wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Tommy Yune

2025-07-29T08:55:30Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Korean-American comic artist}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Yune]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| image = Tommy Yune by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Yune at the 2024 [[WonderCon]]
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = President of animation
| nationality = American
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Art Center College of Design]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes
| hangul = %윤태선
| hanja = 尹泰善
}}
}}

'''Tommy Yune''' is a South Korean-born American comic book author who became known for his [[manga]]-style work on ''[[Speed Racer]]'', which was followed by a comic industry revival of classic anime shows such as ''[[Battle of the Planets]]'' and ''[[Robotech]]''. His video game credits include ''[[FX Fighter]]'', ''[[Robotech: Battlecry]]'', and the award-winning ''[[The Journeyman Project]]'' series.

Yune first began in comics with the 1992 [[cult following|cult]] [[anthropomorphic]] series ''[[Buster the Amazing Bear]]'' and joined [[Jim Lee]] at [[Wildstorm]] Productions after a number of years as a video game designer. After writing and illustrating ''[[Speed Racer]]'' in 1999, he followed up with two more manga-style miniseries, ''Racer X'' and ''[[Danger Girl (comic)|Danger Girl]]: Kamikaze''. His original ''[[Speed Racer]]'' run was also re-released in 2000 as the graphic novel titled ''Born to Race''.

Yune's first work in feature animation was creating the computer-generated opening sequence of Kevin Altieri's ''[[Gen¹³#In other media|Gen¹³]]''. In 2001, he left Wildstorm to become creative director at [[Harmony Gold USA]] for the relaunch of ''[[Robotech]]''.<ref>[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/article.php?id=792 Tommy Yune Leaves Wildstorm for Robtech – Anime News Network]</ref> He joined Steve Yun, the "webmaster" of the official Robotech webpage who also happens to be his brother.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} He is one of the writers behind the story of ''[[Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles]]'' and its canceled sequel ''Robotech: The Shadow Rising''.<ref>[http://harmonygold.com/catalog/title.php?id=robotechshadowchronicles Harmony Gold Entertainment Catalog]</ref>

In 2011, he was promoted to President of Animation at [[Harmony Gold USA]]. Two years later, he helped write and produce ''[[Robotech: Love Live Alive]]'' while [[Gregory Snegoff]] directed. In 2014, he was involved in the failed [[Kickstarter]] TV pilot project ''[[Robotech#Robotech Academy .28planned.29|Robotech: Academy]]''.

Tommy was very close to his father, the late John S. Yun, and often sought his approval for his work. His father was specially credited in ''The Journeyman Project: Pegasus Prime'' and ''Robotech: Love Live Alive''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2906190/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 - Robotech: Love Live Alive IMdB page]</ref>

==AnimeExpo 2007 pie incident==
On July 2, 2007, at the [[Anime Expo]] in [[Long Beach, California]], the late Adam Schiller (who went by the username "Khyron Prime" on Robotech.com's forums), hit Yune in the face with a plate full of [[Pieing|cream pie]]. Schiller's intended attacker was Harmony Gold employee and Robotech.com "webmaster" Steve Yun, with Yune as his secondary target. After being pied, Yune picked up the plate and returned the favor to Schiller before they both posed for a picture, which was ironically taken by Steve Yun.<ref>[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/convention/2007/anime-expo/robotech%27s-tommy-yune-pied Anime News Network - Robotech's Tommy Yune Pied]</ref>

==Filmography==
* ''[[Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles]]'' (2006) - Director
* ''[[Robotech: Love Live Alive]]'' (2013) - Writer
* [[Robotech (television series)#Home Video|''Robotech: Remastered Extended Edition'']] (2003) - Opening and episode titles
* ''[[Gen¹³#In other media|Gen¹³]]'' (2000) - Opening title animation

==Ludography==
* ''[[Robotech: Invasion]]'' (2004) - Producer
* ''[[Robotech: Battlecry]]'' (2002) - Producer, Character design
* ''[[The Journeyman Project 3: Legacy of Time]]'' (1998) - Creative Director, Conceptual design
* ''[[The Journeyman Project#The Journeyman Project: Pegasus Prime|The Journeyman Project: Pegasus Prime]]'' (1997) - Conceptual design, Special effects
* ''[[FX Fighter]]'' (1995) - Character design
* ''[[The Journeyman Project]]'' (1992) - Conceptual design

==Bibliography==
* ''[[Robotech (comics)|Robotech/Voltron]]'' (2013) - Story, Cover art
* ''[[Robotech art books|The Art of Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Robotech (comics)#Wildstorm .28DC Comics.29 .282002-present.29|Robotech: Prelude to the Shadow Chronicles]]'' (2005–06) - Story
* ''[[Robotech (comics)#Wildstorm .28DC Comics.29 .282002-present.29|Robotech: Invasion]]'' (2004) - Story, Cover Art
* ''[[Robotech (comics)#Wildstorm .28DC Comics.29 .282002-present.29|Robotech]]'''/'''Robotech: From the Stars'' (2002–03) - Story, Cover Art
* ''[[Danger Girl (comic)|Danger Girl: Kamikaze]]'' (2001) - Story, Art
* ''[[Speed Racer#The comics|Racer X]]'' (2000) - Story, Cover art
* ''[[Superman]] Y2K'' (2000) - CG Art
* ''[[Speed Racer#The comics|Speed Racer]]''/''Speed Racer: Born to Race'' (1999–2000) - Story, Art
* ''[[Buster the Amazing Bear]]'' (1992–1995) - Story, Art

==Awards==
* Book of the Month - August 1999 [[Wizard Magazine]] (''Speed Racer'')
* Award of excellence: technical & creative excellence - 1997 NewMedia Invision Awards (''Journeyman Project 3'')
* Gold medal: best overall design, animation - 1997 NewMedia Invision Awards (''Journeyman Project 3'')
* Silver medal: best animation, graphics - 1996 NewMedia Invision Awards (''Journeyman Project: Pegasus Prime'')
* Finalist: best action/arcade software program - 1996 Codies Awards (''FX Fighter'')
* Gold medal: best animation, graphics - 1993 NewMedia Invision Awards (''The Journeyman Project'')
* Bronze medal: best production design - 1993 NewMedia Invision Awards (''The Journeyman Project'')
* Award of Excellence - 1991 [[Society for News Design]] ([[Orange County Register]])
* 1st place: best graphics - 1990 [[California Newspaper Publishers Association]] ([[UCLA]] ''[[Daily Bruin]]'')
* 2nd place: best graphics - 1989 California Newspaper Publishers Association (UCLA ''Daily Bruin'')

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=5666872}}
* {{ann|people|id=48795}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060317133840/http://www.popimage.com/dec99/profile/yune.html PopImage interview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060317003605/http://www.robotech.com/content/aboutTommyYune.php Robotech.com profile]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yune, Tommy}}
[[Category:South Korean emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American animators]]
[[Category:American comics artists]]
[[Category:American comics writers]]
[[Category:American writers of Korean descent]]
[[Category:American video game designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:South Korean animators]]
[[Category:South Korean manhwa artists]]
[[Category:South Korean manhwa writers]]
[[Category:South Korean video game designers]]

Daegu Line

2025-07-29T08:38:00Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Railway line in South Korea}}
{{Expand Korean|date=September 2022|topic=transp}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = auto
| name = Daegu Line
| other_name =
| native_name = 대구선(大邱線)
| native_name_lang = ko
| color = 0A3D86
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image = Korail Daegu Line.png
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Passenger rail terminology#Heavy rail|Heavy rail]], Passenger/freight rail [[Regional rail]], [[Intercity rail]]
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Daegu]] [[North Gyeongsang Province|North Gyeongsang]]
| start = [[Gacheon station|Gacheon]]
| end = [[Yeongcheon station|Yeongcheon]]
| stations = 8
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| open = Stages between 1917–1918
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| close =
| owner = [[Korea National Railway]]
| operator = [[Korail]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength_km = 29.0
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength_mi =
| tracklength =
| tracks = [[Double track]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| old_gauge =
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification =
| speed_km/h =
| speed_mph =
| speed =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{routemap
|inline=1
|map=
vCONTg\\\\~~ ~~ ~~[[Gyeongbu Line]], [[Gyeongbu high-speed railway|Gyeongbu HSR]] (to [[Daejeon]])
vABZgl-STR\vSTR+r-\\\
vBHF-L\vBHF-R-\\\~~0.0~~[[Dongdaegu station|Dongdaegu]]
veABZgl-STR\exSTRq!~vSTR-\exSTRq\exSTR+r\
vSTR\vSTR-\WASSER+l\exhKRZWae\WCONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Geumho River]]
vSTR\vSTR-\WASSER\exHST\~~3.1~~<del>Dongchon</del>
vHST-STR\vHST-\WASSER\exSTR\~~ ~~ ~~Gomo
vDST-STR\vDST-\WASSER\exSTR\~~0.0~~[[Gacheon station|Gacheon]]
vCONTf\vSTR-\WASSER\exSTR\~~ ~~ ~~←[[Gyeongbu Line]], [[Gyeongbu high-speed railway|Gyeongbu HSR]] (to [[Busan]])
\SHI1+r\WASSER\exHST\exCONTg~~5.6~~<del>Sinpyeong</del>
WCONTgq\hKRZWae\WASSERr\exABZgl\exABZgr~~ ~~ ~~
\STR\\exHST\exTUNNEL1~~8.5~~<del>Banyawol</del>
\HST\\exSTR\exSTR~~4.3~~Geumgang
\KRWl\exSTR+l!~KRW+r\exABZqr\exSTRr
BHF~~{{BSsplit|8.1|<del>14.0</del>}}~~Cheongcheon
BHF~~14.1~~Hayang
HST~~19.0~~Geumho
exKRW+l\eKRWgr\
exHST\STR\~~23.2~~Bongjeong
exSTRl\KRZol+l\CONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Jungang Line]] (to [[Andong]])→
BHF~~29.0~~[[Yeongcheon station|Yeongcheon]]
CONTf~~ ~~ ~~[[Jungang Line]] (to [[Gyeongju]])
}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^대구선
|hanja=大邱線
}}
The '''Daegu Line''' ({{Korean|hangul=대구선}}) is a railway line in [[South Korea]]. The line connects [[Gacheon station]] on the [[Gyeongbu Line]] in [[Daegu]] to [[Yeongcheon station|Yeongcheon]] on the [[Jungang Line]]. The line is served by frequent passenger trains between [[Seoul]] (via the Gyeongbu Line), Dongdaegu, and [[Gyeongju]], [[Pohang]] and [[Ulsan]] (via the Jungang and [[Donghae Nambu Line]]s).

==History==

The first section of the Daegu Line was opened in 1917, between [[Daegu station|Daegu]] and Hayang.<ref name="relocate"/> The line was extended to the Haksan station in [[Pohang]] until 1919 as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Section !! Length
|-
| 1 November 1917 || Daegu–Hayang || 23.0 km
|-
| 1 September 1918 || Hayang–Gyeongju || 46.0 km
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 31 October 1918 || Gyeongju–Pohang || 36.4 km
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 27 June 1919 || Pohang–Haksan || style="text-align: right;" | 2.0 km
|}

A branch was opened from [[Gyeongju]] to [[Taehwagang station|Ulsan]] on October 25, 1921.<ref name="relocate"/>

The sections from Gyeongju to Pohang and Ulsan were integrated into the [[Donghae Nambu Line]] on December 16, 1935. On 1 July 1938 the reconstruction of the section [[Daegu station|Daegu]]–Yeongcheon was complete with the standard gauge.<ref>朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), 24 June 1938</ref> On 1 December 1938 the section Yeongcheon–Gyeongju became a part of the Gyeonggyeong Nambu Line (the southern part of the [[Jungang Line]]), which was established on April 1, 1942. At the same time the present section was renamed the Daegu Line.<ref>朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), 28 November 1938</ref>

===Upgrade===

The {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} section from Dongdaegu to Cheongcheon was replaced by a new alignment that takes the Daegu Line to meet the Gyeongbu Line at [[Gacheon station|Gacheon]], lengthening the Dongdaegu–Cheongcheon line distance to {{convert|16.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="relocate">{{cite web |url=http://www.silvernews.or.kr/?inc=newsview&no=675&s=14&ss=0&sss=0 |script-title=ko:대구선 일부구간 이설 개통 |language=Korean |date=2005-11-14 |publisher=Silvernet News |accessdate=2010-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722141406/http://www.silvernews.or.kr/?inc=newsview&no=675&s=14&ss=0&sss=0 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Dongdaegu to Cheongcheon rail distance changed to {{convert|38.4|km|mi|abbr=on}},<ref name="relocate"/> line proper from Gacheon to Yeongcheon is {{convert|29.0|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="lineop">{{cite web |url=http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |title=경영원칙 > 경영공시 > 영업현황 > 영업거리현황 |publisher=[[Korail]] |accessdate=2010-12-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722192217/http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |archivedate=2011-07-22 }}</ref> The project was launched in August 1997 with a planned completion in 2000, but economic difficulties and planning changes delayed completion, the line relocation was finally inaugurated on November 3, 2005.<ref name="relocate"/> Part of the project was the replacement of a {{convert|1.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} branch to [[Daegu Airport]] from the old alignment with a {{convert|9.04|km|mi|abbr=on}} spur line paralleling the highway west from Cheongcheon to the airport, finished a year later.<ref name="relocate"/>

The Daegu Line was considered for an upgrade to a double-tracked, electrified railway in a straighter, {{convert|34.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} long alignment from 2000.<ref name="KRNA_2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.krnetwork.or.kr/service/condition/RouteMapView.do?PA_MAP_ID=12414 |title=대구선 복선전철 |publisher=Korea Rail Network Authority |accessdate=2010-10-24}}</ref> Detailed plans were prepared by 2009, the foreseen budget was 988.042 billion won, and the completion of the project was set for 2017.<ref name="KRNA_2010"/> On September 1, 2010, the South Korean government announced a strategic plan to reduce travel times from Seoul to 95% of the country to under 2 hours by 2020. As part of the plan, the Daegu Line is to be set out for 230 km/h and may see [[Korea Train Express|KTX]] service.<ref name="plans2020">{{cite web |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2925474 |title=Bullet trains coming to a town near you by 2020 |date=2010-09-02 |publisher=[[JoongAng Daily]] |accessdate=2010-10-27}}</ref> On 28 December 2021, electrification was completed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kukinews.com/newsView/kuk202112280155|first=Jaeyong|last=choi|title=Era of electrified double-track railway opens in Daegu, Jungang, Donghaenambu line after 100 years|date=2021-12-28|access-date=2021-12-30|language=ko}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Korail]]
*[[Transportation in South Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* [[Japanese Government Railways]] (1937), 鉄道停車場一覧. 昭和12年10月1日現在 (List of stations as of 1 October 1937), Kawaguchi Printing Company, Tokyo, pp 493–494

== External links ==
* [https://www.korail.com/global/eng/intro Korail] {{in lang|en}}

{{Korail Lines}}

[[Category:Railway lines in South Korea]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1917]]

Bujeon Line

2025-07-29T08:37:35Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Railway line in Busan, South Korea}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Expand Korean|date=September 2022|topic=transp}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto|hangul=^부전선|hanja=釜田線}}
The '''Bujeon Line''' is a short railway line serving [[Busan]], [[South Korea]]. The line connects Gaya on the [[Gaya Line]] to [[Bujeon station (Korail)|Bujeon]] on the [[Donghae Nambu Line]], without intermediary stops. It is roughly 2.2 kilometers in length.

During the process of double-tracking the Bujeon Line, there were strong demands for measures to relocate residents,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142043/http://k.dzboard.com.ne.kr/view.pro.php?uid=1174&fid=1174&page=51&Board_num=korail&boardnum=3&st=1233977108# |title=부전선 복선화 주변 주민 철로점거 시위 |trans-title=Residents Occupy Railroads Around the Double-Tracking of the Bujeon Line Protest |language=ko |website=k.dzboard.com.ne.kr |date=1 April 2003 |access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref> so they attempted to occupy the railroad tracks and protest, but it fell through. To make matters worse, even the environmental impact assessment was delayed, and residents' dissatisfaction reached its peak.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.busan.com/view/busan/view.php?code=20030708000581 |title=부전선 복선화 환경평가 지연 고속철 1단계 차질 |trans-title=Delay in environmental assessment of double-tracking of Bujeon Line, high-speed rail phase 1 hitch |language=ko |website=www.busan.com |date=8 July 2003 |access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Korean National Railroad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway lines in South Korea]]

{{SouthKorea-rail-transport-stub}}

Janghang Line

2025-07-29T08:36:35Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Railway line in Chungnam, South Korea}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Expand Korean|date=September 2022|topic=transp}}
}}

{{Infobox rail line
| box_width=auto
| name=Janghang Line
| other_name=
| native_name=장항선(長項線)
| color=
| logo=
| logo_width=
| logo_alt=
| image=Korail Janghang Line.png
| image_width=
| caption =
| type=[[Heavy rail]], Passenger/freight rail [[Regional rail]], [[Commuter rail]]
| system=
| status=Operational
| locale=[[South Chungcheong Province|South Chungcheong]] [[North Jeolla Province|North Jeolla]]
| start=[[Cheonan station|Cheonan]]
| end=[[Iksan station|Iksan]]
| stations=30
| open = 
| owner=[[Korea Rail Network Authority]]
| operator=[[Korail]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock=
| linelength_km=154.4
| tracks=[[Double track]] (Cheonan - [[Sinchang station|Sinchang]]) [[Single track (rail)|Single track]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| minradius =
| routenumber=
| linenumber=
| electrification=25 kV 60 Hz [[Alternating current|AC]] [[Overhead line]] (Cheonan - [[Sinchang station|Sinchang]])
| speed_km/h=
| elevation=
| map_state=collapsed
| map={{routemap|inline=1
| map=
STR~~[[Gyeongbu Line]]
BHF~~0.0~~Cheonan
ABZgl~~[[Gyeongbu Line]]
BHF~~1.3~~Bongmyeong
BHF~~2.9~~Ssangyong
XBHF-Rq\KRZu\STRq~~[[Gyeongbu High Speed Railway]]
XPLTl\XBHF-R\~~4.5~~Asan
HST~~9.4~~Baebang
BHF~~14.3~~Onyangoncheon
BHF~~19.4~~Sinchang
BHF~~25.2~~Dogooncheon
BHF~~29.7~~Sillyewon
BHF~~34.7~~Yesan
BHF~~42.5~~Sapgyo
BHF~~49.2~~Hwayang
BHF~~54.5~~Hongseong
BHF~~58.6~~Sinseong
BHF~~67.2~~Gwangcheon
HST~~71.3~~Wonjuk
BHF~~75.0~~Cheongso
BHF~~79.3~~Jupo
BHF~~87.6~~Daecheon
BHF~~90.7~~Nampo
BHF~~101.1~~Ungcheon
BHF~~104.3~~Ganchi
BHF~~112.6~~Pangyo
BHF~~121.2~~Seocheon
BHF~~126.0~~Janghang
ABZgr~~Janghang cargo Line
STR+GRZq~~↑[[South Chungcheong Province|South Chungcheong]]/[[North Jeolla Province|North Jeolla]]↓
BHF~~133.0~~Gunsan
ABZg+r~~140.2~~[[Gunsan-hwamul Line|Gunsan cargo Line]]
BHF~~141.2~~Daeya
HST~~146.4~~Impi
HST~~150.9~~Osan-ri
ABZg+r~~[[Honam Line]], [[Jeolla Line]]
BHF~~154.4~~Iksan
STR~~[[Honam Line]]
}}
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^장항선
|hanja=長項線
}}

The '''Janghang Line''' is a railway line serving [[South Chungcheong]] Province in [[South Korea]]. The line connects [[Cheonan]] (on the [[Gyeongbu Line]]) to the railway junction city of [[Iksan]]. The Janghang Line is served by frequent [[Saemaeul-ho]] and [[Mugunghwa-ho]] passenger train services between [[Seoul]] and Iksan. There is also a link from [[Asan station]] to the [[KTX|KTX network]] at [[Cheonan-Asan station]].

==History==

The original Janghang Line was opened along its full length running between Cheonan and Janghang by the [[Chosen Gyeongnam Railway]] on June 1, 1922.<ref name="lineop">{{cite web|url=http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |title=경영원칙 > 경영공시 > 영업현황 > 영업거리현황 |publisher=Korail |access-date=2010-12-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722192217/http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref>

===Upgrade===

The entire Janghang Line is being electrified, double-tracked, and upgraded for higher speeds with a straighter alignment. Work started in 1997 from Cheonan.<ref name="rgi-korailplans">{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/south-koreas-growing-network.html |title=South Korea's growing network |date=2008-09-08 |publisher=[[Railway Gazette International]] |access-date=2010-08-29 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205072403/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/south-koreas-growing-network.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> By the end of 2008, the new alignment was in service from Cheonan via Asan and Hongseong to Sinseong, from Jupo to Nampo, and from Ganchi to Janghang,<ref name="hani2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/area/425930.html |script-title=ko:장항선 타면 ‘곡선이 주는 여유’ 절로 |language=ko |date=2010-06-16 |publisher=[[The Hankyoreh]] |access-date=2010-10-19 |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614160711/http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/area/425930.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and electrification was put in service on the first {{Cvt|19.4|km}} between Cheonan and [[Sinchang station|Sinchang]], after Asan, on December 15, 2008.<ref name="electrification">{{cite web |url=http://www.epic.or.kr/cont/yearbook/download/yearbook_chap07_3.pdf |title=Electricity Almanac 2009 |publisher=Korea Electric Association |access-date=2010-10-27 |archive-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314033522/http://www.epic.or.kr/cont/yearbook/download/yearbook_chap07_3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The {{Cvt|17.1|km}} section near Janghang, opened in December 2007, also linked up the Janghang Line with the previously isolated Iksan-Gunsan line via a new bridge over the [[Geum River]], with alignment built for two tracks but initially only one track was laid.<ref name="rgi-korailplans"/> In 2010, the remaining sections were slated to be completed by 2018, but complete double-tracking and electrification was no longer planned on the short term due to expected low demand.<ref name="hani2010"/> The realigned {{Cvt|14.2|km}} Nampo-Ganchi section, including the relocated Ungcheon station, was opened on January 5, 2021.<ref name="baekje2021">{{cite web |url=http://www.ebaekje.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=103794 |script-title=ko:보령시, 장항선 웅천역 신역사 5일 운영 개시 |language=ko |date=2021-01-06 |publisher=Baekje News |access-date=2023-09-27}}</ref> As of April 2023, the double-tracking of the Sinchang-Hongseong section was 85% completed and expected to be opened in the second half of 2024.<ref name="REN2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.redaily.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=5663 |script-title=ko:철도공단 충청권 사업단, 8개 철도사업에 올해 7082억 투입 |language=ko |date=2023-04-27 |publisher=Rail Economy News |access-date=2023-09-29}}</ref> Also as of April 2023, the double-tracking of the Hongseong-Daeya section, including the {{Cvt|18.8|km}} Sinseong-Jupo realignment that was scheduled to begin construction in 2023, was in advanced planning, with a 2027 completion targeted.<ref name="REN2023"/>

The Janghang Line will link up with the [[Seohae Line]] at [[Hongseong station]]. The Seohae Line will connect Hongseong to Hwaseong in Gyeonggi-do when it opens in the second half of 2024.<ref name="REN2023"/> It will be connected to southern extension of the [[Sosa–Wonsi Line]] and [[Sinansan Line]]. Seohae Line will serve {{Cvt|250|km/h|4=0}} speed, which will dramatically reduce travel time between Seoul and Hongseong.

Sinchang-Hongseong section will be double track electrifed when [[Seohae Line]] open.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.redaily.co.kr/news/articleViewAmp.html?idxno=6873 | title="장항선 신창-홍성 간 복선전철화 곧 마무리된다" | }}</ref>

==Services==
===Seoul Metropolitan Subway===

[[Seoul Metropolitan Subway|Seoul Subway]]'s [[Seoul Subway Line 1|Line 1]] services run on the line between Cheonan–Sinchang stations.

