here: http://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/9-08_oleg%20pirozhenko.pdf</ref>

==Mongol service==
Hong Ta-gu was arrested soon after his father's death in 1260 for trying to provoke conflict between Goryeo and the Mongols by saying that the Goryeo king had lied about his intentions to move the capital back to [[Kaesong]]. In 1261, Kublai summoned Hong Ta-gu and told him that his father had been unjustly punished. Hong Ta-gu was made ''chonggwan'' of the Goryeo warriors. This was probably due to political considerations. There were a few tens of thousands of Goryeo warriors in [[Liaoyang]] and [[Shenyang]], and Kublai demanded their loyalty under threat of punishment for their families.<ref name="oleg"/>

In 1263, Hong Ta-gu reported that Wang Jun, the Goryeo royal in command of Goryeo families in Shenyang, boasted that his position was no less than that of the heir apparent. Wang Jun's command was stripped and given to Hong.<ref name="oleg"/>

According to Goryeo sources, Hong "hated his motherland". In 1269, when Im Yon attempted to remove Wonjong from power, Hong received orders to invade Goryeo with 3,300 men. This campaign opened up Goryeo to direct Yuan management of internal affairs and Hong and his Goryeo warriors became one of the primary instruments of such policy for about ten years. In 1270, he was part of the negotiations behind marrying the Goryeo king to a Mongol princess. In 1271, he participated in the suppression of the [[Sambyeolcho Rebellion]] with particular zeal. Wang Jun had instructed his sons, who participated in the campaign, to save Wang On, a Goryeo prince who the rebels had named their king. Hong was the first to land on [[Jindo County|Jindo Island]] to attack the rebel base and he personally killed Wang On. He also refused to bow to the Goryeo king when he visited court that year. In 1273, Hong carried out the mass slaughter of rebel prisoners when Yuan and Goryeo troops took [[Tamna]], the last stronghold of the Sambyeolcho.<ref name="oleg"/>

Hong participated in the [[Mongol invasions of Japan]]. In April 1274, the Yuan instructed Holdon and Hong Ta-gu to mobilize 15,000 men for the invasion of Japan. Hong was put in charge of the construction of large transports and was harsh and cruel in exploiting the Goryeo people for the project.{{sfn|Lo|2012|p=253-254}} Hong's people looted Goryeo dwellings while preparing for the invasion. In 1277, Goryeo officials reported that food prices rose due to Hong's looting. In 1278, Hong requisitioned rice and beans from western Goryeo. In 1279, a Goryeo envoy reported that the people were distracted by Hong's atrocities.<ref name="oleg"/> During the actual invasion, one of the three commanding Yuan generals, Liu Fuxiang (Yu-Puk Hyong), was shot in the face by retreating samurai and seriously injured. Liu convened with the other generals Holdon and Hong back on his ship. Holdon wanted to keep advancing through the night before more Japanese reinforcements arrived, but Hong was worried that their troops were too exhausted and needed rest. There was also fear of being ambushed in the night. Liu agreed with Hong and recalled the Yuan forces back to their ships.{{sfn|Delgado|2010|p=96}} Due to a storm, many of the Yuan ships were beached and destroyed. Of the 30,000 strong invasion force, 13,500 did not return.{{sfn|Delgado|2010|p=97}}{{sfn|Turnbull|2010|p=48-50}} Hong also led the Eastern Route army along with Kim Pang-gyŏng during the second invasion. They disobeyed orders to wait for the Southern Route army and attacked the Japanese mainland by themselves. They failed.{{sfn|Turnbull|2010|p=58}}

After Hong's failure in Japan, his standing declined. He attacked a popular Goryeo general, Kim Pang-gyŏng, who had fought the Mongols and afterwards sought establishment of friendly ties with the Yuan court. Kim also led Goryeo forces in the Sambyeolcho Rebellion and invasion of Japan, which naturally threatened Hong's position. Hong and Kim ran afoul of each other due to Hong's harsh tendencies during the preparation for the invasion of Japan. When a scandal connected Kim to an alleged plot to have the king murdered, Hong arrested Kim, tortured him, and requested permission from the Yuan court for another campaign against Goryeo. [[Chungnyeol of Goryeo]] and Hong were summoned to [[Khanbaliq]], where a discussion took place and Kublai sided with the king. The Mongol troops were called off, the king returned to Goryeo, and Hong's supporters were exiled. After 1281, there are no Goryeo sources about Hong Ta-gu.<ref name="oleg"/>

==Legacy==
Historical records provide information about two of Hong Ta-gu's sons: Hong Chung-hŭi and Hong Chung-gyŏng. The ''[[History of Yuan]]'' says that Chung-hŭi served in the emperor's guard in 1276 and in 1279, he inherited his father's position as Commander of Goryeo Warriors. He visited Goryeo in 1284 as a Yuan envoy and brought horses to the king as a present. Jung-gyong participated in putting down the rebellion of the Mongol prince [[Nayan (Mongol prince)|Nayan]] in 1287. In 1306, he was appointed ''Pyongjang chongsa'' of Liaoyang instead of his uncle, Hong Kun-sang.<ref name="oleg"/>

Both sons inherited their father's hatred of Goryeo. In 1302, the Hong clan proposed combining Liaoyang and the Branch Secretariat for Eastern Campaigns (Goryeo). When [[Chungseon of Goryeo]] came to power in 1309, both brothers criticized his administrative reforms and proposed sending warriors from Shenyang to cut lumber in the [[Paektu Mountain]] region to provoke conflict. Between 1309 and 1312, the Hong brothers proposed establishing a province in Goryeo instead of having a separate kingdom. Chung-hŭi argued that it was unreasonable for one person to sit on two thrones at the same time, referring to Chungseon's position as both king of Goryeo and ''Wang'' of Shenyang. The ''Wang'' of Shenyang was created in 1260 to rule Goryeo people living in Shenyang. While real power resided in the Hong clan and other families, the symbolic power of the post occupied by the Goryeo royal family provided an alternative center of power among the Goryeo elite. In 1308, [[Külüg Khan]] granted the post to Chungseon. Chungseon also benefited from three rest stop villages established by Kublai in 1279 between Goryeo and Khanbaliq that became his base for expansion into Liaoyang. He was granted lands on the northern bank of the [[Yalu]] and gained significant influence over the region. The emperor rejected the proposal to turn Goryeo into a province in 1312. The Hong clan lost most of its power and the brothers are not mentioned again after 1312.<ref name="oleg"/>

Some of their relatives stayed in Goryeo and obtained relatively high positions there but played no significant role in Goryeo-Yuan relations. Hong Ta-gu's younger brother, Hong Kun-sang (? – 1309) was a diplomat between Goryeo-Yuan. Hong Pok-wŏn's brother, Hong Baek-su and his family: son Hong Son (? – 1380), grandsons Hong T'ak, Hong Su, Hong Ik, Hong Myoungleehwasang. They were purged in 1356 by [[Gongmin of Goryeo]].<ref name="oleg"/>

==See also==
* [[History of China]]
* [[History of Korea]]
* [[Manchuria under Yuan rule]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Delgado|first=James P.|year=2010|title=Khubilai Khan's Lost Fleet: In Search of a Legendary Armada}}
*{{citation|last=Lo|first=Jung-pang|year=2012|title=China as a Sea Power 1127-1368}}
*{{cite book|last=Turnbull|first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen R. Turnbull|year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wURfQ0y7JP8C |title=Genghis Khan and the Mongol Conquests, 1190–1400 |location=London |publisher= [[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-415-96862-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Turnbull|first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen R. Turnbull|year=2010|title=The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281|publisher=Osprey}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hong, Ta-gu}}
[[Category:13th-century Korean people]]
[[Category:1244 births]]
[[Category:1291 deaths]]
[[Category:Goryeo generals]]
[[Category:Yuan dynasty generals]]
[[Category:Mongolian people of Korean descent]]

Karl Ivanovich Weber

2025-02-07T06:57:30Z

172.56.232.73: removing unnecessary "ko4, ko3"

{{Short description|Russian diplomat (1841–1910)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Karl Ivanovich Weber
| hangul = 위패
| hanja = 韋貝
| rr = Wipae
| mr = Wip'ae
| rus = Карл Иванович Вебер
| ibox-order = ko1, ru}}
'''Karl Ivanovich Weber''' (also '''Carl von Waeber'''; {{langx|ru|Карл Иванович Вебер}}, {{OldStyleDate|17 June|1841|5 June}}, [[Liepāja]] – 8 January 1910) was a [[diplomat]] of the [[Russian Empire]] and a personal friend to [[Gojong of the Korean Empire|King Gojong]] of [[Korea]]'s [[Joseon Dynasty]]. He is best known for his 1885–1897 service as [[Russia]]'s first consul general to Korea.<ref name=Hwang>{{cite journal |url=http://221.150.168.65/DLiWeb20/components/searchir/viewer/FullTextViewer.aspx?bid=22396&vol=0&issue=28&page=108&type=SE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930083359/http://221.150.168.65/DLiWeb20/components/searchir/viewer/FullTextViewer.aspx?bid=22396&vol=0&issue=28&page=108&type=SE|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2007|pages=97–121 |last=Gang |first=Gwang-sik |script-title=ko:英國의 對韓半島政策展開樣式에 관한 硏究 |trans-title=On the method of development of England's policy towards the Korean peninsula |editor=Hwang Seong-mo |date=Spring 1986 |journal=정신문화연구 |issue=28 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko}}</ref><ref name="Volkov">{{cite journal |volume=23 |last=Volkov |first=M. |script-title=ru:Русские в Корее- имена и судьбы |trans-title=Russians in Korea - Names and Fates |date=May 2004 |url=http://www.korusforum.org/PHP/STV.php?stid=34 |journal=Korusforum Journal |publisher=Center for Contemporary Korean Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences |language=ru |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927124347/http://www.korusforum.org/PHP/STV.php?stid=34 |archivedate=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

==Early life and career==
[[File:Radebeul Carl Waeber Grabmal.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of Weber, his wife Eugenie (1850–1921), and his son Ernst (1873–1917) in [[Radebeul]]]]
Weber was born in Libau ([[Liepāja]]) in the [[Courland Governorate]] to a middle-class family, and expressed an interest in the [[history of Asia]] from an early age. He graduated from the [[Saint Petersburg State University|University of Saint Petersburg]] in 1865, and joined the diplomatic service the following year. His first overseas posting was in [[Beijing]]; he was named Russian Consul in [[Tianjin]] in 1882.<ref name="Volkov"/>

