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Sotdae

2025-06-30T22:34:25Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|img=Sotdae.JPG
|caption=''Sotdae''
|hangul=솟대
}}

A '''{{Transliteration|ko|sotdae}}''' ({{IPA|ko|sot.t͈ɛ}}) is a tall wooden [[Column|pole]] or stone pillar with a carved bird on its top, built for the purpose of folk belief in [[Korea]].<ref name="WPost">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/07/AR2007060701080.html?tid=informbox |title=Smithsonian to Open Korea Gallery |work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=2008-07-14 |author=Randolph E. Schmid |date=2007-07-07}}</ref><ref name="inabi">{{cite web|url=http://www.inabi.or.kr/hampyeong/english/travel_info/s_05.html |title=Totem Pole Park (Sotdae and Jangseung Park) |publisher=The official stie of Hampyeong County |accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref><ref name="JoongAng Dalily">{{cite news|url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=1908245 |title=(HEUNGBO'S GOURD)Sotdae - a symbol worth saving |publisher=[[JoongAng Daily]] |author=Gary Rector |date=2002-09-06 |accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> Like {{Transliteration|ko|[[jangseung]]}}, wooden [[totem pole]]s with a sculpted human face, it was usually erected near the entrance of a village to ward off evil spirits as well as to represent villagers' wishes for prosperity and well-being.<ref name="JoongAng Dalily" /><ref name="EncyKorea">{{cite web|url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=253403&v=46 |title=Sotdae 솟대|publisher=[[Empas]] / [[EncyKorea]] |language=Korean |accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> Later, it was also built as a celebratory or commemorative symbol. For instance, when a son of a family passed a civil service examination called {{Transliteration|ko|[[gwageo]]}}, a {{Transliteration|ko|sotdae}} was set up in the yard.<ref name="EncyKorea" /> In that case, it was colored in orange and topped with a blue dragon.<ref name="Doosan">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=95266&contentno=95266 |title=Sotdae 솟대|publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=Korean |accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref>

==Features==
{{Transliteration|ko|Sotdae}} were generally set up alone, but sometimes, along with {{Transliteration|ko|jangseung}} (Korean totem poles), {{Transliteration|ko|doltap}} (돌탑, a [[pagoda]] built with stone) or {{Transliteration|ko|sinmok}} (신목, sacred trees). It was worshiped as a village guardian. The birds may look like wild geese, [[crow]]s or ibises in some areas, but [[duck]]s are the most common.<ref name="JoongAng Dalily" /><ref name="kois" /> {{Transliteration|ko|Sotdae}} have different names according to regions; {{Transliteration|ko|soju}} (소주), {{Transliteration|ko|sojutdae}} (소줏대) in [[Jeolla Province]], {{Transliteration|ko|soldae}} (솔대) in [[Gangwon (historical)|Gangwon Province]] and [[Hamhung]] district,<ref name="Doosan" /> {{Transliteration|ko|byeolsindae}} (별신대) in coastal areas of [[Gyeongsang Province]], and {{Transliteration|ko|sotdaek}} (솟댁) in [[Hwanghae]] and [[Pyeongan Province]]. {{Transliteration|ko|Pyojutdae}} (표줏대), {{Transliteration|ko|georitdae}} (거릿대), {{Transliteration|ko|susalmok}} (수살목) and {{Transliteration|ko|seonangdae}} (선앙대) are other names.<ref name="inabi" />

Nothing precise is known about the sotdae's origin. However, {{Transliteration|ko|sotdae}} was believed to be sanctified as a village guardian from when people started agriculture and the unit of society formed based on agricultural villages.<ref name="EncyKorea" /> Later, as a concept of [[feng shui]] prevailed and values of success and honour became important, its meaning seemed to be differentiated from an object of worship to a totem for abundant harvest.<ref name="Britannica" /> Ducks, as migratory birds, had various religious symbols and made the meanings of {{Transliteration|ko|sotdae}} more diverse.<ref name="JoongAng Dalily" />

==Origins of worshipping ''sotdae''==
The worship of {{Transliteration|ko|sotdae}}-like objects was commonly found in [[North Asia]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=158384&v=44 |title=Sotdae (솟대) |publisher=[[Empas]] / [[Britannica]] |language=Korean |accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> Figures or patterns on [[Bronze Age]] relics that included a pole with a bird on it were discovered around these areas. As people began to develop techniques for metalworking and increased their agriculture production, power differences among tribes emerged. Dominating class sought a political and religious foundation needed to maintain their powers from gods in the heaven.<ref name=autogenerated1>Lee, Pil-yeong, {{Transliteration|ko|Sotdae}}</ref><ref name="heritagebusan">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagebusan.com/droom/di-11.htm |title=Part 11. Sotdae: Duck, could you send a message to the heaven regarding our dream? (11편 솟대 : 오리야, 우리 꿈을 하늘에 전해주렴)|publisher=Busan Cultural Tourism Guiders Association (부산문화관광해설사회) |language=Korean |accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> So it was assumed that appearance of sotdae stemmed from the integration between ''"[[Cosmic Tree]]"'' and ''"Sky-Birds"''.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name="heritagebusan" />

A similar sacred pole is found among the [[Omaha (tribe)|Omaha tribe]] of the central United States.

==Components of sotdae and their meanings==

===Poles and posts===
Poles and posts have religious and symbolic meanings around the world. Poles of sotdae are related to 'the world-axis'. There are three cosmic levels in the concept of the universe in Northern Asian [[shamanism]] — upper, middle, and lower level. They are connected to each other by the world-axis.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> A tree has roots extending into the earth and also grows toward the sky, which could be a symbol for the world-axis. So the wooden poles or posts were possibly considered to be a pathway for spiritual beings to come down to earth and they became a sacred object to worship by themselves.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> A similar record was found in a book titled ''[[Dongguksesigi]]'' (동국세시기, 東國歲時記), which said that 12 wooden poles were set up to welcome a god on February 2 in [[Jeju island]].<ref name="Jeju">{{cite web|url=http://www.jejutimes.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=27509 |title=The legends, myths, folklores related Jeju horse 3(제주마와 관련된 신화ㆍ전설 및 민속 등 III) |publisher=Jeju Times |author=Prof. Jang Deok-ji (장덕지 교수) |language=Korean |date=2006-08-09 |accessdate=2008-07-14 |quote= 동국여지승람(東國與地勝覽)과 동국세시기(東國歲時記)에는 제주목(濟州牧)편에 이에 관한 기록이 있다. 2월 초하룻날 귀덕, 김녕 등지에서는 나뭇대 12개를 세워 신을 맞이하여 제사를 지낸다.}}</ref> Also ''[[Dangun]]'' 's father, ''Hwanung'', descended from the heaven to the top of a tree, ''Sindansu'' (신단수, 神壇樹) in Korea's founding myth.<ref>[http://uriul.or.kr/zeroboard/zboard.php?id=10_6&page=33&sn1=&divpage=1&sn=off&ss=on&sc=on&select_arrange=headnum&desc=asc&no=91 ÀïÁ¡1È]</ref> People selected a tree which was beyond the reach of humans and they conducted ceremonial rites before they cut down the tree. On top of that, the poles and posts were believed to offer protection a village against calamities and disasters and also acted like a mast in a U-shaped land area balancing and making the land stable.<ref>[http://www.heritagebusan.com/droom/di-11.htm {{frac|1|4}}Ú'ë]</ref>

===Birds===
Sotdae birds may be wild geese, gulls, ibises, Korean magpies or crows, but most commonly they are ducks.<ref name="JoongAng Dalily" /> Ducks give an important symbolic meaning to sotdae. They are able to travel on water as well as on land and in the air and also can go under water. Because of the relation to water, ducks were regarded to have an ability to control rain and thunder, to survive in the floods and to protect a village from fire. This belief made people think of ducks as a guardian in ancient agricultural societies.<ref name="JoongAng Dalily" /><ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name="heritagebusan" /> Relating to this, a scholar named Lee Gyubo (이규보, 李奎報 1168–1241) wrote a following phrase in his garland called {{Transliteration|ko|[[Donggukisanggukjip]]}} (동국이상국집, 東國李相國集: Collected works of Minister Yi of Korea): "Because of the rain for 7 days in a row, the capital of Songyang was submerged. The king, Jumong, was riding a duck horse stretching a reed rope across the river and his people were all holding that rope." This suggests that people considered a duck as a rescuer from flood.<ref name="kois">{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/kois/magazine/pictorialKoreaView.asp?Html_no=252 |title=Sotdae: Embodying Wishes for Prosperity |publisher=Korean Overseas Information Service |accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref>

Another characteristic of ducks is that they are migratory birds coming to Korea in autumn. Migratory birds appear and disappear on a regular basis and it was believed that ducks travel to the world beyond the Earth and act as a messenger between the physical world and the realm of the spirits. In agriculture, this periodicity might be associated with the cycle of monsoon which brings rain. Also, the fact that ducks are fertile species and lay bigger eggs than chickens do would be a good reason for ducks to be an idolized object representing abundance.<ref name="JoongAng Dalily" />

====Meaning of the number of birds and their direction====
The shape of birds on sotdae was carved as minutely as possible but it was sometimes simplified to just Y or ㄱ shape. The number of birds seated on sotdae was different from village to village, from one to three. Commonly one bird was seated on a pole, but sometimes two or three birds on a Y-shape branch were found on a pole — either facing each other or facing the same direction. Nothing is exactly known concerning the number of birds but it is assumed that the number of birds on a pole was decided according to the number of places which '[[qi]]' should be complemented.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The direction of the bird's heads varies. People made sotdae erected toward south to wish moderate weather for farming or let it direct north to bring rain. Sometimes sotdae turned toward the outside of the village to make sure that ducks take all the evil spirits and fly away.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name="heritagebusan" />

==See also==
*[[Jangseung]]
*[[Dol hareubang]]
*[[Totem pole]]
*[[Korean shamanism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
*{{cite book|author=Lee, Pil-yeong (이필영)|year=1990 |title=Sotdae (솟대)|publisher=Daewonsa |isbn=89-369-0015-3 |language=Korean }}
*{{cite book |author=The National Academy of the Korean Language |year=2002 |title=Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture; 233 traditional keywords |publisher=Hakgojae |isbn=89-85846-98-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedguide0000unse_j0p0 }}
*{{cite book|author=National Institute of Korean History |year=2002 |title=Korean History |publisher=Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development |language=Korean }}
*{{cite web|url=http://eng.korean.net/wcms/list.jsp?pageID=04025274&bID=4391&byid=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081222194119/http://eng.korean.net/wcms/list.jsp?pageID=04025274&bID=4391&byid=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-12-22 |title=Cultural Symbols |publisher=The Overseas Koreans Foundation |access-date=2008-07-14}}

==External links==
*[http://image.search.naver.com/search.naver?where=image&sm=tab_jum&query=%uC19F%uB300 Images of sotdae]

[[Category:Culture of Korea]]
[[Category:Korean folk religion]]

Talchum

2025-06-30T22:31:17Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Korean traditional mask dance}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| image = Korean mask dance-Eunyul talchum-03.jpg
| caption = A mask dance in South Korea
| hangul = 탈춤
}}

'''{{Transliteration|ko|Talchum}}''' ({{Korean|hangul=탈춤}}) is a [[Korean dance]] performed while wearing a [[Korean mask|mask]], and often involves singing and dancing.

Although the term {{Transliteration|ko|talchum}} is usually taken to mean all mask dance dramas by most Koreans, it is strictly speaking a regional term originally only applied to dances of [[Hwanghae]] Province in present-day [[North Korea]]. Dances from the [[Seoul]] or [[Gyeonggi]] province region are known as ''[[sandae noli]]'', whereas dances from the southern coast are known as ''[[yayu]]'' ({{Lang|ko|야유}}), which means "field play", or {{Transliteration|ko|Obangsinjang}}, which means "dance of five gods". However, {{Transliteration|ko|talchum}} is nowadays accepted as a general term for mask dance drama.<ref name="talchum">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GE1vBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |title=Tal and Talchum |author= National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage |publisher=Gil-Job-Ie Media |date=25 December 2015 |isbn=9788963257358 |page=67 }}</ref>

The dances also feature drama and story, as masked characters portray people, animals, and even supernatural beings. These [[Folk play|folk dramas]] often reflected the frustrations felt by the lower classes towards the elite ''[[yangban]]''.

==Origin==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}

=== Agricultural consciousness ===
It is a theory that the origin of the masquerade is the agricultural consciousness held by farmers for good farming since ancient times. The appearance of agricultural consciousness is well illustrated in burak-gut such as Seonang-gut that remains today. According to the theory of agricultural consciousness, masks made by imitating the face of God were gradually changed into masks that resemble humans, and Gut to magically solve conflicts with nature was transformed into an artistic expression of social conflicts, resulting in a masquerade. The conversion of the Nongak band into a musician or the fact that the audience of the masquerade intervenes in the progress of the play are considered traditions that come down from the stage of Seonang-gut. The variegated (雜色) play of the Nongak band shows the blindness of the masquerade, and the Hahoebyulsingut mask game and the Gangneung Gwanno mask game (陵 government 奴) mask game were mask plays that did not completely escape the form of a gut, and since the agricultural consciousness was an event of farmers, the masquerade grew into a people's play from the beginning. The variegated (雜色) play of the Nongak band shows the blindness of the masquerade, and the Hahoebyulsingut mask game and the Gangneung Gwanno mask game (陵 government 奴) mask game were mask plays that did not completely escape the form of a gut, and since the agricultural consciousness was an event of farmers, the masquerade grew into a people's play from the beginning.

=== Instrumental theory ===
It is a theory that instrumental music (伎), which was learned by Baekje man Mimaji (味摩) in the Southern Dynasties of China and passed it on to Japan, is the origin of masquerade. Although instrumental music (伎) in the 13th century Japanese literature "Gyohuncho (訓抄 of Church)" is a mukgeuk (默劇), it is argued that instrumental music was handed down as a masquerade because its contents are similar to today's Yangju Byeolsandaenori and Bongsan Mask Dance.

== History ==
{{Transliteration|ko|Talchum}} originated in Korean villages as part of [[Korean shamanism|shamanic]] rituals. It then became a form of popular entertainment. It was even performed in the royal court—during the [[Goryeo]] period, the Office of Masked-Dance Drama ({{Transliteration|ko|Sandae Togam}}) supervised such dances. The office however was abolished during the [[Joseon]] period.<ref>{{cite book |author=Judy Van Zile |url=https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonko0000vanz |title=Perspectives on Korean Dance |date=11 December 2001 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0819564948 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonko0000vanz/page/9 9]–10 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

=== Masque of the Three Kingdoms period ===
The origin of the mask dance dates back to the end of the 9th century, and you can get a glimpse of the traces of the use of masks in the fifth period of Choi Chi-won's "Hyangak Japyeong", namely, Woljeon, Daemyeon, Geumhwan, Sokdok, and Sanye. What is regrettable is that the poem is too simple and the content is not detailed. However, as a mask play, this is the first record in Korea. In addition to this, it is said that in the Silla Dynasty, there were sword dances and Cheoyong dances as mask play, but there are no accurate literature and relics about this. However, it is said that this mask dance is a story of face-to-face 戱 and young Gwanchang through dance, as the suggestion of the sword dance as a mask dance can be obtained from the article of "Catch Up Donggyeong" and "Pungseongjo". In the same book, it was said that Cheoyongmu also dances with a mask. However, looking at the article "Bibigo Literature" and "Hwangchangrangmu (黃昌郞舞)", it is questionable whether a mask was used even at the time of Silla when these two plays occurred. However, it can be presumed that it is clear that masks were used later from the above-described literature. This sword dance has been handed down to this day and it is seen that Augusti and the sword dance we see today do not wear masks, which is thought to have been after posterity passed down from male play to female play. In any case, it is thought that this sword dance was intended to express and inspire the spirit of Hwarangdo (郞 way) when Silla was trying to achieve the feat of unification as a sword dance. Cheoyongmu has been seen dancing in a mask through Goryeo and Joseon to this day, and it seems that it was the oldest in the literature that it was performed (演戱) in the 23rd year of King Gojong (1236) through the 23rd year of King Gojong of the Goryeo Dynasty and Shin Woo-jo (辛禑條). Even after coming to the Joseon Dynasty, this mask Cheoyongmu has been performed centering on the court, so the performance is covered (散見) in "Yongjae Chonghwa". In any case, Cheoyongmu must be seen as one of the magical and 呪術 dances of ancient society based on the legend of Cheoyong that occurred at the end of the Silla Dynasty.

=== Sandae japhee of the Goryeo Dynasty ===
During the Goryeo Dynasty, there were mask-wearing narye events and sandae japhee. Narye is a ritual held on the night of the Lunar New Year's Eve to welcome a pleasant and joyful New Year by expelling evil spirits, the source of disasters and sickness throughout the year. According to the Literature Memorandum, this event was held until King Injo of the Joseon Dynasty when he entered the Korean Peninsula in the 6th year of King Jeongjong of Goryeo. Meanwhile, unlike Narye, there was a sandae japhee at the end of Goryeo. This japhee also included masks such as Cheoyongmu, but it became more popular when it entered the Joseon Dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Goryeo dynasty {{!}} Korean History & Culture {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Goryeo-dynasty |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Themes and characteristics==
Mask dance dramas share fundamental characteristics but vary considerably according to region and performer. Basic themes include exorcism rites, ritual dances, satire, parody of human weaknesses, social evils, and the elites. They appeal to the audiences by ridiculing apostate Buddhist monks, decadent upper-class men, and shamans. Another popular theme is the conflict between an old wife and a seductive concubine. With regional variations, the mask dance drama was generally performed on the First Full Moon, [[Buddha's Birthday]] ({{Lang|ko|석가탄신일}}) on the Eighth of the Fourth Moon, the [[Dano (festival)|Dano Festival]], and [[Chuseok]]. Variations may have been performed at festive state occasions or at rituals to bring about rain. Audience participation is also a feature of the dance.<ref>Eckersley, M. ed. 2009. Drama from the Rim: Asian Pacific Drama Book (2nd ed.). Drama Victoria. Melbourne. p46.</ref>

==Procedure==
Mask dance is largely divided into seven parts.

The first chief's ({{Lang|ko|상좌}}, {{Transliteration|ko|Sang-Jwa}}) dance is a ritualistic dance about the {{ill|Sasindo|ko|사신도}}, meaning 'to drive out demons'.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://folkency.nfm.go.kr/kr/topic/detail/4065|title=봉산탈춤|website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture]]|publisher=Seo Yeon Ho(서연호,徐淵昊)|language=ko|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref>

The second section consists of eight monk dances, which are the first and second ''[[beopgonori]]''. The evil monk dance shows itself decayed, introducing itself to the editorial and dance, respectively. The {{Transliteration|ko|beopgonori}} tells a joke about a man and a woman taking off their clothes with a law school in their neck. Recently,{{When|date=October 2021}} {{Transliteration|ko|beopgonori}} has disappeared.<ref name=":2" />

The third section is a Sadang dance ({{Lang|ko|사당춤}}) performed by seven masters ({{Lang|ko|거사}}'','' {{Transliteration|ko|Geo-sa}}), and appears in a shrine decorated with splendor. When a widower is kicked out of the shrine for mocking, seven of them sing a playful song.<ref name=":2" />

The fourth section is a veteran dance ({{Lang|ko|노장춤}}, {{Transliteration|ko|No-Jang}})''.'' The dance shows the satire of a Buddhist monk who was praised as a living Buddha by Somu ({{Lang|ko|소무}}, {{Transliteration|ko|So-moo}}),<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.riss.kr/search/detail/DetailView.do?p_mat_type=be54d9b8bc7cdb09&control_no=91853a00f41db367ffe0bdc3ef48d419|title=Aesthetic Viewpoints of Female Roles in Bongsan Mask Dance|website=www.riss.kr|page=32|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> a pub girl, or a concubine.

The fifth section is a lion sent by the Buddha to punish them for losing a lion dance. They try to eat their food and then they listen to the repentance and forgive and dance together.

The sixth chapter consists mainly of talking with the three ''[[yangban]]'' (well educated people) brothers, the stake and the {{Transliteration|ko|yangban}}, with the {{Transliteration|ko|yangban}} dance. Through the game of selecting a new residence, Sijojigi ('make a poem', {{Lang|ko|시조짓기}}), Paja Nori (make a poem with divided or combine Hanja, {{Lang|ko|파자놀이}}), and catching {{Transliteration|ko|chuibbali}} ('a person who embezzled public funds', {{Lang|ko|취발이}}). Through the play, the Malttoki ('a crown', {{Lang|ko|말뚝이}}) use poetry and satire are used to scold the {{Transliteration|ko|yangban}}.<ref name=":2" />

The seventh section meets [[Yeonggam|Young-gam]] ({{Lang|ko|영감}}, 'old man or a low-ranking official') and Mi-Yal-Hal-mi ({{Lang|ko|미얄할미}}),<ref name=":1" /> who had been separated during a tumultuous dance, and they were quarreled because of the concubine's house, which he brought to them, and Mi-Yal was beaten to death by the Young-gam. An old man named Namgang appears and calls a shaman to perform a {{Transliteration|ko|Jin-Ogwi}} rite ({{Lang|ko|진오귀굿}}). Showing the perils of working-class life and the tyranny of men over women due to polygamy, the last performance shows that the origin of mask dance is in the [[Gut (ritual)|''gut'']] ({{Lang|ko|굿}}, a ritual performance in Korea).<ref name=":2" />

==Place of performance==
A suitable place for performance is where a large audience can gather. The audience looks around the stage almost in a circle, but there is nothing on the stage, and only one side of the stage is a house called the [[Gaebokcheong|Gaebok-cheong]] where performers change their masks and clothes. Although the stage is a flat floor that is as high as the stands, [[Bongsan Talchum]]<ref>{{Citation|last=CBSaeji|title=Bongsan Talchum 봉산탈춤|date=2010-11-15|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dcmSwgtY3E |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/-dcmSwgtY3E |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2019-03-20}}{{cbignore}}</ref> also makes the stands higher. The reason is for [[merchant]]s to sell food instead of admission to audience in the attic.

==Styles==
Mask dance dramas have been transmitted from all parts of the country. There are about thirteen different types of mask dance drama in Korea ― [[Hwanghaedo]] province's ''Haeseo'' style, such as [[Bongsan Talchum]], [[Gangnyeong Talchum]], [[Eunyul Talchum]]; [[Gyeonggi Province]] province's [[Yangju byeolsandae nori|Yangju Byeolsandae]], [[Songpa Sandae Noli]] Mask Dances; [[South Gyeongsang Province]] province's [[Suyeong Yayu]], [[Dongnae Yayu]], [[Gasan Ogwangdae]], [[Tongyeong ogwandae|Tongyeong Ogwandae]], [[Goseong Ogwangdae]]; [[Gyeongsangbukdo]] province's [[Hahoe byeolsingut talnori]]; [[Gangwon (historical)|Gangwon]] province's [[Gangneung Gwanno Gamyeon'guk]] mask dance; and the [[Namsadang]] (male itinerant entertaining troupe of the Northern Line) ''Deotboegichum'' mask dance. Among those, [[Bongsan Talchum]] and [[Hahoe byeolsingut talnori]] are best known today.

==Imaginary creatures in Talchum==

'''{{Transliteration|ko|Yeongno}} ({{Lang|ko|영노}})'''

A monster that eats [[Yangban|''yangbans'']] (members of the ruling class). In some plays, if this creature eats 100 {{Transliteration|ko|yangbans}}, then it can go up to heaven.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/e-journal/photo-essays/saeji.pdf|title = The Bawdy, Brawling, Boisterous World of Korean Mask Dance Dramas: A Brief Essay to Accompany Photographs|last = Saeji|first = CedarBough|date = September 2012|website = Berkeley.edu|publisher = Berkeley University|access-date = April 22, 2016}}</ref>

'''{{Transliteration|ko|Bibi}} ({{Lang|ko|비비}})'''

A kind of {{Transliteration|ko|yeongno}}, they make a ''{{Not a typo|bi-bi}}'' sound. They have a monster's head on top of a human body.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.mask.kr/coding/english/sub08.asp|title = ◎ Hahoe-Dong Mask Museum ◎|website = www.mask.kr|access-date = 2016-04-23}}</ref>

'''{{Transliteration|ko|Jangjamari}} ({{Lang|ko|장자마리}})'''

[[Water spirit]]s. They are very fat, play instruments, and have seaweed all over their bodies. They may also be associated with fertility.<ref name=":0" />

In Gangneung Gwanno Gamyeon'geuk,{{Definition needed|date=October 2021}} they are associated with fertility and the summer transplanting season, dancing, wearing clothes that bear the color of tilled earth, and decorated in rice seedlings as well as seaweed.<ref name=":0" />

'''{{Transliteration|ko|Juji}} ({{Lang|ko|주지}})'''

Juji are strange beings. They look like birds with very small heads or can have heads like those of lions.<ref name=":0" /> Two couples jump all around. The dances between the couples may symbolize fertility.<ref name=":0" /> However, the dance between the two lions could also indicate scaring away evil spirits.<ref name=":0" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Korean.Dance-Mask-Bride-Monk-01.jpg|[[Intangible Cultural Property (South Korea)|Bongsan Talchum]]
File:Korean mask dance-Songpa sandaenori-06.jpg|[[Songpa Sandae Noli]]
File:Korea-Andong-Hahoe Folk Village-04.jpg|Hahoi Byeolshin'gut Talnoli
File:Korean mask dance-Eunyul talchum-06.jpg|[[Eunyul Talchum]]
File:Korean mask play.JPG|Korean mask play
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==General references==
* Chae, Heewan. “The idea of Talchum.” Seoul: Hyunamsa, 1984
* [http://www.maskmuseum.com/ "What is mask." Hahoe Mask Museum] retrieved 29 June 2008
* Kim, Joo-yeon. "Talchum: Korean masked dance." The KNU times, 1 November 2006
* Kim, Ukdong. "The aesthetics of Talchum." [[Seoul]]: Hyunamsa, 1999
* [http://www.santaclaritamagazine.com/ "Korean Mask Dance Drama: Talchum." The magazine of Santa Clarita] retrieved 29 June 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051202032257/http://www.asia.msu.edu/eastasia/SouthKorea/theater.html "Mask Dances." Asian Studies presents Windows on Asia], retrieved 29 June 2008
* [http://www.koreanculture.org/ "Mask and Dance." Korean cultural Services NY], retrieved 25 June 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061018225439/http://english.chosun.com/english/contents/magazine/2000/Attraction200010_2.html "Talchum." Digital Choseonilbo] retrieved 29 June 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050825064611/http://perform.kcaf.or.kr/gosung/eng01.asp "Talchum."], retrieved 29 June 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820104327/http://pr.korean.net/eng/koview/koview_08.jsp "The Nature and Origin of Masked Dance Drama." Hangukgwan], retrieved 29 June 2008

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181426/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&art_id=3146&lang=en&m=0004007001006&p=07 Talchum - Official Seoul City Tourism]
* http://www.culturecontent.com
* [http://www.charlesfreger.com/portfolio/talchum/ 'Talchum' Photographic Series by Charles Fréger]

{{Commons}}

[[Category:Korean dance]]
[[Category:Masked dances]]
[[Category:Masquerade ceremonies in Asia]]

Jultagi

2025-06-30T22:29:05Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|Traditional Korean tightrope-walking}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|img=Korea-Jeonju-Jultagi-02.jpg
|caption=The performance of "Jultagi" in [[Jeonju]], [[South Korea]].
|hangul=줄타기; 어름
}}

'''''Jultagi''''' ({{Korean|hangul=줄타기}}) or '''''eoreum''''' ({{Korean|hangul=어름|labels=no}}) is traditional [[Korea]]n performance of [[tightrope-walking]]. It is included into [[South Korea]]'s [[Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea|Important Intangible Cultural Properties]] number 58.

==Origin==
There is no evidence when this [[acrobatic performance]] originated. Some scholars presumed it appeared during [[Silla]] and [[Goryeo]] era. It became more famous in [[Joseon dynasty]] era and still exists to this day.

It is different from the tightrope-walking styles of other countries, because it is usually accompanied by [[Korean traditional music|music plays]] by telling a story to entertain viewers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do?pageNo=5_2_1_0&culPageNo=1&searchCondition=%EC%A4%84%ED%83%80%EA%B8%B0&region=1&s_kdcd=00&s_ctcd=00&ccbaCncl=2&ccbaKdcd=17&ccbaAsno=00580000&ccbaCtcd=31&ccbaCpno=1273100580000&ccbaPcd1=99&returnUrl=%2Fheri%2Fcul%2FculSelectViewList.do|title=Jultagi|last=|first=|date=April 16, 2018|publisher=[[Cultural Heritage Administration]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Jultagi is held on [[public holidays in South Korea]] like [[Daeboreum]], [[Dano festival|Dano]] and [[Chuseok]] holidays. The [[Korean folk village]] in Seoul also presents this play to entertain tourists. It was also performed in events held in the royal palace, banquets of high-ranking government officers or village festivals. The tightrope walking performance is composed of a rope player, a clown and musical instrument players.

An example of these plays can be seen in the movie ''[[King and the Clown]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://twitchfilm.net/archives/006941.html|publisher=twitchfilm|title=<nowiki>[KING AND THE CLOWN SPECIAL] 왕의 남자 (The King and The Clown) [Part 3]</nowiki>|date=October 4, 2007}}</ref>

==Technique==
[[Image:Korea-Jultagi-Tightrope walker-01.jpg|thumb|A ''jultagi'' performance at [[Korean Folk Village]]]]

There are more than 40 kinds of Jultagi techniques including a walking on a tight rope as the basic motion, a reversed walking on it, leaping with one foot on it, sitting and lying on it, and sometimes pretending to fall down. Another elaborate tightrope walking trick is jumping up after kneeling on the tightrope with one knee and then landing on the rope in a cross-legged sitting position. Some expert tightrope walkers can jump forward while standing on the rope without falling.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.arirang.co.kr/Tv2/ALegacy_Whatson.asp?PROG_CODE=TVCR0301&MENU_CODE=100753&sys_lang=Eng|publisher=[[Arirang TV]]|title=Jultagi, A Korean Tightrope Performance|date=October 22, 2007|archive-date=31 January 2021|access-date=22 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131163923/http://www.arirang.co.kr/Tv2/ALegacy_Whatson.asp?PROG_CODE=TVCR0301&MENU_CODE=100753&sys_lang=Eng|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Transmitter ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Information of Possessors<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/selectJunsList.do?ccjuKdcd=17&ccjuAsno=00580000&ccjuCtcd=31|title=Transmitters Information of Jultagi|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Cultural Heritage Administration]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
!Classification
!Name
!Sex
!Artistic talents
!Acquisition
!Dissolution
|-
|possessor
|Kim Daegyun (김대균, 金大均)
|Male
|Jultagi
|22 July 2000
|
|-
|possessor
|Kim Yeongcheol (김영철, 金永哲)
|Male
|Jultagi
|30 June 1976
|22 January 1988
|}

== Works ==
* The film ''[[King and the Clown]]''
* The novel ''Jul(rope)'' (이청준, [[Yi Chong-jun]], 李淸俊)

==See also==
* [[Korean dance]]
* [[Korean culture]]
* ''[[Pungmul]]''
* ''[[Juldarigi]]''
* [[Slacklining]]
* [[Tightrope walking]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jultagi}}
* [http://www.jultagi.com/ 줄타기] {{in lang|ko|en}}
{{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/APA}}

[[Category:National Intangible Cultural Heritage of South Korea]]
[[Category:Culture of Korea]]
[[Category:Tightrope walking]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]]

Kkwaenggwari

2025-06-30T22:26:56Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Small, flat Korean traditional gong}}
{{Italic title}}{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Kkwaenggwari
| names =
| image = Korea-Ggaenggwari-01.jpg
| image_capt = A person playing a ''kkwaenggwari''
| background = percussion
| classification = [[Gong]]
| articles =
| sound sample = [[File:Whimori.ogg|thumb|Whimori|center]]
}}

{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=꽹과리
}}
The '''''kkwaenggwari''''' ({{Korean|hangul=꽹과리}}; {{IPA|ko|k͈wɛŋ.gwa.ɾi}}) is a small flat [[gong]] used in [[Traditional music of Korea|traditional Korean music]]. It is made of [[brass]] and is played with a hard stick. It produces a distinctively high-pitched, metallic tone that breaks into a [[cymbal]]-like crashing [[timbre]] when struck forcefully.
[[Image:Kkwaenggwari.jpg|thumb|130px|A ''kkwaenggwari'']]
It is particularly important in ''[[samul nori]]'' and ''[[pungmul]]'', although it is also used in other genres such as [[Musok eumak|Korean shamanic music]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=홍 |first=혜정 |title=꽹과리 - 부산역사문화대전 |url=https://busan.grandculture.net/Contents?local=busan&dataType=01&contents_id=GC04205323 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

This gong is struck with a wooden mallet to produce a sharp, attention commanding sound. The instrument is commonly used in folk performing arts in Korea, including shamanic music, dance, and mask dance drama, and is the lead instrument in [[pungmul]].

In [[Pungmul|Nongak]], the person who beats a ''kkwaenggwari'' is called ''Sangsoe'' ({{Korean|hangul=상쇠|labels=no}}) or ''Busoe'' ({{Korean|hangul=부쇠|labels=no}}). ''Sangsoe'' is responsible for directing the entire flow.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=권 |first=오성 |title=꽹과리 |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0011272 |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]]}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The front of the ''kkwaenggwari'' is a brass plate with a diameter of around {{Convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0" /> The back of the ''kkwaenggwari'' is an open plate and is blocked with the left hand to control the volume and tone of the ''kkwaenggwari''.

Players hold a string attached to the instrument.<ref name=":0" /> The thumb of the left hand is placed on the hook and the rest of the fingers inside the border behind the ''kkwaenggwari'' ring plate, with the tip of the index finger supporting the inside of the edge.

The stick of the ''kkwaenggwari'' is generally made of hard wood, such as that of trifoliate trees.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gongs]]
[[Category:Korean musical instruments]]

{{Korea-stub}}
{{Idiophone-instrument-stub}}

Kwangmyong (network)

2025-06-30T21:48:23Z

172.56.232.37: fixing parameter name

{{Short description|North Korean intranet service}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| title = Kwangmyong
| image = Grand-Peoples-Study-House-Computer-Lab.jpg
| caption = A computer room with access to Kwangmyong at the [[Grand People's Study House]] in [[Pyongyang]]
| hangul = ^광명
| hanja = 光明
| ipa = {{IPA|ko|kwa̠ŋ.mjʌ̹ŋ|}}
}}
'''Kwangmyong''' ({{Korean|hangul=광명|lit=bright light}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warf |first=Barney |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDiOCgAAQBAJ&dq=Kwangmyong+%22bright+light%22&pg=PA36 |title=e-Government in Asia:Origins, Politics, Impacts, Geographies |year= 2016 |publisher=Chandos Publishing |isbn=9780081008997 |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111152024/https://books.google.com/books?id=oDiOCgAAQBAJ&dq=Kwangmyong+%22bright+light%22&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q=Kwangmyong%20%22bright%20light%22&f=false |archive-date=11 January 2024 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Idrc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSlOkuwWKo4C&dq=Kwangmyong+%22bright+light%22&pg=PA244 |title=Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2007/2008 |year=2008 |publisher=IDRC |isbn=9780761936749 |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111152025/https://books.google.com/books?id=wSlOkuwWKo4C&dq=Kwangmyong+%22bright+light%22&pg=PA244#v=onepage&q=Kwangmyong%20%22bright%20light%22&f=false |archive-date=11 January 2024 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref> is a [[North Korea]]n [[national intranet]] service<ref name="NYT011013">{{Cite news |last=Andrew Jacobs |date=January 10, 2013 |title=Google Chief Urges North Korea to Embrace Web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/11/world/asia/eric-schmidt-bill-richardson-north-korea.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807103121/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/11/world/asia/eric-schmidt-bill-richardson-north-korea.html |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> opened in the early 2000s. The Kwangmyong intranet system stands in contrast to the [[Internet in North Korea|global Internet in North Korea]], which is available to fewer people in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Talmadge |first=Eric |date=2015-08-26 |title=North Korea's new airport terminal has an Internet room, but can you use it? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/todayinthesky/2015/08/26/new-airports-internet-room-a-closed-window-on-north-korea/32386945/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818043556/https://www.usatoday.com/story/todayinthesky/2015/08/26/new-airports-internet-room-a-closed-window-on-north-korea/32386945/ |archive-date=2021-08-18 |access-date=2021-03-31 |work=[[USA Today]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

The network uses [[domain name]]s under the [[.kp]] top level domain that are not usually accessible from the global Internet.<ref name="YLE 2016">{{Cite web |last=Mäkeläinen |first=Mika |date=14 May 2016 |title=Yle Pohjois-Koreassa: Kurkista suljetun maan omaan tietoverkkoon |trans-title=Yle in North Korea: Peek into the Network of the Closed Country |url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/yle_pohjois-koreassa_kurkista_suljetun_maan_omaan_tietoverkkoon/8882096 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514152841/http://yle.fi/uutiset/yle_pohjois-koreassa_kurkista_suljetun_maan_omaan_tietoverkkoon/8882096 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |access-date=15 May 2016 |publisher=[[Yle]] |language=fi}}</ref> As of 2016, the network uses [[IPv4]] addresses reserved for [[private network]]s in the 10.0.0.0/8 range, also known as 24-bit block as defined in [[Request for Comments|RFC]] 1918.<ref name="YLE 2016" /> North Koreans often find it more convenient to access sites by their [[IP address]] rather than by domain name using Latin characters.<ref name="YLE 2016" /> Like the global [[Internet]], the network hosts content accessible with [[web browser]]s, and provides an internal [[web search engine]]. It also provides [[email]] services and [[news group]]s.<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |last=Duffley |first=Robert |date=2011 |title=Information Technology and Control in the DPRK |url=http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1223/information-technology-and-control-in-the-dprk |url-status=live |journal=[[Cornell International Affairs Review]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.37513/ciar.v5i1.416 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201090638/http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1223/information-technology-and-control-in-the-dprk |archive-date=2023-02-01 |access-date=2022-05-17 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="yout_Comp">{{Cite web |last=Will Scott |date=29 December 2014 |title=Computer Science in the DPRK [31c3] |url=https://media.ccc.de/v/31c3_-_6253_-_en_-_saal_2_-_201412292115_-_computer_science_in_the_dprk_-_will_scott |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124080316/https://media.ccc.de/v/31c3_-_6253_-_en_-_saal_2_-_201412292115_-_computer_science_in_the_dprk_-_will_scott |archive-date=24 November 2017 |access-date=26 June 2017 |website=media.ccc.de |publisher=[[Chaos Computer Club]]}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Grothaus |first=Michael |date=2014-09-24 |title=What It's Like To Use North Korea's Internet |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3036049/what-its-like-to-use-north-koreas-internet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328144506/https://www.fastcompany.com/3036049/what-its-like-to-use-north-koreas-internet |archive-date=2016-03-28 |access-date=2021-04-01 |website=[[Fast Company]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The intranet is managed by the [[Korea Computer Center]].<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal |last=Brockman-Hawe |first=Benjamin |date=2007 |title=Using Internet "Borders" to Coerce or Punish: The DPRK as an Example of the Potential Utility of Internet Sanctions |url=https://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/international/volume25n1/documents/163-206.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Boston University International Law Journal]] |volume=25 |issue=163 |pages=177–178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113210840/https://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/international/volume25n1/documents/163-206.pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13 |access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cho |first1=Joohee |last2=Park |first2=Cho Long |date=9 January 2013 |title=North Korea's Kim Jong Un Hopes Google's Luster Rubs Off on Him |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/googles-north-korea-trip-strategy-boost-kim-jong/story?id=18167774 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531231846/https://abcnews.go.com/International/googles-north-korea-trip-strategy-boost-kim-jong/story?id=18167774 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref>

==History==
The first website in North Korea, the [[Naenara]] web portal, was made in 1996.<ref name=":3" /> Efforts to establish the Kwangmyong network on a national scale began as early as 1997, with some development of intranet services in the [[Rason Special Economic Zone|Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone]] as early as 1995. The intranet was originally developed by the [[Central Scientific and Technological Information Agency]].<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-17 |title=[ICT광장] 북한 인트라넷에 대한 이해 |url=http://www.koit.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=73914 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817153336/http://www.koit.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=73914 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-04-01 |website=정보통신신문 |language=ko}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=정용수 |date=2003-03-07 |title=북한에도 컴퓨터 통신망 쫙 깔렸다 |url=https://news.joins.com/article/132153 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611010211/https://news.joins.com/article/132153 |archive-date=2020-06-11 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[JoongAng Ilbo]] |language=ko}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Banks |first=Stacey |date=2005 |title=North Korean Telecommunications: On Hold |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43908662 |url-status=live |journal=[[North Korean Review]] |volume=1 |pages=88–94 |doi=10.3172/NKR.1.1.88 |issn=1551-2789 |jstor=43908662 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817153552/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43908662 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-03-31 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> The national Kwangmyong intranet was first in service during the early 2000s.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=e=2021-03-04 |title=[단독] 북한, 우표 쇼핑몰 만들어 외화벌이 안간힘 |url=http://www.upinews.kr/newsView/upi202103030107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304002904/http://www.upinews.kr/newsView/upi202103030107 |archive-date=2021-03-04 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=UPI뉴스 ([[United Press International]]) |language=ko}}</ref> North Korea's first email provider was [[Sili Bank]], established in 2001.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Martyn |date=2016-11-28 |title=How the Internet Works ("Works") in North Korea |url=https://slate.com/technology/2016/11/how-the-internet-works-in-north-korea.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221165718/https://slate.com/technology/2016/11/how-the-internet-works-in-north-korea.html |archive-date=2019-02-21 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[Slate Magazine]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |date=2007-04-24 |title=Kwangmyong computer network – North Korea's IT revolution |url=http://www.nkeconwatch.com/category/dprk-organizations/companies/korea-computer-center-kcc/kwangmyong-computer-network/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927153654/http://www.nkeconwatch.com/category/dprk-organizations/companies/korea-computer-center-kcc/kwangmyong-computer-network/ |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=North Korean Economy Watch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

Prior to 2006, North Koreans would use intranet [[chat room]]s to organize meetups to play sports, such as basketball. Following an incident where, to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Naenara, around 300 North Korean intranet users organized a [[flash mob]] at the [[Pyongyang Gymnasium]], all chat rooms were removed from the North Korean intranet.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=주성하 |date=2010-04-30 |title=남한 밀수 컴퓨터에 '야동' 가득 '누리꾼 체육대회'로 채팅방 전격 폐쇄 |url=https://shindonga.donga.com/3/all/13/109365/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817153335/https://shindonga.donga.com/3/all/13/109365/1 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-03-31 |work=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]] |pages=1–6}}</ref> Regional chat rooms reportedly made a return in 2015.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2016-06-08 |title=대북매체 "한국 뮤직비디오, 北 젊은층서 유행" |url=https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1003615559 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214020255/https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1003615559 |archive-date=2019-12-14 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[SBS 8 News|SBS News]] |language=ko}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Anonymous (hacker group)|Anonymous]]-affiliated hackers claimed to have broken into North Korea's intranet.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boone |first=Jeb |date=April 2, 2013 |title=Anonymous Korea continues attacks against North Korean sites |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-04-02/anonymous-korea-continues-attacks-against-north-korean-sites |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819010049/https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-04-02/anonymous-korea-continues-attacks-against-north-korean-sites |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=August 18, 2021 |work=[[The World (radio program)|The World]]}}</ref> However, evidence for the claim was lacking.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weber |first=Peter |date=January 8, 2015 |title=Is Anonymous meddling in the North Korea standoff? |url=https://theweek.com/articles/465984/anonymous-meddling-north-korea-standoff |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818191055/https://theweek.com/articles/465984/anonymous-meddling-north-korea-standoff |archive-date=August 18, 2021 |access-date=August 18, 2021 |work=[[The Week]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |date=April 4, 2013 |title=Sorry, Anonymous probably didn't hack North Korea's intranet |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/04/04/sorry-anonymous-probably-didnt-hack-north-koreas-intranet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828193339/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/04/04/sorry-anonymous-probably-didnt-hack-north-koreas-intranet/ |archive-date=2021-08-28 |access-date=2021-08-19 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Salmon |first=Andrew |date=March 2, 2021 |title=North Korea's cyber commandos range far, strike deep |url=https://asiatimes.com/2021/03/kims-cyber-commandos-range-far-strike-deep/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819010038/https://asiatimes.com/2021/03/kims-cyber-commandos-range-far-strike-deep/ |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=August 18, 2021 |work=[[Asia Times]]}}</ref>

A [[video conferencing]] system called [[Rakwon]] was developed at [[Kim Il-sung University]] in 2010. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea|COVID-19 pandemic]], it became much more popular for remote meetings and appeared regularly on news bulletins. [[Telemedicine]] and remote education systems have been developed.<ref name="38north-20210513">{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Martyn |date=13 May 2021 |title=Rakwon: North Korea's Video Conferencing Paradise |url=https://www.38north.org/2021/05/rakwon-north-koreas-video-conferencing-paradise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627131623/https://www.38north.org/2021/05/rakwon-north-koreas-video-conferencing-paradise/ |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=[[38 North]] |publisher=The Henry L. Stimson Center}}</ref>

The first online shopping website was opened in 2015, and 22 such websites were available by 2021. The [[Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|Central Bank of North Korea]] launched an electronic payment system in 2020.<ref name="recordedfuture">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20240718170035/https://go.recordedfuture.com/hubfs/reports/CTA-NK-2024-0718.pdf Despite Sanctions, North Koreans Continue to Use Foreign Technology]}}</ref>

==Content==
As of 2014, the Kwangmyong network was estimated to have between about 1,000 and 5,500 websites.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="ts-20140223">{{Cite news |last=Eric Talmadge |date=23 February 2014 |title=North Korea: Where the Internet has just 5,500 sites |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2014/02/23/north_korea_where_the_internet_has_just_5500_sites.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807103142/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2014/02/23/north_korea_where_the_internet_has_just_5500_sites.html |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=15 July 2014 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=":21" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Charles |date=26 August 2016 |title=Netflix jokes about North Korean knockoff 'Manbang' |url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/26/technology/netflix-north-korea/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531230849/https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/26/technology/netflix-north-korea/ |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=CNN}}</ref> In 2021, Max Fisher of [[Vox (website)|''Vox'']] estimated that the number was about 5,000.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last1=Werman |first1=Marco |last2=Fisher |first2=Max |title=North Korea's Internet outage affected few users |url=https://www.pri.org/node/71315/popout |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818140755/https://www.pri.org/node/71315/popout |archive-date=August 18, 2021 |access-date=August 18, 2021 |work=[[The World (radio program)|The World]]}}</ref> ''[[Excélsior]]'' also estimated the number at about 5,000 the following year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2022 |title=Así es Kwangmyong, el internet controlado por Corea del Norte |trans-title=This is Kwangmyong, the internet controlled by North Korea |url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/global/kwangmyong-internet-corea-del-norte/1515653 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520011151/http://www.excelsior.com.mx/global/kwangmyong-internet-corea-del-norte/1515653 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |work=[[Excélsior]] |language=es}}</ref>

The Kwangmyong network is composed of many websites and services. Some sites host political and economic propaganda. Scientific and cultural information and fields of knowledge among other topics can be found elsewhere.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beal |first=Tim |date=2001-01-01 |title=Information and communications technologies in the two Koreas: Contrasts, commonalities, challenges |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/12265080108449833 |url-status=live |journal=Global Economic Review |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=51–67 |doi=10.1080/12265080108449833 |issn=1226-508X |s2cid=153611667 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111152120/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/12265080108449833 |archive-date=2024-01-11 |access-date=2021-04-01|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=R. |date=2004-09-17 |title=Scientific Exchanges : The Ultimate, Exclusive LAN |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.305.5691.1701 |url-status=live |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |language=en |volume=305 |issue=5691 |page=1701 |doi=10.1126/science.305.5691.1701 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=15375243 |s2cid=166923747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826010715/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.305.5691.1701 |archive-date=2023-08-26 |access-date=2022-06-30|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Over 30 million mostly scientific or technical documents were reportedly posted to the intranet as of 2007.<ref name=":25" />

Websites of various [[Government of North Korea|North Korean government agencies]] including provincial government, cultural institutions, major universities and libraries, some local schools, and some of the major industrial and commercial organizations are accessible to users.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="ts-20140223" /> The network also contains (mostly science-related) websites from the open Internet that are downloaded, reviewed and censored.<ref name="yout_Comp" />

An internal emailing service is available on the Kwangmyong network.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Talmadge |first=Eric |date=2017-11-11 |title=North Korea's digital divide: Online elites, isolated masses |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/blue-sky/ct-north-korea-digital-divide-20171111-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813084036/https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/blue-sky/ct-north-korea-digital-divide-20171111-story.html |archive-date=2020-08-13 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[The Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> A search engine is in use for browsing the Kwangmyong intranet.<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2007-02-01 |title=Weird but wired |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2007/02/01/weird-but-wired |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817153333/https://www.economist.com/asia/2007/02/01/weird-but-wired |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-03-31 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The search engine reportedly goes by the name "''Naenara''", which means "Our Country".<ref name="ts-20140223" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Seliger |first1=Bernhard |last2=Schmidt |first2=Stefan |date=2014 |title=The Hermit Kingdom Goes Online ... Information Technology, Internet Use and Communication Policy in North Korea |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43908932 |url-status=live |journal=[[North Korean Review]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=71–88 |doi=10.3172/NKR.10.1.71 |issn=1551-2789 |jstor=43908932 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817085728/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43908932 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |access-date=2021-04-01 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> A Facebook-like [[social networking service]] in use by professors and university students existed as of 2013, and was used to post birthday messages.<ref name="wp-20130313">{{Cite news |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |date=13 March 2013 |title=A rare glimpse of North Korea's version of Facebook |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/03/13/a-rare-glimpse-of-north-koreas-version-of-facebook/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602064637/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/03/13/a-rare-glimpse-of-north-koreas-version-of-facebook/ |archive-date=2 June 2015 |access-date=15 July 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> [[CNN]] reported in 2017 that a "North Korean equivalent to Facebook" exists.<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |last1=Ripley |first1=Will |last2=Lourdes |first2=Marc |date=September 2017 |title=Secret State: A journey into the heart of North Korea |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2017/09/asia/north-korea-secret-state/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815094932/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2017/09/asia/north-korea-secret-state/ |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |access-date=August 18, 2021 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> [[Message boards]] are known to exist on the network.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sung |first=Choi |date=March 11, 2016 |title=N. Korea's National Science and Technology Intranet 'Kwangmyong' |url=http://www.koreaittimes.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=58618 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814041909/http://www.koreaittimes.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=58618 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |access-date=August 13, 2021 |work=[[The Korea IT Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":23" /> An [[IPTV]] video-streaming service called ''[[Manbang]]'' (만방), Korean for "Everyone", was reportedly launched in August 2016, though the name ''Manbang'' appeared in North Korean technology as early as 2013. It is accessed by a [[Wi-Fi]]-enabled set-top box. It can be accessed through [[smartphone]]s and tablet computers.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Inc |first=IBP |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nCxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Korea North Telecom Laws and Regulations Handbook |volume= 1 Strategic Information and Laws Affecting Telecom Sector and Foreign Investments |date= 2018 |publisher=[[Lulu Press]] |isbn=978-1-4330-8202-3 |page=39 |language=en |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111152051/https://books.google.com/books?id=2nCxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=11 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="38north-20190222">{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Martyn |date=22 February 2019 |title=Manbang IPTV Service in Depth |url=https://www.38north.org/2019/02/mwilliams022219/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807103144/https://www.38north.org/2019/02/mwilliams022219/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=6 March 2019 |work=[[38 North]] |publisher=The Henry L. Stimson Center}}</ref> Reportedly the Kwangmyong has been used for [[Online dating service|online dating]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":24" /> Chat rooms were used by North Koreans interested in sports until 2006, when the chat rooms were removed.<ref name=":3" /> Regional chat rooms were added in 2015.<ref name=":10" />

Domestic state news services are available on the network, such as the [[Korean Central News Agency]], ''[[Rodong Sinmun]],'' and [[Voice of Korea]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohrlich |first=Justin |date=16 January 2013 |title=Interview with an unlikely capitalist in North Korea |url=https://qz.com/44207/interview-with-an-unlikely-capitalist-in-north-korea/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194817/https://qz.com/44207/interview-with-an-unlikely-capitalist-in-north-korea/ |archive-date=2013-01-16 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |language=en}}</ref> Scientific research websites of academic and scholarly works devoted to the network are served through web-based academic exchanges and information sharing such as the Academy of Sciences for Science and Technology ({{korean|hangul=과학기술전시관|hanja=科學技術展示館|context=north}})<ref>http://www.stic.ac.kp/{{dead link|date=August 2024|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> and the Academy of Sciences for Medical Science ({{korean|hangul=의학과학정보센터|context=north}}).<ref>http://www.icms.he.kp/{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An electronic library is present on the network, which also hosts [[Video lesson|video lectures]] for various topics.<ref name=":3" /><ref>http://www.elib.edu.kp/{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Some [[e-commerce]] and [[Online banking|e-banking]] websites exist on the network.<ref name=":15" /><ref name="baron-20130311">{{Cite web |last=Jeff Baron |date=11 March 2013 |title=Book Review: 'A Capitalist in North Korea' |url=http://38north.org/2013/03/jbaron031113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313063643/http://38north.org/2013/03/jbaron031113/ |archive-date=13 March 2013 |access-date=11 March 2013 |website=[[38 North]] |publisher=School of Advanced International Studies}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-04 |title=[리얼북한] '광명망' 쇼핑사이트는 모두 22개 |url=http://www.sisaweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=33381 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204005347/http://www.sisaweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=33381 |archive-date=2020-12-04 |access-date=2021-04-01 |website=시사주간 |language=ko}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-06 |title=For most, N. Korean online shopping not just a click away |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/06/north-korea-launches-e-shopping-website-despite-having-no-internet.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924231907/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/06/north-korea-launches-e-shopping-website-despite-having-no-internet.html |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref> Some video games also exist on the intranet.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":22" /> One of the games available on the Kwangmyong is [[Janggi|Korean chess]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ts-20140223" /> Phones provide access to [[e-book]]s and [[mobile payment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-09 |title=North Korea's newest fad: 'Boy General' phone game |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/12/09/north-koreas-newest-fad-boy-general-mobile-phone-game.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808163514/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/12/09/north-koreas-newest-fad-boy-general-mobile-phone-game.html |archive-date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-30 |title=北에도 '모바일 결제 앱' 있다…모바일뱅킹 기초 기능 |url=https://www.donga.com/news/Economy/article/all/20200130/99454627/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818043557/https://www.donga.com/news/Economy/article/all/20200130/99454627/1 |archive-date=2021-08-18 |access-date=2021-03-31 |work=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]] |language=ko}}</ref> Some cultural websites are among the few .kp domain websites which have been openly accessible to foreigners through the global Internet, such as at least one culinary site and one displaying the country's film industry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Asher |first=Saira |date=2016-09-21 |title=What the North Korean internet really looks like |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37426725 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218133938/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37426725 |archive-date=2021-02-18 |access-date=2021-03-31 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Other services in use on the intranet include dictionaries, [[telehealth]], and [[text messaging]] services.<ref name=":15" /> Reportedly a travel website allowed North Koreans to plan vacations within the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chomchuen |first=Timothy W. Martin and Warangkana |date=2017-12-06 |title=North Koreans Get Smartphones, and the Regime Keeps Tabs |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/north-koreans-get-smartphones-and-the-regime-keeps-tabs-1512556200 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223180111/https://www.wsj.com/articles/north-koreans-get-smartphones-and-the-regime-keeps-tabs-1512556200 |archive-date=2020-12-23 |access-date=2021-08-19 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

==Network access==
Kwangmyong is designed to be accessible only from within North Korea.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last1=Haddou |first1=Rashid |last2=Winsor |first2=Morgan |date=2019-07-24 |title=Inside North Korea: What life for a rare foreign student in Pyongyang reveals about the reclusive country |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/inside-north-korea-life-rare-foreign-student-pyongyang/story?id=62090283 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724071219/https://abcnews.go.com/International/inside-north-korea-life-rare-foreign-student-pyongyang/story?id=62090283 |archive-date=2019-07-24 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last1=Vladimir |first1=Kropotov |last2=Lin |first2=Philippe |last3=Yarochkin |first3=Fyodor |last4=Hacquebord |first4=Feike |date=2017-10-17 |title=A Closer Look at North Korea's Internet |url=https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/17/j/a-closer-look-at-north-koreas-internet.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917170758/https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/17/j/a-closer-look-at-north-koreas-internet.html |archive-date=2020-09-17 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[Trend Micro]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Access is available within major cities and counties, as well as universities and major industrial and commercial organizations.<ref name=":9" /> For example, a library at the [[Pyongyang Sci-Tech Complex]] provides access to the intranet, and is reportedly used by different types of people, including factory workers, children and researchers for various purposes.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":27">{{Cite news |date=19 November 2017 |title=North Korea Slowly Goes Online |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/north-korea-slowly-goes-online/4113399.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520074859/https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/north-korea-slowly-goes-online/4113399.html |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> About 3,000 computer terminals are usable there.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2017 |title=How North Korea is slowly embracing its own sealed version of the internet – complete with stringent surveillance |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2119146/how-north-korea-slowly-embracing-its-own-sealed-version-internet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105233845/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2119146/how-north-korea-slowly-embracing-its-own-sealed-version-internet |archive-date=5 January 2020 |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=The South China Morning Post |agency=The Associated Press}}</ref> The intranet is also accessible from another library at the [[Grand People's Study House]].<ref name=":22" />

Sites in the network are commonly accessed using [[Private network#Private IPv4 addresses|24-bit block private IPv4 addresses]].