== stations ==

{| class=wikitable
! station
! [[Hangul]]
! [[Hanja]]
! station distance in km
! Line distance in km
! Connecting lines
! colspan="2" | Location
|- style="background:#0066B3; height:2pt;"
| colspan="8" |
|-
| [[Cheonan station|Cheonan]]
| 천안
| 天安
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.0
| [[Gyeongbu Line]]
| style="width:5em;" rowspan="25" | [[South Chungcheong Province|Chungcheongnam-do]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Cheonan|Cheonan-si]]
|-
| [[Bongmyeong station|Bongmyeong]]
| 봉명
| 鳳鳴
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.3
|
|-
| [[Ssangyong station|Ssangyong]]([[Ssangyong station|Korea Nazarene Univ.]])
| 쌍용(나사렛대)
| 雙龍(拿撒勒大)
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.9
|
|-
| [[Asan station|Asan]]
| 아산
| 牙山
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.5
| [[Gyeongbu High Speed Railway|Gyeongbu KTX]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Asan|Asan-si]]
|-
| [[Tangjeong station|Tangjeong]]
| 탕정
| 湯井
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
|
|-
| [[Baebang station|Baebang]]
| 배방
| 排芳
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.4
|
|-
| [[Onyangoncheon station|Onyangoncheon]]
| 온양온천
| 溫陽溫泉
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
|
|-
| [[Sinchang station|Sinchang]]([[Sinchang station|Soonchunhyang Univ.]])
| 신창(순천향대)
| 新昌(順天鄕大)
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
|
|-
| [[Dogooncheon station|Dogooncheon]]
| 도고온천
| 道高溫泉
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.2
|
|-
| [[Sillyewon station|Sillyewon]]
| 신례원
| 新禮院
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.7
|
| rowspan="3" | [[Yesan County|Yesan-gun]]
|-
| [[Yesan station|Yesan]]
| 예산
| 禮山
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 34.7
|
|-
| [[Sapgyo station|Sapgyo]]
| 삽교
| 揷橋
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 42.5
|
|-
| Hwayang
| 화양
| 華陽
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 49.2
|
| style="width:3em;" rowspan="4" | [[Hongseong County|Hongseong-gun]]
|-
| [[Hongseong station|Hongseong]]
| 홍성
| 洪城
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 54.5
| [[Seohae Line]]
|-
| Sinseong
| 신성
| 新城
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 58.6
|
|-
| [[Gwangcheon station|Gwangcheon]]
| 광천
| 廣川
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 67.2
|
|-
| Wonjuk
| 원죽
| 元竹
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 71.3
|
| rowspan="7" | [[Boryeong|Boryeong-si]]
|-
| [[Cheongso station|Cheongso]]
| 청소
| 靑所
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 75.0
|
|-
| Jupo
| 주포
| 周浦
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 79.3
|
|-
| [[Daecheon station|Daecheon]]
| 대천
| 大川
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 87.6
|
|-
| Nampo
| 남포
| 藍浦
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.7
|
|-
| [[Ungcheon station|Ungcheon]]
| 웅천
| 熊川
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 101.1
|
|-
| Ganchi
| 간치
| 艮峙
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 104.3
| [[Seocheon-hwaryeok Line]]
|-
| [[Pangyo station (Seocheon)|Pangyo]]
| 판교
| 板橋
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 112.6
|
| style="width:3em;" rowspan="3" | [[Seocheon County|Seocheon-gun]]
|-
| [[Seocheon station|Seocheon]]
| 서천
| 舒川
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 121.2
|
|-
| [[Janghang station|Janghang]]
| 장항
| 長項
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 126.0
| [[Janghang-hwamul Line]]
|-
| [[Gunsan station|Gunsan]]
| 군산
| 群山
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 133.0
|
| rowspan="6" | [[Jeollabuk-do]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Gunsan|Gunsan-si]]
|-
|
|
|
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 140.2
| [[Gunsan-hwamul Line]]
|-
| [[Daeya station|Daeya]]
| 대야
| 大野
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 141.2
| [[Gunsan Port Line]]
|-
| Impi
| 임피
| 臨陂
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 146.4
|
|-
| Osan-ri
| 오산리
| 五山里
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 150.9
|
| rowspan="2" | [[Iksan|Iksan-si]]
|-
| [[Iksan station|Iksan]]
| 익산
| 益山
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 154.4
| [[Honam Line]] [[Jeolla Line]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Korail]]
*[[Transportation in South Korea]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Korail Lines}}
{{Janghang Line}}
{{Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations|line1=yes}}
{{Public transport in the Seoul Metropolitan Area}}

[[Category:Janghang Line| ]]
[[Category:Railway lines in South Korea]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1922]]
[[Category:Transport in South Chungcheong Province]]
[[Category:Transport in North Jeolla Province]]
[[Category:Korail lines]]
[[Category:25 kV AC railway electrification]]

Gyeongwon Line

2025-07-29T08:34:37Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Railway line in South Korea}}
{{Infobox rail line
|image = Korail Gyeongwon Line.png
|name = Gyeongwon Line
|native_name = 경원선 (京元線)
|native_name_lang = ko
|type = [[Passenger rail terminology#Heavy rail|Heavy rail]], Passenger/Freight [[Regional rail]], [[Commuter rail]]
|system =
|status = Operational
|locale = [[Seoul]] [[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]] [[Gangwon Province (South Korea)|Gangwon]]
|start = [[Yongsan station|Yongsan]]
|end = [[Baengmagoji station|Baengmagoji]]
|stations = 37
|open = Stages between 1911 and 1914
|owner = [[Korea Rail Network Authority]]
|operator = [[Korail]]
|character =
|stock =
|linelength = {{Convert|94.4|km|abbr=on}}
| tracks = [[Double track]] (Yongsan–Dongducheon) [[Single track (rail)|Single track]]
|gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}
| electrification = 25 kV/60 Hz [[Alternating Current|AC]] [[Overhead lines|Catenary]] (Yongsan–Yeoncheon)
| old_gauge =
|speed =
|map =
{{routemap
|inline=1
|map=
vCONTg-!~uv-CONTg~~ ~~ ~~[[Gyeongbu Line]](to [[Seoul station|Seoul]])
CONTgq cyan\mvSKRZ-G2u!~STRq cyan\STR+r cyan~~ ~~ ~~←{{rint|seoul|gye}} (to [[Gajwa station|Gajwa]])
\mvBHF!~HUBaq\BHF cyan!~HUBeq~~0.0~~[[Yongsan station|Yongsan]] {{rint|seoul|1}}
CONTgq-!~u-CONTgq\-STR+r!~vSTRrg-!~uv-STRrf\STR cyan~~ ~~ ~~[[Gyeongbu Line]](to [[Daejeon]])
\STR!~STR+l cyan\STRr cyan~~ ~~ ~~Yongsan Triple Line
STR cyan!~lSHST~~1.9~~[[Ichon station|Ichon]] {{rint|seoul|4}}
STR cyan!~lSBHF~~3.6~~[[Seobinggo station|Seobinggo]]
STR cyan!~lSHST~~5.5~~[[Hannam station|Hannam]]
STR cyan!~lSHST~~7.1~~[[Oksu station|Oksu]] {{rint|seoul|3}}
eHST cyan~~ ~~ ~~<del>Sucheolri</del>
STR cyan!~lSHST~~8.9~~[[Eungbong station|Eungbong]]
CONTgq yellow\STR+r yellow!~STR cyan\~~ ~~ ~~←{{rint|seoul|bun}}
STR cyan!~lSBHF~~10.3~~[[Wangsimni station|Wangsimni]] {{rint|seoul|2}} {{rint|seoul|5}} {{rint|seoul|bun}}
WASSERq\hKRZWa!~STR cyan\WASSERq~~ ~~ ~~[[Cheonggyecheon]]
CONTgq green\mhKRZ!~STR cyan\CONTfq green~~ ~~ ~~{{rint|seoul|2}} Seongsu Line

\hSTRe@f cyan\utCONTg~~ ~~ ~~
\BHF cyan!~HUBaq\utSBHFe@f!~HUBeq~~12.7~~[[Cheongnyangni station|Cheongnyangni]] {{rint|seoul|1}} {{rint|seoul|bun}} {{rint|seoul|chun}}
\KRWgl+l!~STR cyan\KRWgr+r!~uSTR

\BHF cyan!~HUBaq\uSBHF!~HUBeq~~14.1~~[[Hoegi station|Hoegi]] {{rint|seoul|1}} {{rint|seoul|chun}}
CONTgq cyan\STR+r teal!~STRr cyan\uSTR~~ ~~ ~~←[[Jungang Line]](to [[Mangu station|Mangu]])
\STR teal\uSBHF~~14.9~~[[Hankuk University of Foreign Studies station|Hankuk Univ. of Foreign Studies]]
\STR teal!~uv-STR+l\uSTRr~~ ~~ ~~←[[Mangu Line]] (to [[Mangu station|Mangu]])
STR teal!~uv-STR!~lv-SBHF~~15.7~~[[Sinimun station|Sinimun]]
KDSTa teal\STR teal!~uv-STR\~~ ~~ ~~Imun Rail Yard
STRl teal\ABZg+r teal!~uv-STR\exCONTl+f~~ ~~ ~~former [[Gyeongchun Line]](to [[Seongdong station|Seongdong]])
WASSERq\WASSERq!~STR teal!~uv-BRÜCKE1\exhKRZWae~~ ~~ ~~ui stream
\STR teal!~uv-STR!~lv-SBHF\exSTR~~17.1~~[[Seokgye station|Seokgye]] {{rint|seoul|6}}
\exv-STR+l!~STR teal!~uv-STR\exSTRr
BHF teal!~uv-STR!~lSBHF~~18.2~~[[Kwangwoon University station|Kwangwoon Univ.]] {{rint|seoul|chun}}
exCONTgq\exSTRr!~STR teal!~uSHI1+l\~~ ~~ ~~former [[Gyeongchun Line]](to [[Toegyewon station|Toegyewon]])

uSHST~~19.3~~[[Wolgye station|Wolgye]]
uSHST~~20.7~~[[Nokcheon station|Nokcheon]]
CONTgq blue\ABZq+r blue!~STR+l blue\STRq blue!~uSBHF\CONTfq blue\~~21.7~~[[Chang-dong station|Chang-dong]] {{rint|seoul|4}}
exSTR!~KDSTe blue\uSTR\~~ ~~ ~~
exSTRl\uemABZgr\~~ ~~ ~~Banghak connecting line (closed)
uSBHF~~23.4~~[[Banghak station|Banghak]]
uSHST~~24.7~~[[Dobong station|Dobong]]

uSBHF~~25.9~~[[Dobongsan station|Dobongsan]] {{rint|seoul|7}}
uSTR+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Seoul]]/[[Gyeonggi Province]] [[Uijeongbu]]↓
RMCONTgq\uSKRZ-Au\RMCONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Capital Region First Ring Expressway|E 100]]

uSHST~~28.2~~[[Mangwolsa station|Mangwolsa]]
uCONTgq\uTSHSTu\uCONTfq~~29.6~~[[Hoeryong station|Hoeryong]]

uSBHF~~31.2~~[[Uijeongbu station|Uijeongbu]]
SPLa!~uSHI1r
umvSTR!~lvSBHF-~~32.4~~[[Ganeung station|Ganeung]]
\umvSHI1l-STRl\CONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Gyooe Line]](to [[Daegok station (Goyang)|Daegok]])
exSTR+4!~uSTR

uSHST~~33.7~~[[Nogyang station|Nogyang]]
uSTR+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Uijeongbu]]/[[Yangju]]↓

uSHST~~35.3~~[[Yangju station|Yangju]]

uBST~~37.5~~Majeon Signal Box
uSHST~~40.9~~[[Deokgye station|Deokgye]]

uSBHF~~43.5~~[[Deokjeong station|Deokjeong]]

uSTR+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Yangju]]/[[Dongducheon]]↓
uSHST~~49.1~~[[Jihaeng station|Jihaeng]]
uSHST~~50.1~~[[Dongducheon Jungang station|Dongducheon Jungang]]
uSHST~~51.5~~[[Bosan station|Bosan]]
uhKRZWae~~ ~~ ~~Dongducheon stream
uSBHF~~53.1~~[[Dongducheon station|Dongducheon]]
uSHST~~55.6~~[[Soyosan station|Soyosan]]
uSHST~~59.7~~[[Cheongsan station|Cheongsan]]
WASSERq\uhKRZWae\WASSERq~~ ~~ ~~[[Hantan River]]
uHST ~~ ~~ ~~<del>[[Hantangang station|Hantangang]]</del>
uSHST~~65.2~~[[Jeongok station|Jeongok]]
uSHST~~73.8~~[[Yeoncheon station|Yeoncheon]]
umSTR+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Soyosan station|Soyosan]]/[[Cheorwon County|Cheorwon]]↓
HST~~77.4~~[[Sinmang-ri station|Sinmang-ri]]
HST~~84.4~~[[Daegwang-ri station|Daegwang-ri]]
BHF~~88.8~~[[Sintan-ri station|Sintan-ri]]
STR+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Yeoncheon]]/[[Gangwon Province, South Korea|Gangwon Province]] [[Cheorwon County|Cheorwon]]↓
TUNNEL1
KHSTxe~~94.4~~[[Baengmagoji station|Baengmagoji]]
exCONTgq\exABZg+r\~~ ~~ ~~←[[Kumgangsan Electric Railway]]
exBHF~~''98.1''~~[[Cheorwon station|Cheorwon]]
exHST~~''103.1''~~[[Woljeong-ri station|Woljeong-ri]]
GRZq\xGRENZE\GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[South Korea|ROK]]/[[North Korea|DPRK]]↓
KHSTxa~~''113.1''~~[[Gagok station|Gagok]]
CONTf~~ ~~ ~~to [[Wonsan]]

uSTRq~~ ~~ ~~[[Seoul Subway Line 1]]
STRq cyan~~ ~~ ~~[[Gyeongui–Jungang Line]]
STRq teal~~ ~~ ~~[[Gyeongchun Line]]
}}
}}

{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^경원선
|hanja=京元線
}}

The '''Gyeongwon Line''' is a railway line serving northeastern [[Gyeonggi]] Province in [[South Korea]]. The line is operated by [[Korail]]. The name of the line came from '''''Gyeong'''seong'' ([[Seoul]]) and [[Wonsan|'''''Won'''san'']], the original terminus of the line, in what is now [[North Korea]].

==History==
{{For|the original line's history and other information prior to 1945|Gyeongwon Line (1911–1945)}}

One of the first construction projects undertaken by the Railway Bureau of the [[Governor General of Korea|Government General of Korea]] was for an east−west trunk line to connect [[Keijō]] to the important port of [[Wonsan]]. The [[Chosen Government Railway]] (''Sentetsu'') opened the line in several stages between 1911 and 1914.<ref name="lineop">{{cite web |url=http://info.korail.com/mbs/www/subview.jsp?id=www_010606060000|title=경영원칙 > 경영공시 > 영업현황 > 영업거리현황 |publisher=[[Korail]] |access-date=2015-09-17}}</ref> The first section of mainline to be electrified by Sentetsu was also along the Gyeongwon Line, with the [[Pokkye station|Pokkye]]−[[Kosan station|Gosan]] section being energised on 27 March 1944,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ameblo.jp/gon-xiaodao/entry-11081690203.html|title=『デロイを探せ！（その8）デロイ就役の経緯（年表）』}}</ref> as part of a plan made jointly with the [[South Manchuria Railway]] for an electrified railway all the way from [[Busan]] to [[Changchun|Xinjing]], capital of [[Manchukuo]].<ref name="Matsuda">{{cite web|url=http://ktymtskz.my.coocan.jp/denki/matuda.htm|title=松田新市三菱電機技師の戦中戦後の電気車設計|website=ktymtskz.my.coocan.jp}}</ref>

After the [[partition of Korea]] following the end of the [[Pacific War]] in 1945, the Gyeongwon Line was split along the [[38th parallel north|38th parallel]] between the stations of [[Hantangang station|Hantangang]] and [[Choseong-ri station|Choseongni]].<ref name="Hayato">Kokubu, Hayato, 将軍様の鉄道 (Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō), {{ISBN|978-4-10-303731-6}}</ref> The railways in both South and North were nationalised, and the newly-established [[Korail|Korean National Railroad]] took over operation of the truncated Gyeongwon Line, from Seoul to Choseongni; in the North, the [[Korean State Railway]] merged its section of the Gyeongwon Line, Choseong-ri−Wonsan, with the Wonsan−[[Kowon station|Gowon]] section of the former [[Hamgyeong Line]] to create the [[Kangwon Line|Gangwon Line]].<ref name="Hayato"/>

The line was severely damaged during the [[Korean War]]. After the ceasefire and the subsequent establishment of the [[Military Demarcation Line]], the division of the line changed, with the South gaining control of the line further northwards as far as [[Woljeong-ri station|Woljeongni]]. However, the line was rebuilt only as far as [[Sintan-ri station|Sintalli]], resulting in an operation line from Yongsan and Sintalli with a length of {{convert|88.8|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="lineop"/>

Following the 1961 coup, the [[Supreme Council for National Reconstruction]] started South Korea's [[Five-year plans of South Korea#1962–1966|first five-year plan]], which included a construction program to complete the railway network, to foster economic growth.<ref name="5yr-plan">{{cite web |url=http://www.silvernet.ne.kr/?design_file=article_v.php&category_1=~00003&category_2=00016&OTSKIN=layout_prt.php&PB_1291266761=8&article_num=7653 |title=철마 110년, 영고의 자취 [12] 경제개발과 철도 |language=ko |date=2010-03-20 |publisher=Silvernet News |access-date=2015-09-17 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As part of the program, in the outskirts of Seoul, a {{convert|4.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} long avoiding line was built from [[Kwangwoon University station|Kwangwoon University]] to [[Mangu station|Mangu]] on the [[Jungang Line]], called the Mangu Line, which opened on December 30, 1963.<ref name="5yr-plan"/>

===Upgrade===

The section of the Gyeongwon Line in the Seoul metropolitan area was among the first to be electrified with the 25 kV/60 Hz [[Alternating current|AC]] [[Overhead wires|catenary]] system in South Korea when to allow for [[through train]] services with [[Seoul Subway Line 1]]. Further sections were electrified and urban services to [[Seoul Subway Line 1|Line 1]] was extended in the 1980s and then in the 2000s:<ref name="electrification">{{cite web |url=http://www.epic.or.kr/cont/yearbook/download/yearbook_chap07_3.pdf |title=Electricity Almanac 2009 |publisher=Korea Electric Association |access-date=2015-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314033522/http://www.epic.or.kr/cont/yearbook/download/yearbook_chap07_3.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Section !! Length !! Electrified rail operation commenced
|-
| Cheongnyangni–[[Kwangwoon University station|Kwangwoon Univ.]] ||align="right"| 5.6 km || August 15, 1974
|-
| [[Yongsan station|Yongsan]]–[[Cheongnyangni station|Cheongnyangni]] ||align="right"| 12.6 km || December 9, 1978
|-
| Seongbuk–[[Chang-dong station|Chang-dong]] ||align="right"| 3.6 km || April 25, 1985
|-
| Chang-dong–[[Uijeongbu station|Uijeongbu]] ||align="right"| 9.4 km || September 2, 1986
|-
| Uijeongbu–[[Ganeung station|Ganeung]] then Uijeongbu Bukbu ||align="right"| 1.2 km || October 5, 1987
|-
| Ganeung–[[Soyosan station|Soyosan]] ||align="right"| 23.2 km || December 15, 2006
|-
| Soyosan-[[Yeoncheon station|Yeoncheon]] ||align="right"| 20.87 km || December 16, 2023
|}

Altogether {{convert|55.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} of the line was electrified, and {{convert|53.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} was double-tracked.<ref name="lineop"/>

On September 1, 2010, the South Korean government announced a strategic plan to reduce travel times from Seoul to 95% of the country to under 2 hours by 2020. As part of the plan, the Gyeongwon Line is to be further upgraded until Uijeongbu for 230 km/h and may see [[Korea Train Express|KTX]] service.<ref name="plans2020">{{cite web |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2925474 |title=Bullet trains coming to a town near you by 2020 |date=2010-09-02 |publisher=[[JoongAng Daily]] |access-date=2010-10-27}}</ref>


In 2012 restoration of the line was completed between [[Sintan-ri station|Sintan-ri]] and [[Baengmagoji station|Baengmagoji]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.kr.or.kr/sub/info.do?page=010102&m=010102|title=History|publisher=Korea Rail Network Authority|access-date=2015-09-17}}</ref>

On December 16, 2023, a single-line railway between Soyosan and Yeoncheon opened on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway Line 1.

==Route==
A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Distance (km)
! rowspan="2" | Interstation Distance (km)
! rowspan="2" | Original Name
! colspan="2" |{{color|#00498B|●}} [[Seoul Subway Line 1]]
! rowspan="2" | Opened
! rowspan="2" | Connections
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
!L
!R
|-
| 0.0
| 0.0
| Yongsan 용산 (龍山)
| colspan="2" rowspan="8" |Only [[Gyeongui–Jungang Line]] trains stop here.
[[Seoul Subway Line 1|Line 1]] trains use the [[Gyeongbu Line]] to [[Seoul Station]], where it then continues via the {{ill|Underground Subway Line 1|ko|서울 지하철 1호선}} to [[Cheongnyangni station|Cheongnyangni]].
| 15 October 1911
| [[Gyeongbu Line]] [[Yongsan Line]] {{color|#00498B|●}} [[Seoul Subway Line 1]]
|
|-
| 1.9
| 1.9
| Ichon 이촌 (二村)
| 9 December 1978
| {{color|#00A2D1|●}} [[Seoul Subway Line 4]]
|
|-
| 3.6
| 1.7
| Seobinggo 서빙고 (西氷庫)
| 1 October 1917
|
|
|-
| <del>7.7</del>
| <del>4.1</del>
| <del>Sucheolli</del> <del>수천리</del>
| 15 October 1911
|
| Closed 1944
|-
| 5.5
| 1.9
| Hannam 한남 (漢南)
| 1 April 1980
|
|
|-
| 7.1
| 1.6
| Oksu 옥수 (玉水)
| 9 September 1978
| {{color|#F36630|●}} [[Seoul Subway Line 3]]
|
|-
| 8.9
| 1.8
| Eungbong 응봉 (鷹峰)
| 9 September 1978
|
| Formerly Seongsu 성수 (聖水) renamed 10 July 1980
|-
| 10.4
| 2.7
| Wangsimni 왕십리 (往十里)
| 15 October 1911
| {{color|#009246|●}} [[Seoul Subway Line 2]] {{color|#5940FF|●}} [[Seoul Subway Line 5]] {{color|#E0A134|●}} [[Bundang Line]]
|
|-
| 12.7
| 2.4
| Cheongnyangni 청량리 (淸凉里)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 15 October 1911
| [[Jungang Line]] {{color|#00498B|●}} [[Seoul Subway Line 1]] {{color|#32C6A6|●}} [[Gyeongchun Line]]
|
|-
| 14.1
| 1.4
| Hoegi 회기 (回基)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 1 April 1980
| {{color|#32C6A6|●}} [[Gyeongchun Line]] {{color|#72C7A6|●}} [[Gyeongui–Jungang Line]]
|
|-
| 14.9
| 0.8
| Hankuk Univ. of Foreign Studies 외대앞 (外大앞)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 15 August 1974
|
| Formerly Hwigyeong 휘경 (徽慶) renamed 1 January 1996
|-
| 15.7
| 0.8
| Sinimun 신이문 (新里門)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 5 January 1980
|
|
|-
| 17.1
| 1.4
| Seokgye 석계 (石溪)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 14 January 1985
| {{color|#CC660D|●}} [[Seoul Subway Line 6]]
|
|-
| 18.2
| 5.5
| Kwangwoon Univ. 광운대 (光云大) 
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 25 July 1939
| current and former [[Gyeongchun Line]]s
| Was Yeonchon 연촌 (硯村) until May 3, 1963 where it was renamed to Seongbuk (城北) and renamed to current name February 25, 2013
|-
| 19.3
| 1.1
| Wolgye 월계 (月溪)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
| 22 August 1985
|
|
|-
| 20.7
| 1.4
| Nokcheon 녹천 (鹿川)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
| 22 August 1985
|
|
|-
| 21.7
| 1.0
| Chang-dong 창동 (倉洞)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 15 October 1911
| {{color|#00A2D1|●}} [[Seoul Subway Line 4]]
|
|-
| 23.4
| 1.7
| Banghak 방학 (放鶴)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
| 2 September 1986
|
|
|-
| 24.7
| 1.3
| Dobong 도봉 (道峰)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
| 2 September 1986
|
|
|-
| 25.9
| 1.2
| Dobongsan 도봉산 (道峰山)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 2 September 1986
| {{color|#4D8000|●}} [[Seoul Subway Line 7]]
| Formerly Nuwon 누원 (樓阮) renamed 1 January 1988
|-
| 28.2
| 2.3
| Mangwolsa 망월사 (望月寺)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
| 21 June 1966
|
|
|-
| 29.6
| 1.4
| Hoeryong 회룡 (回龍)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 2 September 1986
| {{color|#fda600|●}} [[U Line]]
|
|-
| 31.2
| 1.6
| Uijeongbu 의정부 (議政府)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 15 October 1911
|
|
|-
| 32.4
| 1.2
| Ganeung 가능 (佳陵)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
| 5 October 1987
|
| Formerly Uijeongbu Bukbu 의정부북부 (議政府北部) renamed 15 December 2006
|-
| 33.7
| 3.1
| Nogyang 녹양 (綠楊)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
| 15 December 2006
|
|
|-
| 35.3
| 1.6
| Yangju 양주 (楊州)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 25 December 1948
|
| Formerly Junae 주내 (州內) renamed 28 December 2007
|-
| 37.5
| 2.2
| Majeon Signal Area 마전신호장 (麻田信号場)
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
| 15 December 2006
|
|
|-
| 40.6
| 5.3
| Deokgye 덕계 (德溪)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
| 15 December 2006
|
|
|-
| 43.5
| 2.9
| Deokjeong 덕정 (德亭)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 15 October 1911
|
|
|-
| 49.1
| 5.6
| Jihaeng 지행 (紙杏)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 30 January 2005
|
|
|-
| 50.1
| 1.0
| Dongducheon Jungang 동두천중앙 (東豆川中央)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 1 February 1955
|
| Was Eosu-dong 어수동 (御水洞) until October 2, 1984 where it was renamed to Dongducheon 동두천 (東豆川) and renamed to current name on December 15, 2006
|-
| 51.5
| 1.4
| Bosan 보산 (保山)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
| 15 December 2006
|
|
|-
| 53.1
| 1.6
| Dongducheon 동두천 (東豆川)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|●}}
| 25 July 1912
|
| Dongducheon 동두천 (東豆川) until October 2, 1984 where it was renamed to Dong-an 동안 (東安) and renamed to current name on December 15, 2006
|-
| 55.5
| 2.4
| Soyosan 소요산 (逍遙山)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|○}}
| 11 January 1976
|
|
|-
| 61.3
| 5.8
| Cheongsan 청산 (靑山)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
| 10 September 1953
|
| Originally opened 5 October 1950 as a UN munitions facility. Formerly named Choseong-ri until 21 November 2023.
|-
| <del>62.7</del>
| <del>3.0</del>
| <del>Hantangang 한탄강 (漢灘江)</del>
|
|
| 28 June 1975
|
| In DPRK until 1953. Reopened 1975, permanently closed 21 November 2023.
|-
| 64.6
| 3.3
| Jeongok 전곡 (全谷)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
| 25 July 1912
|
| In DPRK to 1953
|-
| 73.3
| 8.7
| Yeoncheon 연천 (漣川)
|{{center|●}}
|{{center|<nowiki>｜</nowiki>}}
| 25 July 1912
|
| In DPRK to 1953
|-
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | 77.3
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | 4.0
| Sinmang-ri 신망리 (新望里)
|
|
| 21 August 1956
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | 84.3
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | 7.0
| Daegwang-ri 대광리 (大光里)
|
|
| 21 October 1912
|
| In DPRK to 1953
|-
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | 88.7
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | 4.4
| Sintan-ri 신탄리 (新炭里)
|
|
| 10 July 1913
|
| In DPRK to 1953
|-
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | 94.3
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | 5.6
| Baengmagoji 백마고지 (白馬高地)
|
|
| 20 November 2012
|
|
|-
! bgcolor="#BDBDBD" |Section north of Baengmagoji closed
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | <del>98.1</del>
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | <del>3.7</del>
| <del>Cheorwon</del> <del>철원 (鉄原)</del>
|
|
| 21 October 1912
| former [[Kumgangsan Electric Railway|Geumgangsan Line]]
| In DPRK to 1953. Closed.
|-
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | <del>103.1</del>
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | <del>5.0</del>
| <del>Woljeong-ri</del> <del>월정리 (月井里)</del>
|
|
| 10 July 1913
|
| In DPRK to 1953. Closed. Since restored as a museum.
|-
! bgcolor="#BDBDBD" |[[Korean Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarized Zone]]
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | <del>113.1</del>
| bgcolor="#F7FE2E" | <del>10.0</del>
| <del>Gagok 가곡 (佳谷)</del>
|
|
|
|
| In DPRK. Closed.
|-
! bgcolor="#BDBDBD" |Section north of Pyeonggang part of [[Korean State Railway]]'s [[Kangwon Line]]
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| 119.9
| 6.8
| Pyeonggang 평강 (平康)
|
|
|
|
| [[Kangwon Line]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Korail]]
* [[Korean State Railway]]
* [[Transportation in South Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* [[Japanese Government Railways]] (1937), 鉄道停車場一覧. 昭和12年10月1日現在(The List of the Stations as of 1 October 1937), Kawaguchi Printing Company, Tokyo, pp 495–496

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Public transport in the Seoul Metropolitan Area}}
{{Korail Lines}}
{{Gyeongwon Line}}

[[Category:Gyeongwon Line| ]]
[[Category:Korail lines]]
[[Category:Railway lines in South Korea]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in South Korea]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1914]]
[[Category:1911 establishments in Korea]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Korea under Japanese rule]]

Gyeongbuk Line

2025-07-29T08:34:05Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Railway line in Seoul, South Korea}}
{{about|the present railway line|the defunct line|Gyeongbuk Line (1924–1945)}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2017}}
{{Expand Korean|date=September 2022|topic=transp}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = auto
| name = Gyeongbuk Line
| other_name =
| native_name = 경북선(慶北線)
| native_name_lang = ko
| color = 0066b3
| image = Korail Gyeongbuk Line.png
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Heavy rail]], Passenger/freight rail [[Regional rail]]
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[North Gyeongsang Province|North Gyeongsang]]
| start = [[Gimcheon Station|Gimcheon]]
| end = [[Yeongju Station|Yeongju]]
| stations = 12
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| open = Stages between 1924 - 1966
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| close =
| owner = [[Korea Rail Network Authority]]
| operator = [[Korail]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength_km = 115.2
| tracks = [[Single track (rail)|Single track]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| old_gauge =
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification =
| speed_km/h =
| speed_mph =
| speed =
| elevation_m =
| elevation =
| website =
| map_state = collapsed
| map = {{routemap|inline=1
| map =
STR~~[[Gyeongbu Line|Gyeongbu from Gumi]]
BHF~~0.0~~Gimcheon
ABZgl~~[[Gyeongbu Line|Gyeongbu to Yeongdong]]
BHF~~20.0~~Oksan
BHF~~27.1~~Cheongni
BHF~~36.0~~Sangju
BHF~~44.4~~Baegwon
HST~~55.8~~Hamchang
BHF~~60.0~~Jeomchon
ABZgl~~[[Mungyeong Line]]
HST~~66.9~~Yonggung
BHF~~73.3~~Gaepo
BHF~~85.0~~Yecheon
HST~~101.6~~Eodeung
ABZg+r~~[[Jungang Line|Jungang to Andong]]
BHF~~115.2~~Yeongju
STR~~[[Jungang Line]], [[Yeongdong Line]]
}}
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul = ^경북선
| hanja = 慶北線
}}
[[File:Gyeongbukfreight.png|thumb|Southbound freight on the Gyeongbuk Line, south of Jeomchon Station]]
The '''Gyeongbuk Line''' ({{Korean|hangul=경북선}}) is a railway line serving [[North Gyeongsang]] Province in [[South Korea]]. The line runs from [[Gimcheon Station|Gimcheon]] on the [[Gyeongbu Line]] via [[Sangju Station|Sangju]], [[Jeomchon Station|Jeomchon]] (junction with the [[Mungyeong Line]]), and [[Yecheon Station|Yecheon]] to [[Yeongju Station|Yeongju]] on the [[Jungang Line]].