==In Korea==
Weber signed the [[Russia–Korea Treaty of 1884|Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Korea]] on 25 June 1884, and moved to [[Seoul]] in April of the following year as Russia's first official representative to Korea.<ref name="Volkov"/> He was accompanied by his wife as well as his sister-in-law<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=손탁여사와 손탁호텔 |url=http://modernseoul.culturecontent.com/scndContents.asp?sFrstCode=03&sScndCode=02&sThrdCode=01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710131139/http://modernseoul.culturecontent.com/scndContents.asp?sFrstCode=03&sScndCode=02&sThrdCode=01 |archive-date=2012-07-10 |publisher=[[Korea Creative Content Agency]]}}</ref> [[Antoinette Sontag]], a housekeeper from [[Alsace]].<ref name="Kneider">{{cite journal |url=http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=632&lang=ge&page_type=list |last=Kneider |first=Hans Alexander |title=Deutsche Persönlichkeiten im Königreich Joseon |language=de |trans-title=German personalities in the Kingdom of Joseon |journal=Koreana |pages=84–85 |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127165402/http://koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=632&lang=ge&page_type=list |archivedate=27 November 2010 }}; available in English as {{cite web |url=http://www.seoul.diplo.de/Vertretung/seoul/ko/07/deoksugung__kneider__d,property=Daten.pdf |title=Remarkable Germans in the Choson Kingdom |publisher=German Embassy in the Republic of Korea |location=Seoul |accessdate=2 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718230857/http://www.seoul.diplo.de/Vertretung/seoul/ko/07/deoksugung__kneider__d,property=Daten.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Neff">{{cite news |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/10/113_74910.html |date=20 October 2010 |last=Neff |first=Robert |newspaper=The Korea Times|title=First gentlemen's club in Seoul established in 1889 |access-date=21 October 2010}}</ref> His wife had personality conflicts with several other members of the [[Russians in Korea|Russian]] and [[Germans in Korea|German expatriate communities of Seoul]]; in particular, she was believed to be responsible for a malicious rumour in the late 1880s that the German consul, [[Ferdinand Krien]], held orgies in the German legation.<ref name="Neff" /> During his early service in Korea, Weber developed his friendship with King Gojong; when the Russian government made known their intention to transfer him onward to another posting, King Gojong wrote a letter of protest to [[Nicholas II of Russia]], dated 2 July 1895, in which he praised Weber's wisdom and asked that he be allowed to remain in Korea longer. His request was fulfilled when [[Alexey Shpeyer|Alexei Speyer]], Weber's intended replacement, was instead posted to [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].<ref name="Volkov"/>

After the 1895 [[Assassination of Empress Myeongseong|assassination of Queen Min]], Weber [[Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation|personally offered King Gojong refuge]] in the Russian Legation building in Jeongdong (modern-day [[Jung-gu, Seoul]]), where he lived between February 1896 and February 1897.<ref name="Volkov"/> This time marked the height of Russian influence in Korea; Weber was able to persuade King Gojong to appoint a new cabinet consisting of a "pro-Russian faction" led by [[Lee Wan-Yong|Yi Wan-yong]], [[Yi Bum-jin]], and Yi Yun-yong, and in May 1896 signed the [[Komura-Waeber Memorandum]] with his Japanese counterpart [[Komura Jutarō]], granting Russia the right to station four companies of troops in the Korean peninsula, and requiring the Japanese to recognise the new cabinet.<ref name="Volkov"/> Gojong was also quite impressed with Weber's housekeeper Sontag, and would go on to employ her as [[majordomo]] in charge of household affairs after he returned to the palace.<ref name="Kneider"/>

In August 1902, Weber was sent to Korea to participate in the celebration of 40th Anniversary of coronation<ref>{{Cite web |last=Documents of the Russian Ministry of Navy |title=61. РГАВМФ, ф. 417, оп. 1, д. 2608, л. 1 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=fs&levelId=fs_021_0610&types=o |access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> on 5 October 1902.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Documents of the Russian Ministry of Navy |title=65. РГАВМФ, ф. 417, оп. 1, д. 2608, л. 8 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=fs&levelId=fs_021r_0650&types=r}}</ref> The celebration was delayed to next year's Spring,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Documents of the Russian Ministry of Navy |title=68. РГАВМФ, ф. 417, оп. 1, д. 2608, лл. 22об |url=https://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=fs&levelId=fs_021r_0680&types=r}}</ref> and then 30 April 1903.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Documents of the Russian Ministry of Navy |title=69. РГАВМФ, ф. 417, оп. 1, д. 2608, л. 25 |url=https://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=fs&levelId=fs_021r_0690&types=r}}</ref>

==Later career==
Speyer finally arrived to replace Weber in September 1897, whereupon he returned to [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref name="Duus">{{cite book |title=The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895-1910 |last=Duus |first=Peter |publisher=University of California Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-520-21361-0 |pages=118–121}}</ref> Weber would again visit Seoul in an official capacity in April 1903, on the eve of the [[Russo-Japanese War]], for further talks with King Gojong. He was a recipient of the [[Order of St. Andrew]], Russia's highest order of chivalry.<ref name="Volkov"/> He died in [[Niederlößnitz]] and was buried in [[Kötzschenbroda]], today both [[Radebeul]]. His tomb was designed by the architects [[Otto Rometsch]]{{#tag:ref|See the article in the German Wikipedia: [[:de:Otto Rometsch|Otto Rometsch]]|group=fn}} and [[Adolph Suppes]], with sculptures by [[Ernst Thalheim]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen und Stadt Radebeul |title=Stadt Radebeul|series=Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Denkmale in Sachsen |publisher=SAX-Verlag |location=Beucha |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-86729-004-3}}</ref>
{{#tag:ref|See the book: [[:de:Bella Pak|Бэлла Пак]]|group=fn}} .<ref>{{cite book |author=Bella Pak |title=Russian diplomat Karl I. Waeber and Korea[Бэлла Пак. Российский дипломат К.И. Вебер и Корея.409 рр. ]|series=Russian diplomats in the countries of the East|publisher=Institute of Oriental Studies Russian Academy of Sciences (IOS RAS |location=Moscow |year=2013 |isbn=978-5-89282-520-7}}</ref>

== Publications ==
*{{cite book |author=Ch. Waeber |title=Map of north-eastern China |year=1900 |location=Shanghai and London |id={{OCLC|354973129|497551936}} }}
*{{cite book |author=Ch. de Waeber |title=Index de la section géographique de la grande encyclopédie chinoise T'ou-chou-tsi-tch'eng |language=fr |trans-title=Index of the geographical section of the great Chinese encyclopedia T'ou-chou-tsi-tch'eng |location=Saint-Pétersbourg| publisher=impr. de l'Académie impériale des sciences |year=1907 |id={{OCLC|185170504|252061484|315451509|458811458|602347971}} }}
*{{cite book |author=К. И. Вебер [Ch. de Waeber] |script-title=ru:О корейском языке и корейском чтении китайских иероглифов |language=ru |trans-title=On the Korean language and reading of Chinese characters |location=Saint Petersburg |year=1907 |id={{OCLC|62584148|162379237|315453262}} }}
*{{cite book |author=К. И. Вебер [Ch. de Waeber] |script-title=ru:Пробная транскрипция всех городов Кореи |language=ru |trans-title=Proposed transcription of the names of Korean towns |location=Saint Petersburg |year=1907 |id={{OCLC|62584149|162379238|707158002}} }}

== See also ==
* [[First Sino-Japanese War]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=fn}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{DNB portal|117552887|TYP=}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Weber, Karl Ivanovich}}
[[Category:1841 births]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Liepāja]]
[[Category:People from Courland Governorate]]
[[Category:Baltic-German people from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Nobility from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to China]]
[[Category:Diplomats of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Expatriates from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Expatriates in Korea]]
[[Category:Saint Petersburg State University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class]]

Yanbian University

2025-02-07T06:47:24Z

172.56.232.73: removing unnecessary "ko4, ko3"

{{Short description|Public university in Yabian, Jilin, China}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Yanbian University
| native_name = {{native name|zh-hant|延边大学}} {{native name|ko|연변대학}}
| image = File:延边大学求真楼 2.jpg
| caption = Yanbian University
| logo =
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|1949}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| president =
| city = [[Yanji, Jilin]]
| country = China
| undergrad =
| faculty =
| campus =
| language = Chinese
| website = {{url|www.ybu.edu.cn}}
| coordinates =
| other_name =
| module = {{infobox transliteration
| child = yes
| s = 延边大学
| t = 延邊大學
| p = Yánbiān Dàxué
| w =
| mi =
| y =
| j =
| poj =
| l =
| hangul = 연변대학
| hanja = 延邊大學
| rr = Yeonbyeon Daehak
| mr = Yŏnbyŏn Taehak
| ibox-order = zh, ko1
| order = st}}
}}
[[File:Yanbian University Library 1.jpg|thumb|right|Yanbian University Library]]
'''Yanbian University''' ('''YBU'''; {{Lang-zh|s=延边大学|labels=no}}) is a public university at [[Yanji]], [[Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture|Yanbian]], [[Jilin]], [[China]]. It is affiliated with the Province of Jilin, and co-funded by the provincial government and the [[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Education]]. The university is part of [[Project 211]] and the [[Double First-Class Construction]].<ref name="Chinese Department of Education">{{Cite web |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A22/moe_843/201709/t20170921_314942.html |title=教育部财政部国家发展改革委关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设学科名单的通知 (Notice from the Ministry of Education and other national governmental departments announcing the list of double first class universities and disciplines)}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.ybu.edu.cn/ Yanbian University official website] {{in lang|zh|en|ko}}
{{Yanbian}}
{{Project 211}}
{{Universities and colleges in Jilin}}
{{coord|42|54|29|N|129|29|7|E|display=title}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Yanbian University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jilin]]
[[Category:Education in Yanbian]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1949]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in China]]

Kim Chul-won

2025-02-07T06:41:42Z

172.56.232.73: removing unnecessary "ko4, ko3"

{{ infobox rugby biography
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|1|22}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| height = 1.71 m
| weight = {{convert|73|kg|lb st|abbr=on}}
| ru_position = [[Scrum-half (rugby union)|Scrum-half]]
| amatyears1 =
| amatteam1 =
| years1 = 2010−
| clubs1 = [[Kintetsu Liners]]
| apps1 = 88
| points1 = 60
| ru_clubupdate = 15 January 2017
| repyears1 = 2007
| repteam1 = {{nrut|Japan}}
| repcaps1 = 2
| reppoints1 = 0
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| kanji = 金喆元
| kana = キム・チョルウォン
| romaji = Kimu Choruwon
| hangul = 김철원
| hanja = 金喆元
| rr = Gim Cheolwon
| mr = Kim Ch'ŏrwŏn
| ibox-order = ja, ko1}}

'''Kim Chul-won''' ({{Korean|김철원}}, {{langx|ja|キム・チョルウォン}}; born January 22, 1984) is a South Korean international rugby union player from [[Seoul]]. He plays as a scrum-half. He plays for [[Kintetsu Liners]] in Japan's [[Top League]].