The first "[[internet cafe|internet café]]" (or "intranet cafe") in North Korea was opened in [[Pyongyang]], where one may access the country's intranet services. It opened in 2002, near [[Kwangbok station]], and has about 100 computers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khazan |first=Olga |date=December 11, 2012 |title=What it's like to use the Internet in North Korea |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/12/11/what-its-like-to-use-the-internet-in-north-korea/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412004739/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/12/11/what-its-like-to-use-the-internet-in-north-korea/ |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=19 July 2016 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-07-28 |title=North Korea develops internet |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240051922/North-Korea-develops-internet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531001157/https://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240051922/North-Korea-develops-internet |archive-date=2013-05-31 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[Computer Weekly]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22" /> It was opened by a [[Seoul]] company named Hoonnet, and a North Korean company named Jangsaeng General Trade Company.<ref name=":25" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 27, 2002 |title=First internet cafe opens in P'yang |url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=7014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818153125/http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=7014 |archive-date=August 18, 2021 |access-date=August 18, 2021 |work=[[KBS World]]}}</ref> These cafes, also known as "PC rooms" or "Information Technology Stores", began appearing across North Korea as soon as the early 2000s, and can be accessed for a fee.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Jong-Heon Lee |date=2002-05-28 |title=Internet cafe opens in N.Korea |url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2002/05/28/Internet-cafe-opens-in-NKorea/75791022581893/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818043556/https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2002/05/28/Internet-cafe-opens-in-NKorea/75791022581893/ |archive-date=2021-08-18 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[United Press International]] |language=en}}</ref> The cafes provide other paid services as well, such as [[computing]] classes. As of 2005, the price for accessing these services was considered prohibitively expensive for the average North Korean citizen, according to ''[[Daily NK]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jung |first=Yang |title=Controlling Internet Café in North Korea |url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk00300&num=206 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807115831/https://www.dailynk.com/english// |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=19 July 2016 |work=[[Daily NK]]}}</ref>

The process of installing an approved personal computer in North Korean homes which would be capable of accessing the intranet requires inspection and authorization from local government authorities.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Youkyung |last2=Kim |first2=Tong-Hyung |date=2014-12-23 |title=A look at North Korea's limited Internet capabilities |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/a-look-at-north-koreas-limited-internet-capabilities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818043556/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/a-look-at-north-koreas-limited-internet-capabilities/ |archive-date=2021-08-18 |access-date=2021-03-31 |work=[[The Seattle Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boynton |first=Robert S. |date=2011-02-24 |title=North Korea's Digital Underground |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/04/north-koreas-digital-underground/308414/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819085446/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/04/north-koreas-digital-underground/308414/ |archive-date=2012-08-19 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> As of 2010, an estimated 200,000 such personal computers were in Pyongyang private homes, and access to the Kwangmyong is more common among people in cities compared to those in rural areas.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2014-12-22 |title=Yes, North Korea has the internet. Here's what it looks like. |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/12/22/7435625/north-korea-internet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223013421/https://www.vox.com/2014/12/22/7435625/north-korea-internet |archive-date=2014-12-23 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pappas |first=Stephanie |date=8 April 2013 |title=7 Strange Cultural Facts About North Korea |url=https://www.livescience.com/28528-7-cultural-facts-north-korea.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531230849/https://www.livescience.com/28528-7-cultural-facts-north-korea.html |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=[[LiveScience]]}}</ref> A 2017 survey found that 19% of households had a computer but only 1% had a computer with access to Kwangmyong. The figure for households in possession of a computer with Kwangmyong access was 5% in Pyongyang.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/world/tackling-north-koreas-chronically-poor-sewage-not-rocket-science-un-idUSKBN1JG2RH/ Tackling North Korea's chronically poor sewage 'not rocket science' – U.N.]</ref> However, Kwangmyong can also be accessed on mobile phones. As of 2018, it was estimated that 18-20% of the population had mobile phones with Kwangmyong access.<ref name=recordedfuture/>

Kwangmyong has 24-hour unlimited access by [[dial-up]] telephone line.<ref name=":9" /> In addition to access from personal computers, the national intranet may be accessed from mobile devices on [[3G]] network.<ref name=":27" /> {{As of|2013}}, a number of [[Android (operating system)|Android]]-based [[tablet computer]] products, including the [[Samjiyon tablet computer]], can be purchased in North Korea that give access to Kwangmyong.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Martyn Williams |date=30 July 2013 |title=Android tablet gives rare glimpse at North Korean tech |url=http://www.itworld.com/367228/android-tablet-gives-rare-glimpse-north-korean-tech |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807115837/https://www.computerworld.com// |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=15 July 2014 |work=IT World}}</ref> A 2017 estimate put the number of mobile phones in North Korea at between 2.5 and 3 million.<ref name=":15" /> In 2020, another estimate put the number of mobile phone users at 4.5 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=정용환 |date=2020-08-11 |title=북한 휴대폰 가입 600만…고급모델은 2년전 갤럭시A7 수준 |url=https://news.joins.com/article/23845770 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617060109/https://news.joins.com/article/23845770 |archive-date=2021-06-17 |access-date=2021-03-31 |work=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]}}</ref> Mobile phones are the more common way for North Koreans to access the Kwangmyong intranet. Access to the global Internet or phone numbers outside of North Korea is not permitted aside from highest-ranked government officials and certain employees of the [[Korea Computer Center]].<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jaewon |first=Kim |date=June 6, 2019 |title=North Koreans tap into smartphone apps on restricted state network |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/N-Korea-at-crossroads/North-Koreans-tap-into-smartphone-apps-on-restricted-state-network |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814043404/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/N-Korea-at-crossroads/North-Koreans-tap-into-smartphone-apps-on-restricted-state-network |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |access-date=August 13, 2021 |work=[[The Nikkei]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Osnos |first=Evan |date=September 7, 2017 |title=The Risk of Nuclear War with North Korea |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/18/the-risk-of-nuclear-war-with-north-korea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801215405/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/18/the-risk-of-nuclear-war-with-north-korea |archive-date=August 1, 2021 |access-date=August 18, 2021 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref> Like personal computers, phones must be approved by authorities.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Tong-Hyung |last2=Lee |first2=Youkyung |date=2014-12-23 |title=Look At How Bizarre North Korea's 'Internet' Is |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/a-look-at-north-koreas-tightly-controlled-internet-services-2014-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223110519/https://www.businessinsider.com/a-look-at-north-koreas-tightly-controlled-internet-services-2014-12 |archive-date=2014-12-23 |access-date=2021-04-01 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> According to [[Radio Free Asia]], the government began requiring cell phone users to install surveillance software through an app to access the intranet in 2022. The app, called the Kwangmyong app, connects users to their subscriptions to the state-run ''[[Rodong Sinmun]]'' newspaper and other educational and informational services but also contains surveillance software which allows the [[Ministry of State Security (North Korea)|Ministry of State Security]] and other law enforcement agencies to track their locations and see if they're accessing foreign content.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Son |first=Hyemin |title=North Korea requires cellphone users to install invasive surveillance app |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/app-07082022150535.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904230701/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/app-07082022150535.html |archive-date=4 September 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |work=[[Radio Free Asia]]}}</ref>

In 2018, North Korea unveiled a new Wi-Fi service called [[Mirae (Wi-Fi)|Mirae]] ("Future"), which allowed mobile devices to access the intranet network in Pyongyang.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jakhar |first=Pratik |date=15 December 2018 |title=North Korea's high-tech pursuits: Propaganda or progress? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46563454 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807103256/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46563454 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=16 December 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

In December 2023, North Korea started to deploy [[4G]] network for mobile device to access the intranet network.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mun |first=Dong Hui |date=2023-12-29 |title=N. Korea begins accepting subscribers to 4G cellular network |url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/n-korea-begins-accepting-subscribers-to-4g-cellular-network/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102044920/https://www.dailynk.com/english/n-korea-begins-accepting-subscribers-to-4g-cellular-network/ |archive-date=2024-01-02 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=[[Daily NK]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeong |first=Tae Joo |date=2023-11-03 |title=N. Korea imports second-hand Huawei devices to modernize telecommunications network |url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/north-korea-imports-second-hand-huawei-devices-modernize-telecommunications-network/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102044918/https://www.dailynk.com/english/north-korea-imports-second-hand-huawei-devices-modernize-telecommunications-network/ |archive-date=2024-01-02 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=[[Daily NK]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Martyn |date=2023-11-04 |title=Is 4G on the Horizon for North Korea? |url=https://www.northkoreatech.org/2023/11/04/is-4g-on-the-horizon-for-north-korea/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102050422/https://www.northkoreatech.org/2023/11/04/is-4g-on-the-horizon-for-north-korea/ |archive-date=2024-01-02 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=[[North Korea Tech]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mun |first=Dong Hui |date=2024-11-14 |title=North Korea's 4G launch: Pyongyang first in phased rollout |url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/north-koreas-4g-launch-pyongyang-first-in-phased-rollout/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=[[Daily NK]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Languages==
The network uses [[Korean language|Korean]] as the main interface language, though the government's web portal (''Naenara''), is multilingual.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Martyn |title=North Korean news and media websites |url=https://www.northkoreatech.org/the-north-korean-website-list/north-korean-news-media-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809013625/https://www.northkoreatech.org/the-north-korean-website-list/north-korean-news-media-websites/ |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |access-date=April 1, 2021 |website=[[North Korea Tech]] |language=en-US}}</ref> There is a dictionary available to users for translation between Korean and [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], with a database containing at least 1,700,000 words, to assist users who may not be familiar with foreign languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Ruediger |date=2013-10-22 |title=The North Korean Tablet Computer Samjiyon: Hardware, Software and Resources |url=https://www.38north.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/SamjiyonProductReview_RFrank102213-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102055651/https://www.38north.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/SamjiyonProductReview_RFrank102213-2.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-02 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[38 North]]}}</ref>

Different websites on the intranet may be available in different sets of languages. A website that sells postage stamps is available in Korean, English, and Chinese.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-04 |title=[단독] 북한, 우표 쇼핑몰 만들어 외화벌이 안간힘 |url=http://www.upinews.kr/newsView/upi202103030107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304002904/http://www.upinews.kr/newsView/upi202103030107 |archive-date=2021-03-04 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=UPI뉴스 ([[United Press International]]) |language=ko}}</ref> The writings of the [[Kim dynasty (North Korea)|Kim family]] are available in Korean, Japanese, Russian, and Chinese.<ref name=":0" />

==Information control==
Kwangmyong is designed to be used only within North Korea, and is referred to as an [[intranet]].<ref name=":11" /> Kwangmyong prevents domestic users within North Korea from freely accessing foreign content or information and typically prevents foreigners from accessing domestic content.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":20" /> According to ''[[Daily NK]]'', it "prevents the leak of classified data" and "functions as a form of information censorship, preventing undesirable information from being accessed".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Sounding Change in North Korea |url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/NORTH-KOREA-SOUNDING-CHANGE.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202095632/https://www.dailynk.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/NORTH-KOREA-SOUNDING-CHANGE.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-02 |access-date=2021-04-01 |website=[[Daily NK]]}}</ref> Thus, sensitive topics and information are unlikely to surface on Kwangmyong due to the absence of a link to the outside world and the censorship that occurs. Kwangmyong is maintained and monitored by government-related entities.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Talmadge |first=Eric |date=2014-02-03 |title=Surfing the Intranet: North Korea's authoritarian alternative to the World Wide Web |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/1124882/surfing-the-intranet-north-koreas-authoritarian-alternative-to-the-world-wide-web/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515110954/https://globalnews.ca/news/1124882/surfing-the-intranet-north-koreas-authoritarian-alternative-to-the-world-wide-web/ |archive-date=2021-05-15 |access-date=2021-03-31 |work=[[Global News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> However, large amounts of material from the global Internet ends up on Kwangmyong, following processing.<ref name=":14" /> The operating systems of government-approved phones reject access to any applications that are not also approved by the government.<ref name=":15" />

While foreigners in North Korea are generally not allowed to access Kwangmyong, they may have access to the global Internet.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":20" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Shreyas |date=2019-07-05 |title=Analysis: How does North Korea use social media? |url=https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/c200xiwn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707025622/https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/c200xiwn |archive-date=2019-07-07 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> For security reasons networks with Internet and intranet access are [[Air gap (networking)|air gapped]] so that computers with Internet access are not housed in the same location as computers with Kwangmyong access.<ref name="yout_Comp" />

Given that there is no direct connection to the outside Internet, unwanted information cannot enter the network. Information is filtered and processed by government agencies before being hosted on the North Korean Intranet.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=North Korea's Internet strategy and its political implications |journal=The Pacific Review}}</ref> [[Internet in Myanmar|Myanmar]] and [[Internet in Cuba|Cuba]] also use a similar network system that is separated from the rest of the Internet, and [[Iran#Media|Iran]] has been reported as having future plans to implement such a network, though it is claimed that it would work alongside the [[Internet]] and would not replace it.<ref name="rhoads">Christopher Rhoads and Farnaz Fassihi, May 28, 2011, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704889404576277391449002016 Iran Vows to Unplug Internet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806114911/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704889404576277391449002016 |date=2017-08-06 }}, Wall Street Journal</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Inc |first=IBP |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHCuBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Kwangmyong%22+network+-wikipedia&pg=PA45 |title=Myanmar Internet and E-Commerce Investment and Business Guide – Regulations and Opportunities |date=2013 |publisher=[[Lulu Press]] |isbn=978-1-4387-3445-3 |page=45 |language=en |access-date=2021-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111152046/https://books.google.com/books?id=UHCuBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Kwangmyong%22+network+-wikipedia&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q=%22Kwangmyong%22%20network%20-wikipedia&f=false |archive-date=2024-01-11 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Radziwill |first=Yaroslav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RydACgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Kwangmyong%22+network+-wikipedia&pg=PA105 |title=Cyber-Attacks and the Exploitable Imperfections of International Law |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-29830-9 |page=105 |language=en |access-date=2021-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111152121/https://books.google.com/books?id=RydACgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Kwangmyong%22+network+-wikipedia&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q=%22Kwangmyong%22%20network%20-wikipedia&f=false |archive-date=2024-01-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==List of sites==
Below is a list of sites that were listed on Kwangmyong's website portal in 2016.<ref name="YLE 2016" />
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Category
!Field
!Site name
!Domain
!Site IP address
!Is site on internet?
|-
| rowspan="4" |종합자료기지

(Comprehensive database)
|
|과학기술전당
[[Pyongyang Sci-Tech Complex|Science and Technology Complex]]
|www.sciteco.aca.kp
|10.93.0.3
|No
|-
|
|남산 (인민대학습당)
Namsan ([[Grand People's Study House]])
|www.gpsh.edu.kp
|10.30.80.101
|[http://www.gpsh.edu.kp/ www.gpsh.edu.kp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304013449/http://www.gpsh.edu.kp/ |date=2019-03-04 }}
|-
|
|광명 (중앙과학기술통보사)
Bright Light (Central Information Agency for Science and Technology)
|www.ciast.aca.kp
|10.41.1.2
|No
|-
|
|열풍 (중앙과학기술보급부)
Craze (Central Science and Technology Distribution Center)
|www.stdc.gov.kp
|10.30.71.67
|No
|-
| rowspan="11" |부문별중앙자료기지

(Central database by field)
|교육
Education
|교육 (김일성종합대학)
Education ([[Kim Il-sung University|Kim Il Sung University]])
|www.rns.edu.kp
|10.42.1.5
|[http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/ www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231443/http://ryongnamsan.edu.kp/ |date=2017-08-29 }}
|-
|의학
Medicine
|무병 (김일성종합대학 평양의학대학)

Disease Free ([[Pyongyang Medical University|Pyongyang Medical College of Kim Il Sung University]])
|www.mubyong.inf.kp
|10.30.5.222
|No
|-
|공학
Technology
|미래 (김책공업종합대학)
Future ([[Kim Chaek University of Technology]])
|www.elib.ac.kp
|10.30.50.5
|[http://www.kut.edu.kp/ www.kut.edu.kp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511015741/http://www.kut.edu.kp/ |date=2019-05-11 }}
|-
|건축
Architecture
|평양건축종합대학
Pyongyang University of Architecture
|www.pua.edu.kp
|10.61.4.2
|No
|-
|건설, 설계
Construction, design
|5.21 (국가설계지도국)
5.21 (Construction Design Information Center)
|www.cdic.con.kp
|10.10.5.99
|No
|-
|발명, 특허
Invention, patent
|발명 (국가발명국)
Invention (State Invention Office)
|www.ipo.aca.kp
|10.41.50.9
|No
|-
|상표, 공업도안
Brand, industrial design
|척후대 (중앙산업미술지도국)
Scout (Central Industrial Art Center)
|www.tidgio.gov.kp
|10.40.11.130
|No
|-
|규격
Standards
|래일 (국가귝격체정연구소)
Tomorrow (Korean National Institute of Standards)
|www.knis.ipo.aca.kp
|10.66.1.3
|No
|-
|체육
Athletics
|우승 (체육과학원)
Winner (Institute of Sports Science)
|www.ssl.edu.kp
|10.70.5.52
|No
|-
|산림
Forestry
|황금산 (국토환경보호성 중앙양묘장)
Golden Mountain (Central Tree Nursery, {{ill|Ministry of Land and Environment Conservation|ko|
조선민주주의인민공화국 국토환경보호성}})
|hwanggumsan.edu.kp
|10.192.3.2
|No
|-
|나노기술
Nanotechnology
|나노기술 (국가나노기술국)

Nanotechnology (National Nanotechnology Center)
|www.nano.aca.kp
|10.10.6.18
|No
|-
| rowspan="9" |각도 도서관
Provincial libraries
|
|불야경 (자강도도서관)
Night View (Jagang Province Library)
|www.fire.edu.kp
|10.214.6.18
|No
|-
|
|분발 (함경북도도서관)
Endeavor (North Hamgyong Province Library)
|www.hambuk.edu.kp
|10.205.10.100
|No
|-
|
|려명 (함경남도도서관)
Dawn (South Hamgyong Province Library)
|www.shplib.edu.kp
|10.209.223.201
|No
|-
|
|철령 (강원도도서관)
Choryong (Kangwon Province Library)
|www.kwlib.edu.kp
|10.224.4.10
|No
|-
|
|평안북도도서관
North Phyongan Province Library
|www.pblib.edu.kp
|10.217.1.10
|No
|-
|
|례성강 (황해북도도서관)
Ryesonggang (North Hwanghae Library)
|www.rsr.edu.kp
|10.226.9.80
|No
|-
|
|황해남도도서관
South Hwanghae Library
|www.shlib.edu.kp
|10.229.0.35
|No
|-
|
|라선시도서관
Rason City Library
|www.rslib.edu.kp
|10.238.5.2
|No
|-
|
|와우도 (남포시도서관)
Snail (Nampho City Library)
|www.wud.edu.kp
|10.232.101.2
|No
|-
| rowspan="8" |원격교육기지
(Tele-education database)
|
|룡남산 (김일성종합대학)
Ryongnamsan ([[Kim Il-sung University|Kim Il Sung University]])
|N/A (not same website as 《교육 (김일성종합대학)》)
|10.42.1.250
|[http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/ www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231443/http://ryongnamsan.edu.kp/ |date=2017-08-29 }}
|-
|
|원종장 (김일성종합대학 평양의학대학)
Wonjongjang ([[Pyongyang Medical University|Pyongyang Medical College of Kim Il Sung University]])
|www.wonjongjang.edu.kp
|10.30.5.133
|No
|-
|
|리상 (김책공업종합대학)
Ultimate Goal ([[Kim Chaek University of Technology]])
|www.risang.edu.kp
|10.15.15.8
|[http://www.kut.edu.kp/ www.kut.edu.kp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511015741/http://www.kut.edu.kp/ |date=2019-05-11 }}
|-
|
|모체 (평양기계종합대학)
Moche (Pyongyang University of Mechanical Engineering)
|www.moche.edu.kp
|10.60.2.30
|No
|-
|
|선행관 (평양철도종합대학)
Sonhaenggwan (Pyongyang University of Railways)
|www.sgh.edu.kp
|10.192.131.100
|No
|-
|
|충복 (장철구평양상업종합대학)
Loyalty (Pyongyang Jang Chol Gu University of Commerce)
|www.chungbok.edu.kp
|10.40.4.130
|No
|-
|
|인재 (한덕수평양경공업종합대학)\
Talent (Pyongyang Han Tok Su University of Light Industry)
|www.iniea.edu.kp
|10.20.66.3
|No
|-
|
|정준택원산경제대학
Wonsan Jong Jun Thaek University of Economics
|www.wieu.edu.kp
|10.224.21.10
|No
|-
| rowspan="60" |기타
Miscellaneous
|
|김일성종합대학
[[Kim Il-sung University|Kim Il Sung University]]
|www.rns.edu.kp
|10.42.1.2
|[http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/ www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231443/http://ryongnamsan.edu.kp/ |date=2017-08-29 }}
|-
|
|불멸의 꽃 (조선김일성화김정일화위원회)
Immortal Flower (Korea Kimilsungia-Kimjongilia Committee)
|www.kfa.org.kp
|10.66.5.11
|[http://www.naenara.com.kp/sites/kkf/ www.naenara.com.kp/sites/kkf/]
|-
|
|클락새 (김일성종합대학 정보기술연구소)
Kulaksae (Kim Il Sung University Information Technology Center)
|www.kulak.edu.kp
|10.50.25.3
|No
|-
|
|검은모루 (황해북도 상원군도서관)
Black Anvil (North Hwanghae Province Sangwon County Library)
|www.kmm.edu.kp
|10.188.1.1
|No
|-
|
|고려의술 (고려의학과학원)
Koryo Medicine (Academy of Koryo Medicine)
|www.koryodoctor.inf.kp
|10.76.1.18
|No
|-
|
|기둥 (청진광산금속대학)
Pillar (Chongjin University of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering)
|www.cimmu.edu.kp
|10.205.1.5
|No
|-
|
|길동무 (함경북도과학기술룡보소)
Companion (North Hamgyong Province Information Agency for Science and Technology)
|www.hbiast.aca.kp
|10.205.7.10
|No
|-
|
|과학 (국가과학원)
Science ([[Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|State Academy of Sciences]])
|www.sas.aca.kp
|10.193.1.5
|No
|-
|
|과학기술전자전시관 (과학기술전시관)
Science and Technology Exhibition House
|www.stic.aca.kp
|192.168.10.10
|No
|-
|
|광야 (인터네트중앙연구소)
Open Field (Central Internet Institute)
|www.cii.gov.kp
|10.50.21.3
|No
|-
|
|로동신문 (로동신문사)
[[Rodong Sinmun]]
|www.rodong.ref.kp
|10.10.3.100
|[http://www.rodong.rep.kp/ www.rodong.rep.kp]
|-
|
|룡강군도서관 (남포시 룡강군도서관)
Ryonggang County Library (Nampho City Ryonggang County Library)
|www.rg.edu.kp
|10.160.1.2
|No
|-
|
|류경오락장 (인공지능연구소)
Ryugyong Recreation Area (Artificial Intelligence Research Institute)
|www.ryugyong.inf.kp
|10.70.7.133
|No
|-
|
|만방 (조선중앙방송위원회)
[[Manbang]] ([[Korean Central Broadcasting Committee|Central Broadcasting Committee of Korea]])
|www.krt.rep.kp
|10.61.61.3
|No
|-
|
|만병초 (장철구평양상업대학 도서관)
Manbyongcho (Pyongyang Jang Chol Gu University of Commerce Library)
|www.manbyongcho.edu.kp
|10.40.4.131
|No
|-
|
|목란 (목란광명회사)
Mokran (Mokran Kwangmyong Company)
|www.mokran.com.kp
|10.30.0.85
|No
|-
|
|방역 (국가발명국)
Quarantine (State Invention Office)
|www.antivir.ipo.aca.kp
|10.41.50.3
|No
|-
|
|법무생활 (최고인민회의 상임위원회)
Legal Life ([[Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly]])
|www.gpa.gov.kp
|10.30.16.18
|No
|-
|
|불길 (평성석탄공업대학)
Flame (Phyongsong University of Coal Mining)
|www.pulgil.edu.kp
|10.220.6.2
|No
|-
|
|붉은별 (붉은별연구소)
Red Star (Red Star Research Institute)
|www.osandok.inf.kp
|10.70.7.132
|No
|-
|
|비약 (3대혁명전시관)
Jump ([[Three Revolutions Exhibition|Three-Revolution Exhibition House]])
|www.exb.edu.kp
|10.50.19.1
|No
|-
|
|백두산 (백두산건축연구원)
Paektusan (Paektusan Institute of Architecture)
|www.paekdusan.com.kp
|10.30.3.34
|No
|-
|
|상연 (상업과학연구소)
Performance (Institute of Commercial Science)
|www.sangyon.aca.kp
|10.30.30.30
|No
|-
|
|선구자 (함경남도과학기술룡보소)
Pioneer (South Hamgyong Province Information Agency for Science and Technology)
|www.hnst.aca.kp
|10.209.225.2
|No
|-
|
|신고 (인민보안부)
Report ([[Ministry of People's Security]])
|www.singo.law.kp
|10.250.2.100
|No
|-
|
|신기 (계명기술개발소)
Mystical Energy (Kyemyong Technology Development Company)
|www.singi.com.kp
|10.30.80.131
|No
|-
|
|실리 (평양광명정보기술사)
Profit (Pyongyang Kwangmyong IT Corporation)
|N/A
|10.10.1.15
|No
|-
|
|실리왁찐 (평양광명정보기술사)
Profit Antivirus (Pyongyang Kwangmyong IT Corporation)
|www.sv.com.kp
|10.10.1.16
|No
|-
|
|새별기술교류사 (새별기술교류사)
Saebyol Technology Exchange Company
|www.saybyol.com.kp
|10.76.1.50
|No
|-
|
|새세기 (중앙과학기술통보사)
New Century (Central Information Agency for Science and Technology)
|www.newcentury.aca.kp
|10.41.1.10
|No
|-
|
|생명 (의학과학정보기술사)
Life (Medical Science and Technology Corporation)
|www.icms.hea.kp
|10.65.3.2
|No
|-
|
|장자강 (자강도전자업무연구소)
Jangjagang (Jagang Province Electronic Business Research Institute)
|www.ikic.inf.kp
|10.214.1.51
|No
|-
|
|전만봉 (희천공업대학)
Jonmanbong (Huichon University of Telecommunications)
|www.hut.edu.kp
|10.126.0.10
|No
|-
|
|정보21 (평양정보기술국)
Data 21 (Pyongyang Information Technology Bureau)
|www.pic.com.kp
|10.21.1.22
|No
|-
|
|조선료리 (조선료리협회)
[[Korean Dishes]] (Korea Cooking Association)
|www.cooks.org.kp
|10.10.6.40
|[http://www.cooks.org.kp/ www.cooks.org.kp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101003833/http://www.cooks.org.kp/ |date=2018-11-01 }}
|-
|
|조선중앙통신 (조선중앙통신사)
[[Korean Central News Agency]]
|www.kcn.inf.kp
|10.22.1.50
|[http://www.kcna.kp/ www.kcna.kp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912013712/http://www.kcna.kp/ |date=2020-09-12 }}
|-
|
|중앙버섯연구소 (국가과학원 중앙버섯연구소)
Central Mushroom Research Institute (State Academy of Sciences Central Mushroom Research Institute)
|www.mushroom.aca.kp
|10.20.7.2
|No
|-
|
|지향 (함흥화학공업대학)
Aim (Hamhung University of Chemical Engineering)
|www.huct.edu.kp
|10.208.1.2
|No
|-
|
|진달래 (만경대정보기술사)
Jindallae (Mangyongdae IT Corporation)
|www.mit.com.kp
|10.76.12.2
|No
|-
|
|창성군도서관 (평안북도 창성군도서관)
Changsong County Library (North Phyongan Province Changsong County Library)
|www.cslib.edu.kp
|10.145.2.2
|No
|-
|
|창전 (대동강건재공장)
Changjon (Taedonggang Building Materials Factory)
|www.changjon.com.kp
|10.90.6.100
|No
|-
|
|천리마 (중앙정보통신국)
Chollima (Central Information and Communications Center)
|www.pt.net.kp
|172.16.11.23
|No
|-
|
|천리마타일공장 (천리마타일공장)
Chollima Tile Factory
|www.taedonggangtile.com.kp
|10.159.127.15
|No
|-
|
|철벽 (정보보안연구소)
Iron Wall (Information Security Research Center)
|www.oun.inf.kp
|10.76.1.25
|No
|-
|
|체콤기술합영회사 (체콤기술합영회사)
Checom Technology Joint Venture Company
|www.checom.net.kp
|10.40.5.4
|No
|-
|
|평북 (평안북도전자업무연구소)
Phyongbuk (North Phyongan Province Electronic Business Research Institute)
|www.pyongbuk.inf.kp
|10.217.12.2
|No
|-
|
|평양성 (평양정보기술국)
Pyongyangsong (Pyongyang Information Technology Bureau)
|www.ca.pic.co.kp
|10.21.1.53
|No
|-
|
|평양택견 (태권도성지관)
Pyongyang Taekkyon (Taekwondo Sanctuary)
|www.taekwon-do.edu.kp
|10.70.7.18
|No
|-
|
|포부 (평북종합대학 농업대학)
Aspiration (Agricultural College of Phyongbuk University)
|www.phobu.edu.kp
|10.217.7.50
|No
|-
|
|푸른주단 (국가과학원 잔디연구분원)
Blue Silk (State Academy of Sciences Turf Branch Institute)
|www.iandi.aca.kp
|10.72.1.2
|No
|-
|
|품질 (국가품질감독위원회)
Quality (State Commission of Quality Management)
|www.saqm.gov.kp
|10.80.2.40
|No
|-
|
|학무정 (자강도 전천군도서관)
Hakmujong (Jagang Province Jonchon County Library)
|www.hmj.edu.kp
|10.127.131.5
|No
|-
|
|울림 (평양정보기술국)
Echo (Pyongyang Information Technology Bureau)
|N/A
|10.30.18.30
|No
|-
|
|해당화관 (해당화교류사)
Haedanghwakwan (Haedanghwa Exchange Company)
|www.hdh.com.kp
|10.76.1.3
|No
|-
|
|해양 (륙해운성)
Ocean ({{ill|Ministry of Land and Maritime Transport|ko|조선민주주의인민공화국 륙해운성}})
|www.mlmt.rai.kp
|10.30.33.2
|[http://www.ma.gov.kp/ www.ma.gov.kp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128203252/http://ma.gov.kp/ |date=2021-11-28 }}
|-
|
|아리랑 (5월11일공장)
Arirang (May 11 Factory)
|www.arirang.com.kp
|10.30.71.91
|No
|-
|
|아침 (조선과학기술총련맹 중앙위원회)
Morning (Central Committee of the General Federation of Science and Technology of Korea)
|www.kwust.org.kp
|10.30.5.3
|No
|-
|
|옥류 (인민봉사총국)
Okryu (People's Service General Bureau)
|N/A
|10.10.1.14
|No
|-
|
|우주 (위성정보봉사지점)
Space (Satellite Information Service Branch)
|www.space.aca.kp
|10.50.5.5
|No
|-
|
|원산농업종합대학
[[Wonsan Agricultural University|Wonsan University of Agriculture]]
|N/A
|10.224.121.100
|No
|}
Below is a list of sites that are not directly listed on www.sciteco.aca.kp (the Kwangmyong website portal) in 2016 and sites that have been confirmed to have been created on Kwangmyong after 2016.
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Site name in Korean
!Site name translation to English
!Purpose
!Domain
!Site IP address
!Reference (s)
|-
|《만물상》
|General Store
|E-commerce
|manmulsang.com manmulsang.com.kp
|10.99.1.11
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=《만물상》전자상업홈페지 사용자들속에서 인기|trans-title=Among the users of the "Manmulsang" electronic commerce homepage|url=http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=4237 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=arirangmeari.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607204751/http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=4237|archive-date=7 June 2022 |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=인기를 끌고있는 전자상업홈페지 《만물상》 |trans-title=Popular e-commerce homepage "Manmulsang"|url=http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=2679 |access-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203244/http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=2679|archive-date=7 June 2022 |website=arirangmeari.com |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=주목을 받고있는 새 전자상업홈페지《만물상》 |trans-title=New e-commerce homepage "Manmulsang" is attracting attention |url=http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=1385 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=arirangmeari.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203236/http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=1385|archive-date=7 June 2022|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=《만물상》전자상업홈페지 사용자들속에서 인기 |trans-title="Manmulsang" electronic commerce homepage is popular among the users|url=http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=8178 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=arirangmeari.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203241/http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=8178|archive-date=7 June 2022 |language=ko}}</ref><ref name="dailynk">{{Cite web|author=Mun Dong Hui|date=31 October 2024|title=Exclusive: A rare look at North Korea's official smartphone apps|url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/exclusive-rare-look-north-korea-official-smartphone-apps/|access-date=2025-02-01 |website=[[Daily NK]]}}</ref>
|-
|《관광》
|Tourism
|Domestic tour order
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=《관광》홈페지 새로 개설, 공화국주민들에 대한 국내관광주문봉사 진행|trans-title=Newly opened homepage "Tourism", domestic tourism order service for Republic residents in progress |url=http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=1786|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203239/http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=1786|archive-date=7 June 2022|access-date=2022-06-07 |website=arirangmeari.com |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|《조선우표》 《조선우표사》
|Korea Stamps
|North Korea's stamp information
|Unknown
|10.99.1.75
|<ref name="dailynk" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=《조선우표》홈페지 새로 개설, 우표문화의 발전을 힘있게 추동|trans-title=Newly-opened homepage "Korean Stamps", powerfully promoting the development of stamp culture|url=http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=1881|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203243/http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=1881|archive-date=7 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=arirangmeari.com |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=이동통신망 《조선우표》 홈페지 새로 개설|trans-title=The newly-opened mobile webpage "Korean Stamps"|url=http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=11453|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203242/http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=11453|archive-date=7 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=arirangmeari.com |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|《은정》
|Affection
|Cloud computing service
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=병렬계산봉사홈페지 《은정》을 통한 구름계산봉사 진행할 전망|trans-title=The computing service homepage “Affection” (Unjong) for cloud computing service|url=http://www.arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=2048|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116133157/http://www.arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=2048|archive-date=16 January 2020|access-date=2025-02-01|website=arirangmeari.com |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|《은파산》
|Silver Mountain
|E-commerce
|unphasan.com.kp
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=인기를 끌고있는 전자상점홈페지 《은파산》|trans-title=Popular e-commerce homepage "Silver Mountain"|url=http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=2728 |access-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213181707/http://www.arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=2728|archive-date=13 December 2022 |website=arirangmeari.com |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|《생물공학》
|Bio-engineering
|Biotechnology development
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=홈페지 《생물공학》이 새로 개설|trans-title=Newly-opened website "Bio-engineering" |url=http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=2901 |access-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203234/http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=2901|archive-date=7 June 2022 |website=arirangmeari.com |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|《푸른 산》
|Blue Mountain
|Forestry information
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref name="am1">{{Cite web |title=산림조성사업에 이바지하는 《황금산》, 《푸른 산》홈페지들|trans-title="Golden Mountain" and "Blue Mountain" homepages that contribute to forestation projects|url=http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=6646 |access-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203245/http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=6646|archive-date=7 June 2022 |website=arirangmeari.com |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|《황금산》
|Golden Mountain
|Forestry information
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref name="am1" />
|-
|《이채어경》
|Brilliant Fishing
|Fishing information
|Unknown
|10.193.6.3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=수산업발전에 기여할수 있는 《이채어경》홈페지|trans-title="Brilliant Fishing" homepage contributing to the development of the fishing industry|url=http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=7934 |access-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203243/http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=7934|archive-date=7 June 2022|website=arirangmeari.com |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=망가입자들속에서 호평받고있는 《이채어경》홈페지|trans-title=The well-received website "Brilliant Fishing"|url=https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/1548383458-442672667/%EB%A7%9D%EA%B0%80%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90%EB%93%A4%EC%86%8D%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C-%ED%98%B8%ED%8F%89%EB%B0%9B%EA%B3%A0%EC%9E%88%EB%8A%94-%E3%80%8A%EC%9D%B4%EC%B1%84%EC%96%B4%EA%B2%BD%E3%80%8B%ED%99%88%ED%8E%98/|access-date=2025-02-01|website=[[DPRK Today]] (via KCNA Watch)|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|《봄향기》
|Spring Fragrance (or Spring Scent)
|Online shop for Pomhyanggi-brand cosmetics
|bomhyanggi.com
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=신의주화장품공장에서 《봄향기》홈페지 개설, 사용자들속에서 인기|trans-title=Sinuiju Cosmetics Factory opens “Spring Fragrance” website that is popular among users |url=http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=9546|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607204752/http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=9546|archive-date=7 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=arirangmeari.com |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 July 2019 |title=Top North Korean cosmetics brand launches new online shop |url=https://www.nknews.org/2019/07/top-north-korean-cosmetics-brand-launches-new-online-shop/ |access-date=2025-02-02|website=[[NK News]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|《황금벌》{{efn|The website’s name is romanized as “Hwanggumbol”.}}
|Golden Field
|Agricultural science and technology information
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=농업생산에 도움을 주는 《황금벌》홈페지|trans-title=The "Golden Field" website that helps agricultural production |url=http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=18724 |access-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203240/http://arirangmeari.com/index.php?t=news&no=18724|archive-date=7 June 2022 |website=arirangmeari.com |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Hwanggumbol" Website Conducive to Agricultural Production |url=http://kcna.co.jp/item/2022/202202/news24/20220224-13ee.html|access-date=2025-02-02|website=[[Korean Central News Agency]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|《자강력》
|Self-development
|Job recruitment service
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=New North Korean intranet portal boasts job recruitment service for businesses|url=https://www.nknews.org/2019/12/new-north-korean-intranet-portal-boasts-job-recruitment-service-for-businesses/|access-date=2025-02-02 |website=[[NK News]]|date=10 December 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|《생활의 벗》
|Friend of Life
|Movie watching
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=새 영화들을 신속히 볼수 있는 《생활의 벗》홈페지|trans-title=The "Friend of Life" website where you can quickly watch new movies |url=https://dprktoday.com/news/52250|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113112950/https://dprktoday.com/news/52250|archive-date=13 November 2022 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=[[DPRK Today]] |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|《체육열풍》
|Sports Craze
|Sport information
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=체육정보열람체계 《체육열풍》이 개설되였다|trans-title=The sports information viewing system “Sports Craze” has been opened |url=https://dprktoday.com/news/35430 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=[[DPRK Today]] |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Pyongyang Orphanage's website; children health information
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=육아원 원아들 보육을 위한 홈페지 개설|trans-title=Opening of a homepage for childcare for children in orphanages|url=https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/1528807553-79439561/%ec%9c%a1%ec%95%84%ec%9b%90-%ec%9b%90%ec%95%84%eb%93%a4-%eb%b3%b4%ec%9c%a1%ec%9d%84-%ec%9c%84%ed%95%9c-%ed%99%88%ed%8e%98%ec%a7%80-%ea%b0%9c%ec%84%a4/ |access-date=2025-02-02|website=Arirang Meari (via KCNA Watch) |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|《룡남산법률사무소》의 홈페지
|Ryongnamsan Law Office
|Legal service
|Unknown{{efn|"Unofficial homepage" (introduction page) at [[Kim Il Sung University]]’s internet page.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryongnamsan Law Office|url=http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/en/about/organization/units/legal-service |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=[[Kim Il Sung University]] |language=en}}</ref>|group="Note RNS"}}
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=눈길을 끄는 《룡남산법률사무소》홈페지|trans-title=Eye-catching homepage of "Ryongnamsan Law Office"|url=https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/1575644432-827511219/%EB%88%88%EA%B8%B8%EC%9D%84-%EB%81%84%EB%8A%94-%E3%80%8A%EB%A3%A1%EB%82%A8%EC%82%B0%EB%B2%95%EB%A5%A0%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B4%EC%86%8C%E3%80%8B%ED%99%88%ED%8E%98%EC%A7%80%E2%80%8B/|access-date=2022-08-14 |website=[[DPRK Today]] (via KCNA Watch) |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|《옥류》
|Okryu
|E-commerce
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=호평받는 《옥류》전자상업봉사체계 |url=https://dprktoday.com/news/9778 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=[[DPRK Today]] |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|《내나라》
|My Nation
|Naenara Information Center
|Unknown
|10.76.1.11 10.99.1.162
|<ref name="dailynk" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Messing around with Naenara, North Korea's web browser |url=https://hackaday.com/2015/01/10/messing-around-with-naenara-north-koreas-web-browser/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=hackaday.com |date=10 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref>|<ref name="nkintranetlist">{{Cite web |title=A peek inside North Korea's Intranet |url=https://www.northkoreatech.org/2015/07/06/a-peek-inside-north-koreas-intranet/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=[[North Korea Tech]] |date=5 July 2015 |language=en}} For amended image, see [https://www.northkoreatech.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/150705-intranet-aram-pan-777x437.png here].</ref>
|-
|Unknown
|Dawn
|[[Pyongyang Department Store No. 1]]’s online shop
|store.com.kp{{efn|Mail server domain, possibly the domain of the website.}}
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2018 |title=Pyongyang Department Store No. 1 launches online shop, free delivery service: Dawn |url=https://www.nknews.org/2018/10/pyongyang-department-store-no-1-launches-online-shop-free-delivery-service-dawn/ |access-date=2025-02-02|website=[[NK News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dawn website image |url=https://www.nknews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/PY-Department_Dawn_03.jpg |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=[[NK News]]}}</ref>
|-
|《광명》
|Bright Light
|Unknown
|Unknown{{efn|Possibly the same domain as “Bright Light (Central Information Agency for Science and Technology)” (《광명 (중앙과학기술통보사)》) website.}}
|10.50.27.2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwangmyong website image |url=https://www.nknews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Kwangmyong-website.jpg |access-date=2025-02-02|website=[[NK News]]}}</ref>
|-
|《추첨》
|Raffle
|Sport lottery
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 November 2018 |title=North Korean sports ministry launches online lottery |url=https://www.nknews.org/2018/11/north-korean-sports-ministry-launches-online-lottery/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=[[NK News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Image of sport lottery website |url=https://www.nknews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/sports-lottery-website_01.jpg |access-date=2025-01-02|website=[[NK News]]}}</ref>
|-
|《선구자》
|Trailbrazer
|Unknown
|Unknown
|10.208.0.34
|<ref name="nkintranetlist" />
|-
|《한마음》
|One Mind
|Osan Information Center's page
|Unknown
|10.76.1.20
|<ref name="nkintranetlist" />
|-
|《북극성》
|North Pole Star
|National Network Information Center's page
|Unknown
|10.76.1.2
|<ref name="nkintranetlist" />
|-
|《고려의술》
|Korean Woods
|Unknown
|Unknown
|10.76.1.18
|<ref name="nkintranetlist" />
|-
|《릉라》
|Rungna
|Rungna Program Center's page
|Unknown
|172.16.4.200
|<ref name="nkintranetlist" />
|-
|《비와》
|Rain (or Flight)
|[[Kim Chaek University of Technology]]’s subpage (?)
|Unknown
|10.15.15.5
|<ref name="nkintranetlist" />
|-
|Unknown{{efn|The website’s name is romanized as “Samcholligumsugangsan”.}}
|Unknown
|Industrial design production
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Propiedad intelectual y técnica informática Samcholli|trans-title=Intellectual property and computer technology Samcholli|url=https://kfaspain.es/2021/04/27/propiedad-intelectual-y-tecnica-informatica-samcholli/|access-date=2025-02-02|website=[[Korean Friendship Association]] – Spain |date=27 April 2021 |language=es}}</ref>
|-
|Unknown{{efn|The website’s name is romanized as “Kongang”}}
|Health
|Online pharmacy
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kongang Online Pharmacy|url=https://moph.gov.kp/medical_service/view/304|access-date=2025-02-02|website=[[Ministry of Public Health (North Korea)]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|《평양》
|[[Pyongyang]]
|Unknown
|Unknown
|10.99.0.88
|<ref name="dailynk" />
|-
|《아리랑》
|Arirang
|Unknown
|Unknown
|10.99.1.146
|<ref name="dailynk" />
|-
|《원격교육》
|Remote Education
|Unknown
|Unknown
|10.99.0.99
|<ref name="dailynk" />
|-
|《광홍》{{efn|The website’s name is romanized as “Kwangmyong”.}}
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Unknown
|10.99.1.50
|<ref name="dailynk" />
|-
|《의무》
|Duty
|Unknown
|Unknown
|10.99.1.82
|<ref name="dailynk" />
|-
|《초원》
|Prairie
|Unknown
|Unknown
|10.99.1.202
|<ref name="dailynk" />
|-
|《고러이도로시》
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Unknown
|<ref name="dailynk" />
|-
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Unknown
|10.30.99.87
|<ref name="dailynk" />
|-
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Unknown
|Unknown
|193.10.0.10
|<ref name="dailynk" />
|-
|}