== History ==
Construction of the line was begun by the privately owned [[Chosen Industrial Railway]]; however, before the line was finished, that company merged with five others to create the [[Chosen Railway]] (''Chōtetsu'') in 1923, and it was the new company which completed the first section of the line, opening the [[Gimcheon Station|Gimcheon]]–[[Sangju Station|Sangju]] section on 1 October 1924, followed by the Sangju–[[Jeomchon Station|Jeomchon]] section on 25 December.<ref name="opdat">{{cite web |url=http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |title=경영원칙 > 경영공시 > 영업현황 > 영업거리현황 |publisher=[[Korail]] |access-date=2010-11-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722192217/http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> Chōtetsu then extended the line in several stages, first reaching [[Yecheon Station|Yecheon]] on 1 November 1928, then reaching [[Andong Station|Gyeongbuk Andong]] on 16 October 1931; however, the latter section was dismantled in 1944 to use the material elsewhere as Japan's military faced material shortages during the [[Pacific War]].<ref name="5yr-plan"/> After the [[Liberation of Korea]], the Chosen Railway was nationalised along with all other railways in the country.

Following the 1961 coup, the [[Supreme Council for National Reconstruction]] started South Korea's [[Five-year plans of South Korea#1962–1966|first five-year plan]], which included a construction program to complete the railway network, to foster economic growth.<ref name="5yr-plan">{{cite web |url=http://www.silvernetnews.com/?inc=newsview&no=8229&s=20&ss=0&sss=0 |title=<nowiki>철마 110년, 영고의 자취 [12] 경제개발과 철도</nowiki> |language=ko |date=2010-03-20 |publisher=Silvernet News |access-date=2010-11-27}}</ref> Under the program, the Gyeongbuk Line was extended to Yeongju, to create a connection both with the Jungang Line and the [[Yeongdong Line]], allowing the transport of coal from the latter.<ref name="5yr-plan"/> Work began in May 1962, the {{convert|28.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Jeomchon to Yecheon was opened in January 1966, the {{convert|29.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Yecheon to Yeongju was opened on 10 October 1966.<ref name="5yr-plan"/> The complete line is {{convert|115.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, and remains single-tracked and unelectrified.<ref name="opdat"/>

A {{convert|22.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} long branch from Jeomchon to Mungyeong, the Mungyeong Line, was opened on 10 May 1969.<ref name="opdat"/>

== Operation ==
As of 2010, the line is served by both passenger and freight trains along its entire length, as is the Mungyeong branch.<ref name="opdat"/> As of November 2010, the line is served by [[Mugunghwa-ho|Mugunghwa]] cross-country trains from [[Busan Station|Busan]] and [[Dongdaegu Station|Dongdaegu]], which travel in 2 hours 12 minutes from Gimcheon to Yeongju.<ref name="booking">{{cite web |url=http://www.korail.com/en/rv/pr21100/w_pr21110.jsp |title=Booking |publisher=[[Korail]] |access-date=2010-11-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713164814/http://www.korail.com/en/rv/pr21100/w_pr21110.jsp |archive-date=2011-07-13 }}</ref>

==Route==
{|class=wikitable
! Station
! [[Hangul]]
! [[Hanja]]
! Connecting lines
! Station distance
! Line distance
|-
|[[Gimcheon station|Gimcheon]]
| 김천
| 金泉
|[[Gyeongbu Line]]
| 0.0
| 0.0
|-
| <s>Acheon</s>
| 아천
| 牙川
| ''closed 1994''
| 7.7
| <s>7.7</s>
|-
| <s>Duwon</s>
| 두원
| 杜院
| ''closed 2006''
| 5.1
| <s>12.8</s>
|-
| Oksan
| 옥산
| 玉山
|
| 20.0
| 20.0
|-
| Cheongni
| 청리
| 靑里
|
| 7.1
| 27.1
|-
| Sangju
| 상주
| 尙州
|
| 8.9
| 36.0
|-
| Baekwon
| 백원
| 白元
|
| 8.4
| 44.4
|-
| <s>Yangjeong</s>
| 양정
| 楊亭
| ''closed 2006''
| 3.5
| <s>47.9</s>
|-
| Hamchang
| 함창
| 咸昌
|
| 11.4
| 55.8
|-
| Jeomchon
| 점촌
| 店村
| [[Mungyeong Line]]
| 4.2
| 60.0
|-
| <s>Sanyang</s>
| 산양
| 山陽
| ''closed 2001''
| 5.4
| <s>65.4</s>
|-
| Yonggung
| 용궁
| 龍宮
|
| 6.9
| 66.9
|-
| <s>Songam</s>
| 송암
| 松岩
| ''closed 1974''
| 2.7
| <s>69.6</s>
|-
| Gaepo
| 개포
| 開浦
|
| 6.4
| 73.3
|-
| <s>Yulhyeon</s>
| 율현
| 栗峴
| ''closed 2001''
| 3.4
| <s>76.7</s>
|-
| <s>Gadong</s>
| 가동
| 佳洞
| ''closed 2001''
| 3.0
| <s>79.7</s>
|-
| Yecheon
| 예천
| 醴泉
|
| 11.7
| 85.0
|-
| <s>Dongyecheon</s>
| 동예천
| 東醴泉
| ''closed 1974''
| 1.6
| <s>86.6</s>
|-
| <s>Gopyeong</s>
| 고평
| 高坪
| ''closed 2001'' ''[[Gyeongbuk Line (1924–1945)|former Gyeongbuk Line]]''
| 2.7
| <s>89.3</s>
|-
| <s>Misan</s>
| 미산
| 眉山
| ''closed 2001''
| 4.5
| <s>93.8</s>
|-
| <s>Bomun</s>
| 보문
| 普門
| ''closed 2001''
| 1.3
| <s>95.1</s>
|-
| <s>Jangsan</s>
| 장산
| 獐山
| ''closed 1974''
| 3.2
| <s>98.3</s>
|-
| Eodeung
| 어등
| 魚登
|
| 16.4
| 101.4
|-
| <s>Miryong</s>
| 미룡
| 美龍
| ''closed 2001''
| 4.0
| <s>105.6</s>
|-
| <s>Bangu</s>
| 반구
| 盤邱
| ''closed 2001''
| 2.7
| <s>108.3</s>
|-
|[[Yeongju station|Yeongju]]
| 영주
| 榮州
| [[File:KTX logo.svg|100x12px|link=KTX]] [[Jungang Line]] [[Yeongdong Line]]
| 13.6
| 115.0
|}

== See also ==
* [[Korail]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.korail.com/global/eng/intro Korail] {{in lang|en}}

{{Korail Lines}}
{{Gyeongbuk Line}}

[[Category:Transport in North Gyeongsang Province]]
[[Category:Railway lines in South Korea]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1924]]

Daum (web portal)

2025-07-29T08:32:45Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean web portal}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Daum
| url = {{URL|daum.net}}
| commercial = Yes
| type = [[Web portal]]
| registration = Optional
| language = Korean
| owner = [[Kakao|Kakao Corp.]]
| users = 6.9 million (Mobile MAU)
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1997|05}}
| current_status = Online
| logo = Daum logo (2025–).svg
| logo_caption = Logo since 2025
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul = ^다음
}}

'''Daum''' ({{Korean|hangul=다음}}) is a South Korean [[web portal]]. Daum was founded in 1995 and launched on December 20th, 1995 by the company '''Daum Communications'''. It also offers a variety of services, including cloud storage (Daum Cloud), Daum Dictionary (for mobile devices), Daum Comics, and map service (Daum Maps).<ref name="Kakao">{{Cite web |title=Kakao company |url=https://www.kakaocorp.com/page/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=kakaocorp.com |language=ko}}</ref>

[[File:Daum Spacedotone Statue.jpg|thumb|right|Statue in front of Daum Space.]]
[[Daum Kakao]] is the company behind the Kakao messaging service and Daum is a Korean web portal with many services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=matthew |date=2014-02-03 |title=KakaoTalk Nominated for Most Innovative Mobile App Award at Global Mobile Awards 2014 |url=https://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=3135 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Businesskorea |language=ko}}</ref>

== History ==
The former Daum Communications Corporation was founded in 1994 by [[Park Geon-hee]] and [[Lee Jae-woong (businessperson)]], and the company launched the namesake portal in May 1997 making it the first South Korean web portal.<ref name="Kakao"/>

Daum offers various Internet services to web users, including a popular free web-based [[Email|e-mail]], [[Messaging|messaging services]], [[shopping]], news services.<ref name="Kakao" />

In 2006, they started a [[blogging]] service [[Tistory]] a [[Weblog software|blogging platform]] developing company.<ref name="Tistory">{{Cite web |title=카카오 티스토리 블로그에 '후원' 모델 도입 |url=https://v.daum.net/v/20231023115236547 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=다음 - 미디어오늘}}</ref>

Daum company also develops and distributes the freeware media player [[PotPlayer]].<ref name="Kakao"/>

In addition to its freeware media player (Daum tvPot), Daum Communications Corp. provides a variety of services such as clouding service ([[Cloud computing|Daum Cloud]]), Daum [[Dictionary]] (applicable on mobile devices), [[Kakao Webtoon|Daum Comics]], and map service (Daum [[Map|Maps]]).<ref name="Daum Map">{{Cite web |title=카카오맵 |url=https://m.map.kakao.com/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=카카오맵 |language=ko}}</ref>

Daum has about 874 employees as of March 2009, and was the '''2nd largest''' web portal service provider in South Korea in terms of daily visits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01236566589718112&mediaCodeNo=257&OutLnkChk=Y|title=NHN, 포털 1위 쉽게 내주지 않을 것-교보|date=2009-06-03|website={{ill|Edaily|ko|이데일리}}|language=ko|access-date=2020-04-03|archive-date=2020-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729014743/https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01236566589718112&mediaCodeNo=257&OutLnkChk=Y|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, Daum merged with [[Kakao Corp]]. (at that time known as Kakao Inc.), known as the maker of [[KakaoTalk]], to form [[Daum Kakao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/05/25/kakao-daum/|title=Kakao And Daum To Merge, Creating One Of South Korea's Largest Internet Companies|first=Catherine|last=Shu|date=26 May 2014|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-date=26 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526082243/https://techcrunch.com/2014/05/25/kakao-daum/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Logos ==
<gallery>
Daum Communications logo (1997–2000).png|1995–2000
Daum Communications logo (2000–2010).svg|2000–2010<ref name="2000logo">{{cite web |lang=ko |script-title=ko:<다음Daum, 로고 및 홈페이지 전면 개편> 개인화서비스를 강조한 “다음2.0버전“ 새롭게 선보여 |url=https://www.kakaocorp.com/page/detail/5275 |website=Kakao Corp. |date=2000-01-10 |access-date=2025-01-14}}</ref>
Daum Communications logo (2010–2013).svg|2010–2013<ref>{{cite news |lang=ko |author=이희욱 |script-title=ko:CI 바꾼 다음, "최고의 검색 품질, 모바일로 확장" |url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/293/0000004471?sid=105 |date=2010-04-14 |access-date=2025-01-14 |newspaper=Bloter}}</ref>
Daum logo (2013–2025).svg|2013–2025
Daum logo (2025–).svg|2025– (current)<ref name="2025logo">{{cite web |lang=ko |script-title=ko:다음의 새 로고를 소개합니다 |url=https://magazine.daum.net/daum_notice/677f745af8cd1456677fcdbb?view=embed |website=daum |date=2025-01-10 |access-date=2025-01-14}}</ref>
</gallery>

== Service ==

===Daum Mail===
The popularity of Daum stems from the range of services it offers, but also from the fact that it was the first Korean web portal of significant size. Daum popularity started when it merged with the then most popular e-mail service, '''daum.net''' or '''hanmail.net'''.<ref name="Kakao"/>

===Daum Cafe===
After the merging, Daum started the forum service '''Daum Cafe''' which brought it firm status in the market. Daum received the eighth-highest trust rating in a 2020 [[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism|Reuters Institute]] survey of selected South Korean media outlets.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-067/DNR_2020_FINAL.pdf |title=Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 |publisher=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]] |location=[[University of Oxford]] |pages=102 |access-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531050725/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk764/sites/default/files/2020-06/DNR_2020_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-31 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|South Korea|Companies|Internet}}

* [[Search engine]]
* [[Timeline of web search engines]]
* [[Comparison of web search engines]]
* [[Tistory]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|daum.net}}

{{Daum Kakao}}
{{Video digital distribution platforms}}

[[Category:Blog hosting services]]
[[Category:Webmail]]
[[Category:South Korean brands]]
[[Category:South Korean websites]]
[[Category:Internet search engines]]
[[Category:Web portals]]
[[Category:Kakao]]

Jeolla Line

2025-07-29T08:29:33Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Railway line in South Korea}}
{{update|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox rail line
|box_width = auto
|name = Jeolla Line
|other_name =
|native_name = 전라선(全羅線)
|native_name_lang = ko
|color = 0066b3
|image = Korail Jeolla Line.png
|image_width =
|image_alt =
|caption =
|type = [[Passenger rail terminology#Heavy rail|Heavy rail]], Passenger/freight rail [[Intercity rail]], [[Regional rail]]
|system =
|status = Operational
|locale = [[North Jeolla Province|North Jeolla]], [[South Jeolla Province|South Jeolla]]
|start = [[Iksan station|Iksan]]
|end = [[Yeosu Expo station|Yeosu Expo]]
|stations = 30
|open = Stages between 1914-1936
|close =
|owner = [[Korea Rail Network Authority]]
|operator = [[Korail]]
|character =
|depot =
|stock =
|linelength_km = 180.4
|tracks = [[Double track]] (Iksan - [[Yeocheon station|Yeocheon]]) [[Single track (rail)|Single track]] (Yeocheon - Yeosu Expo)
|gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
|routenumber =
|linenumber =
|electrification = 25 kV 60 Hz [[Alternating current|AC]] [[Overhead line]]
|speed_km/h =
|speed_mph =
|speed = {{convert|230|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (maximum)
|map_state = collapsed
|map = {{routemap|inline=1|map=
STR~~[[Honam Line]]
BHF~~0.0~~Iksan
ABZgr~~[[Janghang Line]]
ABZgr~~[[Honam Line]]
HST~~2.8~~East Iksan
BHF~~13.6~~Samnye
hKRZWae~~[[Mangyeong river]]
HST~~17.6~~Dongsan
ABZgr~~[[Bukjeonju Line]]
BHF~~25.5~~Jeonju
HST~~34.9~~Shin-ri
HST~~40.0~~Jungnimoncheon
HST~~49.0~~Gwanchon
BHF~~53.0~~Imsil
HST~~59.3~~Bongcheon
BHF~~63.6~~Osu
HST~~69.5~~Seodo
HST~~75.9~~Sanseong
BHF~~79.5~~Namwon
HST~~85.3~~Jusaeng
HST~~88.3~~Ongjeong
HST~~91.4~~Geumji
STR+GRZq~~↑[[North Jeolla Province|North Jeolla]]/[[South Jeolla Province|South Jeolla]]↓
BHF~~97.1~~Gokseong
HST~~108.6~~Amnok
BHF~~117.4~~Guryegu
HST~~121.0~~Bongdeok
HST~~126.2~~Goemok
HST~~134.4~~Gaeun
HST~~137.6~~Dongun
ABZg+r~~[[Gyeongjeon Line]]
BHF~~145.6~~Suncheon
ABZgl~~[[Gyeongjeon Line]]
HST~~150.8~~Seongsan
HST~~157.0~~Yulchon
eHST~~ ~~''Sinpung''~~ ~~Until 2011
HST~~165.6~~Deogyang
ABZgl~~[[Yeocheon Line]]
BHF~~170.9~~Yeocheon
eHST~~ ~~''Mipyeong''~~ ~~Until 2011
eHST~~ ~~''Manseong''~~ ~~Until 2011
KBHFe~~180.4~~Yeosu Expo
}}
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^전라선
|hanja=全羅線
}}

The '''Jeolla Line''' ({{Korean|hangul=전라선}}) is a railway line in [[North Jeolla Province|North]] and [[South Jeolla Province|South Jeolla]] Provinces in [[South Korea]]. The line is served by frequent passenger trains from [[Seoul]] (via the [[Gyeongbu Line|Gyeongbu]] and [[Honam Line]]s) to [[Yeosu]].

==History==

The first railway along a section of what became the Jeolla Line was the '''Zenboku Lightrail Line''', a {{convert|762|mm|abbr=on}} narrow gauge line from [[Iksan station|Riri]] to [[Jeonju Station|Zenshu]] opened by the privately owned [[Zenboku Light Railway]] on 12 November 1917.<ref name="land">{{cite web |url=http://www.land.go.kr/document/info/honam/jl06.pdf |title=전라지방 - 교통∙통신체계의 발달 |publisher=Land Portal |access-date=2010-12-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140418/http://www.land.go.kr/document/info/honam/jl06.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-22 }} </ref> In 1927, the line was nationalised,<ref name="land"/> and the [[Chosen Government Railway]] (''Sentetsu'') soon set to converting the line to standard gauge; this work was begun on 18 April 1929 and completed later that year.<ref name="omn-gwangju">{{cite web |url=http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000059863&PAGE_CD= |title=안전제일 철도에서 위험천만 돌밭길로? |date=2001-11-24 |publisher=[[OhmyNews]] |access-date=2010-12-04}}</ref> Sentetsu then extended the line, completing the Jeonju–[[Namwon station|Namwon]] section in October 1931,<ref name="omn-gwangju"/> the Namwon–[[Gokseong station|Gokseong]] section in October 1933,<ref name="omn-gwangju"/> and finally the Gokseong–Suncheon section<ref name="omn-gwangju"/> on 16 December 1936.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |title=경영원칙 > 경영공시 > 영업현황 > 영업거리현황 |publisher=[[Korail]] |access-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722192217/http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |archive-date=2011-07-22 }} </ref>

In 1936, Sentetsu nationalised the privately owned [[Chosen Railway]]'s [[Songnyeo Line|Gwangnyeo Line]], which ran from [[Gwangju Songjeong Station|Songjeongni]] to Yeosu and [[Yeosuhang Station|Yeosu Port]] via [[Suncheon station|Suncheon]],<ref name="land2">{{cite web |url=http://www.sunchonnet.com/webbase/cultizen/heritage.asp?page=1&area=2&type=-1&hc=-2&sk=2&sv=&seq=11 |title=여수 율촌역 |publisher=Sunchonnet.com |access-date=2010-12-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716162833/http://www.sunchonnet.com/webbase/cultizen/heritage.asp?page=1&area=2&type=-1&hc=-2&sk=2&sv=&seq=11 |archive-date=2011-07-16 }}</ref> renaming it '''Songnyeo Line''' and splitting it apart to merge the Suncheon–Yeosu section with the Jeonbuk Line to create the '''Jeolla Line''' in 1936.<ref name="land"/> The line was completed with the reconstruction of the Iri (today Iksan) to Jeonju section in March 1937.<ref name="land"/>

===Upgrade===

The upgrade of the Iksan-Suncheon section started with the construction of a bypass around Jeonju with wider curves, opened in 1981.

From 1989, the first phase of the project to re-lay and double-track the line, mostly in a new alignment with wider curves, longer tunnels and bridges, was launched on three sections between Sin-ri, at the end of the Jeonju realignment, and Suncheon. The two longest new structures were the {{Convert|5,671|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} long<ref name="Railnews2004">{{cite web|url=http://railnews.korail.go.kr/20040801/00532.html |script-title=ko:전라선 복선화 16년간의 대장정, 한국철도 지도를 바꾸다! |language=ko |date=2004-08-01 |work=Railnews |publisher=[[Korail]] |access-date=2010-11-04 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Byeongpung Tunnel, north of [[Suncheon station|Suncheon]], and the {{Convert|6,128|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} long Seulchi Tunnel, south of [[Jeonju Station|Jeonju]], which became South Korea's longest rail tunnel,<ref name="Railnews2004"/> surpassing Jeongam Tunnel on the [[Taebaek Line]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investkorea.org/InvestKoreaWar/work/ik/eng/bo/bo_01.jsp?no=610190001&bno=711290029&sort_num=130&code=102050104010101010101010101010101&mode=bbs&url_info=./bbs_read.jsp&l_unit=90202&m_unit=&s_unit=&page=11&sel=title&val= |title=From the coal transportation hub to the four-season leisure and sports gateway - Gohan Station (Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do). |date=2007-11-21 |publisher=InvestKorea |access-date=2010-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008010531/http://www.investkorea.org/InvestKoreaWar/work/ik/eng/bo/bo_01.jsp?no=610190001&bno=711290029&sort_num=130&code=102050104010101010101010101010101&mode=bbs&url_info=.%2Fbbs_read.jsp&l_unit=90202&m_unit=&s_unit=&page=11&sel=title&val= |archive-date=2011-10-08 }}</ref> The three sections of the first phase with altogether {{convert|64.3|km|abbr=on}}, shortening the original route by {{convert|16.7|km|abbr=on}}, were finished by 1999 and entered service on 18 May 1999.<ref name="Railnews2004"/> The two gaps between those sections were plugged in a second phase in 2002 and August 2004, the altogether {{convert|58.3|km|abbr=on}} long new sections shortened the line by another {{convert|11.4|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Railnews2004"/>

The third phase of the upgrading project, started in 2002, involved the double-tracking of the remaining {{convert|35.2|km|abbr=on}} long single-track section from Iksan to Sin-ri, until the end of the Jeonju realignment, and electrification of the entire double-tracked and re-aligned section from Iksan to Suncheon, altogether {{convert|154.2|km|abbr=on}},<ref name="KRNA_2010-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.krnetwork.or.kr/service/condition/RouteMapView.do?PA_MAP_ID=12381 |title=전라선 복선전철화 |publisher=Korea Rail Network Authority |access-date=2010-10-24}}</ref> to allow speeds of {{convert|180|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="irj-future">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.railjournal.com/altfeature1.shtml |title=Korea's railways face a bright future |date=2008-07-01 |magazine=[[International Railway Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416195911/http://www.railjournal.com/altfeature1.shtml |archive-date=2009-04-16 |access-date=2010-08-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By March 2010, progress on the {{convert|154.2|km|abbr=on}} section from Iksan to Suncheon reached 63.0%.<ref name="KRNA_2010-1"/> This phase of the project is implemented as a public private partnership of the Build-Transfer-Lease (BTL) method, with a government contribution of 510.852 billion won and a BTL share of 470.699 billion won.<ref name="KRNA_2010-1"/> The upgrade and re-alignment of the final Suncheon-Yeosu section was launched as a separate project in 2001,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mayor.yeosu.go.kr/home/mayor/promise/work/show/27?page=1&search=&keyword=&cate_sel= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140105095050/http://mayor.yeosu.go.kr/home/mayor/promise/work/show/27?page=1&search=&keyword=&cate_sel= |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-01-05 |script-title=ko:지역 현안 사업 |language=ko |publisher=Mayor of Yeosu's office |access-date=2010-11-12 }}</ref> with work starting in December 2003.<ref name="rgi-korailplans">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/south-koreas-growing-network.html |title=South Korea's growing network |date=2008-09-08 |magazine=[[Railway Gazette International]] |access-date=2010-08-29 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205072403/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/south-koreas-growing-network.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of March 2010, progress on the {{convert|40.0|km|abbr=on}} long alignment stood at 88.0% out of a total budget of 732.002 billion won.<ref name="KRNA_2010-2">{{cite web |url=http://www.krnetwork.or.kr/service/condition/RouteMapView.do?PA_MAP_ID=12379 |title=순천~여수 복선전철 |publisher=Korea Rail Network Authority |access-date=2010-10-24}}</ref> The entire upgrading project is to be completed in 2011.<ref name="KRNA_2010-1"/><ref name="KRNA_2010-2"/>

On September 1, 2010, the South Korean government announced a strategic plan to reduce travel times from Seoul to 95% of the country to under 2 hours by 2020. As part of the plan, the Jeolla Line is to be further upgraded for {{convert|230|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="plans2020">{{cite web |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2925474 |title=Bullet trains coming to a town near you by 2020 |date=2010-09-02 |publisher=[[JoongAng Daily]] |access-date=2010-10-27}}</ref>

==Major stations==

Major stations and junctions on the line:

*[[Iksan station|Iksan]] (formerly known as Iri), junction with the [[Honam Line]] and [[Janghang Line]];
*Dongsan, terminus of the [[Bukjeonju Line]];
*[[Jeonju]], capital of North Jeolla;
*[[Suncheon station|Suncheon]], junction with the [[Gyeongjeon Line]];
*Deogyang, terminus of the [[Yeocheon Line]]; and
*[[Yeosu]] on the south coast.