Kim was drafted into the Japan squad for [[Rugby World Cup 2007]], playing two games, as a substitute, with [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]], in the 72-18 loss, and in the 12-12 drew with [[Canada national rugby union team|Canada]]. He is absent from his National Team since then.

==External links==
*{{ESPNscrum|15740}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Squads
| list1 =
{{Japan Squad 2007 World Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Chul-won}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Japan international rugby union players]]
[[Category:Hanazono Kintetsu Liners players]]
[[Category:Rugby union scrum-halves]]
[[Category:South Korean rugby union players]]
[[Category:2007 Rugby World Cup players]]
[[Category:South Korean emigrants to Japan]]
[[Category:South Korean expatriate rugby union players in Japan]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Seoul]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Japan]]
[[Category:Naturalised rugby union players]]
[[Category:Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences alumni]]

{{Japan-rugbyunion-bio-stub}}

Shin Kyuk-ho

2025-02-07T06:31:49Z

172.56.232.73: removing unnecessary "ko4, ko3"

{{Short description|South Korean businessman (1921–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Shin (Korean name)|Shin]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shin Kyuk-ho / Shigemitsu Takeo
| image = Shin Kyuk-ho.jpg
| image_caption = Shin in 1964
| native_name = {{nobold|신격호}} / 重光武雄
| native_name_lang = ko
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1921|11|3}}
| birth_place = [[Ulsan]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea, Empire of Japan]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2020|01|19|1921|11|3}}
| death_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| occupation = Businessman
| nationality = South Korean
| known_for = Founder of [[Lotte Corporation]]
| education = [[Waseda University]] (Jitsugyo High and kōgakkō<ref>{{cite web | url=https://businesspost.co.kr/BP?command=print&idxno=60220 | title=[Who is ?] 신격호 롯데그룹 명예회장 | access-date=11 January 2024 | archive-date=11 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111201303/https://businesspost.co.kr/BP?command=print&idxno=60220 | url-status=live }}</ref>)
| children = 4, including [[Shin Dong-bin]]
| relatives = [[Shin Choon-ho]] (brother) [[Shin Dong-won]] (nephew)
| awards =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Native names
| kanji = 重光武雄
| kana = しげみつたけお
| revhep = Shigemitsu Takeo
| hangul = 신격호
| hanja = 辛格浩
| rr = Sin Gyeokho
| mr = Sin Kyŏkho
| ibox-order = ja, ko1
}}

'''Shin Kyuk-ho''' ({{Korean|hangul=신격호}}; 3 November 1921{{spaced ndash}}19 January 2020), known in [[Japan]] as {{Nihongo|'''Shigemitsu Takeo'''|重光武雄}},<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/lotte-group-founder-shin-kyuk-hos-life-from-rags-to-riches-to-prison-term|title=Lotte Group founder Shin Kyuk Ho's life from rags to riches to prison term|date=22 December 2017|work=The Straits Times|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323015742/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/lotte-group-founder-shin-kyuk-hos-life-from-rags-to-riches-to-prison-term|url-status=live}}</ref> was a [[Zainichi Korean]] businessman known for being the founder of the South Korean-Japanese conglomerate [[Lotte Corporation]] (Group), now one of the largest [[chaebols]] in South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view/b13s2471a|script-title=ko:신격호|website=Daum 100|language=ko|trans-title=Shin Kyuk-ho|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=13 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313120947/https://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view/b13s2471a|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Economic bubble|bubble economy]] of [[Japan]] from the 1980s to the 1990s, he became the fourth wealthiest person in the world according to American business magazine [[Forbes]] in 1988,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1988-07-09 |script-title=ko:롯데 신격호회장 세계 4위 갑부랭크{{!}}개인자산 80억불…한·일에 42개기업 거느려{{!}}유지제품으로 출발 「롯데껌」으로 큰돈 벌어 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/2256912 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=[[JoongAng Ilbo]] |language=ko}}</ref> setting the record for the greatest wealth ever achieved by a Korean.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-15 |script-title=ko:한-일서 사업 세계적 거부/신격호 롯데그룹회장(일요대담) |url=https://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/1993/05/16/1993051671101.html |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=[[ChosunBiz]] |language=ko |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108042659/https://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/1993/05/16/1993051671101.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Driven by a lifelong desire to contribute to his [[homeland]], South Korea (Republic of Korea), his dream of the [[Lotte World Tower]], the sixth tallest building in the world and the highest in the [[Korea|Korean peninsula]], was realized in 2016, and he died in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-28 |script-title=ko:"한국 국격 높일 수 있다면…롯데월드타워, 이윤 안 남아도 된다" |url=https://www.hankyung.com/article/2021102812501 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[The Korea Economic Daily]] |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=신 |first=호경 |date=2017-05-03 |script-title=ko:신격호, '30년 꿈' 이뤘다…롯데월드타워 123층 직접 올라(종합) |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170503057351030 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=신 |first=호경 |date=2017-05-03 |script-title=ko:신격호, '평생 숙원' 롯데월드타워 123층 올랐다 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170503057300030 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108042707/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170503057300030 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Shin was born in [[Ulsan]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea, Empire of Japan]] in 1921. He was the first of five sons and five daughters. Among his siblings was [[Shin Choon-ho]], founder of South Korean food conglomerate [[Nongshim]]. In 1941, he stowed away on a ship to Japan, where he studied chemical engineering at [[Waseda University]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://h2.khan.co.kr/print.html?id=201508201628461 | title=기사 인쇄 | access-date=11 January 2024 | archive-date=11 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111201558/http://h2.khan.co.kr/print.html?id=201508201628461 | url-status=live }}</ref> (kōgakkō) after he graduated from Waseda Jitsugyo High School. He adopted the Japanese name Takeo Shigemitsu and opened a [[rice cooker]] manufacturing plant in 1942.<ref name=":0" /> After the plant was destroyed during an [[Air raids on Japan|air raid]],{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} Shin was rendered an unemployed college graduate until he founded [[Lotte (conglomerate)|Lotte]] in 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magdin |first=Radu |date=2022-07-12 |title=Council Post: The Asian Century: Its Roots In Family Businesses And The Choices They Made |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/07/12/the-asian-century-its-roots-in-family-businesses-and-the-choices-they-made/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Lotte was expanded to South Korea in 1967.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LOTTE|url=https://www.lotte.co.kr/global/en/about/history.do|access-date=2021-12-03|website=www.lotte.co.kr|language=en|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202225431/https://lotte.co.kr/global/en/about/history.do|url-status=live}}</ref> It grew from selling chewing gum to becoming a major [[multinational corporation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/03/03/national/media-national/anniversaries-loom-gum-producer-lotte-yoshiwara-red-light-district/|title=Anniversaries loom for gum producer Lotte and the Yoshiwara red-light district|last=Schreiber|first=Mark|date=3 March 2018|work=[[The Japan Times]]|access-date=15 August 2018|issn=0447-5763|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021655/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/03/03/national/media-national/anniversaries-loom-gum-producer-lotte-yoshiwara-red-light-district/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006, Shin and his family were ranked 136th on ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine's list "[[The World's Billionaires]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/business/lists/2006/10/K7A2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201355/https://www.forbes.com/business/lists/2006/10/K7A2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2018|title=#136 Shin Kyuk-Ho & family|year=2006|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> In 2009, Shin was ranked 38th on the magazine's list of South Korea's richest people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/83/korea-rich-09_Shin-Kyuk-Ho_K7A2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504071326/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/83/korea-rich-09_Shin-Kyuk-Ho_K7A2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 May 2009|title=#38 Shin Kyuk-Ho|date=29 April 2009|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> Lotte itself was South Korea's fifth largest [[Chaebol|conglomerate]] as of 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/business/2017/08/01/27/0501000000AEN20170801007900320F.html|title=Lotte Hotel to open chain in Myanmar next month|date=1 August 2017|agency=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012093105/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/business/2017/08/01/27/0501000000AEN20170801007900320F.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2017, Shin retired from his role as board director of Lotte Holdings Co. after holding the position for nearly 70 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-24/lotte-group-founder-shin-kyuk-ho-retires-as-board-director-at-94|title=Lotte Group Founder Shin Kyuk-ho Retires as Board Director at 94|last=Kim|first=Hooyeon|date=24 June 2017|website=Bloomberg|access-date=15 August 2018|url-access=subscription|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200731/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-24/lotte-group-founder-shin-kyuk-ho-retires-as-board-director-at-94|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2017, he was sentenced to four years in prison after he was convicted of embezzling 128.6 billion [[South Korean won|won]] (119 million [[United States dollar|USD]]) from Lotte. However, Shin was allowed to remain free given his poor health.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2017 |title=Jail for 95-year-old South Korean tycoon |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-42451425 |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207173919/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-42451425 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==