==See also==
{{portal|North Korea|Internet}}
*[[Internet in North Korea]]
*[[Internet censorship in North Korea]]
*[[Red Star OS]]
*[[Telecommunications in North Korea]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|group=efn}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite news |last=Abt |first=Felix |date=11 June 2016 |title=North Korea's Illicit Internet |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/north-koreas-illicit-internet/ |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Kates |first=Glenn |date=6 May 2014 |title=Russia's 'Cheburashka' Internet? Probably Not, But Here Are Some Other Options |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-internet-censorship-sovereign-network/25375226.html |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Yoo Hyang |date=2004 |title=North Korea's Cyberpath |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42704472 |journal=Asian Perspective |publisher=[[The Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=191–209 |issn=0258-9184 |jstor=42704472 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Kochetkova |first=Kate |date=9 May 2016 |title=Sometimes Internet is too small to go round |url=https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/splinternet/12051/ |work=Kaspersky Daily |publisher=[[Kaspersky Lab]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Jean H. |date=24 July 2011 |title=Quiet digital revolution under way in North Korea |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna43872536 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126020918/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna43872536 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]] |agency=[[The Associated Press]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Riesman |first=Abraham |date=5 January 2012 |title=Inside the Hermit Internet |url=https://www.vice.com/sv/article/north-korea-s-internet-is-pocket-sized-and-dystopian/ |work=[[Vice Motherboard]]}}
* {{Cite news |date=11 July 2011 |title=North Korea To Create Internet Oasis |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/north_korea_to_create_internet_oasis/24262352.html |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}
* {{Cite news |date=24 February 2001 |title=Computer Network Expanding Rapidly in DPRK |work=[[Choson Sinbo]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Cooper |first=Stephen |date=27 August 2021 |title=North Korea Cyber Profile |url=https://www.comparitech.com/blog/vpn-privacy/north-korea-cyber-profile/ |work=Comparitech}}
* {{Cite news |last=Ji |first=Dagyum |date=17 May 2018 |title=New North Korean website offering electronic payments, online bookings |url=https://www.nknews.org/2018/05/new-north-korean-website-offering-electronic-payments-online-bookings/ |work=[[NK News]]}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

* [http://www.northkoreatech.org/2015/07/06/a-peek-inside-north-koreas-intranet/ List of sites on Kwangmyong] at [[North Korea Tech]]
* [http://areena.yle.fi/1-3462510 Video of surfing on Kwangmyong] at [[Yle]] Areena
* [http://www.nkeconwatch.com/category/dprk-organizations/companies/korea-computer-center-kcc/kwangmyong-computer-network/ Kwangmyong computer network] at North Korea Economy Watch
* [http://www.icasinc.org/2002/2002l/2002ltxb.html Digital Divide on the Korean Peninsula] at Institute for Corean-American Studies
* [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA521143.pdf Hermit Surfers of P'yongyang] at [[Defense Technical Information Center]]

{{Asia topic|Internet in}}

[[Category:2000 establishments in Korea]]
[[Category:Internet censorship]]
[[Category:Internet in North Korea]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2000]]
[[Category:Mass surveillance]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of North Korea]]
[[Category:Wide area networks]]

Jang Song-thaek

2025-06-30T21:39:45Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|North Korean government official (1946–2013)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Jang|lang=Korean}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jang Song-thaek
| native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|ko|장성택}}}}}}
| image = Jang_Sung-taek.jpg
| office = [[National Defence Commission|Vice Chairman of the National Defence Commission]]
| predecessor = [[Kim Yong-chun]]
| successor = [[Choe Ryong-hae]]
| 1blankname = {{nowrap|[[Supreme Leader of North Korea|Supreme Leader]]}}
| 1namedata = [[Kim Jong Il]] [[Kim Jong Un]]
| term_start = 7 June 2010
| term_end = 8 December 2013
| office1 = [[Ministry of State Security (North Korea)|Minister of State Security]]
| term_start1 = 4 November 1999
| term_end1 = 8 December 2005
| predecessor1 = [[Kim Jong Il]]
| successor1 = [[U Tong-chuk]]
| office2 = Chairman of the [[Culture of North Korea|State Physical Culture and Sports Guidance Commission]]
| 1blankname2 = {{nowrap|[[Supreme Leader of North Korea|Supreme Leader]]}}
| 1namedata2 = [[Kim Jong Un]]
| premier2 = [[Pak Pong-ju]]
| term_start2 = 4 November 2012
| term_end2 = 8 December 2013
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = [[Choe Ryong-hae]]
| office3 = Chief of the Central Administrative Department of [[Workers' Party of Korea|Workers' Party]]
| 1blankname3 = {{nowrap|[[Supreme Leader of North Korea|Supreme Leader]]}}
| 1namedata3 = [[Kim Jong Il]] [[Kim Jong Un]]
| term_start3 = 11 October 2007
| term_end3 = 8 December 2013
| predecessor3 = ''Office established''
| successor3 = [[Kim Ki-nam (politician)|Kim Ki-nam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|1|22|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|12|12|1946|1|22|df=yes}}
| party = [[Workers' Party of Korea]] (expelled 2013)<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/12/08/N-Korean-media-confirm-leaders-uncle-Jang-Song-Thaek-ousted/UPI-21031386564795 "N. Korean media confirm leader's uncle Jang Song Thaek ousted"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235419/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/12/08/N-Korean-media-confirm-leaders-uncle-Jang-Song-Thaek-ousted/UPI-21031386564795 |date=3 March 2016 }}, upi.com, 8 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</ref>
| otherparty =
| birth_place = [[Chongjin]], [[Soviet Civil Administration|northern Korea]]
| death_place = [[Pyongyang]], North Korea
| death_cause = Execution by firing squad
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kim Kyong-hui]]|1972}}
| children = [[Jang Kum-song]] (1977–2006)
| relatives = {{Plainlist|
*[[Kim family (North Korea)|Kim family]] (by marriage)
*[[Jang Song-u]] (brother)}}
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
| child = yes
| hangul = %장성택
| hanja = 張成澤
}}
}}
'''Jang Song-thaek'''{{efn|{{IPA|ko|tɕaŋ sʌŋ.tʰɛk|lang}}; also [[Romanization of Korean|romanized]] as '''Jang Sung-taek''', '''Chang Sŏng-t'aek''' and other variations}} (January or February 1946<ref>Jang's exact birthdate is unclear. The North Korea Strategic Information Service Center reports his birthdate as 22 January 1946 (see {{cite web |url=http://eng.nksis.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=b01&wr_id=78 |title=Volume 2: Jang Song Thaek's background and his estimated power |access-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220035329/http://eng.nksis.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=b01&wr_id=78 |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}, North Korea Strategic Information Service Center, 12 December 2013.) Cheong Seong Chang of the [[Sejong Institute]] also cites the same date. Cheong Seong Chang, [http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk03600&num=10291 The Rise and Rise of Mr. Jang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830030054/https://www.dailynk.com/english/the-rise-and-rise-of-mr-jang/ |date=30 August 2023 }}, DailyNK, 7 February 2013. An April 2013 report from the official [[Korean Central News Agency]] also cites 22 January 1946 date. [http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201204/news11/20120411-40ee.html Brief History of Member of Presidium, Members and Alternate Members of Political Bureau of C.C.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625171230/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201204/news11/20120411-40ee.html |date=25 June 2013 }}, WPK Elected to Fill Vacancies, Korean Central News Agency, 11 April 2012. However "until KCNA published an official biography upon his election to NDC Vice Chairman in June 2010, Chang's birthday has been reported as 2 February 1946 and 6 February 1946". [http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/kim-family/jang-song-thaek/#_edn1 Jang Song-thaek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830030044/https://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/kim-family/jang-song-thaek/#_edn1 |date=30 August 2023 }}, North Korean Leadership Watch.</ref> – 12 December 2013) was a North Korean politician. He was married to [[Kim Kyong-hui]], the only daughter of North Korean premier [[Kim Il Sung]] and his first wife [[Kim Jong Suk]], and only sister of North Korean general secretary [[Kim Jong Il]]. He was therefore the uncle of the current [[leader of North Korea]] by marriage, [[Kim Jong Un]].<ref name="Unikorea">{{cite web|url=http://unibook.unikorea.go.kr/new2/tongiljeongbo/p_1_detail_view.jsp?code=305|script-title=ko:장성택(張成澤)|publisher=[[Information Center on North Korea]], Ministry of Unification, Republic of Korea|access-date=20 August 2007|language=ko|archive-date=8 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208080513/http://unibook.unikorea.go.kr/new2/tongiljeongbo/p_1_detail_view.jsp?code=305|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Yonhap">{{cite news|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2007/12/13/29/0401000000AEN20071212003300325F.HTML|title=North Korean media confirms promotion of Jang Song-thaek to senior post|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |date=13 December 2007|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195137/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2007/12/13/29/0401000000AEN20071212003300325F.HTML|url-status=live}}</ref>

The extent of Jang Song-thaek's power and position has not been confirmed in the West. However, in 2008 [[South Korean government]] officials and academic North Korea experts suggested that he had ''de facto'' leadership over North Korea while Kim Jong Il's health was declining and when Kim subsequently died.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5107960.ece|title=North Korea 'is being run by Kim Jong Il's brother-in-law'|author=Ben Webster|work=The Times|location=London|date=8 November 2008|access-date=8 November 2008|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830030048/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jang was a vice-chairman of the [[National Defence Commission]], a position considered second only to that of the supreme leader.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|last=Choe|first=Sang-hun|title=N. Korea Reshuffle Seen as Part of Succession Plan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/08/world/asia/08korea.html?emc=eta1|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 June 2010|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630140303/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/08/world/asia/08korea.html?emc=eta1|url-status=live}}</ref> He is believed to have been promoted to [[Daejang|four-star general]] around the time of [[Kim Jong-Il's death]] in December 2011, as his first appearance in uniform was while visiting Kim [[lying in state]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kim Jong-il funeral: Kim Jong-un steps up as nation mourns|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/8980892/Kim-Jong-il-funeral-Kim-Jong-un-steps-up-as-nation-mourns.html|author1=Andrew Salmon|author2=David Blair|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=28 December 2011|access-date=28 December 2011|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830030040/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/8980892/Kim-Jong-il-funeral-Kim-Jong-un-steps-up-as-nation-mourns.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jang was considered a "key policy adviser" to Kim Jong Un.<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea May Take Action to Jolt Economy, Analysts Say|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/06/world/asia/north-korea-may-be-preparing-economic-reforms.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 September 2012|access-date=9 January 2013|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830030042/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/06/world/asia/north-korea-may-be-preparing-economic-reforms.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2013, Jang was abruptly accused of being a [[counter-revolutionary]] and was stripped of all his posts and expelled from the [[Workers' Party of Korea]] (WPK). His photos were [[Damnatio memoriae|removed from official media]] and his image [[Photograph manipulation|digitally removed]] from photos with other North Korean leaders.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/wie-nordkorea-kims-onkel-chang-song-taek-wegretuschiert-a-938118.html|title=Der retuschierte Onkel|work=Der Spiegel|location=Hamburg|date=10 December 2013|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830030055/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/wie-nordkorea-kims-onkel-chang-song-taek-wegretuschiert-a-938118.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 December, North Korean state media announced he had been [[Capital punishment in North Korea|executed by firing squad]].

==Early life and family==
Jang was born in [[Chongjin]], during the [[Soviet Civil Administration]] of Northern Korea. He graduated from the Kim Il Sung Senior High School before leaving for Moscow, where he studied at [[Moscow State University]] between 1968 and 1972.<ref name="Wilson">James E. Hoare, [https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/resource/modern-korean-history-portal/jang-seong-taek Jang Seong-taek, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705035115/https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/resource/modern-korean-history-portal/jang-seong-taek |date=5 July 2021 }}.</ref> Following his return, he married [[Kim Kyong-hui]], the younger (and only) sister of [[Kim Jong Il]].<ref name="Unikorea"/> The couple had a daughter, {{visible anchor|Jang Kum-song}} (1977–2006), who lived in Paris as an [[international student]]; she refused an order to return to [[Pyongyang]] and then reportedly committed suicide in September 2006, due to Jang and his wife's opposition to her relationship with her boyfriend.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.joins.com/article/2450717.html?ctg=1000|script-title=ko:파리의 김정일 조카 장금송 비운의 러브스토리 |trans-title=Unlucky love story of Kim Jong Il's niece in Paris|language=ko|work=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]|date=18 September 2006|access-date=30 May 2007|last=Yi|first=Yeong-jong|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233252/http://www.joins.com/article/2450717.html?ctg=1000|archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Early career==
Beginning in the 1970s, Jang held a series of positions in the [[Workers' Party of Korea]] (WPK).<ref name="Wilson"/> His first post was as an instructor for the [[Pyongyang]] City Committee of the Workers' Party.<ref>Associated Press, [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=250566496 "Leader's Uncle Rose To No. 2 In North Korea"], 13 December 2013.</ref> In the late 1970s, however Jang's career stalled when he was sent away from the central party to be manager of a steel and ironworks in [[Nampo]], an apparent demotion. Reports said that he was becoming too powerful or, according to other accounts, he had an over-ostentatious lifestyle.<ref name="Wilson"/> It was reported that Jang suffered severe burns in an [[industrial accident]] at the factory in [[Chollima-guyok|Chollima]]/[[Kangso-guyok|Kangson]].<ref>[http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/kim-family/jang-song-thaek/#_edn3 Jang Song Taek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830030058/https://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/kim-family/jang-song-thaek/#_edn3 |date=30 August 2023 }}, North Korea Leadership Watch.</ref> His career recovered and he became deputy director of the Youth Work Department of the [[6th WPK Central Committee]] in 1982 and director in 1985. He was first elected to the [[Supreme People's Assembly]] (SPA), North Korea's nominal parliament, in 1986.<ref name="Wilson"/>

In April 1989, Jang was made a [[Orders and Medals of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|People's Hero]]; in June 1989, he was elected an alternate member of the 6th [[Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea]].<ref name="Wilson"/> In April 1992, he was named a member of the [[Order of Kim Il Sung]]. Later that year he was promoted to full member of the 6th Central Committee. He was a member of the funeral committee for Kim Il Sung in 1994.<ref name="Wilson"/><ref name="BBC Profile"/> Jang was appointed to be the first deputy director (or vice director) of the WPK's [[Organization and Guidance Department]] in November 1995.<ref name="Wilson"/> He had been identified by outside analysts as well as [[North Korean defector]] and former high official [[Hwang Jang-yop]] as a possible successor to Kim Jong Il; however, on 25 November 2004, South Korea's [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]] heard testimony that he had been purged from his position.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Seattle Times |title=Kim Jong-il purges relative from power, paving way for sons |date=4 December 2004 |access-date=20 August 2007 |last=Demick |first=Barbara |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002113774_kim09.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929175140/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002113774_kim09.html |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> Some South Korean intelligence reports indicated that Jang was under [[house arrest]] in Pyongyang, while others suggested he might have been sent for "reeducation".<ref name="BBC Profile">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25197601 Profile: Chang Song-thaek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830031117/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25197601 |date=30 August 2023 }}, ''BBC News'' (12 December 2013).</ref>

==Rehabilitation==
Korean Central News Agency on 29 January 2006 found that Jang had been reinstated in December 2005. At the time of the restoration, North Korean media reported that he was not the first deputy director of the organizing leadership of the Party Central Committee, but merely the first deputy director of the Party Central Committee. It is said that he was reinstated as the first deputy director of the Capital Construction Department. In 2005 and in September 2006, Jang was involved in auto accidents, the first leaving him hospitalized for five months. In one of the collisions his car was hit by a military truck, and there were rumors of an assassination plot.<ref>[http://japanese.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2013051025548 北朝鮮の交通事故偽装テロ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830031112/https://www.donga.com/jp/List/article/all/20130510/421321/1 |date=30 August 2023 }} 東亜日報 2010年5月10日</ref> Jang re-emerged in March 2006, accompanying Kim Jong Il on an official visit to China.<ref name="Unikorea"/> In October 2007, the [[Korean Central News Agency]] confirmed that Jang had been promoted to the newly recreated post of first vice-director of the Workers' Party of Korea, with oversight responsibility for the police, judiciary, and other areas of internal security; Jang attended [[South Korean president]] [[Roh Moo-hyun]]'s luncheon during the latter's visit to the North.<ref name="Yonhap"/> It was later revealed that Jang had been actually appointed director of the Administration Department, an old agency of the Workers' Party abolished in 1990 and re-created by splitting the Organization Department. He was elected to the [[National Defence Commission]] (NDC) in April 2009. He was made vice-chairman of the commission in summer 2010.<ref name=wtimes>{{cite news|author=Ashish Kumar Sen|title=Kim's heir apparent set for debut in Pyongyang|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/sep/26/kims-heir-apparent-set-for-debut-in-pyongyang/|access-date=13 December 2013|newspaper=The Washington Times|date=26 September 2010|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024220006/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/sep/26/kims-heir-apparent-set-for-debut-in-pyongyang/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During this period he was a close ally of Kim Jong Il.<ref name=wtimes/> Jang was still in the post four years later, in April 2013.<ref>{{cite news|author=James A. Lyons|title=The right response to North Korea|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/apr/22/the-right-response-to-north-korea/|access-date=13 December 2013|newspaper=The Washington Times|date=22 April 2013|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830031108/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/apr/22/the-right-response-to-north-korea/|url-status=live}}</ref> The NDC was North Korea's ''de facto'' supreme decision-making body; Jang's promotion made him a key executive deputy, second only to Kim Jong Il. It is speculated that the move was part of posturing to make Kim Jong Il's son [[Kim Jong Un]] the next leader of North Korea.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sam Kim|title=N. Korean leader shows up at parliament, shakes up posts: report|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2010/06/07/66/0401000000AEN20100607008200315F.HTML|agency=Yonhap News Agency|access-date=7 June 2010|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830031110/https://en.yna.co.kr/|url-status=live}}</ref> Jang's position in North Korean politics was also ostensibly boosted by the death of [[Ri Je-gang]], a senior leader who was tipped by Kim Jong Il as a crucial overseer of the succession campaign.<ref name="nyt"/>

==Under Kim Jong Un==
On 25 December 2011, North Korean television Sunday showed Jang in the uniform of a [[Comparative military ranks of Korea|general]]. A Seoul official familiar with North Korea affairs said it was the first time Jang had been shown on state television in a military uniform. His appearance suggested that Jang had secured a key role in the North's military, which had pledged its allegiance to Kim Jong Un.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-power-idUSTRE7BO02I20111225 |work = Reuters |title = North Korean power-behind-throne emerges as neighbors meet |date = 25 December 2011 |access-date = 5 July 2021 |archive-date = 7 January 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160107225817/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-power-idUSTRE7BO02I20111225 |url-status = live }}</ref> Jang's importance continued to be demonstrated during his 2012 visit to China: various aspects of the visit echoed protocol which had previously been followed only for Kim Jong Il, including half of his entourage arriving ahead of time as an advance party, with the [[List of Ambassadors from China to North Korea|Chinese ambassador to North Korea]], [[Liu Hongcai]], returning to China beforehand to greet Jang upon his arrival.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/08/16/2012081601187.html |title = China Rolls Out Red Carpet for N.Korea's Jang Song-taek |work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |date = 17 August 2012 |access-date = 17 August 2012 |archive-date = 30 August 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230830031109/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/08/16/2012081601187.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

On 17 August 2012, Jang met with [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|China's premier]], [[Wen Jiabao]] in Ziguangge, [[Zhongnanhai]]. He met with [[Hu Jintao]], [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP), [[Wang Jiarui]], head of [[International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party|International Liaison Department of the CCP]] and minister in charge of the national development and reform commission, [[Zhang Ping (politician)|Zhang Ping]], minister of finance [[Xie Xuren]], minister of commerce [[Chen Deming]], Liaoning provincial Party Committee Secretary [[Wang Min (born 1950)|Wang Min]], Jilin provincial [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|Party Committee Secretary]] [[Sun Zhengcai]], and vice foreign minister [[Zhang Zhijun]].<ref>{{cite web |title = President Hu Jintao Meets with DPRK Delegation of the Joint Steering Committee for Developing Two Economic Zones |url = http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zgyw/t962145.htm |publisher = Embassy of China in the USA |date = 17 August 2012 |access-date = 28 August 2012 |archive-date = 30 August 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230830031616/http://us.china-embassy.gov.cn/ |url-status = live }}</ref> He was the head of a delegation of the joint steering committee for developing and managing the [[Rason Economic and Trade Zone]] and the [[Hwanggumpyong and Wihwa Islands Economic Zone]].<ref name="PR of China's US Embassy">{{cite web |title = Wen Jiabao Meets with DPRK Delegation of the Joint Steering Committee for Developing Two Economic Zones |url = http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zgyw/t962140.htm |publisher = Chinese embassy in the USA |date = 17 August 2012 |access-date = 28 August 2012 |archive-date = 30 August 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230830031624/http://us.china-embassy.gov.cn/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In the announcement, he was listed as chief of the central administrative department of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]], a member of the WPK political bureau, and vice-chairman of the National Defense Commission.<ref name="PR of China's US Embassy"/><ref>Nathan Beauchamp-Mustafaga, "[http://sinonk.com/2012/08/19/show-me-the-money-evaluating-jang-song-thaeks-search-for-economic-cooperation-in-beijing/ Show Me the Money: Evaluating Jang Song-thaek’s Search for Economic Cooperation in Beijing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830031625/https://sinonk.com/2012/08/19/show-me-the-money-evaluating-jang-song-thaeks-search-for-economic-cooperation-in-beijing/ |date=30 August 2023 }}," ''[http://sinonk.com/ Sino-NK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183203/https://sinonk.com/2012/06/05/chris-green-on-10-principles/ |date=13 April 2020 }}'', 19 August 2012.</ref>

Jang said [[Kim Jong Un]] believed that bilateral relations with China are important and that the "profound friendship will be passed on from generation to generation" between China and North Korea.<ref name="PR of China's US Embassy"/> At the meeting with Wen, Jang said: "The DPRK is willing to closely cooperate with China to accelerate relevant efforts and push forward cooperation in developing economic zones."<ref name="PR of China's US Embassy"/>

On 4 November 2012, the [[6th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea|6th WPK Politburo]] established a new State Physical Culture and Sports Guidance Commission, appointing Jang as its first chairman.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report on Enlarged Meeting of Political Bureau of WPK Central Committee |url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201211/news04/20121104-04ee.html |publisher=[[Korean Central News Agency]] |date=4 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213115505/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201211/news04/20121104-04ee.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 }}</ref> An analyst suggested that this quiet promotion may have signaled a decline in Jang's status: in North Korea, "although sports can bring quick popularity, earn foreign exchange, raise patriotic fever, and help burn the energies of the youth and distract the masses from their daily hardships, it can never beat national security and socio-economic development in terms of its political significance. By asking Jang to chair the National Sports Commission, the young North Korean leader, less than a year into power, might have begun to nudge his uncle out of important policy deliberations."<ref name="Dramatic">Alexandre Mansourov, [http://38north.org/2013/12/amansourov120913 "North Korea: The Dramatic Fall of Jang Song Thaek"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215201211/http://38north.org/2013/12/amansourov120913/ |date=15 December 2013 }}, U.S.-Korea Institute at SAIS, 9 December 2013.</ref>

In January 2013, speculation arose that Jang had been quietly promoted to top decision-making [[Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea|Politburo Presidium]] member, as his official hierarchy position was elevated, displacing then-Chief of General Staff [[Hyon Yong-chol]] and his own wife Kim Kyong-hui.<ref>{{cite web |title = JST on Political Bureau Presidium? |url = http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/2013/01/08/jst-on-political-bureau-presidium |work = North Korea Leadership Watch |date = 8 January 2013 |access-date = 9 January 2013 |archive-date = 30 August 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230830031703/https://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/2013/01/08/jst-on-political-bureau-presidium/ |url-status = live }}</ref> An analyst argued that Jang might be appointed [[president of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly]] (making him the nominal head of state of the DPRK) or [[Premier of North Korea]], replacing officeholders who were in their 80s.<ref>{{cite web |author = Alexandre Mansourov |title = A Dynamically Stable Regime |url = http://38north.org/2012/12/amansourov121712/ |work=[[38 North]] |date = 17 December 2012 |access-date = 9 January 2013 |archive-date = 17 January 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130117234847/http://38north.org/2012/12/amansourov121712/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Jang Song-thaek promoted the construction of a new bridge over the [[Yalu River]] between the Chinese city of [[Dandong]] and the Korean city of [[Sinuiju]]. {{As of|December 2013}}, the bridge was nearly completed.<ref>{{cite web |last = Cathcart |first = Adam |title = Blind Legacy: Jang Song-taek and North Korea's Invisible Cross-Border Bridge |url = http://sinonk.com/2013/12/09/jang-song-taek-bridge-sinuiju-dandong |work = Sino-NK |date = 9 December 2013 |access-date = 4 January 2014 |archive-date = 12 January 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140112013239/http://sinonk.com/2013/12/09/jang-song-taek-bridge-sinuiju-dandong/ |url-status = live }}</ref> That same month, Jang was not invited to the meeting of top North Korean officials handling national security and foreign affairs, following a [[Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2|rocket launch on 12 December 2012]], and new international sanctions in response.<ref name="Dramatic"/> Following Jang's fall from power, an analyst noted that Jang's "glaring absence" at the January 2013 meeting "signaled the emergence of a possible crack in the senior leadership, especially in the relationship between Kim and his all-powerful uncle, raising the possibility of divergent approaches between Kim and Jang" on [[Foreign relations of North Korea|North Korea foreign policy]].<ref name="Dramatic"/>

In late May 2013, [[Choe Ryong-hae]], a vice-chairman of [[6th Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea|6th Central Military Commission]] and director of the [[General Political Bureau of the Korean People's Army]] (KPA), was sent as Kim Jong Un's first [[special envoy]] to China, passing over Jang.<ref name="Dramatic"/> An analyst viewed this as a "striking" choice, and noted that "it appears that as the perceived 'China man in Pyongyang{{' "}}, Jang's "perceived close ties with China may have done a disservice to his standing in the eyes of Kim, exposed him to criticism of being too [[Sadaejuui|subservient]] to China, and made him vulnerable to any anti-China backlash in Pyongyang".<ref name="Dramatic"/> Thought by analyst Alexandre Mansourov of ''[[38 North]]'' to have been particularly unacceptable to Kim Jong Un were Jang's "continued expression of sympathy towards" [[Kim Jong-nam]]—Kim Jong Un's half-brother and Kim Jong Il's eldest son—who was living in exile under Chinese protection at the time.<ref name="Dramatic"/>

According to the ''[[New York Times]]'', the final straw came from a dispute over control of North Korea's west coast fisheries. These had been partly taken from the military by Jang Song-thaek in 2011, but later this decision was reversed and the fisheries were ordered returned to the military. Forces loyal to Jang defied the transfer, leading to a confrontation in late 2013, in which several North Korean soldiers loyal to Kim Jong Un were killed. Subsequent reinforcements sent by Kim Jong Un seized control of the fisheries.<ref>{{cite web |last = Choe Sang-Hun |first = David E. Sanger |title = Korea Execution Is Tied to Clash Over Businesses |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/24/world/asia/north-korea-purge.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date = 23 December 2013 |access-date = 24 February 2017 |archive-date = 30 August 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230830031624/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/24/world/asia/north-korea-purge.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

==Downfall==
Soon after, in November 2013, Jang's senior aides Ri Ryong-ha and Jang Su-gil were executed.<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korean leader's uncle likely removed from power: spy agency|agency=Yonhap|location=South Korea|date=3 December 2013|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2013/12/03/5/0401000000AEN20131203008552315F.html|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830031622/https://en.yna.co.kr/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Horowitz |first=Alana |title=Jang Song-thaek's Aides Executed With Antiaircraft Machine Guns: Report |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/24/jang-song-thaek-execution-kim-jong-un-north-korea-_n_4498996.html |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=24 December 2013 |access-date=26 December 2013 |archive-date=26 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226232710/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/24/jang-song-thaek-execution-kim-jong-un-north-korea-_n_4498996.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ri was reportedly accused of abusing his authority, while Jang Su-gil was found guilty of trying to organize a new faction and rejecting the system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/12/06/2013120601207.html|title=Where Is Kim Jong-un?|work=Chosun|date=6 December 2013|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210051710/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/12/06/2013120601207.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25278734|title=N Korea film 'edits out dismissed uncle Chang Song-thaek'|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=6 December 2013|access-date=13 December 2013|archive-date=14 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214001302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25278734|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jang was not seen in public after this time. On 3 December, he was dismissed from his post.<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korean leader's powerful uncle dismissed – Seoul media|work=Reuters|date=3 December 2013|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/korea-north-jang-idINL4N0JI1N120131203|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011073408/http://in.reuters.com/article/korea-north-jang-idINL4N0JI1N120131203|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 7 December, his appearances were obscured or edited out from a news report (originally aired in October) that re-aired on [[Korean Central Television]].<ref name="Guardian_20131209" />

On 8 December, Jang Song-thaek was publicly expelled from the ruling [[Workers' Party of Korea]], with state media attributing this to a decision of the [[Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea|Politburo]]. Jang was accused of having committed "anti-party, counter-revolutionary factional acts" that included illicit affairs with women; harboring "politically-motivated ambition"; weakening "the party's guidance over judicial, prosecution and people's security bodies" and obstructing "the nation's economic affairs".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kcna.kp/kcna.user.article.retrieveNewsViewInfoList.kcmsf|title=Report on Enlarged Meeting of Political Bureau of Central Committee of WPK|publisher=[[Korean Central News Agency]]|location=North Korea|date=8 December 2013|access-date=8 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304112449/http://www.kcna.kp/kcna.user.article.retrieveNewsViewInfoList.kcmsf|archive-date=4 March 2017}}</ref>

Jang's arrest at a politburo meeting was broadcast on Korean Central Television, the [[state broadcaster|state television broadcaster]], in "the most public dismissal... in history" of a prominent North Korean official,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nknews.org/2013/12/jang-song-thaek-purge-confirmed-amid-rumors-of-his-execution|title=Jang Song Thaek purge confirmed amid rumors of his execution|work=[[NK News]]|date=9 December 2013|access-date=9 December 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211072845/http://www.nknews.org/2013/12/jang-song-thaek-purge-confirmed-amid-rumors-of-his-execution/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|location=South Korea|url=http://renewal.dailynk.com/english/read_photo.php?num=11248&cataId=nk03100|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213001111/http://renewal.dailynk.com/english/read_photo.php?num=11248&cataId=nk03100|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2013|title=Jang Arrested on State Television|work=[[Daily NK]]|date=9 December 2013|access-date=9 December 2013}}</ref> and the first time since the 1970s that the arrest of a senior politician at a party meeting was shown on television.<ref name="Guardian_20131209">{{cite news|last=Foster-Carter|first=Aidan|title=Family affair: Kim Jong Un wipes his uncle from North Korea's history|work=The Guardian|date=9 December 2013|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/09/north-korea-kim-jong-un-uncle|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210134132/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/09/north-korea-kim-jong-un-uncle|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Wen Wei Po'' reported that Lee Yun-keol (the chairman for the Seoul-based North Korea Strategy Information Service Center) stated that [[Kim Jong-chul]] (Kim Jong Un's elder brother) had personally led his guards to arrest Jang.<ref name="WCN">Want China News, [http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20131212000132&cid=1101&MainCatID=11 "Kim Jong-un's brother led arrest of Jang Sung-taek: source"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214210855/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20131212000132&cid=1101&MainCatID=11 |date=14 December 2013}}, 12 December 2013.</ref> Lee said that "even Vice Marshal Choe Ryong-hae would not dare to carry out the arrest" himself<ref name="WCN" /> (some analysts believe this may signal an expanded role for Kim Jong-chul in the regime).<ref>Zachary Keck and Ankit Panda, [https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/north-korea-executes-leaders-uncle "North Korea Executes Leader's Uncle"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113120433/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/north-korea-executes-leaders-uncle/ |date=13 November 2020 }}, ''The Diplomat'', 13 December 2013.</ref>

A 2,700-word statement was released stating that the "despicable human scum Jang, who was worse than a dog, perpetrated thrice-cursed acts of treachery in betrayal of such profound trust and warmest paternal love shown by the party and the leader for him".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.northkoreatech.org/2013/12/13/full-text-of-kcna-announcement-on-execution-of-jang/ |title=Full text of KCNA announcement on execution of Jang |last=Williams |first=Martyn |date=2013-12-13 |website=www.northkoreatech.org |publisher=[[North Korea Tech]] |access-date=2023-02-17 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218041129/https://www.northkoreatech.org/2013/12/13/full-text-of-kcna-announcement-on-execution-of-jang/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The statement detailed many charges against Jang, stating that he "had desperately worked for years to destabilize and bring down the DPRK and grab the supreme power of the party and state by employing all the most cunning and sinister means and methods".<ref name="Means">Alexandre Mansourov, [http://38north.org/2013/12/amansourov121313 "North Korea: What Jang's Execution Means for the Future"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218034802/http://38north.org/2013/12/amansourov121313/ |date=18 December 2013 }}, 38north.org; 13 December 2013.</ref> The statement accused Jang of freeing "the undesirable and alien elements, including those who had been dismissed and relieved of their posts after being severely punished for disobeying the instructions of Kim Jong Il and 'let them work in the WPK CC [Korean Workers' Party Central Committee] Administrative Department and organs under it in a crafty manner{{' "}}, which some analysts claim indicates that Jang had instigated a nationwide amnesty in January 2012 which included the closure of several [[Prisons in North Korea|North Korea prison camps]] and the release of prisoners. An analyst suggested that "since most of the political prisoners freed at that time are now deemed as Jang's factionists, most of them are likely to be returned to jail again". The statement accused Jang of bringing "serious harm to the youth movement in the DPRK, being part of the group of renegades and traitors in the field of youth work, bribed by the enemies".<ref name="Means" />

An analyst believes that [[Choe Ryong-hae]], "the party-appointed shepherd of the North Korean youth for over a decade" through his position in the [[Kim Il Sung Socialist Youth League]], linked Jang to this crime.<ref name="Means" /> The statement accused Jang of seeking to enlarge his own power, "stretching his tentacles to all ministries and national institutions" and turning the Korean Workers' Party Central Committee Administration Department, which Jang led, into a "little kingdom which no one dares touch"; Kim Jong Un disbanded the Administrative Department after Jang's fall.<ref name="Means" /> The statement also said that Jang had "systematically denied the party line and policies, its organizational will" as if he were "a special being who could overrule either issues decided by the party or its line" and that Jang had been "disobeying the order of the Supreme Commander of the KPA" (i.e. undermining Kim's rule).<ref name="Means" /> He was also accused of undermining the Kim [[personality cult]],<ref name="Means" /> which included placing a granite monument carved with the supreme leader's words "in a shaded corner"; letting "the decadent capitalist lifestyle find its way to our society by distributing all sorts of pornographic pictures among his confidants"; and "half-heartedly clapping, touching off towering resentment of our service personnel and people" when one of Kim Jong Un's promotions was announced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/nkorea-executes-kim-jong-un-39-uncle-214524268.html|title=North Korea executes Kim Jong Un's uncle|agency=Associated Press|date=12 December 2013|access-date=12 December 2013|archive-date=13 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713182416/http://news.yahoo.com/nkorea-executes-kim-jong-un-39-uncle-214524268.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/13/world/asia/north-korea-says-uncle-of-executed.html "North Korea Says Kim's Uncle Executed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830032214/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/13/world/asia/north-korea-says-uncle-of-executed.html |date=30 August 2023 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 12 December 2013.</ref><ref>Alastair Gale, [https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/12/13/what-north-korea-said-about-jang-song-thaek "What North Korea Said About Jang Song Thaek"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218061309/http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/12/13/what-north-korea-said-about-jang-song-thaek |date=18 February 2014 }}, ''The Wall Street Journal'', 13 December 2013.</ref>

==Execution==
On 12 December 2013, Jang was tried by a special secret military tribunal of the [[Ministry of State Security (North Korea)|Ministry of State Security]] and executed by [[Execution by firing squad|firing squad]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=McCrum|first=Kirstie|date=13 May 2015|title=Revealed: Kim Jong Un's top 6 execution methods and his bizarre reasoning behind them|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/revealed-kim-jong-uns-top-5688931|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109232748/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/revealed-kim-jong-uns-top-5688931|archive-date=9 November 2020|website=[[Daily Mirror]]|language=en}}</ref> according to state media.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 December 2013|title=N. Korea executes leader's uncle for 'treason': KCNA|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2013/12/13/12/0301000000AEN20131213002451315F.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712123853/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2013/12/13/12/0301000000AEN20131213002451315F.html|archive-date=12 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Grasping"/>

Chinese media and North Korea experts suggested that Jang Song-thaek's fall reflected a rejection of his efforts to prioritize economic development, and a victory for North Korean advocates of a [[military-first policy]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} Chang Yong-seok, senior researcher at the Institute for Peace and Unification Studies at [[Seoul National University]], said Jang was "the only one in the North who could talk about economic change. So, when I heard of Mr. Jang's execution, my first thought was that it was a death notice for those of us who have hoped for economic reform in the North."<ref name="Grasping">{{Cite news|last=Choe|first=Sang-hun|author-link=Choe Sang-hun|date=14 December 2013|title=Grasping for Clues in North Korean Execution|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/14/world/asia/execution-raises-doubts-about-kims-grip-on-north-korea.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121160405/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/14/world/asia/execution-raises-doubts-about-kims-grip-on-north-korea.html|archive-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>

Analysts of North Korean politics agreed that Jang's execution was the most significant since purges carried out in the late 1950s by [[Kim Il Sung]], Kim Jong Un's grandfather and North Korea's founder; since 1960, purged top officials have not usually been killed, and the denunciations of purged figures have not typically been so extreme and public.<ref name="Flanagan">{{Cite news|last=Flanagan|first=Ed|date=13 December 2013|title=Execution of Kim Jong Un's uncle recalls grandfather's lethal era|work=[[NBC News]]|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/execution-kim-jong-uns-uncle-recalls-grandfathers-lethal-era-flna2D11740222|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112122048/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/execution-kim-jong-uns-uncle-recalls-grandfathers-lethal-era-flna2D11740222|archive-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kim|first=Rose|date=13 December 2013|title=Execution sign of a regime on the edge|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/execution-sign-of-a-regime-on-the-edge-20131213-hv5li.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809143449/https://www.smh.com.au/world/execution-sign-of-a-regime-on-the-edge-20131213-hv5li.html|archive-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> Professor [[Charles K. Armstrong]], an expert on North Korea at [[Columbia University]], stated that "although high-ranking leaders, including members of the Kim family, have been deposed before, we haven't seen anything this public or dramatic since Kim Jong-un's grandfather Kim Il-sung purged his last major rivals in the late 1950s. This seems to indicate the divisions within the Kim regime were more serious than previously thought."<ref name="Grasping"/> Former [[U.S. National Security Council]] director for Asian affairs [[Victor Cha]] said that the purge and execution of Jang "tells you that everything's not normal ... When you take out Jang, you're not taking out just one person – you're taking out scores if not hundreds of other people in the system. It's got to have some ripple effect."<ref name="Flanagan"/>

On the other hand, some analysts suggested that Jang's influence and role had been exaggerated.<ref name="Chung-in">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chungin-moon/is-kim-jong-un-the-reformer_b_4651493.html|title=Is Kim Jong Un The Reformer, And The Executed Uncle Jang Seong-Taek The Reactionary?|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=23 January 2014|access-date=3 May 2014|archive-date=3 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503191553/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chungin-moon/is-kim-jong-un-the-reformer_b_4651493.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The South Korean ambassador and political science professor [[Moon Chung-in]] noted that there had been no policy shifts in the North Korean government and that some of Jang's closest associates, including [[Pak Pong-ju]] and [[Kang Sok-ju]], had kept their positions. He also noted that Kim Jong Un's cabinet continued to emphasize economic incentive systems, innovation, and economic cooperation with China. Moon said that "He [Jang] could, therefore, have been purged and executed because of his obsession with material and organizational interests that challenged Kim Jong Un's reform initiative to streamline the country's economic management. If this turns out to be true, then Kim Jong Un should be seen as a reformer, whilst Jang was a reactionary."<ref name="Chung-in"/> In another analysis he stressed that Jang's removal had not weakened the government, which was actually more stable than before: "The politics of extensive surveillance, control, fear and intimidation are still alive and well. The party, the state, the military and security apparatus remain committed, effective and unified in purpose. The dramatic episode of Jang's downfall has created a formidable deterrent to any potential or actual opposing groups."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://38north.org/2014/02/cmoon022414/|title=Shocking, But Not a Game Changer: Unraveling Regime Dynamics in Post-Jang North Korea|publisher=[[38 North]]|date=24 February 2014|access-date=3 May 2014|archive-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410201830/http://38north.org/2014/02/cmoon022414/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
After Jang's fall, experts speculated that purges of other top figures might follow. An anonymous source said Ji Jae-ryong, North Korean ambassador to China and a close associate of Jang, "will eventually be dealt with";<ref>[http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/12/11/2013121101792.html N.Korean Ambassador to China Likely for the Chop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830032125/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/12/11/2013121101792.html |date=30 August 2023 }}, ''[[The Chosun Ilbo]]'', 11 December 2013.</ref> however South Korean diplomatic sources said it was "business as usual" at that embassy.<ref>[http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/yonhap-news-agency/131209/business-usual-n-korean-ambassador-china-source "'Business as usual' for N. Korean ambassador to China: source"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220010439/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/yonhap-news-agency/131209/business-usual-n-korean-ambassador-china-source |date=20 December 2013 }}, Yonhap News Agency, 9 December 2013.</ref> In early December, Pyongyang recalled two ambassadors: from Malaysia Jang's nephew [[Jang Yong-chol]], from Cuba Jang's brother-in-law Jon Yong-jin.<ref>Barbara Demick and Jung-Yoon Choi, [http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-north-korean-ouster-political-turmoil-20131209,0,4242396.story "North Korean ouster could bring more political turmoil"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830032126/https://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-north-korean-ouster-political-turmoil-20131209-story.html |date=30 August 2023 }}, ''Los Angeles Times'', 9 December 2013.</ref> Deputy tourism minister Jo Sung-goyu, another Jang relative, canceled a planned trip to a tourism summit in [[Kaohsiung]], Taiwan.<ref>CNA [http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/intl-community/2013/12/13/395869/N-Korean.htm N. Korean tourism official cancels Taiwan visit plans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214223221/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/intl-community/2013/12/13/395869/N-Korean.htm |date=14 December 2013 }} (13 December 2013).</ref>

The public received word of Jang's dismissal in the ''[[Rodong Sinmun]]'' on 12 December and were called to meetings to denounce Jang and pledge loyalty to Kim.<ref>[http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?num=11261&cataId=nk03100 "Workers in Public Loyalty Pledge"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219003343/http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?num=11261&cataId=nk03100 |date=19 December 2013 }}, DailyNK, 12 December 2013.</ref> Two days later, on 14 December, the [[Korean Central News Agency]] (KCNA) released a roster of six top officials appointed to a national committee in charge of organizing a [[state funeral]] for [[Kim Kuk-tae]] (a former Workers' Party official who recently died). The roster included the names of Jang's widow (Kim Jong Un's aunt), [[Kim Kyong-hui]], and [[Vice-Premier of North Korea|vice-premier]], Ro Du-chol, indicating both survived the purge and remained in favor.<ref name="Choe">Choe Sang-hun, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/16/world/asia/kim-jong-uns-aunt-appears-to-survive-husbands-purge.html "Kim Jong-un's Aunt Appears to Survive Husband's Purge"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401220152/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/16/world/asia/kim-jong-uns-aunt-appears-to-survive-husbands-purge.html |date=1 April 2022 }}, ''The New York Times'', 15 December 2013.</ref><ref>Reuters, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/15/kim-jong-un-aunt-position-influence-husband "Kim Jong-un's aunt retains position of influence after husband's downfall"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305041049/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/15/kim-jong-un-aunt-position-influence-husband |date=5 March 2017 }}, 15 December 2013.</ref> KCNA and ''Rodong Sinmun'' began erasing references to Jang "as completely as possible",<ref>{{Cite web | title = On Reading North Korean Media: The Curse of the Web | last = Weiser | first = Martin | work = Sino-NK | date = 31 October 2016 | access-date = 23 July 2017 | url = http://sinonk.com/2016/10/31/on-reading-north-korean-media-the-curse-of-the-web/ | archive-date = 7 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170907170426/http://sinonk.com/2016/10/31/on-reading-north-korean-media-the-curse-of-the-web/ | url-status = live }}</ref> deleting some 100,000 and 20,000 news items from their websites, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) Deletes Online Archive Of News After Execution Of Jang Song Thaek | last = Florcruz | first = Michelle | work = International Business Times | date = 16 December 2013 | access-date = 23 July 2017 | url = http://www.ibtimes.com/korean-central-news-agency-kcna-deletes-online-archive-news-after-execution-jang-song-thaek-1510758 | archive-date = 7 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170907170430/http://www.ibtimes.com/korean-central-news-agency-kcna-deletes-online-archive-news-after-execution-jang-song-thaek-1510758 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The status of Kim Kyong-hui's relationship with Jang had been a subject of frequent speculation. Analysts believe that Jang and Kim Kyong-hui had been estranged.<ref name="Choe"/> Yoon Sang-hyun, a [[National Assembly of South Korea]] deputy floor leader of the governing [[Saenuri Party]], had said previously that Kim had been "separated" from Jang and did not oppose his purge.<ref name="Choe"/> Following the execution, ''[[The Chosun Ilbo]]'' reported that [[Choe Ryong-hae]] may now be the "number 2-man" in North Korea. The South Korean newspaper reported claims that Kim Jong Il "asked Choe on his deathbed to help his son Jong-un" but that the North Korean military disapproves of Choe.<ref>[http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/12/19/2013121901640.html "Is Choe Ryong-hae Now N.Korea's Most Powerful Man?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221184719/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/12/19/2013121901640.html |date=21 December 2013 }}, ''Chosun Ilbo'', 19 December 2013.</ref>

In January 2014, the South Korean [[Yonhap News Agency]] reported that the purge had extended to Jang's family, with all his relatives, including children, being rounded up and executed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/world/2014/0125/666777.html|title=All relatives of Kim Jong-un's uncle executed too: report|publisher=Sina Corp|date=26 January 2014|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-date=28 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128171232/http://english.sina.com/world/2014/0125/666777.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2014/01/26/4/0401000000AEN20140126000800315F.html|title=All relatives of Jang executed too: sources|publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|date=26 January 2014|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-date=28 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128075820/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2014/01/26/4/0401000000AEN20140126000800315F.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a South Korean newspaper, Jang's nephew, O Sang-hon, was executed by being burnt alive with a [[flame thrower]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10750082/North-Korean-official-executed-by-flame-thrower.html|title=North Korean official 'executed by flame-thrower'|author=Julian Ryall|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=7 April 2014|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=12 January 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10750082/North-Korean-official-executed-by-flame-thrower.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/04/07/2014040700892.html|title=N.Korea Shuts Down Jang Song-taek's Department|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=7 April 2014|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-date=7 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507031034/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/04/07/2014040700892.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Reaction===
* {{flagu|South Korea}} – The Yonhap News Agency reported that South Korea held a security ministers' meeting to discuss the North Korean situation. [[Kim Jang-soo]] chaired the meeting. Earlier in the week, [[President of South Korea|president]] [[Park Geun-hye]] told a [[Cabinet of South Korea|Cabinet]] meeting that "North Korea is now engaged in a reign of terror while carrying out a massive purge" to consolidate Kim Jong Un's power.<ref>[http://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/execute-12122013185029.html "North Korean Leader Kim Jong Un's Uncle Executed: Report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213064859/http://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/execute-12122013185029.html |date=13 December 2013 }}, ''Radio Free Asia'', 12 December 2013.</ref> The [[Unification Ministry]] issued a statement saying that: "The government has deep concerns about a recent series of developments in North Korea and is watching the situation closely."<ref name="McElroy">Damien McElroy, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10517024/Empire-of-horror-North-Korea-faces-worldwide-condemnation-for-execution.html ''<nowiki>'Empire of horror' North Korea faces worldwide condemnation for execution</nowiki>''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614202126/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10517024/Empire-of-horror-North-Korea-faces-worldwide-condemnation-for-execution.html |date=14 June 2017 }}, ''The Daily Telegraph'', 13 December 2013.</ref> Defense chief minister [[Kim Kwan-jin]] told a [[Parliament of South Korea|parliamentary]] defense meeting on 13 December: "We will heighten readiness against North Korea as (Jang's execution) can lead to provocations against the South. This case can be seen as part of the reign of terror by Kim Jong-Un as he is seeking to consolidate his power with an iron fist."<ref name="Warns"/>
* {{flagu|China}} – Following the reports of Jang's death, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|foreign ministry]] stated only that the fall of Jang was a "domestic issue", but reports indicated that "China's North Korea experts have been working furiously to come up with [a] consensus" about the resulting implications.<ref name="Flanagan"/> [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)|Foreign minister]] [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]] stated that China is observing the situation, but that it does not expect major shifts in North Korean policies.<ref>{{cite web|title=China watching North Korea for impact of execution of Kim's uncle|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1382887/china-watching-north-korea-impact-execution-kims-uncle|work=South China Morning Post|date=16 December 2013|access-date=5 January 2014|archive-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224054252/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1382887/china-watching-north-korea-impact-execution-kims-uncle|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Japan}} – [[Chief Cabinet Secretary|Chief cabinet secretary]] [[Yoshihide Suga]] told the [[Kyodo News]] agency that the Japanese government was "closely watching the situation" and that "We will calmly monitor the situation while communicating with other countries and collect relevant information."<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2013/12/n-korea-executes-uncle-leader-kim-jong-un-2013121221458939462.html International concern over N Korea execution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213163634/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2013/12/n-korea-executes-uncle-leader-kim-jong-un-2013121221458939462.html |date=13 December 2013 }}, Al Jazeera, 13 December 2013.</ref>
* {{flagu|Sweden}} – [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Foreign minister]] [[Carl Bildt]] condemned the execution as "Stalinist" and stated: "I think that what we see now publicly is only the surface of an empire of horror."<ref name="McElroy"/>
* {{flagu|United Kingdom}} – [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime minister]] [[David Cameron]]'s official spokesman told reporters at a daily press briefing: "If this is confirmed, it is another example of the extreme brutality of the North Korean regime." [[Hugo Swire]], [[minister of state]] at the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|Foreign Office]], said: "We are deeply concerned to learn of the execution. This is another example of the brutality of the North Korean government, and we have consistently raised concerns about severe and systematic human rights abuses. The UN is currently running a commission of inquiry and it is quite right that we do everything we can to investigate North Korea's appalling human rights record. More broadly, we remain deeply concerned about the impact of this unpredictable regime on stability in the region. Our embassy in Pyongyang is monitoring the situation closely and we will continue to maintain close contact with our allies on this." [[Lord Alton of Liverpool]], chair of the North Korea [[All-Party Parliamentary Group]], said Jang "represented for many the real hope for reform in North Korea" and stated that Jang's execution was a "bloody and vivid and brutal reminder of the inherent and cruel nature of a regime that has always modelled itself on Stalin's USSR" and its [[gulag]] system.<ref name="McElroy"/><ref>[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/uk/execution-shows-extreme-brutality-29835788.html Execution 'shows extreme brutality'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214214558/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/uk/execution-shows-extreme-brutality-29835788.html |date=14 December 2013 }}, ''The Belfast Telegraph'', 13 December 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014.</ref>
* {{flagu|United States}} – [[United States Department of State|State Department]] deputy spokeswoman [[Marie Harf]] told the media on 12 December 2013: "While we cannot independently verify this development, we have no reason to doubt the official KCNA report that Jang Song Thaek has been executed. If confirmed, this is another example of the extreme brutality of the North Korean regime."<ref>Jonathan Cheng, [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303932504579254632008825604 "North Korea Says Uncle of Kim Jong Un Executed: Jang Song Thaek Was Until Recently the Country's De Facto No. 2 Ruler"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222222451/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303932504579254632008825604 |date=22 February 2014 }}, ''The Wall Street Journal'', 12 December 2013.</ref> The following day, at the State Department's press briefing, Harf stated that "we would urge the North Koreans not to take provocative acts, not to do so going forward, because it's not in the interest of regional stability".<ref name="Warns">AFP, [http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/12/us-warns-n-korea-provocation-following-execution/ US warns N. Korea against provocation following execution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830032129/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/12/us-warns-n-korea-provocation-following-execution/ |date=30 August 2023 }}, 14 December 2013.</ref> Patrick Ventrell, deputy spokesman for the White House National Security Council, told the [[Yonhap News Agency]] that, "if confirmed, this is another example of the extreme brutality of the North Korean regime... We are following developments in North Korea closely and consulting with our allies and partners in the region."<ref>Chad O'Carroll, [http://www.nknews.org/2013/12/north-korea-executes-jang-song-thaek-for-factionalism "North Korea executes 'traitor' Jang Song Thaek"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830032131/https://www.nknews.org/2013/12/north-korea-executes-jang-song-thaek-for-factionalism/ |date=30 August 2023 }}, NK News. Retrieved 4 January 2014.</ref> Secretary of State [[John F. Kerry]] stated in an interview broadcast on ABC's ''[[This Week (ABC TV series)|This Week]]'' on 15 December that Jang's fate "tells us a lot about … how ruthless and reckless" and "insecure" Kim Jong Un is, and described Kim as "spontaneous, erratic, still worried about his place in the power structure and maneuvering to eliminate" potential competitors.<ref name="Choe"/> Kerry stated that Kim leads a "ruthless, horrendous dictatorship" and urged the [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|denuclearization of North Korea]].<ref name="Choe"/> Senator [[John McCain]], member of the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Foreign Relations Committee]], said of Kim on [[CNN]]'s ''[[State of the Union with Candy Crowley|State of the Union]]'': "I think it's very obvious this young man is capable of some very aberrational behavior, and given the toys that he has, I think it's very dangerous. You would think that the Chinese would understand that, as well. They've got to rein this young man in—and they can."<ref name="Choe"/>
* {{flagu|United Nations}} – [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], formerly the South Korean foreign minister, stated on 16 December that he found reports of the execution to be "very dramatic and surprising" and appealed for calm, stating: "At this time, I would appeal to all the parties concerned, surrounding the Korean Peninsula, while they must be vigilantly and carefully watching the development of situation, not to take any premature actions. I do not hope that because of that there will be some increase of tensions on the Korean Peninsula."<ref>[http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2013/12/17/13/0301000000AEN20131217000151315F.html "U.N. chief cautions against 'premature actions' on N. Korea"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830032128/https://en.yna.co.kr/ |date=30 August 2023 }}, Yonhap News Agency, 17 December 2013.</ref> Ban stated: "The period ahead should be used to build confidence in the international community and to improve living conditions for the country's long-suffering people. I stand ready to offer my good offices." Ban reiterated the United Nations' longstanding stance against capital punishment "under any circumstances" and urged North Korea to comply with [[United Nations Security Council resolution|Security Council resolutions]], which North Korea has frequently flouted.<ref>Associated Press, [http://www.firstpost.com/world/ban-ki-moon-says-n-korea-execution-was-a-dramatic-surprise-1290145.html "Ban Ki Moon says N Korea execution was a dramatic surprise"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830032631/https://www.firstpost.com/world/ban-ki-moon-says-n-korea-execution-was-a-dramatic-surprise-1290145.html |date=30 August 2023 }}, 17 December 2013.</ref>