==Services==

The Jeolla Line is served by intercity [[ITX-Saemaeul]] trains and cross-country [[Mugunghwa-ho]] trains. As of October 2010, the travel time on the [[Saemaeul-ho]] from [[Yongsan station]] in Seoul is a minimum 3 hours 28 minutes to [[Jeonju Station|Jeonju]], 4 hours 33 minutes to [[Suncheon station|Suncheon]] and 5 hours 15 minutes to [[Yeosu Station|Yeosu]], with 2 hours 30 minutes taken for the Iksan—Jeosu travel along the Jeolla Line itself {{clarify|date=April 2015}}. [[Mugunghwa-ho]] trains that also start in [[Yongsan station|Yongsan]] cover the line from [[Iksan station|Iksan]] to Yeosu in between a minimum of 2 hours 30 minutes and a maximum of 4 hours, depending on the number of stops.<ref name="booking">{{cite web |url=http://www.korail.com/en/rv/pr21100/w_pr21110.jsp |title=Booking |publisher=[[Korail]] |access-date=2010-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713164814/http://www.korail.com/en/rv/pr21100/w_pr21110.jsp |archive-date=2011-07-13 }} </ref>

===Jeolla KTX===

Yeosu hosted the [[Expo 2012]], and Korail timed the introduction of [[Korea Train Express]] services on the line ahead of the event.<ref name="rgi-korailplans"/> Original plans foresaw the start of Jeolla KTX services in April 2011, reducing the Seoul–Yeosu travel time to 2 hours 55 minutes, using [[KTX-II]] (KTX-Sancheon) high-speed trains.<ref name="KTX-2011">{{cite news|url=http://issue.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/05/12/2010051201015.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708150010/http://issue.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/05/12/2010051201015.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-08 |script-title=ko:숙박ㆍ교통ㆍ민자 사업 어디까지 왔나 어디를 가도 '여수는 지금 공사중' 2조원 투입해 2년간 단계별 건립 도심연결 도로망ㆍ교통혼잡은 숙제 |language=ko |date=2010-05-12 |newspaper=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |access-date=2010-10-19 }}</ref> In February 2011, when the necessary electrification works were 96% complete, the start of services was postponed to September 2011, and the Yongsan–Yeosu travel time was planned to be 3 hours 7 minutes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/02/17/2011021702021.html |title=여수엑스포 SOC 사업, 속도 낸다 |language=ko |date=2011-02-17 |newspaper=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |access-date=2011-02-20}}</ref> After the completion of the first stage of the [[Honam High Speed Railway]], the travel time is planned to reduce to 2 hours 25 minutes.<ref name="KTX-2011"/>

==See also==
*[[Korail]]
*[[Transportation in South Korea]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Clear}}
{{Korail Lines}}

[[Category:Railway lines in South Korea]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1914]]

Honam Line

2025-07-29T08:29:03Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Railway line in South Korea}}
{{For|the high-speed railway|Honam high-speed railway}}
{{Expand Korean|date=September 2022|topic=transp}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = auto
| name = Honam Line
| other_name =
| native_name = 호남선(湖南線)
| native_name_lang = ko
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image = Korail Honam Line.png
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = Heavy Rail, Passenger/freight rail [[Regional rail]], [[Intercity rail]]
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Daejeon]] [[South Chungcheong Province|South Chungcheong]] [[North Jeolla Province|North Jeolla]] [[South Jeolla Province|South Jeolla]] [[Gwangju]]
| start = [[Daejeonjochajang station|Daejeonjochajang]]
| end = [[Mokpo Station|Mokpo]]
| stations = 48
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| open = Stages between 1911 and 1914
| close =
| owner = [[Korea Rail Network Authority]]
| operator = [[Korail]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength_km = 252.5
| tracklength_km =
| tracks = [[Double track]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| old_gauge =
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification = 25 kV/60 Hz [[Alternating Current|AC]] [[Overhead wires|catenary]]
| speed_km/h =
| speed_mph =
| speed =
| elevation_m =
| elevation =
| website =
| map_state = collapsed
| map =
{{routemap
| inline = 1
| map =
CONTg~~[[Gyeongbu Line]]
DST~~0.0~~Daejeonjochajang
ABZgl~~[[Gyeongbu Line]]
LSTR
\ABZg+1\STRc4~~Daejeon Line
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 32
BHF~~5.7~~Seodaejeon
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 4
hKRZWae
TUNNEL1
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 4
BHF~~11.8~~Gasuwon
SKRZ-Au~~[[Daejeon Nambu Sunhwan Expressway|Daejeon South Ring Expressway]]
hKRZWae
BHF~~17.3~~Heukseong-ri
hKRZWae
eHST~~20.7~~''Wonjeong''~~ ~~(1955–2006)
hKRZWae
hKRZWae+GRZq~~{{BSsplit|[[Daejeon]]|[[Gyeryong]]|line=1}}
SKRZ-Au~~[[Honam Expressway Branch]]
BHF~~25.4~~Gyeryong
SBRÜCKE~~[[South Korea National Route 1|National Route 1]]
eHST~~28.0~~''Sindo''~~ ~~(1966–2006)
STR+GRZq~~{{BSsplit|[[Gyeryong]]|[[Nonsan]]|line=1}}
BHF~~34.7~~Gaetaesa
BHF~~39.6~~Yeonsan
HST~~44.5~~Buhwang
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 4
hKRZWae
BHF~~50.8~~Nonsan
hKRZWae
eHST~~56.5~~''Chaehwa''~~ ~~(1967–1974)
hKRZWae
ABZg+l~~[[Ganggyeong Line]]
SKRZ-Au~~[[Honam Expressway]]
BST~~57.5~~Chaewoon (Signal Box)
hKRZWae
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 23
hKRZWae
BHF~~60.7~~Ganggyeong
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 23
STR+GRZq~~{{BSsplit|[[Nonsan]]|[[Iksan]]|line=1}}
hKRZWae
HST~~66.7~~Yongdong
hKRZWae
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 23
BHF~~71.8~~Hamyeol
hKRZWae
eHST~~75.4~~''Dasan''~~ ~~(1967–2006)
HST~~81.2~~Hwangdeung
hKRZWae
eABZg+l~~ ~~[[Honam High Speed Railway]]~~ ~~Under Construction
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 23
BHF~~87.9~~Iksan
ABZg3~~[[Janghang Line]]
STRo~~National Route 27
ABZg2~~[[Jeolla Line]]
hKRZWae
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 23
hKRZWae
BS2+l\eBS2+r~~Honam High Speed Railway
STR\exSTR
hKRZWae!~GRZq\exhKRZWae!~GRZq~~[[Mangyeong River]] {{pipe}} {{BSsplit|[[Iksan]]|[[Gimje]]|line=1}}
STRo\exSTRo~~National Route 26
eSTR2u\exSTR3
exSTR+1\eSTR+4u
exSTRo\SBRÜCKE~~National Route 21
exkSTR3!~BS2c2\BS2r
HST~~95.3~~Buyong
hKRZWae
HST~~98.5~~Waryong
eKRZ2+4u~~Honam High Speed Railway
BHF~~105.6~~Gimje
hKRZWae
hKRZWae!~GRZq~~{{BSsplit|[[Gimje]]|[[Jeongeup]]|line=1}}
HST~~112.4~~Gamgok
hKRZWae
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 30
hKRZWae
BHF~~117.9~~Sintaein
hKRZWae
hKRZWae
hKRZWae
HST~~123.5~~Chogang
hKRZWae
SKRZ-Au~~Honam Expressway
eABZg+l~~Honam High Speed Railway
BHF~~131.4~~Jeongeup
STRo~~National Route 29
hKRZWae
eABZgr~~Honam High Speed Railway
hKRZWae
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 1
BHF~~137.4~~Cheonwon
hKRZWae
HST~~141.6~~Noryeong
tSTRa
tSTR+GRZq~~{{BSsplit|[[Jeongeup]]|[[Jangseong County|Jangseong]]|line=1}}
tSTRe
BHF~~148.6~~Baegyangsa
hKRZWae
SKRZ-Ao~~Honam Expressway
hKRZWae
eHST~~154.3~~''Sinheung-ri''~~ ~~until 2006
hKRZWae
hKRZWae
SKRZ-Au~~[[Gochang-Damyang Expressway]]
HST~~160.1~~Anpyeong
hKRZWae
ABZgr~~Jangseong Line (for freight)
hKRZWae
hKRZWae
BHF~~163.8~~Jangseong
hKRZWae
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 24
hKRZWae
hKRZWae
eHST~~169.6~~''Okjeong''~~ ~~(1959–2006)
STR+GRZq~~{{BSsplit|[[Jangseong County|Jangseong]]|[[Gwangju]]|line=1}}
BHF~~174.7~~Imgok
eABZg+l~~Honam High Speed Railway
BHF~~181.2~~Hanam
ABZgl~~For North Songjeong
ABZg+l~~[[Gyeongjeon Line]]
STRo~~National Route 22
BHF~~185.7~~GwangjuSongjeong
hKRZWae
hKRZWae
STR+GRZq~~{{BSsplit|[[Gwangju]]|[[Naju]]|line=1}}
BS2+l\eBS2+r
BHF\exSTR~~195.0~~Noan~~ ~~since 2001
STR\exHST~~ ~~''Noan''~~ ~~until 2001
hKRZWae\exhKRZWae
SBRÜCKE\exSTR~~National Route 13
BS2l\eBS2r
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 1
ABZgr~~For LG Chemical
BHF~~201.5~~Naju
STRo~~National Route 13
BS2+l\eBS2+r
TUNNEL1\exHST~~''203.2''~~Yeongsanpo~~ ~~until 2001
hKRZWae\exhKRZWae
BS2l\eBS2r
HST~~208.9~~Dasi
hKRZWae
eBS2+l\BS2+r
exSTR\BHF~~212.1~~Gomagwon~~ ~~since 2001
exHST\STR~~ ~~''Gomagwon''~~ ~~until 2001
exhKRZWae!~GRZq\hKRZWae!~GRZq~~{{BSsplit|[[Naju]]|[[Hampyeong County|Hampyeong]]|line=1}}
eBS2l\BS2r
BS2+l\eBS2+r
hKRZWae\exSTR
BHF\exSTR~~218.7~~Hampyeong~~ ~~since 2001
STRo\exSTR~~National Route 23
hKRZWae\exBHF~~ ~~''Hakkyo''~~ ~~until 2001
hKRZWae\exSTR
hKRZWae\exhKRZWae
STR2\xSTR3u
xSTR+1u\STR+4
exSTR+GRZq\STR+GRZq~~{{BSsplit|[[Hampyeong County|Hampyeong]]|[[Muan County|Muan]]|line=1}}
eBS2l\BS2r
BHF~~226.3~~Muan
BHF~~230.3~~Mongtan
BS2+l\eBS2+r
tSTRa\exSTR
tSTRe\exHST~~234.9~~''Myeongsan''~~ ~~until 2001
TUNNEL1\exSTR
hSTRa\exSTR
WDOCKS!~hMSTR\exSTR
hSTRe\exBHF~~241.2~~''Illo''~~ ~~until 2001
hKRZWae\exhKRZWae
BHF\exSTR~~239.3~~Illo
SBRÜCKEa\exSBRÜCKEe~~National Route 2
ABZgl\exSTR~~Daebul Line
tSTR2a\exSTR3
exSTR+1\tSTR+4
exSTR\tSTRe
eBS2l\BS2r
STR+GRZq~~{{BSsplit|[[Muan County|Muan]]|[[Mokpo]]|line=1}}
BHF~~{{BSsplit|245.2|247.9|line=1|align=right}}~~Imseong-ri
BS2+l\eBS2+r
tSTRa\exSTR
tSTRe\exHST~~ ~~East Mokpo~~ ~~(1953–2003)
BS2l\eBS2r
KBHFxe~~252.5~~Mokpo
exKBHFe~~''253.2''~~Mokpo Seaside
}}
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^호남선
|hanja=湖南線
}}

The '''Honam Line''' is a major railway line serving the [[Honam]] region ([[North Jeolla Province|North]] and [[South Jeolla Province|South Jeolla]] Provinces) in [[South Korea]]. The line is served by frequent passenger trains from [[Seoul]] (via the [[Gyeongbu Line]]) to [[Gwangju]] and [[Mokpo]].

== History ==
A Honam Railway from Seoul to Mokpo was first proposed in 1896 by a French company.<ref name="land">{{cite web |url=http://www.land.go.kr/document/info/honam/jl06.pdf |title=전라지방–교통∙통신체계의 발달 |publisher=Land Portal |access-date=2010-12-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140418/http://www.land.go.kr/document/info/honam/jl06.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> After the start of the [[Russo-Japanese War]], in May 1904, [[Imperial Japan]] forced Korea to sign an agreement granting the Japanese military control over railways, including the right to seize land.<ref name="land"/> Japan then seized much of the fertile Honam plain in advance of a planned Honam Line.<ref name="land"/>

The construction of the line started in 1910.<ref name="land"/> The first {{convert|39.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} between Daejeon and [[Yeonsan-myeon|Yeonsan]] was opened in July 1911.<ref name="land"/> The line was extended to Ganggyeong in November 1911, to Iri (today [[Iksan Station|Iksan]]) in March 1912, to [[Gimje]] in October 1912 and to [[Jeongeup Station|Jeongeup]] in December 1912.<ref name="land"/> Construction continued from the other end of the line, with the section from Mokpo to Hakgyo (today [[Hampyeong]]) opened in May 1913; and extended to [[Naju]] in July 1913, to Songjeong-ri (today [[Gwangju·Songjeong Station|Gwangju·Songjeong]]) in October 1913, and finally to Jeongeup,<ref name="land"/> completing the line on January 11, 1914.<ref name="Korail-lines">{{cite web|url=http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |title=경영원칙 > 경영공시 > 영업현황 > 영업거리현황 |publisher=[[Korail]] |access-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722192217/http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref>

=== Upgrade ===
==== Duplication ====
The Honam Line was upgraded to an electrified and double-tracked line for higher speeds in stages. The construction of the double track began on January 4, 1968.<ref name="doubletrack">{{cite web |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2003/01/07/socialAffairs/Rail-service-to-be-upgraded-this-year/1913911.html?detailWord= |title=Rail service to be upgraded this year |date=2003-01-03 |publisher=[[JoongAng Daily]] |access-date=2010-10-21}}</ref> On March 30, 1978, the section from [[Daejeonjochajang station]] to Iksan station via [[Seodaejeon station]] was double-tracked. The double-track work for the section south of [[Iksan station]] on the Honam Line began in February 1981, and the double-track work was completed to [[Songjeong-ri station]] in Gwangju on September 6, 1988.

Double-tracking of the last remaining single-track section, Songjeong–Mokpo,<ref name="doubletrack"/> and the electrification of the whole line, including the Gwangju spur,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epic.or.kr/cont/yearbook/download/yearbook_chap07_3.pdf |title=Electricity Almanac 2009 |publisher=Korea Electric Association |access-date=2010-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314033522/http://www.epic.or.kr/cont/yearbook/download/yearbook_chap07_3.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> was finished for the start of [[Korea Train Express]] (KTX) services on April 1, 2004.<ref name="EffectofHSR2008">{{cite journal |last1=Cho |first1=Nam-Geon |last2=Chung |first2=Jin-Kyu |title=High Speed Rail Construction of Korea and Its Impact |journal=KRIHS Special Report Series |volume=12 |year=2008 |publisher=Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements |url=http://168.126.177.50/pub/docu/en/AD/ZA/ADZA2008AAN/ADZA-2008-AAN.PDF |access-date=2010-08-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529073047/http://168.126.177.50/pub/docu/en/AD/ZA/ADZA2008AAN/ADZA-2008-AAN.PDF |archive-date=2011-05-29 }}</ref> The present line length from Daejeon to Mokpo is {{Convert|252.5|km|mi|abbr=on}},<ref name="Korail-lines"/> the line distance from Seoul to Mokpo is {{Convert|407.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="EffectofHSR2008"/>

==== Speeding-up upgrade ====
To serve [[KTX]] and [[Super Rapid Train|SRT]], section from GwangjuSongjeong to Gomagwon was upgraded to accomplish maximum speed of 230 km/h. Total length of the project is 25.9 km and it was completed in June 2020.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.molit.go.kr/USR/NEWS/m_71/dtl.jsp?lcmspage=1&id=95084927
|title=호남고속2단계, 인천발, 수원발 KTX 공사 본격 추진
|date= 2020-12-20
|website= [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (South Korea)|MOLIT]] official website
|publisher=[[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (South Korea)|MOLIT]]
|language=ko
|page=5
|trans-title=Honam HSR 2nd pase, KTX from Incheon project, KTX from Suwon project are initiated in full-scale drive
|access-date=2021-01-19
|format=PDF
}}</ref>

== Major stations ==
Major stations and junctions along the line include:

*[[Daejeon station|Daejeon]], junction with the [[Gyeongbu Line]] to [[Seoul Station|Seoul]] and [[Busan station|Busan]];
*[[Seodaejeon station|Seodaejeon]], the [[Daejeon]] passenger station for Honam Line trains;
*[[Iksan station|Iksan]] (formerly named ''Iri''), the terminus of the [[Jeolla Line|Jeolla]] and [[Janghang Line|Janghang]] Lines;
*[[GwangjuSongjeong station|GwangjuSongjeong]], the major station in [[Gwangju]] for through trains to [[Mokpo station|Mokpo]], and the junction with the [[Gyeongjeon Line]];
*[[Naju station|Naju]], the major station in [[Naju]];
*[[Mokpo station|Mokpo]], a [[seaport]] on the south coast.

== Services ==
The Honam Line is served by freight trains, as well as cross-country [[Mugunghwa-ho]], intercity [[ITX-Saemaeul]]/MAUM and high-speed [[Korea Train Express|KTX]] passenger trains.

As of October 2024, the minimum travel time from [[Yongsan Station]] in Seoul to Mokpo in South Jeolla Province is at least 4 hours and 20 minutes for ITX-MAUM and at least 5 hours and 14 minutes for Mugunghwa. Even on the Honam Line from Seodaejeon to Mokpo itself, the travel time is at least 2 hours and 34 minutes for ITX-MAUM and at least 3 hours and 4 minutes for Mugunghwa.

== See also ==
*[[Transportation in South Korea]]
*[[Korail]]

== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Korail Lines}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Railway lines in South Korea]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1914]]

Gyeongin Line

2025-07-29T08:28:16Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Railway line in Seoul and Incheon, South Korea}}
{{Expand Korean|date=September 2022|topic=transp}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 300px
| name = Gyeongin Line
| native_name = 경인선(京仁線)
| native_name_lang = ko
| color = 0066b3
| image = Korail Gyeongin Line (cropped).jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt = The Gyeongin Line near Jemulpo station in 2008
| type = [[Passenger rail terminology#Heavy rail|Heavy rail]], Passenger/Freight rail [[Commuter rail]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Seoul]] [[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]] [[Incheon]]
| start = [[Guro station|Guro]]
| end = [[Incheon station|Incheon]]
| stations = 21
| open = {{Start date|1899|09|18|df=y}}
| owner = [[Korea Rail Network Authority]]
| operator = [[Korail]]
| linelength_km = 27.0
| tracks = [[Double track]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| linenumber = 301 ([[Korea Rail Network Authority|KR]])
| electrification = 25 kV/60 Hz [[Alternating Current|AC]] [[Overhead lines]]
| map_state = collapsed
| map = [[File:Korail Gyeongin Line.png|300px]]
{{routemap|inline=1
| map =
\STR\STR~~[[Gyeongbu Line]]
\BHF\STR~~0.0~~Guro
\kABZg2\STRl~~[[Gyeongbu Line]]
\STR+k1\kSTRl+4~~{{rint|seoul|1}}
\ABZg+l\STRq
SKRZ-Go~~[[National Route 1 (South Korea)|National Route 1]]
hKRZWae!~lHST~~1.4~~Guil
HST~~2.4~~Gaebong
BHF~~3.7~~Oryu-dong
eABZgl~~For Gyeonggi Chemical
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 46
HST~~5.6~~Onsu {{rint|seoul|7}}
STR+GRZq~~↑[[Seoul]]/[[Bucheon]]↓
HST~~6.9~~Yeokgok
HST~~8.4~~Sosa
BHF~~9.5~~Bucheon
SBRÜCKE~~National Route 39
eABZgr~~Former ''[[Gimpo Line]]''
HST~~11.2~~Jung-dong
BHF~~12.2~~Songnae
SKRZ-Au~~[[Seoul Ring Expressway]]
STR+GRZq~~↑[[Bucheon]]/[[Incheon]]↓
HST~~13.4~~Bugae
BHF~~14.9~~Bupyeong {{rint|seoul|1}}
HST~~16.6~~Baegun
HST~~18.1~~Dongam
HST~~19.3~~Ganseok
BHF~~20.5~~Juan
SKRZ-Au~~[[Gyeongin Expressway]]
HST~~21.5~~Dohwa
eABZgl~~Former ''Juin Line''
HST~~22.5~~Jemulpo
HST~~23.9~~Dowon
BHF~~25.1~~Dongincheon (Formerly Sangincheon)<ref>[[Japanese Government Railways]] (1937), 鉄道停車場一覧. 昭和12年10月1日現在(The List of the stations as of 1 October 1937), Kawaguchi Printing Company, Tokyo, p 483</ref>
STR+4\STR\
KRWg+l\KRWgr\~~For [[Port of Incheon]]
DST\KBHFe\~~27.0~~Incheon~~{{rint|seoul|1}} terminus
}}
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^경인선
|hanja=京仁線
}}

The '''Gyeongin Line''' ('''Gyeonginseon''') is a railway mainline in South Korea, currently connecting [[Guro station]] in [[Seoul]] and [[Incheon station|Incheon]]. Commuter services along the line [[Through train|through operates]] into [[Seoul Subway Line 1]].

==History==
[[File:Opening ceremony of Gyeongin Line, 1899.jpg|thumb|Opening ceremony in 1899]]
The Gyeongin Line was the first railway line built on the [[Korean peninsula]]. It was opened by the [[Gyeongin Railway|Keijin Railway Company]] between [[Noryangjin station|Noryangjin]], on the shore of the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] across from Seoul, [[Geumchon station|Geumchon]], in [[Incheon]], on September 18, 1899.<ref name="lineop">{{cite web |url=http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |title=경영원칙 > 경영공시 > 영업현황 > 영업거리현황 |publisher=[[Korail]] |access-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722192217/http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> Soon after, the line was extended across the Han River into [[Seoul Station]], and beyond Geumchon to the port of Incheon. When the construction of the [[Gyeongbu Line]] was completed from [[Busan station|Busan]] to Guro on January 1, 1905, the Seoul-Guro section of the Gyeongin Line became part of the Gyeongbu Line.<ref name="lineop"/> The remaining Gyeongin Line from Guro to Incheon is {{convert|27.0|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="lineop"/>

Following the 1961 coup, the [[Supreme Council for National Reconstruction]] started South Korea's [[Five-year plans of South Korea#1962–1966|first five-year plan]], which included a construction program to complete the railway network, to foster economic growth.<ref name="5yr-plan">{{cite web |url=http://www.silvernetnews.com/?inc=newsview&no=8229&s=20&ss=0&sss=0 |title=<nowiki>철마 110년, 영고의 자취 [12] 경제개발과 철도</nowiki> |language=ko |date=2010-03-20 |publisher=Silvernet News |access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref> As part of the program, from November 1963, two additional tracks were laid to the north of the existing tracks from [[Yeongdeungpo station]] on the Gyeongbu Line to [[Dongincheon station]].<ref name="5yr-plan"/> The {{convert|27.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} of new tracks, also called Gyeonginbuk Line, entered service on September 18, 1965.<ref name="5yr-plan"/>

The line was among the first in South Korea to be electrified with the 25 kV/60 Hz [[Alternating current|AC]] [[Overhead wires|catenary]] system, when two tracks over the {{convert|38.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} between Seoul and Incheon entered service on August 15, 1974, for the Seoul Subway Line 1.<ref name="electrification">{{cite web |url=http://www.epic.or.kr/cont/yearbook/download/yearbook_chap07_3.pdf |title=Electricity Almanac 2009 |publisher=Korea Electric Association |access-date=2010-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314033522/http://www.epic.or.kr/cont/yearbook/download/yearbook_chap07_3.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Electrification of the second two tracks started with the {{convert|14.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Guro to [[Bupyeong station|Bupyeong]], which went into service on January 29, 1999.<ref name="electrification"/> The {{convert|5.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} until [[Juan station|Juan]] followed on March 15, 2002, and the final {{convert|6.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} on December 21, 2005.<ref name="electrification"/>

==Operation==
[[Korail]] operated regular passenger service along the Gyeongin Line until the electrification of the line in the early 1970s, when passenger service was integrated into Seoul Subway Line 1. Line 1 trains using the Gyeongin Line provide up to ten trains an hour per direction, with services towards Guro, [[Cheongnyangni station (aboveground)|Cheongnyangni]], [[Dongmyo station|Dongmyo]], [[Seongbuk station|Seongbuk]], [[Chang-dong station|Chang-dong]], [[Uijeongbu station|Uijeongbu]], [[Yangju station|Yangju]], [[Dongducheon station|Dongducheon]] and [[Soyosan station|Soyosan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smrt.co.kr/Eng/Subway/Train/Timetable.jsp?station=1812 |title=Timetable (Incheon) |publisher=SMRTC |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614171105/http://www.smrt.co.kr/Eng/Subway/Train/Timetable.jsp?station=1812 |archive-date=2011-06-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Transportation in South Korea]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Public transport in the Seoul Metropolitan Area}}
{{Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations|line1=yes}}
{{Gyeongin Line}}

[[Category:Gyeongin Line| ]]
[[Category:1899 establishments in Korea]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gyeonggi Province]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Incheon]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Seoul]]
[[Category:Railway lines in South Korea]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1899]]
[[Category:Seoul Metropolitan Subway lines]]

Gyeongin

2025-07-29T08:27:22Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Korean term for Seoul–Incheon corridor}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^경인
|hanja=京仁
}}
The name '''Gyeongin''' refers to the [[Seoul]]–[[Incheon]] corridor in [[South Korea]], and is used as a name for the [[Gyeongin Line|Gyeongin railway line]], the [[Gyeongin Expressway]], and the Gyeongin Canal (which was completed in 2011 and is now called the Arabaetgil Canal), all of which link Seoul—the South Korean capital and largest city—to nearby Incheon—the second-largest port and fourth-largest city. The name "Gyeongin" is formed from the character meaning capital city and the first character"Incheon."<ref name="인천시2016">{{cite book|author=인천시|title=모든 길은 인천으路|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsIvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44|date=8 November 2016|publisher=바이에듀|isbn=979-11-87838-07-4|pages=44–}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==See also==
* [[Transportation in South Korea]]

[[Category:Transport in South Korea]]

Gyeongbu

2025-07-29T08:26:56Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Name for Seoul–Busan corridor in Korea}}
{{One source|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^경부
|hanja=京釜
}}
The name '''Gyeongbu''' refers to the [[Seoul]]–[[Busan]] corridor in [[South Korea]]. It is used as the name of the [[Gyeongbu Line|Gyeongbu railway line]] and [[Gyeongbu Expressway]], both of which connect Seoul—the South Korean capital and largest city—to Busan—the largest port and second-largest city. The name "Gyeongbu" is formed from the first characters in the names "[[Gyeongseong]]" 경성 ({{linktext|京|城}}) and "Busan" 부산 ({{linktext|釜|山}}).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Korean Journal of Policy Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NgZ5HoCtdcAC|year=2014|publisher=Graduate School of Public Administration, Seoul National University|pages=135–137|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2021-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207125636/https://books.google.com/books?id=NgZ5HoCtdcAC|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Transportation in South Korea]]

[[Category:Transport in South Korea]]

Yeongdong (region)

2025-07-29T08:24:03Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Region of eastern Gangwon, Korea}}
{{about|the region in eastern Korea|the county in North Chungcheong|Yeongdong County}}
{{Issues|
{{Notability|Geo|date=May 2025}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|title=South Korean name
|hangul=^영동
|hanja=嶺東
|othername1=North Korean name
|hangul1=^령동
|hanja1=嶺東
}}
[[File:Gyeongpodae Pavilion Gangneung.JPG|thumb|Gyeongpodae in [[Gangneung]] city, which is the biggest city in Yeongdong region]]

'''Yeongdong''' ({{IPA|ko|jʌŋ.doŋ}}, {{IPA|ko|ɾjɔŋ.dɤŋ}}, literally 'east of the passes') is the eastern, coastal region of [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon]] Province, [[South Korea]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Temperatures to surpass 25 degrees on Tuesday as summer weather arrives early |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2025-05-13/national/environment/Temperatures-to-surpass-25-degrees-on-Tuesday-as-summer-weather-arrives-early/2306058 |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=koreajoongangdaily.joins.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=While wildfires in the Yeongnam region have been spreading for four days, the risk of wildfires is e.. - MK |url=https://www.mk.co.kr/en/society/11271786 |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=매일경제 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Kangwon-do (North Korea)|Kangwŏn]] Province, [[North Korea]]. It is divided from the inland [[Yeongseo]] region by the [[Taebaek Mountains]].

