wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Cho Jae-jin

2025-06-21T22:05:34Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean footballer (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Cho Jae-jin
| fullname = Cho Jae-jin
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|7|9|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Paju]], [[Gyeonggi-do|Gyeonggi]], South Korea
| height = {{height|meter=1.85}}
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Forward (association football)#Striker|Striker]]
| youthyears1 = 1997–1999 | youthclubs1 = Daeshin High School
| years1 = 2000–2004 | clubs1 = [[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]] | caps1 = 16 | goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2002–2003 | clubs2 = → [[Gimcheon Sangmu FC|Gwangju Sangmu Bulsajo]] ([[Conscription in South Korea|draft]]) | caps2 = 31 | goals2 = 3
| years4 = 2004–2007 | clubs4 = [[Shimizu S-Pulse]] | caps4 = 101 | goals4 = 45
| years5 = 2008 | clubs5 = [[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]] | caps5 = 26 | goals5 = 8
| years6 = 2009–2010 | clubs6 = [[Gamba Osaka]] | caps6 = 35 | goals6 = 10
| totalcaps = 209
| totalgoals = 67
| nationalyears1 = 1999–2000 | nationalteam1 = [[South Korea national under-20 football team|South Korea U20]]
| nationalcaps1 = 5 | nationalgoals1 = 3
| nationalyears2 = 2003–2004 | nationalteam2 = [[South Korea national under-23 football team|South Korea U23]]
| nationalcaps2 = 28 | nationalgoals2 = 11
| nationalyears3 = 2003–2008 | nationalteam3 = [[South Korea national football team|South Korea]]
| nationalcaps3 = 40 | nationalgoals3 = 10
| pcupdate =
| ntupdate =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{KOR}} }}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[AFC Asian Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2007 AFC Asian Cup|2007 Indonesia/Malaysia /Thailand/Vietnam]]|[[2007 AFC Asian Cup squads#South Korea|Team]]}}
}}

{{Infobox Korean name/auto|hangul=%조재진|hanja=曺宰溱}}

{{Family name hatnote|Cho||lang=Korean}}

'''Cho Jae-jin''' ({{Korean|hangul=조재진}}; born 9 July 1981) is a former [[South Korea]]n [[association football|football]] player.

==Playing career==
Cho emerged as a national star when he played for [[South Korea national under-23 football team|South Korean under-23 team]] in the [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=082&aid=0000008205 |script-title=ko:한국올림픽축구대표팀 명단 |date=2004-07-19 |publisher=[[Busan Ilbo]] |language=ko}}</ref> He scored two goals in a 3–3 draw with [[Mali national under-23 football team|Mali]], helping his team advance to the quarter-finals.

Cho showed impressive performances including 45 goals in 101 [[J1 League]] appearances while playing for [[Shimizu S-Pulse]] from 2004 to 2007. He was also selected for [[South Korea national football team|South Korean national team]] for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], and played three World Cup matches as a powerful target man. [[David Pleat]], an expert of ''[[The Guardian]]'' at the time, selected him as one of six talents outside the [[Premier League]] after the World Cup.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/jun/29/worldcup2006.sport11 |title=Six top talents made for the Premiership |work=The Guardian |date=2006-06-29 |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref>

After his successful stint at Shimizu, Cho tried to join a Premier League club, and received offers from [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] and [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]. However, he signed for [[K League]] club [[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]] after failing to negotiate with them.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://star.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/OhmyStar/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000801227 |script-title=ko:조재진, 멀고 험한 프리미어리그 진출 |publisher=[[OhmyNews]] |language=ko |date=2007-12-30 |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/sports/soccer/271132.html |script-title=ko:조재진 전북 현대 입단 “잉글랜드 진출 꿈은 계속” |publisher=[[The Hankyoreh]] |language=ko |date=2008-02-21 |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref>

Cho has congenital [[hip dysplasia]], and started to suffer from pain when he was 22. He had relied on the drug to continue playing football, but eventually announced his retirement on 18 March 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hankyung.com/sports/article/2011031899937 |script-title=ko:조재진, 은퇴 선언 '충격'…부상으로 선수생활 불가능 |publisher=[[The Korea Economic Daily]] |language=ko |date=2011-03-18 |access-date=2022-10-22}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Cho is a close friend of [[Kim Dong-jin]], who was also a member of South Korean Olympic team.

Cho appeared in advertisements for [[Adidas]], ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'' and clothing brand "ASK" in South Korea.