==Suspected alive status==
Former U.S. basketball star [[Dennis Rodman]] told ''[[DuJour Magazine]]'' that during his visit to North Korea in January 2014, Jang Song-thaek was not actually executed, contrary to the claims of the North Korean government, and Jang stood behind him in a photo shoot. He reaffirmed his assertion after the magazine asked him to clarify. Rodman also denied reports of the execution of [[Hyon Song-wol]] and claimed she was also at the photo shoot; she was later confirmed to still be alive after she appeared on North Korean television.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kim Jong-un did not execute his uncle or ex-lover: Dennis Rodman |url=https://nypost.com/2014/05/06/kim-jong-un-did-not-execute-his-uncle-or-ex-lover-dennis-rodman/ |date=6 May 2014 |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113095606/https://nypost.com/2014/05/06/kim-jong-un-did-not-execute-his-uncle-or-ex-lover-dennis-rodman/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jeong Chang-chang, director of the Unified Strategy Research Office of the Sejong Institute, made another claim about Jang Song-thaek's continued survival, arguing that no senior officials were present at the time of the purported execution and that Jang Song-thaek was actually placed under house arrest and enjoying the same living conditions as before.<ref>{{cite news |title=韩专家：张成泽仍然活着被金正恩软禁在家，并享受着与之前相同的生活待遇。 |work=多维新闻网 |url=http://news.dwnews.com/global/news/2018-04-17/60052432.html |date=17 April 2018 |accessdate=6 June 2018 |archive-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025054542/http://news.dwnews.com/global/news/2018-04-17/60052432.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[China–North Korea relations]]
* ''[[Damnatio memoriae]]''
* [[Media coverage of North Korea]]
* [[North Korea–United States relations]]
* [[Kim family (North Korea)|Kim dynasty]]
* [[Unperson]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Ra Jong-yil|translator=Jinna Park|title=Inside North Korea's Theocracy: The Rise and Sudden Fall of Jang Song-thaek|year=2019|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-1-4384-7373-4}}

==External links==
*[http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com North Korean Leadership Watch]

{{Kim family (North Korea)}}
{{Portal bar|North Korea|Biography|Politics}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jang, Song-thaek}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Chongjin]]
[[Category:People from Kangwon Province (North Korea)]]
[[Category:People from North Hamgyong Province]]
[[Category:Kim family (North Korea)]]
[[Category:Corruption in North Korea]]
[[Category:North Korean expatriates in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:People executed for treason against North Korea]]
[[Category:Executed politicians]]
[[Category:Purges in North Korea]]
[[Category:21st-century executions by North Korea]]
[[Category:Executed North Korean people]]
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:People executed for corruption]]
[[Category:Alternate members of the 6th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
[[Category:Members of the 6th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
[[Category:Alternate members of the 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
[[Category:Members of the 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
[[Category:People executed by North Korea by firing squad]]

Shin Hyun-joon

2025-06-30T21:32:21Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{family name hatnote|Shin||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul = %신현준
}}

'''Shin Hyun-joon''' may refer to:

* [[Shin Hyun-joon (general)]] (1915–2007)
* [[Shin Hyun-joon (actor)]] (born 1968)
* [[Shin Hyun-joon (footballer)]] (born 1983): played in Indonesia and Malaysia.
* [[Shin Hyoun-jun]] (born 1986): played for [[Gangwon FC]]
* [[Shin Hyun-jun (footballer)]] (born 1992) played for [[Bucheon FC 1995]]

{{Hndis}}

Shin Hyun-joon (actor)

2025-06-30T21:30:50Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|South Korean actor}}
{{other people||Shin Hyun-joon (disambiguation)}}
{{family name hatnote|Shin||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shin Hyun-joon
| image = Actor Shin Hyun-joon at the Pifan opening ceremony on July 17, 2014.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|10|28}}
| birth_place = [[Yeongdeungpo-gu]], [[Seoul, South Korea]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinefox.com/actor/view?isb=Y&movieman_seq=10782|title=신현준|website=Cinefox (씨네폭스)|access-date=2023-12-20|language=ko}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| othername = Shin Hyun-jun Shin Hyun-june
| yearsactive = 1990 - present
| education = [[Yonsei University]] – Athletics [[Yonsei University]] Graduate School of Journalism and Mass Communication – 최고위과정 (Honors)
| spouse = {{marriage|Kim Kyung-mi|2013}}
| children = 3
| website =
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes|headercolor=transparent
| hangul = %신현준
| hanja = 申鉉濬
}}
}}

'''Shin Hyun-joon''' ({{Korean|신현준}}; born October 28, 1968) is a South Korean [[actor]]. He is best known for his roles in the films ''[[Bichunmoo]]'' (2000), ''[[Guns & Talks]]'' (2001), ''[[Marrying the Mafia II]]'' (2005) and its [[Marrying the Mafia III|sequel]], ''[[Barefoot Ki-bong]]'' (2006), as well as the television series ''[[Stairway to Heaven (South Korean TV series)|Stairway to Heaven]]'' (2003–2004). He is also known as the photographer in the popular music video "Because I'm A Girl" by [[Kiss (South Korean band)|KISS]]. In the Korean press, he is nicknamed the "Arab Prince" due to his foreign look and long eyelashes.

==Career==
Shin was an athletics major at [[Yonsei University]] before starting a career in modeling and acting in 1989. His film debut came in director [[Im Kwon-taek]]'s ''[[Son of a General]]'' series, set during [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation]] in the 1920s. He continued working with Im until the mid '90s and also acted in ''[[Hwa-Om-Kyung]]'', [[Jang Sun-woo]]'s award-winning film based on the [[Avatamsaka Sutra]].<ref name=june>{{cite web|last=Paquet|first=Darcy|title=Actors and Actresses of Korean Cinema: Shin Hyun-june|url=http://koreanfilm.org/actors.html#shinhj|access-date=2012-11-18|website=Koreanfilm.org|archive-date=2018-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912144604/http://www.koreanfilm.org/actors.html#shinhj|url-status=live}}</ref>

In recent years Shin has turned more towards popular cinema, finding his greatest success in fantasy/sci-fi works such as ''The Gingko Bed'', ''The Soul Guardians'', and the Korean-Chinese co-production ''[[Bichunmoo]]'', as well as gangster comedies ''[[Marrying the Mafia II]]'' and ''[[Guns & Talks]]''.<ref name=june /><ref>{{cite web|title=Shin Hyun Joon and Tak Jaehoon's 'Barefoot Gibong' in Singapore|url=http://en.korea.com/blog/enter/movie/shin-hyun-joon-and-tak-jaehoons-barefoot-gibong-in-singapore/|access-date=2012-11-18|work=Korea.com|date=7 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917102900/http://en.korea.com/blog/enter/movie/shin-hyun-joon-and-tak-jaehoons-barefoot-gibong-in-singapore/|archive-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> In one of his most iconic roles, Shin played a 40-year-old [[marathon]] runner with the mental faculties of an 8-year-old boy in ''[[Barefoot Ki-bong]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shin Hyun-jun Redeems Himself in Another Intense Part|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2006/04/25/2006042561017.html|access-date=2012-11-18|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=25 April 2006|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323082854/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2006/04/25/2006042561017.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A devout [[Christianity|Christian]], he published a photo-essay book ''Shin Hyun-joon's Confessions'' in 2008, which documented his personal insights into life and faith. The first printing sold out in two days, and the book was also released in [[China]] and [[Japan]]. ''Confessions'' contained a foreword from Hong Kong star [[Jackie Chan]] as well as religious testimonies from other Korean celebrities such as [[Choi Ji-woo]], [[Kim Won-hee]] and Nam Hee-seok.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Lynn|title=Actor Shin to publish religious essay in Japan, China|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2009090415291303314|date=September 4, 2009|access-date=2012-11-18|website=Asiae|archive-date=2014-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330065010/http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2009090415291303314|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chung|first=Ah-young|title=Celebrities Joining Boom of Writings|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/07/142_37578.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=2013-03-25|date=9 January 2009|archive-date=2014-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330081719/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/07/142_37578.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also known for his missionary work, volunteer work, and charitable endeavors.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Hyo-won|title=Shin Hyun-jun Builds Church in Kazakhstan|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/people/2012/12/178_11343.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=2013-03-25|date=4 October 2007}}</ref><ref name=redcross>{{cite web|title=Actor Shin named envoy of Korea Red Cross|url=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20101220001118|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|access-date=2013-03-25|date=20 December 2010|archive-date=2022-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921014153/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20101220001118|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In addition to his work as an actor, Shin currently hosts the entertainment news program ''Entertainment Weekly'' on [[KBS2]], the ''[[KBS Nine O'Clock News]]'' segment ''KBS Entertainment 925'' on [[KBS1]], and the [[Channel A (TV channel)|Channel A]] talk show ''Show King''. He has written two [[children's book]]s: ''Aladdin and the Magic Lamp'' (2012) and ''Clown with Smiles and Tears'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Sun-min|title=Shin Hyun-joon has a new kids' book|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2013/03/25/etc/Shin-Hyunjoon-has-a-new-kids-book/2969104.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411050811/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2969104|url-status=live|archive-date=April 11, 2013|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=2013-03-26|date=March 25, 2013}}</ref> He has also been an acting professor at [[Induk University]] since March 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shin Hyun-jun Becomes Acting Professor|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/02/26/2010022600252.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=2013-03-25|date=26 February 2010|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323081119/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/02/26/2010022600252.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shin established the production company [http://www.hjfilm.net/hj/ HJ Film] and is the [[CEO]] of [https://web.archive.org/web/20121030235031/http://www.3jaloe.co.kr/3jaloe/main.do 3J Cosmetics].

==Personal life==

Shin married Kim Kyung-mi (Linda Kim), a Korean American woman 12 years his junior, at the [[Grand Hyatt Seoul]] on May 26, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Sun-min|title=Shin Hyun-joon marries a student|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2013/05/27/etc/Shin-Hyunjoon-marries-a-student/2972183.html|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629135851/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2972183|date=May 27, 2013|access-date=2013-05-28|url-status=live|archive-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Today's Photo: May 27, 2013|url=http://english.chosun.com/svc/view.html?contid=2013052700479&catid=C|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=27 May 2013|archive-date=2013-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621171312/http://english.chosun.com/svc/view.html?contid=2013052700479&catid=C|url-status=dead}}</ref> His wife studied for a doctorate in music in the U.S., and Shin said on his show ''Entertainment Weekly'' that he bumped into her in the doorway of a building and fell in love with her at first sight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shin Hyun-jun to Tie the Knot in May|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/03/18/2013031800500.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=2013-03-18|date=18 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Moon|first=Gwang-lip|title=Shin recalls it was love at first sight|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2013/03/17/etc/Shin-recalls-it-was-love-at-first-sight/2968667.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411050951/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2968667|url-status=live|archive-date=April 11, 2013|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=2013-03-18|date=17 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kang|first=Jung-yeon|title=Shin Hyun-joon To Be Married This Weekend|url=http://www.tenasia.com/shin-hyun-joon-to-be-married-this-weekend/|work=10Asia|access-date=2013-05-23|date=21 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330064504/http://www.tenasia.com/shin-hyun-joon-to-be-married-this-weekend/|archive-date=30 March 2014}}</ref>

The couple has three children.<ref>{{Cite web |author=동아닷컴 온라인뉴스팀 |title=Shin Hyun-jun reveals his three children who look exactly like him... |trans-title="신현준, 똑닮은 세 자녀 공개…“어느 보석보다 귀해” |url=https://www.donga.com/news/Entertainment/article/all/20240819/126583290/1 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=newsis |date=19 August 2024 |language=ko}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
* ''Ghost Police'' (2025)<ref>{{cite web|author=Jung Yu-jin|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0005979477|title=신현준·김수미, 11년 만에 영화 '귀신경찰'로 재회…5월 크랭크인|trans-title=Shin Hyun-jun and Kim Su-mi reunited with the movie 'Ghost Police' after 11 years... May crank-in|publisher=News1|via=[[Naver]]|date=March 21, 2022|access-date=March 21, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=February 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214070314/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0005979477|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''George and Bong-shik'' (TBA)
* ''[[The Assassin (2023 film)|The Assassin]]'' (2023) as Lee Nan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0002999544|author=Jeon Hyun-hwa|title=신현준·이문식·김민경 등 영화 '살수' 호흡..오늘(26일) 첫촬영|trans-title=Shin Hyeon-jun, Lee Moon-sik, Kim Min-kyung, etc. The movie 'Salsu' breathing..Today (26th) first shooting|publisher=MT Star News|via=[[Naver]]|date=October 26, 2021|access-date=October 26, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=December 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226095407/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0002999544|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003115604|author=Kim Mi-hwa|title=조선 최고의 '살수'가 깨어난다..내년 2월 개봉|trans-title=Joseon's best 'Salsu' wakes up... to be released in February next year|publisher=MT Star News|via=[[Naver]]|date=December 22, 2022|access-date=December 22, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=December 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222121208/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003115604|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Handsome'' (2022) as Mi-nam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=408&aid=0000158241|author=Kim Kyung-hee|title=신현준, 자뻑 코미디 영화 '핸썸'으로 영화 복귀|trans-title=Shin Hyun-joon returns to film with comedy movie 'Handsome'|publisher=[[iMBC]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=June 13, 2022|access-date=June 13, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=June 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613091327/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=408&aid=0000158241|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Bad Guys Always Die]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Marrying the Mafia IV]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Sin of a Family]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Kill Me (film)|Kill Me]]'' (2009)
* ''[[His Last Gift]]'' (2008)
* ''The Worst Guy Ever'' (2007)
* ''Master Kims'' (2007)
* ''Hot for Teacher'' (2006)
* ''[[Marrying the Mafia III]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Barefoot Ki-bong]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Shadowless Sword]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Marrying the Mafia II]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Hi! Dharma 2: Showdown in Seoul]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Face (2004 film)|Face]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Blue (2003 film)|Blue]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Once Upon a Time in a Battlefield]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Guns & Talks]]'' (2001)
* ''Siren'' (2000)
* ''[[Bichunmoo]]'' (2000)
* ''The Soul Guardians'' (1998)
* ''The Story of a Man'' (1998)
* ''KK Family List'' (1997)
* ''Maria and the Inn'' (1997)
* ''Lament'' (1997)
* ''The Gingko Bed'' (1996)
* ''Channel 69'' (1996)
* ''Hong Gil-dong'' (animated, 1995)
* ''[[The Taebaek Mountains]]'' (1994)
* ''Love is Oh Yeah!'' (1993)
* ''[[Hwa-Om-Kyung]]'' (1993)
* ''[[General's Son III]]'' (1992)
* ''[[General's Son II]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Passion Portrait|Portrait of the Days of Youth]]'' (1991)
* ''[[General's Son]]'' (1990)

===Television series===
* ''[[Iron Family]]'' (KBS2, 2024)
* ''[[From Now On, Showtime!]]'' (MBC, 2022) – Special appearance<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001391377|author=Kim Hyun-jeong|title=[단독] 신현준, 정준호와 절친 의리…'지금부터, 쇼타임!' 특별출연|trans-title=[Exclusive] Shin Hyun-jun, Jung Jun-ho and best friend loyalty… 'From now on, Showtime!' special appearance|publisher=Export news|via=[[Naver]]|date=December 30, 2021|access-date=December 30, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=December 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230012126/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001391377|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Moorim School: Saga of the Brave]]'' (KBS2, 2016)
* ''Butterfly'' (MTV, 2013)
* ''[[Ohlala Couple]]'' (KBS2, 2012)
* ''[[Bridal Mask]]'' (KBS2, 2012)
* ''[[Dummy Mommy]]'' (SBS, 2012)
* ''[[Road No. 1]]'' (MBC, 2010) – cameo
* ''[[Cain and Abel (South Korean TV series)|Cain and Abel]]'' (SBS, 2009)
* ''[[Star's Lover]]'' (SBS, 2008) – cameo
* ''Rondo'' (TBS, 2006)
* ''[[Stairway to Heaven (South Korean TV series)|Stairway to Heaven]]'' (SBS, 2003)
* ''I Love You! I Love You!'' (SBS, 1998)
* ''[[White Nights 3.98]]'' (SBS, 1998)
* ''Wedding Dress'' (KBS2, 1997)
* ''The Brothers' River'' (SBS, 1996)
* ''1.5'' (MBC, 1996)
* ''Sons of the Wind'' (KBS2, 1995)

===Variety shows===
* ''Great Guide'' (2023, Tour customers)<ref>{{cite web|last=Yoo|first=Jeong-min|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=408&aid=0000205934|title=신현준 "이집트나 중동 쪽 하면 왜 날 떠올릴까"(위대한 가이드)|trans-title=Shin Hyun Joon "Why do you think of me when you think of Egypt or the Middle East" (Great Guide)|work=MBC Entertainment|via=[[Naver]]|date=November 8, 2023|access-date=November 8, 2023|language=ko|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108075200/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=408&aid=0000205934|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '' God of Lawyer''' (2022, Host)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000564166|author=Park Soo-in|title=신현준 황보라 동현 '변호의 신' MC 발탁, 현실 상담 예고|trans-title=Shin Hyun-jun Hwang Bo-ra Dong-hyun 'God of Lawyer' MC Selection, Reality Consultation Notice|publisher=Newsen|via=[[Naver]]|date=April 19, 2022|access-date=April 19, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=April 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419014045/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000564166|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Bangka Road'' (2021–2023) – Season 1–2<ref>{{Cite news|author=Han Hae-seon|title=셋째 득녀' 신현준, 달콤한 '딸기' 2행시' 공개|url=https://entertain.v.daum.net/v/20210521175045896|website=Star News|date=May 21, 2021|access-date=May 21, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=May 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521103346/https://entertain.v.daum.net/v/20210521175045896|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0001579521|author=Lee Ye-jin|title=신현준→황제성, '빵카로드2' MC 확정…내달 3일 첫방 [공식입장]|trans-title=Shin Hyun-joon → Hwang Je-seong confirmed as MC for 'Bread Car Road 2'... First broadcast on the 3rd of next month [Official position]|publisher=X-ports News|via=[[Naver]]|date=April 10, 2023|access-date=April 19, 2023|language=ko|archive-date=April 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419085340/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0001579521|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[KBS Nine O'Clock News|KBS Entertainment 925]]'' (2013–2019) – Anchor
*''Show King'' (2011–present) – MC
*''Entertainment Weekly'' (2010–2019) – MC
*''[[Sunday Sunday Night#Enjoy Today|Enjoy Today]]'' (2010-2011) – MC
*''The Dreaming Sea'' (KBS2, 2013) – Member
*''[[Rural Police (TV series)|Rural Police]]'' (2017–2018) – Member, seasons 1-4
*''[[Family Outing]]''
* ''[[My Daughter's Men]]''

===Music video appearances===
*[[Zia (singer)|Zi-A]] – "Choked With Grief" (2008)
*[[Zia (singer)|Zi-A]] – "I'm Happy" (2008)
*[[Zia (singer)|Zi-A]] – "I Love You, I'm Sorry" (2008)
*[[Zia (singer)|Zi-A]] – "Guardian Angel" (2007)
*[[Zia (singer)|Zi-A]] – "Together with a Star in My Heart" (2007)
*[[Zia (singer)|Zi-A]] – "Absentmindedly" (2007)
*[[Kiss (South Korean band)|KISS]] – "Because I'm a Girl" (2001)
*[[Lee Soo-young]] – "Never Again" (2001)
*[[Jo Sung-mo]] – "For Your Soul" (1999)
*[[Lee Seung-Cheol|Lee Seung-chul]] – 말리꽃 (1999)
*[[Bobby Kim]] – "Remember Last Christmas" (1998)

==Books==
*''Clown with Smiles and Tears'' (2013)
*''Aladdin and the Magic Lamp'' (2012)
*배우 연기를 훔쳐라 (2012)<ref>{{cite web|title=배우 연기를 훔쳐라|url=http://www.kyobobook.co.kr/product/detailViewKor.laf?barcode=9788916053815&ejkGb=KOR&linkClass=231905&mallGb=KOR|access-date=2012-11-18|work=[[Kyobo Book Centre]]|date=10 May 2012|archive-date=2016-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702115904/http://www.kyobobook.co.kr/product/detailViewKor.laf?barcode=9788916053815&ejkGb=KOR&linkClass=231905&mallGb=KOR|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Shin Hyun-joon's Confessions'' (2008)<ref>{{cite web|title=신현준의 고백|url=http://www.kyobobook.co.kr/product/detailViewKor.laf?ejkGb=KOR&mallGb=KOR&barcode=9788953110984|access-date=2012-11-18|work=[[Kyobo Book Centre]]|date=1 December 2008|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013921/http://www.kyobobook.co.kr/product/detailViewKor.laf?ejkGb=KOR&mallGb=KOR&barcode=9788953110984|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Ambassadorship==
*2022: Anti-phishing voice ambassador for Korea National Police Agency<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=001&aid=0013467781|author=Lee Jung-hyun|title=명예경찰' 배우 정준호, 전세사기 예방 홍보대사 위촉|trans-title='Honorary Police' actor Jung Jun-ho appointed as an ambassador for charter fraud prevention|publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=September 28, 2022|access-date=September 28, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=September 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928131225/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=001&aid=0013467781|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2010: Goodwill Ambassador for [[Republic of Korea National Red Cross|Korea National Red Cross]]<ref name=redcross />
*2010: Goodwill Ambassador for Grain Welfare Foundation
*2010: Goodwill Ambassador for [[World No Tobacco Day]]
*2010: Goodwill Ambassador for the 1004 Marathon Relay for Disabled People
*2010: Goodwill Ambassador for the 2010 Bible EXPO
*2008: Goodwill Ambassador for South Korea's [[World Refugee Day]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Despite Increasing Applications, Korea Accepts Few Refugees|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/06/20/2008062061009.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=2013-03-25|date=20 June 2008|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121217/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/06/20/2008062061009.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2007: Goodwill Ambassador for the 7th World [[Paralympic Games]]

==Awards==
*2012 [[KBS Drama Awards]]– Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries (''[[Ohlala Couple]]'')
*2012 [[KBS Entertainment Awards]] – Top Entertainer Award (''Entertainment Weekly'')
*2011 12th Korea Visual Arts Festival – Photogenic Award, Movie Actor category
*2011 18th Han Il Culture Awards – Grand Prize, Cultural Diplomacy category
*2010 [[MBC Entertainment Awards]] – Special Award in Show/Variety (''[[Sunday Sunday Night#Enjoy Today|Enjoy Today]]'')
*2008 16th [[Chunsa Film Art Awards]] – [[Korean Wave|Hallyu]] Cultural Award
*2006 26th [[Hawaii International Film Festival]] – Asian Star Award
*2006 27th [[Blue Dragon Film Awards]] – Popular Star Award (''[[Barefoot Ki-bong]]'')
*2006 4th Korea Fashion World Awards – Best Dressed Award
*2001 Best Dresser Swan Awards – Best Dressed, Movie Actor category
*1999 [[Golden Disk Awards]]: Popular Music Video Award ([[Jo Sung-mo]]'s ''For Your Soul'')
*1992 30th [[Grand Bell Awards]] – Best New Actor

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Shin Hyun-joon}}
* {{Twitter}}
* {{Cyworld |id=38721936 |alt_id=hyunjoon2 |name=신현준 (Shin Hyun-joon)}}
* [http://cafe.daum.net/shinhyunjoon Shin Hyun-joon Fan Cafe] at [[Daum Communications|Daum]]
* [http://www.starbrothers.co.kr/contents/artist_hyunjoon.php Shin Hyun-joon] at Star Brothers Entertainment
* {{HanCinema person | name=Shin Hyeon-joon}}
* {{IMDb name|0793790|Shin Hyeon-jun}}
* {{kmdb person|00000119|Shin Hyun-jun}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100827004923/http://www.shinhyunjun.jp/ Shin Hyun-jun Japanese website]
{{Grand Bell Awards for Best New Actor}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shin, Hyun-joon}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Yeongdeungpo District]]
[[Category:South Korean male film actors]]
[[Category:South Korean male models]]
[[Category:South Korean male television actors]]
[[Category:Yonsei University alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Seoul]]

Korean Wikipedia

2025-06-30T21:23:37Z

172.56.232.37: @User:Absolutiva % is for personal name

{{short description|Korean-language edition of Wikipedia}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Self-reference cleanup}}
{{Circular|date=June 2025}}
{{Primary sources|date=June 2025}}
{{Expand Korean|topic=tech|date=August 2012}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Korean Wikipedia
| screenshot = Korean_Wikipedia_Main_page_20191203.png
| caption = Main Page of the Korean Wikipedia in December 2019
| collapsible = yes
| logo = Wikipedia-logo-v2-ko.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| commercial = No
| url = {{url|https://ko.wikipedia.org/}}
| type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]]
| language = [[Korean Language|Korean]]
| registration = Optional
| owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]]
| content_license = {{nobr|[[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons Attribution/ Share-Alike]] 4.0}} (most text also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]]) Media licensing varies
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
| child = yes
| hangul = ^한국어 ^위키백과
| hanja = 韓國語 위키百科
}}
}}

The '''Korean Wikipedia''' ({{Korean|hangul=한국어 위키백과}}) is the [[Korean language]] edition of Wikipedia, founded on 11 October 2002. It is the 2nd largest Korean language Wiki site as of October 2024,<ref name=":0" /> and the {{Ordinal|{{Wikipedia rank by size|ko}}}} largest Wikipedia, with {{NUMBEROF|articles|ko|N}} articles and {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ko|N}} active users, as of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{YEAR}}.<ref name="list2">{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=List of Wikipedias |url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wikipedias |access-date=23 January 2025 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation Inc. |format=Web}}</ref>

==History==
{| class="wikitable sortable" align=right style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=4 | Korean Wikipedia {{Purge|(update)}}
|-
| '''[[Wikipedia:What is an article?|Articles]]''' || {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ko}}
|-
| '''[[Help:Files|Files]]''' || {{NUMBEROF|FILES|ko}}
|-
| '''[[Help:Editing|Edits]]''' || {{NUMBEROF|EDITS|ko}}
|-
| '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Users]]''' || {{NUMBEROF|USERS|ko}}
|-
| '''Active users''' || {{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ko}}
|-
| '''[[Wikipedia:Administrators|Admins]]''' || {{NUMBEROF|ADMINS|ko}}
|}
The Korean Wikipedia initially used an older version of [[MediaWiki]]. The software had problems representing [[Hangul]], which limited usage. In August 2002, the software was upgraded and started to support non-English scripts such as [[Hangul]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021030103155/http://ko.wikipedia.org/ http://web.archive.org/] – This site shows the Korean Wikipedia in 2002 with the Wikipedia Logo in 2002.</ref> However, [[Internet Explorer]] continued to have an encoding problem, which kept contributions to the encyclopedia low.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD |title=대한민국 |access-date=22 August 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030822100711/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD |archive-date=22 August 2003 }} – Article [[:ko:대한민국|대한민국]] in 2003. Encoding can be seen to be broken.</ref> Nevertheless, from October 2002 to July 2003, the number of articles increased from 13 to 159, and in August 2003 it reached 348. Finally, in September 2003 the hangul problem was solved. From September 2003, with no accessing difficulty once the encoding error in IE was solved, the number of contributions and visits increased. The Korean Wikipedia's prospects became even more optimistic following the momentum created by substantial coverage in the Korean media.

It reached ten thousand articles on 4 June 2005.<ref name="milestones">{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Meta Milestones Page |url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_News&oldid=139035 |access-date=6 September 2007 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation Inc. |format=Web}}</ref> The Korean Wikipedia won the Information Trust Award in the general Internet culture branch in 2005.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}{{importance inline|date=February 2016}}

On 16 April 2011, discussions were held to promote the formation of a group to support Wikimedia projects in South Korea.<ref>{{Interlanguage link|Wikipedia:Offline meetings in Korea/Aprill 16, 2011|ko|위키백과:오프라인 모임/2011년 4월 16일}}</ref> Subsequently, on 10 March 2012, the Wikimedia Korea Chapter Preparation Committee was established.<ref>[[Wikipedia:Offline meetings/Formation meeting of the Wikimedia Korea Chapter Preparation Committee]]</ref> A founding general meeting was held on 19 October 2014, and finally, on 4 November 2015, the non-profit corporation [[Wikipedia:Korea Wikimedia Association|Korea Wikimedia Association]] was officially established and has been active since then.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/wikimediakr/ |title=Introduction page of Wikimedia Korea Association |access-date=2017-03-01 |archive-date=2015-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922153656/https://sites.google.com/site/wikimediakr/ |url-status= }}</ref> In 2019, it was approved by the Wikimedia Foundation in the United States as a recognized chapter in South Korea.

==Statistics==
{|class="wikitable"
!Number of Articles
!Date
!Article
|-
|1
|12 October 2002
|[[:ko:지미 카터|지미 카터]]
|-
|10,000
|5 June 2005
|[[:ko:양자장론|양자장론]]
|-
|20,000
|12 February 2006
|[[:ko:마다가스카르의 행정 구역|마다가스카르의 행정 구역]]
|-
|30,000
|14 December 2006
|[[:ko:카메이 에리|카메이 에리]]
|-
|40,000
|2 August 2007
|[[:ko:텍스처 매핑|텍스처 매핑]]
|-
|50,000
|4 January 2008
|[[:ko:바브리|바브리]]
|-
|60,000
|24 April 2008
|[[:ko:고기압|고기압]]
|-
|70,000
|7 August 2008
|[[:ko:영동대교|영동대교]]
|-
|80,000
|20 November 2008
|[[:ko:큰곰자리 운동성단|큰곰자리 운동성단]]
|-
|90,000
|25 February 2009
|[[:ko:당연상인|당연상인]]
|-
|100,000
|4 June 2009
|[[:ko:액세스권|액세스권]]
|-
|150,000
|15 December 2010
|[[:ko:김지언 (1979년)|김지언 (1979년)]]
|-
|200,000
|19 May 2012
|[[:ko:보비 탬블링|보비 탬블링]]
|-
|250,000
|3 October 2013
|[[:ko:회피|회피]]
|-
|300,000
|5 January 2015
|[[:ko:Rojo -Tierra-|Rojo -Tierra-]]
|-
|350,000
|3 June 2016
|[[:ko:1809년 4월 14일 일식|1809년 4월 14일 일식]]
|-
|400,000
|22 October 2017
|[[:ko:충청남도 동물위생시험소|충청남도 동물위생시험소]]
|-
|500,000
|15 June 2020
|[[:ko:규장전운|규장전운]]
|-
|600,000
|16 August 2022
|[[:ko:광기의 밍크스|광기의 밍크스]]
|-
|700,000
|18 March 2025
|[[:ko:존 몽고메리|존 몽고메리]]
|}

== Comparisons to other Korean wikis and information services ==
Korean Wikipedia is the 2nd largest Korean language wiki, and the 33rd most visited website of 2024 according to [[Similarweb]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Korea: Top Websites Ranking |website=Similarweb |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/korea-republic-of/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070604/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/korea-republic-of/ |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref> It is behind [[Namuwiki]] in terms of both traffic (Namuwiki is fifth, compared to Korean Wikipedia's thirty third) and article count (including redirects), where Namuwiki (6,525,085 articles) has almost double (1.98 times) the articles of Korean Wikipedia (3,290,720) as of 5 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430082116/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98%3A%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://namu.wiki/w/%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4:%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208114844/https://namu.wiki/w/%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4:%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref> According to ''[[The Hankyoreh]]'', Namuwiki has 7.2 times more traffic compared to the Korean Wikipedia as of October 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Park |first=Kang-soo |date=30 October 2024 |title=Ruling party and Korea Communications Commission 'Considering blocking access to Namuwiki'… Intention to censor and control criticism? |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/media/1164945.html |work=The Hankyoreh |language=ko}}</ref> It is generally attributed that Korean Wikipedia is less substantive and influential compared to NamuWiki.<ref name=":0"/>

Jimmy Wales stated that, in other countries, models like Wikipedia were first introduced during the early stages of the internet, leading to very enthusiastic responses. In contrast, in South Korea, other collective collaboration services such as [[Naver Corporation|Naver]]'s Jisik-in (지식인), a [[Quora]] style ask-and-answer website, were already available, leading to much more lackluster responses.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160701022444/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/04/25/2008042500727.html?related_all</ref>

==Hangul and Hanja==
{{See also|Hanja|Korean mixed script}}
The Korean Wikipedia is written almost entirely in hangul. [[Hanja]] is only used in order to clarify certain phrases, and is usually parenthesized. A group named [[:ko:사용자:Yes0song/다지모|Dajimo]] worked to introduce a [[Korean mixed script|mixed script system]] to the Korean Wikipedia. A request for a separate Wikipedia in mixed script, however, was rejected.<ref>Wikimedia Meta-Wiki, [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikipedia_Hanja Requests for new languages/Wikipedia Hanja]. Accessed 11 September 2010.</ref>

==Dialects==
{{See also|Korean dialects|Names of Korea}}
There are two major standards in the Korean language: the South Korea standard, and the North Korea standard.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sang-Hun |last=Choe |title=Koreas: Divided by a Common Language |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/30/world/asia/30iht-dialect.2644361.html |work=The New York Times/ International Herald Tribune |date=30 August 2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241008031514/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/30/world/asia/30iht-dialect.2644361.html |archive-date=8 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> North Koreans are underrepresented on the Korean Wikipedia due to [[Censorship in North Korea|censorship]] of the [[internet in North Korea]]. Therefore, most users of the Korean Wikipedia are South Koreans and most articles are written in the South Korean style. The official name of the Wikipedia is {{lang|ko|한국어 위키백과}} {{transliteration|ko|RR|Hangugeo Wiki-baekgwa}}. ''Hangugeo'' is the name for the [[Korean language]] in South Korea, and ''baekgwa'' is a [[clipping (morphology)|clipped form]] of {{lang|ko|백과사전}} {{transliteration|ko|RR|baekgwasajeon}} "encyclopedia".

== Services derived from Korean Wikipedia ==

Businesses heavily make use of the Korean Wikipedia in various ways since its license, the [[Creative Commons]] Attribution Share-Alike License (CC BY-SA), allows modification and distribution for commercial purposes.

The web portal [[Empas]] integrated the Korean Wikipedia database in its search tool since 11 August 2005.<ref>[http://itnews.inews24.com/php/news_view.php?g_serial=165046&g_menu=020100&pay_news=0 'Wikipedia', an encyclopedia authorized by netizens ...]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://itnews.inews24.com/php/news_view.php?g_serial=165046&g_menu=020100&pay_news=0 Empas]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – iNews24, 11 August 2005</ref> The feature to search Korean Wikipedia using a mobile phone with a wireless Internet connection through the web portal [[Nate (web portal)|Nate]] was available to the subscribers of [[SK Telecom]] from 6 July 2007.<ref>[http://www.etnews.co.kr/news/detail.html?id=200707050039 Wikipedia on your phone -] ETNews, 6 July 2007</ref> Since 21 August, [[Daum (web portal)|Daum]] mirrored Korean Wikipedia and [[English Wikipedia]] on its portal,<ref>[http://www.edaily.co.kr/invest/stock/newsRead.asp?newsid=01866326583229616 Daum, Encyclopedia improved ...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123071015/http://www.edaily.co.kr/invest/stock/newsRead.asp?newsid=01866326583229616 |date=23 November 2011 }}[http://www.edaily.co.kr/invest/stock/newsRead.asp?newsid=01866326583229616 'Wikipedia' search presented] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123071015/http://www.edaily.co.kr/invest/stock/newsRead.asp?newsid=01866326583229616 |date=23 November 2011 }} – eDaily, 21 August 2007</ref> and [[Naver]] also started to present the search results from the Korean and English Wikipedia prior to others from 11 January 2008.<ref>[http://www.etnews.co.kr/news/detail.html?id=200801110013 Naver, Wikipedia Search service launched] – ETNews, 11 January 2008. On Naver's search results page, the search results from Wikipedia, which was categorized as "knowledge base", were listed prior to the results categorized as "web page".
</ref>

==Politics==
The South Korean right-wing youth group story K favors proactive involvement in contributing to Korean Wikipedia.<ref>[http://cafe.naver.com/storyk21/ story K Official Website]</ref><ref>[http://news.donga.com/3/all/20110716/38844268/1 北 편들고 南 깎아내리는 위키피디아 (Korean Wikipedia that favors North Korea; does not favor South Korea)] 16 July 2011 Donga Ilbo</ref>

Human rights groups have sent copies of the Korean Wikipedia to [[North Korea]] on USB sticks [[Balloon propaganda campaigns in Korea|by balloon]].<ref name="nort_Wiki">{{Cite web | title = Wikipedia enters North Korea ... via balloon | last = Williams | first = Martyn | work = North Korea Tech | date = 20 January 2014 | access-date = 21 December 2017 | url = https://www.northkoreatech.org/2014/01/20/wikipedia-enters-north-korea-via-balloon/ }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=ko}}
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|ko}}
* [https://ko.m.wikipedia.org/ Korean Wikipedia mobile version] {{in lang|ko}}

{{Wikipedias}}

[[Category:Wikipedias by language]]
[[Category:Korean-language websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in South Korea]]

Ssanggyesa

2025-06-30T21:22:54Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Buddhist temple in South Korea}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name =Ssanggyesa
| image =하동 쌍계사 적묵당 02.jpg
| caption =
| alt =
| map_type = South Korea
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| sect =[[Jogye Order]]
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = South Korea
| state = [[Gyeongsangnam-do]]
| district =
| location =
| elevation_m =
| festivals =
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 722
| creator =
| website =
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^쌍계사
|hanja=雙磎寺
| child = yes}}
}}

[[File:Ssanggyesa 026.JPG|thumb|right|Temple grounds]]

'''Ssanggyesa''' ({{langx|ko|쌍계사}}) is a head temple of the [[Jogye Order]] of [[Korean Buddhism]]. It is located on the southern slopes of [[Jirisan]], southwest of sacred Samshin-bong Peak in the Hwagye-dong Valley of [[Hwagae-myeon]], [[Hadong County]], in the province of [[Gyeongsangnam-do]], [[South Korea]].

The temple was founded in 722 by two disciples of [[Uisang]] named [[Sambeop]] and [[Daebi]]. It is said that they were guided to the location by a ''Jiri-sanshin'' in the form of a tiger after being instructed by him in dreams to look for a site where arrowroot flowers
blossomed through the snow. They had travelled to China for study and returned with the skull of and a portrait of "Yukcho" ([[Hui-neng]], the Sixth Patriarch of ''Seon'' [Zen] Buddhism), which they respectively buried under the Main Hall and enshrined in it (the skull was later dug up and enshrined in a stone pagoda, which is still there).

In the 9th century, the temple was renamed "Ssanggyesa" (Twin-Streams Monastery) by [[Jingam]] (Meditation Master ''Jingam seonsa'', 774–850). He is also credited with creating ''[[Beompae]]'' (Korean-style Buddhist music & dance) after studying Chinese Buddhist music in [[Tang dynasty|Tang Dynasty]] China. He composed "Eosan" [Fish Mountain] with ''paleumryul'' [eight tones and rhythms] while watching fish swim in the nearby [[Seomjin River]], and therefore, the spacious lecture pavilion still dedicated to ''Beompae'' performance and education at the front of Ssanggyesa is named ''Palyeong-ru''. A stele dedicated to Jingam seonsa and written by [[Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn]] still stands in the temple, designated the [[National Treasures of South Korea|Republic of Korea National Treasure]] 47.

Most of the rest of the temple dates to the 17th century or after that because all its buildings were burned to the ground by Japanese invaders during the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Seven Year War]].

==See also==
*[[Korean Buddhist temples]]
*[[Korean Buddhism]]
*[[Religion in South Korea]]

==External links==
*[http://www.ssanggyesa.net/ Official site, in Korean]
*[http://english.tour2korea.com/03Sightseeing/DestinationsByRegions/Depth04.asp?sight=Sightseeing&sightseeing_id=268&ADDRESS_1=24703&ADDRESS_2=24136&konum=1&kosm=m3_1 Tour2Korea profile]
*[http://www.pbase.com/hamstra/ssanggyesa Photo gallery]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070227202031/http://eng.koreatemple.net/travel/view_temple.asp?temple_id=13 KoreaTemple profile]}}
*[http://www.san-shin.net/Jiri-Ssanggye-01.html David A. Mason's 4 pages on Ssanggye-sa]

{{commons category|Ssanggyesa (Hadong)}}

[[Category:Buddhist temples of the Jogye Order]]
[[Category:8th-century Buddhist temples]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in South Gyeongsang Province]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in South Korea]]
[[Category:Hadong County]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in South Gyeongsang Province]]
[[Category:8th-century establishments in Korea]]
[[Category:722 establishments]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in the 720s]]

Ssangchungsa

2025-06-30T21:22:21Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|img=Korea-Doyang-Ssangchungsa-05.jpg
|caption=Ssangchungsa (shrine)
|hangul=^쌍충사
|hanja=雙忠祠
}}
{{coord|34.527778|127.131667|display=title}}
'''Ssangchungsa''' is a shrine in Doyang (known also as Nokdong by many) on the southwesternmost point of the peninsula that comprises [[Goheung]] County South Korea. The shrine commemorates and is dedicated to the memories of two [[Joseon Dynasty]] era naval officer war heroes.

A memorial worship service is held here every April.

Ssangchungsa is designated Monument #128<ref name="ocp.go.kr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ocp.go.kr:9000/ne_dasencgi/full.cgi?v_kw_str=&v_db_query=A4%3A36&v_db=2&v_doc_no=00007546&v_dblist=2&v_start_num=621&v_disp_type=4|title=ocp.go.kr|accessdate=2010-09-13}}</ref>

==History==
The original shrine dedicated to Yi Dae-won was constructed in 1587 on Nokdo Island but was destroyed during the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)]]. The shrine was subsequently rebuilt and rededicated to both Chung Wun and Yi Dae-won.

Ssangchungsa's main worship hall we see today was constructed in 1946 with the lecture hall being added in 1957.

The four structures on the grounds presently were renovated and expanded in 1969–1970.<ref name="goheung.go.k">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goheung.go.kr/g_board/board_read2.jsp?id=eng_03_07&num=6233&nnum=0&category=Temple|title=goheung.go.k|accessdate=2010-09-13}}</ref>

==Heroes==

===Jeong Un===
Jeong Un (1543-1592) was a son of a military officer. He passed the Military Examination in 1570 at the age of 28 and became Lieutenant of Geumgapdo (the Right [[Jeolla]] Navy), and later Magistrate of Ungcheon (the Right Kyungsang Navy).

In 1591, Jeong Un was appointed Captain of Nokdo (the Left Jeolla Navy) and fought against the Japanese under the command of Admiral [[Yi Sun-sin]]. Jeong Un died defending the country against the Japanese in the invasion known as the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)]] in 1592. Captain Jeong Un was Admiral Yi Sun-sin's most trusted captain.<ref name="goheung.go.k"/><ref name="Imjin Changch'o">{{cite book | title=Imjin Changch'o: Admiral Yi Sun-sin's memorials to court| last=Yi| first=Sun Sin |translator=Tae-Hung Ha |editor=Chong-Young Lee |year=1981| pages=76–78| publisher=Yonsei University Press}}</ref>

===Yi Dae-won===

Yi Dae-won (1566 - 1587) passed the Military Examination in 1583 at the age of 17 and became Captain of Nokdo in 1586 when he was 20 years old. On 10 February 1587 the next year, about 20 vessels of Japanese pirates led by [[Wokou]] (alternate spelling: Waegu), guided by a Korean traitor Sa Hwa Dong, conducted a raid on Sonjuk Island (alternate spelling: Sondae) in what is now Goheung County, [[South Jeolla]] province. Captain Yi Dae-won defeated the pirates and took Wokou prisoner.

When the royal court was informed of Yi Dae-won's victory on 10 February from the Governor of Jeolla province, the king terminated Shim Am and appointed Captain Yi as Commander of the Left Jeolla Navy. But Yi Dae-won was killed before he could receive the royal decree ordering his promotion.

On 17 February 1587 the Japanese pirates conducted a second raid on Sonjuk Island. Captain Yi, outnumbered by the enemy, called for a rescue. However, one of his superiors, Commander Shim Am (Commander of the Left Jeolla Navy) being jealous of Captain Yi's feats, failed to respond allowing Captain Yi's defeat and subsequent death at the hands of the Japanese pirates. Shim Am was executed on 4 April 1587 as a result of this failure to respond.<ref name="goheung.go.k"/><ref name="Imjin Changch'o"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
Image:Korea-Doyang-Ssangchungsa-04.jpg|Ssangchungsa Main Worship Hall
Image:Korea-Doyang-Ssangchungsa-03.jpg|Ssangchungsa inside Main Worship Hall
Image:Korea-Goheung-Ssangchungsa-02.jpg|Ssangchungsa inner gate
Image:Korea-Goheung-Ssangchungsa-01.jpg|Ssangchungsa outer gate entrance
</gallery>
{{Commons category}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ocp.go.kr:9000/ne_dasencgi/full.cgi?v_kw_str=&v_db_query=A4%3A36%2CA8%3A38&v_db=2&v_doc_no=00007546&v_dblist=2&v_start_num=21&v_disp_type=4 Cultural Properties Administration]
*[http://goheung.go.kr/g_board/board_read2.jsp?id=eng_03_07&num=6233&nnum=0&category=Temple;jsessionid=EC374364711A9E793737A98D37C671D6 Sightseeing in Goheung]

[[Category:Buildings and structures in South Jeolla Province]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in South Korea]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in South Korea]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in South Jeolla Province]]

Lee Cheol-ha

2025-06-16T17:39:17Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|South Korean film director (born 1970)}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2013}}
{{family name hatnote|Lee||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lee Cheol-ha
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|09|12}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[screenwriter]]
| website = http://www.hfilm.co.kr
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes
| hangul = %이철하
| hanja = 李澈河
}}
}}
'''Lee Cheol-ha''' ({{Korean|hangul=이철하}}) is a South Korean film director known for his stylish portraits of the human experience.

Born in [[South Korea]], Lee was raised in [[Seoul]]. He eschewed the film school route, doing other hands-on work for commercial film productions. He next got a job at [[Sidus FNH]] in 1999 with his first screen credit being for ''[[Il Mare]]'' as an [[assistant director]]. He left Korea to study a film at [[Academy of Art University]] in [[California]]. One of his short film won 1st place at the College Emmy Awards.

After he graduated at Academy of Art University, he came back to Korea and direct [[Advertising|commercial]]s and [[music video]]s. This quickly brought Lee to the attention of [[Film producer|producer]]s in Korea and he got the chance to direct a [[feature film]]. Though he would continue to direct spots for companies like [[GM Daewoo Motors]], [[Pantech Curitel]], [[CIGNA]], [[Global Gillette]], Innostream and [[Orion Confectionery]], Lee Cheol-ha soon discovered that the slightly expanded format of [[music video]]s was an even better place to try things out.

With his sights set on a directing career, he made a video-production company H Films and started off directing music videos and commercials. Lee directed music videos for artists such as [[BoA]], [[TVXQ]], [[Kangta]], [[Shinhwa]], [[S.E.S. (group)|S.E.S.]], [[Jaurim]], [[Fly to the Sky]], [[S (group)|S]] and [[g.o.d (South Korean band)|g.o.d]], as well as commercials. Like a number of other music video directors, he then moved into film.

Lee Cheol-ha's feature debut was ''[[Love Me Not]]'' (2006), which was then the most expensive picture ever made by a first time director. Unfortunately the film was not a pleasant experience for him, having had a bad critic with the people at Korea film industry. While it received [[Grand Bell Awards]] nominations<ref>[http://twitchfilm.net/site/view/korean-film-news-44th-grand-bell-awards-nominees-announced 44th Grand Bell Awards- Nominees Announced] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120530181207/http://twitchfilm.net/site/view/korean-film-news-44th-grand-bell-awards-nominees-announced |date=2012-05-30 }} Twitch. Retrieved 02 Mar 2008.</ref> for [[Art Direction]], [[Costume Design]] and Best Leading Actress, the film was not well received by [[critic]]s or movie goers.