Although [[Yeongseo]] describes the western half of the two provinces and [[Gwandong]] describes both halves together, "Yeongdong" is used much more frequently in South Korea than either of the other two names, and may be taken loosely to refer to the entire region.

The region's name lends itself to the [[Yeongdong Line|Yeongdong Railway Line]] and [[Yeongdong Expressway]], which are major transportation corridors connecting [[Seoul]] to Gangwon.

==See also==
*[[Regions of Korea]]
*[[Yeongnam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{regions and administrative divisions of North Korea}}
{{regions and administrative divisions of South Korea}}

{{coord missing|Korea}}

[[Category:Regions of Korea]]

{{Korea-geo-stub}}

Yeongnam

2025-07-29T08:22:49Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Historical region in Korea}}
{{other uses}}
{{needs sources|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|image=Gyeongsang-Do(Yeongnam)_map2.png
|caption=Map of Yeongnam in South Korea
|hangul=^영남
|hanja=嶺南
}}
'''Yeongnam''' ({{Korean|hangul=영남}}, {{IPA|ko|jʌŋ.nam}}; literally "south of the ridge") is a region that coincides with the former [[Gyeongsang Province]], one of the ancient [[Eight Provinces of Korea|Eight Provinces]], in what is now [[South Korea]].

The region includes the modern-day provinces of [[North Gyeongsang|North]] and [[South Gyeongsang]] and the autonomous [[List of provincial-level cities of South Korea|Metropolitan cities]] of [[Busan]], [[Daegu]], and [[Ulsan]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hyeong-woo |first1=Kan |title=[Us and Them] Korea’s division runs deeper than South and North |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20211115000625 |website=The Korea Herald |access-date=1 November 2024 |language=en |date=15 November 2021}}</ref> The regional name is used (with a slightly different spelling) as the name of [[Yeungnam University]].

==See also==
*[[Regions of Korea]]
*[[Yeongdong (region)|Yeongdong]]
*[[Honam]]
*[[Geography of South Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Yeongnam}}

{{coord missing|South Korea}}
{{regions and administrative divisions of South Korea}}

[[Category:Regions of South Korea]]

{{Korea-geo-stub}}

Tongbulgyo

2025-07-29T08:21:41Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Refimprove|date=August 2008}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^통불교
|hanja=通佛敎
}}
'''Tongbulgyo''' is a school of "interpenetrated [[Buddhism]]" which was taught by the Korean monk [[Wonhyo]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120906212808/http://www.orientalia.org/printout351.html ORIENTALIA – History and Development of Korean Buddhism]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ijangui]]
*[[Essence-Function]]
*[[Buddhism in Korea]]
*[[Traditional Korean thought]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Schools of Buddhism founded in Korea]]

{{Buddhism-stub}}
{{Korea-reli-stub}}

Samjeondo Monument

2025-07-29T08:19:49Z

172.56.232.45: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Monument in Seoul, South Korea}}
{{Infobox historic site
|name=Samjeondo Monument
|image=Samjeondo Monument 01.JPG
|type=[[Stele]]
|location=[[Seoul]], South Korea
|coordinates={{coord|37|30|38|N|127|6|6|E|source:zhwiki|display=title,inline}}
|mapframe=yes
|designation1=Historic Sites of South Korea
|designation1_offname=Samjeondobi Monument, Seoul
|designation1_date=1963-01-21
|designation1_number=100
|caption=The monument (2010)
|embedded={{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^삼전도비
|hanja=三田渡碑
|child=yes
}}
}}
The '''Samjeondo Monument''' ({{Korean|hangul=삼전도비|hanja=三田渡碑}}) is a monument marking the submission of the Korean [[Joseon|Joseon dynasty]] to the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Qing dynasty]] in 1636 after the [[Qing invasion of Joseon|latter's invasion of the former]]. Its original name was '''Daecheong Hwangje Gongdeok Bi''' (大淸皇帝功德碑), which means the stele to the merits and virtues of the Emperor of the Great Qing. Initially erected at Samjeondo, near the Sambatnaru crossing point of the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] in modern-day [[Seoul]], it was thereafter buried and erected again several times. It is designated as the 101st historic site of South Korea.

==Erection==
Following the siege of [[Namhansanseong]], [[Injo of Joseon|King Injo of Joseon]] was forced to surrender and accept [[Tributary system of China|tributary status]] to Qing China in 1636. The following year, [[Hong Taiji]], founding emperor of the Qing dynasty, ordered King Injo to put up a monument "in honor of the excellent virtues of the Qing Emperor". In 1639 it was erected at Samjeondo, where the ceremony of surrender had been conducted.<ref name=kang>{{cite book|last=Kang|first=David C.|title=East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute|year=2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=104–105}}</ref> Inscriptions were written in Manchu and Mongolian on the front side and in [[Hanmun]] on the back; they have almost identical contents. The [[Hanmun]] version was composed by Yi Gyeongseok (李景奭), and the rest seem to have been translated from it.

Samjeondo, meaning "crossing of the three fields", was located near the Sambatnaru, a major crossing point of the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] in early Joseon times. The Sambatnaru way was the shortest route to the stronghold of [[Gwangju]] and the southern provinces. It was also the one most often used to visit the tomb of [[Taejong of Joseon|King Taejong of Joseon]] at the foot of Mt. Daemosan.

==Timeline==
Because of the strong emotional charge attached to it, this monument has been buried and then erected again several times from 1639 till nowadays.

* 1895. The monument was buried down as a result of the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] that concluded the [[First Sino-Japanese War]].
* 1913. The monument is erected again.
* ???. The monument is buried after 1945. During [[Syngman Rhee]]'s presidency (1948–1960), orders were given to destroy the stele, but the Ministry of Culture had it buried instead.<ref>Keith L. Pratt et al. (editors), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vj8ShHzUxrYC Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary]'' (London: Routledge, 2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=vj8ShHzUxrYC&q=orders+were+given+for+its+destruction+stone+buried&pg=PA401 page 401].</ref>
* 1957. South Korean Government designates the site as Historic Site No 101 (1957/02/01).<ref>{{cite web|last=Songpa-gu Office|title=Samjeondo Monument|url=http://english.songpa.go.kr/eng/s01_05_01_tab05.jsp|publisher=Songpa-gu Office|accessdate=29 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120707235338/http://english.songpa.go.kr/eng/s01_05_01_tab05.jsp|archivedate=7 July 2012}}</ref>
*1963. The monument becomes visible after the river floods.
* 1983. Monument is placed in a park, 37.503351 N,127.107083 E,<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Map|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=37.503351,127.107083&z=17&t=h&hl=en|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Panoramio|
url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/4342755|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref> i.e. in [[Seokchon-dong]], [[Songpa-gu]], [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]

* 2010. Monument is relocated 37.510407 N, 127.101635 E.<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Map|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=37.510407,127.101635&z=17&t=h&hl=en|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Panoramio|
url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/56516560|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref>

==Names==
*in [[Manchu language|Manchu]]: Daicing gurun-i Enduringge Han-i gung erdemui bei ([[File:Samjeondo Monument-Manchu.png|142px]])
*in [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: Dayičing ulus-un Boγda Qaγan-u erdem bilig-i daγurisγaγsan bei ([[File:Samjeondo Monument-Mongolian.png|165px]])
*in [[Hanmun]]: Dàqīng huángdì gōngdé bēi ('''大淸皇帝功德碑''')

which can be translated as "the stele to the merits and virtues of the Emperor of the Great Qing."

==Content==

===Description===
Both the Qing and Joseon dynasties saw the inscription as the litmus test for the latter's attitude toward the Qing emperor, so [[Injo of Joseon|King Injo]] ensured that it flattered the Qing dynasty: the inscription narrates how the king of Joseon came to attach himself to the virtue of the Qing emperor from a Joseon point of view. Although one-sided, it provides a concise account of the Qing-Joseon relationship.

The inscription starts with the description of the Qing campaign against Joseon in 1636. The Qing army besieged the Namhan fortress, where King Injo took refuge. He admitted his guilt, accepted the imperial edict and surrendered at Samjeondo. Since Hong Taiji felt compassion for the Joseon king, he mercifully sent the king back to the capital and rapidly withdrew the army without doing harm to the people.

In the next paragraph, the inscription traces the history back to the [[Battle of Sarhu|Battle of Sarhū]] in 1619. The Joseon army, led by [[Gang Hong-rip]], put on the appearance of supporting the [[Ming dynasty]] but surrendered to the Qing dynasty. However, all of the soldiers except the high-ranking ones were released by [[Nurhaci]], and the inscription emphasizes the merciful act. Since Joseon still displayed disobedient behavior, Hong Taiji commenced the [[Later Jin invasion of Joseon]] in 1627. He did not overthrow the kingdom but established a Confucian "elder brother-younger brother" relationship. The inscription then goes on to describe the second campaign. When Hong Taiji proclaimed the Qing dynasty in 1636, Joseon did not accept it even though Qing China announced a war. The inscription stressed his benevolent acts during the war.

Next, the inscription explains the background of erection of the monument. It says that the king voluntarily erected the monument at Samjeondo to let the excellent virtue of the Qing emperor be known around the world.

Finally, the inscription summarizes the entire course of events in verse.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Oshibuchi Hajime 鴛淵一
|title=Shinsho ni okeru Mansen kankei to Sandento no hibun 淸初に於ける淸鮮關係と三田渡の碑文
|journal=Shirin 史林 (The Journal of History)
|volume=13
|issue=1–4
|year=1928
|language=Japanese
}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Samjeondo Monument 01.JPG|New location, reverse
File:Samjeondo Monument 04.JPG| [[bixi|Stone tortoise]]
File:Samjeondo Monument 05.JPG| Stone tortoise
File:Samjeondo Monument 06.JPG| Historic context
File:Samjeondo Monument 07.JPG| Plaque relating details of the stele's relocation
</gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Samjeondo Monument2.jpg|Stele at its previous location
Image:Samjeondo Monument3.jpg|The two tortoises
Image:Samjeondo Monument4.jpg|Depiction of kneeling Injo, created in 1983, later demolished.
File:Samjeondo Monument2-part.jpg|Enlarged view of the stele's reverse top-cap carvings
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[History of Korea]]
* [[Yeongeunmun Gate]]
* [[Independence Gate]]
* [[Kowtow]]
* [[Tributary system of China]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|zh|大淸皇帝功德碑}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080605013141/http://earth.prohosting.com/tunggiya/samjeondo.html Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese texts]

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Songpa District]]
[[Category:Manchu literature]]
[[Category:Mongolian literature]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in South Korea]]
[[Category:Works by Joseon people]]
[[Category:Korean steles]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in South Korea]]
[[Category:17th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:Historic Sites of South Korea]]
[[Category:17th-century establishments in Korea]]

Daegu Metro Line 2

2025-05-27T23:37:48Z

172.56.232.45: why is anyone still dong this?

{{Short description|Metro line in Daegu, South Korea}}
{{unreferenced|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 22em
| color = {{rcr|DTRO|2}}
| name = Line 2
| native_name = {{Lang|ko|2호선(2號線)}} ''I Hoseon''
| logo = [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|x40px]] [[File:Daegu Metro Line 2.svg|x40px]]
| logo_alt =
| image = Daegu-metropolitan-transit-corporation-2000-213F-20161010-165406.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Daegu Metro]]
| status = Operational
| locale =
| start = [[Munyang Station|Munyang]]
| end = [[Yeungnam University Station|Yeungnam Univ.]]
| stations = 29
| routes = 1
| daily_ridership =
| open = 18 October 2005
| close =
| owner =
| operator = [[Daegu Transit Corporation]]
| character =
| depot = Munyang Depot
| stock = [[Hyundai Rotem]] 2000-series
| linelength = {{convert|31.4|km|abbr=on}}
| tracklength_km=
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|sg}}
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification = 1500 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[Overhead line|overhead]]
| speed_km/h = 80
| speed =
| elevation_m =
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Daegu Metro Line 2}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Daegu Metro Line 2''' is the second [[rapid transit]] line in the South Korean city of [[Daegu]]. It is operated by the [[Daegu Transit Corporation]].

The line first began running from Munyang to Sawol on 18 October 2005, a distance of {{Cvt|29|km}}. The line had been scheduled to open some years earlier, but fallout from the IMF crisis of the late 1990s caused delays in construction.

On 19 September 2012, the extension from Sawol to Yeongnam University opened.

Daegu Metro Line 2 will be expanded from [[Munyang Station]] to [[Seongju County]] as compensation of [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]] Deployment.

== Stations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Station Number
! width = "220pt" | Station Name {{nobold|English}}
! width = "145pt" | Station Name {{nobold|[[Hangul]]}}
! width = "145pt" | Station Name {{nobold|[[Hanja]]}}
! width = "100pt" | Transfer
! Distance {{nobold|in km}}
! Total Distance
! colspan = "2" | Location
|- style = "background:#{{rcr|DTRO|2}}; height:2pt"
| colspan = "10" |
|-
| {{center|216}}
| [[Munyang Station|Munyang]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:문양역|문양]]}} || {{linktext|汶|陽}}
|
| {{center|---}}
| {{center|0.0}}
| width = "100pt" rowspan = "26" | {{center|[[Daegu]]}}
| width = "100pt" rowspan = "3" | {{center|[[Dalseong County|Dalseong]]}}
|-
| {{center|217}}
| [[Dasa Station|Dasa]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:다사역|다사]]}} || {{linktext|多|斯}}
|
| {{center|2.9}}
| {{center|2.9}}
|-
| {{center|218}}
| [[Daesil Station|Daesil]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:대실역|대실]]}} || 대실
|
| {{center|1.0}}
| {{center|3.9}}
|-
| {{center|219}}
| [[Gangchang Station|Gangchang]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:강창역|강창]]}} || {{linktext|江|倉}}
|
| {{center|1.4}}
| {{center|5.3}}
| width = "100pt" rowspan = "8" | {{center|[[Dalseo District|Dalseo]]}}
|-
| {{center|220}}
| [[Keimyung University Station|Keimyung Univ.]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:계명대역|계명대]]}} || {{linktext|啓|明|大}}
|
| {{center|1.3}}
| {{center|6.6}}
|-
| {{center|221}}
| [[Seongseo Industrial Complex Station|Seongseo Industrial Complex]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:성서산업단지역|성서산업단지]]}} || {{linktext|城|西|産|業|團|地}}
|
| {{center|1.2}}
| {{center|7.8}}
|-
| {{center|222}}
| [[Igok Station|Igok]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:이곡역|이곡]]}} || {{linktext|梨|谷}}
|
| {{center|0.8}}
| {{center|8.6}}
|-
| {{center|223}}
| [[Yongsan Station (Daegu)|Yongsan]] (Seobu Branch Court–Prosecutor's Office)
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:용산역 (대구)|용산]]}} ({{lang|ko|[[:ko:용산역 (대구)|서부법원·검찰청입구]]}})|| {{linktext|龍|山}} ({{linktext|西|部|法|院}}·{{linktext|檢|察|廳|入|口}})
|
| {{center|1.3}}
| {{center|9.9}}
|-
| {{center|224}}
| [[Jukjeon Station (Daegu)|Jukjeon]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:죽전역 (대구)|죽전]]}} || {{linktext|竹|田}}
|
| {{center|0.9}}
| {{center|10.8}}
|-
| {{center|225}}
| [[Gamsam Station|Gamsam]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:감삼역|감삼]]}} || {{linktext|甘|三}}
|
| {{center|0.9}}
| {{center|11.7}}
|-
| {{center|226}}
| [[Duryu Station|Duryu]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:두류역|두류]]}} || {{linktext|頭|流}}
|
| {{center|0.8}}
| {{center|12.5}}
|-
| {{center|227}}
| [[Naedang Station|Naedang]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:내당역|내당]]}}|| {{linktext|內|唐}}
|
| {{center|0.9}}
| {{center|13.4}}
| width = "100pt" rowspan = "1" | {{center|[[Seo District, Daegu|Seo]]}}
|-
| {{center|228}}
| [[Bangogae Station|Bangogae]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:반고개역|반고개]]}} || 반고개
|
| {{center|0.8}}
| {{center|14.2}}
| width = "100pt" rowspan = "1" | {{center|[[Dalseo District|Dalseo]]}}
|-
| {{center|229}}
| [[Cheongnaeondeok Station|Cheongnaeondeok]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:청라언덕역|청라언덕]]}} || {{linktext|靑|蘿}}언덕
| {{rint|daegu|3}}
| {{center|0.9}}
| {{center|15.1}}
| width = "100pt" rowspan = "3" | {{center|[[Jung District, Daegu|Jung]]}}
|-
| {{center|230}}
| [[Banwoldang Station|Banwoldang]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:반월당역|반월당]]}} || {{linktext|半|月|堂}}
| {{rint|daegu|1}}
| {{center|1.0}}
| {{center|16.1}}
|-
| {{center|231}}
| [[Kyungpook National University Hospital Station|Kyungpook Nat'l Univ. Hospital]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:경대병원역|경대병원]]}} || {{linktext|慶|大|病|院}}
|
| {{center|0.9}}
| {{center|17.0}}
|-
| {{center|232}}
| [[Daegu Bank Station|Daegu Bank]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:대구은행역|대구은행]]}} || {{linktext|大|邱|銀|行}}
|
| {{center|1.1}}
| {{center|18.1}}
| width = "100pt" rowspan = "10" | {{center|[[Suseong District|Suseong]]}}
|-
| {{center|233}}
| [[Beomeo Station|Beomeo]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:범어역|범어]]}} || {{linktext|泛|漁}}
|
| {{center|1.0}}
| {{center|19.1}}
|-
| {{center|234}}
| [[Suseong-gu Office Station|Suseong-gu Office]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:수성구청역|수성구청]]}} || {{linktext|壽|城|區|廳}}
|
| {{center|0.9}}
| {{center|20.0}}
|-
| {{center|235}}
| [[Manchon Station|Manchon]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:만촌역|만촌]]}} || {{linktext|晩|村}}
|
| {{center|0.9}}
| {{center|20.9}}
|-
| {{center|236}}
| [[Damti Station|Damti]] (Suseong College–Daeryun Middle & High School)
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:담티역|담티]]}} ({{lang|ko|[[:ko:담티역|수성대·대륜]]}})|| 담티 ({{linktext|壽|城|大}}·{{linktext|大|倫}})
|
| {{center|0.9}}
| {{center|21.8}}
|-
| {{center|237}}
| [[Yeonho Station|Yeonho]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:연호역|연호]]}} || {{linktext|蓮|湖}}
|
| {{center|1.8}}
| {{center|23.6}}
|-
| {{center|238}}
| [[Suseong Alpha City station|Suseong Alpha City]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:수성알파시티역|수성알파시티]]}} || {{linktext|壽|城}}알파시티
|
| {{center|1.0}}
| {{center|24.6}}
|-
| {{center|239}}
| [[Gosan Station|Gosan]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:고산역 (대구)|고산]]}} || {{linktext|孤|山}}
|
| {{center|1.2}}
| {{center|25.8}}
|-
| {{center|240}}
| [[Sinmae Station|Sinmae]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:신매역|신매]]}} || {{linktext|新|梅}}
|
| {{center|1.1}}
| {{center|26.9}}
|-
| {{center|241}}
| [[Sawol Station|Sawol]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:사월역|사월]]}} || {{linktext|沙|月}}
|
| {{center|1.1}}
| {{center|28.0}}
|-
| {{center|242}}
| [[Jeongpyeong Station|Jeongpyeong]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:정평역 (경산)|정평]]}} || {{linktext|正|坪}}
|
| {{center|1.1}}
| {{center|29.1}}
| width = "100pt" rowspan = "3" | {{center|[[North Gyeongsang Province|North Gyeongsang]]}}
| width = "100pt" rowspan = "3" | {{center|[[Gyeongsan]]}}
|-
| {{center|243}}
| [[Imdang Station|Imdang]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:임당역|임당]]}} || {{linktext|臨|堂}}
|
| {{center|1.2}}
| {{center|30.3}}
|-
| {{center|244}}
| [[Yeungnam University Station|Yeungnam Univ.]]
| {{lang|ko|[[:ko:영남대역|영남대]]}} || {{linktext|嶺|南|大}}
|
| {{center|1.1}}
| {{center|31.4}}
|- style = "background:#{{rcr|DTRO|2}}; height:2pt"
| colspan = "10" |
|}

==See also==
* [[Daegu Metro Line 1]]
* [[Transport in South Korea]]
* [[Daegu Metro Line 3]]

==External links==
*[http://www.dtro.or.kr/ Daegu Transit Corporation] {{in lang|KO}}

{{South Korea rapid transit}}

[[Category:Daegu subway lines]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2005]]

Changdeokgung

2025-05-27T23:16:05Z

172.56.232.45: symbols needed to output correct MR

{{Short description|Palace in Seoul, South Korea}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Changdeokgung
| image = 창덕궁 전경 (2012).jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = Overview of the palace (2012)
| location = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| coordinates = {{coord|37|34|46|N|126|59|34|E|region:KR_type:landmark|display=title, inline}}
| designations = {{Infobox designation list
|embed=yes
|designation1=WHS
|designation1_offname=Changdeokgung Palace Complex
|designation1_date=1997
|designation1_free1name=Area
|designation1_free1value={{convert|57.9|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|designation1_criteria={{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iii), (iv)}}(ii), (iii), (iv)
|designation1_number=816
|designation2=Historic Sites of South Korea
|designation2_offname=Changdeokgung Palace Complex
|designation2_date=1963-01-18
}}
| website = {{URL|eng.cdg.go.kr/main/main.htm}}
| embedded = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^창덕궁
|hanja=昌德宮
|child=yes
}}
}}
'''Changdeokgung''' ({{Korean|hangul=창덕궁|hanja=昌德宮}}), also known as '''Changdeokgung Palace''' or '''Changdeok Palace''', is set within a large park in [[Jongno District]], [[Seoul]], South Korea. It is one of the "[[Five Grand Palaces]]" built by the kings of the [[Joseon]] dynasty (1392–1897).<ref>{{cite news|title=The 5 Palaces of Seoul|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/01/24/2012012400190.html|access-date=23 April 2012|date=24 January 2012|newspaper=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]}}</ref>

Changdeokgung was the most favored palace of many [[Joseon]] kings and retained many elements dating from the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]] period that were not incorporated in the more contemporary [[Gyeongbokgung]]. One such element is the fact that the buildings of Changdeokgung blend with the natural topography of the site instead of imposing themselves upon it. Like the other Five Grand Palaces in Seoul, it was heavily damaged during the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation of Korea]] (1910–1945). Currently, only about 30% of the pre-Japanese structures of the East Palace Complex (Changdeokgung together with [[Changgyeonggung]]) survive.<ref>[http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20090227022009 [서울신문] "일제가 궁궐 이렇게 훼손" 설계도면 첫 공개]. Seoul.co.kr (2009-02-27). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref>

== Name ==
"Changdeokgung" means "Palace of Prospering Virtue".{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=21}} The palace received this name on the 25th day, 10th month of 1404, shortly after the first phase of its construction was completed.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=159}}

Changdeokgung and its neighboring palace [[Changgyeonggung]] are together known as the "Eastern Palace" ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^동궐|hanja=東闕|mr=yes|rr=yes|labels=no}}), as they are located to the east of the city's main palace [[Gyeongbokgung]].{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=29}}{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=87}}

== History ==
{{See also|Changgyeonggung#History}}

=== Establishment ===
{{See also|History of Seoul|Gyeongbokgung#Establishment}}
In 1392 ([[Korean calendar]]), [[Joseon]] was established. Afterwards, the state's capital Hanyang (also called Hanseong and later called [[Seoul]]) was established and [[Gyeongbokgung]] was made its main palace ({{Korean/auto|hangul=법궁|hanja=法宮|mr=yes|labels=no}}). Due to political turmoil, the capital was temporarily moved to [[Kaesong]] and then back to Hanyang in 1404.{{Sfn|이강근|2007|pp=36–37}}<ref name="임석재">{{Cite book |author=임석재 |pages=88–90 |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details/%EC%9E%84%EC%84%9D%EC%9E%AC_%EC%98%88_%EF%A6%B6_%EB%A1%9C_%EC%A7%80%EC%9D%80_%EA%B2%BD%EB%B3%B5%EA%B6%81?id=8MHEDwAAQBAJ |title=예(禮)로 지은 경복궁: 동양 미학으로 읽다 |date=2019-12-10 |publisher=인물과사상사 |isbn=978-89-5906-551-6 |language=ko}}</ref> [[Taejong of Joseon|King Taejong]] ({{reign|1400|1418}}) then ordered the establishment of Changdeokgung as a secondary palace ({{Korean/auto|hangul=이궁|hanja=離宮|mr=yes|labels=no}}). His possible motivations for this order have been analyzed. A number of scholars have argued Taejong wanted to avoid Gyeongbokgung because he associated it with unpleasant memories of familial deaths there<ref name="임석재"/>{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=6}} and thought it had inauspicious [[feng shui]] qualities.<ref name="임석재"/> Historians Lee et al. have also argued that he wanted a secondary palace to be freer from the political influences of government offices and politicians in and around Gyeongbokgung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=6–7}}