Shin had a total of four children from three marriages. His first wife, Noh Soon-hwa, died in 1949. They had one daughter, Shin Young-ja (born 1944).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2016070701071030123001&w=nl|script-title=ko:신영자 이사장 영장심사때 대성통곡… '애끓는 모정'|last1=Min|first1=Byeong-ki|last2=Park|first2=Jun-u|date=7 July 2016|website=[[Munhwa Ilbo]]|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201016/http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2016070701071030123001&w=nl|url-status=live}}</ref> Shin then married a Japanese woman, Hatsuko Shigemitsu, in 1952 under the [[common-law marriage]] system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.kr/2015/08/01/story_n_7916268.html|script-title=ko:롯데, 시게미쓰 家門의 전쟁|last=Yu|first=Sin-jae|date=1 August 2015|work=[[The Hankyoreh]]|access-date=15 August 2018|language=ko-KR|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201303/https://www.huffingtonpost.kr/2015/08/01/story_n_7916268.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="seoul-20160308">{{cite web |url=https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20160308500094 |title=신격호 롯데 총괄회장 부인 시게미쓰 하츠코 법률혼 아닌 사실혼 관계 |trans-title=Lotte Chairman Shin Kyuk-ho in an informal relationship with Shigemitsu Hatsuko |work=[[Seoul Shinmun]] |date=8 March 2016 |accessdate=20 January 2020 |language=ko}}</ref> They had two sons, Shin Dong-joo (born 1954)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view/33XXXX538084|script-title=ko:신동주|website=Daum 100|language=ko|trans-title=Shin Dong-joo|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303082054/https://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view/33XXXX538084|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Shin Dong-bin]] (born 1956).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view/33XXXXX20533|script-title=ko:신동빈|website=Daum 100|language=ko|trans-title=Shin Dong-bin|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303082100/https://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view/33XXXXX20533|url-status=live}}</ref> Shin was also married to Seo Mi-Kyung in South Korea under the country's [[common-law marriage]] system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2016/06/17/0200000000AEN20160617002900320.html|title=Lotte suspected of giving favors to founder's third wife|date=17 June 2016|agency=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201140/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2016/06/17/0200000000AEN20160617002900320.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They had one daughter, Shin Yu-mi (born 1982).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2015/08/27/2015082702392.html|script-title=ko:롯데가 경영권 분쟁 속 '방배동 별당' 서미경·신유미 모녀는?|last=Park|first=Ji-hyeon|date=29 August 2015|work=Women's Chosun|access-date=15 August 2018|language=ko|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227203113/http://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2015/08/27/2015082702392.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Because of this bigamic common-law marriage status, some regard Seo Mi-Kyung as a concubine of Shin Kyuk-ho.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.mt.co.kr/mtview.php?no=2020012015082487221 |script-title=ko:중혼 불법인데 셋째 부인? '신격호와 사실혼' 서미경 호칭 논란 |trans-title=Is it illegal to get married as the third wife? Controversy over Shin Kyuk-ho's 'informal wife' |work={{ill|Money Today|ko|머니투데이}} |date=20 January 2020 |accessdate=20 January 2020 |language=ko |archive-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120171809/https://news.mt.co.kr/mtview.php?no=2020012015082487221 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shin Dong-bin]], second son of Shin Kyuk-ho and Hatsuko Shigemitsu, referred to Seo Mi-Kyung as "my father's girlfriend".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.segye.com/newsView/20200120502649 |title='故 신격호' 빈소 30분 머문 서미경 누구? "임신 후 자취 감춰" |trans-title=Seo Mi-kyung, hidden after pregnancy, showed up for 30 minutes |work=[[Segye Ilbo]] |date=20 January 2020 |accessdate=20 January 2020 |language=ko |archive-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120170035/http://www.segye.com/newsView/20200120502649 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lotte}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shin, Kyuk-ho}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Korean emigrants to Japan]]
[[Category:Lotte Corporation]]
[[Category:People from Ulsan]]
[[Category:South Korean chief executives]]
[[Category:South Korean company founders]]
[[Category:Yeongsan Shin clan]]
[[Category:Zainichi Korean businesspeople]]
[[Category:People convicted of embezzlement]]
[[Category:South Korean fraudsters]]
[[Category:Shin family]]
[[Category:Zainichi Korean history]]
[[Category:Waseda University alumni]]

Choson Sinbo

2025-02-07T06:26:53Z

172.56.232.73: removing unnecessary "ko4, ko3"

{{Short description|North Korea–aligned newspaper in Japan}}
{{About|the Zainichi Korean newspaper|the 1881 newspaper|Chōsen shinpō|the 1890 newspaper|Chōsen shinpō (Incheon)|the South Korean newspaper|The Chosun Ilbo|the 1894–1941 newspaper in Korea|Chōsen jihō}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Chosun Shinbo
| school =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| type = Weekly newspaper
| format =
| owner = 
| founder = 
| publisher = [[General Association of Korean Residents]]
| president =
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| depeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| generalmanager =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| metroeditor =
| metrochief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| launched = 1 June 1957
| political =
| language = Korean and Japanese
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters =
| circulation =
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref =
| readership =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| RNI =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| free =
| dirinteractive =
| publishing_country = Japan
| publishing_city =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Choson Sinbo
| kanji = 朝鮮新報
| kana = ちょうせんしんぽう
| revhep = Chōsen Shinpō
| hangul = 조선신보
| hanja = 朝鮮新報
| rr = Joseon Sinbo
| mr = Chosŏn Sinbo
| ibox-order = ja, ko1}}
The {{Nihongo|1='''''Choson Sinbo'''''|2=朝鮮新報|4={{Korean|hangul=조선신보}}; or '''''Chosun Shinbo'''''}}, also known by the name of its [[English language|English]] edition '''''The People's Korea''''', is a newspaper based in Japan, published in both Korean and [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. The name literally means '[[Joseon|Korea]] Newspaper'. It is published by the [[General Association of Korean Residents]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=15,000th Issue of Choson Sinbo Marked|url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2011/201103/news16/20110316-20ee.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012015031/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2011/201103/news16/20110316-20ee.html|archive-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> a pro-[[North Korea]] representative body for [[Zainichi Koreans]], who also run ''The People's Korea'' (PK), an English language news site.

When reporting from North Korea, ''Choson Sinbo'' journalists enjoy more freedoms than other foreign reporters. They have managed to publish exclusive stories on projects in the country and scoops on [[Japan–North Korea relations]].<ref name="nkne_NKS">{{Cite web | title = "NK Signal": State-backed South Korean news agency pitches inter-Korean romance| author = Oliver Hotham | work=[[NK News]] | date = 7 August 2018 | access-date = 2018-08-10 | url = https://www.nknews.org/2018/08/nk-signal-state-backed-south-korean-news-agency-pitches-inter-korean-romance/ }}</ref>

==History==
On November 4, 2020, ''[[NK News]]'' reported that the majority of ''Choson Sinbo''<nowiki/>'s content was placed behind a paywall, which could result in legal troubles due to [[International sanctions against North Korea|sanctions against North Korea]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-11-04 |title=Pro-North Korea newspaper in Japan monetizes website with paywall |url=https://www.nknews.org/2020/11/pro-north-korea-newspaper-in-japan-monetizes-website-with-paywall/ |access-date=2021-03-24 |website=[[NK News]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notable staff ==
* [[Lee Hoesung]] wrote for the paper until 1969

== See also ==
{{Portal|North Korea}}
* [[Rimjingang]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website}} {{in lang|ko}}
*{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011030553/http://www.korea-np.co.jp/pk/|date=11 October 2006|title=''The People's Korea''}}
* {{YouTube|DE9nnp0iNC0|Documentary about North Koreans in Japan and ''The People's Korea''}}

{{Media specialized on news and/or analysis about North Korea}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mass media in North Korea]]
[[Category:Weekly newspapers published in Japan]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1957]]
[[Category:Korean-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Communist newspapers]]
[[Category:Korean diaspora mass media]]

{{Japan-corp-stub}}
{{Korea-stub}}
{{Asia-newspaper-stub}}

Chunghwa TV

2025-02-07T06:23:53Z

172.56.232.73: removing unnecessary ibox-order which doesn't affect anything

{{Short description|South Korean Chinese television channel}}
{{Distinguish|China Television|Chinese Television System}}

{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Chunghwa TV
| t = 中華 TV
| s = 中华 TV
| p = Zhōnghuá TV
| hangul = 중화 TV
| hanja = 中華 TV
| rr = Junghwa TV
| mr = Chunghwa TV
}}
'''Chunghwa TV''', owned by [[CJ ENM]] [[CJ ENM Entertainment Division|Entertainment Division]], is a [[Chinese language|Chinese]] television channel with [[Korean language|Korean]] subtitles, also catering to the ethnic Chinese population. It broadcasts various programs such as Chinese lessons, music videos, news, dramas, etc. The company headquarters is located in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].

==See also==
* [[TVB Korea Channel]]

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://zhtv.cjenm.com/ko/}} {{In lang|ko}}

{{CJ Group}}
{{portal|South Korea|Companies|Media}}
[[Category:CJ E&M channels]]
[[Category:Mass media companies of South Korea]]
[[Category:Television networks in South Korea]]
[[Category:Television channels in South Korea]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2004]]
[[Category:Mass media in Seoul]]

{{China-tv-station-stub}}

Yuko Fueki

2025-02-07T06:17:48Z

172.56.232.73: removing unnecessary "ko4, ko3"

{{short description|Japanese–Korean actress (born 1979)}}
{{Infobox transliteration
| title = Yuko Fueki
| kanji = 笛木優子
| romaji = Fueki Yūko
| hangul = 유민
| rr = Yu Min
| mr = Yu Min
| ibox-order = ja, ko1}}
[[File:Fueki Yuko.jpg|thumb|Fueki Yuko (2014)]]
'''Yuko Fueki''' (born June 21, 1979 in [[Tokyo]]) is a Japanese actress. She is most popular in [[South Korea]], where she is known as '''Yoo Min'''.

Fueki made her feature film debut in the [[2001 in film|2001]] film ''[[Hotaru (film)|Hotaru]]'' (''Firefly'') and, in the same year, her Korean TV debut. She is more popular in South Korea than in Japan. Fueki was the subject of a legal dispute between the Korean company A Stars and the Japanese talent agency Riku Corporation.