==Filmography==
* ''The Toothbrush'' (1997)
* ''Teensmoker'' (1998)
* ''O[ou]'' (1999)
* ''My Tear'' (1999)
* ''Like'' (2000)
* ''[[Love Me Not]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Story of Wine]]'' (2008)
* ''Stray Cats'' (2009)
* ''Pricked Grape Prince'' (2009)
* ''Meet'' (2010)
* ''Pyega'' (2010)
* ''Hello?! Orchestra'' (2013)
* ''I eat therefore I am'' (2015)
* ''[[Insane (film)|Insane]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Okay! Madam]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Unlock My Boss]]'' (2022)
* ''Bluehouse'' (TBA)

==Awards==
* [https://theemmys.tv ATAS] Foundation College Television Awards 1999 (1st Place) - ''The Confessional'' (1999)
* [https://theemmys.tv ATAS] Foundation College Television Awards 2000 (3rd Place) - ''O[ou]'' (1999)
* 12th [[Sonoma Valley Film Festival|Sonoma International Film Festival]] 2009 (Official Selection) - ''[[Story of Wine]]'' (2009)<ref>[http://www.screendaily.com/ScreenDailyArticle.aspx?intStoryID=43616&Category 2009 Sonoma International Film Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818181232/http://www.screendaily.com/ScreenDailyArticle.aspx?intStoryID=43616&Category|date=2018-08-18 }} ScreenDaily. Retrieved 28 Mar 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.indiewire.com/article/2009/03/11/2009_sonoma_international_film_festival_announces_lineup/ Sonoma Film Festival Selections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805154003/http://www.indiewire.com/article/2009/03/11/2009_sonoma_international_film_festival_announces_lineup/ |date=2009-08-05 }} indiewire.com. Retrieved 29 Mar 2009.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.hfilm.co.kr}}
* {{IMDb name|2453579}}
* {{HanCinema person}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110119072459/http://asiacue.com/persons/Lee_Cheol-Ha.html Lee Cheol-ha]}} at Asian Movies Catalogue

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Cheol-ha}}
[[Category:South Korean film directors]]
[[Category:South Korean screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Seoul]]
[[Category:South Korean music video directors]]
[[Category:Film commercial directors]]
[[Category:Academy of Art University alumni]]

Lee Sang-hwa

2025-06-16T17:11:13Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean speed skater (born 1989)}}
{{About|the female speed skater|the poet during the 1920s–1940s|Yi Sang-hwa}}
{{family name hatnote|Lee||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox speed skater
| name = Lee Sang-hwa
| image = Korea Lee Sanghwa Gold Medal Ceremony 02.jpg
| caption =
| headercolor = #d7ecff
| country = {{KOR}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|2|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| module = {{Infobox person |child=yes
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kangnam (singer)|Kangnam]]|2019}}
| children =
}}
| height = 1.65 m
| weight = 62 kg
| team = [[Seoul Metropolitan Government]]
| retired = 2019
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Competition|[[Speed skating at the Winter Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2010 Winter Olympics|2010 Vancouver]]|[[Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's 500 metres|500 m]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2014 Winter Olympics|2014 Sochi]]|[[Speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's 500 metres|500 m]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2018 Winter Olympics|2018 Pyeongchang]]|[[Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's 500 metres|500 m]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[World Sprint Speed Skating Championships|World Sprint Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2010 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships|2010 Obihiro]]|Women}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2013 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships|2013 Salt Lake City]]|Women}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[World Single Distance Championships for Women|World Single Distance Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2012 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships|2012 Heerenveen]]|[[2012 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships – Women's 500 metres|500 m]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2013 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships|2013 Sochi]]|[[2013 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships – Women's 500 metres|500 m]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2016 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships|2016 Kolomna]]|[[2016 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships – Women's 500 metres|500 m]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2011 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships|2011 Inzell]]|[[2011 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships – Women's 500 metres|500 m]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2017 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships|2017 Gangneung]]|[[2017 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships – Women's 500 metres|500 m]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2005 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships|2005 Inzell]]|500 m}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2009 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships|2009 Vancouver]]|500 m}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[World Junior Speed Skating Championships|World Junior Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|2005 Seinäjoki|All Around}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Speed skating at the Winter Universiade|Winter Universiade]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2007 Winter Universiade|2007 Torino]]|500 m}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2009 Winter Universiade|2009 Harbin]]|500 m}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2009 Winter Universiade|2009 Harbin]]|100 m}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Speed skating at the Asian Winter Games|Asian Winter Games]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2007 Asian Winter Games|2007 Changchun]]|[[Speed skating at the 2007 Asian Winter Games|500 m]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2011 Asian Winter Games|2011 Astana-Almaty]]|[[Speed skating at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|500 m]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[Speed skating at the 2017 Asian Winter Games|2017 Sapporo]]|[[Speed skating at the 2017 Asian Winter Games – Results#Women's 500 metres|500 m]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2007 Asian Winter Games|2007 Changchun]]|[[Speed skating at the 2007 Asian Winter Games|100 m]]}}
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul = %이상화
| hanja = 李相花
}}

'''Lee Sang-hwa''' ({{Korean|hangul=이상화|hanja=李相花}}, {{IPA|ko|i.saŋ.ɦwa}}; born 25 February 1989) is a South Korean retired [[Speed skating|speed skater]] who specialises in the sprint distances. She is a two-time Olympic champion in 500 metres (2010 and 2014) and the 2010 World Sprint champion. She is the current world record holder in women's 500 metres with the time of 36.36 seconds set in Salt Lake City on 16 November 2013,<ref name=wr>{{cite web |url=http://www.speedskatingresults.com/index.php?p=9 |title=World Records |publisher=www.speedskatingresults.com |access-date=26 December 2013 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921220631/https://speedskatingresults.com/index.php?p=9 |url-status=live}}</ref> and held the South Korean record on 1000 metres from March 2009 until January 2024.<ref name=nr1000>{{cite web |url=https://www.speedskatingresults.com/index.php?p=39&n=24&d=1000 |title=National Records – Korea (KOR) |publisher=www.speedskatingresults.com |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>

She has also won three [[World Single Distance Championships|World Championships]] medals in 500 metres, and has placed in the top three in World Cup events four times in this distance. Her first World Cup victory, however, came on the non-Olympic distance 100 metres. On the 1000 metres, however, she has never placed higher than fifth in international events (2010 World Sprint Championships, first 1000 metres).

==Early life and education==
Lee Sang-hwa was born in 1989 to Lee U-geun (father), a technician at Hwigyeong Girls' School, and Kim In-sun (mother). Lee has an older brother, Lee Sang-jun, who used to be a skater, too. Influenced by her brother, she started skating when she was in first grade at Eunseok Elementary School. Although her brother excelled at skating, and won a skating competition held in his elementary school, Lee appeared to have more talent for skating than him. Since their parents could not afford to support the extra activity of both children, only she continued skating.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/02/18/2010021800086.html |title=[빙속 여왕 이상화는…] 출국전 달력에 "16일 인생역전!" |date=3 August 2020 |access-date=19 February 2010 |archive-date=17 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017075058/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/02/18/2010021800086.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bulkyo21.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=9600 |title='모태범, 이상화' 우승…은석초 겹경사 |date=17 February 2010 |access-date=19 February 2010 |archive-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708104147/http://www.bulkyo21.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=9600 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Lee and [[Mo Tae-bum]], gold medalist at [[2010 Winter Olympics|Vancouver 2010]], are close friends since their elementary school period. Along with him, Lee is currently attending [[Korea National Sport University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsseoul.com/news2/sports/sports/2010/0217/20100217101030500000000_7972157519.html |title=Sportsseoul.com - 종합 - 기사내용 - 이상화 母 "내 딸아! 정말 장하구나!" |access-date=2010-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721094530/http://www.sportsseoul.com/news2/sports/sports/2010/0217/20100217101030500000000_7972157519.html |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.com/article/578068|title=경기 마친 이상화 "모태범과 열애설 웃겨"|access-date=2010-02-19|archive-date=2012-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301140216/http://www.koreatimes.com/article/578068|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
{{BLP sources section|date=December 2013}}
Lee first competed internationally aged 14 in Canada, where she skated several test races in October 2003, winning comfortably and skating with a best time of 39.02 seconds. At the time, the U19 world record was 38.53. Her first [[International Skating Union|ISU]] championship was in [[Roseville, Minnesota]], during the 2004 [[World Junior Speed Skating Championships|World Junior Championships]]. As the youngest participant, she finished 16th, though she took third place on the 500 metres, 0.45 seconds behind world junior record holder [[Shannon Rempel]].

The following season, she raced 38.77 in test races in Calgary, and was selected for the [[Speed Skating World Cup|World Cup]] races in [[Nagano (city)|Nagano]], [[Harbin]] and [[Calgary]]. She placed eighth in her first race, recording 38.71 in the [[M-Wave]], Nagano, 0.29 seconds behind winner [[Wang Manli]]. She finished in the top ten a further five times that season, including two fourth-place finishes in 100 metre sprints, which gave her fifth place overall in the 100 metre World Cup. In other achievements, she won two senior Korean titles (on 2 × 500 metres and sprint), and came 14th in the 500 metres World Cup standings, 16th in the 1000 metres, and 15th in the [[samalog]] standings in the [[World Sprint Speed Skating Championships for Women|World Sprint Championships]], though she was within half a second of the winner on both 500 metre races, finishing 9th and 12th.

In the World Championships, Lee won three medals that season; two in the junior championships, where she won bronze in the overall standings, though she was four points after the winner after 16th place on the 1500 and 19th on the 3000 metre event, and silver with the Korean team in the [[long track speed skating#Team pursuit|team pursuit]] event. And during the World Single Distance Championships in Inzell in March, two fourth-places were enough to take her to third place overall in the 500 metre competition, behind Chinese skaters [[Wang Manli]] and [[Wang Beixing]].

In 2006, Lee improved on the 100 and 500 metres, though she fell into the B division on the 1000 metres. She finished on the World Cup podium four times during the season, including a win in the 100 metre World Cup final, though she finished behind [[Jenny Wolf]] in the overall standings. On the 500 metres, she was sixth in the World Cup. She also added three senior Korean titles to her record, winning the 500 metres, 1000 metres, and overall sprint championship. During the season, she registered a world junior record on the 500 metres, with a time of 37.90 in [[Utah Olympic Oval]]. She failed to improve on her 1000-metre time from last season, however.

The [[Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics|Turin Olympics]] ended with fifth place for Lee, despite her third-best second run which wasn't enough to lift her up more than one place. Earlier, she had finished 19th on the 1000 metres and 12th in the World Sprint Championships.

The [[2007 in speed skating|2007 season]] has seen further improvement for Lee. She is yet to finish outside the top two, and after three of 12 races she heads the overall standings on the 500 metres. She has also improved on the 1000 metres, and became 11th in the overall standings, with eighth place in Heerenveen.

At the [[Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics|2010 Winter Olympics]], Lee won her first Olympic gold medal in the [[Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's 500 metres|women's 500 m]] becoming the first Asian woman ever to do so. She raced against Germany's [[Jenny Wolf]], the world-record holder at the time, in both of her races. Although Wolf had the best time in the second of the two races, Lee edged her out by five hundredths of a second with a combined race time of 76.09 seconds to Wolf's 76.14 seconds.

On 9 November 2013, she broke the [[world record progression 500 m speed skating women|world record on 500 metres]] in the [[2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 1|2013–14 World Cup event]] in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, with a time of 36.74 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.isu.org/vsite/vnavsite/page/directory/0,10853,4844-205151-222374-nav-list,00.html?id=1438 |title=Sang-Hwa Lee (KOR) sets world record in 500m |publisher=International Skating Union |date=9 November 2013 |access-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110140637/http://www2.isu.org/vsite/vnavsite/page/directory/0,10853,4844-205151-222374-nav-list,00.html?id=1438 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lee Sang-hwa breaks world record|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/speedskating/story/_/id/9952641/lee-sang-hwa-breaks-own-speedskating-world-record-500m|access-date=10 November 2013|newspaper=ESPN|date=9 November 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110190211/http://espn.go.com/olympics/speedskating/story/_/id/9952641/lee-sang-hwa-breaks-own-speedskating-world-record-500m|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 November, in the [[2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 2|2013–14 World Cup event]] in Salt Lake City, United States, she improved the record a further 17/100, to 36.57 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.isu.org/vsite/vnavsite/page/directory/0,10853,4844-205151-222374-nav-list,00.html?id=1455 |title=Antoinette de Jong (NED) sets sub-four-minute Junior 3000m record |publisher=International Skating Union |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012215/http://www2.isu.org/vsite/vnavsite/page/directory/0,10853,4844-205151-222374-nav-list,00.html?id=1455 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The next day, she improved it another 21/100, to 36.36 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.isu.org/vsite/vnavsite/page/directory/0,10853,4844-205151-222374-nav-list,00.html?id=1459 |title=Dutch set new Men's Team Pursuit world record |publisher=International Skating Union |date=16 November 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005853/http://www2.isu.org/vsite/vnavsite/page/directory/0,10853,4844-205151-222374-nav-list,00.html?id=1459 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 11 February 2014, she won her second Olympic gold medal in the [[Speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's 500 metres|women's 500 m]] at the [[2014 Sochi Winter Olympics]] with an Olympic record of 74.70 seconds and successfully defended her crown from the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver. Lee's second run set the Olympic record of 37.28 seconds, giving her an aggregate time of 74.70 seconds. Russia's [[Olga Fatkulina]] finished second with an aggregate time of 75.06 seconds, and [[Margot Boer]] of the Netherlands came in third with an aggregate time of 75.48 seconds. She became the first woman since [[Catriona Le May Doan]] at the 2002 Olympics to defend the gold at the event and just the third woman ever to win back-to-back Olympic gold in the 500 metres,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://olympictalk.nbcsports.com/2014/02/11/heather-richardson-falls-short-of-medal-lee-sang-hwa-wins-500m-gold/ |title= Heather Richardson falls short of medal, Lee Sang-hwa wins 500m gold |author= James O'Brien |date= 2014-02-11 |publisher= NBC News |access-date= 2014-02-11 |archive-date= 2014-08-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140824191959/http://olympictalk.nbcsports.com/2014/02/11/heather-richardson-falls-short-of-medal-lee-sang-hwa-wins-500m-gold/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/yonhap-news-agency/140211/olympics-speed-skater-lee-sang-hwa-poised-gold-womens-500-me |title= (Olympics) Speed skater Lee Sang-hwa poised for gold in women's 500 meters |author= Yonhap News Agency |publisher= GlobalPost |date= 2014-02-11 |access-date= 2014-02-11 |archive-date= 2016-03-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306143815/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/yonhap-news-agency/140211/olympics-speed-skater-lee-sang-hwa-poised-gold-womens-500-me |url-status= live }}</ref> and the first Asian woman ever to do so.

Lee competed in her fourth Winter Olympics at the [[Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics|2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics]], and won the silver, her third Olympic medal, in front of her home crowd. She was defeated by Japan's [[Nao Kodaira]] who was the other favourite coming into the event. Overcome with emotions upon finishing her lap, Lee burst into tears during the celebratory lap, and was consoled and embraced by her rival and friend, Kodaira. The scene of Lee and Kodaira embracing and congratulating each other, touched on many viewers and commentators worldwide, making it one of the most memorable moments of the 2018 Olympics.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2018-skat-kodaira-lee/speed-skating-south-korea-japan-celebrate-skaters-bonhomie-idUSKCN1G317S/ |title= Speed skating: South Korea, Japan celebrate skaters' bonhomie |author1= Soyoung Kim | author2= Elaine Lies |publisher= Reuters |date= 2018-02-19 |access-date= 2018-03-02 |archive-date= 2018-03-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180303050605/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2018-skat-kodaira-lee/speed-skating-south-korea-japan-celebrate-skaters-bonhomie-idUSKCN1G317S/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

At a press conference on 16 May 2019, Lee officially announced she would retire from speed skating.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lee Sang-Hwa, fastest female speed skater in history, retires |url=https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2019/05/10/lee-sang-hwa-retires-speed-skating/ |website=NBC Sports |date=10 May 2019 |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221214234/https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2019/05/10/lee-sang-hwa-retires-speed-skating/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2022, Lee made her sports commentary debut at the [[2022 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0010984303|author=Choi Ji-yoon|title=빙상여제 이상화 해설은 다를까…"친근하고 재밌게|trans-title=Is the interpretation of the Ice Empress Lee Sang-hwa different? "Friendly and fun|publisher=[[Newsis]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=February 7, 2022|access-date=February 7, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=February 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207003114/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0010984303|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 16 March 2019, Lee's agency confirmed that she and singer [[Kangnam (singer)|Kangnam]] were dating. They got to know each other after appearing on the SBS variety show [[Law of the Jungle (TV program)|Law of the Jungle]] ("in Last Indian Ocean" part). On 29 August, Kangnam's and Lee Sang Hwa's labels collectively released an official statement, confirming the couple's marriage. The wedding ceremony was held on 12 October at a hotel in Seoul.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201903191815487910 |title=[단독]이상화♥강남 커플 '연내 결혼' 가시화, 양가 부모에 인사 | trans-title=[Exclusive] Lee Sang-hwa ♥ Gangnam couple ‘marriage within the year’ visible, greetings to parents of both families |access-date=2019-03-20 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331175146/http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201903191815487910 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The couple currently resides in a 5-story building constructed by her husband on a piece of land that has been in his family for generations in Yongsan-gu, Seoul.

==Records==

===Personal records===
{{PersonalRecordsTop|width=75%|ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.speedskatingresults.com/index.php?p=17&s=1195 |title=Sang-Hwa Lee |publisher=www.speedskatingresults.com |access-date=26 December 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224131116/http://speedskatingresults.com/index.php?p=17&s=1195 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{PersonalRecordsSport|Speed skating}}
{{PersonalRecordsMiddle|500 m|36.36|16 November 2013|[[Utah Olympic Oval]], Salt Lake City|Current [[World record progression 500 m speed skating women|world record]].<ref name=wr/>}}
{{PersonalRecordsMiddle|1000 m|1:13.66|21 September 2013|[[Olympic Oval]], Calgary|South Korean record until beaten by [[Kim Min-sun (speed skater)|Kim Min-sun]] on 28 January 2024.<ref name=nr1000/>}}
{{PersonalRecordsMiddle|1500 m|2:00.66|7 September 2013|Olympic Oval, Calgary|}}
{{PersonalRecordsMiddle|3000 m|4:23.60|27 October 2002|Olympic Oval, Calgary|}}
{{PersonalRecordsBottom}}

===World records===
{{PersonalRecordsTop|type=World|width=75%|ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.speedskatingstats.com/index.php?file=skater&code=1989022501&item=wr |title=Lee Sang-hwa |publisher=www.speedskatingstats.com |access-date=10 March 2018 |archive-date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311142158/http://www.speedskatingstats.com/index.php?file=skater&code=1989022501&item=wr |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{PersonalRecordsSport|Speed skating}}
{{PersonalRecordsMiddle|500 m|36.80|20 January 2013|[[Olympic Oval]], Calgary|[[World record progression 500 m speed skating women|World record]] until beaten by herself on 9 November 2013.<ref name=wr500>{{cite web |url=http://www.speedskatingstats.com/index.php?file=records&g=w&event=500 |title=Evolution of the world record 500 meters Women |publisher=www.speedskatingstats.com |access-date=10 March 2018 |archive-date=23 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623000428/http://www.speedskatingstats.com/index.php?file=records&g=w&event=500 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{PersonalRecordsMiddle|500 m|36.74|9 November 2013|Olympic Oval, Calgary|World record until beaten by herself on 15 November 2013.<ref name=wr500/>}}
{{PersonalRecordsMiddle|500 m|36.57|15 November 2013|[[Utah Olympic Oval]], Salt Lake City|World record until beaten by herself on 16 November 2013.<ref name=wr500/>}}
{{PersonalRecordsMiddle|500 m|36.36|16 November 2013|Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City|Current world record.<ref name=wr/>}}
{{PersonalRecordsBottom}}

== Filmography ==

=== Television shows ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2022–present
| ''Sporty Sisters''
| Tcast E-Channel
| Cast member
| Season 2
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0005980767|author=Ahn Eun-jae|title=이상화 '노는언니2' 전격 합류…박세리와 만난다|trans-title=Lee Sang-hwa joins 'Nothing Sister 2'... Meet Se-ri Pak|publisher=News1|via=[[Naver]]|date=March 21, 2022|access-date=March 21, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=March 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321094232/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0005980767|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Lee Sang-hwa}}
* {{ISU speed skater|234097|Lee Sang-Hwa}}
* [http://speedskatingresults.com./index.php?p=17&s=1195 Lee Sang-Hwa] at SpeedskatingResults.com
* [http://www.schaatsstatistieken.nl/index.php?file=schaatser&code=1989022501 Lee Sang-hwa] at SchaatsStatistieken.nl
* {{Olympedia|name=Lee Sang-Hwa}}
* {{Olympics.com profile|name=Lee Sang-Hwa}}
* {{Instagram|name=Lee Sang Hwa}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-ach|rec}}
{{Succession box|title=Girls' sprint combination speed skating world record|before={{flag icon|CAN}} [[Shannon Rempel]]|after={{flag icon|CZE}} [[Karolína Erbanová]]|years=23 January 2005 – 29 January 2012}}
{{Succession box|title=Girls' 500 m speed skating world record|before={{flag icon|JPN}} [[Sayuri Yoshii]]|after={{flag icon|KOR}} [[Kim Min-sun (speed skater)|Kim Min-sun]]|years=18 November 2005 – 22 September 2017}}
{{Succession box|title=[[World record progression 500 m speed skating women|Women's 500 m speed skating world record]]|before={{flag icon|CHN}} [[Yu Jing]]|after=''Current holder''|years=20 January 2013 – present}}
{{s-end}}

{{Footer Olympic Champions 500m Speed Skating Women}}
{{Footer World Single Distance Champions 500m Speed Skating Women}}
{{Footer World Sprint champions Speed Skating Women}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Sang-hwa}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:South Korean female speed skaters]]
[[Category:Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic speed skaters for South Korea]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in speed skating]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in speed skating]]
[[Category:Speed skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Speed skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Speed skaters at the 2017 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2017 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Winter World University Games medalists in speed skating]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Speed skaters from Seoul]]
[[Category:World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists]]
[[Category:World Sprint Speed Skating Championships medalists]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games gold medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games bronze medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:Speed skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 2009 Winter Universiade]]
[[Category:Korea National Sport University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean sportswomen]]

Haegeum

2025-06-16T17:01:37Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Korean traditional string instrument}}
{{For|the song by Agust D|Haegeum (song)}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Haegeum''}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox Instrument
|name=''Haegeum''
|names=
|image=Traditional Korean string instrument, Haegeum.jpg
|classification=[[Bowed string instrument]]
|range=
|related=[[Erhu]], [[Erxian]]
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|title=Korean name
|hangul=해금
|hanja=奚琴
}}

The '''''haegeum''''' ({{korean|hangul=해금}}) is a traditional Korean [[string instrument]], resembling a vertical [[fiddle]] with two strings; derived from the ancient Chinese ''[[Xiqin (instrument)|xiqin]]''. It has a rodlike neck, a hollow wooden soundbox, and two [[silk]] strings, and is held vertically on the knee of the performer and played with a bow. It is also popularly known as {{transliteration|ko|kkangkkang-i}} ({{lang|ko|깡깡이}}),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1161869&cid=40942&categoryId=33031|title=해금|work=[[Naver]]|access-date=2018-10-30|language=ko}}</ref> {{transliteration|ko|kkaengkkaeng-i}} ({{lang|ko|깽깽이}}), or {{transliteration|ko|aeng-geum}} ({{lang|ko|앵금}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://app.gugakfm.co.kr/DataFiles/App/PDF/haegeum_kr_print.pdf|title=해금|website=우리악기 톺아보기 (Do it Gugak!)|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319030434/http://app.gugakfm.co.kr/DataFiles/App/PDF/haegeum_kr_print.pdf|archive-date=2020-03-19|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-10-30}}</ref>

The ''haegeum'' is one of the most widely used instruments in Korean music. The ''haegeum'' is used in court music as well as {{transliteration|ko|madangnori}} (ordinary people's music). The ''haegeum'''s range of expression is various despite having only two strings, with sounds ranging from sorrowful and sad to humorous. The ''haegeum'' is made using eight materials: metal, stone, silk, bamboo, gourd, clay, hide, and wood, and so it is called {{transliteration|ko|paleum}} (eight sounds).

[[File:Haegeum player.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Jung Su-nyun playing {{transliteration|ko|haegeum sanjo}}]]

The {{transliteration|ko|[[sohaegeum]]}} ({{lang|ko|소해금}}) is a modernized fiddle with four strings, used only in [[North Korea]] and in the [[Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture]] in China.[http://b2b.seoulrecords.co.kr/image_M/00005230002.jpg photo]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

The ''haegeum'' is a Korean musical instrument played with a wooden bow between two strings, standing in line with a large wooden block standing vertically on top of the ring box. The haegeum is also classified as a string instrument because it consists of two strings made of silk thread. However, it is classified as a wind instrument because it serves as a wind instrument that can make a continuous sound using a bow.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=3554789&cid=58160&categoryId=58160 |title=해금 |access-date=2018-04-04 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113050413/http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=3554789&cid=58160&categoryId=58160 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''haegeum'' has a unique tone, so it is characterized by a unique tone rather than matching with other wind or string instruments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=해금 - 문화콘텐츠닷컴|url=https://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div_id=CP_THE008&cp_code=cp0310&index_id=cp03100097&content_id=cp031000970001&search_left_menu=3|access-date=2021-06-02|website=www.culturecontent.com}}</ref>

== History ==
There are no records about the exact era when the ''haegeum'' was first introduced in Korea. According to several sources, references to the ''haegeum'' can be found in {{transliteration|ko|hanlimbyeolgok}} (the unrhymed verse and songs of the royal scholars) made in the [[Goryeo]] dynasty, so it can be inferred that the ''haegeum'' has been played at least since then.

In the [[Joseon Dynasty]], the ''haegeum'' was used in various music: that of royal ancestral rites, parades, festivals, and {{transliteration|ko|hyangak}} (Korean music).

The way the ''haegeum'' is played changed dramatically since the Joseon Dynasty. Before middle Joseon period, musicians played the string in {{transliteration|ko|gyeong-an}} method (placing and stopping with no pulling on strings like western bowed-string instrument), but since then they have begun to play in {{transliteration|ko|yeok-an}} method (pulling the string). Accordingly, it is possible to make a wide variety of sounds by pulling and releasing strings since it has no fingerboard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2082571&cid=60477&categoryId=60477|script-title=ko:해금|access-date=2018-08-26|language=ko}}</ref>

To improve the acoustic ability of the ''haegeum'', various modifications have been introduced since the 1960s. In 1965, Park Hun-bong and Kim Bun-gi developed a low-tune Haegeum, and in 1967 Kim Gisu made a small ''haegeum''.<ref>장악원, 우주의 선율을 담다, 송지원 지음</ref>

==See also==
*[[Erhu]]
*[[Huqin]]
*[[Kokyū]]
*[[Korean music]]
*[[Traditional Korean musical instruments]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090614065633/http://music.cein.or.kr/j4.htm Haegum photo]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201082220/http://www.ktpaa.org/ Traditional Korean Instruments]
*[https://worldofmusicality.com/haegeum-musical-instrument-facts/ Haegeum Musical Instrument Facts]

{{huqin}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Korean musical instruments]]
[[Category:Huqin family instruments]]

Hwang Jung-oh

2025-06-16T16:44:58Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean judoka (born 1958)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Hwang||lang=Korean}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox judoka
| image = 
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =

| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
| headercolor = #CCCC99
| child = yes
| hangul = %황정오
| hanja = 黄正五
}}

| country = [[South Korea]]
| weight_class = ‍–‍65 kg
| rank = 
| rank_ref =
| dan = 
| club =

| worlds_rank = 3
| worlds_year = 1981
| worlds_weight = 
| regionals_type = AS
| regionals_rank = 3
| regionals_year = 1981
| regionals_weight = 
| regionals_year2 = 1984
| regionals_weight2 = 
| nationals =
| olympics_rank = 2
| olympics_year = 1984
| olympics_weight = Men's 65 kg

| show-medals =
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport| Men's [[judo]] }}
{{Medal|Country| {{KOR}} }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Judo at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] }}
{{Medal|S| [[Judo at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles]] | [[Judo at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's 65 kg|{{nbnd}}65 kg]] }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[World Judo Championships|World Championships]] }}
{{Medal|B| [[1981 World Judo Championships|1981 Maastricht]] | [[1981 World Judo Championships – Men's 65 kg|{{nbnd}}65 kg]] }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Judo Championships|Asian Championships]] }}
{{Medal|B| [[1981 Asian Judo Championships|1981 Jakarta]] | {{nbnd}}65 kg }}
{{Medal|B| [[1984 Asian Judo Championships|1984 Kuwait City]] | {{nbnd}}65 kg }}
| updated = 19 June 2023
}}

'''Hwang Jung-oh''' (born 1 April 1958) is a retired [[judoka]] from [[South Korea]], who represented [[South Korea at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] in [[Los Angeles, California]]. There he won the silver medal in the [[Judo at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's 65 kg|men's half-lightweight division]] ({{nbnd}}65 kg), after having been defeated by [[Seoi nage]] in the final match. He is also the founder of Hwang's Martial Arts.

Hwang has over 30 years of teaching experience in [[Taekwondo]] and the Martial Arts, still going to classes today.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} He holds a 6th degree [[black belt (martial arts)|Black Belt]] in Taekwondo, 6th degree Black Belt in [[Judo]], and a 7th degree Black Belt in [[Hapkido]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} He won the [[Silver Medal]] in Judo in the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles Olympics]].

Hwang has taught Taekwondo, Judo, and [[Hapkido]] at the [[University of Tennessee at Martin]], Paducah Community College and each of the Hwang's Martial Arts Academies.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} He has participated in many conferences on Comparative Physical Education and Sports held around the world and has an international reputation as a Martial Arts Master and Educator. {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} he teaches almost weekly at elementary school P.E. classes, teaches the tenets of martial arts and basic taekwondo
Hwang has also made outstanding contributions to various organizations such as: [[WHAS Crusade for Children]], [[Easterseals (U.S.)|Easter Seals]] Center in [[Paducah, KY]] and the [[Muscular Dystrophy Association|MDA]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} In 1997, Mayor [[Jerry Abramson]] of [[Louisville, KY]] proclaimed June 27 as "Hwang's Martial Arts Day" in honor of Grandmaster Hwang's contributions to the Louisville community.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}

Grandmaster Hwang has focused his most recent efforts in improving the lives of those in his community and the commonwealth of Kentucky. The philosophy at Hwang's Martial Arts (HMA) is "The family that kicks together sticks together." By promoting families to participate in tae kwon do and judo together, Grandmaster Hwang has not only helped many people get into better physical condition, but also improve their lives through camaraderie and discipline. Furthermore, HMA has a strong sense of charity. Each year, HMA hosts many charitable events designed to raise money for the [[WHAS Crusade for Children]] and many other charitiessuch as Norton Children's hospital.

Grandmaster Hwang is in Charge of Taekwondo classes every week night and Saturday, and helps the masters be their best.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Sports links}}
* {{Sports reference}}
* {{The-Sports}}
* [https://www.hwangsmartialarts.com Hwang's Martial Arts Academy] {{in lang|nl}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110523210449/http://jukkendo.com/html/magazine.html 1984 Los Angeles Summer Games Judo Event Magazine]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hwang, Jung-oh}}
[[Category:Judoka at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic judoka for South Korea]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in judo]]
[[Category:South Korean male judoka]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:South Korean male taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:South Korean hapkido practitioners]]
[[Category:20th-century South Korean sportsmen]]

Lim Gyoung-wan

2025-06-16T16:18:57Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|South Korean baseball player}}
{{family name hatnote|Lim||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox baseball biography
| name = Lim Gyoung-wan
| image =
| image_size =
|team=Lotte Giants
|number=91
|position=[[Relief pitcher]] / bullpen coach
|bats=Right
|throws=Right
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1975|12|28}}
| birth_place = [[Busan]], South Korea
| debutleague = [[KBO League|KBO]]
|debutdate=April 13
|debutyear=1998
| debutteam = Lotte Giants
| debut2league = ABL
| debut2date = October 30
| debut2year = 2015
| debut2team = Sydney Blue Sox
| finalleague = KBO
| finaldate = April 1
| finalyear = 2015
| finalteam = Hanwha Eagles
|statleague=KBO
|stat1label=[[Win–loss record (pitching)|Win–loss record]]
|stat1value=30–46
|stat2label=[[Save (baseball)|Saves]]
|stat2value=33
|stat3label=[[Earned run average]]
|stat3value=4.18
|stat4label=[[Strikeout]]s
|stat4value=406
| stat5label = [[Hold (baseball)|Holds]]
| stat5value = 69
| stat2league = ABL
| stat2year =
| stat21label = Win–loss record
| stat21value = 2–3
| stat22label = Saves
| stat22value = 0
| stat23label = Earned run average
| stat23value = 5.22
| stat24label = Strikeouts
| stat24value = 28
|teams =
* [[Lotte Giants]] ({{Baseball year|1998}}–{{Baseball year|2011}})
* [[SK Wyverns]] ({{Baseball year|2012}}–{{Baseball year|2014}})
* [[Hanwha Eagles]] ({{baseball year|2015}})
* [[Sydney Blue Sox]] ({{baseball year|2015}}–{{baseball year|2017}})
|awards=
* [[KBO League|KBO]] [[Hold (baseball)|hold]] leader (2004)
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul = %임경완
| hanja = 林炅玩
}}

'''Lim Gyoung-wan''' ({{Korean|hangul=임경완|hanja=林炅玩}}; born December 28, 1975) is a retired South Korean [[relief pitcher]].

== Professional career ==
Upon graduating from [[Inha University]], Lim joined the [[Lotte Giants]] in {{baseball year|1998}}, selected in the first round of the 1998 [[Korea Baseball Organization|KBO League]] draft. As a relief pitcher he garnered attention in {{baseball year|2004}} when led the KBO League in [[hold (baseball)|holds]] with 22.

In the {{baseball year|2008}} season, Lim became the [[closer (baseball)|closer]] of the Giants. In August 2008, however, Lim lost the closer's role to former [[Colorado Rockies]] [[setup man]] [[David Cortés (baseball)|David Cortés]].

After playing two seasons with the [[Sydney Blue Sox]], Lim became a pitching coach with [[Geelong-Korea]].

==External links==
*[http://web.theabl.com.au/player/index.jsp?player_id=666548 Lim Gyoung-wan] at Australian Baseball League
*[http://eng.koreabaseball.com/Teams/PlayerInfoPitcher/Summary.aspx?pcode=98521 Career statistics and player information] from [[Korea Baseball Organization]]
{{baseballstats |mlb=666548 |espn= |br= |fangraphs= |cube= |brm=lim---000gyo }}
*{{cyworld|43949911}}

{{Lotte Giants roster navbox}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lim, Gyoung-wan}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Baseball players from Busan]]
[[Category:Kyungnam High School alumni]]
[[Category:KBO League pitchers]]
[[Category:Sydney Blue Sox players]]
[[Category:South Korean baseball coaches]]
[[Category:Lotte Giants players]]
[[Category:SSG Landers players]]
[[Category:Hanwha Eagles players]]
[[Category:Inha University alumni]]
[[Category:South Korean expatriate baseball players in Australia]]

{{SouthKorea-baseball-pitcher-stub}}

Yoo Kee-heung

2025-06-16T16:13:14Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean footballer (born 1947)}}
{{family name hatnote|Yoo||lang=Korean}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul = %유기흥
| hanja = 劉基興
}}

'''Yoo Kee-heung''' ({{Korean|hangul=유기흥}}; born 1947) is a Korean football manager and former player.

A [[full-back (association football)|full-back]], Yoo represented [[South Korea national football team|South Korea]] as a player during the 1974 World Cup qualifiers.<ref>{{in lang|ko}} [http://worldcup.kbs.co.kr/story/story_world/story_world_history/story_world_history_10/index.html KBS’s World Cup records]</ref>

Yoo subsequently turned to football coaching. He started in the schools with stints at the [[Geoje]] High School (1981–87) and with the [[University of Incheon|Incheon University]] (1989–97) teams.

Yoo later went on to the national level, as Korea's national team assistant manager in 1993, during the [[1994 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|1994 World Cup qualifiers]]. However, the position went to [[Huh Jung-moo]] during the [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994 finals]], though apparently he remained part of the coaching setup in some capacity.<ref name="fifa.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222114249/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=664874.html#cambodia+appoint+national+coach FIFA.com - Cambodia appoint new national coach]</ref>

After the 1994 World Cup, he was in charge of the [[South Korea women's national football team|South Korea women's national team]] (1999–2001), [[Bhutan national football team|Bhutan national team]]s at various levels in 2002,<ref>[http://www.magnussoccer.com/newdata/new7-1.htm Magnus Soccer (in Korean)]</ref> the [[Nepal national football team|Nepal national team]] (2003),<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/intldetails/2003as.html RSSSF] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118145304/http://www.rsssf.com/intldetails/2003as.html |date=18 November 2008 }}</ref> as well as various Nepalese youth teams.<ref>[http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishdaily/ktmpost/2002/dec/dec29/index.htm Nepal News],</ref>
On 21 December 2007, it was announced that Yoo had been hired as the [[Cambodia national football team|Cambodia national team]] coach. This appointment was reported to be part of a sponsorship deal with a Korean technology company worth $205 thousand a year, half of which will be Yoo's salary.<ref name="fifa.com"/>

==Honours==
===Managerial===
'''South Korean national B team'''
* [[Merlion Cup]]: 1992

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIFA player|52003|Yoo Kee-heung}}

{{Navboxes
|title= Yoo Kee-heung managerial positions
|list1=
{{Cambodia national football team managers}}
{{Bhutan national football team managers}}
{{Nepal national football team managers}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yoo, Kee-heung}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:South Korean men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football fullbacks]]
[[Category:South Korea men's international footballers]]
[[Category:South Korean football managers]]
[[Category:Bhutan national football team managers]]
[[Category:Nepal national football team managers]]
[[Category:Cambodia national football team managers]]
[[Category:South Korea women's national football team managers]]
[[Category:South Korean expatriate football managers]]
[[Category:South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Bhutan]]
[[Category:Expatriate football managers in Bhutan]]
[[Category:South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Nepal]]
[[Category:Expatriate football managers in Nepal]]
[[Category:South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Cambodia]]
[[Category:Expatriate football managers in Cambodia]]
[[Category:Yonsei University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century South Korean sportsmen]]

{{SouthKorea-footy-defender-stub}}

Lee Hee-jin

2025-06-16T15:43:46Z

172.56.232.37: using default color

{{Short description|South Korean singer and actress (born 1979)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Lee|lang=Korean}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lee Hee-jin
| image = Lee Hee-jin in July 2021.png
| image_upright = 1.0
| caption = Lee in July 2021
| birth_name = Lee Hee-jin
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1979|5|16}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actress}}
| agent = K1 Entertainment<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=410&aid=0000856444|author=Kim Na-young|script-title=ko:베이비복스 출신 이희진, 케이원엔터테인먼트와 전속계약|trans-title=Heejin Lee, a former Baby Vox member, signed an exclusive contract with K1 Entertainment|publisher=MK Sports|via=[[Naver]]|date=March 28, 2022|access-date= March 28, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
| education = [[Dong-Ah Institute of Media and Arts|Dong-Ah Broadcasting College]]
| years_active = 1997–present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instruments = Vocal
| label = [[DR Music]]
| current_member_of = [[Baby Vox]]
| genre = Pop
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes
|hangul = %이희진
|hanja = 李姬珍
|ipa = {{ipa|i.çi.d͡ʑin}}
}} }}
}}

'''Lee Hee-jin''' ({{Korean/auto|hangul=이희진}}; born 16 May 1979) is a South Korean singer and actress and a member of [[girl group]] [[Baby V.O.X.]]

==Early life and career==
Lee studied at [[Dong-Ah Institute of Media and Arts|Dong-Ah Broadcasting College]], then made her entertainment debut in 1997 as a member of popular [[K-pop]] [[girl group]] [[Baby V.O.X.]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Heo|first=Yeub|title=Babybox Seduce Chinese Continent with ''Korean Stream''|url=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode=130000&biid=2001060533648|work=[[The Dong-A Ilbo]]|accessdate=30 May 2013|date=4 June 2001}}</ref> After Baby V.O.X. disbanded in 2006, Lee decided to pursue an acting career.
[[File:Lee Hee-Jin (2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lee at ''It's Okay, Daddy's Girl'' press conference in 2009]]
After joining a few stage plays and musicals, Lee was cast in the [[Korean drama|television drama]] ''[[It's Okay, Daddy's Girl]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite web|last=Choi|first=Ji-eun|title=REVIEW: SBS TV series ''I'm Okay! Daddy'' (tentative title) – 1st Episode|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?sec=ent5&idxno=2010112319082781936|work=10Asia|accessdate=30 May 2013|date=24 November 2010}}</ref> She has since played supporting roles in ''[[The Greatest Love (South Korean TV series)|The Greatest Love]]'' (2011),<ref>{{cite web|last=Yoon|first=Seo-hyun|title=Trace the steps of your favorite drama stars|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2941874|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|accessdate=30 May 2013|date=24 September 2011|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212060317/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2941874|archivedate=12 December 2011}}</ref> ''[[My Lover, Madame Butterfly]]'' (2012), and ''[[Monstar]]'' (2013).

In 2011, she was chosen Best New Actress in the TV Drama category at the 19th Korean Culture and Entertainment Awards.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hong|first=Lucia|title=So Ji-sub, Park Hae-il, Lee Tae-gon win top prize at culture and entertainment ceremony|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011121611162497991|work=10Asia|accessdate=30 May 2013|date=16 December 2011}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television series===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:500px"
|-
! width=10|Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2002
| ''Zoo People''
| Lee Hee-jin
|-
| 2010
| ''[[It's Okay, Daddy's Girl]]''
| Eun Ae-ryung
|-
| rowspan=2|2011
| ''[[The Greatest Love (South Korean TV series)|The Greatest Love]]''
| Jenny
|-
| ''Happy and''
| Hye-won (episode 1) Seon-mi (episode 5) Hee-joo (episode 9)
|-
| rowspan=3|2012
| ''[[Big (TV series)|Big]]''
| the bride Min-joo ([[cameo appearance|cameo]], episode 1)
|-
| ''[[God of War (South Korean TV series)|God of War]]''
| Nan-yi, concubine killed by [[Choe Hang (military official)|Choe Hang]] ([[cameo appearance|cameo]])
|-
| ''[[My Lover, Madame Butterfly]]''
| Yeon Ji-yeon
|-
| rowspan=5|2013
| ''[[The King's Doctor]]''
| Woohee ([[cameo appearance|cameo]])
|-
| ''[[Monstar]]''
| Dokko Soon
|-
| ''[[Special Affairs Team TEN|Special Affairs Team TEN 2]]''
| Song Hwa-young ([[guest appearance|guest]], episode 8)
|-
| ''[[Medical Top Team]]''
| Yoo Hye-ran
|-
| ''[[Golden Rainbow (TV series)|Golden Rainbow]]''
| Park Hwa-ran
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Dr. Frost (TV series)|Dr. Frost]]''
| Yoo Anna/Sung-hye
|-
|2015
|''Riders: Catch Tomorrow''
|Oh Jung-In
|-
|2017
|''[[The Lady in Dignity]]''
|Kim Hyo-joo
|-
|2018||''[[The Last Empress (TV series)|The Last Empress]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0003126189|title='황후의 품격' 신은경-박원숙-이희진-오아린, '황실의 여인들'|date=25 October 2018|website=[[MyDaily]]|language=ko}}</ref>||Princess So-jin
|}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:500px"
|-
! width=10|Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Emergency Act 19]]''
| Herself ([[cameo appearance|cameo]] by [[Baby V.O.X.]])
|-
|2015
|Love at the End of The World
|Lee Mi Yoon
|-
|2016
|Trick
|Cameo
|-
|}

===Variety show===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:500px"
|-
! width=10|Year
! Title
|-
| 2012
| ''Choi Hyun-woo and [[Noh Hong-chul]]'s Magic Hall''
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Sunday Night (South Korean TV series)#This Is Magic|This is Magic]]''
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Knowing Bros]]''
|}

==Theater==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:500px"
|-
! width=10|Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2003
| ''Funky Funky''
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Singin' in the Rain (musical)|Singin' in the Rain]]''
|
|-
| 2009
| ''Monkey''
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2010
| ''Crash Course in Love''
|
|-
| ''Aeja''
|
|-
|}

== Discography ==
{{For|Lee Hee-jin's work with Baby V.O.X.|Baby V.O.X.}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.cyworld.com/lovelylhjin Lee Hee-jin] at [[Cyworld]]
* {{HanCinema person}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180518151839/http://www.asiafinest.com/korean/babyvox.htm Baby V.O.X profile] at AsiaFinest

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Hee-jin}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:K-pop singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Seoul]]
[[Category:Singers from Seoul]]
[[Category:South Korean female idols]]
[[Category:South Korean women pop singers]]
[[Category:South Korean television actresses]]
[[Category:Dong-ah Institute of Media and Arts alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean singers]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean women singers]]

{{SouthKorea-singer-stub}}

Jolbon

2025-06-16T15:42:42Z

172.56.232.37: just wanted to merge these

{{Short description|First capital of Goguryeo}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^졸본
|hanja=卒本
| othername1 = Other names
| hangul1 = ^홀본; ^흘승골성
| hanja1 = 忽本; 紇升骨城
}}
'''Jolbon''' ({{Korean|졸본|卒本}}) was the first capital of [[Goguryeo]], which arose in the north of the Korean Peninsula.<ref>Jeon ho-tae, 《Koguryo, the origin of Korean power & pride》, Northeast Asia History Foundation, 2007. p.9</ref> Jolbon is thought to have been in modern [[Wunü Mountain]], [[Liaoning province]] of China.<ref>{{cite journal|last=기|first=경량|date=2017|title=The location and character of Goguryeo's early capital, Holbon|url=http://kiss.kstudy.com/search/detail_page.asp?key=3548910|journal=인문학연구|volume=34|pages=129–162|access-date=2019-10-23}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jolbon was also known by the names of Heulseunggol-seong in the ''[[Book of Wei]]'' and Holbon in the [[Gwanggaeto Stele]].<ref name="gardiner">{{cite journal |last1=Gardiner |first1=Ken |title=Tradition betrayed? Kim Pu-sik and the founding of Koguryŏ |journal=[[Papers on Far Eastern History]] |date=March 1988 |volume=37 |pages=149-193}}</ref>

In 37 BC, [[Jumong]] had fled from [[Dongbuyeo]] to avoid death at the hands of Dongbuyeo's Crown Prince [[Daeso]], who presented great jealousy towards Jumong.<ref>Lim SK, 《Asian Civilizations:Ancient to 1800 AD》, Asiapac Books Pte Ltd, 2011. {{ISBN|9812295941}} p.77</ref> After he fled, Jumong established a new kingdom in 37 BC called [[Goguryeo]] in the Holbon region. In Jolbon, he married [[Soseono]] (or So Seo-no), who was the daughter of a local tribal leader.<ref>Pae-yong Yi, 《Women in Korean History》, 2008. p.120</ref>

Jolbon was the first capital city of the ancient Korean Kingdom of Goguryeo from 37 BC – 3 AD.<ref name="Injae">Lee Injae, Owen Miller, Park Jinhoon, Yi Hyun-hae, 《Korean History in Maps》, Cambridge University Press, 2014. {{ISBN|1107098467}} p.30</ref> The second ruler, the son of Jumong, [[Yuri of Goguryeo|Yuri]], moved its capital to [[Gungnae Fortress]].<ref>[http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?lang=e&current_page=3&No=10034857 King Yuri(1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220181507/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?lang=e&current_page=3&No=10034857 |date=2019-02-20 }} "[[KBS World]]", Retrieved 2015-06-27</ref>

==References==
<references />

== See also ==
* [[Buyeo kingdom]]
* [[Goguryeo]]
* [[King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo]]
* [[Soseono]]

[[Category:Goguryeo]]
[[Category:History of Korea]]
[[Category:Former countries in Korean history]]
[[Category:Former countries in East Asia]]

Guk

2025-06-16T15:40:50Z

172.56.232.37: fixing what looks like a mistake

{{Short description|Korean soup-like dish}}
{{other uses}}
{{Italic title}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2010}}
{{Infobox food
| name = ''Guk''
| image = Soegogimuguk (beef radish soup).jpg
| caption = ''Soegogi-mu-guk'' (beef and [[Korean radish|radish]] soup)
| alternate_name = ''Tang''
| country = [[Korea]]
| region =
| national_cuisine =
| creator =
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| type = [[Soup]]
| course =
| served =
| main_ingredient =
| minor_ingredient =
| variations =
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| other =
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
| child = yes
| hangul = 국
| ipa = {{ipa|ko|kuk̚|}}
| othername1 = Alternate name
| hangul1 = 탕
| hanja1 = 湯
| ipa1 = {{ipa|ko|tʰaŋ|}}
}}
}}
{{Korean cuisine}}

'''''Guk''''' ({{Korean|hangul=국}}), also sometimes known as '''''tang''''' ({{Korean|hangul=탕|hanja=湯|labels=no}}), is a class of soup-like dishes in [[Korean cuisine]]. ''Guk'' and ''tang'' are commonly grouped together and regarded as the same type of dish, although ''tang'' can sometimes be less watery than ''guk''.<ref name="SKLD">{{Cite web |url=http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=37522 |title=guk |website=[[Standard Korean Language Dictionary]] |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean Language]] |language=ko |script-title=ko:국 |access-date=22 April 2017 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422125218/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=37522 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SKLD2">{{Cite web |url=http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=344076 |title=tang |website=[[Standard Korean Language Dictionary]] |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean Language]] |language=ko |script-title=ko:탕 |access-date=22 April 2017 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422134636/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=344076 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the most basic components in a Korean meal, along with ''[[Bap (food)|bap]]'' (밥, rice), and ''[[banchan]]'' (반찬, side dishes).<ref name="Pettid">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzJ7_WcLJSwC&pg=PA55 |title=Korean Cuisine: An Illustrated History |last=Pettid |first=Michael J. |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-86189-348-2 |location=London |pages=55–57 |access-date=2020-10-02 |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228072648/https://books.google.com/books?id=wzJ7_WcLJSwC&pg=PA55 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cooks.org.kp/cooking_house.php?tID=2&cID=11 |title=kuk, t'ang |website=[[Korean Dishes]] |publisher=[[Korean Association of Cooks]] |language=ko-KP |script-title=ko:국, 탕 |access-date=22 April 2017 |archive-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703140315/http://cooks.org.kp/cooking_house.php?tID=2&cID=11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In Korean table setting, ''guk'' is served on the right side of ''bap'' (rice), and left side of ''[[sujeo]]'' (수저, a spoon and chopsticks).