A temporary office{{Efn|Called ''Igungjosŏngdogam'' ({{korean/auto|hangul=이궁조성도감|hanja=離宮造成都監|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=7}}}} was established to manage the creation of the palace. Changdeokgung's location was finalized on the 6th day, 10th month of 1404, and construction began that day.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=7}}{{efn|The palace was built in the administrative district Hyanggyo-dong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=향교동|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=25}}}} Under the supervision of {{Ill|Yi Chik|ko|이직}}, numerous artisans, soldiers, monks, and commoners worked on the construction.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=7}} The first phase of construction was completed on the 19th day, 10th month of 1405.<ref>{{Cite book |date=1405 |title=[[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]] |chapter=이궁이 완성되다. 그 구조와 규모 |volume=10 |chapter-url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kca_10510019_002 |access-date=2025-03-30 |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean History]] |language=ko}}</ref> Taejong entered the palace on the 20th day of that month and held a celebration banquet there. At the time, there were only several complete buildings in the palace, including the royal bedchambers and bathhouse.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=6–8}} The palace then had either a total of 287 rooms ({{Korean/auto|hangul=칸|mr=yes|labels=no}}){{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=26}} or 192 rooms.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=159}} There was likely not much space for government offices in the palace for government offices at the time; offices in and around Gyeongbokgung were repaired and officials likely went back and forth between those and Changdeokgung. Meanwhile, construction continued. In 1406, the shrine Insojeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^인소전|hanja=仁昭殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}) and a Buddhist shrine were completed in the rear garden area, along with the pavilion Gwangyeollu ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^광연루|hanja=廣延樓|mr=yes|labels=no}}); in 1408, a pond was dug; and in 1411, a pavilion{{Efn|Initially called Haeonjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^해온정|hanja=解溫亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}), renamed Sindokjae ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^신독재|hanja=愼獨齋|mr=yes|labels=no}}) in 1414.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=6–8}}}} was completed.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=6–8}}

=== Before the Imjin War ===
For the rest of his reign, Taejong primarily resided in Changdeokgung.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=21–22}} Gyeongbokgung's restoration was ordered only after Taejong had moved into Changdeokgung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=6}} Even after his abdication, he resided in the palace Suganggung ({{Korean/auto|hangul=수강궁|hanja=壽康宮|labels=no}}; later became Changgyeonggung) next to Changdeokgung; from there he influenced the reign of his son [[Sejong the Great]] ({{reign|1418|1450}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=7}} Even after Taejong's abdication, construction continued. Part of a building collapsed and the supervisor of that building's construction was exiled as punishment. By 1418, facilities were deemed adequate enough to hold more significant ceremonies at Changdeokgung instead of at Gyeongbokgung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=6–7}} From the third year of Sejong's reign, Sejong began putting more emphasis on Gyeongbokgung and moved frequently between the two palaces.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=9}}{{Sfn|이강근|2007|pp=36–37}} In 1426, he ordered that many structures in Changdeokgung be named.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=9}} In 1427, he entirely moved out of Changdeokgung and resided primarily in Gyeongbokgung, although he continued moving between the two frequently.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=9}}{{Sfn|이강근|2007|pp=36–37}} [[Sejo of Joseon|King Sejo]] ({{reign|1455|1468}}) significantly expanded Changdeokgung to the north and east. For one such project, 19,000 people from the Hanyang region were assembled. [[Seongjong of Joseon|King Seongjo]] ({{reign|1469|1495}}) also expanded the palace and resided in Changdeokgung for the entirety of his reign. In 1475, he had all 29 of the palace's gates named and held a ceremony for the installation of their name plaques.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=9–10}} As there was not enough space in Changdeokgung for all the living queens in the royal family, he decided to expand Changgyeonggung for them instead.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=29}} [[Yeonsangun of Joseon|King Yeonsangun]] ({{reign|1495|1506}}) also greatly renovated the palace, although renovations were put to a halt when he was deposed.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=10–11}}

=== Destruction and reconstruction ===
In 1592, during the 1592–1598 [[Imjin War]], all the city's palaces were completely burned down. It is debated who burned down the palaces, as surviving contemporary records are from intellectuals who did not witness the burnings. Various contemporary Korean texts, including the ''{{Ill|Veritable Records of Seonjo|ko|선조실록}}'', report hearsay that it was Korean commoners who burned down the palace to destroy palace records. When the Japanese invaders entered the city on the 2nd day, 5th month of that year, Gyeongbokgung was still intact. Japanese discipline in the city was reportedly initially high, but when they began suffering defeats, they took their frustrations out on the city and locals, burning buildings and killing.{{Sfn|이강근|2007|pp=40–41}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=11}}

After the war, efforts began to repair the city's palaces. Initially, plans were drawn up to have Gyeongbokgung repaired, but these were not acted upon. There is a record of arguments against Gyeongbokgung's reconstruction because of perceived inauspicious qualities of that palace. In addition, Joseon's economy had been devastated by the war, and funding for repairing Gyeongbokgung was likely difficult to procure. Changdeokgung was restored instead; a number of buildings were recreated in their original locations.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=12}} The first round of restorations was completed during the reign of [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon|King Gwanghaegun]] ({{reign|1608|1623}}) on the 1st day, 9th month of 1610. However, Gwanghaegun expressed little interest in Changdeokgung, and continued to reside in the temporary palace Gyeongungung (later became [[Deoksugung]]). In 1617, he had the palaces {{ill|In'gyŏnggung|ko|인경궁}} and {{ill|Kyŏngdŏkkung|ko|경덕궁}} established.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=31}}

In 1623, during the [[Injo coup]] that installed [[Injo of Joseon|King Injo]] ({{reign|1623|1649}}), rebels burned down almost all the buildings in Changdeokgung. Only Injeongjeon, two buildings for the {{Ill|Owi|ko|오위}}, a palace pharmacy,{{Efn|{{Korean/auto|hangul=^내약방|hanja=內藥房|rr=yes|mr=yes|labels=no}}}} a building for the government office [[Ch'unch'ugwan]], a building called Biseunggak,{{Efn|{{Korean/auto|hangul=^비승각|hanja=丕承閣|mr=yes|labels=no}}}} a building for the government office [[Hongmun'gwan]], and a building called Sujeongjeon{{Efn|{{Korean/auto|hangul=^수정전|hanja=壽靜殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}}} were spared.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=12}} Injo was crowned at Gyeongbokgung, and resided at Changgyeonggung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=12–13}} He had In'gyŏnggung and Kyŏngdŏkkung demolished and recycled to repair Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=31}} Injo had the rear gardens renovated, and spent much relaxation time there.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=31–32}} In 1624, during [[Yi Kwal's Rebellion]], Changgyeonggung was mostly burned down.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=12–13}} Injo then resided in Kyŏngdŏkkung temporarily, and first ordered that Changgyeonggung be repaired. In 1633, after repairs on Changgyeonggung were completed,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=50}} Injo ordered that Changdeokgung be repaired. He then began to temporarily reside in the palace pharmacy. Construction work on palaces was interrupted and delayed by the 1636 [[Qing invasion of Joseon]]. Minor construction projects occurred in the meantime, especially in the rear garden.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=13–14}} Significant construction resumed in 1647 and concluded after five months in 1648; a major reason why construction was able to be finished in five months was because of recycling of buildings from In'gyŏnggung. In total there were around 735 rooms in the palace around this time.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=13–14}}{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=159}} One significant change after the reconstruction was the presence of more government office buildings. This was in part because the government offices in Gyeongbokgung had not been restored.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=13–14}}[[File:Korean art-Donggwoldo-Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung-Dong-A University-01.jpg|thumb|This painting, ''[[Donggwoldo]]'', depicts Changdeokgung (left) and Changgyeonggung (right) in {{Circa|1824|1830}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=25}} |210x210px]]After this reconstruction and without rivalry from Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung became the definitive main palace of Joseon. More buildings continued to be constructed in the palace. There was a fire in the palace in 1671.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=14}} Under the reign of [[Sukjong of Joseon|King Sukjong]] ({{reign|1674|1720}}), the rear garden reached its greatest extent.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=15}} In 1687, a fire destroyed almost all of the Mansujeon area. In 1702, a fire destroyed part of the East Palace.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=16}} Succeeding kings continued to expand and renovate the palace, although [[Yeongjo of Joseon|King Yeongjo]] ({{reign|1724|1776}}) ordered much fewer repairs as he primarily resided in [[Gyeonghuigung]].{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=15}} There were a number of fires during the reign of [[Sunjo of Joseon|King Sunjo]] ({{reign|1800|1834}}),{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=36}} with a major one occurring in the 10th month of 1833.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=16}} During his reign, most construction at the palace was either rebuilding or maintenance work.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=36}} By the 19th century, Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung were functionally a single palace. The two had some unique government officies, although they had some facilities with overlapping purposes.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=18}}

=== Late Joseon and Korean Empire periods ===
[[File:동궐도형.jpg|thumb|A map{{Efn|Entitled ''Tonggwŏldohyŏng'' ({{Korean/auto|hangul=동궐도형|hanja=東闕圖形|labels=no}}).}} of Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, and the rear gardens ({{Circa|1908}})]]
In 1865, efforts began to restore Gyeongbokgung.{{Sfn|이규철|2007|p=43}} [[Gojong of Korea|King Gojong]] ({{reign|1864|1907}}) and his family moved out of Changdeokgung and into Gyeongbokgung on the 2nd day, 7th month of 1868.{{Sfn|이규철|2007|p=46}} Although Gyeongbokgung was officially made Joseon's main palace, Changdeokgung continued to see some use. Gyeongbokgung experienced major fires in 1873 and 1876. After the 1876 fire, the royal family moved back into Changdeokgung and did not return to Gyeongbokgung until 1885,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=18}}{{Sfn|이규철|2007|p=54}} after the 1884 [[Kapsin Coup]]. The king resided mostly in Gyeongbokgung until 1895.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=38}} Meanwhile, more maintenance work occurred at Changdeokgung. Such work was interrupted in by the 1882 [[Imo Incident]].{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=20}} In 1891, a number of Changdeokgung's buildings were disassembled and moved to Gyeongbokgung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=18}}

Amidst increasing Japanese influence over Korea and the 1895 [[assassination of Empress Myeongseong]] at Gyeongbokgung, Gojong fled Gyeongbokgung and made Gyeongungung his official palace. From there, he established the [[Korean Empire]] and crowned himself emperor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Jinwung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2EVi-MpnUsC |title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-253-00024-8 |pages=308–309 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=38}} Gojong did not significantly use Changdeokgung thereafter. Some minor construction work continued at the palace in his absence.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=38}}

In 1905, Korea was made a protectorate of Japan, governed by the {{Ill|Japanese Residency-General of Korea|ja|統監府|ko|통감부}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=강 |first=창석 |script-title=ko:통감부 (統監府) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0059235 |access-date=2025-04-03 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> On July 19, 1907, Gojong was forcefully deposed by Japan and replaced by his son and the final Korean monarch [[Sunjong of Korea|Emperor Sunjong]] ({{reign|1907|1910}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=38}} After ascending the throne, Sunjong made Changdeokgung his primary residence, while Gojong continued to stay in Deoksugung. Historian Lee Gyu-cheol argued that Japan moved Sunjong to Changdeokgung in order to separate him from his father.<ref>{{Cite book |author=이규철 |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?nttId=78067&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1021 |title= |publisher=문화재청 궁능유적본부 덕수궁관리소 |year=2020 |isbn=978-89-299-1925-2 |pages=168–169 |language=ko |script-title=ko:대한제국 황제의 궁궐 |trans-title=Imperial Palace of the Daehan Empire |chapter=대한제국 시기 한성부의 근대이행과 황궁의 변화}}</ref> Soon after his coronation, Sunjong ordered that Changdeokgung be repaired. He moved into the palace in November of that year.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=38}} The residency-general oversaw the demolition of large portions of the palace from 1907 to 1909; this has since been viewed critically by Lee et al., who argued it was an attempt to demolish a symbol of Korean sovereignty.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}}

=== Colonial period ===
On August 29, 1910, [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea became a colony of Japan]].{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=20}} According to a 1912 document, the [[Office of the Yi Dynasty]], an organization representing the former Korean royal family, owned the palace.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=48}} Japan continued significantly altering the palace, demolishing dozens of buildings.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=20–22}} Despite this, the overall outer boundary of the palace and its rear garden remained mostly unchanged throughout the colonial period.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=49}}

Around 5 p.m. on November 10, 1917,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=1917-11-10 |script-title=ko:대조전에 화재가 발생하다 |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kzc_11011010_001 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=[[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]] |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean History]] |language=ko}}</ref> a major fire broke out in the palace. It began in the former emperor's bedchambers Daejojeon and destroyed the ''naejŏn'' area of the palace.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}}<ref name=":2" /> The fire was extinguished by 8 p.m. that day.<ref name=":2" /> Numerous valuables and historic relics were lost in the fire.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}}<ref name=":2" /> Reconstruction work began soon after and lasted for years afterwards, although it was delayed by the 1919 [[March First Movement]] protests.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} The colonial government ordered that many of Gyeongbokgung's buildings be demolished and recycled for reconstructing Changdeokgung.{{Sfn|신혜원|2007a|p=87}} Daejojeon was reconstructed by 1920, and the former royal family resumed living in it.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}}

Sunjong died in the palace on April 25, 1926.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}} Historian Se-Mi Oh argued that, after Sunjong's death, efforts to modify the palace accelerated.<ref name=":4" /> In either 1927<ref name=":4" /> or 1931,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=48–49}} the road {{ill|Yulgok-ro (Seoul)|lt=Yulgok-ro|ko|율곡로 (서울)}} was constructed between [[Jongmyo]] and Changdeokgung, separating the two entities for the first time.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=39}}<ref name=":4" /> Oh described the separation as "direct violence against the sacred ancestral shrine and the monarchy".<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Oh |first=Se-Mi |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/City_of_Sediments/ChWwEAAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=City of Sediments: A History of Seoul in the Age of Colonialism |date= |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-5036-3553-1 |language=en |page=30}}</ref><gallery class="center">
File:조선고적도보의 창덕궁 배치도.jpg|Map of Changdeokgung published in 1930; extant structures colored in black, demolished structures colored in grey{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=40}}
File:昌德宮平面圖 창덕궁평면도.jpg|Map of Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, the rear gardens, and Jongmyo (produced around 1921 to 1932{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=39}})
</gallery>

=== Post-liberation ===
Parts of the palace (notably Nakseon-jae hall) continued to function as a royal residence up to 1989, when both [[Princess Deokhye]] and [[Bangja, Crown Princess of Korea|Crown Princess Bangja]] died. Other post-WWII residents included Empress [[Sunjeong of Korea|Sunjeong]] (Sunjong's second wife), Crown Prince [[Yi Un]], his son [[Yi Ku]] and Yi Ku's wife [[Julia Mullock]]. Residence for former royals in the palace in the post-war period was at the whim of South Korean presidents, and after the Korean liberation in 1945. The resignation of [[Syngman Rhee]] finally allowed former imperial family members to return.

Changdeokgung was added to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 1997. The UNESCO committee stated the place was an "outstanding example of Far Eastern palace architecture and garden design" being exceptional because the buildings are "integrated into and harmonized with the natural setting" and adapted "to the topography and retaining indigenous tree cover."<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom97.htm#816 WH Committee: Report of the 21st Session, Naples 1997]. Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref>

== Design and layout ==
The palace was designed in consideration of both ancient Chinese principles and practicality.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:창덕궁 |trans-title=Changdeokgung |url=https://heritage.unesco.or.kr/%EC%B0%BD%EB%8D%95%EA%B6%81/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=[[UNESCO]] |language=ko}}</ref> Changdeokgung's primary layout is based on the three gates and three courtyards ({{Korean/auto|hangul=삼문삼조|hanja=三門三朝|mr=yes|labels=no}}) system,<ref name=":32" /> from the Chinese work ''[[Kaogongji]]'', part of the ''[[Rites of Zhou]]''. The system advocates for palaces to have three main sections that are to be accessed in sequential order. The sections proceed from public-facing to private. These sections are the first gate Donhwamun and courtyard ({{Korean/auto|hangul=외조|hanja=外朝|mr=yes|labels=no}}; used for government offices and public-facing events), second gate Jinseonmun and courtyard ({{Korean/auto|hangul=치조|hanja=治朝|mr=yes|labels=no}}; used for conducting politics between the king and his subjects), and third gate Injeongmun and courtyard ({{Korean/auto|hangul=연조|hanja=燕朝|mr=yes|labels=no}}; where the king and his family resided).{{Sfn|이강근|2007|p=34}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=65–66, 172}}
Lee et al. subdivided the palace as such: ''oejŏn'', ''naejŏn'', East Palace, government offices, and rear gardens (also called Secret Garden).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=43–46}}

Changdeokgung is based primarily on a west to east axis, in contrast to Gyeongbokgung's south to north axis. Correspondingly, the outer palace proceeds east to the inner palace.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}}

There are numerous [[Morus (plant)|mulberry trees]] around the palace, the leaves of which can be used to feed silkworms. This is possibly linked to several queens having raised silkworms in the palace.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=284–285}}

=== Relationship with Changgyeonggung ===
{{See also|Changgyeonggung}}

Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung have been strongly interlinked, and have been described as functionally being a single palace. Buildings for which there was insufficient space in Changdeokgung were often constructed in Changgyeonggung instead. Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung are separated by the gate Geonyangmun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^건양문|hanja=建陽門|mr=yes|labels=no}}). Over time, various contradicting claims have been made about which buildings (particularly those on the border of the two palaces) belonged to which palace. Such claims were made about the East Palace, Junghuidang, and Changgyeonggung's Jeoseungjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^저승전|hanja=儲承殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=47}}

According to a 1912 document, the two palaces were then considered to belong to the same administrative district: {{ill|Waryong-dong|ko|와룡동 (서울)}}.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=48}} The two palaces were physically divided with a border wall during the colonial period. In 1963, the border wall was used to define a formal legal boundary between the two palaces. This boundary has persisted to the present.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=47}}

== Landmarks ==
=== Outer gates ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:Donhwamun Gate Changdeokgung 2.jpg|200px]]
|{{Ill|Donhwamun|ko|돈화문}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^돈화문|hanja=敦化門|labels=no|mr=yes}})
The main and south gate of the palace. It is a designated [[Treasure (South Korean designation)|Treasure of South Korea]] and the oldest extant gate of all Joseon palaces.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=13–14}} It is named after a phrase "{{Lang-zh|t=大德敦化|labels=no}}" from the Chinese text ''[[Doctrine of the Mean]]''. That phrase has been interpreted in this context as "to govern with a warm heart and edify with virtue".{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=29–30}} It was completed on the 22nd day, 5th month of 1412.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=27}} In 1413, a bill was hung at the gate.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=7}} It was renovated in 1418.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=28}} It was destroyed in 1592, during the Imjin War.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=61–62}} It was reconstructed in 1607{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}} or 1608.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=29}} There are no records of it being destroyed thereafter, although it was restored or remodeled on a number of occasions.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=61–62}} There is a ''wŏltae'' in front of the gate. The ''wŏltae'' was demolished in the early 1900s to accommodate the entry of royal vehicles.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=13–14}} The ''wŏltae'' and gate were restored to their pre-colonial states in 1997.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=163}} The gate has a second floor that contains a bell and drum used to signal emergencies. The head of a rebel leader was hung at the gate in 1728.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=29–30}}
|-
|[[File:Changdeokgung Palace Oct 2014 002.JPG|200px]]
|{{Ill|Geumhomun|lt=|ko|창덕궁 금호문}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^금호문|hanja=金虎門|mr=yes|lit=Metal Tiger Gate|labels=no}})
The west gate of the palace. It is so named because of Chinese tradition where [[Metal (wuxing)|metal corresponds to west]] and the [[White Tiger (mythology)|White Tiger]] is the guardian of the west.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=166}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=69}} It was named in 1475 and was among the most frequently used gates in the palace.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=166}}
|-
|
|Yogeummun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^요금문|hanja=曜金門|labels=no|mr=yes}})
A small gate to the northwest of the palace.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=33}} It was not often used.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=163}}
|-
|[[File:Korea-Seoul-Changdeokgung-Danbongmun-03.jpg|200px]]
|Danbongmun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^단봉문|hanja=丹鳳門|labels=no|mr=yes}})
A small gate on the south side of the palace. It was used mainly by ''[[kungnyŏ]]'' (court ladies) and the extended royal family,{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=33}} and was among the most frequently used gates in the palace. It was named in 1475.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=166}}
|-
|
|Gyeongchumun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^경추문|hanja=景秋門|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A small gate to the west of the palace. It was rarely used.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2022101223253415920 |newspaper=[[Pressian]] |script-title=ko:늦가을 깊은 정취, 궁궐 뜨락에 깃들다 |access-date=2025-04-07 |date=2022-10-12 |language=ko |last=최 |first=연}}</ref>
|-
|
|Geonmumun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^건무문|hanja=建武門|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A small north gate to the palace. It is named for the mythological [[Black Turtle-Snake]], which is associated with north. The gate was rarely used.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=163, 167}} It currently exits to the [[Sungkyunkwan University]] campus and is generally inaccessible to the public.<ref name="gates">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/newsBbz/selectNewsBbzView.do?newsItemId=155588792&sectionId=ocp&pageIndex=12&pageUnit=10&strWhere=&strValue=&sdate=&edate=&category=&mn=NS_01_02 |script-title=ko:궁궐의 현판과 주련-창덕궁 궁문 |date=2010-07-12 |website=[[Cultural Heritage Administration]] |access-date=2025-04-07 |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.swinews.com/151405 |language=ko |last=정 |first=흥교 |date=2020-11-18 |script-title=ko:안희두 창덕궁 탐방 1 창덕궁 개요와 돈화문을 비롯한 성문들 |newspaper=수원인터넷뉴스 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|}

=== ''Oejo'' ===
''Oejo'' ({{Korean/auto|hangul=외조|hanja=外朝|labels=no}}) refers to the part of a palace where the king conducted state affairs.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=67–68}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} It can be subdivided into the ''chŏngjŏn'' ({{Korean/auto|hangul=정전|hanja=正殿|rr=yes|labels=no}}; main area{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=74}}) and ''p'yŏnjŏn'' ({{Korean/auto|hangul=편전|hanja=便殿|rr=yes|labels=no}}; secondary area{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=76}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}}

==== ''Oejŏn'' ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:창덕궁 금천교와 진선문 (2011).jpg|200px]]
|Jinseonmun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^진선문|hanja=進善門|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Speaking Reverently [to the King] Gate}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=10}})
This gate was completed on the 18th day, 3rd month of 1411.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=28}} At the time, it possibly served as the outermost gate to the palace.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=58}} It was demolished in 1908{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=20}} and was reconstructed in 1999.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=171}}
|-
|[[File:Korea-Seoul-Changdeokgung-Sukjangmun-03.jpg|200px]]
|Sukjangmun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^숙장문|hanja=肅章門|mr=yes|lit=Majestic and Brilliant Gate|labels=no}}{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=172}})
A large gate that leads into the ''naejŏn''. It was named in 1475.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=172}} Its right and left annexes were destroyed in the Imjin War, and rebuilt in 1647.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=31}} It was destroyed during the colonial period and reconstructed in 1996.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=172}}
|-
|[[File:Korea-Seoul-Changdeokgung-Injeongmun-Front view-02.jpg|200px]]
|{{Ill|Injeongmun|ko|인정문}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^인정문|hanja=仁政門|mr=yes|labels=no}})
Gate to Injeongjeon{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=58}} and a Treasure.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=75}} There is no record of when it was built, but it is presumed to have been completed around the time of the palace's founding. Its corridors were constructed from 1418 to 1419; Sejong was so displeased that he ordered them demolished and had the construction supervisor imprisoned. The corridors were rebuilt afterwards.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=58}} They were rebuilt in 1647.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=31}} The gate was destroyed in 1592 during the Imjin War and rebuilt during the reign of Gwanghaegun.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=58}} It burned down in 1744 and was rebuilt in 1745;{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=170}} this version has persisted until the present.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}} The gate and corridors were restored to their pre-colonial states from 1992 to 1996.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=58–59}} It has corridors to its left and right that eventually angle and form a trapezoid.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=58}}
|-
|[[File:Changdeokgung-Injeongjeon.jpg|200px]]
|{{Ill|Injeongjeon|ko|인정전}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^인정전|hanja=仁政殿|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Hall of Benevolent Governance}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=91}})
The throne hall of the palace{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=109}} and a National Treasure.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=75}} It was destroyed by fire in 1403 and rebuilt the following year. One of its buildings burned down in 1411, which destroyed many Goryeo-era documents.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=16}} It was expanded and completed on the 7th day, 7th month of 1418. It was renovated in 1452.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=27}} It was destroyed during the 1592–1598 Imijn War and spared during the 1623 Injo coup.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=12–13}} It was destroyed in a fire on the 13th day, 12th month of 1803 and rebuilt on the 17th day, 12th month of 1804.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=37}} This version of the building has persisted until the present, although it was renovated over time.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=18, 24}} It was renovated between 1854 and 1857.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=18}} It was significantly renovated and its annexes were significantly renovated or demolished around 1907 to 1909.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=20–22}} It is a single story, two-tiered structure with a large open ceiling.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=91}} It stands on a ''wŏltae''. Major state events were held at this building and its front courtyard, such as enthronement ceremonies.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=83–85}} It is designed to accept energy from [[Baekdu-daegan|Korea's mountains and watersheds]]. On its roof exterior are five [[Imperial Seal of Korea|Imperial Seals of Korea]] that were possibly added by Sunjong.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=91–95}}
|-
|[[File:Changdeokgung Palace Oct 2014 037.JPG|200px]]
|Seonjeongmun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^선정문|hanja=宣政門|mr=yes|labels=no}})
It was rebuilt in 1647; this version has persisted until the present.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}}
|-
|[[File:창덕궁 선정전 (2013).jpg|200px]]
|{{Ill|Seonjeongjeon|ko|선정전}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^선정전|hanja=宣政殿|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Spreading Governance Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=119}})
A single-story hall where the king received council and conducted politics.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=119–120}} It is a designated Treasure.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=75}} [[Spirit tablet]]s were also possibly stored here.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=119–120}} It was built in 1405 and originally named Jogyecheong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^조계청|hanja=朝啓廳|mr=yes|labels=no}}). It received its current name in 1461. After being destroyed in 1592 during the Imjin War, it was rebuilt in 1608. It was destroyed in 1623 during the Injo coup and rebuilt in 1647, using materials recycled from a building called Gwangjeongjeon in In'gyŏnggung. It has since become the oldest extant building in the palace.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=13, 56–57}} It is the only remaining Joseon palace building with blue roof tiles, which were then considered luxurious and difficult to make.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=121–122}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=57}} During the colonial period, the building was opened to the public, and glass put in its windows. The building was restored to its pre-colonial appearance in 1996.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=57}}
|}