In [[2005 in film|2005]], nude scenes in the movie ''[[Sinseolguk]]'' (known as Shin Yukiguni in Japan) caused a brief scandal for Fueki, as the Korean release of the movie had followed on the heels of her nude photo shoot just a few months earlier. For a time, the film's website received so many visitors that it briefly crashed.<ref>[http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200401/200401230007.html Digital Chosunilbo (English Edition) : Daily News in English About Korea] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060310054157/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200401/200401230007.html |date=March 10, 2006 }}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
*''[[Hotaru (film)|Hotaru]]'' (ホタル; 2001])
*''[[Shin Yukiguni]]'' (新・雪国; 2001)
*''[[Jump (2003 film)|Jump]]'' (ジャンプ; 2003)
*''[[Blue Swallow (film)|Blue Swallow]]'' (청연; 2005)
*''[[APT (film)|APT]]'' (아파트; 2006)
*''[[Meon (film)|Meon]]'' (憑神;2007)
*''Daichi no Uta'' (2011)
*''Marrying the Mafia IV'' (2011)
*''Marrying the Mafia V'' (2012)
*''Lady in White'' (2018)
*''[[My Boyfriend in Orange]]'' (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://eiga.com/movie/96682/|title= モエカレはオレンジ色|access-date= April 26, 2022|website= eiga.com}}</ref>
*''Ito and Her Brothers'' (2024), Saho Narita<ref>{{cite web |url= https://eiga.com/movie/102045/|title= うちの弟どもがすみません|access-date= 24 September 2024|work= The Television}}</ref>

===Television dramas===
*''Weather Forecaster's Lover'' (天気予報の恋人; ''Tenki Yoho no Koibito''; 2000, [[Fuji TV]])
*''Female announcers'' (女子アナ。; ''Joshiana.''; 2001, Fuji TV)
*''[[Wuri's Family]]'', aka "My Home" (우리집; ''Uri Jip''; 2001, [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]])
*''Let's Get Married'' (결혼합시다; 2002, [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]])
*''[[All In (TV series)|All In]]'' (올인; 2003, [[SBS (Korea)|SBS]])
*''Good Man'' (좋은사람; ''Joh-eun Sa-ram''; 2003, MBC)
*''Abgujeong Jonggajip'' (압구정 종갓집; 2003-2004, SBS)
*''[[Stained Glass (TV series)|Stained Glass]]'' (유리화; ''Yurihwa''; 2004-2005, SBS)
*''[[Bad Housewife]]'', aka "Mr. Housewife" or "Bad Wife" (불량주부; ''Bul-lyang Joo-boo''; 2005, [[SBS (Korea)|SBS]])
*''[[Attention Please]]'' (アテンションプリーズ; 2006, Fuji TV)
*''Bad Guys'' (わるいやつら; ''Warui Yatsura''; 2007, [[TV Asahi]])
*''Hotelier'' (ホテリアー; 2007, [[TV Asahi]])
*''[[Iris II: New Generation]]'' (아이리스; 2009, [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]])
*''[[Life Is Beautiful (2010 TV series)|Life is Beautiful]]'' (SBS 2010)
*''Iris 2'', as Eriko Sato (2013)
*''[[Kabukimono Keiji]]'' (2015)
*''My Ex-Boyfriend's Last Will'' (2022, Fuji TV)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.crank-in.net/news/102400/1|title= 綾瀬はるか×大泉洋『元彼の遺言状』、萬田久子、要潤ら怪しさあふれる追加キャスト発表|access-date= March 25, 2022|work= Crank-in!}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=1523195|name=Yuko Fueki}}
*[http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/person/p1090210.htm JMDb Profile (in Japanese)]
{{SBS Drama Awards for Best New Actress}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fueki, Yuko}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Japanese expatriates in South Korea]]
[[Category:Ewha Womans University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Japanese actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tokyo]]

Wiman Joseon

2025-02-07T06:13:28Z

172.56.232.73: removing unnecessary ibox-order which doesn't affect anything

{{short description|Dynasty of the Gojoseon kingdom of Korea (194–108 BC)}}
{{see also|Gojoseon|Gija Joseon}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Wiman Joseon
| t = 衛滿朝鮮
| s = 卫满朝鲜
| p = Wèimǎn Cháoxiǎn
| hangul = 위만조선
| hanja = 衛滿朝鮮
| rr = Wiman Joseon
| mr = Wiman Chosŏn
}}
{{History of Korea}}
{{History of Manchuria}}
'''Wiman Joseon''' (194–108 BC) was a dynasty of [[Gojoseon]]. It began with [[Wiman of Gojoseon|Wiman]]'s (Wei Man) seizure of the throne from [[Gija Joseon]]'s [[Jun of Gojoseon|King Jun]] and ended with the death of [[Ugeo of Gojoseon|King Ugeo]] who was a grandson of Wiman. Apart from archaeological data, the main source on this historical period comes from chapter 115 of [[Sima Qian]]'s ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]''.{{sfn|Sima|Watson|1993|pp=225-230}} Wiman was originally a Chinese military leader from the [[Yan Kingdom (Han dynasty)|Kingdom of Yan]] under the [[Han dynasty]].{{sfn|Peterson|Margulies|2009|p=6|ps=: "The term was used again by a refugee from the Han dynasty named Wiman, who about 200 B.C.E. set up a kingdom in Korea called Wiman Choson."}}{{sfn|Cotterell|2011|loc=Imperial Crisis: The Failure of the Later Han|ps=: "The earliest documented event in Korean history involves China. After an unsuccessful rising against the first Han emperor Gaozu, the defeated rebels sought refuge beyond the imperial frontier and one of them Wiman, took control of Choson, a Korean state in the north of the peninsula."}}{{sfn|Kim|2012|p=10|ps=: "For instance, Wiman, a refugee from the Yan dynasty, which then existed around present-day Beijing, led his band of more than 1,000 followers into exile in Old Chosŏn in the early second century bc."}}{{sfn|Tennant|1996|p=18|ps=: "Retaliation by the Han then brought in refugees from Yan, the most notable of whom was a war lord, Weiman ('Wiman'in Korean), who somewhere about 200 BC led his followers into the territory held by Choson."}}{{sfn|Xu|2007|p=220|ps=: "Here, Wiman was described as a "Gu Yanren 故燕人"or a person from former Yan. It is confusing because there were two Yans around this period. The first was the Yan state, which was one of the seven states during the Warring States period, and the second was the vassal state of Yan of the Han dynasty."}}

== Founding ==
{{Wiman Joseon monarchs}}
According to [[Sima Qian]], Wiman was a general from the [[Yan Kingdom (Han dynasty)|Kingdom of Yan]] of northeastern China after the collapse of China's [[Qin dynasty]], who submitted to Gojoseon's King [[Jun of Gojoseon|Jun]]. Jun accepted and appointed Wiman commander of the western border region of Gojoseon, which probably corresponds to the west of the present-day [[Liaoning]]. Despite the generosity that King Jun had demonstrated, Wiman revolted and destroyed Gojoseon. In 194 BC, he established Wiman Joseon and decided to locate his capital in [[Wanggeom-seong]] (왕검성, 王險城). Many Korean historians believe that the exact location of Wanggeom-seong was Yodong (요동) in Liaodong, China.

In this period, Wiman Joseon expanded to control a vast territory and became strong economically by controlling trade between the Han dynasty and the peoples of [[Manchuria]]. The [[Emperor Wu of Han]] thought that Wiman Joseon increasingly threatened the Han dynasty, and Wiman Joseon would ally with the [[Xiongnu]].

==Canghai commandery==
Around the period from 128 BC to 126 BC, Canghai commandery, covering an area in northern [[Korean peninsula]] to southern [[Manchuria]], existed. Nan Lü ([[Hanja]]: 南閭), who was a monarch of [[Eastern Ye|Dongye]] and a subject of Wiman Joseon, revolted against [[Ugeo of Gojoseon]] and then surrendered to the [[Han dynasty]] with 280,000 people.{{efn|[[Book of the Later Han]], Treatise on the Dongyi (元朔元年武帝年也., 濊君南閭等【集解】惠棟曰, 顏籀云, 南閭者, 薉君之名.畔右渠, 率二十八萬口詣遼東內屬, 武帝以其地爲蒼海郡, 數年乃罷.)}} The [[Canghai Commandery]] was established following this revolution, however in 2 years, it was abolished by [[Gongsun Hong]].<ref>[http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=562808&cid=46620&categoryId=46620 창해군] 한국민족문화대백과 [[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]</ref>

== Fall ==
{{main|Han conquest of Gojoseon|Four Commanderies of Han}}

Wiman's grandson, [[Ugeo of Gojoseon|King Ugeo]] (우거, 右渠), allowed many exiles from [[Han dynasty]] of China to live in Wiman Joseon. However, the number of Han grew, and King Ugeo prevented the [[Jin (Korean state)|Jin state]] from communicating with the Han dynasty. As a result, in 109 BC, the [[Emperor Wu of Han]] invaded Wiman Joseon near the Luan River. After failing several times to defeat Wiman Joseon's armies, Han Wudi tried to convince the princes of Wiman Joseon to kill King Ugeo. The conspiracy failed and it led to the destruction of the Gojoseon kingdom. After the war, Wudi of Han dynasty sentenced two generals to death for failing to defeat Wiman Joseon.

After a year of battle, Wanggeom-seong was captured and Wiman Joseon was destroyed. The Han dynasty established the [[Four Commanderies of Han]] in the captured areas, which corresponds to the current area of [[Liaodong peninsula]] and the northwestern Korean peninsula. The Commanderies eventually fell to the rising Goguryeo in 4th century AD.

== Monarchs of Wiman Joseon ==
{{main|List of Wiman Joseon monarchs}}

== Maps ==
<gallery>
File:History of Korea-108 BC.png|Korea in 108 BC. Gojoseon before destroyed by Han dynasty.
File:Hangunhyeon.PNG|[[Han dynasty]] destroys Wiman Joseon, and establishing the Four Commanderies.
File:History of Korea-315.png|Korea in 315. [[Goguryeo]] recovered the former Gojoseon territory.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[History of Korea]]
* [[History of Manchuria]]
* [[List of Korean monarchs]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Cotterell |first=Arthur |title=Asia: A Concise History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PT80 |year=2011 |location=Singapore |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0470825044}}
* {{cite book |last=Kim |first=Jinwung |title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC |year=2012 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0253000248 }}
* {{cite book |last=Tennant |first=Roger |title=History Of Korea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlGnq9flYdMC&pg=PA18 |year=1996 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0710305329 }}
* {{cite book |last=Xu |first=Stella Yingzi |title=That glorious ancient history of our nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFYVwaS8N58C&pg=PA220 |year=2007 |publisher=University of California, Los Angeles |isbn=9780549440369 }}
* {{cite book |title=New History of Korea |last1=Lee |first1=Hyun-Hee |last2=Park |first2=Sung-Soo |last3=Yoon |first3=Nae-Hyun |publisher=Jimundang |year=2005 |series=Korean Studies Series |volume=30 |location=Paju, Gyeonggi |isbn=978-8-9880-9585-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Peterson |first1=Mark |first2=Phillip |last2=Margulies |title=A Brief History of Korea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByIo1D9RY40C&pg=PA6 |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4381-2738-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sima |first1=Qian |last2=Watson |first2=Burton |translator-last=Watson |translator-first=Burton |title=Records of the Grand Historian |volume=Han Dynasty II |edition=Revised |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1993 |isbn= 978-0231081672}}
* {{cite book |last1=Yap |first1=Joseph P. |author2=Sima Guang |chapter=Chapter 5. 109 BC |title=Wars With the Xiongnu: A Translation From ''Zizhi tongjian'' |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4490-0604-4}}

== External links ==
* http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9500.html
* http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Korea-Democratic-People-s-Republic-of-DPRK-HISTORY.html
* http://www.bartleby.com/65/ko/Korea.html
* https://web.archive.org/web/20030310223530/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/eak/ht04eak.htm
* https://web.archive.org/web/20060301054640/http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/publications/pdfs/korea/divided/History-Religions.pdf
* https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/c/cumings-korea.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
* http://www.mmtaylor.net/Literacy_Book/DOCS/Part_2_Korea.html