''Guk'' is a native Korean word, while ''tang'' is a [[Sino-Korean vocabulary|Sino-Korean word]] that originally meant "boiling water" or "soup". ''Tang'' has been used as an honorific term in place of ''guk'', when it denotes the same meaning as ''guk'' as in ''[[yeonpo-tang]]'' (연포탕, octopus soup), ''[[daegu-tang]]'' (대구탕, codfish soup), or ''[[jogae-tang]]'' (조개탕, clam soup).<ref name="SKLD2" /><ref name="Choe">{{cite web |url=http://hangeul.seoul.go.kr/quiz/board_view.jsp?before_navinum=701&idx=1505 |script-title=ko:'국'과 '탕' |last=최 |first=용기 |date=25 February 2008 |website=Hangul sarang, Seoul sarang |publisher=[[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] |language=ko |access-date=26 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402101424/http://hangeul.seoul.go.kr/quiz/board_view.jsp?before_navinum=701&idx=1505 |archive-date=2 April 2013}}</ref> Generally, the names of lighter soups with vegetables are suffixed with ''-guk'', while heavier, thicker soups made with more solid ingredients used in ''[[jesa]]'' (ancestral rites) are often referred to as ''tang''.<ref name="SKLD" /><ref name="SKLD2" /> ''[[Gamja-guk]]'' (potato soup) and ''[[gamja-tang]]'' (pork back-bone stew) are different dishes; the potato soup can be called ''gamjeo-tang.''<ref name="Choe" /><ref name="SKLD3">{{Cite web |url=http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=7076 |title=gamja-guk |website=[[Standard Korean Language Dictionary]] |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean Language]] |language=ko |script-title=ko:감잣국 |access-date=22 April 2017 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422134520/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=7076 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SKLD4">{{Cite web |url=http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=516234 |title=gamja-tang |website=[[Standard Korean Language Dictionary]] |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean Language]] |language=ko |script-title=ko:감자탕 |access-date=22 April 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518144904/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=516234 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Types==
''Guk'' is largely categorized into four groups of soups, such as ''malgeun jangguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=맑은 장국|labels=no}}), ''gomguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=곰국|labels=no}}), ''tojangguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=토장국|labels=no}}), and naengguk ({{Korean|hangul=냉국|labels=no}}). ''Malgeun jangguk'' literally means "clear (''malgeun'', 맑은) soup (''guk'', 국) seasoned with a condiment (''jang'', 장)," such as ''[[doenjang]]'' (soy bean paste) or ''[[ganjang]]'', and is served in a ''bansang'' (반상, regular meal table). The main ingredients for ''malgeun jangguk'' are meat, fish, vegetables, and seafoods. ''Gomguk'', also called ''gomtang'', refers to either a soup type made by boiling various beef parts such as rib, oxtail, brisket, head, and so forth for a long time, or made with ox bone by the same method. The broth of ''gomguk'' tends to have a milky color and to be rich and hearty taste. It can also be made with [[Chicken as food|chicken]] or pork bone, to produce ''samgyetang'' or ''gamjatang''.

''Tojangguk'' are based on ''doenjang'' broth and ''ssaltteumul'' (쌀뜨물, leftover water after washing rice for cooking). The taste is usually savory and deep. ''Naengguk'' are cold soups usually eaten in summer. These soups are usually clean and tangy, such as with ''oi naengguk'' (오이냉국, cold cucumber) and ''miyeok naengguk'' (미역냉국, cold wakame soup). ''Kkaetguk'' (깻국, sesame soup), made with chicken and sesame seeds, is thick and serves to replenish and supplement nutrients during hot weather.

===''Malgeun jangguk''===
[[File:Korean clam soup-Jaecheopguk-01.jpg|thumb|''[[Jaecheopguk]]'', small shellfish soup one of ''malgeun jangguk'']]

*''[[Tteokguk]]'' ({{lang|ko|떡국}}), ''[[tteok]]'' (rice cake) soup<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/02/153_38384.html |title=Lunar New Years Tteokguk |publisher=[[The Korea Times]] |date=2009-01-22 |access-date=2013-04-02 |archive-date=2012-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925072218/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/02/153_38384.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Miyeok guk]]'' ({{lang|ko|미역국}}), ''[[wakame]]'' (edible seaweed) soup<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lifeinkorea.com/food/Food.cfm?Subject=guk#Miyeok-guk |title=Miyeok-guk |publisher=Life in Korea |access-date=2013-04-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220172227/http://lifeinkorea.com/food/Food.cfm?Subject=guk |archive-date=2009-02-20}}</ref>
*''Kongnamul guk'' ({{lang|ko|콩나물국}}), made with ''[[kongnamul]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lifeinkorea.com/food/Food.cfm?Subject=guk#Kongnamul-guk |title=Kongnamul-guk |publisher=Life in Korea |access-date=2013-04-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220172227/http://lifeinkorea.com/food/Food.cfm?Subject=guk |archive-date=2009-02-20}}</ref>
*''Muguk'' ({{lang|ko|무국}}), made with [[Korean radish|radish]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=244208&v=44 |script-title=ko:무국 |publisher=Encyclopedia of National and Ethnic Cultures |access-date=2013-04-02 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411104943/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=244208&v=44 |archive-date=2013-04-11}}</ref>
*''Gamjaguk'' ({{lang|ko|감자국}}), made with potato<ref>{{cite web |url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=244149&v=43 |script-title=ko:감자국 |publisher=Encyclopedia of National and Ethnic Cultures |access-date=2013-04-02 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411104938/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=244149&v=43 |archive-date=2013-04-11}}</ref>
*''Toranguk'' ({{lang|ko|토란국}}), made with taro<ref>{{cite web |url=http://folkency.nfm.go.kr/eng/dicMain/S2_index.jsp?sub_url=dicParser.jsp%3Fref%3DS%26DIC_ID%3D1737 |title=Toranguk Taro Soup |publisher=Encyclopedia of Korean Seasonal Customs |access-date=2013-04-02}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*''Bugeoguk'' ({{lang|ko|북어국}}), made with dried Alaska pollock<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lifeinkorea.com/food/Food.cfm?Subject=guk#Bugeo-guk |title=Bugeo-guk |publisher=Life in Korea |access-date=2013-04-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220172227/http://lifeinkorea.com/food/Food.cfm?Subject=guk |archive-date=2009-02-20}}</ref>
*''Bogeoguk'' ({{lang|ko|복어국}}), made with [[puffer fish]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2012052101032530074002 |script-title=ko:복어국, 먹을까 말까… 18세기 선비들의 논란 |date=2012-05-21 |publisher=[[Munhwa Ilbo]] |access-date=2013-04-02 |language=ko |archive-date=2013-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216234204/http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2012052101032530074002 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Jogaeguk'' ({{lang|ko|조개국}}), made with shellfish<ref>{{cite web |url=http://food.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/08/22/2012082201403.html |script-title=ko:맑은 조개국 |publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |access-date=2013-04-02 |language=ko |archive-date=2013-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729025758/http://food.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/08/22/2012082201403.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
**''[[Jaecheopguk]]'' ({{lang|ko|재첩국}}), soup made with ''jaecheop'' (small clams, ''[[Corbicula fluminea]]'') harvested in rivers of [[Gyeongsang Province]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=263403&v=42 |script-title=ko:재첩국 |publisher=Encyclopedia of National and Ethnic Cultures |access-date=2013-04-02 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426164836/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=263403&v=42 |archive-date=2012-04-26}}</ref>

===''Gomguk''===
[[File:Korean.food-Seolleongtang-01.jpg|thumb|''Seolleongtang'', one of the types of ''gomguk'']]

*Beef
**''Gomguk''/''gomtang'' ({{lang|ko|곰국}}/{{lang|ko|곰탕}}, {{IPA|ko|koːmk͈uk, koːmtʰaŋ}}):<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.trifood.com/gomtang.html |title=Korean Food {{!}} Gomtang {{!}} Stew Meat & Tripe Soup |access-date=2008-05-27 |archive-date=2010-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205151728/http://www.trifood.com/gomtang.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
***''Sagol gomtang'' ({{Korean|hangul=사골곰탕|labels=no}}), pale-bone broths garnished with oxtail or sliced brisket<ref>{{cite web |url=http://food.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/08/06/2012080601647.html |script-title=ko:사골곰탕 |publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |access-date=2013-04-02 |language=ko |archive-date=2013-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303034918/http://food.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/08/06/2012080601647.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=241834&v=47 |script-title=ko:엠파스 백과사전 |access-date=2008-05-27 |archive-date=2007-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321143002/http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K |url-status=live}}</ref>
***''Kkori gomtang'' ({{Korean|hangul=꼬리곰탕|labels=no}}), ox tail soup<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailynews.co.kr/sub_read.html?uid=18332 |title=사골곰탕 VS 꼬리곰탕, 최고 보양식은? |publisher=The Daily News |access-date=2013-04-02 |language=ko |date=2013-02-26 |archive-date=2015-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108161334/http://www.thedailynews.co.kr/sub_read.html?uid=18332 |url-status=live}}</ref>
**''[[Seolleongtang]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=설렁탕|labels=no}}): ox leg bone soup simmered for more than 10 hours until the soup is milky-white.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/eat/food-map-search-koreas-best-regional-cuisine-391772 |title=Food map: Eat your way around Korea |date=2012-04-06 |publisher=[[CNN]] Travel |access-date=2013-04-02 |archive-date=2013-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706034635/http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/eat/food-map-search-koreas-best-regional-cuisine-391772 |url-status=live}}</ref> Usually served in a bowl containing ''somyeon'' and pieces of beef. Sliced [[scallion]]s and black pepper are used as condiments
**''Galbitang'' ({{lang|ko|갈비탕}}), made with ''[[galbi]]'' or beef ribs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://koreanfood.about.com/od/soupsandstews/r/Galbi-Tang-Short-Rib-Soup-Recipe.htm |title=Galbi Tang (Short Rib Soup) Recipe |publisher=About.com |access-date=2013-04-02 |archive-date=2013-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401190559/http://koreanfood.about.com/od/soupsandstews/r/Galbi-Tang-Short-Rib-Soup-Recipe.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
**''[[Yukgaejang]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=육개장|labels=no}}), beef soup with red chili flakes, soy sauce and bean sprouts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trifood.com/yookgaejang.asp |title=YOOK-GAE-JANG |publisher=Trifood.com |access-date=2013-04-02 |archive-date=2013-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507042513/http://www.trifood.com/yookgaejang.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref>
**''Doganitang'' ({{lang|ko|도가니탕}}), soup from knuckles and bones<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lifeinkorea.com/food/Food.cfm?Subject=guk#Dogani-tang |title=Dogani-tang |publisher=Life in Korea |access-date=2013-04-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220172227/http://lifeinkorea.com/food/Food.cfm?Subject=guk |archive-date=2009-02-20}}</ref>
*Chicken and pork
**''[[Samgyetang]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=삼계탕|labels=no}}), a soup made with Cornish game hens that are stuffed with [[ginseng]], a [[hedysarum]], [[glutinous rice]], [[jujube]]s, garlic, and chestnuts; the soup is traditionally eaten in the summer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trifood.com/samgyetang.asp |title=SAM-GYE-TANG |publisher=Trifood.com |access-date=2013-04-02 |archive-date=2013-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503000444/http://www.trifood.com/samgyetang.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref>
**''[[Gamjatang]]'' (감자탕, "potato stew"), a spicy soup made with pork spine, vegetables (especially potatoes), and hot peppers; the vertebrae are usually separated, and the dish is often served as a late night snack but may also be served for lunch or dinner<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/eat/5-korean-ways-eat-pig-231893 |title=5 Korean ways to eat a pig |publisher=[[CNN]]Go |access-date=2013-04-02 |date=2011-11-11 |archive-date=2013-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621233720/http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/eat/5-korean-ways-eat-pig-231893 |url-status=live}}</ref>
**''[[Dwaeji gukbap]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=돼지국밥|labels=no}}), a representative regional hearty pork-parts soup with rice<ref>{{cite web |url=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=527&. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413141224/http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=527&. |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-13 |title=Busan: Larger than Life |publisher=enewsworld |access-date=2013-04-02 |date=2011-09-26}}</ref> of coastal Gyeongsang-do

===''Tojangguk''===
[[File:Ugeojiguk (outer leaves soup).jpg|thumb|Ugeojiguk]]
''Tojangguk'' are eaten all year round. The term emerged in the 1930s in Korean cookbooks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=263434&v=44 |script-title=ko:엠파스 백과사전 |access-date=2008-05-27 |archive-date=2007-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321143002/http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Sigeumchi tojangguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=시금치토장국|labels=no}}), made with spinach<ref>{{cite web |url=http://woman.donga.com/docs/magazine/woman/cook/cuisine_detail.php?cookid=20071025000023 |script-title=ko:시금치토장국 |publisher=[[The Dong-A Ilbo]] |access-date=2013-04-02 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108161121/http://woman.donga.com/docs/magazine/woman/cook/cuisine_detail.php?cookid=20071025000023 |archive-date=2015-01-08}}</ref>
*''Auk tojangguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=아욱토장국|labels=no}}), made with [[malva]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://koreanfood.rda.go.kr/tf_srch/tf_detail.aspx?TFCode=TF10001092 |script-title=ko:아욱토장국(아욱국) |publisher=RDA |access-date=2013-04-02 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011193940/http://koreanfood.rda.go.kr/tf_srch/TF_detail.aspx?TFCode=TF10001092 |archive-date=2014-10-11}}</ref>
*''Naengi tojangguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=냉이토장국|labels=no}}), made with [[horseradish]]<ref name="koreana">{{cite web |url=http://koreana.kf.or.kr/view.asp?article_id=7932 |title=Soup (Guk) An Essential Part of the Korean Meal |publisher=[[Koreana (magazine)|Koreana]] |author=Paik Jae-eun (Professor of Food and Nutrition, Bucheon University) |access-date=2013-04-02 |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108161058/http://koreana.kf.or.kr/view.asp?article_id=7932 |archive-date=2015-01-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''Ugeojiguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=우거지국|labels=no}}), made with ''ugeoji'' (우거지, dried [[napa cabbage]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hannaone.com/Recipe/haejangguk.html |title=Haejangguk |publisher=Hannaone |access-date=2013-04-02 |archive-date=2012-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109054758/http://www.hannaone.com/Recipe/haejangguk.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Daseulgiguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=다슬기국|labels=no}}), made with [[freshwater snail]]s (다슬기, ''[[Semisulcospira libertina]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://koreanfood.rda.go.kr/tf_srch/tf_detail.aspx?TFCode=TF10002191 |script-title=ko:다슬기국(고둥국) |publisher=RDA |access-date=2013-04-02 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108165804/http://koreanfood.rda.go.kr/tf_srch/tf_detail.aspx?TFCode=TF10002191 |archive-date=2015-01-08}}</ref>

===Naengguk===
[[File:Oimiyeoknaengguk (cold cucumber wakame soup).jpg|thumb|Cold cucumber wakame soup]]
[[File:Kongnamulnaengguk (cold soybean sprout soup).jpg|thumb|Cold soybean sprout soup]]
''[[Naengguk]]'' refers to all kinds of cold soups, mainly eaten in summer. They are also called ''changuk'' (literally "cold soup") in [[Korean language|pure Korean]] while the term ''naengguk'' is a combination of a [[Hanja]] word and a pure Korean word with the same meaning.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kordic.nate.com/dicsearch/view.html?i=7311400 |script-title=ko:냉국 |publisher=[[Nate (web portal)|Nate]] Korean Dictionary |access-date=2009-10-23 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155730/http://kordic.nate.com/dicsearch/view.html?i=7311400 |archive-date=2011-07-14}}</ref> The first historical record on ''naengguk'' appears in a poem written by [[Yi Gyu-bo]] (1168–1241), a high officer of the [[Goryeo]] period (918–1392). ''Naengguk'' is referred to as "sungaeng" in the poem, which literally means ''sunchaeguk'', soup made with ''sunchae'' (''[[Brasenia schreberi]]''). Yi praised its clear and plain taste.<ref name="EncyKorea">{{cite web |url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=241842&v=42 |script-title=ko:냉국 |publisher=[[Nate (web portal)|Nate]] / [[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |access-date=2009-10-23 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610072510/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=241842&v=42 |archive-date=2011-06-10}}</ref><ref name="Doosan">{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=37095&contentno=37095 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102213907/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=37095&contentno=37095 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-02 |script-title=ko:냉국 |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |access-date=2009-10-23 |language=ko}}</ref>

''Naengguk'' is generally divided into two categories according to taste and ingredients. One group of ''naengguk'' is made by mixing chilled water and vinegar to give a sweet and sour taste; examples include ''miyeok naengguk'' made with ''[[wakame]]'', ''oi naengguk'' made with cucumber, ''pa naengguk'' made with spring onions, ''nameul naengguk'' made with garlic, and ''gim naengguk'' made with ''[[gim (food)|gim]]'' or ''[[nori]]''. The other group is made to supplement health and has rich tastes, such as chilled soup made with chicken, sesame, or soy bean.<ref name="EncyKorea" /><ref name="Doosan" />
*''Miyeok naengguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=미역냉국|labels=no}}), cold ''wakame'' soup<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hannaone.com/Recipe/gloss/Miyeok%20naengguk.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411015752/http://www.hannaone.com/Recipe/gloss/Miyeok%20naengguk.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-11 |title=Miyeok naengguk |publisher=HannaOne |access-date=2013-04-02}}</ref>
*''Oi naengguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=오이냉국|labels=no}}), cold cucumber soup<ref>{{cite web |url=http://food.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/10/09/2012100901576.html |script-title=ko:오이냉국 |publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |access-date=2013-04-02 |language=ko |archive-date=2013-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104174346/http://food.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/10/09/2012100901576.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Kkaetguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=깻국|labels=no}}), hearty cold soup made with chicken and ground sesame seeds<ref>{{cite web |title=Kkaetguk |url=http://www.hannaone.com/Recipe/gloss/Kkaetguk.html |publisher=HannaOne |access-date=3 April 2013 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108161359/http://www.hannaone.com/Recipe/gloss/Kkaetguk.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Naengkongguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=냉콩국|labels=no}}), made with ground soybeans<ref>{{cite web |title=Quelques plats de Gyeonggi-do |url=http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/fre/FO/FO_FR_5_3_2.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413144148/http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/fre/FO/FO_FR_5_3_2.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 13, 2013 |publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]] |access-date=3 April 2013 |language=fr}}</ref> and can be used for ''[[kongguksu]]''
*''Kongnamul naengguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=콩나물냉국|labels=no}}), made with ''[[kongnamul]]''


==Ingredients==
*''[[Maeuntang]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=매운탕|labels=no}}): a refreshing, hot and spicy fish soup.
*''[[Haejangguk]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=해장국|labels=no}}): a favorite hangover cure consisting usually of meaty pork spine, ''ugeoji'' (우거지 dried napa cabbage) coagulated ox blood (similar to [[Black pudding|blood pudding]]), and vegetables in a hearty beef broth; legend has it that soon after World War II, the restaurant that invented this stew was the only place open in the Jongno district when the curfew at the time lifted at 4:00 AM
*''Haemultang'' ({{Korean|hangul=해물탕|labels=no}}): made with various seafood
*''Haemuljaptang'' ({{Korean|hangul=해물잡탕|labels=no}}), made with seafood and beef offal, once part of the [[Korean royal court cuisine]]
*''[[Altang]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=알탕|labels=no}}): can be made with ''myeongran jeot'' ({{Korean|hangul=명란젓|labels=no}}), salted and fermented Alaska pollack's roe seasoned with chili pepper or fresh roe
*''Chueotang'' ({{Korean|hangul=추어탕|labels=no}}): made with ''[[Misgurnus mizolepis]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=263424&v=42 |script-title=ko:네이트 |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-date=21 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321143002/http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Yongbongtang'' ({{Korean|hangul=용봉탕|labels=no}}): made with chicken, carp and [[softshell turtle]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=249394&v=42 |script-title=ko:네이트 |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-date=21 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321143002/http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Manduguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=만두국|labels=no}}): [[mandu (dumpling)|mandu]] soup<ref>{{cite web |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=242418&v=42 |script-title=ko:네이트 |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-date=21 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321143002/http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Wanjatang'' ({{Korean|hangul=완자탕|labels=no}}): made with ''wanja'' (meatball-like [[jeon (food)|jeon]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=268173&v=42 |script-title=ko:네이트 |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-date=21 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321143002/http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Gyerantang'' ({{Korean|hangul=계란탕|labels=no}}): soup made with eggs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=277396&v=47 |script-title=ko:네이트 |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-date=21 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321143002/http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Ssukkuk'' ({{Korean|hangul=쑥국|labels=no}}): made with ssuk (''[[Artemisia indica]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=275767&v=42 |script-title=ko:네이트 |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-date=21 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321143002/http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Sundaeguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=순댓국|labels=no}}): made with [[Sundae (Korean food)|Sundae]] (or pork blood sausage) and sometimes it includes fatty pieces of intestine (gopchang), liver, lungs, bits of cartilage, and meat.<ref>Jung, Alex [http://www.cnngo.com/seoul/eat/5-korean-ways-eat-pig-231893 "5 Korean ways to eat a pig"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113062909/http://www.cnngo.com/seoul/eat/5-korean-ways-eat-pig-231893 |date=2011-11-13 }} ''CNN Go''. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-11</ref>

==''Gukbap''==
''[[Gukbap]]'' (국밥, {{IPA|ko|kukp͈ap}}) are dishes developed from ''guk''. The term literally means "soup with rice." The dish is typically served in restaurants, and has become popular among the working class since the late [[Joseon Dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=275741&v=42 |script-title=ko:엠파스 백과사전 |access-date=2008-05-27 |archive-date=2007-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321143002/http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Kongnamul gukbap'' ({{Korean|hangul=콩나물국밥|labels=no}}), clear soybean sprout (''kongnamul'') soup with rice
*''[[Gul-gukbap]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=굴국밥|labels=no}}) – oyster and rice soup.
*''Ttaro gukbap'' ({{Korean|hangul=따로국밥|labels=no}}), a variety of [[yukgaejang]], local specialty of [[Daegu]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=277402&v=47 |script-title=ko:엠파스 백과사전 |access-date=2008-05-27 |archive-date=2007-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321143002/http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
*[[Jeongol]]
*[[Jjigae]]
*[[List of soups]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=244167&v=44 |title=Guk (국) |publisher=[[Empas]] / [[EncyKorea]] |access-date=2008-05-27 |language=ko}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=101013000717323 |title=Guk (국) |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |access-date=2008-05-27 |language=ko}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090414053422/http://www.foodinkorea.org/eng_food/tradition/tradition4_1.jsp Soups and stews] from Food in Korea

[[Category:Korean words and phrases]]
[[Category:Korean soups and stews| ]]

Bingsu

2025-06-16T15:40:17Z

172.56.232.37: fixing what looks like a mistake

{{short description|Korean shaved ice dessert with sweet toppings}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox food
| name = ''Bingsu''
| image = Patbingsu.jpg
| caption = The basic form of ''Pat-bingsu'' ([[adzuki bean|red bean]] ''bingsu'')
| alternate_name = ''Bingsoo''
| country = [[Korea]]
| region =
| national_cuisine =
| creator = 
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| type = [[Shaved ice]]
| course = [[Dessert]]
| served = Cold
| main_ingredient = [[Ice]], toppings
| minor_ingredient =
| variations = ''Pat-bingsu'' (red bean ''bingsu''), ''nokcha-bingsu'' (green tea ''bingsu''), ''ttalgi-bingsu'' (strawberry ''bingsu''), ''choko-bingsu'' (chocolate ''bingsu''), etc
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish =
| other =
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
| child = yes
| hangul = 빙수
| hanja = 氷水
| ipa = {{ipa|piŋ.su}}
| othername1 = Red bean shaved ice
| hangul1 = 팥빙수
| hanja1 = 팥氷水
| ipa1 = {{ipa|pʰat̚.p͈iŋ.su}}
}}
}}
'''''Bingsu''''' ({{Korean|hangul=빙수|lit=frozen water}}), sometimes written as '''''bingsoo''''',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hoo|first=Winyan Soo|date=July 16, 2014|title=Plate Lab: A guide to Asian shaved ice desserts halo-halo, bao-bing and bingsoo|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/plate-lab-a-guide-to-asian-shaved-ice-desserts-halo-halo-bao-bing-and-bingsoo/2014/07/16/a9680f22-fb0e-11e3-8176-f2c941cf35f1_story.html|access-date=May 5, 2016|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=June 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605132813/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/plate-lab-a-guide-to-asian-shaved-ice-desserts-halo-halo-bao-bing-and-bingsoo/2014/07/16/a9680f22-fb0e-11e3-8176-f2c941cf35f1_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is a milk-based Korean [[shaved ice]] dessert with sweet toppings that may include chopped [[fruit]], [[condensed milk]], [[fruit syrup]], and [[adzuki bean|red bean]]s.<ref name="Patbingsu Name" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/27/travel/hotel-dessert-wars/index.html|title=Seoul hotels at war over dessert - CNN.com|author=Kyoung Woo Jun, for|website=CNN|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=May 5, 2016|archive-date=July 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703041719/http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/27/travel/hotel-dessert-wars/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The most common variety is '''''pat-bingsu''''' ({{Langx|ko|팥빙수|translation=red bean frozen water}}), topped with [[adzuki bean|sweet red beans]]. The main ingredient of ''bingsu'' was natural ice in the past, but later, artificial ice was produced, and high-quality sweeteners were developed. Many modern bingsu varieties use frozen milk rather than water-based ice. Historically, the ice-cutting machine was a simple tool in the shape of a plane, but now, most shaved ice is created by electric ice shavers.

== History ==
Bingsu has similar origins to [[sorbet]], with fruit- and milk-flavored ice-based confectionary documented as far back as 400 BCE in Ancient Persia and China.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marks|first=Gil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFK_yx7Ps7cC&q=sorbet+originated+in+persia&pg=PT593|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food|date=November 17, 2010|publisher=HMH|isbn=978-0-544-18631-6|language=en|access-date=March 21, 2023|archive-date=April 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403234108/https://books.google.com/books?id=gFK_yx7Ps7cC&q=sorbet+originated+in+persia&pg=PT593|url-status=live}}</ref> The earliest known documentation of ice-based desserts within Korea existed during the [[Joseon]] period (1392–1897) which employed the use of crushed ice with various fruits, and were distributed from the ancient Korean ice storage called ''[[Seobinggo-dong|seokbinggo]]'' ({{langx|ko|석빙고}}).<ref name="History 1">{{cite news |last=Dang |first=Tae Keuk |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20100812000473 |title=Snowy delights and variations on bingsu |publisher=[[Herald Corporation]] |date=September 13, 2010 |access-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516031618/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20100812000473 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Doopedia">{{cite web |url=http://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=101013000794579 |script-title=ko:팥빙수[氷水] |publisher=Doosan Corporation |work=[[Doopedia]] |access-date=January 6, 2014 |language=ko |trans-title=Patbingsu |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223845/http://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=101013000794579 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the Korean War, with the introduction of condensed milk, syrup, and chocolate from the United States, Korean bingsu began to be more diverse. Western influences after the Korean War have brought further variation to the ingredients used in the dish, with foods such as cereal, ice cream, and whipped cream, being added to ''bingsu''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seoul Eats: The Origin of Patbingsu|url=https://www.seouleats.com/2011/05/origin-of-patbingsu.html|access-date=August 9, 2020|website=Seoul Eats|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804114535/https://www.seouleats.com/2011/05/origin-of-patbingsu.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Get ready for patbingsu: Red beans over shaved ice|url=http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1888|access-date=January 2, 2022|website=The Jeju Weekly|archive-date=January 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034544/http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1888|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Varieties==
''Patbingsu'' ({{Korean|hangul=팥빙수|hanja=팥氷水|labels=no}}; sometimes anglicized as ''patbingsoo'', literally "red bean shaved ice") is a popular [[Korea]]n [[shaved ice]] [[dessert]] with sweet toppings that may include chopped [[fruit]], [[condensed milk]], [[fruit syrup]], and [[adzuki bean|red bean]]s.<ref name="Patbingsu Name">{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Robyn |url=http://www.seriouseats.com/2009/06/snapshots-from-south-korea-patbingsu-a-popular-shaved-ice-dessert.html |title=Snapshots from South Korea: Patbingsu, a Popular Shaved Ice Dessert |publisher=Serious Eats |date=June 5, 2009 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |archive-date=June 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607031808/http://www.seriouseats.com/2009/06/snapshots-from-south-korea-patbingsu-a-popular-shaved-ice-dessert.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The food began as ice shavings with red beans (known as ''pat'', {{lang|ko|팥}}). Many varieties of ''patbingsu'' exist in contemporary culture.

There are a variety of ''bingsu'' types and flavors. Some popular flavors are [[green tea]], [[coffee]], and [[yogurt]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Ji-yoon |url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=72999 |title=Korea's cold summer taste - naengmyeon and patbingsu |publisher=[[Korean Culture and Information Service]] |work=[[Korea.net]] |date=July 7, 2008 |access-date=January 6, 2013 |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140106163239/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=72999 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="VisitKorea">{{cite web |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=1692586 |title=Bingsu, an unbeatable summer treat! |publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]] |access-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106065133/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=1692586 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In addition to the existing ''patbingsu'', several Korean franchises have made shaved ice from various ingredients such as [[Injeolmi]], melon, coffee, and green tea. Now, bingsu can be found at almost every dessert shop in Korea.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Linda|date=October 12, 2019|title=15 of the Best Bingsu in Seoul|url=https://lindagoeseast.com/2019/10/12/15-of-the-best-bingsu-in-seoul/|access-date=June 11, 2021|website=Linda Goes East|language=en-US|archive-date=July 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725055642/https://lindagoeseast.com/2019/10/12/15-of-the-best-bingsu-in-seoul|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Bingsu 2.jpg|Various ''bingsu''
File:Korean shaved-ice Patbingsu A01.jpg|''Patbingsu''
File:Persion bingsu.jpg|Persimmon ''bingsu''
File:Patbingsu 1.jpg|Bingsu with ice cream
File:Korean shaved ice-Yogurt bingsu-01.jpg|A yogurt ''bingsu''
File:Melonbingsu.jpg|Melon ''bingsu''
File:Bingsu.jpg|''Patbingsu'' topped with fruits
File:베리빙수.JPG|Berry ''bingsu''
File:Milktea binsu.JPG|Milk tea ''bingsu''
File:흑임자빙수.jpg|Black sesame ''bingsu''
File:Greentea-bingsu.jpg|Green tea ''bingsu''
File:Nokcha-bingsu.jpg|Green tea ''bingsu''
File:Cheese Bingsu , 치즈빙수.JPG|Cheese ''bingsu''
File:Bingsu 3.jpg|''Patbingsu''
File:Mixed-berry Bingsu.jpg|Mixed-berry ''bingsu''
File:Injeolmi bingsu.jpg|''[[Injeolmi]]-bingsu'' topped with ''kong-[[gomul]]'' (soybean powder)
File:Hojicha bingsu ice dessert at cafe in Melbourne.jpg|[[Hojicha]] bingsu served with [[tapioca pearls]], [[condensed milk]] and [[coconut]].
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Korean cuisine]]
[[Shaved ice#Regions|Shaved ice § Regions]], for similar shaved ice variations around the world.
*[[Kakigōri]]: Japanese shaved ice
*[[Tshuah-ping]]: Taiwanese shaved ice
*[[Halo-halo]]: Filipino shaved ice
*[[Es campur]] and [[Es teler]]: Indonesian shaved ice
*[[Namkhaeng sai]] and [[O-aew]]: Thai shaved ice
*[[Ais Kacang]] (ABC, Ice Kacang): Malaysian/Singaporean shaved ice
*[[Grattachecca]]: Italian shaved ice popular in [[Rome]].
*[[Hawaiian shave ice]]: Hawaiian shaved ice

== References ==
{{reflist|35em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Ice-based beverages and desserts}}

[[Category:Ice-based desserts]]
[[Category:Frozen desserts]]
[[Category:Korean cuisine]]
[[Category:Winter in culture]]

John Lee (placekicker)

2025-06-15T17:08:42Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox NFL biography
| name = John Lee
| image =
| caption =
| height_ft = 5
| height_in = 11
| weight_lbs = 182
| position = [[Placekicker]]
| number = 10
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|5|19|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| death_date =
| death_place =
| draftyear = 1986
| draftround = 2
| draftpick = 32
| high_school = [[Downey High School|Downey]] {{nowrap|([[Los Angeles, California]])}}
| college = [[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA]]
| pastteams =
* [[St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)|St. Louis Cardinals]] ({{NFL Year|1986}})
* [[Los Angeles Raiders]] ({{NFL Year|1988}})*
| status = Retired
| statlabel1 = [[Field goal (football)|Field goal]] attempts
| statvalue1 = 13
| statlabel2 = [[Field goal (football)|Field goals]] made
| statvalue2 = 8
| statlabel3 = Field goal %
| statvalue3 = 61.5
| highlights =
* [[PFWA All-Rookie Team]] ([[PFWA All-Rookie Team#1986|1986]])
* [[Unanimous All-American]] ([[1985 College Football All-America Team|1985]])
* First-team [[College Football All-America Team|All-American]] ([[1984 College Football All-America Team|1984]])
* 2× First-team [[List of All-Pac-12 Conference football teams|All-Pac-10]] ([[1984 All-Pacific-10 Conference football team|1984]], [[1985 All-Pacific-10 Conference football team|1985]])
| HOF =
| pfr = leexxjoh02
}}

{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul = %이민종
|hangulref = <ref>{{citation|url=http://article.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.asp?total_id=2460110|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709020007/http://article.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.asp?total_id=2460110|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 9, 2012|periodical=JoongAng Ilbo|title=NFL 한국계 스타, 하인스 워드만 있는게 아냐|date=2006-09-27|accessdate=2011-09-28|author1=박병기 [Bak Byeong-gi]|author2=장윤호 [Jang Yun-ho]}}</ref>
}}

'''John Lee''' ({{Korean|hangul=이민종}}; born May 19, 1964) is a [[South Korea|Korean]] former player of [[American football]] who was a [[placekicker]] for the [[St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)|St. Louis Cardinals]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). He played [[college football]] for the [[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA Bruins]], twice earning [[College Football All-America Team|All-American]] honors, including a [[List of unanimous All-Americans in college football|unanimous selection]] in 1985. Lee was selected by St. Louis in the second round of the [[1986 NFL draft]]. He played one season with the Cardinals and was the first Korean to play in the NFL. He was inducted into the [[UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame]] in 2001.

==Early life==
Lee was born in South Korea where he primarily played [[baseball]], even playing in the [[Little League World Series (Far East Region)|Little World Series regional]] qualifying tournament. His family moved to the United States when he was in the [[Sixth grade#United States|sixth grade]]. He began playing football as a freshman at [[Downey High School]] and studied kicking under the tutelage of [[Ben Agajanian]]. It was on Agajanian's recommendation that [[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA]] signed Lee to an athletic scholarship.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doods |first1=Tracy |title=For the Bruins' John Lee, the Numbers Tell the Story: In Three Seasons at UCLA, He's 96 of 97 and 63 of 75 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-02-sp-23094-story.html |access-date=14 May 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2 September 1985}}</ref>

==NCAA records held or tied==
{{Prose|section|date=May 2021}}
* Broke the [[Pacific-10 Conference]] single game [[field goal (football)|field goal]] record (since matched by two others) with six made against the [[San Diego State Aztecs]] in [[1984 in sports|1984]].
* Holds the highest percentage of [[extra point]]s and field goals made in a career with 93.3% (116 of 117 PATs, 79 of 92 FGs).
* Most field goals made per game for a season (2.6, 1984, 29 in 11 games) and in a career (1.84, 79 in 43 games)
* Highest percentage of field goals made in a season (100%, 1984, 16 out of 16) and in a career (minimum 55 attempts) (85.9%, 79 out of 92)
* Highest percentage of field goals made under 40 yards in a season (minimum 16 made) (100%, 1984, 16 out of 16) and in a career (minimum 40 made) (96.4%, 54 of 56)
* Most times kicking four field goals in a game in a career (six times)
* Most games in which field goal provided the winning margin in a career (ten times)

==Rose Bowl record==
Lee played in the [[1983 Rose Bowl|1983]], [[1984 Rose Bowl|1984]] and [[1986 Rose Bowl]], and was an integral part of the success of the UCLA Bruins during his college career, as evidenced by his conference-leading accuracy and the 10 games won by the margin of a field goal.<ref>{{cite web|title=UCLA To Induct New Hall of Fame Class|date=2001-10-10|publisher=[[CSTV]]|url=http://uclabruins.cstv.com/genrel/101001aaa.html|accessdate=2007-09-09|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120718185327/http://uclabruins.cstv.com/genrel/101001aaa.html|archivedate=2012-07-18}}</ref> He holds the Rose Bowl career record of 24 most scoring points made by kicking, [[1983 Rose Bowl|1983 UCLA vs. Michigan]] (3 PAT, 1 FG), [[1984 Rose Bowl|1984 UCLA vs. Illinois]] (6 PAT, 1 FG) and [[1986 Rose Bowl|1986 UCLA vs. Iowa]] (6 PAT, 1 FG).<ref>[[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] Historical Media Guide, ''[[Pasadena Tournament of Roses|Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association]]'', December 2009</ref> The 15 total PAT points in three games also is a record and the 6 PAT-points in each of the two games ranks second in Rose Bowl history.

==Professional career==

===St. Louis Cardinals===
Lee was selected by the [[St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)|St. Louis Cardinals]] in the second round (32nd overall) of the [[1986 NFL draft]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=1986 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1986/draft.htm |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> making him one of the highest [[placekicker]]s ever drafted and the first East Asia native to play in the [[National Football League|NFL]]. On July 27 Lee agreed to a four-year $900,000 contract, making him the highest paid player at his position in the league.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-28-sp-18506-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Scott | last=Ostler | title=UCLA Placekicker John Lee Agrees to Sign Four-Year Cardinal Contract for $900,000 | date=1986-07-28}}</ref> The contract for a player observers expected to be a "sure-fire" star included a $250,000 signing bonus.{{r|bonk19871001}}

Although Lee made his first six kicks in preseason,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-21-we-17421-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Brian | last=Landman | title=John Lee Is Off on the Right Foot : Ex-Bruin Place Kicker Goes 6 for 6 in First 3 Pro Games | date=1986-08-21}}</ref> he unexpectedly suffered through a slump and began missing field goals. Coach [[Gene Stallings]] was understanding of Lee's field goal slump, but was less understanding of the short distances of his [[kickoff (gridiron football)|kickoff]]s. Lee never had to kick off in college, with its larger rosters, but found it difficult to adjust to kicking off without a [[kicking tee]] (at the time, the NFL did not allow the use of tees on kickoffs). He was unable to get adequate distance on his kickoffs, which angered Stallings; as Stallings later put it, "my gosh, his ''leg."'' His kickoffs were too short that they cost the Cardinals valuable field position. The combination of short kickoffs, missed field goals and criticism by Stallings cost Lee his confidence.<ref name=bonk19871001>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-10-01-sp-11372-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Thomas | last=Bonk | title=NO LEEWAY : When John Lee Suddenly Became Less Than Automatic, the Cardinals Gave Him the Boot | date=1987-10-01}}</ref> Lee made eight of 13 field goals as a rookie, before undergoing arthroscopic surgery on his right knee and missing the last five regular season games. Lee was waived on September 8, 1987.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-09-sp-4281-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times | title=Cardinals Cut Ex-UCLA Kicker Lee | date=1987-09-09}}</ref>

===Los Angeles Raiders===
In [[1988 NFL season|1988]], Lee was signed as a [[free agent]] by the [[Los Angeles Raiders]] to compete with incumbent [[placekicker|kicker]] [[Chris Bahr]], who struggled in [[1987 NFL season|1987]]. He was waived on August 22, after missing 2 out of 3 field goals in preseason.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-08-23-sp-1000-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Mark | last=Heisler | title=Lee Is Cut by Raiders, but He Takes It in Stride | date=1988-08-23}}</ref>

==Personal life==
After leaving the [[National Football League|NFL]] after one season, Lee helped run his family's real estate business in [[Guam]], including retail business, gas stations, and restaurants.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Noble |first1=Brett |title=Asian alumni, proud Bruins |url=https://dailybruin.com/2008/05/12/asian-alumni-proud-bruins |accessdate=7 August 2020 |work=Daily Bruin |date=12 May 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{1985 NCAA Division I-A College Football Consensus All-Americans}}
{{St. Louis Cardinals 1986 draft navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, John}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All-American college football players]]
[[Category:American football placekickers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Seoul]]
[[Category:South Korean emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:South Korean players of American football]]
[[Category:St. Louis Cardinals (football) players]]
[[Category:UCLA Bruins football players]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Downey, California]]
[[Category:Asian American players of American football]]

Drunken Tiger

2025-06-15T16:42:48Z

172.56.232.37: providing romanization for mere hangul transcription of non-Korean words is not particularly useful

{{Short description|1999–2018 South Korean hip-hop group}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Drunken Tiger
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| alias =
| origin = [[South Korea]]/[[United States]]
| genre = [[Korean Hip Hop|Korean hip hop]]
| years_active = 1999–2018
| label = [[Feel Ghood Music|Feel Ghood]] [[Jungle Entertainment]] (2006-2013)
| associated_acts = [[Tiger JK]], [[DJ Shine]], The Movement, [[MFBTY]], [[Yoon Mi-rae]], [[Bizzy]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.dt-love.co.kr/}}
| current_members =
| past_members = {{unbulleted list|[[Tiger JK]]|[[DJ Shine]]|Micki Eyes|DJ Jhig|Roscoe Umali}}
}}
'''Drunken Tiger''' ({{Korean|드렁큰 타이거}}) was a [[Korean hip hop]] group that debuted in 1999 and has since released several albums and won numerous awards. They are known as pioneers of Korean hip-hop who helped bring the genre into the mainstream.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fuse.tv/videos/2014/01/drunken-tiger-fuse-news-interview|title=Drunken Tiger Talk Hip Hop's Early Days in South Korea: "It Was a Secret Society"|date=2014-01-13|website=Fuse|access-date=2016-04-10}}</ref>

The group's original line-up consisted of central member [[Tiger JK]], as well as [[DJ Shine]]. Micki Eyes, DJ Jhig, and Roscoe Umali later joined the group.<ref name=dtlatimes>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2011-dec-02-la-et-korean-rap-20111202-story.html|title=Asian rapper set to roar across L.A.|last=Brown|first=August|date=December 2, 2011|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=November 17, 2014}}</ref> In 2013, Tiger JK moved away from making music under the group's original name and formed [[MFBTY]] with his wife [[Yoon Mi-rae|Yoon Mi-Rae]] and [[Bizzy]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/6509608/mfbty-wondaland-album-tiger-jk-yoon-mirae-bizzy|title=Tiger JK, Yoon Mirae & Bizzy Transcend Korean Hip-Hop on MFBTY Album 'WondaLand'|date=2015-03-24|magazine=Billboard|access-date=2016-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mfbty-korean-hip-hop-supergroup/|title=Korean Hip-Hop Supergroup MFBTY Made an Album Just for Their Twitter Followers|date=2015-06-25|website=Vice NOISEY|access-date=2016-04-10}}</ref> In 2018, Tiger JK released a final self titled album under the Drunken Tiger name, featuring Yoon Mi-Rae and Bizzy alongside a number of other artists.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/8484949/drunken-tiger-x-rebirth-album|title=Drunken Tiger Releases Final Album Featuring Yoonmirae, BTS' RM and More|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=14 November 2018}}</ref>

==History==

===1998-2000: Debut and early controversy===

In 1998, [[Korean Americans|Korean-American]] rappers [[Tiger JK]] and [[DJ Shine]] teamed up to form Drunken Tiger. They released their first album, ''Year of the Tiger'' in Korea in 1999. At the time, the album was controversial given its explicit lyrics and rejection of mainstream [[K-pop]] norms. Unlike their K-pop counterparts, Drunken Tiger wrote their own lyrics, expressed anti-establishment views, and did not perform choreography. However, the album's singles, "I Want You" and "Do You Know Hip-hop," are now considered Korean hip hop classics.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://iamkoream.com/january-cover-story-koreas-hip-hop-legend-tiger-jk-is-a-rebel-with-a-cause/|title=Korea's Hip-Hop Legend Tiger JK is a Rebel with a Cause|date=2014-01-01|website=[[KoreAm]]|access-date=2016-04-11|archive-date=2015-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912132924/http://iamkoream.com/january-cover-story-koreas-hip-hop-legend-tiger-jk-is-a-rebel-with-a-cause/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hellokpop.com/exclusive/inside-the-music-drunken-tigers-dj-shine-on-hiphop-in-kpop/|title=Inside the Music: Drunken Tiger's DJ SHINE on HipHop in Kpop|date=2014-10-11|website=Hello Kpop|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://media.daum.net/entertain/star/newsview?newsid=20140929070210397&RIGHT_ENTER=R7|title=<노래인생> 타이거JK "이젠 힙합 아저씨..치유 끝 다시 설렌다"|date=2014-09-29|website=Daum Entertainment|language=ko|trans-title=Tiger JK: “I’m a Hip Hop Ahjussi, and I'm Ready to Come Back"|access-date=2016-04-11}}</ref>

===2000-2004: Drug charges and early success===

In 2000, Drunken Tiger released their second album, ''The Great Rebirth'', and introduced new members DJ Jhig, Micki Eyes, and Roscoe Umali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.republicofsound.net/2015/07/30/throwback-thursday-drunken-tiger/|title=Throwback Thursday: Drunken Tiger|date=2015-07-30|website=Republic of Sound|access-date=2016-04-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410024808/http://www.republicofsound.net/2015/07/30/throwback-thursday-drunken-tiger/|archive-date=2016-04-10}}</ref> The album did well on music charts and established the group as "the first commercially successful true hip hop group" in Korea.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_SxSP63d7cC&q=spin%20tiger%20jk&pg=PA154|title=Silence Makes the Beats Grow Stronger|last=Forrest|first=Brett|date=2000-11-01|work=SPIN|access-date=2016-04-11}}</ref>

However, in the midst of the group's success, Tiger JK was arrested for using [[methamphetamine]] in Korea in 1999. Tiger JK said that, though he had used drugs in the past, he had not used them in Korea, and he said that he was ultimately found guilty due to false testimony from the members of the hip hop group [[Uptown (band)|Uptown]], who has also been arrested on drug charges. Tiger JK spent a month and a half in jail and was sentenced to two years probation.<ref name=":0" /> As a result, Drunken Tiger was banned from performing on public media for two years. However, after appealing the decision, the ban was lifted{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}, allowing the group to release their third album in 2001.

2001's ''The Legend Of...,'' is one of Drunken Tiger's most successful albums. Their single "Good Life" became a huge hit, topping Korean music charts for weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20091130000061|title=Rap-fueled takeover of Lotte World, Seoul|date=2010-03-30|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|access-date=2016-04-11}}</ref> They went on to win Best Hip Hop Performance at the [[2001 Mnet Music Video Festival|2001 MNET Music Video Festival]] and the Hip-Hop/Rap Award at the 2001 [[Seoul Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view/33XXXXX31763|title=타이거 JK|website=[[Daum (web portal)|Daum]]|access-date=2016-04-11}}</ref>

The group released the albums ''Foundation'' and ''One Is Not A Lonely Word'' in 2003 and 2004, respectively. By this point, Drunken Tiger's appeal had grown internationally, with the group gaining fans and performing in countries including Japan, China, and Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2000/12/19/music/k-beat-knocking-on-japan-doors/#.Vw2oRBIrIb0|title=K-beat knocking on Japan doors|date=2000-12-19|website=[[The Japan Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/14/style/14iht-kpop_ed3_.html|title=Korea's rap 'n' roll phenomenon|last=Kirk|first=Don|date=2002-03-14|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2004/03/25/2003107739|title=Asian hip-hop music has come a long way|date=2004-03-25|website=Taipei Times|access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref>

===2005-2012: Departure of DJ Shine and continued success===

In 2005, during the debut of the group's sixth album, ''1945 Liberation'', founding member DJ Shine announced he would leave Drunken Tiger.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hellokpop.com/exclusive/inside-the-music-drunken-tigers-dj-shine-on-hiphop-in-kpop/|title=Inside the Music: Drunken Tiger's DJ SHINE on HipHop in Kpop|date=2014-10-11|website=Hello Kpop|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref> Tiger JK continued using the group's name as a solo artist, and, with the success of the fifth album, signed endorsement deals with [[Hite Brewery|Hite Beer]] and [[Reebok]].<ref name=":2" /> In 2006, Tiger JK established his own hip-hop label, [[Jungle Entertainment]], which became the new home of Drunken Tiger.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jungleent.com/history/|title=History|website=Jungle Entertainment|language=ko|access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref>

The release of Drunken Tiger's seventh album, ''Sky Is The Limit'', marked another high point in Drunken Tiger's career. Although Tiger JK's ability to perform was inhibited by his recently diagnosed acute [[transverse myelitis]], the album's single "8:45 Heaven," a tribute to his late grandmother, became a fan favorite and won Best Hip Hop Song at the 2008 [[Korean Music Awards]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/music/drunken-tiger-the-jungle-concert-in-la-wiltern-12-02-11-2404166|title=Drunken Tiger - The Jungle Concert In L.A.|last=Chen|first=Roselle|date=2011-12-03|website=L.A. Weekly|access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WL4O__HkSoC|title=Billboard|date=2009-03-28|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|language=en}}</ref>

Drunken Tiger released its eighth album, [[Feel gHood Muzik : The 8th Wonder|''Feel gHood Muzik'']], in 2009. The double-disc album featured American hip-hop legend, [[Rakim]], as well as Roscoe Umali, who had not appeared on the last few Drunken Tiger releases.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kome-world.com/us/articles-9463-interview-with-drunken-tiger.html|title=Interview with Drunken Tiger|date=2010-03-03|website=KoME U.S.A.|access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref> The album sold over 100,000 copies,<ref name=":3" /> and all 27 tracks debuted on the Top 100 K-Pop Singles chart.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}} The album ultimately won Record of the Year at the 2010 [[Seoul Music Awards]] and Best Hip Hop Album at the 2010 [[Korean Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seoulmusicawards.com/?idx=award_list |script-title=ko:제23회서울가요대상 |date=2014-08-18 |language=ko |trans-title=23rd Seoul Music Awards |access-date=2016-04-13 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818025852/http://www.seoulmusicawards.com/?idx=award_list |archive-date=August 18, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiefulrok.com/2010/03/7th-korean-music-awards-winners/|title=7th Korean Music Awards winners|date=2010-03-30|website=Indieful ROK 2.0|access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref> Drunken Tiger released the song, Doo Doo Doo Wap Ba Balu, in 2011 featuring the top 13 contestants of [[Korea's Next Top Model (season 2)]].