==== Government offices ====
The government offices inside palaces are called ''{{Ill|kwŏllaegaksa|ko|궐내각사}}'' ({{Korean/auto|hangul=궐내각사|hanja=闕內各司|rr=yes|labels=no}}). Changdeokgung's facilities were relatively small and meant for daily work with the king; most large government ministry facilities were located outside the palace,{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=49–50}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} for example on {{Ill|Yukcho Street|ko|육조거리}}.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=49–50}} After being destroyed in 1592 during the Imjin War, government offices were rebuilt during in 1647.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=31}} Many offices that had once existed in Gyeongbokgung were moved over to Changdeokgung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} All government office buildings in front of Seonjeongjeon and Huijeongdang were demolished between 1907 and 1909.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:Imunwon.jpg|200px]]
|{{ill|Imunwon|ko|이문원 (조선의 기관)}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^이문원|hanja=摛文院|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A royal library building that went by a number of names, including "Naegak" ({{Korean/auto|hangul=내각|hanja=內閣|labels=no}}) and "[[Kyujanggak]]". The latter name has been applied to several different buildings, depending on which held the royal library's collection at the time.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=208}} This building was completed on the 10th day, 3rd month of 1781,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=36}} and the royal library was moved from Juhamnu to Imunwon.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=208}}
|-
|[[File:김상범_창덕궁및후원_02569.jpg|200px]]
|Geomseocheong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^검서청|hanja=檢書廳|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Inspect Books Office}})
It was built in 1783 and used by the Kyujanggak.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=69}} It was demolished some time between 1911 and 1921.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}}
|-
|[[File:Bongmodang.jpg|200px]]
|Bongmodang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^봉모당|hanja=奉謨堂|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A hall used an archive for the possessions of previous monarchs.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=58–59}}
|-
|[[File:00567_창덕궁.jpg|200px]]
|Chaekgo ({{Korean/auto|hangul=책고|hanja=冊庫|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Book Storage}})
An annex building used by the Kyujanggak to store books.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=69}}
|-
|[[File:Yemungwan.jpg|200px]]
|Yemungwan ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^예문관|hanja=藝文館|mr=yes|labels=no}})
There was a fire here on the 6th day, 3rd month of 1811.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=37}}
|-
|[[File:Hongmungwan.jpg|200px]]
|Hongmungwan ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^홍문관|hanja=弘文館|mr=yes|labels=no}})
Also called Okdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=옥당|hanja=玉堂|labels=no|lit=Jade Hall}}). Used by the government office [[Hongmun'gwan]], which maintained palace records and advised the king.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=73–74}} It was demolished some time between 1911 and 1921.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}}
|-
|[[File:창덕궁_궐내각사_약방(궁능유적본부).jpg|200px]]
|Naeuiwon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^내의원|hanja=內醫院|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A part of the palace that used to house the palace pharmacy [[Naeŭiwŏn]]. The organization was also called Yakbang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=약방|hanja=藥房|labels=no|lit=hospital}}), and began to go by Naeŭiwŏn in 1443.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=67}}
|-
|[[File:한국적사진_고궁_창덕궁_15.jpg|200px]]
|Eokseongnu ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^억석루|hanja=憶昔樓|labels=no|lit=Remembering the Past Building|mr=yes}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=207}})
A two-story building likely used by the Naeŭiwŏn as a storage facility for medicines.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=207}}
|}

=== ''Naejo'' ===
==== ''Naejŏn'' ====
''Naejŏn'' ({{Korean/auto|hangul=내전|hanja=內殿|rr=yes|labels=no}}) refers to a part of a palace where a king or queen resided.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=70}} [[Kungnyŏ|Palace women]], particularly those of the [[Naemyŏngbu]], also often used this space. When space for buildings became insufficient in this part of the palace, buildings were constructed in Changgyeonggung instead.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} The ''naejŏn'' experienced a fire in 1833 and was rebuilt in 1834.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=38}} It was completely destroyed in the 1917 fire.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:창덕궁 희정당 (2013).jpg|200px]]
|{{Ill|Huijeongdang|ko|희정당}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^희정당|hanja=熙政堂|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Peaceful Governance Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=145}})
A hall and designated Treasure.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=75}} It was originally built as a bed chamber for the king{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=145}} named Sumundang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=수문당|hanja=修文堂|labels=no}}). It caught fire in the 6th month of 1492. In the 12th month of that year it was ordered to be repaired and was given its current name.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=56}} After being destroyed in 1592 during the Imjin War, it was rebuilt in 1608. It was destroyed during the 1623 Injo coup. It was rebuilt in 1647, using materials from In'gyŏnggung's building Hwajŏngdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^화정당|hanja=和政堂|rr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=76–77}} It burned down on the 17th day, 10th month of 1833{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=71}}and was repaired by the 9th month of 1834.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=16}} It was destroyed in the 1917 fire and rebuilt by 1920{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=76–77}} using materials from Gyeongbokgung's Gangnyeongjeon. It was rebuilt larger and in a different style to its previous form. Western furniture was brought in.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} It was used as a council hall during Sunjong's reign.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=145}}
|-
|[[File:Exterior front view of Daejojeon Hall with blue sky at Changdeokgung Palace in Seoul.jpg|200px]]
|{{Ill|Daejojeon|ko|대조전}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^대조전|hanja=大造殿|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Achieving Greatness Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=154}})
A hall used as the main living quarters for the king and office of the queen.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=154–155}} It is a designated Treasure.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=75}} It was possibly originally named Yanguijeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^양의전|hanja=兩儀殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}) in 1461, but began to go by "Daejojeon" shortly afterwards.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=55}}{{Efn|There is a record of a building with the same function as Daejojeon being named in 1461. However, the name no longer appears in later records, and "Daejojeon" appears instead. Thus, Lee et al. argue it is possible Yanguijeon and Daejojeon were two separate halls.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=55}}}} [[Seongjong of Joseon|King Seongjong]] died here in 1495. After being destroyed in 1592 during the Imjin War, it was rebuilt in 1608 and destroyed in 1623 during the Injo coup. It was rebuilt in 1647, using materials from In'gyŏnggung's building Kyŏngsujŏn ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^경수전|hanja=慶壽殿|rr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=55}} It burned down on the 17th day, 10th month of 1833{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=71}} and was repaired by the 9th month of 1834.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=16}} It has an attached hall, Heungbokheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^흥복헌|hanja=興福軒|mr=yes|labels=no}}). That hall was where the final cabinet meeting was held before Korea's 1910 annexation.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=156–157}} This is where the 1917 fire began; the fire completely destroyed Daejojeon and its annex buildings.<ref name=":2" />{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} Gyeongbokgung's building {{ill|Gyotaejeon (Gyeongbokgung)|lt=Gyotaejeon|ko|교태전 (경복궁)}} was recycled to reconstruct Daejojeon{{Sfn|김웅호|2022|pp=137–138}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=21–22}} and its annexes Heungbokheon and Yunggyeongheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^융경헌|hanja=隆慶軒|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=21–22}}{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=183}} It was completed by 1920.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}} Sunjong died here in 1926.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}} Near the hall is a small palace kitchen ({{Korean/auto|hangul=수라@간|hanja=水剌間|mr=yes|labels=no}}) that was constructed during Sunjong's reign. It has modern Western facilities, like a sink and oven.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=160}}
|-
|[[File:Gyeonghungak_2.jpg|200px]]
|Gyeonghungak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^경훈각|hanja=景薰閣|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Heartwarming Scenery Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=162–163}})
It was originally a two-story{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} annex building to the rear of Daejojeon used for leisure.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} Its second floor was called Jinggwangnu ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^징광루|hanja=澄光樓|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=25}} It was destroyed by the 1917 fire.<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=162–164}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} In 1920,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}} Gyeongbokgung's Mangyeongjeon was dismantled and recycled to rebuild the hall as a single-story building.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=162–164}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} During the colonial period, it was significantly used by the former royal family before the 1926 death of Sunjong, with English, Japanese, and piano lessons being held here. It was no longer significantly used by them afterwards.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}} It has a rear garden decorated with flower motifs.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=166–167}}
|}

==== East Palace ====
The East Palace ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^동궁|hanja=東宮|rr=yes|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was used as the residence, study area, and office of the crown prince,{{Sfn|김지영|2022|p=164}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} although when it was not occupied by a crown prince it was used for other purposes.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} Before the Imjin War, it was located outside the confines of Changdeokgung. It was reconstructed after the Imjin War, but after a series of fires, it was reconstructed closer to the rest of the palace, as part of the ''naejo''.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=43–44}} Its facilities became shared by both Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung,{{Sfn|김지영|2022|p=164}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} and its main gates are located to the east, meaning that it was primarily meant to be accessed from Changgyeonggung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} After Gyeongbokgung and that palace's East Palace was reconstructed in the late 19th century, Changdeokgung's East Palace lost its utility.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=44}} Many of the buildings in this area no longer exist.{{Sfn|김지영|2022|p=164}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:Seongjeonggak.jpg|200px]]
|Seongjeonggak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^성정각|hanja=誠正閣|mr=yes|labels=no}})
The hall was used for the education of the king and crown prince.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=179}}{{Sfn|김지영|2022|pp=164–166}} It is named for a phrase from the Chinese text ''[[Great Learning]]'', which encourages that leaders cultivate their own character and education before ruling.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=179}} The earliest attestation to the building is in 1705. By the late Joseon period, it became used as a warehouse for the Naeŭiwŏn. Sunjong temporarily stayed here after the 1917 fire. It has an elevated attached building called Huiuru ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^희우루|hanja=喜雨樓|mr=yes|labels=no}}), which was named in 1777. That building's name has its origins in a story about when King Sukjong wished for rain in 1690.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=191–193}}
|-
|[[File:창덕궁 관물헌 (2012).jpg|200px]]
|Gwanmulheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^관물헌|hanja=觀物軒|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Observing Matters Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=185–186}})
A study hall for the education of the king and crown prince. The building has calligraphy on it ("{{Lang|zh|緝熙}}") that was likely written by a 13-year-old King Gojong in 1864. Sunjong was born here in 1874. It was the stronghold of the [[Gaehwa Party|Enlightment Party]] rebels during the 1884 [[Kapsin Coup]]; the building was then considered relatively defensible.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=194}}
|-
|[[File:Exterior front view of the pavilion Samsamwa with blue sky at Changdeokgung Palace in Seoul.jpg|200px]]
|{{Plainlist|
* Seunghwaru ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^승화루|hanja=承華樓|mr=yes|labels=no}}){{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=189–190}}
* Samsamwa ({{Korean/auto|hangul=삼삼와|hanja=三三窩|labels=no}}){{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=189–190}} (pictured)
* Chilbunseo ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^칠분서|hanja=七分序|mr=yes|labels=no}}){{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=10}}
}}

Buildings related to Junghuidang, the former prown prince's residence. Junghuidang was relocated to an unknown location in 1891, but these buildings have remained.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=37–38}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=196}} Seunghwaru is the crown prince's library.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=189–190}}
|}

=== Secret Garden ===
The rear garden ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^후원|hanja=後苑|rr=yes|labels=no|mr=yes}}), popularly known as the {{Ill|Changdeokgung Secret Garden|lt=Secret Garden|ko|창덕궁 후원}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^비원|hanja=秘院|rr=yes|mr=yes|labels=no}}),{{efn|The name "Secret Garden" stems from the organization that tended it, which was called "Biwon" ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^비원|hanja=秘院|mr=yes|labels=no}}; same pronunciation as the word for "Secret Garden"). The earliest attestation to this name is from 1903. When the palace became a public park during the colonial period, this name grew traction with the public.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=245}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=39}}}} is located to the north and rear of both Changdeokgung and Changgyeong, and access to it is shared by both palaces. It was a private garden used often for leisure, but also for politics, ceremonies, military training drills, and [[Gwageo|civil service and military examinations]].{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=46–47}} Leisure activities included hunting, parties, and practicing martial arts.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=248–249}} Prior to the 20th century, entrance into the garden was prohibited for most people.{{Sfn|김지영|2022|p=172}} A new road was built in the area in 1909.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} It has a number of artificial ponds and pavilions.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=47}} It has over 160 species of trees. More than 70 trees in this area are over 300 years old.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=249}} The garden's highest elevation is in its center, and it slopes to the east and west.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=46}}

==== Buyongjeong area ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:창덕궁 부용정 근경 (2013).jpg|200px]]
|{{Ill|Buyongjeong|ko|창덕궁 부용정}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^부용정|hanja=芙蓉亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Lotus Flower Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=258–259}}<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:창덕궁 부용정 |access-date=2025-04-03 |trans-title=Buyongjeong Pavilion of Changdeokgung Palace |url=https://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do?ccbaCpno=1121117630000&pageNo=1_1_1_0 |website=[[Korea Heritage Service]] |language=ko}}</ref>)
A pavilion on the south side of an artificial pond named Buyongji ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^부용지|hanja=芙蓉池|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=258–259}}<ref>{{Citation |last=김 |first=왕직 |script-title=ko:창덕궁 부용정 (昌德宮芙蓉亭) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0055385 |access-date=2025-03-28 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> The pond was dug in 1707. A building called Taeksujae ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^택수재|hanja=澤水齋|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was constructed next to the pond that year. That building was torn down and replaced in 1792.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=258–259}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=220}} The building was renamed "Buyongjeong" in either 1776{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=258–259}} or in 1792, after the reconstruction.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=220}} King Jeongjo enjoyed fishing here in 1795.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=220}}
|-
|[[File:Changdeokgung Palace, Seoul, constructd in 1405 (45) (27240733578).jpg|200px]]
|Yeonghwadang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^영화당|hanja=暎花堂|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Harmony With Flowers Hall}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=224}})
A pavilion to the east of Juhamnu that was used for leisure.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=274}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=44}} It possibly existed before the Imjin War. It was rebuilt in 1692. It was used for activities like poetry reading and viewing flowers.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=224}}
|-
|[[File:Changdeokgung Palace, Seoul, constructd in 1405 (37) (40403016724).jpg|200px]]
|{{Ill|Juhamnu|ko|주합루}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^주합루|hanja=宙合樓|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Place Open to the Universe}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=269–270}})
A large two-story building on the top of a hill. It was completed on the 26th day, 9th month of 1776.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=33–34}} The name "Juhamnu" originally applied only to the second floor; the first floor was named "Kyujanggak" and contained the royal library.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=217}} In 1781, the library's collection was moved to Imunwon.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=208}} During the reign of Sunjong, the building was used as a reception hall for Japanese dignitaries. For example, Sunjong hosted [[Itō Hirobumi]] here in 1908.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=217}}
|-
|[[File:Sajeonggibigak.jpg|200px]]
|Sajeonggibigak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^사정기비각|hanja=四井記碑閣|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Four Wells Record Stele Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=10}})
A pavilion surrounding a stone stele. It is also called Sulseonggak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^술성각|hanja=述盛閣|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=221}} It memorializes an event that happened in this area. [[Sejo of Joseon|King Sejo]] commanded four of his nephews to find wells in the area. To Sejo's delight, they located four. Over time and amidst wars, two of the wells were destroyed. In 1690, King Sukjong repaired the remaining two wells and had the stele and pavilion to commemorate the remaining wells.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=221}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=10}}
|-
|[[File:Seohyanggak.png|200px]]
|Seohyanggak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^서향각|hanja=書香閣|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Book Fragrance Building}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=219}})
Building used for various purposes over time. It was used to air out books for Kyujanggak, to paint and store royal portraits, and to raise [[Bombyx mori|silkworms]].{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=284–285}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=217}} It was built in 1776.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=217}}
|-
|[[File:Huiujeong.png|200px]]
|Huiujeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^희우정|hanja=喜雨亭|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A small one-room pavilion. It was first built in 1645{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=44}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=219}} or 1646{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=34}} as a thatched roof building named Chwihyangjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^취향정|hanja=醉香亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}<ref>{{Citation |last=정 |first=재훈 |script-title=ko:창덕궁 후원 (昌德宮後苑) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0025210 |access-date=2025-03-29 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref>). It received its current name in 1690, after King Sukjong wished for rain after a drought at this location and the rain came.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=44}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=219}}
|-
|[[File:Cheonseokjeong.png|200px]]
|Cheonseokjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^천석정|hanja=千石亭|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A small building to the northeast of Juhamnu.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=220}} It is also called Jewolgwangpunggwan ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^제월광풍관|hanja=霽月光風觀|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Enjoying the Moonlight and Wind on a Rainy Day}}).{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=44}}
|}

==== Yeongyeongdang area ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:창덕궁 연경당 안채 전경.jpg|200px]]
|{{Ill|Yeongyeongdang|ko|연경당}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^연경당|hanja=演慶堂|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Extending Congratulations Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=313}})
A residence used for ceremonies and events. It was built in 1828.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=313}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=231}} It consists of an ''[[anchae]]'', ''[[sarangchae]]'', and kitchen building ({{Korean/auto|hangul=반빗간|rr=yes|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=231}} It does not have ''[[dancheong]]'' (traditional elaborate paintwork), and more closely resembles a nobleman's residence. This was intentional; while residing here, [[Sunjo of Joseon|King Sunjo]] dressed like a regular nobleman and lived more simply. King Gojong sought refuge here during the 1884 Kapsin Coup, and Emperor Sunjong temporarily resided here after the 1917 fire.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=316–318}}
|-
|[[File:Seonhyangjae.jpg|200px]]
|Seonhyangjae ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^선향재|hanja=善香齋|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Good Fragrance [From Books] Hall}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=232}})
A study building used to receive guests.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=330–331}} The angle of the awning is adjustable to let in more or less sunlight.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=232}}
|-
|[[File:창덕궁 연경당 후원 농수정.jpg|200px]]
|Nongsujeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^농수정|hanja=濃繡亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Embroidered with Colors Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=330–331}})
A small pavilion.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=332}}
|}

==== Ongnyucheon area ====
The stream {{Ill|Ongnyucheon|ko|옥류천}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=옥류천|hanja=玉流川|labels=no|lit=Jade Stream}}) flows through the north side of the Secret Garden.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=240}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=365}} It was created in 1636.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=240}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=32}} This area was closed for access beginning in 1979, in order to protect the ecology of the area. It was reopened to the public on May 1, 2004 on a reservation only basis.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=365}} The pavilions Soyojeong, Taegeukjeong, and Cheonguijeong are collectively called the "Three Pavilions of the Royal Grove" ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^상림삼정|hanja=上林三亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}) and have been described as scenic.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=374}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=240}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:Soyojeong.jpg|200px]]
|Soyojeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^소요정|hanja=逍遙亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Living Without Worldly Cares Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=369}})
A small pavilion used for leisure. It was completed in 1636 and was originally called Tanseojeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^탄서정|hanja=歎逝亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=240}} A large rock in front of the pavilion has calligraphy by [[Injo of Joseon|King Injo]] (written in 1636{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=34}}) and a poem by [[Sukjong of Joseon|King Sukjong]].{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=369–370}} The pavilion was especially loved by a many kings; several wrote poems about it.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=240}} Injo and his subjects held wine drinking parties here, where cups of wine would be floated down the nearby stream.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=369–370}}
|-
|[[File:Cheonguijeong.jpg|200px]]
|Cheonguijeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^청의정|hanja=淸漪亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Clear Ripples Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=242}})
The only extant thatched-roof building in the palace. It was completed in 1636. In accordance with Taoist ideals of heaven being round and the earth square, its roof is round and floor square.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=242}} In recent years, the agricultural ritual ''[[Ch'in'gyŏngnye]]'' ({{Korean/auto|hangul=친경례|hanja=親耕禮|labels=no}}) has been reenacted here. The ritual involves the king participating in agriculture and a banquet in order to appease the agricultural deity [[Hou Ji]].{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=378–380}}
|-
|[[File:Changdeokgung Palace, Seoul, constructd in 1405 (68) (39306330100).jpg|200px]]
|Taegeukjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^태극정|hanja=太極亭|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A small pavilion. It is named for the symbol ''[[taegeuk]]'', which is also engraved in a nearby cistern.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=374–375}} It was completed in 1636 and originally called Unyeongjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^운영정|hanja=雲影亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=241–242}}
|-
|[[File:Chwigyujeong.jpg|200px]]
|Chwigyujeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^취규정|hanja=聚奎亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Stars Gather in [[Kui Xing]] Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=243–244}})
A pavilion that was completed in either 1640{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=32}} or 1647.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=243–244}} It was repaired in 1688.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=243–244}}
|-
|[[File:Chwihanjeong.jpg|200px]]
|Chwihanjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^취한정|hanja=翠寒亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Blue Cold Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=367–368}})
A pavilion. Its name comes from the phrase "{{Lang-zh|t=蒼翠凌寒|labels=no}}", meaning "blue pines despise the cold of winter".{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=367–368}} It was built before 1720.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=243}}
|-
|[[File:Nongsanjeong.png|200px]]
|Nongsanjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^농산정|hanja=籠山亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Mountainside Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=60}})
A pavilion. It was used for a variety of purposes over time.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=243}} It was built in 1636.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=243}} It has a kitchen that was used to prepare food and drink for the king during his visits.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=381–382}}
|}

==== Aeryeonjeong area ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:Aeryeonjeong Pavilion.jpg|200px]]
|Aeryeonjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^애련정|hanja=愛蓮亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Love for Lotuses Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=295}})
A small pavilion to the north of the pond Aeryeonji ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^애련지|hanja=愛蓮池|mr=yes|labels=no}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=김 |first=문석 |date=2009-10-16 |script-title=ko:[포토뉴스]창덕궁의 가을 |url=https://www.khan.co.kr/article/200910161802445 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |language=ko}}</ref>). It and its pond were first built in 1692.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=34}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=227}} There is a record of a pavilion of this name being constructed on an islet in the pond; it was rebuilt at its current location at some point.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=295–296}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=227}}
|-
|[[File:Gioheon.jpg|200px]]
|Gioheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^기오헌|hanja=寄傲軒|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A study hall for Uiduhap.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=226}}
|-
|[[File:Uiduhap.jpg|200px]]
|Uiduhap ({{Korean/auto|hangul=의두합|hanja=倚斗閤|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Relying on the [[Big Dipper]] Gate}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=303}})
A small hall used as a study room.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=303}} It is attested to in 1827. It is likely erroneously labeled as "Yeoganjae" ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^역안재|hanja=易安齋|mr=yes|labels=no}}) in the 18th-century map ''Donggwoldo''.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=225}}
|-
|[[File:Ungyeonggeo.jpg|200px]]
|Ungyeonggeo ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^운경거|hanja=韻磬居|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A storage building and annex to Uiduhap.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=226}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=307}} It has two rooms.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=226}}
|}

==== Gwallamjeong area ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:Changdeokgung_Palace_Secret_Garden_12_-_Pavilion_and_Frozen_Pond_3.jpg|200px]]
|Gwallamjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^관람정|hanja=觀纜亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Watching Sailing Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=237}})
A small pavilion uniquely shaped like a [[Hand fan|fan]]. It was also known as Seonjajeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^선자정|hanja=扇子亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}). It has a unique name plaque shaped like a [[banana leaf]]. It is located next to the pond Bandoji ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^반도지|hanja=半島池|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Peninsula Pond}}); that pond is said to resemble the shape of the Korean peninsula.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=351–352}} The building was possibly built during the reigns of Gojong or Sunjong.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=238}}
|-
|[[File:Pyeomusa.jpg|200px]]
|Pyeomusa ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^폄우사|hanja=砭愚榭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Vigilance Against Folly Pavilion}})
A small pavilion near Jondeokjeong. [[Crown Prince Hyomyeong]] read books here. Joseon noblemen used to practice walking gracefully here.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=348}} The building's name literally means "pelt naive person with stones"; this is a metaphor for being cautious.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=239}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=348}}
|-
|[[File:Seungjaejeong.jpg|200px]]
|Seungjaejeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^승재정|hanja=勝在亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Outstanding Scenery Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=358}})
A small pavilion.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=358}} It was possibly built around the same time as Gwallamjeong (around the reigns of Gojong or Sunjong).{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=238}}
|-
|[[File:Changdeokgung Palace, Seoul, constructd in 1405 (67) (41114945701).jpg|200px]]
|Jondeokjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^존덕정|hanja=尊德亭|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A hexagonal pavilion that is elaborately painted.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=342–343}} It was built in 1644{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=32}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=342–343}} and originally named Yukmyeonjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=육면정|hanja=六面亭|labels=no|lit=Six-sided Pavilion}}). It has a two-tiered roof.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=342–343}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=237}} Inside is calligraphy by King Jeongjo.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=237}} It is near the pond Banwolji ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^반월@지|hanja=半月池|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Half Moon Pond}}).{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=345}}
|}

==== Other structures ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:Gajeongdang.jpg|200px]]
|Gajeongdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^가정당|hanja=嘉靖堂|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Beautiful Comfortable Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=167}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=28}})
It was moved from Deoksugung{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=28}} to this location some time between 1911 and 1921.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}}
|-
|[[File:Neungheojeong.png|200px]]
|Neungheojeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^능허정|hanja=凌虛亭|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A small pavilion.<ref name=":5" /> It was first built in 1691. A number of kings have written poems about this pavilion.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=244}} It is not accessible to the general public; visitors must be guided to the pavilion on an organized tour.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Yi |first=Hwang-woo |date=2022-01-30 |script-title=ko:[더오래]정조가 해질녁 눈 내리는 광경을 시로 읊던 능허정 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25044727 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=[[JoongAng Ilbo]] |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Cheongsimjeong.jpg|200px]]
|Cheongsimjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^청심정|hanja=淸心亭|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A small pavilion first built in 1688.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=390}}<ref name=":6">{{Citation |last=정 |first=재훈 |script-title=ko:창덕궁 후원 (昌德宮後苑) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0025210 |access-date=2025-04-07 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref>
|}

=== Nakseonjae area ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:창덕궁 낙선재 전경.jpg|200px]]
|{{Ill|Nakseonjae|ko|낙선재}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^낙선재|hanja=樂善齋|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A hall used for various purposes over time. It has a relatively austere design, reflecting the [[Taoism|Taoist]] frugality valued by [[Heonjong of Joseon|King Heonjong]].{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=198–202}} It was built in 1847,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=17}} on the former site of the building Nakseondang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^낙선당|hanja=樂善堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=17}} Sunjong temporarily resided here after the 1917 fire.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=63}} Aoon afterwards, its interior was remodeled to be in a Japanese style.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=199}} [[Yi Bangja|Princess Euimin]] resided here from 1963 return to Korea until her death in 1989. [[Yi Un]] died here on May 1, 1970.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=237}} Its interior was reverted to its pre-colonial state in 1997.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=200}}
|-
|[[File:창덕궁 낙선재 석복헌 전경.jpg|200px]]
|Seokbokheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^석복헌|hanja=錫福軒|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Bestowing Blessings Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=211}})
A residence for palace women.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=211}} It was built in 1848.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}} After Emperor Sunjong's death, [[Empress Sunjeonghyo]] continued to reside in this complex. She vacated it in 1950, during the Korean War, and only returned to it in 1960. She died in this hall in February 1966.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=235–237}}
|-
|[[File:창덕궁 낙선재 수강재 전경.jpg|200px]]
|Sugangjae ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^수강재|hanja=壽康齋|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Longevity Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=217}})
Originally built as a study for the king.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=36}} Used as a residence for royal women.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=217}} It was built in 1785.{{Sfn|김지영|2022|p=171}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=17}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=35}} It named for and located on the former site of Suganggung (which developed into Changgyeonggung).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=36}} It was renovated in 1847.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=17}} It was the residence of [[Queen Sunwon]].{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=217}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=17}} [[Princess Deokhye]] resided here from her 1962 return to Korea until her 1989 death.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=237}}
|-
|[[File:창덕궁 낙선재 후원 상량정.jpg|200px]]
|Sangnyangjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^상량정|hanja=上凉亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Rising to a Cool Place Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=34}})
A hexagonal pavilion with an intricately painted ceiling decorated with auspicious symbols.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=229}} It was originally named Pyeongwollu ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^평원루|hanja=平遠樓|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Peace With Far Lands Building}}).{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=34}}
|-
|[[File:Hanjeongdang 2.png|200px]]
|Hanjeongdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^한정당|hanja=閒靜堂|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Quiet and Peaceful Hall}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=35}})
An annex to Seokbokheon.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=232}} It was built some time after 1917.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=35}} It has glass windows.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=232}}
|-
|[[File:Chwiunjeong.png|200px]]
|Chwiunjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^취운정|hanja=翠雲亭|mr=yes|labels=no}})
Built in 1686{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=35}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=233}} or 1640,{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=44}} it is the oldest extant building in the Nakseonjae complex.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=35}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=233}} It has ''[[ondol]]'' heated floors.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=233}}
|}