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Wiman Joseon| ]]
[[Category:Gojoseon]]
[[Category:Former countries in Korean history]]
[[Category:History of Manchuria]]

Zhang Liyin

2025-02-07T05:05:57Z

172.56.232.73: merging templates

{{short description|Chinese singer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Zhang (surname)|Zhang]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{infobox person
| native_name = 张力尹
| name = Zhang Liyin
| image = ZLY@SMTOWNLA.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Zhang in 2010
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1989|02|28}}
| birth_place = [[Chengdu]], Sichuan, China
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|lyricist}}
| years_active = 2006–present
| module = {{infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = temporary
| genre = {{hlist|[[Mandopop]]|[[K-pop]]|[[R&B]]|[[Ballad]]}}
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals}}
| label = [[SM Entertainment|SM]] [[Show City Times]] Beijing S.W. Culture Media iFlytek Music<ref name=newlabel>{{cite web |title=Sina Visitor System |url=https://weibo.com/7483505909/LDB78vAM3?pagetype=profilefeed |website=Weibo |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>
| past_member_of = [[SM The Ballad]], [[SM Town]]
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes|
|t=張力尹
|s=张力尹
|p=Zhāng Lìyǐn
|w=Chang Li-yin
|tp=Jhāng Lìyǐn
|bpmf=ㄓㄤ˙ㄌㄧ˙ㄧㄣ˙
|showflag=p
|hangul = 장리인
|rr = Jang Riin
|mr = Chang Riin
}}
| signature =
}}
'''Zhang Liyin''' (born February 28, 1989) is a Chinese singer and songwriter. She has released singles in both China and South Korea, singing in both languages. Zhang became the first Chinese female to debut in South Korea with the release of her single "[[Timeless (Zhang Liyin song)|Timeless]]" in 2006, which later reached number one on music charts.<ref name="take7" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Hyun-woo|title=Zhang Liyin in Korea and now China is crowned to the top of the countdown at No. 6 after two weeks on Chinese chart|url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=200803190918121002|publisher=Newsen|access-date=May 26, 2014|language=ko}}</ref> She is also the first foreign artist to win Best Newcomer award at the [[Mnet Asian Music Awards]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mwave.me/en/mama/history/winners/list?years=2006|title=MAMA HISTORY – WINNERS 2006: The complete list {{!}} Mwave|website=Mwave|access-date=March 19, 2019}}</ref>

==Early life==
Zhang was born in [[Chengdu]], Sichuan, China. Her parents took her to their classical concerts and exposed her to a variety of music. At the age of three, she began to learn the violin. Zhang was so interested in classical, American, and European pop music that she claims she never sang children's songs when she was a child. She also developed the ability to sing a song after hearing it only once.<ref name="smprofimg">[http://sm.zhangliyin.com/template/profile/img_contents.jpg Profile image on official homepage] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304100057/http://sm.zhangliyin.com/template/profile/img_contents.jpg |date=March 4, 2007 }} (in Korean), ''SM Entertainment'', 2006–08.</ref> When she was nine years old, she showed her musical ability when she sang [[Celine Dion]]'s "[[My Heart Will Go On]]".<ref name="smprofimg" />

As she grew older, Zhang became more absorbed into pop music than classical music. She secretly listened to pop music because her parents were against it. When she was twelve, she was accepted into a middle school affiliated to [[Sichuan Conservatory of Music]] after scoring the highest with her violin talents, but she opted to become a singer instead. Eventually, her parents began to support her dream to become a singer and she gained confidence when she was selected as the top 10 adult singers in a national singing competition under a sponsorship in Shanghai, China.

Zhang was discovered by Korean entertainment company [[DR Music]] in 2002 while attending a [[Baby V.O.X.]] concert in China, and signed an eight-year contract with the company to last until May 2011.<ref name="drmusic">{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Jae-hwan|title=Singer Zhang Liyin, Baby V.O.X. management sues for 200 million won|url=http://media.daum.net/entertain/culture/newsview?newsid=20070420115712072|work=Newsen|publisher=Daum|access-date=May 26, 2014|language=ko}}</ref> The next year, she moved to [[South Korea]] and started training at the age of fourteen. In August 2003, Zhang's mother requested DR Music to terminate Zhang's contract so Zhang could focus on her studies, but in the same month, Zhang signed a contract with S.M. Entertainment.<ref name="drmusic" /> On June 18, 2007, DR Music filed a lawsuit against Zhang and S.M. Entertainment to get 200 million [[South Korean won]] for compensation for her exclusive contract with them.<ref name="drmusic" />

==Career==

===2006–2007: Debut with ''Timeless'' and commercial success===
In August 2006, SM announced that Zhang would officially have her broadcast debut with a performance of her debut single "Timeless" featuring Xia Junsu on MBC's [[Music Core]] the next month.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/001/0001392045 | title=뉴스 : 네이버 Tv연예 }}</ref> Prior to the official release of her single, "[[Timeless (Zhang Liyin song)|Timeless]]" was available for free download starting on August 31 in five Asian countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/001/0001395724 | title=뉴스 : 네이버 Tv연예 }}</ref> Her debut single, "Timeless", was released on September 8. It is an R&B song which is a Korean version of the original single by [[Kelly Clarkson]] and [[Justin Guarini]]. The music video was a two-part installment, starring [[Lee Yeon-hee]] and [[Super Junior]] members [[Han Geng]] and [[Choi Siwon|Siwon]]. The music video ranked No. 1 on Melon's Video Chart for four full weeks. Within ten days of debuting, Zhang entered the "Take 7" chart on [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]'s [[The Music Trend|Inkigayo]].<ref name="take7">{{cite web|last=Yoo|first=Sook|title=Zhang Liyin who debuted for 10 days up for 1st nominee, viewers eyesore|url=http://media.daum.net/entertain/enews/newsview?newsid=20060917165113925|work=Newsen|publisher=Daum|access-date=May 26, 2014|language=ko}}</ref>

Zhang continued to promote the B-side track from her debut single, "Y (Why...)," in December 2006.<ref>{{Citation|last=MBCkpop|title=Zhang Li Yin – Y(Why), 장리인 – 와이, Music Core 20061230|date=February 17, 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um7wXWYMf9k |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211218/Um7wXWYMf9k |archive-date=2021-12-18 |url-status=live|access-date=March 19, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> SM also released a "Timeless" documentary version of her "Y (Why...)" music video. This music video reveals her hardships during training; it also showed many behind the scenes clips of her promotion of "Timeless", including never-before-seen footage of her with Xiah. However, promotions for "Y (Why...)" ended quickly, and SM announced that she would be on hiatus from the music industry throughout the rest of the year to prepare for her major debut in China in the end of the year. Zhang made a surprising guest appearance at TVXQ's second Asia tour concert in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] on February 23, 2007. She performed "TRI-ANGLE" with TVXQ, singing a part in the song that was previously performed by [[BoA]]. She made a second appearance with TVXQ on November 24, 2007, in [[Malaysia]] for the same concert, and was TVXQ's regular guest star for their "O" Asia tour until its finale in June 2008.

===2008: ''I Will''===
{{Main|I Will (Zhang Liyin album)}}
Zhang's first [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] album, ''[[I Will (Zhang Liyin album)|I Will]]'' was originally announced to be released in late 2007, but the release date was pushed to early March 2008. The album was finally released in different regions of China starting March 3, 2008, and on March 28, 2008, ''I Will'' made its Asia-wide release. Before the release of the album, two music videos were released on February 27, 2008, to promote the album. Similar to "Timeless", the two music videos "I Will" and "The Left Shore of Happiness", are one story but separated to two parts. [[Han Geng]], [[Choi Siwon|Siwon]], and [[Lee Yeon-hee]] are also the cast for those two music videos.

After the album's release, Zhang received praise from various industry professionals. [[Golden Melody Awards|Golden Melody Award]]-winning [[Taiwanese American]] singer-songwriter [[Leehom Wang]] complimented Zhang's singing and was surprised to hear such a strong voice coming from only a nineteen-year-old.<ref>"[http://ent.sina.com.cn/y/2008-06-06/19502052138.shtml Little R&B Queen Zhang Li Yin Hopes to Duet with Leehom Wang]" (in Chinese), Sina Corp, 6 June 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008.</ref> During a radio broadcast, Hong Kong-based singer-songwriter, [[Hins Cheung]] compared her "soulful" vocals to well-known R&B vocalists such as [[Whitney Houston]], [[Leona Lewis]] and [[Christina Aguilera]]. He was impressed at the "international-level music" of the release and said he felt there was a lot of "power in this nineteen-year-old."<ref>"[http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=408639283 Hins Cheung Compliments Zhang Li Yin on Radio]" (in Chinese), ''[[Baidu]]'', 14 June 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008.</ref>

On May 25, 2008, Zhang received her first award, following the release of her Chinese album, at the 5th Annual Music King Global Chinese Ultimate Song Chart Awards for Female Mainland Newcomer with Most Potential.<ref>"[http://m2.21cn.com/news/china/2008/05/26/4761755.shtml 5th Annual Music King Global Chinese Ultimate Song Chart Awards Winners List] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622124102/http://m2.21cn.com/news/china/2008/05/26/4761755.shtml |date=22 June 2008 }}" (in Chinese), ''21CN'', 26 May 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008.</ref> In her speech, she expressed wishes for more financial support towards the [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|Sichuan earthquake]] that had devastated home province two weeks earlier.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ej8k9lKrabQ Zhang Liyin – Winning Award & "I Will"] (in Chinese), 26 May 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008.</ref> Throughout the months of May and June, Zhang attended many online interviews and made numerous variety show appearances, as well as a short university tour to raise money for the Sichuan earthquake.<ref>"[http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20080702/18015048129.shtml Music Brings Hope; Dreams Bring Tomorrow]" (in Chinese), Sina Corp, 2 July 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008.</ref> A solo fan meeting for Zhang was held on July 5, 2008, in Beijing. Besides performing songs from ''I Will'', she also covered songs from notable R&B female singers [[Whitney Houston]] and [[Christina Aguilera]].

On September 13, 2008, fans first heard confirmed news of Zhang's repackage album, which would feature the track "Believe in Love", as well as plans for her second Chinese album.<ref>"[http://korea.sohu.com/html/news/imagenews/200809/14-1550.html Zhang Li Yin's Second Single "Believe in Love"] (in Chinese), ''Sohu'', 14 September 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008.</ref> Despite this, the repackage album still has not been released and there has been no other announcements of it being sold in the future.