===2013-present: Forming MFBTY and Feel Ghood Music===

In 2013, Tiger JK and label mates [[Yoon Mi-rae]] and [[Bizzy]] released the song, "Sweet Dream," under the group name [[MFBTY]]. An acronym for "My Fans [are] Better Than Yours," the name MFBTY started as a joke between Tiger JK and fans on [[Twitter]]. Although the name was meant to be temporary, the three artists have made subsequent releases as MFBTY, as well as under their solo names.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mfbty-korean-hip-hop-supergroup/|title=Korean Hip-Hop Supergroup MFBTY Made an Album Just for Their Twitter Followers|date=2015-06-25|website=Vice NOISEY|access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hellokpop.com/exclusive/interview-mfbty-creates-a-wondaland-of-feel-ghood-music/|title=[Interview] MFBTY creates a Wondaland of Feel Ghood Music|date=2015-04-24|website=Hello Kpop|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref>

Later that year, the three artists left Tiger JK's own [[Jungle Entertainment]] and signed to his new label, Feel Ghood Music. In September, they released the album ''The Cure'', under the name Drunken Tiger ft. Yoon MiRae and Bizzy. The album, which peaked at #6 on the [[Korea K-Pop Hot 100|K-Pop Hot 100]] chart, was a tribute to Tiger JK's father, who was battling cancer at the time.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/5748115/drunken-tiger-yoon-mi-rae-bizzy-find-the-cure-exclusive-video|title=Drunken Tiger, Yoon Mi Rae & Bizzy Find 'The Cure': Exclusive Video Interview|date=2013-10-07|magazine=Billboard|access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

In 2015, MFBTY released the album ''Wondaland'', which was an immediate success. Hours after its release, 17 of the top 20 songs on [[Daum (web portal)|Daum]]'s music chart were from ''Wondaland.'' The album ultimately reached #8 on [[Billboard charts|Billboard]]'s World Albums chart. Tiger JK said the reason he wasn't making music under the name Drunken Tiger anymore was because his young son did not like the word "drunken."<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> In 2018, Tiger JK released a final self titled album under the Drunken Tiger name, featuring Yoon Mi-Rae and Bizzy, as well as other artists including [[Dok2]], [[Eun Ji-won]], [[RM (rapper)|RM]], and [[Junoflo]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/8484949/drunken-tiger-x-rebirth-album|title=Drunken Tiger Releases Final Album Featuring Yoonmirae, BTS' RM and More|magazine=Billboard|author=Tamar Herman|date=November 14, 2018}}</ref>

==Members==
*[[Tiger JK]] (Seo Jung-kwon) — 1998–2018
*[[DJ Shine]] (Lim Byong-wook) — 1998–2005
*DJ Jhig (James Jung) — 2000–2003
*Roscoe Umali — 2000–2002
*Micki Eyes ([[Mike Amiri]]) — 2000–2002, 2018

==Discography==

===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |Title
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album details
! scope="col" colspan="1" style="width:5em;" |Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Sales
|-
! [[Gaon Album Chart|KOR]] <ref name="miak_album_sales">{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr:80/navigator.php?contents=html&usemode=list&DB=117|title=K-pop Album Sales Volume|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219201306/http://www.miak.or.kr/navigator.php?contents=html&usemode=list&DB=117|archive-date=2009-02-19|access-date=2019-07-29|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_199903.htm|title=''Year of the Tiger'' charting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616200101/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_199903.htm|archive-date=2007-06-16|access-date=2019-03-29}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200004.htm|title=''The Great Rebirth'' charting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718173110/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200004.htm|archive-date=2007-07-18|access-date=2019-03-29}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200103.htm|title=''The Legend Of...'' charting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041124000139/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200103.htm|archive-date=2004-11-24|access-date=2019-03-29}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200302.htm|title=''Foundation'' charting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040926212920/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200302.htm|archive-date=2004-09-26|access-date=2019-03-29}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200408.htm|title=''One Is Not A Lonely Word'' charting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040925070325/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200408.htm|archive-date=2004-09-25|access-date=2019-03-29}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200508.htm|title=''1945 Liberation'' charting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221020335/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200508.htm|archive-date=2006-02-21|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref><ref name="gaon_album_chart">{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T|title=Gaon Album Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
*{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALBUM&targetTime=38&hitYear=2013&termGbn=week|title=''The Cure'' charting|access-date=2019-03-29}}
*{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?serviceGbn=ALBUM&termGbn=week&hitYear=2018&targetTime=46&nationGbn=T|title=''Drunken Tiger X : Rebirth Of Tiger JK''|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Year of the Tiger''
|
*Released: February 2, 1999
*Label: [[Genie Music|Doremi Media]]
*Format: CD, cassette
| 20
|
*KOR: 97,496+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_199907.htm|title=July 1999 K-pop Album Sales Volume|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218193435/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_199907.htm|archive-date=2006-02-18|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Great Rebirth''
|
*Released: March 29, 2000
*Label: Doremi Media
*Format: CD, cassette
| 3
|
*KOR: 137,035+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2000_2h.htm|title=2000 K-pop Album Sales Volume|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228163742/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2000_2h.htm|archive-date=2009-02-28|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Legend Of...''
|
*Released: March 22, 2001
*Label: Doremi Media
*Format: CD, cassette
| 7
|
*KOR: 166,900+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2001_2h.htm|title=2001 K-pop Album Sales Volume|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228163329/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2001_2h.htm|archive-date=2009-02-28|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Foundation'' (뿌리)
|
*Released: February 25, 2003
*Label: Doremi Media
*Format: CD, cassette
| 8
|
*KOR: 117,164+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2003_2h.htm|title=2003 K-pop Album Sales Volume|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228163333/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2003_2h.htm|archive-date=2009-02-28|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''One Is Not A Lonely Word'' (하나하면 너와나)
|
*Released: August 13, 2004
*Label: Doremi Media
*Format: CD, cassette
| 4
|
*KOR: 54,982+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2004.htm|title=2004 K-pop Album Sales Volume|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228012919/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2004.htm|archive-date=2009-02-28|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''1945 Liberation'' (1945 해방)
|
*Released: August 12, 2005
*Label: Doremi Media
*Format: CD, cassette
| 3
|
*KOR: 40,178+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2005.htm|title=2005 K-pop Album Sales Volume|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228163338/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2005.htm|archive-date=2009-02-28|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Sky Is The Limit''
|
*Released: September 5, 2007
*Label: [[CJ E&M]]
*Format: CD, cassette
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Feel gHood Muzik : The 8th Wonder''
|
*Released: June 29, 2009
*Label: [[Jungle Entertainment]]
*Format: CD
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Cure'' {{small|(with [[Yoon Mi-rae]] & [[Bizzy]])}}
|
*Released: September 13, 2013
*Label: [[Feel Ghood Music]], [[Kakao Entertainment]]
*Format: CD, digital download
| 11
|
*KOR: 6,811+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?serviceGbn=ALBUM&termGbn=month&hitYear=2013&targetTime=09&nationGbn=T|title=September 2013 Album Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Drunken Tiger X : Rebirth Of Tiger JK''
|
*Released: November 14, 2018
*Label: Feel Ghood Music, [[Genie Music]], [[Stone Music Entertainment]]
*Format: CD, digital download
| 22
|
*KOR: 4,437+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?serviceGbn=ALBUM&termGbn=month&hitYear=2018&targetTime=11&nationGbn=T|title=November 2018 Album Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="1" style="width:5em;" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! [[Gaon Digital Chart|KOR]] <ref name="gaon_digital_chart">{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL|title=Gaon Digital Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=39&hitYear=2013&termGbn=week|title="The Cure" charting|access-date=2019-03-30}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=39&hitYear=2013&termGbn=week|title="Beautiful Life" charting|access-date=2019-03-30}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"I Want You" (난 널 원해)
| rowspan="2" |1999
| rowspan="16" {{N/A}}
| rowspan="2" |''Year of the Tiger''
|-
! scope="row" |"Do You Know Hip Hop?" (너희가 힙합을 아느냐?)
|-
! scope="row" |"Fetticini" (위대한 탄생)
|2000
|''The Great Rebirth''
|-
! scope="row" |"Good Life"
| rowspan="2" |2001
| rowspan="2" |''The Legend Of...''
|-
! scope="row" |"Is Ask Hizay?"
|-
! scope="row" |"Because I'm A Man" (남자기 때문에)
| rowspan="2" |2003
| rowspan="2" |''Foundation''
|-
! scope="row" |"Thumb" (엄지 손가락)
|-
! scope="row" |"Liquor Shots" (술병에 숟가락) {{small|feat. [[Bobby Kim]], Ann}}
| rowspan="2" |2004
| rowspan="2" |''One Is Not A Lonely Word''
|-
! scope="row" |"Convenience Store" (편의점) {{small|feat. Gemini}}
|-
! scope="row" |"Isolated Ones! Left Foot Forward!" (소외된 모두, 왼발을 한 보 앞으로!)
| rowspan="2" |2005
| rowspan="2" |''1945 Liberation''
|-
! scope="row" |"Uncensored Love Song" (심의에 안 걸리는 사랑노래)
|-
! scope="row" | "Happiness Is" (행복의 조건)
| rowspan="3" | 2007
| rowspan="3" |''Sky Is The Limit''
|-
! scope="row" |"8:45 Heaven"
|-
! scope="row" |"I Hate Myself" (내가 싫다)
|-
! scope="row" |"True Romance" {{small|feat. [[Yoon Mi-rae]]}}
| rowspan="2" |2009
| rowspan="2" |''[[Feel gHood Muzik : The 8th Wonder]]''
|-
! scope="row" |"Monster"
|-
! scope="row" |"The Cure" (살자) {{small|with Yoon Mi-rae, [[Bizzy]]}}
| rowspan="2" |2013
| 3
| rowspan="2" |''The Cure''
|-
! scope="row" |"Beautiful Life" {{small|with Yoon Mi-rae, Bizzy}}
| 20
|-
! scope="row" | "Yet"
| rowspan="3" | 2018
| —
| rowspan="3" |''Drunken Tiger X : Rebirth Of Tiger JK''
|-
! scope="row" | "Bumaye" (범바예)
| —
|-
! scope="row" |"Mantra" (끄덕이는 노래)
| —
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Small|"—" denotes song did not chart.}}
|-
|}

==Awards==

=== Mnet Asian Music Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
|-
|1999
| rowspan="4" |[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Rap Performance|Best Hip Hop Performance]]
|"Do You Know Hip-Hop"
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2001
|"Good Life"
|{{Won}}
|-
|2003
|"Because I'm A Man"
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2004
|"Liquor Shots"
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2005
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Music Video|Music Video of the Year]]
|"Isolated Ones! Left Foot Forward!"
|{{Won}}
|-
|2007
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Rap Performance|Best Hip Hop Performance]]
|"8:45 Heaven"
|{{Nominated}}
|}

=== Seoul Music Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
|-
|2001
|Hip Hop/Rap Award
|Drunken Tiger
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|Record of the Year
|''[[Feel gHood Muzik : The 8th Wonder]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|Hip Hop/Rap Award
|Drunken Tiger
|{{Won}}
|-
|2019
|Hip Hop/Rap Award
|Drunken Tiger
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

=== Golden Disk Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
|-
|2005
|Best Music Video
|"Isolated Ones! Left Foot Forward"
|{{Won}}
|-
|2009
|Best Disk of the Year
|Drunken Tiger
|{{Won}}
|}

=== Korean Music Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
|-
|2008
|Best Hip Hop Song
|"8:45 Heaven"
|{{Won}}
|-
|2010
|Best Hip Hop Album
|''[[Feel gHood Muzik : The 8th Wonder]]''
|{{Won}}
|}

==Select live performances==
{| class="wikitable"
!Date
!Concert title
!City
!Other performers
|-
|May 13, 2006
|Movement Concert<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.playdb.co.kr/artistdb/detail.asp?ManNo=1233|script-title=ko:드렁큰 타이거|website=Play DB|language=ko|trans-title=Drunken Tiger|access-date=2016-04-12}}</ref>
|[[Seoul]], South Korea
|[[Yang Dong-geun|YDG]], [[Epik High]], [[Eun Ji-won]], Buga Kingz, [[Dynamic Duo (South Korean duo)|Dynamic Duo]], [[Leessang]]
|-
|2006
|
|Seoul, South Korea
|[[Jay Z|Jay-Z]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}
|-
|July 21, 2007
|Summer Big4 Concert - Exciting Star<ref name=":1" />
|Seoul, South Korea
|[[Epik High]], [[Dynamic Duo (South Korean duo)|Dynamic Duo]], [[Yoon Mi-rae]]
|-
|November 30, 2007
|Linkin Park Projekt Revolution World Tour<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2007/12/135_14771.html|title=Linkin Park Rocks Fans in Seoul|date=2007-12-02|website=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=2016-04-12}}</ref>
|Seoul, South Korea
|[[Linkin Park]], [[Dynamic Duo (South Korean duo)|Dynamic Duo]]
|-
|September 27, 2009
|[[R-16 Korea|R16 Korea]] ([[World BBoy Series]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allhiphop.com/2009/09/24/world-b-boy-championships-hip-hop-festival-to-commence-in-south-korea/|title=World B-Boy Championships & Hip-Hop Festival To Commence in South Korea|date=2009-09-24|website=AllHipHop|access-date=2016-04-12}}</ref>
|[[Incheon]], South Korea
|Rakaa (of ([[Dilated Peoples]]), [[Epik High]]
|-
|July 22–23, 2011
|Caribbean Bay Summer Wave Festival<ref name=":1" />
|[[Yongin]], [[Gyeonggi Province]], South Korea
|[[T-Pain]], [[2PM]], [[Will.i.am]], [[Yoon Mi-rae]], and more
|-
|August 5, 2011
|Super Traxx Concert<ref name=":1" />
|Incheon, South Korea
|[[Taeyang]], [[Miss A]], [[G-Dragon]] & [[T.O.P (singer)|T.O.P]], [[Yoon Mi-rae]], [[B.o.B]].
|-
|December 2, 2011
|The Jungle Concert in L.A.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kpopmusic.com/music/jungle-entertainment-to-have-their-concert-in-l-a.html|title=Jungle Entertainment to have their concert in L.A!|date=2011-11-11|website=KPop Music|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-12}}</ref>
|[[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States
|[[Yoon Mi-rae]], [[Leessang]], [[Bizzy]], Jung In
|-
|July 14–15, 2012
|Caribbean Bay Summer Wave Festival<ref name=":1" />
|[[Yongin]], [[Gyeonggi Province]], South Korea
|[[Taio Cruz]], [[Ludacris]], [[M-Flo]], [[Yoon Mi-rae]], and more
|-
|August 10–12, 2012
|World Electronica Carnival<ref name=":1" />
|[[Gapyeong County|Gapyeong]], [[Gyeonggi Province]], South Korea
|[[Yoon Mi-rae]], [[Daishi Dance]], [[Shinichi Osawa]], [[DJ Shadow]], [[Benny Benassi]], [[Far East Movement]], and more
|}

==External links==
* [http://www.dt-love.co.kr Drunken Tiger official website] {{in lang|ko}}
* [http://www.drunkentigerintl.com Drunken Tiger official website]

== References ==
<references/>

{{Drunken Tiger}}
{{Jungle Entertainment}}
{{MAMA Award for Best Music Video}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jungle Entertainment artists]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1992]]
[[Category:South Korean hip-hop groups]]
[[Category:MAMA Award winners]]
[[Category:Korean Music Award winners]]

The Korea Herald

2025-06-15T16:40:53Z

172.56.232.37: providing romanization for mere hangul transcription of non-Korean words is not particularly useful

{{Short description|South Korean English-language newspaper}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Korea Herald
| logo = The Korea Herald.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| image =
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1953|08}}
| owners = Herald Media Inc.
| publisher = Jeon Chang-hyeop
| editor = Lee Joo-hee
| staff = 50
| language = English
| headquarters = Huam-ro 4-gil 10 Herald Square, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| publishing_country = South Korea
| website = {{official URL}}
}}
'''''The Korea Herald''''' ({{Korean|hangul=코리아헤럴드}}) is a South Korean [[English language|English]]-language daily newspaper founded in August 1953 and published in [[Seoul]].<ref name="History">{{Cite web|url=https://company.heraldcorp.com/history.php?lang=eng|title=History|publisher=[[Herald Corporation|Herald Corporation Inc.]]|access-date=2024-05-08|df=ymd-all|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416190436/https://company.heraldcorp.com/history.php?lang=eng|archive-date=2024-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20240508000400320|title=Top headlines in major S. Korean newspapers|last=Kim|first=Na-young|date=2024-05-08|agency=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|access-date=2024-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parvin|first1=Gulsan Ara|last2=Ahsan|first2=Reazul|last3=Rahman|first3=Md. Habibur|last4=Abedin|first4=Md. Anwarul|date=2020|title=Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: The Role of Printing Media in Asian Countries|journal=[[Frontiers in Communication]]|volume=5|pages=100|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2020.557593|issn=2297-900X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The editorial staff is composed of Korean and international writers and editors, with additional news coverage drawn from international news agencies such as the [[Associated Press]].

''The Korea Herald'' is operated by [[Herald Media|Herald Corporation]]. Herald Corporation also publishes ''The Herald Business'', a Korean-language business daily, ''The Junior Herald'', an English weekly for teens, ''The Campus Herald'', a Korean-language weekly for university students. Herald Media is also active in the country's booming [[English language learning and teaching|English as a foreign language]] sector, operating a chain of [[hagwon]] as well as an [[English village]].

''The Korea Herald'' is a member of the [[Asia News Network]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asianews.network/tag/the-korea-herald/|title=The Korea Herald Archives|work=[[Asia News Network]]|access-date=2024-05-08|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416190436/https://asianews.network/tag/the-korea-herald/|archive-date=2024-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190425000609|title=Asia News Network discusses past 20 years, future ahead|last=Lim|first=Jeong-yeo|date=2019-04-25|newspaper=The Korea Herald|publisher=Herald Corporation, Inc.|access-date=2024-05-08|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416190437/https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190425000609|archive-date=2024-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
===''The Korean Republic''===
''The Korea Herald'' was first published on August 13, 1953, as ''The Korean Republic''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|script-title=ko:코리아헤럴드|trans-title=The Korea Herald|journal=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0058631#:~:text=%E3%80%8E%EC%BD%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%ED%97%A4%EB%9F%B4%EB%93%9C%E3%80%8F%EB%8A%94%201953%EB%85%84,%EB%A5%BC%20%EB%B0%94%EA%BE%B8%EC%96%B4%20%EB%B0%9C%ED%96%89%ED%95%9C%20%EA%B2%83%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A4. |access-date=2024-09-26 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]]|language=ko}}</ref> It was a four-page, tabloid-sized, English-language daily.<ref name="History"/><ref name=":0" /> In 1958, ''The Korean Republic'' published its fifth anniversary issue of 84 pages, the largest ever in Korea.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} On July 11, 1961, it increased its page sizes.<ref name=":0" /> In February 1962, ''The Korean Republic'' published its first daily educational supplement and launched the Korean Republic English Institute (the Korea Herald Language Institute).<ref name="History"/> From February 1964, its weekly overseas edition had 12 tabloid-sized pages.<ref name=":0" />

===''The Korea Herald''===
In August 1965, ''The Korean Republic'' was renamed ''The Korea Herald''.<ref name="History"/> In March 1970, it began publishing a tabloid-sized monthly magazine called ''Korean Frontier'' that it distributed to universities and libraries internationally. The magazine focused on promoting Korean culture. This magazine was converted to a weekly publication called ''Korean News Review'' in September 1972, and published on current affairs.<ref name=":0" /> During the 1970s, the paper established branch offices abroad.<ref name=":0" /> It had offices in [[New York City]], [[Tokyo]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Sydney]].<ref name=":0" /> In March 1975, the newspaper introduced Korea's first computerized typesetting system.<ref name="History" /> In April 1982, the daily international edition of ''The Korea Herald'' was launched as an eight-page tabloid.<ref name="History" />

===Internet===
In January 1997, the company published the official newspaper of the 18th Winter Universiad.<ref name="History"/> In 1997, Korea Telecom selected ''The Korea Herald'' as the official public database partner.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} The first Herald School, a franchised English education center for children, opened in 2000 as the Herald Academy Inc.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} In August of the same year, ''The Korea Herald'' began to publish 20 pages daily.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} According to [[The Guardian]] in 2002, ''The Korea Herald'' had a specialty in IT and business news.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2002-02-05|title=World news guide: Asia|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/feb/05/world-news-guide-asia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609084434/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/feb/05/world-news-guide-asia|archive-date=2021-06-09|website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

=== ''The Junior Herald''===
In 2004, Herald Media won the right to manage the Seoul English Village, an English language immersion school set up by the Seoul Metropolitan City government; the Pungnap Campus opened in December 2004 and similar ones opened in the following years.<ref name="History"/> In May 2004, ''The Junior Herald'', an English-language newspaper for preteens, was launched.<ref name="History"/>

==See also==
*[[List of newspapers]]
*[[Media in South Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Korea Herald, The}}
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1953]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Seoul]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in South Korea]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in South Korea]]
[[Category:South Korean news websites]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in South Korea]]

OhmyNews

2025-06-15T16:40:48Z

172.56.232.37: providing romanization for mere hangul transcription of non-Korean words is not particularly useful

{{Short description|South Korean online news website}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox website
| logo = Ohmynews logo.svg
| url = {{URL|http://www.ohmynews.com/}}
| commercial = Yes
| registration = Required
| language = Korean
| owner = Oh Yeon-ho
| political =
| revenue = US$70,000
| name = OhmyNews 오마이뉴스
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2000|02|22|df=yes}}
| current_status = Online
}}{{Italic title}}{{Liberalism in South Korea|Media}}
'''''OhmyNews''''' ({{Korean|hangul=오마이뉴스}}) is a South Korean online [[News media#Online journalism|news website]]. It was founded by [[Oh Yeon Ho]] on 22 February 2000.

The site's motto is "Every Citizen is a Reporter", which reflects its status as the first news website in Korea to accept, edit, and publish articles from its readers in an [[open source]]-style.<ref name="MacIntyre">{{cite web|url=http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=153109&rel_no=2|title=Time: The People's News Source|last=MacIntyre|first=Donald|date=May 29, 2005|access-date=November 29, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204195154/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=153109&rel_no=2|archive-date=December 4, 2018}}</ref> About 20% of the site's content is written by the 55-person staff; most articles are written by freelance contributors.

==Political position==
''OhmyNews'' is consistently considered [[Liberalism in South Korea|liberal]] and [[Progressivism in South Korea|progressive]].<ref name="liberal">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2AHZOzmk98C&pg=PA77 |title=Funding Journalism in the Digital Age: Business Models, Strategies, Issues and Trends |date=2010 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1-4331-0685-9 |first1=Jeff|last1=Kaye|first2=Stephen|last2=Quinn |page=77 |quote="Other than that we are pretty liberal." OhmyNews also publishes a weekly broadsheet newspaper in Korean ( circulation about 150,000 ) where the best of the web makes it into print.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i60eEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |title=Digital Media, Online Activism, and Social Movements in Korea |date=2021 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-7936-4229-5 |first1=Ho-jung|last1=Lee|first2=Joong-hwan|last2=Oh|page=21 |quote=As a progressive political press, OhmyNews addresses issues with social significance while the mainstream media ignore or underreport them.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=AEJMC News: The Newsletter of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Volume 39 |date=2005 |publisher=The Association |first1=Ho-jung|last1=Lee|first2=Joong-hwan|last2=Oh|page=33 |quote=... State between two polarizing online news Reporting a Humanitarian Tragedy : A University of New Jersey {{!}} This paper media, the progressive OhmyNews and the Framing Analysis of Chinese Newspaper analyses how images published in ten ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2022 |title=Defection casts light on rift within ruling party ahead of election |work=Korea Economic Institute of America |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/02/113_324380.html |access-date=18 February 2023 |quote=Jeong's posting came as a shock to the DPK because the former journalist who worked with left-wing news outlet OhmyNews, helped former Prime Minister Lee's campaign as his public relations chief during the party's primary.}}</ref> This is in contrast to the somewhat more moderate liberal [[The Hankyoreh|Hankyoreh]] and [[Kyunghyang Shinmun|Kyunghyang]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://keia.org/the-peninsula/the-growing-role-of-social-media-in-south-korea/ |title=The Growing Role of Social Media in South Korea |quote= Another very important contribution to Roh's victory came from internet news service OhmyNews, a liberal-leaning news service originally built to provide an alternative news source for younger generations "disillusioned with the biased reporting of traditional media".|work=Korea Economic Institute of America |date=13 December 2011 |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref>

It is also considered [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]], [[Anti-racism|anti-racist]], and anti-[[Xenophobia|xenophobic]]. However, anti-China/anti-Japan government [[Left-wing nationalism|left-wing nationalist]] media is common among South Korean liberals. The site is also generally critical of the 'hegemonic nationalism' of the Chinese and Japanese governments, and supports 'resistance nationalism'. The site strongly criticizes and opposes anti-Japanese and anti-Chinese sentiment that is expressed as racism rather than anti-imperialism.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002801951 | script-title=ko:"한국은 우리 싫어하죠?" 중국친구 질문에 말문이 막혔다 | date=12 January 2022 |language=ko|access-date=29 November 2022 }}</ref> ''OhmyNews'' is not anti-American, but often criticizes U.S. foreign policy.<ref name="친미">{{cite web|script-title=ko:"미국이 돌아왔다!" 장혜영의 이 발언 매우 아쉽다 |trans-title="The U.S. is back!" Jang Hye-young's remarks are very unfortunate. |url=http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002723181 |language=ko|script-quote=ko:장혜영 의원이 모두발언에서 한 미국 외교정책에 대한 지지의사 표명은 현실 국제관계에 대한 무지와 낭만주의가 아닌지 우려스럽다. 지금까지 미국이 인권의 이름으로 국제개입을 했을 때 인권이 성장하긴 커녕 그 나라의 인권이 역으로 후퇴한 경우가 많았기 때문이다.|trans-quote=Rep. Jang Hye-young's expression of support for US foreign policy is concerned about whether it is ignorance and romanticism about real international relations. This is because, until now, when the United States has intervened internationally in the name of human rights, there have been many cases where human rights in that country have retreated in reverse, rather than improving human rights.|newspaper=OhmyNews|date=2021-03-02|access-date=2021-12-04}}</ref>

It opposes improving [[Japan–South Korea relations|Japan-South Korea relations]] and is particularly negative about cooperation in the military sector. In 2022, an article on ''OhmyNews'' criticized the U.S. effort to improve Japan-South Korea relations to counter China as sacrificing South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-13 |script-title=ko:'한·일관계 개선'에 신경 쓰는 미국의 진짜 속내 |url=http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002887852 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=OhmyNews |language=ko}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Visiting OhmyNews (525702723).jpg|thumb|OhmyNews office]]
[[File:Seoul-Oh-Yeon-Ho.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Oh Yeon Ho]]
''OhmyNews'' was influential in determining the outcome of the [[2002 South Korean presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newamerica.net/events/2012/struggle_for_Internet_Freedom|title=Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle for Internet Freedom|last=Mackinnon|first=Rebecca|website=NewAmerica.net|access-date=November 29, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626135640/http://newamerica.net/events/2012/struggle_for_Internet_Freedom|archive-date=June 26, 2012}}</ref> After being elected, President [[Roh Moo-hyun]] granted his first interview to ''OhmyNews''.

''OhmyNews International'' is an English language online newspaper that features "[[citizen journalism|citizen reporter]]" articles written by contributors from all over the globe. Its content is almost 100% citizen reporter.

On 22 February 2006, ''OhmyNews'' and [[Japan]]ese firm [[Softbank]] signed an investment contract valued at US$11 million. In 2006 ''OhmyNews'' started to build a Japan-based citizen-participatory journalism site called ''OhmyNews Japan'', launched on 28 August with a famous Japanese journalist and 22 other employees working under ten reporters. These journalists' articles were the object of much criticism;{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} on 17 November 2006, the newspaper ended the citizen-participation aspect of the paper. The South Korean newspaper admitted that ''OhmyNews Japan'' had failed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/international/japan/179439.html|script-title=ko:일본 오마이뉴스의 고전|date=20 December 2006|language=ko|access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref> In July 2008, all staff of OhmyNews Japan were dismissed, and by the end of August operations had ceased on the site.

The 2nd Citizen Reporters' Forum was held by ''OhmyNews'' in Seoul, Korea from 12–15 July 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ohmynews.com/english/eng_section.asp?article_class=11|title=OhmyNews International|website=english.ohmynews.com|access-date=November 29, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010170535/http://english.ohmynews.com/english/eng_section.asp?article_class=11|archive-date=October 10, 2012}}</ref>

"Curators are important to our operation. They are given a great deal of trust. In order to maintain credibility amongst our team members, new curators join through recommendations of existing curators. And even amongst the curators we have different levels depending on their experience and contributions. This is to maintain a steady level of quality and credibility with our readers."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://international.ohmynews.com/about |title=About|newspaper=OhmyNews International |publisher=Oh My News|date=2000-02-22 |access-date=2022-11-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323230954/http://international.ohmynews.com/2013/03/22/about-my-dream/|archive-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

During the [[2024 South Korean martial law|declaration of martial law in 2024]], an ''OhmyNews'' [[Live streaming|live stream]] captured Democratic Party deputy spokesperson [[Ahn Gwi-ryeong]] confronting a soldier with a rifle, which was seen by millions on X (formerly twitter).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=Watch a woman try to grab a soldier's gun amid turmoil in South Korea |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/watch-a-woman-try-to-grab-a-soldier-s-gun-amid-turmoil-in-south-korea-1.7133188 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref>

===Financing===
''OhmyNews'' is losing original features as alternative–independent media in financial independence. Oh Yeon-ho said, "70 to 80 percent of our revenue came from corporate advertising and sponsorships. In contrast, contributions from readers only totaled five percent of total revenue." Oh also said, "We have not received a cent from [[Lee Myung-bak]] government for central government advertising."<ref name="ohmynews1"/> However a government report to National Assembly in 2009 revealed that ''OhmyNews'' received 120 million [[South Korean won|won]] (approximately 100,000 dollars) for government advertising from February 2008 to July 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newdaily.co.kr/news/article.html?no=30001 |script-title=ko:노무현 정권,오마이뉴스에 광고집중 : Save Internet 뉴데일리 |date=10 July 2009|newspaper={{ill|Newdaily|ko|뉴데일리}}|language=ko|access-date=2012-09-04}}</ref> An ''OhmyNews'' report also indicated that they had received about 870 million won (approximately 900,000 dollars) for government advertising from 2003 to 2007 by introducing government official reports to National Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000983200&PAGE_CD=|script-title=ko:노무현 정부 기간, 조중동이 정부광고액 1~3위|date=September 23, 2008|language=ko|access-date=November 29, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724103914/https://ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000983200&PAGE_CD=|archive-date=July 24, 2011}}</ref>

An alternative medium Pressian reported Oh's comments, "I respect Samsung as major business partner," and introduced about 20 percent of the total advertising and cooperation revenue of ''OhmyNews'' is coming from Samsung for years, the biggest business corporate of Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressian.com/article/article.asp?article_num=40100225123927 |script-title=ko:<오마이뉴스>도 삼성 칼럼 미게재 '후폭풍' - 프레시안|website=[[Pressian]]|date=2010-02-25 |language=ko|access-date=2012-09-04}}</ref>

On 8 July 2009, Oh Yeon-ho revealed that ''OhmyNews'' was losing up to 700 million won yearly, and appealed to website users to join a voluntary subscription scheme.<ref name="ohmynews1">{{cite web|url=http://english.ohmynews.com/ArticleView/article_view.asp?menu=A11100&no=385441&rel_no=1&back_url=|title=What Does OhmyNews Mean to You? - OhmyNews International|website=english.ohmynews.com|access-date=November 29, 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217085725/http://english.ohmynews.com/ArticleView/article_view.asp?menu=A11100&no=385441&rel_no=1&back_url=|archive-date=February 17, 2012}}</ref>

==''OhmyNews International''==
In September 2010, ''OhmyNews International'' changed its format from citizen journalism to becoming a forum about citizen journalism. Verifying facts from around the world became too difficult. The old site is an archive and does not accept new articles.<ref>{{cite web |title=OhmyNews |url=http://english.ohmynews.com |url-status=dead|newspaper=OhmyNews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128032909/http://english.ohmynews.com/ |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meyer|first=J.D.|title=OhmyNews redesigning to become citizen journalism blog|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/295823|journal=Digital Journal|access-date=29 November 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204223032/https://www.digitaljournal.com/article/295823|archive-date=4 December 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Journalism}}
* [[Culture of South Korea]]
* [[Media in South Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=153109&rel_no=2 International press react to OhmyNews]
* ''[[TIME magazine]]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20070401170757/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570733,00.html profile of contributor Kim Hye-won]
* [https://thetyee.ca/Mediacheck/2007/10/24/WikiVOhMyNews/ Giants of Citizen Media Meet Up] [[The Tyee]], October 24, 2007
* [http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?code=2552215&menu=c10400&no=381061&rel_no=1 OhmyNews Citizen Journalism School Opens], OhmyNews, November 24, 2007
* [http://globalvoicesonline.org/2008/09/18/japan-the-end-of-ohmynews-japan/ The End of OhmyNews Japan], Global Voices Online, September 18, 2008

==External links==
* {{official website|http://international.ohmynews.com/}}
* {{Commons category-inline|OhmyNews}}

{{Citizen journalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:OhmyNews}}
[[Category:2000 establishments in South Korea]]
[[Category:Asian news websites]]
[[Category:Anti-racist organizations in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-imperialist organizations]]
[[Category:Jongno District]]
[[Category:Korean nationalist organizations]]
[[Category:Left-wing nationalism in South Korea]]
[[Category:Left-wing newspapers]]
[[Category:Liberal media in South Korea]]
[[Category:Magazines published in South Korea]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in South Korea]]
[[Category:Online companies of South Korea]]
[[Category:Progressivism in South Korea]]
[[Category:Publications established in 2000]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2000]]
[[Category:South Korean news websites]]

Brown rice syrup

2025-06-11T09:42:01Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|Sweetener derived from rice}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| title = Brown rice syrup
| image = Rice syrup.JPG
| caption = Rice syrup
| hangul = 물$엿; 조청
| hanja = (none); 造淸
| ipa = {{IPA|ko|mul.ljʌt̚|}}; {{IPA|ko|tɕo.tɕʰʌŋ|}}
}}

'''Brown rice (malt) syrup''', also known as '''rice syrup''' or '''rice malt''', is a [[Sugar substitute|sweetener]] which is rich in compounds categorized as [[sugars]] and is derived by steeping cooked [[rice]] starch with [[Saccharification|saccharifying]] [[enzymes]] to break down the [[starch]]es, followed by straining off the liquid and reducing it by evaporative heating until the desired consistency is reached. The enzymes used in the saccharification step are supplied by an addition of sprouted [[barley]] grains to the rice starch (the traditional method) or by adding bacterial-derived or fungal-derived purified enzyme isolates (the modern, industrialized method).

== Production ==

In traditional practices, brown rice syrup is created by adding a small amount of sprouted barley grains ([[barley malt]]) to cooked, whole brown rice in a solution of heated water, similar to the production of beer wort. The enzymes supplied by the barley malt digest the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids to produce a sweet solution rich in simple carbohydrates with minor amounts of amino acid, peptides and lipids. The solution is strained off the grains and boiled to evaporate and concentrate the liquid to produce a low water syrup suitable for use as a sugar substitute. Such syrups are high in the simple sugar [[maltose]] and low in [[glucose]] and [[fructose]], due to the enzymatic action of [[beta-amylase|beta-]] and [[alpha amylase]] on starch supplied by the sprouted barley. These enzymes produce large amounts of maltose from starch digestion and generate very little glucose or fructose in the process.

The modern, commercial preparation of brown rice syrup differs slightly. The ingredients consist of 100% modified rice starch generated by processing brown rice to remove the protein, [[hemicellulose]] and lipid fractions. The modification usually involves heat-assisted liquefaction of brown rice with enzyme isolates to produce a solution full of solubilised [[dextrin]]s (derived from the breakdown of starch) and heat coagulated protein-hemicellulose-lipid complexes. The undesirable components are easily separated and recovered as a separate food stuff or agro-residue, leaving a solution of nearly pure, rice dextrins.<ref name="auto">Shaw, Jei-Fu, and Jyh-Rong Sheu. "Production of high-maltose syrup and high-protein flour from rice by an enzymatic method." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 56.7 (1992): 1071-1073.</ref> A similar product to the rice-dextrin (modified starch) produced by this step is often sold under the name of malto-dextrin, but this commercial product often employs corn or wheat flour as the ingredient rather than rice.

The rice-dextrin solution then undergoes a further heat-assisted saccharification step involving the addition of further enzyme isolates, which convert the complex carbohydrates (rice-dextrins) into a solution rich in the simple carbohydrate maltose. The solution is then partially evaporated by boiling, until the final desired water content of the syrup is achieved. Brown rice syrup generated by this process is protein, fibre (hemicellulose) and lipid free and usually consists of 65–85% maltose, 10–15% maltotriose, 5–20% dextrins and only 2–3% glucose. The final carbohydrate mix of brown rice syrups can be controlled and adjusted by the manufacturer.<ref name="auto"/>

The enzymes used in the liquefaction step are usually alpha-amylases derived from bacterial or fungal [[bioreactor|bioreactors]] (''[[Bacillus]]'' species or ''[[Aspergillus]]'' species are the most commonly used microbe engines in the bioreactors). These convert starch into dextrins of various molecular sizes and the modified starch end product is usually given an appropriate DE ([[dextrose equivalent]]) rating to signify the degree of starch conversion and the amount of reducing sugars produced in the process. The enzymes used in the saccharification step are the amylolytic enzyme, beta-amylase (usually derived from ''Bacillus'' species) and the debranching enzyme, [[pullulanase]] (derived from ''[[Aerobacter]]'' species). These convert the dextrinised starch into simple carbohydrates (sugars) and lower molecular weight dextrins.<ref name="auto"/>

The modern industrial production of brown rice syrup does not involve the use of synthetic chemicals in the modification of flour and starch. The enzymes added in processing are naturally derived from organic bioreactors using methods similar to the creation of [[antibiotics]].

Brown rice syrup is readily available in most western Chinese grocery stores as maltose or maltose syrup, in reference to the high maltose content of the sweetener. This product is almost always produced by the industrialized method.

Rice syrup has a shelf life of about a year, and once opened, should be stored in a cool, dry place.

Brown rice syrup is the sweetener found in some drinks, such as [[rice milk]].

Brown rice syrup is produced on a commercial scale by several companies in the United States, Europe, and Asia.

== Glycemic index ==

Brown rice syrup (BRS) has a [[glycemic index]] (GI) of 98 which is higher than table sugar (65) and about the same as glucose (100), the sugar used as the baseline to measure other foods against.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glycemicindex.com/foodSearch.php?num=2648&ak=detail|title=GI Database|website=www.glycemicindex.com}}</ref>

== Toxic impurities ==

Brown rice syrup and products containing it were found in a 2012 study<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=3346791 | date=2012 | last1=Jackson | first1=B. P. | last2=Taylor | first2=V. F. | last3=Karagas | first3=M. R. | last4=Punshon | first4=T. | last5=Cottingham | first5=K. L. | title=Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup | journal=Environmental Health Perspectives | volume=120 | issue=5 | pages=623–626 | doi=10.1289/ehp.1104619 | pmid=22336149 | bibcode=2012EnvHP.120..623J }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Suspect Sweetener: Arsenic Detected in Organic Brown Rice Syrup |pmc=3346801 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |year=2012 |publisher=National Institutes of Health|last1=Holtcamp |first1=W. |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=a204 |doi=10.1289/ehp.120-a204a |pmid=22549048 }}</ref> to contain significant levels of [[arsenic]], which is toxic to humans. This is presumably due to the high prevalence of [[Rice as food#Hazards|arsenic in rice]]. The authors recommended that regulators establish legal limits for arsenic levels in food, particularly in infant and toddler formulas.

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link |Amazake}}
* {{Annotated link |Barley malt syrup}}
* {{Annotated link |Corn syrup}}
* {{Annotated link |Glucose syrup}}
* {{Annotated link |List of syrups}}
* {{Annotated link |Yeot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown Rice Syrup}}
[[Category:Syrup|Rice syrup, brown]]
[[Category:Rice products]]

Jang In-hwan

2025-06-11T09:12:44Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Korean independence activist (1875–1930)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Jang In-hwan
| image = JangInhwan.jpg
| caption = Jang in 1907
| birth_date = {{birth date|1875|03|30}}
| birth_place = [[Pyongyang, Korea]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1930|04|24|1875|03|30}}
| death_place = [[San Francisco, California]], [[United States]]
| death_cause = [[Suicide]]
| known_for = Assassinating [[Durham Stevens]]
| conviction = [[Second degree murder]]
| conviction_penalty = 25 years imprisonment
| criminal_status = [[Deceased]]
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes|headercolor=transparent
|hangul=%장인환
|hanja=張仁煥
}}
}}

'''Jang In-hwan''' ({{Korean|hangul=장인환}}; March 30, 1875 – April 24, 1930) was a [[Korean independence activist]]. He is best known along with [[Jeon Myeong-un]] for his role in the 1908 [[assassination of Durham Stevens]], a former American diplomat, employee of the [[Japanese Resident-General of Korea|Japanese colonial office in Korea]], and pro-Japan lobbyist.<ref name="MPVA">{{cite web|url=http://narasarang.mpva.go.kr/person_search/graveyard_search_view.asp?idx=16&name=&grave_post=&born=&pride=&content=&name_search=|publisher=Ministry of Patriots' and Veterans' Affairs, Republic of Korea|access-date=September 27, 2007|title=묘소편람: 장인환 (Grave browser: Jang In-hwan)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165836/http://narasarang.mpva.go.kr/person_search/graveyard_search_view.asp?idx=16&name=&grave_post=&born=&pride=&content=&name_search=|archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref>

==Incident==
Jang, a [[Christianity in Korea|Christian]], emigrated from Korea to [[Hawaii]] in February 1905, and from there to the [[continental United States]] in August 1906. He became involved with the [[Korean independence movement]] while living there, and joined the ''Daedong Bogukhoe''. In March 1908, infuriated by Stevens' remarks about Japanese rule in Korea, the ''Daedong Bogukhoe'' held a joint meeting with the ''Dongnip Hyeophoe'', another local association of Koreans of which Jeon was a member.<ref name="McClain">{{cite conference|title=The Korean Experience in America, 1903-1924|last=Houchins|first=Lee|book-title=Asian Indians, Filipinos, Other Asian Communities and the Law|editor=McClain, C.|publisher=Routledge|date=October 1994|isbn=0815318510|pages=170–172}}</ref> Yang Ju-eun, a fellow member of the association, recalled in a 1974 interview that Jang, in contrast to Jeon, did not say a single word during that meeting; Jang had a reputation as a "quiet and shy Christian gentleman." However, he purchased a gun from his roommate in order to circumvent laws which prevented Asians from owning guns.<ref name="KoreAm">{{cite journal|title=Yang, the Eyewitness: The patriot relates his account of the 1908 assassination of the infamous American mercenary Durham Stevens |last=Lee |first=K.W. |author2=Grace Kim |journal=KoreAm Magazine |date=January 2005 |access-date=November 10, 2007 |url=http://www.koreamjournal.com/Magazine/index.php/kj/2005/january/lonesome_journey/yang_the_eyewitness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102232603/http://www.koreamjournal.com/Magazine/index.php/kj/2005/january/lonesome_journey/yang_the_eyewitness |archive-date=January 2, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On March 23, 1908, Jeon and Jang approached Stevens at the [[Port of San Francisco]] as he prepared to embark on a ferry to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] to make a rail connection to [[Washington, D.C.]] Jeon fired his [[revolver]] at Stevens first, but missed, and instead rushed at him, using his weapon [[pistol-whipping|as a club]] to hit Stevens in the face. Jang then accidentally fired into the melee, striking Stevens twice in the back; Jeon was also shot in the confusion. The crowd which had gathered urged that they be [[lynching|lynched]] on the spot; Jang was arrested and held without bail on a charge of murder, while Jeon was sent to the hospital for treatment.<ref name="Dudden">{{cite book|title=Japan's Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power|first=Alexis|last=Dudden|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|date=2004|isbn=0-8248-2829-1|pages=81–83}} Some accounts, notably Yang's, state that Jeon only had a toy gun.</ref> He received news of Stevens' death two days later with "manifest delight".<ref>{{cite news|title=Stevens is Dead; Japanese Mourn; American Diplomat Succumbs to Wounds Inflicted by Korean Fanatic|date=March 27, 1908|access-date=September 27, 2007|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1908/03/27/archives/stevens-is-dead-japanese-mourn-american-diplomat-succumbs-to-wounds.html}}</ref>

==Trial==
Because there was insufficient evidence to prove that Jeon and Jang had conspired with each other, Jeon was released in June, and Jang ordered to stand trial as the sole defendant.<ref name="McClain"/> The Korean community, viewing the case as a chance to validate their claims of oppressions by Japan in Korea, hired three lawyers to defend Jang, among whom one, Nathan Coughlan, eventually agreed to take on the case ''[[pro bono]]''. During the trial, he planned to use [[Arthur Schopenhauer]]'s theory of "patriotic insanity" to argue that Jang was [[Insanity defense|not guilty by reason of insanity]].<ref name="KoreAm"/><ref name="Dudden"/> Jang's trial was originally scheduled to begin on July 27 in the San Francisco Superior Court. However, on the day of the trial, presiding judge [[Carroll Cook]] held a conference in chambers with Coughlan and several members of the Korean community, as a result of which the trial was delayed by one month.<ref>{{cite news|title=To Try Korean Assassin; Chang, Who Killed Durham White Stevens, Will Plead To-day|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 27, 1908|access-date=September 27, 2007|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1908/07/27/archives/to-try-korean-assassin-chang-who-killed-durham-white-stevens-will.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ogden9b&CISOPTR=30306&CISOSHOW=30382&REC=11|work=Ogden Standard-Examiner|date=July 28, 1907|access-date=November 11, 2007|title=Trial of In Whan Chang postponed}}</ref>

During Jang's trial, the defense described Japan's subordination of Korea in great detail. According to press reports, several members of the all-white jury were moved to tears. The prosecution reminded the jury that Jang, not Japan, was on trial. They presented four experts in psychiatric disorders, all of whom testified that Jang was not insane when he shot Stevens, and had been feigning insanity during the proceedings. Nevertheless, the jurors were divided on Jang's fate. While none of them were willing to acquit him outright, only three of the jurors wanted to convict him of first degree murder. Five wanted to convict him of [[second degree murder]], and the remaining four wanted to convict him of [[manslaughter]]. Eventually, on December 23, 1908, the jurors agreed to find Jang guilty of second degree murder.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1908/12/25/archives/stevenss-slayer-guilty-in-whan-chang-korean-is-convicted-of-murder.html|title=Steven's Slayer Guilty; In Whan Chang, Korean, Is Convicted of Murder in Second Degree|date=December 25, 1908|access-date=September 27, 2007|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> At sentencing, Jang himself requested to the judge through an interpreter to change his sentence to death, a request which was not possible under the law.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Richard S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl4vDwAAQBAJ |title=The Quest for Statehood: Korean Immigrant Nationalism and U.S. Sovereignty, 1905-1945 |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-537000-3 |pages=40–41 |language=en}}</ref><blockquote>"I do not want to live if I am to be sent to prison for a long time. If sent to prison, I will do nothing but weep for my country's wrong. I do not want to live. I wanted to give up my life for my country. I am only a poor man, but I want to die, and I love Korea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1908-12-28 |title=Chang 1 |pages=7 |work=Oakland Enquirer |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-enquirer-chang-1/136046246/ |access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref></blockquote>Jang was sentenced to 25 years in prison. He served his sentence at [[San Quentin State Prison]], and was released on parole in 1919, having served 10 years.<ref name="KoreAm" /> Jang was repatriated to Korea in 1927, where he attended the wedding of [[Cho Man-sik]] and established an orphanage in [[Sonchon]], [[North Pyongan]]. However, under pressure from the [[Governor-General of Korea|Japanese government of Korea]], he returned to the United States. An impoverished and broken man, Jang committed suicide in San Francisco in 1930, and was buried there.<ref name="Dudden" />

Jang was posthumously awarded the [[Order of Merit for National Foundation]] by [[South Korea]]'s [[Ministry of Patriots' and Veterans' Affairs]] in 1962. In 1975, [[President of South Korea|South Korean president]] [[Park Chung Hee]] ordered that he be reburied in the [[Seoul National Cemetery]].<ref name="MPVA"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|title=장인환의 스트븐즈 사살사건 연구 (A Study of the Shooting of D.W. Stevens by Chang In-whan) |last=Gim |first=Won-mo |date=January 1988 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=273–310 |journal=Dongyanghak |url=http://km.naver.com/list/view_detail.php?dir_id=81103&docid=158094 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jang, In-Hwan}}
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1930 suicides]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:Korean nationalist assassins]]
[[Category:Korean people imprisoned abroad]]
[[Category:Korean people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Korean expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Korean resistance members]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by California]]
[[Category:People from Pyongyang]]
[[Category:Suicides in California]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation]]
[[Category:Burials at Seoul National Cemetery]]
[[Category:Inmates of San Quentin State Prison]]
[[Category:Foreign nationals imprisoned in the United States]]
[[Category:Korean-American history]]

Lee Kwan-woo

2025-06-11T08:58:42Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean footballer (born 1978)}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Lee (Korean name)|Lee]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Lee Kwan-Woo 이관우
| image = 20071109101057!LeeKwanwoo.jpg
| upright = 0.9
| caption = Lee in 2007
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|2|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| height = 1.75 m
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub =
| youthyears1 = 1996–1999
| youthclubs1 = [[Hanyang University]]
| years1 = 2000–2006
| clubs1 = [[Daejeon Citizen FC|Daejeon Citizen]]
| caps1 = 126
| goals1 = 15
| years2 = 2006–2010
| clubs2 = [[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]
| caps2 = 65
| goals2 = 8
| years3 = 2013–2014
| clubs3 = [[Home United FC|Home United]]
| caps3 = 32
| goals3 = 10 
| nationalyears1 = 1996–1997
| nationalteam1 = [[South Korea national under-20 football team|South Korea U20]]
| nationalcaps1 = 8
| nationalgoals1 = 4
| nationalyears2 = 1999–2000
| nationalteam2 = [[South Korea national under-23 football team|South Korea U23]]
| nationalcaps2 = 26
| nationalgoals2 = 7
| nationalyears3 = 2000–2008
| nationalteam3 = [[South Korea national football team|South Korea]]
| nationalcaps3 = 13
| nationalgoals3 = 1
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto|hangul=%이관우|hanja=李官雨}}
'''Lee Kwan-Woo''' (born 25 February 1978) is a South Korean retired professional [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[midfielder]].

==Early life==
Born in Seoul, Lee graduated from Chunghwa Elementary School, Hanyang Middle School, Hanyang Technical High School, and Hanyang University.

==Playing career==
Nicknamed "Sirius" and dubbed "Kwanquelme" by his fans, Lee began his professional football career in the [[K-League]] by joining the community based club, [[Daejeon Citizen FC|Daejeon Citizen]] in 2000. During his stay in Daejeon, he established himself as a fan favorite with his accurate passes and long shots. In addition, his record of 22 goals and 18 assists made him an icon amongst the Purple Crew; however, in July 2006, he left Daejeon and joined its rival club, [[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sports.news.naver.com/general/news/read.nhn?oid=139&aid=0000005785|script-title=ko:대전 이관우, 수원으로 이적 확정|access-date=15 April 2018|language=ko}}</ref> Before joining the Bluewings, he suffered a knee injury in a [[traffic collision|car crash]]. He almost retired but came back strong for Suwon and even made a national squad.

After a poor seasonal campaign in 2005, the Bluewings aimed to rebuild their squad during the transfer window, and brought in Lee Kwan-Woo along with others notably [[Baek Ji-hoon]] for the 2006 season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sports.news.naver.com/general/news/read.nhn?oid=144&aid=0000021736|title=[프로축구] 이관우·백지훈 영입, 큰손 수원 'V책'|access-date=15 April 2018|language=ko}}</ref> This proved to be a vital move, as the Bluewings finished the season as runners-up despite being one of the top favorites. At the start of the 2007 campaign, he was given the armband for the Suwon Bluewings,<ref>[http://news.media.daum.net/sports/soccer/200701/04/sportalkr/v15276738.html 2007 새출발 수원, 주장 이관우-부주장 이정수 선임]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> but lost his captaincy to his teammate [[Song Chong-gug]] at the start of the 2008 season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://joynews.inews24.com/php/news_view.php?g_menu=702210&g_serial=306933|title=송종국, 2008년 수원삼성 주장완장 찬다|website=inews24|date=14 January 2008 |access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref> Nevertheless, his keen passing and ball distribution remain invaluable to the Suwon Bluewings.