=== Old Seonwonjeon area ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:창덕궁 선원전 (2013).jpg|200px]]
|Seonwonjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^선원전|hanja=璿源殿|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A royal ritual portrait hall used for ancestor worship. Portraits of past kings were enshrined here.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=67–68}} It is also called Jinjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=진전|hanja=眞殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=84}} A hall with the same name and function used to exist in Gyeongbokgung, but was destroyed along with that palace in 1592, during the Imjin War.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=45}} Changdeokgung's Seonwonjeon was built in 1695{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=45}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=203}} and dedicated to the Chinese [[Wanli Emperor]], in thanks for China's support during the Imjin War.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=389}} It was renovated in 1725.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=46}} The spirit tablets of the first and last Chinese [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] emperors were enshrined here in 1749.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=389}} It was expanded in 1754,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=34}} 1778, 1846, 1851,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=46}} and 1900.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=20}} It was vacated during the early colonial period, and the new Seonwonjeon was completed in 1921. The portraits were moved there.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=389}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}}
|-
|[[File:Uipunggak.png|200px]]
|Uipunggak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=의풍각|hanja=儀豊閣|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A warehouse building. It was constructed during the colonial period to store the possessions of the royal household.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=63}} The area it now occupies was formerly used for facilities for queen dowagers.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=64}}
|-
|[[File:Yangjidang.jpg|200px]]
|Yangjidang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^양지당|hanja=養志堂|mr=yes|labels=no}})
Where the king would stay before rituals at Seonwonjeon.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=68}} It was demolished some time between 1911 and 1921.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}}
|-
|[[File:Yeonguisa.jpg|200px]]
|Yeonguisa ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^영의사|hanja=永依舍|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A building possibly used for the storage of funerary materials.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=207}} It was demolished some time between 1911 and 1921.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}}
|}

=== New Seonwonjeon area ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:창덕궁 신선원전 (2013).jpg|200px]]
|New Seonwonjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^신선원전|hanja=新璿源殿|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A royal portrait hall completed in 1921. It took over the function of the previous Seonwonjeon.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=389–391}} It is located far north and separate from the rest of the palace. Lee et al. have argued the hall was moved further away from the rest of the palace in order to deemphasize the former royal family's ritual connection to their royal ancestors.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}} Previously, the building Daebodan occupied this site,{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=389–391}} but was demolished some time between 1911 and 1921.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}} The New Seonwonjeon is the last portrait hall to be constructed in Korea.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=389–391}} Most of the portraits stored here were destroyed in the [[1954 Busan Yongdusan fires]].{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=215}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |author=김석 |date=24 June 2020 |script-title=ko:화마에 쓸려간 '왕의 얼굴'…전쟁이 남긴 상처 |url=https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/pc/view/view.do?ncd=4477951 |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=[[KBS News]] |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|
|Uirojeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=의로전|hanja=懿老殿|mr=yes|labels=no}})
An annex building to the New Seonwonjeon. It is believed that this building is actually Uihyojeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=의효전|hanja=懿孝殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}), a building that was moved from Gyeongbokgung to Gyeongungung in 1904, then to Changdeokgung in 1921. It was then used to hold spirit tablets.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=216}}
|-
|
|Jaesil ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^재실|hanja=齋室|mr=yes|labels=no}})
An office building and annex to the New Seonwonjeon.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=391}}
|}

=== Other ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Image
!Structure
|-
|[[File:Bincheong_Changdeokgung.jpg|200px]]
|Bigungdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=비궁당|hanja=匪躬堂|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A guesthouse and hall for meetings. Also called Bincheong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^빈청|hanja=賓廳|mr=yes|labels=no}}){{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=172}} or Eochago ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^어차고|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=127–128}} It has eight rooms.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=172}} In 1910,<ref name="KBS cafe" /> it began to be used as a garage.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=172}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=127–128}} Several of Sunjong and his wife's vehicles were stored in the building after the liberation. The building and cars were opened to public display in 2001;<ref>{{Cite web |last=김 |first=수현 |date=2001-11-27 |script-title=ko:복원된 '순종 어차', 일반 공개 |url=https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N0311163093 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=[[Seoul Broadcasting System]] |language=ko}}</ref> the cars were moved to the [[National Palace Museum of Korea|National Palace Museum]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2007-10-28 |script-title=ko:현대차, 순종황제ᆞ황후 어차 복원 및 이전 금액 14억 원 전액 후원|url=https://www.newswire.co.kr/newsRead.php?no=292761 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website= |publisher=[[Hyundai Motor Company]] |language=ko |via=www.newswire.co.kr}}</ref> In 2010,<ref name="KBS cafe">{{Cite news |url=https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/pc/view/view.do?ncd=2109968 |script-title=ko:창덕궁 문화재에 카페가 들어서 |language=ko |date=2010-06-10 |newspaper=[[Korean Broadcasting System]] |access-date=2025-04-10 |last=박 |first=대기}}</ref><ref name="News1 cafe">{{Cite news |url=https://www.news1.kr/life-culture/cultural-policy/2428072 |script-title=ko:카페로 쓰는 창덕궁 빈청…"문화재청, 복원약속 안 지켜" |language=ko |first=박 |last=창욱 |date=2015-09-17 |access-date=2025-04-10 |newspaper=[[News1 (South Korean company)|News1]]}}</ref> the building began operating as a cafe called Donggwolmaru ({{Korean/auto|hangul=동궐마루|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=127–128}} The use of the building as a cafe has been criticized by several politicians and journalists.<ref name="News1 cafe" /> The Changdeokgung Palace Management Office responded that the building had been replaced during the colonial period and was not an original, and was thus not disrespecting the legacy of the palace.<ref name="KBS cafe" />
|-
|
|Mongdapjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^몽답정|hanja=夢踏亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Dream Walking Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=397}})
A pavilion. Named for a dream King Sukjong had about the pavilion.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=397}}
|-
|
|Gwaegungjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^괘궁정|hanja=挂弓亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Firing an Arrow Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=393}})
A pavilion used for practicing [[archery]].{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=393}}
|}

==== Geumcheon and Geumcheongyo ====
Geumcheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=금천|hanja=錦川|labels=no|lit=silky water}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=40–41}}) is the ''{{ill|Kŭmch'ŏn (streams)|ko|금천 (하천)|lt=kŭmch'ŏn}}'' ({{Korean/auto|hangul=금천|hanja=禁川|labels=no}}; different Hanja but same Hangul spelling) that previously flowed through the palace. Water no longer flows through the stream.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=40–41}}
[[File:창덕궁 금천교 전경.jpg|thumb|Geumcheongyo (2012)]]
The {{Ill|Changdeokgung Geumcheongyo|lt=Changdeokgung Geumcheongyo|ko|창덕궁 금천교}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^창덕궁 금천교|hanja=昌德宮錦川橋|mr=yes|labels=no}}) is a ''kŭmch'ŏn'gyo'' (bridge over a ''kŭmch'ŏn'') that crosses over Geumcheon. It was completed on the 18th day, 3rd month of 1411{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=27}} and is the oldest extant ''kŭmch'ŏn'gyŏ'' of all Joseon palaces.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=40–41}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=9}}<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:창덕궁 금천교 (昌德宮錦川橋) |url=https://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do;jsessionid=Eq0481fwg0wawPkOEz01Jw8bL8gA25HvnqHAdKl0CUyAeTiUv9xAQv3peHL0PqIa.cpawas_servlet_engine1?pageNo=1_1_2_0&ccbaCpno=1121117620000 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=[[Korea Heritage Service]] |language=ko}}</ref> It has two arches. It has a number of stone statues of mythological creatures. On its northern [[baluster]] is a statue of the [[Black Turtle-Snake]], mythological guardian of the north. The statue on the south baluster is the [[Bai Ze]], guardian of the south. On each of the bridge's four [[newel]]s is a statue of a ''[[Xiezhi]]''. The bridge also has engravings of a ''[[dokkaebi]]'' (Korean goblin) called ''[[Nati (goblin)|nati]]'' on both sides.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=40–42}}

== Former landmarks ==

=== ''Naejo'' ===

==== ''Naejŏn'' ====
Jinggwangnu ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^징광루|hanja=澄光樓|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a two-story pavilion to the northeast of Daejojeon. It was built in 1647 using materials from In'gyŏnggung. It had blue roof tiles. It was destroyed in the 1917 fire. Gyeonghungak was rebuilt in Jinggwangnu's former location in 1920.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=76}}

Yeonghwidang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^영휘당|hanja=永輝堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building to the west of Gyeonghungak. It was closely linked with another building Okhwadang. It was destroyed by fire in 1833 and restored. It was destroyed in the 1917 fire and never rebuilt.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=186}}

Yeonyangnu ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^연양루|hanja=延陽樓|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a small pavilion to the southeast of Yeonghwidang. It burned down in 1833, was restored, then was again burned down in 1917 and never rebuilt.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=186}}

Okhwadang ({{korean/auto|hangul=옥화당|hanja=玉華堂|labels=no}}) was a building to the west of Yeonghwidang. It was named in 1461. It was destroyed by fire in 1833 and restored. It was destroyed in the 1917 fire and never rebuilt.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=186}}

Bogyeongdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^보경당|hanja=寶慶堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was the living quarters of [[Royal Noble Consort Sukbin Choe]]. It was the birthplace of [[Sukjong of Joseon|King Sukjong]].{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=127–128}} It was named in 1461.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=28}}{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=178}} After being destroyed in 1592 during the Imjin War, it was rebuilt in 1647.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=31}}

Sodeokdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^소덕당|hanja=昭德堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a northern annex to Seonjeongjeon. It received the name "Sodeokdang" in 1461. It is attested to in 1565 but is not depicted in the 19th-century map ''Donggwoldo''.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=179}}

Taehwadang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^태화당|hanja=泰和堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building to the north of Seonjeongjeon. It is not known when it was built; it is attested to in 1647.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=178}}

Jaedeokdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^재덕당|hanja=才德堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building to the north of Seonjeongjeon and to the east of Taehwadang.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=178}}

==== East Palace ====
[[File:Junghuidang_(Donggwoldo).jpeg|thumb|261x261px|Junghuidang (center), as depicted in ''Donggwoldo'' ({{Circa|1826|1830}})]]
{{Ill|Junghuidang|ko|중희당}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^중희당|hanja=重熙堂|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Continuously Shining Hall}}{{Sfn|김지영|2022|p=167}}) was the East Palace's main hall and the residence of the crown prince. It was originally built in 1782, likely for [[Crown Prince Munhyo]].{{Sfn|김지영|2022|pp=164–166}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=189–190}} It was meant to replace older facilities in the East Palace that had previously burned down.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=35}} After Munhyo's premature death, it was used as a council hall.{{Sfn|김지영|2022|pp=167–169}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=189–190}} It was relocated to an unknown location in 1891; its former location has remained empty ever since.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=37–38}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=196}} A number of its former buildings still stand, including the crown prince's library Seunghwaru ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^승화루|hanja=承華樓|mr=yes|labels=no}}), the gazebo Samsamwa ({{Korean/auto|hangul=삼삼와|hanja=三三窩|labels=no}}),{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=189–190}} and the building Chilbunseo ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^칠분서|hanja=七分序|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=10}}

=== Old East Palace ===
Simindang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=시민당|hanja=時敏堂|labels=no}}), Jeoseungjeon, and Nakseondang (later replaced by Nakseonjae) were together considered the East Palace. Simindang was destroyed by fire in 1780. Rather than rebuild Simindang and the rest of the East Palace, Junghuidang was built in what became the current East Palace area inside the ''naejŏ''.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=63}}

=== Old Seonwonjeon area ===
Mansujeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^만수전|hanja=萬壽殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building behind Injeongjeon. It was completed on the 2nd day, 4th month of 1657.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=65}} It had an annex building Chunhwijeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^춘휘전|hanja=春暉殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}) that was completed that same year.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=67}} Mansujeon burned down on the 2nd day, 9th month of 1687. In its place was later built Gyeongbokjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^경복전|hanja=景福殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=32}} Chunhwijeon was then converted to a portrait hall. In 1695, it was renamed "Seonwonjeon" and became a part of the Seonwonjeon complex.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=67}} Queen Jeongsun died here in 1805.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=16}} Gyeongbokjeon burned down on the 24th day, 8th month of 1824.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=36}}

Yeongmodang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^영모당|hanja=永慕堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a hall. It was a residence of Queen Jeongsun.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=63–64}}

=== New Seonwonjeon area ===
Daebodan ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^대보단|hanja=大報壇|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building constructed to hold rituals honoring the Chinese [[List of emperors of the Ming dynasty|Ming Emperor]], in thanks for their assistance during the Imjin War.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=32}}{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=160}} It was first built in 1704 and was significantly renovated in 1749.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=160}} The building was demolished to make way for the New Seonwonjeon some time between 1911 and 1921.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=389–391}}

=== Other buildings ===
Sujeongjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^수정전|hanja=壽靜殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}). It was originally called Sujeongdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^수정당|hanja=壽靜堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) and received its final name in 1794.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=32}} Repairs were completed on the 8th day, 12th month of 1794. In 1796, the crown prince began to reside here. [[Queen Jeongsun]] and Queen Hyoui resided here. A fire broke out here on the 13th day, 12th month of 1813, but the main building was mostly undamaged. Hyoui died here in the 3rd month of 1821.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=16–17}} It was repaired in the 3rd month of 1881 and renamed to Hamnyeongjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^함녕전|hanja=咸寧殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}; different from the {{Ill|Hamnyeongjeon (Deoksugung)|lt=building of the same name|ko|덕수궁 함녕전}} in Deoksugung). It was destroyed by fire only months later, on the 7th day, 11th month of 1881.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=20}} It was nearly finished being rebuilt when its progress was interrupted by the 1895 assassination of Empress Myeongseong.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=37}} Hamnyeongjeon was then relocated to Gyeongbokgung, where it became the building [[Jibokjae]].{{Sfn|신혜원|2007b|p=130}}

Jibokjae and Hyeopgildang. They were originally built as annex buildings to Sujeongjeon in 1881.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=18}} They were spared by the Hamnyeongjeon fire that year. In 1891, they were disassembled and moved to Gyeongbokgung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=20}}Jipsangjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^집상전|hanja=集祥殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a residence hall. It was built in either 1647{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=187}} or 1667,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=68}} originally for [[Queen Inseon]].{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=68}}

Cheonhangak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^천한각|hanja=天翰閣|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building. It was previously named Gyeongsojae ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^경소재|hanja=敬所齋|mr=yes|labels=no}}) but was renamed in 1694. It was possibly located to the north of Jipsangjeon.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=186}}

Maewoljeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^매월@정|hanja=梅月亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a pavilion to the north of Jipsangjeon. It was demolished when Jipsangjeon was constructed.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=187}}

Yeonhwadang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^연화당|hanja=讌和堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building to the east of Seonjeongjeon. It is attested to existing in 1647 and 1784.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=179}}

Jangchunheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^장춘헌|hanja=長春軒|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building. It is presumed the building was used as a living quarters for concubines. [[Queen Danui]] died here in 1718. The building was gone by the 1790–1834 reign of King Sunjo.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=179}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
==== In Korean ====

* {{Cite book |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?nttId=1539&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1021&pageIndex=6&pageUnit=10&searchCnd=tc&searchWrd=%ea%b2%bd%eb%b3%b5%ea%b6%81&ctgryLrcls=&ctgryMdcls=&ctgrySmcls=&ntcStartDt=&ntcEndDt=&searchUseYn=Y&mn=NS_03_08_01 |date=August 2007 |publisher=[[Cultural Heritage Administration]] |language=ko |script-title=ko:경복궁 변천사 (上) |ref={{SfnRef|Cultural Heritage Administration|2007}}}}
** {{harvc|author=이강근|year=2007|c=창건이후의 변천과정 고찰|in=Cultural Heritage Administration}}
** {{harvc|author=이규철|year=2007|c=고종 중건과 대한제국 말기까지의 변화 고찰|in=Cultural Heritage Administration}}
** {{harvc|author=신혜원|year=2007|c=일제시대의 변화 고찰|in=Cultural Heritage Administration|anchor-year=2007a}}
** {{harvc|author=신혜원|year=2007|c=1945년 이후의 경복궁|in=Cultural Heritage Administration|anchor-year=2007b}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?nttId=14457&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1021&pageIndex=26&pageUnit=10&searchCnd=tc&searchWrd=%ea%b6%81&ctgryLrcls=&ctgryMdcls=&ctgrySmcls=&ntcStartDt=&ntcEndDt=&searchUseYn=Y&mn=NS_03_08_01 |date=2009-12-07 |publisher=[[Korea Heritage Service]] |isbn=978-89-6325-247-6 |language=ko |script-title=ko:조선시대 궁궐 용어해설 |trans-title=Glossary of Joseon-era Palaces |ref={{SfnRef|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009}}}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?nttId=21290&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1021&pageIndex=4&pageUnit=10&searchCnd=tc&searchWrd=%ec%b0%bd%eb%8d%95%ea%b6%81&ctgryLrcls=&ctgryMdcls=&ctgrySmcls=&ntcStartDt=&ntcEndDt=&searchUseYn=Y&mn=NS_03_08_01 |title= |date=2007-12-04 |publisher=[[Cultural Heritage Administration]] Changdeokgung Palace Management Office |isbn= |language=ko |script-title=ko:창덕궁 해설문 |ref={{SfnRef|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007}}}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://history.seoul.go.kr/archive/ebook/view.do?bookguid=CC822E1F-5A3E-4011-A96A-245F90EE1425&codeId=&key=&pageIndex=1&orderBy=registDe+desc&sw=%EA%B6%81%EA%B6%90&arrSc=&period=&sc_wDateS=2025.01.25&sc_wDateE=2025.02.01&sw=&separator=and&sw=&separator=and |date=2022-11-14 |publisher=[[Seoul Historiography Institute]] |isbn=979-11-6071-148-6 |editor1=박명호 |location=Seoul |language=ko |script-title=ko:서울 역사 답사기 6: 종묘사직, 궁궐, 성균관 |ref={{SfnRef|Seoul Historiography Institute|2022}} |editor2=김현정 |editor3=최동녕}}
** {{harvc|author=김지영|year=2022|c=걷다보면 마주치는 선정의 흔적들|in=Seoul Historiography Institute}}
** {{harvc|author=김웅호|year=2022|c=조선왕조를 대표하는 공간|in=Seoul Historiography Institute}}
* {{Cite book |author1=이강근 |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?nttId=21660&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1021&pageIndex=3&pageUnit=10&searchCnd=tc&searchWrd=%ec%b0%bd%eb%8d%95%ea%b6%81&ctgryLrcls=&ctgryMdcls=&ctgrySmcls=&ntcStartDt=&ntcEndDt=&searchUseYn=Y&mn=NS_03_08_01 |author2=이혜원 |author3=이경미 |author4=안병찬 |date=August 2011 |publisher=[[National Palace Museum of Korea]] |script-title=ko:조선왕실의 건축, 창덕궁 학술연구 |via=[[Korea Heritage Service]] |language=ko}}

==== In English ====

* {{Cite book |last=Yi |first=Hyang-woo |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Koran_Royal_Palace_Changdeokgung/GwN7BgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Korean Royal Palace: Changdeokgung |date=2015-01-30 |publisher=인문산책 |isbn=978-89-98259-06-8 |editor-last=Na |editor-first=Gak-sun |language=en |translator-last=Won |translator-first=Hyeon-suk |editor-last2=Mark |editor-first2=Patton |translator-last2=Yi |translator-first2=Choonsun}}

== Additional reading ==

* {{Cite book |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?nttId=20693&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1021&pageIndex=5&pageUnit=10&searchCnd=tc&searchWrd=%ec%b0%bd%eb%8d%95%ea%b6%81&ctgryLrcls=&ctgryMdcls=&ctgrySmcls=&ntcStartDt=&ntcEndDt=&searchUseYn=Y&mn=NS_03_08_01 |title= |date=2005-11-20 |publisher=[[Cultural Heritage Administration]] Changdeokgung Palace Management Office |isbn=9788981245290 |language=ko |script-title=ko:창덕궁 육백년 |ref={{SfnRef|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2005}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Pil-Gu |last2=Jeon |first2=Bong-Hee |date=December 2013 |script-title=ko:고종 장례 기간 신선원전의 조성과 덕수궁·창덕궁 궁역의 변화 |trans-title=Construction of Sin-Seonwonjeon Shrine and Transformation of Deoksoogung and Changdeokgung Palaces' Area During King Kojong's Funeral |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE02328869 |journal=Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea – Planning & Design |language=ko |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=197–208 |issn=1226-9093 |via=[[DBpia]]}}

==External links==
{{Portal|South Korea|History|Architecture
}}

* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|https://royal.cha.go.kr/ENG/contents/E102010000.do}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=816 UNESCO: Changdeokgung Palace Complex]

{{Five Grand Palaces (Joseon)}}
{{Joseon}}
{{World Heritage Sites in South Korea}}
{{Chinese garden styles}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Palaces in Seoul]]
[[Category:Gardens in South Korea]]
[[Category:Jongno District]]
[[Category:Downtown Seoul]]
[[Category:Royal residences in South Korea]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Seoul]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in South Korea]]
[[Category:Changdeokgung| ]]
[[Category:Korean gardens]]
[[Category:Palaces of Joseon]]

Taepyeongmu

2024-10-28T06:22:39Z

172.56.232.45: should use ASCII apostrophe

{{Short description|Korean traditional peace dance}}
{{Italic title}}{{Infobox Korean name
|img=Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-01.jpg
|caption=
|hangul=태평무
|hanja=太平舞
|rr=Taepyeongmu
|mr=T'aep'yŏngmu
|}}
'''Taepyeongmu''' ({{Korean|hangul=태평무|lit=great peace dance}}) is a [[Korean dance]] with the function of wishing a great peace for the country. Its exact origin is unknown, but certain style of the present was composed by [[Hahn Seongjun]] ({{Korean|hangul=한성준|hanja=韓成俊}}; 1874–1941), an outstanding master of Korean dance in the beginning of last century. There are three assumptions regarding the origin of ''Taepyeongmu''. One is a court dance occasionally performed by kings during the [[Joseon dynasty]]. Therefore, the costumes used by the dancers are similar to the ''[[hanbok|gwanbok]]'' (hangul: 관복; literally "official clothing") formerly worn by Korea's kings and queens.<ref name="NCKTR">{{cite web |title=Reflecting Korean dance:Taepyeongmu |url=http://210.95.200.103/sosik/namwon/2003_fall/18-7.htm |publisher=[[The National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts]] |author=Kim Eunhee |accessdate=2007-12-04 |language=Korean |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20080609205735/http://210.95.200.103/sosik/namwon/2003_fall/18-7.htm |archivedate=2008-06-09 }}</ref>

''Taepyeongmu'' reflects the aesthetic principle of inner dynamics in the stillness, which is the essence of Korean traditional dance. [https://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/arts/A_KOR15.html]

''Taepyeongmu'' is designated as one of the [[Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea|Important Intangible Cultural Properties]] of [[South Korea]]. Famous practitioners have included [[Han Young-suk]], designated a [[Living National Treasure (South Korea)|Living National Treasure]] for her performances.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view/b24h2984a | script-title=ko:한영숙 | trans-title=Han Young-suk | language=Korean | access-date=24 July 2017 | publisher=DAUM}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-02.jpg
File:Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-03.jpg
File:Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-04.jpg
File:Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-05.jpg
File:Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-06.jpg
File:Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-07.jpg
File:Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-08.jpg
File:Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-09.jpg
File:Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-10.jpg
File:Seattle - Korean Cultural Celebration 2007 dancers 01.jpg
File:KTPAF Korea 31logo (8046369990).jpg
File:KTPAF Korea 33logo (8046369600).jpg
File:KTPAF Korea 30logo (8046370172).jpg
</gallery>
==See also==
{{Commons category|Taepyeongmu}}
*[[Korean dance]]
*[[Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea]]
*[[Korean shamanism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{in lang|ko}}[http://www.taepyungmu.net/ Taepyeongmu official site]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National Intangible Cultural Heritage of South Korea]]
[[Category:Korean dance]]

{{Korea-stub}}

Freenex

2024-10-28T06:12:16Z

172.56.232.45: should use ASCII apostrophe

{{Short description|Korean company}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Freenex Co, Ltd.
| logo = Freenex logo.gif
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| founded = 2002
| location = [[South Korea]]
| location_city = [[Seoul]]
| key_people = Lee Woo Yeol (CEO)
| industry = [[Auto parts]], [[Electronics]]
| products = [[Global Positioning System]], [[Navigation]]
| homepage = [http://www.freenex.co.kr http://www.freenex.co.kr] (Korean)
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|hangul=프리넥스
|rr=Peurinekseu
|mr=P'ŭrineksŭ
}}
'''Freenex Co, Ltd.''' is a [[Korea]]n company that supplies [[navigation]] systems for [[electronics]] and [[automotive]] applications. It is headquartered in Gil-dong [[Gangdong-gu]] [[Seoul]], [[Korea]], established in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freenex.en.ec21.com/company_info.html|title=Freenex Co., Ltd. - Company Profile|website=EC21, Global B2B Marketplace - Connecting Global Buyers with Manufacturers, Suppliers, Exporters worldwide|access-date=2019-04-08}}</ref> Freenex companies develop consumer and aviation technologies employing the [[Global Positioning System]]. Freenex also creates OEM products for [[BMW]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] Autonet, WIA brand navigation automotive markets and for Vitas.

Products include television, navigated teletext, digital maps and navigation. Its primary competitor in Hyundai Autonet and [[Garmin]]. Freenex CEO is Lee Woo Yeol (이우열).

==Products==
*L-Vision model:520
*H-Vision model:2200, 700
*D-Vision model:700, 750, 720G
*DM-720CL
*DXM-760
*DMB-100

==Major competitors==
*Hyundai Autonet
*Thinkway
*Exroad
*[[Garmin]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies}}
*[[Automotive navigation system]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070316154157/http://www.freenex.co.kr/ Freenex Homepage] (Korean)

{{Automotive industry in South Korea}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freenex}}
[[Category:Navigation system companies]]
[[Category:Auto parts suppliers of South Korea]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Seoul]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of South Korea]]
[[Category:South Korean brands]]
[[Category:Automotive companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:South Korean companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Global Positioning System]]

{{SouthKorea-company-stub}}