While Korea's Mnet/MK Music Festival was being held on the same night, Zhang attended the 6th Annual Southeast Music Ranking on November 15, 2008, winning the award for Best Mainland Newcomer.<ref>"[http://music.yule.sohu.com/20081115/n260652980.shtml 2008 Southeast Music Ranking Winners List]" (in Chinese), ''Sohu'', 15 November 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008.</ref> Her win was followed by numerous invitations to other award shows throughout the month of December, including the 2008 [[Tencent]] Star Ceremony,<ref>"[http://ent.qq.com/a/20081215/000196.htm Zhang Li Yin in Red & Black Strapless]" (in Chinese), ''QQ'', 15 December 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008.</ref> BQ 2008 Celebrity Ranking,<ref>"[http://ent.sina.com.cn/f/s/BQ2008hrb/xckx/more.html Zhang Li Yin Preparing Second Album]" (in Chinese), Sina Corp, 22 December 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008.</ref> and the 1st Annual Mengniu New Music Festival.<ref>"[http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=515660072 Mengniu New Music Festival]" (in Chinese), ''[[Baidu]]'', 19 December 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2008.</ref>

===2009–2013: ''Moving On'', second album recordings and hiatus===
The beginning of 2009 saw Zhang's Chinese activities come to an end as she started preparations for her second album. Activities for [[Chinese New Year]] brought her alongside [[Super Junior-M]] to many activities, including her first appearance on China's biggest television broadcaster, [[China Central Television|CCTV]], for the Dance & Music Spring Festival Gala.<ref>"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRSDmH4zGx8 2009.01.25 Chinese New Year Dance Festival – Zhang Li Yin – One More Try]", 25 January 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2009.</ref> She was also in Shanghai on January 9 to film for a song collaboration between many popular Chinese pop artists, such as [[Show Lo]], [[Fish Leong]] and [[BoBo (band)|BoBo]].,<ref>"[http://ent.sina.com.cn/f/v/09mydf/index.shtml 2009 Chinese Idol New Year Festival]" (in Chinese), 26 January 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2009.</ref>

On February 6, 2009, Zhang flew to Thailand for the second time in her career to attend the Bangkok concert stop in the SMTown Live '08 tour. For that weekend, her activity schedule was tight as she was required to fly throughout Asia for activities. Less than 10 hours after the end of the Bangkok concert, Zhang flew with members of Super Junior-M to [[Guangzhou]], Guangdong, China to participate in the 8th Annual Future Star Competition,<ref>"[http://www.tmi.cn/08mrzx/index.html 8th Annual Future Star Competition] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202122733/http://www.tmi.cn/08mrzx/index.html |date=February 2, 2009 }}" (in Chinese), ''8th Annual Future Star Film & TV Star Competition''. Retrieved April 25, 2009.</ref> which also featured [[JJ Lin]], [[Eric Tsang]] and [[Dicky Cheung]]. She returned to South Korea for album preparations on February 9, 2009.

On March 7, 2009, Zhang was the opening act for the last Super Show concert in [[Chengdu]] on March 7, 2009, singing "[[I Will (Zhang Liyin album)|I Will]]" and "[[I Will (Zhang Liyin album)|The Left Shore of Happiness]]".

Aside from a performance at the Descendants of the Dragon concert hosted by [[Jackie Chan]],<ref>"[http://news.sports.cn/others/other/news/2009-04-20/1779031.html Jackie Chan Invities Over 100 Guests to the Bird's Nest]" (in Chinese), 2009-04-20, ''Sports.cn''. Retrieved April 20, 2009</ref> Zhang was relatively inactive as she remained in South Korea to record her second single.

Finally, a year and a half after the release of her first album, a teaser for her upcoming song, "[[Moving On (Zhang Liyin song)|Moving On]]" was released on October 15. Four days later, the full music video was released through S.M. Entertainment and [[Sohu]]. The music video features Zhang reflecting back on her memories of the fictional relationship between [[Lee Donghae|Donghae]] (of [[Super Junior]]) and herself before they break up. Despite fans' general disappointment towards the music video being only a slideshow of photos, it was highly anticipated.<ref>"[http://www.honggebang.com/news/200910/news-2240.shtml Young R&B Diva loves massages in her busy life] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107044819/http://www.honggebang.com/news/200910/news-2240.shtml |date=November 7, 2009 }}" (in Chinese), 2009-10-30, ''Honggebang''. Retrieved November 3, 2009</ref> On October 23, a week before the single's release across China, a joint press conference was held for both Zhang and [[Super Junior-M]] for them to officially announce their new releases to the Chinese media.<ref>"[http://korea.sohu.com/s2009/sjm09/ Super Junior-M, Zhang Liyin Fanmeeting]" (in Chinese), 2009-10-22, ''Sohu''. Retrieved November 3, 2009</ref>

After three short months of promotions for "Moving On", Zhang announced on her [[Cyworld]] that she would be returning to South Korea on January 24 to prepare for her second Chinese album.<ref>"[https://archive.today/20120731174301/http://www.cyworld.com.cn/ps2/diary/diary_view.php?mh_id=2008661634&diary_date=20100123&postid=6366 Tomorrow, I return to Korea]" (in Chinese), 2010-01-23, ''Cyworld''. Retrieved January 25, 2010</ref> Zhang posted on her [[Sina Weibo]] account that her album may be released in September or October. Despite this, the album was eventually delayed. During the summer of 2012, Zhang once again announced on her Weibo account that she is busy recording for her new album and it may be released in September or October.<ref>"[http://www.weibo.com/1276536273/ypz5JjWyO ZhangLiyin_riin's Weibo]" (in Chinese), 2012-06-25, ''Sina Weibo''. Retrieved August 26, 2012</ref> Unfortunately, the album release was once again pushed back. In June 2013, labelmate [[Zhou Mi (entertainer)|Zhou Mi]] posted on his official Weibo account hinting that a new album from Zhang may be forthcoming: "Good voices with great potential should not be buried; anticipating Liyin's transformation from a pupa to a butterfly! New album, hurry up and release!"<ref>"[http://weibo.com/1743877455/A1kq51P8L ZhouMi_SJM's Weibo]" (in Chinese), 2013-07-23, ''Sina Weibo''. Retrieved August 12, 2013</ref>

===2014: SM The Ballad, ''Agape'', ''Not Alone''===
{{Main|SM the Ballad}}
On February 3, it was announced that SM The Ballad would make their comeback in the month after more than 3 years of hiatus, and Zhang would join [[Shinee]]'s [[Kim Jong-hyun (singer)|Jonghyun]], Super Junior's [[Yesung]], [[Super Junior-M]]'s [[Zhou Mi (singer)|Zhou Mi]], TVXQ's [[Changmin]], [[Girls' Generation]]'s [[Taeyeon]], [[Exo (group)|Exo]]'s [[Chen (singer)|Chen]], and [[Krystal Jung|Krystal]] from [[F(x) (band)|f(x)]] in promoting a new [[Extended play|EP]] called ''[[SM the Ballad Vol. 2 – Breath|Breath]]''. The eight members released their second EP on February 13, with Zhang performing the Chinese version of "Breath" with Chen. The Chinese version of "Breath" was promoted on various Chinese and Korean music shows including [[Hunan TV]]'s ''The Lantern Festival'', [[Arirang (TV network)|Arirang]]'s ''[[Wave K|Simply K-Pop]]'', and [[SBS MTV]]'s ''The Show''.

Through various Korean news sites on May 23, 2014, it was revealed that Zhang would be releasing a new song in the summer. Fellow labelmate, [[F(x) (band)|f(x)]]'s Victoria, was cast as the lead actress.<ref name=Newsen>{{cite web|last=Park|first=Seol-ah|title=Victoria appearing in Zhang Liyin's music video, display of friendship in the 'China Line'|url=http://media.daum.net/entertain/star/newsview?newsid=20140526162810228|publisher=Newsen|access-date=May 26, 2014|language=ko}}</ref> On June 18, news arrived that Zhang's music video filming was underway. SM confirmed with Korean media outlets that two more labelmates, [[Exo (group)|EXO]] member [[Huang Zitao|Tao]] and actor [[Song Jae-rim]] were added to the cast.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Yoon|first1=Hye-Young|title=Zhang Liyin Solo Song Mv, Song Jae Rim- Tao Filming 'SM Family Mobilization'|url=http://tvdaily.asiae.co.kr/read.php3?aid=1403071628717034010|publisher=TV Daily|access-date=June 18, 2014|language=ko}}</ref> Zhang's third digital single ''[[Agape (Zhang Liyin song)|Agape]]'' was released August 2, 2014, on [[Baidu]] Music exclusively for the Chinese market, before a wider release on Korean online music stores four days later. Agape was promoted on various Korean TV shows like [[Arirang (TV network)|Arirang]]'s ''[[Wave K|Simply K-Pop]]'', [[SBS MTV]]'s ''The Show'' and [[Mnet (TV channel)|Mnet]]'s ''M! Countdown.'' Zhang also made an appearance on CCTV Global Chinese Music Chart to promote the song in China.

On August 7, Zhang announced during a live Weibo interview that a new single will be released after promotions for ''Agape''; the song and its music video will be a sequel to "Agape".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zhang|first1=Liyin|title=Zhang Liyin chats new song|url=http://www.weibo.com/1276536273/Bhdjp3fbf?mod=weibotime|website=Weibo|access-date=August 9, 2014|language=zh}}</ref>

On September 20, Zhang released her fourth single ''[[Not Alone (Zhang Liyin song)|Not Alone]]'' in China through Baidu and then later released in South Korea through Korean music sites MelOn, Genie, Naver and Bugs on September 22. The single is a remake of [[Tiffany (South Korean singer)|Tiffany]]'s "By Myself" from the SBS drama series ''[[Ja Myung Go]]''. The song is the continuation of the story line of her previous single ''Agape''. To support the release of her latest single, Zhang had a showcase in Beijing on September 22 with EXO members [[Chen (singer)|Chen]] and [[Tao (entertainer)|Tao]] with [[Tasty (band)|Tasty]] as special guests. At the showcase, Zhang performed "Agape", "Back Then", "I Will", "Breath", and "Not Alone".