He is member of [[List of K-League 30-30 club members|30-30 Club]] since 25 August 2007.<ref>[http://new.kleaguei.com/news/kleague/view.aspx?u=14950 수원 이관우 K-리그 통산 21번째 30~30 기록 달성 ] {{Dead link | date=April 2012 | bot=BlevintronBot/2012-04-02 }} {{in lang|ko}}</ref>

In 2013, he joined [[Home United FC]] as their club marquee player.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/kr/news/1901/asia/2013/02/15/3752925/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4-%EC%9D%B4%EA%B4%80%EC%9A%B0-%EB%B3%B5%EA%B7%80%EC%8B%B1%EA%B0%80%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4-%ED%8C%80%EA%B3%BC-%EC%9E%85%EB%8B%A8%EC%8B%9D|title='시리우스' 이관우 복귀...싱가포르 팀과 입단식 {{!}} Goal.com|website=www.goal.com|language=ko|access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref>

==Coaching career==
Lee Kwan-woo worked as a youth coach in Suwon Bluewings from 2015 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sportalkorea.com/news/view.php?gisa_uniq=2015010312292613&section_code=10&key=&field=&cp=se&gomb=1|title='시리우스' 이관우, 수원 U-12팀 코치로 지도자 변신|date=15 April 2018|work=No 1. 축구전문 콘텐츠 기업 스포탈코리아|access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref> And He has served as a head coach since 2018 under Kim Dae-eui who is the football manager of Suwon FC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kyeongin.com/main/view.php?key=20171102010000653|title=프로축구 수원FC, 이관우 수석코치 내정|website=경인일보|language=ko|access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref>

==Career statistics==

===Club===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Korean FA Cup]].}}
!colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes [[K-League Cup]].}}
!colspan="2"|Asia
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="8"|[[Daejeon Citizen FC|Daejeon Citizen]]
|[[K-League 2000|2000]]
|rowspan="7"|[[K-League]]
|9||0||||||3||1||colspan="2"|—||||
|-
|[[K-League 2001|2001]]
|5||3||||||7||3||colspan="2"|—||||
|-
|[[K-League 2002|2002]]
|19||2||||||0||0||||||||
|-
|[[K-League 2003|2003]]
|38||4||3||3||colspan="2"|—||||||||
|-
|[[K-League 2004|2004]]
|21||3||4||0||8||2||colspan="2"|—||33||5
|-
|[[K-League 2005|2005]]
|21||2||2||0||11||2||colspan="2"|—||34||4
|-
|[[K-League 2006|2006]]
|13||1||0||0||10||2||colspan="2"|—||23||3
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!126!!15!!!!!!39!!10!!!!!!!!
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]
|[[K-League 2006|2006]]
|rowspan="5"|K-League
|14||2||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||19||2
|-
|[[K-League 2007|2007]]
|25||4||2||0||10||0||colspan="2"|—||37||4
|-
|[[K-League 2008|2008]]
|22||2||1||0||6||0||colspan="2"|—||29||2
|-
|[[K-League 2009|2009]]
|3||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|[[K-League 2010|2010]]
|1||0||0||0||4||0||0||0||5||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!65!!8!!7!!0!!21!!0!!1!!0!!94!!8
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!190!!23!!!!!!60!!10!!!!!!!!
|}

{{notelist}}

===International===
:''Results list South Korea's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 29 September 2003 || [[Incheon]], South Korea || {{fb|NEP}} || 1 goal || 16–0 || [[2004 AFC Asian Cup qualification]]
|}

==Honours==
'''Suwon Samsung Bluewings'''
* FA Cup runner-up: 2006
* K-League runner-up: 2006
* Samsung Hauzen Cup: 2008
* [[K League Classic]]: [[2008 K League|2008]]
* The Pan Pacific Championship: 2009
* FA Cup: 2009, 2010

'''Daejeon Citizen'''
* FA Cup: 2001
* Hauzen Cup runner-up: 2004
* The Korean Super Cup: runner-up 2002

'''Individual'''
* Most Valuable Player Award at the National Football Championship: 1995
* Puma Best 11 MF Part: 2002
* Hummel Korea Sports Today Award for this year's Player of the Year: 2002
* Hummel Korea Sports Today Best 11: 2003
* K-League Allstar Award: 2003
* Kika Goal Award:2003
* [[K League Best XI]]: 2003. 2006, 2007
* S.League Player of the Month Of April: 2013
* YEO's Player of the Year: 2013

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{K League player|20000056}}
* [http://www.kfa.or.kr/record/playeramatch.asp?Page=1&Query=Gender%3DM%26Name%3D%EC%9D%B4%EA%B4%80%EC%9A%B0 National Team Player Record]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{FIFA|177799}}
* {{NFT player|id=6200}}
* [https://www.asiaone.com/home-uniteds-lee-kwan-woo-shoo-s-league-player-year-award news.asiaone.com]

{{s-start}}
{{s-sports}}
{{succession box|before=[[Kim Nam-Il]]|title=[[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]] captain|years=2007|after=[[Song Chong-Gug]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Awards
|bg=gold
|fg=navy
|list1=
{{2003 K-League Best XI}}
{{2006 K-League Best XI}}
{{2007 K-League Best XI}}
}}
{{Home United FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Kwan-Woo}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:South Korean men's footballers]]
[[Category:South Korean expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:South Korea men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Daejeon Hana Citizen players]]
[[Category:Suwon Samsung Bluewings players]]
[[Category:Lion City Sailors FC players]]
[[Category:K League 1 players]]
[[Category:Singapore Premier League players]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Singapore]]
[[Category:South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Singapore]]
[[Category:Footballers from Seoul]]
[[Category:Hanyang University alumni]]
[[Category:South Korean Buddhists]]

Park Young-seok

2025-06-11T08:44:44Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean mountaineer (1963–2011)}}
{{Family name hatnote|[[Park (Korean name)|Park]]||lang=Korean}}

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Park Young-seok
| other_names =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Park Young-seok
| birth_date = {{birth date |1963|11|2}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|10||1963|11|}} |
| death_place = [[Annapurna]], Nepal
| occupation = Mountaineer
| known_for = First person to complete the [[Explorers Grand Slam|True Explorers Grand Slam]]
| title =
| children =
| spouse =
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes
| hangul = %박영석
| hanja = 朴英碩
}}
}}

'''Park Young-seok''' ({{korean|박영석|朴英碩}}; November 2, 1963 – October 2011) was a South Korean [[mountaineering|mountaineer]].

In May 2005, he became the first person in the world to complete a [[Explorers Grand Slam|True Explorers Grand Slam]].<ref name="Park">{{cite web |url=http://www.everestnews.com/stories2005/park05012005.htm |accessdate=2017-08-17 |website=EverestNews.com |date=2005-05-01 |title=Mr. Park completes the Grand Slam |archive-date=2012-09-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906070106/http://www.everestnews.com/stories2005/park05012005.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He climbed the world's 14 [[eight-thousander]]s, the [[Seven Summits]], and trekked to both [[geographical pole|poles]].<ref name="Park" /> He holds the world's fifth fastest time (behind [[Kristin Harila]] of Norway, [[Nirmal Purja]] of Nepal, [[Kim Chang-ho (climber)|Kim Chang-ho]]<ref name="Kim">{{cite web |url=https://www.thebmc.co.uk/korean-everest-sea-to-summit-marred-by-tragedy |accessdate=2017-11-02 |website=thebmc.co.uk |date=2013-05-27 |title=Korean Everest Sea to Summit marred by tragedy |archive-date=2021-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028220423/https://www.thebmc.co.uk/korean-everest-sea-to-summit-marred-by-tragedy |url-status=live }}</ref> of South Korea, and [[Jerzy Kukuczka]] of Poland) for ascending the 14 [[eight-thousander]]s, he climbed six of the 8,000-meter [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] peaks within one year, and gained another record for reaching the [[South Pole]] on foot in 44 days, self-sufficient and without any food re-supplies.<ref name="Donga">{{cite news|last=Jun|first=Chang|title=박영석씨 등 5명, 남극원정 성공|trans-title=Park and 5 members reach the South Pole|url=http://www.donga.com/news/article/all/20040113/8019814/1|accessdate=2019-10-18|work=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]]|date=2004-01-13|language=Korean|location=Seoul|archive-date=2019-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019040628/http://www.donga.com/news/article/all/20040113/8019814/1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Achievements==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ||Name of Peak ||Elevation (m) ||Date of summit
|-
|1. || [[Mount Everest|Everest]] || 8,848 || 1993-05-16
|-
|2. || [[K2]] || 8,611 || 2001-07-22
|-
|3. || [[Kangchenjunga]] || 8,586 || 1999-05-12
|-
|4. || [[Lhotse]] || 8,516 || 2001-04-29
|-
|5. || [[Makalu]] || 8,463 || 2000-05-15
|-
|6. || [[Cho Oyu]] || 8,201 || 1997-09-27
|-
|7. || [[Dhaulagiri]] || 8,167 || 1997-04-27
|-
|8. || [[Manaslu]] || 8,163 || 1998-12-06
|-
|9. || [[Nanga Parbat]] || 8,125 || 1998-07-21
|-
|10. || [[Annapurna]] || 8,091 || 1996-05-04
|-
|11. || [[Gasherbrum I]] || 8,068 || 1997-07-09
|-
|12. || [[Broad Peak]] || 8,047 || 2000-07-30
|-
|13. || [[Gasherbrum II]] || 8,035 || 1997-07-19
|-
|14. || [[Shishapangma]] || 8,027 || 2000-10-02
|-
|15. || [[Aconcagua]] || 6,959 || 2002-01-11
|-
|16. || [[Denali]] || 6,195 || 1994-06-02
|-
|17. || [[Mount Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] || 5,895 || 1997-02-17
|-
|18. || [[Mount Elbrus|Elbrus]] || 5,642 || 2002-07-07
|-
|19. || [[Vinson Massif]] || 4,897 || 2002-11-25
|-
|20. || [[Puncak Jaya|Carstensz Pyramid]] || 4,884 || 2002-05-11
|-
|21. || [[Mount Kosciuszko|Kosciusko]] || 2,280 || 2001-09-21
|-
|22. || [[South Pole]] || 2,835 || 2004
|-
|23. || [[North Pole]] || Sea level || 2005-04-30
|-
|24. || [[Mount Everest|Everest]] North-South Traverse || 8,848 || 2006-05-11
|}

==Disappearance==
In October 2011, Park Young-seok, Shin Dong-min, and [[Kang Ki-seok]] decided to make another attempt on Annapurna's south face. Before the expedition, Park was quoted,<ref>{{Cite web |last=김|first=형규 |date=2011-11-03 |title="박영석·신동민·강기석, 그들은 불굴의 도전정신을 남겼다" |url=https://www.khan.co.kr/article/201111032142435 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=경향신문 |language=ko}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=“I’m getting more and more likely to die. I live each day with a grateful heart, but a mountaineer who settles down is not a mountaineer… If a tiger loses its wildness, is it still a tiger? I was born with the luck of an explorer, so I think I’ll explore and climb mountains until the day I die.”|author=Park Young-seok|source=}}

Park and his other team members went missing after their last communications on October 18, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition): Daily News from Korea – Korean Mountaineer Missing on Annapurna |url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/10/21/2011102101101.html |accessdate=2011-11-17 |publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]}}</ref> His last words recorded on the base camp walkie talkie were "How do we get across that?"<ref>{{Cite web |last=정영재 |date=2018-10-13 |title=안나푸르나의 별이 된 박영석, 그이는 지금도 긴 원정 중 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/23043817 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=중앙일보 |language=ko |archive-date=2024-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910142150/https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/23043817 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Korean Alpine Federation immediately launched a [[search and rescue]] operation. In the ten-day long rescue operation to find the missing climbers, no signs of Park, Shin or Kang were found. Presuming that the team had perished due to rockfall, the Federation decided to call off the operation on October 28, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=20453 |title=Everest K2 News Explorersweb – the pioneers checkpoint |publisher=Explorersweb.com |date=2011-10-31 |accessdate=2011-11-17 |archive-date=2011-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110085652/http://www.explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=20453 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Woo |first=Jaeyeon |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2011/10/31/with-park-gone-korea-loses-its-trailblazer/ |title=With Park Gone, Korea Loses Its Trailblazer – Korea Real Time – WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2011-10-31 |accessdate=2011-11-17 |archive-date=2011-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103095232/http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2011/10/31/with-park-gone-korea-loses-its-trailblazer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Korean Alpine Federation hosted a joint "Mountaineer's Funeral" for the climbers, and set up an incense burning altar, which was visited by over 4,000 mourners.<ref>{{Cite web |last=김|first=형규 |date=2011-11-03 |title="박영석·신동민·강기석, 그들은 불굴의 도전정신을 남겼다" |url=https://www.khan.co.kr/article/201111032142435 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=경향신문 |language=ko}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In 2016, construction began on the Park Young-seok Mountain Culture Center near Park's hometown of [[Sangam-dong]], [[Mapo District|Mapo-gu]], [[Seoul]]. The base camp opened in 2019. The facility comprises an urban park for indoor rock climbing, exhibition spaces and performance halls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=자연으로 돌아갈 인공의 산: 박영석 베이스캠프 |url=https://vmspace.com/project/project_view.html?base_seq=MTg2Mg== |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=vmspace.com |language=ko-KR |archive-date=2024-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910142157/https://vmspace.com/project/project_view.html?base_seq=MTg2Mg== |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest]]
* [[List of climbers and mountaineers]]
* [[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit]]
* [[Mountaineering]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.parkyoungseok.com/|Young-seok Park's official website}} {{in lang|ko}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212045/http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=1973 Park Young-Seok summits Everest from Tibet – then traverses to the South side! (mounteverest.net)]
* [http://www.everestnews.com/stories2005/park05012005.htm Mr. Park completes the Grand Slam (everestnews.com) May 1, 2005]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928170918/http://www.thepoles.com/story/Arcticwrap-upTensionincreasinginRussia,YoungSeokParkstartingfromCanadatodayMar82005.shtml Arctic wrap-up: Tension increasing in Russia, Korean Park starting from Canada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001160146/http://adventuregrandslam.com/ Breaking News: Park Young-seok (aka Mr. Park) has just became the first person to complete the GRAND SLAM! (adventuregrandslam.com)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090903120808/http://www2.thenorthface.com/na/athletes/athletes-PYS.html The North Face – Athletes – Park Young Seok]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Park, Young Seok}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2010s missing person cases]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:South Korean mountain climbers]]
[[Category:South Korean summiters of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:Summiters of the Seven Summits]]
[[Category:Summiters of all 14 eight-thousanders]]
[[Category:Mountaineering deaths]]
[[Category:Lost explorers]]
[[Category:Dongguk University alumni]]
[[Category:South Korean Buddhists]]
[[Category:Summiters of K2]]
[[Category:Summiters of Broad Peak]]
[[Category:Deaths on Annapurna]]

Hwang Young-cho

2025-06-11T08:42:55Z

172.56.232.37: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|South Korean long-distance runner}}
{{No footnotes|date=August 2021}}
{{family name hatnote|Hwang||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Hwang Young-cho
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|03|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Samcheok]], [[Gangwon Province, South Korea|Gangwon Province]], [[South Korea]]
| image = Hwang Young-Jo from acrofan.jpg
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{KOR}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Barcelona]] | [[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|Marathon]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[Athletics at the 1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]] | [[Athletics at the 1994 Asian Games|Marathon]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1991 Asian Athletics Championships|1991 Kuala Lumpur]]|10,000 m}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Universiade]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[Athletics at the 1991 Summer Universiade|1991 Sheffield]] | [[Athletics at the 1991 Summer Universiade - Men's marathon|Marathon]]}}
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul =%황영조
| hanja =黃永祚
| ipa ={{IPA|ko|ɸwaŋ jʌŋdʑo|}}
}}
'''Hwang Young-cho''' ({{Korean|hangul=황영조}}; born 22 March 1970) is a former [[South Korea]]n [[Athletics (sport)|athlete]], winner of the [[Marathon (sport)|marathon race]] at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]] and [[1994 Asian Games]].

==Career==
[[File:Symbolic Monuments of the Kyonggi Province - Avinguda de l'Estadi, Barcelona 002.JPG|thumb|Monument to Hwang Young-cho located in front of the [[Barcelona Olympic Stadium]], installed in 2001]]
Born in [[Samcheok]], South Korea, Hwang was a promising track athlete in his junior years, but after his first marathon in 1991, which he won, he decided to specialize in marathon.

The [[Barcelona]] Olympic marathon was only the fourth of his career. He had won two and placed second in his three previous marathons. In Barcelona, Hwang was in the leading pack from the start, but in a slow race, this group still numbered thirty runners at the halfway mark. However, athletes gradually fell off the pace as the second half of the race went on, until at 35 km, only Hwang and [[Kōichi Morishita]] from [[Japan]] remained. They had quite a memorable struggle, until Hwang broke away at the 40 km mark to win the gold medal.

Hwang raced sparingly after Barcelona, and he retired after injury prevented him from representing South Korea in the [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]] Olympics.

Hwang was depicted on the 2006 [[Berlin Marathon]] medal to commemorate his victory in the 1992 Olympic marathon event.

==South Koreans' Olympic marathon medals==
Hwang is one of two Koreans to have won the Olympic marathon. The other winner was [[Sohn Kee-chung]]. Hwang's contemporary, [[Lee Bong-Ju]] won the silver medal in the marathon at the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Atlanta]], and [[Nam Sung-yong]] won the bronze medal at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] in Berlin at the same race that [[Sohn Kee-chung]] won.

==Achievements==
*1991
**[[1991 Summer Universiade|Summer Universiade]], winner of the men's marathon in [[Sheffield]].
*1992
**[[1992 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]], winner of the men's marathon in [[Barcelona]].
*1994
**[[1994 Asian Games|Asian Games]], winner of the men's marathon in [[Hiroshima]].
**[[Boston Marathon]], fourth place in a new Korean record (2:08:09)

==See also==
*[[Sohn Kee-Chung]]
*[[Lee Bong-ju]]

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
* {{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hw/hwang-yeong-jo-1.html |title=Hwang Yeong-Jo (황 영조, Hwang Young-Cho) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714121235/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hw/hwang-yeong-jo-1.html |archive-date=2011-07-14 |url-status=dead}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928151831/http://databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=HWANGYOU01 databaseOlympics]

{{Footer Olympic Champions Marathon Men}}
{{Footer Asian Games Champions Marathon Men}}
{{Footer Asian Champions men's 10,000 metres}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hwang, Young-Cho}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:South Korean male marathon runners]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for South Korea]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:Korea University alumni]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:South Korean male long-distance runners]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Pyeonghae Hwang clan|Young-cho]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games gold medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:People from Samcheok]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Gangwon Province, South Korea]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:20th-century South Korean sportsmen]]

Kimchi bond

2025-05-16T07:14:56Z

172.56.232.37:

{{Short description|South Korean non-won-denominated bond}}
{{Infobox Korean name|hangul=김치본드; 김치채권|hanja=(none); 김치債券|rr=gimchi bondeu; gimchi chaegwon|mr=kimch'i pondŭ; kimch'i ch'aekwŏn}}

A '''Kimchi bond''' is a non-[[South Korean won|won]]-denominated financial bond issued in the [[South Korea]]n market. The name refers to [[kimchi]], a Korean side dish.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/economy/stock/126171.html|newspaper=[[The Hankyoreh]]|title='김치본드' 내달 처음으로 선보인다 (Announcement: first 'Kimchi Bonds' next month)|date=2006-05-24|last=Gwon|first=Yeong-seok|accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref> [[Woori Bank]], which is credited with coining the term, defines it as solely referring to bonds from foreign issuers, a definition echoed by the [[Ministry of Finance and Economy (South Korea)|Ministry of Finance and Economy]].<ref name="TheStandard">{{cite news|newspaper=The Standard |url=http://www.thestandard.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=10&art_id=19404&sid=8121218&con_type=1&d_str=20060525 |date=2006-05-25 |accessdate=2007-07-06 |title='Kimchi' bonds for Koreans |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929070326/http://www.thestandard.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=10&art_id=19404&sid=8121218&con_type=1&d_str=20060525 |archivedate=2007-09-29 }}</ref><ref name="MOF">{{cite news|url=http://english.mofe.go.kr/news/view.html?sn=4421&sub=01&page=&q=&flag=|publisher=Ministry of Finance and Economy|title=Supplement to MOFE Press Release: 2nd Meeting of the Financial Hub Initiative Committee|date=2006-06-19|accessdate=2007-07-06}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> However, in practice, the term is also used to refer to non-won-denominated bond issuance by domestic entities.<ref name="DB">{{cite web|url=http://www.db.com/korea/download/Korea.pdf |title=Deutsche Bank Group Profile: Korea |publisher=Deutsche Bank |accessdate=2007-07-06 |date=October 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508133405/http://www.db.com/korea/download/Korea.pdf |archivedate=2007-05-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www4.janes.com/subscribe/jtf/doc_view.jsp?K2DocKey=/content1/janesdata/mags/jtf/history/jtf2007/jtf31270.htm@current&Prod_Name=JTF&QueryText=|date=2007-06-21|accessdate=2007-07-06|publisher=Jane's Transport Finance|title=SK Shipping prepares kimchi}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Deutsche Bank]] credits itself as having executed the first kimchi bond transaction, a [[United States dollar|US$]]100 million two-year [[floating rate note]] sold by South Korean company [[SK Global]], but the first foreign company to sell non-won-denominated bonds in the South Korean market was [[Bear Stearns]].<ref name="TheStandard"/><ref name="DB"/> Although foreign firms had long been permitted to issue won-denominated bonds, typically referred to as [[Arirang bond]]s, permission for them to issue foreign currency-denominated bonds was slower in coming. Permission was finally granted due to the strength of the won in 2005.<ref name="MOF"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.nate.com/Service/natenews/ShellView.asp?LinkID=4&ArticleID=2005042403305325118 |title=Woori considers issuing dollar-denominated 'kimchi bond' |date=2005-04-24 |accessdate=2007-07-06 |publisher=[[Herald Media]] |last=Kim |first=Jung-min |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813234846/http://news.nate.com/Service/natenews/ShellView.asp?LinkID=4 |archivedate=2004-08-13 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bonds in foreign currencies]]
[[Category:Finance in South Korea]]

Arirang bond

2025-05-16T07:14:53Z

172.56.232.37:

{{Short description|Won-denominated bond}}
{{Infobox Korean name|hangul=아리랑 본드; 아리랑 채권|hanja=(none); 아리랑 債券|rr=Arirang bondeu; Arirang chaegwon|mr=Arirang pondŭ; Arirang ch'aekwŏn}}

An '''Arirang bond''' is a [[South Korean won|won]]-denominated [[bond (finance)|bond]] issued by a foreign entity in [[South Korea]]. The name refers to "[[Arirang]]," a Korean folk song. The market for Arirang bonds is extremely small, constituting less than 0.2% of corporate bond issuance in South Korea. The [[Asian Development Bank]] was the first to issue Arirang bonds, with a 1995 issue of ₩80 billion worth of seven-year bonds.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.mofe.go.kr/news/view.html?sn=4421&sub=01&page=&q=&flag= |publisher=Ministry of Finance and Economy |title=Supplement to MOFE Press Release: 2nd Meeting of the Financial Hub Initiative Committee |date=2006-06-19 |accessdate=2007-07-06 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.tcd.ie/iiis/documents/discussion/pdfs/iiisdp138.pdf|title=Developing Foreign Bond Markets: The Arirang Bond Experience in Korea|last=Batten|first=Jonathan A.|author2=Peter G. Szilagyi|format=PDF|journal=IIS Discussion Papers|issue=138|date=2006-04-19|accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bonds in foreign currencies]]
[[Category:Finance in South Korea]]

{{SouthKorea-stub}}

Bangjja

2025-05-16T07:12:47Z

172.56.232.37:

{{Short description|Korean bronzeware}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox Korean name
| title = Bangjja
| image = North Korea-Kaesong-Tongil restaurant-01.jpg
| caption = Bangjja ware used to serve various food at a restaurant in [[Kaesong]], North Korea.
| hangul = 방짜; 놋그릇; 유기
| hanja = (none); (none); 鍮器
| rr = bangjja; notgeureut; yugi
| mr = pangtcha; notkŭrŭt; yugi
| koreanipa = {{IPA|ko|paŋ.t͈ɕa|}}; {{IPA|ko|not̚.k͈ɯ.ɾɯt̚|}}; {{IPA|ko|ju.ɡi|}}
}}

'''''Bangjja''''' ({{Korean|hangul=방짜}}), also called '''''notgeureut''''' ({{lang|ko|놋그릇}}) or '''''yugi''''' ({{Korean|hangul=유기|hanja=鍮器}}), is a [[Korea]]n type of hand-forged [[bronzeware]]. A complete set of ''bangjja'' includes dishes, bowls, spoons, and chopsticks. The main difference between Korean bronzeware or ''bangjja'' from other bronzeware is the alloy ratio between copper and tin. The ''bangjja'' contains much more tin than other bronzewares (Cu:Sn = 78:22 as volume) while the normal ratio of tin to copper is 1/9. Due to this compositional difference, ''bangjja'' (unlike other kinds of bronzeware) can be sterilized. For this reason, it has historically been used as tableware for the royal families of Korea. ''Bangjja'' is used for the traditional presentation of Korean royal court cuisine (''surasang''). In 1983, the government of South Korea officially designated ''bangjja'' as an [[Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea|Important Intangible Cultural Property]].

==History==

''Bangjja'' bronzeware reflects its deep historical value as well as traditional fashion of Korea. The history of ''bangjja'' originates from the Bronze Age and it was widely used to make a variety of tools and tableware. Ordos region's bronze culture related to Scythian Bronze Culture was spread and affected several regions including Korean territory. As the Bronze Age culture in Korea was influenced by Ordos region, where bronze culture was originated from the northern part of Siberia, Korean also produced ceremonial products such as ritual tools with bronze.

During the [[Goryeo]] period, when they frequently traded with China, royalties and nobles used thin bronze tableware made with ''bangjja'' technique.

In the period of Chosun dynasty, the country greatly supported mining and established many brassware plants in local territories. Although, people in this era generally used porcelains, upper-class people continued using bronzeware like Goryeo period. As time passed, even in the middle class, people started using bronzeware increasingly and it formed many markets across the country.

In the end of modern age, most of bronzeware in all households got ravished by Japan, and they were melted down for their metal during World War II. With the liberation in 1945, bronzeware became widely used again, but soon after Korean War, when briquettes took place, people preferred stainless bowls to bronzeware because bronzeware gets easily discolored by briquettes gas.

In reversal, nowadays, through various chemical experiments, ''bangjja'' bronzeware is becoming famous and known for its O-157 sterilization function, anti pathogen, and detection of pesticides. Also its heat retention rate turned out to be higher than porcelains and stainless bowls. ''Bangjja'' is currently used for making instruments, tableware, and other various goods such as household supplies.

== Characteristics ==
When ''bangjja'' bronzeware is made, a mass of alloy of copper and tin is heated with fire and gets hammered several times. The proportion of tin in ''bangjja'' bronzeware is very high compared to general bronze bowls.

In general, iron becomes more firm when it is quenched after being heated in fire over 600 degree. However, ''bangjja'' bronzeware becomes softer as it gets heated in fire. This is another mystery of brassware. Several people form a circle around the ingot and start hammering to make a form of plates. One special thing about the process is that they do not use ready-made mold machine, instead they repeat hammering and heating in fire as they are making the shape of bronzeware.

== Today's ''bangjja'' ==
''Bangjja'' bronzeware produced by handed down traditional techniques till today are not bent or easily broken. Furthermore, with more usage, it becomes burnished without any discoloration. Recent reports about various experiments revealed that ''bangjja'' bronzeware contains a sterilization function and detects pesticides. ''Bangjja'' bronzeware, now called "bowl of mystery" shows its great heat retention, which is far greater than other tableware made with other materials. It is also commonly used as a material for percussion instruments like the tam-tam, hobnail, and gong.

Several people form a well organized group to produce ''bangjja'' and it requires complicated and highly skilled techniques to be done, which makes ''bangjja'' more distinctive. ''Bangjja'' products are used not only as simple household supplies, but also as work of art, which depicts the traditional custom of Korea. The value of ''bangjja'' bronzeware is highly respected. ''Bangjja'' artisan Lee Bong Ju, who was appointed as Important Intangible Cultural Property in 1983, has his works sold at his company [[Napcheong Bronzeware]]. Many of his works are now exhibited at Daegu Bangjja Bronzeware Museum.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=엄 |first=민용 |last2=남 |first2=소라 |date=2017-11-26 |script-title=ko:[서울 그집 '오래가게'] 납청놋전…최고의 합금술 '방짜'의 매력 폴폴 |url=https://www.khan.co.kr/feature_story/article/201711261539001 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |language=ko}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*General information about ''bangjja''
**{{cite web
|url = http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=143649&v=46
|script-title=ko:방짜
|publisher = [[empas]]/ [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
|language = Korean
}}
**{{cite web
|url = http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=177265&v=46
|script-title=ko:유기 (鍮器)
|publisher = [[empas]]/ [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
|language = Korean
}}

**{{cite web
|url = http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=286407&v=46
|script-title=ko:놋쇠
|publisher = [[empas|empas dictionary]] / 한국민족문화대백과
|language = Korean
}}
**{{cite web
|url = http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=286406&v=46
|script-title=ko:놋그릇
|publisher = [[empas|empas dictionary]] / 한국민족문화대백과
|language = Korean
}}
**{{cite web
|url = http://www.newshankuk.com/news/news_view.asp?articleno=s2007083101474504739
|script-title=ko:방짜유기를 아시나요? : 국내 최초 방짜유기를 테마로 한 전문박물관 탄생
|accessdate = 2007-11-25
|author=최은주
|date = 2007-08-31
|publisher = News Hankuk
|language = Korean
}}
**{{cite web
|url = http://english.cha.go.kr/english/new/index.action
|script-title=ko:대한민국의 중요무형문화재 유기장
|publisher=[[Cultural Heritage Administration]]
|access-date = 2014-03-21
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140408062353/http://english.cha.go.kr/english/new/index.action
|archive-date = 2014-04-08
|url-status = dead
}}

==External links==
*{{in lang|ko}}[http://artcenter.daegu.go.kr/bangjja/index.html Official site of the Daegu Bangjja Museum]
*[http://www.antiquealive.com/masters/m15/master15_view2.html Brief info about bangjja and an artisan]
*[http://www.naesung.co.kr/shop/index.php?doc=htm/english.htm Brief introduction and effects of Bangjja Brassware] at 내성유기공방
*[http://www.ottmidam.com lacquered brassware] at ottmidam

[[Category:Korean metalworking]]

Nabichum

2025-05-16T06:46:02Z

172.56.232.37: fixing RR & MR

{{Infobox Korean name
|img=File:Korean Minute- Buddha's Birthday Festival.webm
|caption=
|hangul=나비춤; 착복무
|hanja=(none); 着腹舞
|rr=nabichum; chakbongmu
|mr=nabich'um; ch'akpongmu
|}}

'''Nabichum''' (literally 'butterfly dance') is a [[Korean dance|Korean Buddhist dance]] (''Jakbeop'') for ritual service. The dance is named after its [[choreography]] and costume which resemble the appearance of butterfly (''nabi'' in Korean). Some people regard nabichum as the most representative and important dance among Korean Buddhist dances. Dancers wear ''jangsam'' (장삼: monks robe) and white ''gokkal'' (꼬깔: a peaked hat).

==See also==
*[[Barachum]]
*[[Beopgochum]]
*[[Korean dance]]
*[[Korean Buddhism]]

==External links==
*{{in lang|ko}} [http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=33972&contentno=33972 Brief information about Nabichum] at the Dusan Encyclopedia:Encyber
*{{in lang|ko}} [http://www.bumpae.org/cgi/bumpae/view.php?id=multimedia&no=2&page=1&fn=&fs=&fc=&f_word=&f_idx=&part= Origin of Nabichum] at the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of South Korea

[[Category:Korean dance]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Korea]]
[[Category:Ritual dances]]
[[Category:Buddhist rituals]]

{{Korea-stub}}
{{Buddhism-stub}}
{{Dance-stub}}

Garot

2025-05-16T06:44:49Z

172.56.232.37: removing unnecessary "none" for hanja

{{Short description|Korean traditional clothing}}
{{Italic title}}{{for|the surname|Garot (surname)}}
{{distinguish|Garrote}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|img=Korea-Jeju-Museum-02.jpg
|caption=
|hangul=갈옷; 갈중이
|rr=garot; galjungi
|mr=karot; kalchungi
}}

'''''Garot''''' ({{Korean|hangul=갈옷}}) or '''''galjungi''''' ({{Korean|hangul=갈중이|labels=no}}) is a variety of [[hanbok]], [[Korea]]n traditional [[clothing]], which has been worn by locals of [[Jeju Island]] in [[Korea]] as a working clothes and everyday dress.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jejuuritour.co.kr/tour/tour_03_view01.html |title=제주우리투어 |access-date=2008-07-16 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722134217/http://www.jejuuritour.co.kr/tour/tour_03_view01.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although there is no historical record on its origin, it is known that Jeju farmers and fishermen have worn it for a long time. According to a research on Jeju traditional tools, about 700 years ago Jeju people used fishing lines which were dyed by unripe persimmons.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.jeju.go.kr/contents/index.php?mid=030201&pno=0301 |publisher=Jeju Special Self-Governing Province |title=Real Aspect of Jeju Folklore Clothing |work=Clothing habits|accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref> because it was much stronger than undyed one. They might have come up with the idea that persimmon dying could make cotton stronger, so they might have started to dye it. ''Gal'' (갈) comes from ''gam'' (감) which means [[persimmon]] in Korean, and ''ot'' (옷) means clothes in [[Korean language|Korean]]. Therefore, ''garot'' refers to clothes dyed by persimmons, especially unripe persimmons.

== Making garot==
According to ''Natural coloring that we have to know'',<ref>Yi, Jong Nam. Natural coloring that we have to know. (P 386-P 391), Seoul: Hyenamsa. 2007.</ref> various tones of black or brown colors can be obtained from dye made by unripe persimmon. To make high-quality ''garot'', much time and effort is required. First, hard unripe persimmons should be cleaned and smashed using a wooden mortar. Next, fabric should be soaked evenly in unripe persimmon pulp, and it is then massaged in the juice of unripe persimmons. Then, after removing down small fragments of persimmon, the fabric should be laid on the grass and dried under the sun without wrinkles, otherwise the color will be uneven. It is turned over to allow the opposite side to dry. After that, it should be soaked in water and be dried again under the sun. It needs to be dried and soaked in water twice a day for 7 to 10 days. The longer it stays in the sun, the deeper the color it has. This procedure will give a dark brown color. If the color should be lighter than brown, it is better to add some water in persimmon juice and soak the fabric in it at first time. If the color should be dark and thick brown, it can be soaked in a light solution of persimmon at second time instead of water. Or it can get black color if it is soaked in iron oxide solution for a second time. So the color of ''garot'' depends on the catalyzer—limewater, iron oxide solution, vinegar—, water, and the amount of sunshine.

== Advantages of garot ==
''Garot'' has come into the spotlight as healthful and convenient clothing. It has moth proof, waterproof, antimicrobial properties. Also Gal-ot prevents putrefaction, so it doesn't rot if stored in damp conditions. The thick, dense wave can help protect against sharp environmental hazards, such as splinters or thorns. Furthermore, it has been regarded as the best work clothing by residents of Jeju. In addition, even though Jeju's weather in summer is very humid, hot, and rainy, ''garot'' doesn't cling to the body when wet. Therefore, approximately 85% of the islanders wear ''garot'' in summer work conditions.<ref>Yi, Jong Nam. Natural coloring that we have to know. (P384) Seoul: Hyenamsa. 2007.</ref> Due to antimicrobial properties, detergent is not needed when washing. In addition, it doesn't wrinkle easily, so it is regarded as "wash and wear" clothing.<ref>Yi, Wha Young. "Research on function of Galot". A thesis for a doctorate. Graduate School of [[Kyunghee University]]. 1998.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Korea-Hanbok-Galot-01.jpg
Image:Korea-Jeju-Museum-05.jpg
Image:Korea-Jeju-Museum-03.jpg
Image:Korea-Jeju-Museum-04.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Dyeing]]
*[[Hanbok]]
*[[Jeju Province|Jeju-do]]
*[[Culture of Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Yun, Seong Hee. "Research on 'Jeju Galot' Photography: For 'MongSaengYi' Editorial Fashion Photo". A master's thesis. Graduate School of Art and Design of Sangmyeong University. 2004 (P6)
*{{cite web |url=http://www.korea.net/kois/magazine/pictorialKoreaView.asp?Html_no=154 |title=Garot : Clothes Replete with the Color of the Sun and the Wind |publisher=Korea Overseas Information Service |accessdate=2008-07-16 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Garot}}

[[Category:Korean clothing]]
[[Category:Culture of Jeju Province]]

Hwang Young-cho

2025-02-20T19:00:52Z

172.56.232.37: fixing Korean IPA

{{short description|South Korean long-distance runner}}
{{No footnotes|date=August 2021}}
{{family name hatnote|Hwang||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Hwang Young-cho
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|03|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Samcheok]], [[Gangwon Province, South Korea|Gangwon Province]], [[South Korea]]
| image = Hwang Young-Jo from acrofan.jpg
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{KOR}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Barcelona]] | [[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|Marathon]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[Athletics at the 1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]] | [[Athletics at the 1994 Asian Games|Marathon]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1991 Asian Athletics Championships|1991 Kuala Lumpur]]|10,000 m}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Universiade]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[Athletics at the 1991 Summer Universiade|1991 Sheffield]] | [[Athletics at the 1991 Summer Universiade - Men's marathon|Marathon]]}}
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
| hangul =황영조
| hanja =黃永祚
| rr =Hwang Yeongjo
| mr =Hwang Yŏngjo
| koreanipa ={{IPA|ko|ɸwaŋ jʌŋdʑo|}}
}}
'''Hwang Young-cho''' ({{Korean|hangul=황영조}}; born 22 March 1970) is a former [[South Korea]]n [[Athletics (sport)|athlete]], winner of the [[Marathon (sport)|marathon race]] at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]] and [[1994 Asian Games]].

==Career==
[[File:Symbolic Monuments of the Kyonggi Province - Avinguda de l'Estadi, Barcelona 002.JPG|thumb|Monument to Hwang Young-cho located in front of the [[Barcelona Olympic Stadium]], installed in 2001]]
Born in [[Samcheok]], South Korea, Hwang was a promising track athlete in his junior years, but after his first marathon in 1991, which he won, he decided to specialize in marathon.

The [[Barcelona]] Olympic marathon was only the fourth of his career. He had won two and placed second in his three previous marathons. In Barcelona, Hwang was in the leading pack from the start, but in a slow race, this group still numbered thirty runners at the halfway mark. However, athletes gradually fell off the pace as the second half of the race went on, until at 35 km, only Hwang and [[Kōichi Morishita]] from [[Japan]] remained. They had quite a memorable struggle, until Hwang broke away at the 40 km mark to win the gold medal.

Hwang raced sparingly after Barcelona, and he retired after injury prevented him from representing South Korea in the [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]] Olympics.

Hwang was depicted on the 2006 [[Berlin Marathon]] medal to commemorate his victory in the 1992 Olympic marathon event.

==South Koreans' Olympic marathon medals==
Hwang is one of two Koreans to have won the Olympic marathon. The other winner was [[Sohn Kee-chung]]. Hwang's contemporary, [[Lee Bong-Ju]] won the silver medal in the marathon at the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Atlanta]], and [[Nam Sung-yong]] won the bronze medal at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] in Berlin at the same race that [[Sohn Kee-chung]] won.

==Achievements==
*1991
**[[1991 Summer Universiade|Summer Universiade]], winner of the men's marathon in [[Sheffield]].
*1992
**[[1992 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]], winner of the men's marathon in [[Barcelona]].
*1994
**[[1994 Asian Games|Asian Games]], winner of the men's marathon in [[Hiroshima]].
**[[Boston Marathon]], fourth place in a new Korean record (2:08:09)

==See also==
*[[Sohn Kee-Chung]]
*[[Lee Bong-ju]]

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
* {{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hw/hwang-yeong-jo-1.html |title=Hwang Yeong-Jo (황 영조, Hwang Young-Cho) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714121235/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hw/hwang-yeong-jo-1.html |archive-date=2011-07-14 |url-status=dead}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928151831/http://databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=HWANGYOU01 databaseOlympics]

{{Footer Olympic Champions Marathon Men}}
{{Footer Asian Games Champions Marathon Men}}
{{Footer Asian Champions men's 10,000 metres}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hwang, Young-Cho}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:South Korean male marathon runners]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for South Korea]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:Korea University alumni]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:South Korean male long-distance runners]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Pyeonghae Hwang clan|Young-cho]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games gold medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:People from Samcheok]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Gangwon Province, South Korea]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:20th-century South Korean sportsmen]]

Ryesong River

2025-02-04T23:44:31Z

172.56.232.37: RR doesn't use hyphen before 강 (gang); "ng'g" doesn't exist in MR

{{Short description|River in North Korea}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Ryesong River
| image =Kŭmch'ŏn, North Korea.jpg
| native_name = {{native name|ko-Hang|례성강}}
| map = {{maplink
|frame=yes
|plain=yes
|frame-align=center
|frame-width=292
|frame-height=181
|frame-latitude=37.88528
|frame-longitude=126.39528

|text=
|zoom=7
|id=Q487266
|type=line
|stroke-colour=#FF0000
|stroke-width=3
|title=
}}
| image_caption = The Ryesong River flowing through [[Kumchon County|Kumchon]], [[North Hwanghae Province|North Hwanghae]].
| source1_location = Ganghwa Bay
| mouth_location = Mt. Eonjin
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = North Korea
| length = {{convert|174|km|mi|sp=us}}<ref>이재수 (2018). 《수문학》 2판. 구미서관. 70쪽. ISBN 9788982252914.</ref>
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = {{convert|4,048|km2|abbr=on}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Ryesŏng River
| nkhangul = 례성강
| nkhanja = 禮成江
| nkrr = Ryeseonggang
| nkmr = Ryesŏnggang
| skhangul = 예성강
| skhanja = 禮成江
| skrr = Yeseonggang
| skmr = Yesŏnggang
| ibox-order = ko3,ko4}}
The '''Ryesŏng River''' is a river of [[North Korea]]. It flows from north to south, emptying into the [[Yellow Sea]] by [[Ganghwa Island]], just west of the mouth of the [[Imjin River|River Imjin]].

==See also==
*[[Rivers of Korea]]
*[[Yellow Sea]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{baekgwa|naver=114515|nate=16328700|empas_b=172027|empas_k=241991}}

{{coord missing|North Korea}}

[[Category:Rivers of North Korea]]

{{NorthKorea-river-stub}}

Spirit tablet

2025-02-04T23:04:01Z

172.56.232.37: no "shi" in RR and MR

{{Short description|Ritual object in East Asian ancestor veneration}}
{{Use American English|date = January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = January 2019}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = YuKiuAncestralHall06.jpg
| piccap = Spirit tablets for ancestors in Hong Kong
| c = 神主牌
| j = san4 zyu2 paai4
| y = sàhn jyú pàaih
| p = shénzhǔpái
| poj = sîn-chú-pâi
| l = spirit master sign
| kanji = 位牌
| revhep = ihai
| hangul = 1. 위패 2. 신위
| hanja = 1. 位牌 2. 神位
| rr = 1. wipae 2. sinwi
| qn = bài vị
| chuhan = 牌位
| c2 = 神位
| j2 = san4 wai6
| y2 = sàhn waih
| p2 = shénwèi
| poj2 = sîn-ūi
| l2 = spirit seat
| c3 = 神牌
| j3 = san4 paai4
| y3 = sàhn pàaih
| p3 = shénpái
| poj3 = sîn-pâi
| l3 = spirit sign
}}

A '''spirit tablet''', '''memorial tablet''', or '''ancestral tablet'''<ref>{{cite book|last=Li|first=Xiaoxiang|title=Origins of Chinese people and customs|year=2004|publisher=Asiapac Books|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-229-384-8|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0R59sYWaCoC|edition=Revised|author2=Fu, Chunjiang|author3=Goh, Geraldine|quote=ancestral tablet}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is a [[placard]] that people used to designate the seat of a deity or past ancestor as well as to enclose it. The name of the deity or the past ancestor is usually inscribed onto the tablet. With origins in [[Chinese culture|traditional Chinese culture]], the spirit tablet is a common sight in many East Asian countries, where forms of [[ancestor veneration in China|ancestor veneration]] are practiced. Spirit tablets are traditional ritual objects commonly seen in temples, shrines, and household altars throughout mainland China and Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancestors and Deities: Chinese Spirit Tablets|url=http://anthromuseum.missouri.edu/minigalleries/chinesespirittablets/intro.shtml|work=Museum of Anthropology|publisher=University of Missouri|accessdate=19 September 2011}}</ref>

==General usage==
{{No sources|date=March 2024|section}}
A spirit tablet is often used for deities or [[ancestors]] (either generally or specifically: e.g. for a specific relative or for one's entire family tree). Shrines are generally found in and around households (for [[household deity|household gods]] and ancestors), in [[temples]] for specific deities, or in [[ancestral shrine]]s for the clan's founders and specific ancestors. In each place, there are specific locations for individual spirit tablets for ancestors or one or another particular deity. A spirit tablet acts as an [[effigy]] of a specific deity or ancestor. When used, [[Incense|incense sticks]] or [[joss sticks]] are usually burned before the tablet in some kind of [[brazier]] or [[censer|incense holder]]. Sometimes fruit, tea, pastries, or other offertory items are placed near the tablet to offer food to that particular spirit or divinity.

In [[Chinese folk religion]] a household will have one or more tablets for specific deities and family ancestors:
* One near the front door, and at or around eye level, dedicated to the [[Jade Emperor]]. Generally, but not always, this tablet will be above the tablet dedicated to Tudigong. This tablet reads {{zh|labels=no|t=天官賜福|s=天官赐福}}.
* Some houses will have a tablet at or near the gate which reads {{zh|labels=no|t=門官福神|s=门官福神}} "this tablet is dedicated to the [[Menshen|Door Gods]]".
* One outside the house at the front door on the ground, dedicated to [[Tudigong]], an [[earth god|Earth Deity]]. This tablet usually reads {{zh|t=門口土地財神 |s=门口土地财神}} (less commonly {{zh|labels=no|t=門口土地福神|s=门口土地福神}}).
* One in the kitchen, dedicated to [[Kitchen God|Zao Jun]], the kitchen god, which reads {{zh|labels=no|c=定福灶君}}.
* One which is dedicated to the [[Landlord deity|Landlord god]], Dizhu Shen (similar to Tudigong but not the same). This tablet comes in several forms: the simple form which reads {{zh|labels=no|c=地主神位}}, or a longer, more complex form which comprises two couplets commonly reading {{zh|labels=no|t=前后地主財神，五方五土龍神|s=前後地财神，五方五土龙神}}.
* Two in the house, usually at least one in the living room. These tablets will usually be put in a cabinet, similar to a Japanese ''[[butsudan]]'' household shrine, and they will be usually for a family's ancestors and some other deity which may or may not be represented by a spirit tablet.
In their most simple form the spirit tablets can simply be a piece of red paper with the words written vertically (in mainland China and in [[Hong Kong]]). More complex forms exist; these could be full, small shrines made of tile, wood, metal or other material; statues and attendants with text; small posters with incense places; and so on. A common form of the tablet for Tudigong (as seen in [[Guangdong]], [[China]]), for example, consists of a baked tile which has the core text of the tablet {{zh|labels=no|c=門口土地財神}}, flanked by two additional couplets reading {{zh|labels=no|t=戶納千祥，門迎百福|s=户纳千祥，门迎百福}}) meaning something close to "May my household welcome a great deal of auspiciousness, may my doors welcome hundreds of blessings".

In [[Taoism]], spirit tablets are often used for ancestors. Sometimes spirit tablets are found before or below statues of deities, which represent the enclosed spirit of the deity.

{{Multiple image| direction=horizontal| width=| footer=| width1=200| image1=Buddhist memorial tablet of Itagaki Taisuke front side.jpg| alt1=| caption1=Buddhist memorial tablet of [[Itagaki Taisuke]] (front side)| width2=216| image2=Buddhist memorial tablet of Itagaki Taisuke back side.jpg| alt2=| caption2=Buddhist memorial tablet of [[Itagaki Taisuke]] (back side) "Itagaki may die, but liberty never!"}}
In [[Chinese Buddhism]], spirit tablets, known as “lotus seats” ({{zh|labels=no|c=蓮位}}) for the dead and “prosperity seats” ({{zh|labels=no|c=祿位}}) for the living, are used in the same manner for ancestors, wandering spirits, demons, [[hungry ghosts]], and the living (for the perpetual or temporary blessing of the donor). Temporary tablets in the form of paper are common around the time of Qingming and Ullambana dharma festivals, which are incinerated en masse at the culmination of these services.

In [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhism]], tablets are used in [[funeral rites]] and stored in the home ''[[butsudan]]''. Tablets are also common in [[buddhist temples in japan|Japanese temples]].

In Korean culture, spirit tablets are of great importance in ancestral rites called ''[[jesa]]'', as they are the centerpieces of food offerings and represent the spiritual presence of the deceased.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:HongKongSpiritSeat.jpg|A doorway spirit tablet dedicated to [[Tudigong]] in [[Hong Kong]].
File:Memorial Tablet for Spirits in Pingtung County Taiwan.JPG|Tablet in [[Taiwan]]
File:祖先牌位.jpg|A stone tablet of a tombstone (Name has been blurred for protection)
File:塔婆供養.jpg|Memorial tablets used in [[Nichiren Shoshu]] Buddhism
File:平平輔の位牌.JPG|A Japanese spirit tablet in a [[Butsudan]]
File:Bài vị.jpg|A Vietnamese spirit tablet dedicated to emperor [[Lê Trang Tông]]
File:Bài vị Võ Văn Dũng.jpg|A Vietnamese spirit tablet dedicated to [[Võ Văn Dũng]]
File:Dai Viet Ancestral Tablets (15242593880).jpg|A Japanese ''[[sotoba]]'' tablet dedicated to ancestors in [[Hoian]], [[Vietnam]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Ancestor veneration in China]]
* [[Ancestor worship]]
* [[Ancestral shrine]]
* [[Butsudan]]
* [[Chinese lineage associations]] and [[Kongsi]]
* [[Chinese kinship]]
* [[Shigandang]]
* [[Ullambana]]
* [[Zhizha]] and [[Religious goods store]]
* [[Zhong Yuan Festival]]
* [[Zupu]] and [[Chinese kin]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Spirit tablets}}

[[Category:Ancestral shrines]]
[[Category:Filial piety]]
[[Category:Practices in Chinese folk religion]]
[[Category:Religion in Japan]]
[[Category:Religion in Korea]]
[[Category:Religious Confucianism]]
[[Category:Traditional rituals of East Asia]]
{{Religious Confucianism}}

박은혜

2025-02-04T19:52:25Z

172.56.232.37: better redirect target

#REDIRECT [[Park Eun-hye]]{{R from alternative language|ko}}