===2017–2020: Return to China and new agency===
On February 28, 2017, on a live Yizhibo broadcast, Zhang revealed that her contract with SM Entertainment will expire in April 2017 and she decided to pursue her career in China.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zhang Liyin confirms SM Entertainment contract ends in April|date=March 2017 |url=http://chocolyn.org/2017/03/zhang-liyin-confirms-sm-entertainment-contract-ends-april/|publisher=Chocolyn|access-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref> On August 15, Zhang's Weibo profile was updated to indicate that she was now managed by Beijing-based talent agency [[Show City Times]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chocolyn.org/2017/08/zhang-liyin-jane-zhang-company-show-city-times/|title=Zhang Liyin signs with Jane Zhang's management agency|date=August 15, 2017|website=Chocolyn|access-date=March 19, 2019}}</ref> however, the company did not officially announce her until December 31, 2018, when a Weibo post was shared with her image attached.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weibo.com/1629398873/H9L6Bj9Vj|title=Show City Times wishes everyone a Happy New Year|date=December 31, 2018|website=Sina Weibo|language=zh|access-date=March 19, 2019}}</ref>

While under Show City Times' management, Zhang released three new songs: a duet with singer [[Henry Huo]] called "Lonely";<ref>{{cite web |title=霍尊 -《玩樂》- 伶仃 (feat.張力尹)｜CC歌詞字幕 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o92-s100U5U |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211218/o92-s100U5U |archive-date=2021-12-18 |url-status=live|website=YouTube | date=May 28, 2018 |publisher=jjy728 |access-date=17 September 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> a soundtrack song called "Answer" for the Chinese TV drama, ''The Remedy'';<ref>{{cite web |title=Zhang Liyin - Answer (答案) MV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBhfe8lAjW4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211218/aBhfe8lAjW4 |archive-date=2021-12-18 |url-status=live|website=YouTube | date=December 4, 2019 |publisher=Chocolyn |access-date=17 September 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and finally, and a song called "Ashes of Time" that was featured in [[Tencent Pictures]]' feature film, ''Sword and Fire''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashes Of Time (Title Song from Movie "Sword and Fire") |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74rBE3S-6ag |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211218/74rBE3S-6ag |archive-date=2021-12-18 |url-status=live|website=YouTube | date=January 30, 2020 |publisher=Zhang Li Yin - Topic |access-date=17 September 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Despite these releases, Zhang's time with Show City Times was short-lived. On September 15, 2020, it was announced on Weibo that she had signed with Beijing S.W. Culture Media.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://weibo.com/2740683674/JkMQQsBUf?type=comment#_rnd1631859701331 |website=Sina Weibo |title=Zhang Liyin, Korean SM artist, returns to China for development |language=zh |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

In July 2022, It was confirmed through Weibo that Zhang signed with iFlytek Music.<ref name=newlabel/>
On September 26, 2022, Zhang released her Korean single after several years titled "Sense" as part of the +memory project.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/213/0001229534 | title='Sm 출신' 장리인, '감각'으로 국내 팬 만난다 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/241/0003231239 | title=장리인, 신곡 '감각' 발매…호소력 짙은 음색 }}</ref>

===2023–present: Return to Korea ===
On October 26, 2023, Zhang competed on the third season of [[JTBC]] survival battle ''[[Sing Again]] - Unknown Singer Competition'' as singer No. 70, its also marks her first appearance on South Korean national television in 15 years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/609/0000786489 | title=뉴스 : 네이버 Tv연예 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/311/0001654511 | title=뉴스 : 네이버 Tv연예 }}</ref> Zhang was later eliminated on the seventh episode.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gukjenews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=2873288 | title='싱어게인3' 4라운드 진출자 명단 공개...66호·56호·47호 등 생존 | date=December 8, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/109/0004980422 | title=뉴스 : 네이버 Tv연예 }}</ref>

On December 19, 2023, Zhang released digitally her second studio album ''The Tide of Life'' which composed of ten-tracks previously released since 2022 after she signed with iFlytek Music.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://weibo.com/1276536273/NxST9gmc8 | title=Sina Visitor System }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://i.y.qq.com/n2/m/share/details/album.html?ADTAG=swbshare&albumId=44980611&appshare=iphone&channelId=10036163&hosteuin=7wSz7i4s7KC%2A&openinqqmusic=1&source=sinaWeibo | title=张力尹_时光·海岸The Tide of Life专辑_Qq音乐_听我想听的歌 }}</ref>

On December 29, 2023, Zhang made appearance on [[Kim Junsu]]'s year-end concert "XIA 2023 CONCERT Chapter 1: Recreation" with performance duet song "Timeless" in 15 years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/437/0000373070 | title=뉴스 : 네이버 Tv연예 }}</ref>

On February 16, 2024, Zhang released a duet single with ballad singer Lee Jung-bong titled "How Have You Been?", as a remake of Lee Jung-bong's own song and was released in Korean and Chinese version.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/117/0003806931 | title=뉴스 : 네이버 Tv연예 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/396/0000667742 | title=뉴스 : 네이버 Tv연예 }}</ref>

On June 29, 2024, Zhang and [[Super Junior-M]]'s [[Zhou Mi (singer)|Zhoumi]] released a single titled "Don't Go Today" through Easy Entertainment, a remake single of Ben and Lim Sejun's "Don't Go Today" (2016).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/article/119/0002845092|title=뉴스 : 네이버 TV연예|website=m.entertain.naver.com}}</ref>

==Controversies==

===DR Music===
On June 18, 2007, DR Music filed a lawsuit against Zhang and SM Entertainment to get compensation for [[South Korean won|₩]]200 million from terminating their exclusive contract. Zhang had signed an artist contract with DR Music back in 2002.<ref name="drmusic"/>

===Visa===
Like former label mate [[Han Geng]], Zhang held an [[List of South Korean visas#E visas|E-6 (entertainment industry) visa]], for foreigners in [[South Korea]]. Foreign artists carrying out promotional activities have limitations in terms of location and other factors. Han's visa only allowed him to work under [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] and [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]], while Zhang's allowed her to work only with SBS and [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]], which is why she only performed on the two stages at the time of her debut. On August 1, 2008, the South Korean government's law of restrictions on foreigners were lifted, and foreign entertainers are now allowed to perform in every station in the country. However, Zhang was unable to perform on MBC due to the channel's conflict with S.M. Entertainment. As of late 2008, MBC has removed the ban of S.M. Entertainment's artists on their channel.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}


==Discography==
{{Main|Zhang Liyin discography}}

* ''[[I Will (Zhang Liyin album)|I Will]]'' (2008)
* ''The Tide of Life'' (2023)

==Tours==
===Appearances===
*"O": The 2nd Asia Tour ([[TVXQ]]) (2007)
*SM Town Summer Concert (2007)
*SM Town Live '08 (2008–2009)
*[[Super Show]] ([[Super Junior]]) (2009)
*[[SM Town Live '10 World Tour]] (2010–2011)
*[[Shinee World (concert)|SHINee World]] ([[SHINee]]) (2011)
*[[SM Town Live World Tour III]] (2012–2013)
*[[SM Town Live World Tour IV]] (2014–2015)

== Filmography ==

===Television shows===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;"
|-
! Year
! Network
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2008
| [[Jiangsu Broadcasting Corporation|JSBC]]: [[Jiangsu Television]]
| ''Super Star'' ({{lang|zh|非常大明星}})
| rowspan="11"| Guest
|
|-
| [[Hunan Broadcasting System|HBS]]: [[Hunan Television]]
| ''[[:zh:越策越开心|Yue Ce Yue Kai Xin]]''
|
|-
| [[Guangdong Radio and Television|GRT]]: [[Guangdong Television]]
| ''Star'' ({{lang|zh-hant|最愛主打星}})
|
|-
| 2010
| [[Hunan Broadcasting System|HBS]]: [[Hunan Television]]
| ''[[Day Day Up]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2014
| [[Hunan Broadcasting System|HBS]]: [[Hunan Television]]
| The Lantern Festival
|
|-
| [[Shanghai Media Group|SMG]]: [[Dragon Television]]
| ''Immortal Song'' ({{lang|zh|不朽之名曲}})
| Episode 4
|-
| AHBC: [[Anhui Television]]
| ''Mad for Music'' ({{lang|zh|我为歌狂}})
| Episodes 2, 3, 9, 10, 11
|-
| [[Hunan Broadcasting System|HBS]]: [[Hunan Television]]
| ''Laugh Out Loud'' ({{lang|zh-hans|我们都爱笑}})
|
|-
| [[Shenzhen Media Group|SZMG]]: [[Shenzhen Television]]
| ''The Generation Show'' ({{lang|zh|年代秀}})
|
|}

=== Radio shows ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:30%;"
! style="width:4em" | Year
! Channel
! Date
! Title
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 2014
| [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| March 18
| C-Radio Idol True Colours
|-
| [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| October 11
| C-Radio Idol True Colours
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;"
|-
! style="width:4em" | '''Year'''
! '''Award'''
! '''Category'''
! '''Recipient'''
! '''Result'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 2006
|[[Mnet Asian Music Awards]]
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best New Artist (Solo or Group)|Best New Artist]]<ref name=":0" />
| "[[Timeless (Zhang Liyin song)|Timeless]]"
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Cyworld Digital Music Awards]]
| Rookie of the Month (September)
| "[[Timeless (Zhang Liyin song)|Timeless]]"
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Mnet Asian Music Awards|M.net KM Music Festival]]
| Best New Female Solo
| "Timeless"
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| 2008
| [[:zh:「勁歌王」全球華人樂壇音樂盛典|Music King Awards]]
| Female Newcomer with Most Potential
| "星愿 (I Will)"
| {{won}}
|-
| Fujian Southeast Music Ranking
| Best Mainland Newcomer
| rowspan="4"|Zhang Liyin
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tencent]] Star Ceremony
| Most Popular Female Singer
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Top Chinese Music Awards]]
| Most "Attention Grabbing" Newcomer
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2014
| [[Anhui Television|AHTV]] ''Mad for Music''
| Most Popular Female Artist
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{in lang|zh}} [http://weibo.com/zhangliyin0208 Zhang Liyin's Official Weibo]

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|aw&ach}}
{{S-bef|before=[[BoA]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=M.NET KM Music Festival – Best New Female Group/Artist|years=2006}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Wonder Girls]]}}
{{end}}

{{Zhang Liyin}}
{{MAMA Award for Best New Artist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhang, Liyin}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Chengdu]]
[[Category:Chinese expatriates in South Korea]]
[[Category:Chinese K-pop singers]]
[[Category:Chinese female models]]
[[Category:Chinese women singers]]
[[Category:Chinese Mandopop singers]]
[[Category:Korean-language singers of China]]
[[Category:Yi people]]
[[Category:MAMA Award winners]]