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref>{{K League player}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | Club
! rowspan=2 | Season
! colspan=3 | League
! colspan=2 | National cup
! colspan=2 | League cup
! colspan=2 | Continental
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
! Division
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]
|[[K-League 2000|2000]]||[[K League]]
|5||0||?||?||0||0||?||?||5||0
|-
|[[K-League 2001|2001]]||K League
|3||0||?||?||0||0||?||?||3||0
|-
|[[K-League 2004|2004]]||K League
|8||1||0||0||0||0||colspan=2|—||8||1
|-
!colspan=2 | Total
!16||1||?||?||0||0||?||?||16||1
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Gimcheon Sangmu FC|Gwangju Sangmu Bulsajo]] ([[Conscription in South Korea|draft]])
|2002||[[Korean National Semi-Professional Football League|Semipro League]]
|?||?||?||?||?||?||colspan=2|—||?||?
|-
|[[K-League 2003|2003]]||K League
|31||3||2||1||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||33||4
|-
!colspan=2 | Total
!31||3||2||1||?||?||colspan=2|—||33||4
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Shimizu S-Pulse]]
|[[J. League 2004|2004]]||[[J1 League]]
|12||7||1||0||1||1||colspan=2|—||14||8
|-
|[[J. League 2005|2005]]||J1 League
|29||9||3||2||7||3||colspan=2|—||39||14
|-
|[[J. League 2006|2006]]||J1 League
|32||16||2||1||3||0||colspan=2|—||37||17
|-
|[[J. League 2007|2007]]||J1 League
|28||13||1||0||3||1||colspan=2|—||32||14
|-
!colspan=2 | Total
!101||45||7||3||14||5||colspan=2|—||122||53
|-
|[[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]]
|[[K-League 2008|2008]]||K League
|26||8||2||1||5||2||colspan=2|—||33||11
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Gamba Osaka]]
|[[J. League 2009|2009]]||J1 League
|25||10||3||0||1||0||6||1||35||11
|-
|[[J. League 2010|2010]]||J1 League
|10||0||1||2||1||0||4||0||16||2
|-
! colspan=2 | Total
!35||10||4||2||2||0||10||1||51||13
|-
! colspan=3 | Career total
!209||67||15||7||21||7||10||1||255||82
|}

===International===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Appearances and goals by national team and year<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kfa.or.kr/archive/player_record.php?search_val=%EC%A1%B0%EC%9E%AC%EC%A7%84 |title=Cho Jae-jin at Korea Football Association |language=ko |publisher=KFA |access-date=2022-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{NFT player|id=8541|accessdate=}}</ref>
|-
!National team
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=6 | [[South Korea national football team|South Korea]]
|2003||7||2
|-
|2004||3||1
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||14||5
|-
|2007||10||2
|-
|2008||3||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Career total||40||10
|}

:''Results list South Korea's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of international goals scored by Cho Jae-jin
|-
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| align="center"|1 || 25 September 2003 || [[Incheon]], South Korea || {{fb|VIE}} || align="center"|2–0 || align="center"|5–0 || [[2004 AFC Asian Cup qualification]]
|-
| align="center"|2 || 24 October 2003 || [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], Oman || {{fb|NEP}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|7–0 || 2004 AFC Asian Cup qualification
|-
| align="center"|3 || 19 December 2004 || [[Busan]], South Korea || {{fb|GER}} || align="center"|3–1 || align="center"|3–1 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|-
| align="center"|4 || 1 February 2006 || Hong Kong || {{fb|DNK}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|1–3 || [[2006 Lunar New Year Cup]]
|-
| align="center"|5 || 26 May 2006 || [[Seoul]], South Korea || {{fb|BIH}} || align="center"|2–0 || align="center"|2–0 || Friendly
|-
| align="center"|6 || rowspan="2"|6 September 2006 || rowspan="2"|[[Suwon]], South Korea || rowspan="2"|{{fb|TPE}} || align="center"|5–0 || rowspan="2" align="center"|8–0 || rowspan="2"|[[2007 AFC Asian Cup qualification]]
|-
| align="center"|7 || align="center"|7–0
|-
| align="center"|8 || 11 October 2006 || [[Seoul]], South Korea || {{fb|SYR|1980}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|1–1 || 2007 AFC Asian Cup qualification
|-
| align="center"|9 || rowspan="2"| 5 July 2007 || rowspan="2"|[[Seoul]], South Korea || rowspan="2"|{{fb|UZB}} || align="center"|1–0 || rowspan="2" align="center"|2–1 || rowspan="2"|Friendly
|-
| align="center"|10 || align="center"|2–0
|}

== Filmography ==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Note(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| scope="row" | 2021
| ''[[Kick A Goal]] Season 1''
| Himself
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=609&aid=0000640837 |last=Yoo |first=Kyung-sang |script-title=ko:골때녀’ 새 감독 조재진, 아나콘다 8연패 원인? “체력” |publisher=Newsen |website=[[Naver]] |date=October 12, 2022 |access-date=October 12, 2022 |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Kick A Goal]] Season 2''
| Himself
|
|
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Kick A Goal]] Season 3''
| Himself
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Fishermen and the City]] Season 4''
| Himself
| Episode 12
|
|}

==Honours==
=== Player ===
'''Suwon Samsung Bluewings'''
*[[Korean League Cup]]: [[2000 Korean League Cup|2000]], [[2001 Korean League Cup|2001]]<ref name="Cups">{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/skorcuphist.html |title=South Korea – List of Cup Winners |date=8 April 2020 |access-date=2 September 2020 |first1=Seung-soo |last1=Lee |first2=Mark |website=[[RSSSF]] |last2=Trevena}}</ref>
*[[Korean Super Cup]]: 2000<ref name="Cups"/>
*[[AFC Champions League|Asian Club Championship]]: [[2000–01 Asian Club Championship|2000–01]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/as1.html |title=Asian Champions' Cup |date=25 March 2020 |access-date=2 September 2020 |first1=Atsushi |last1=Fujioka |first2=Stephen |last2=Halchuk |first3=Karel |website=[[RSSSF]] |last3=Stokkermans}}</ref>
*[[Asian Super Cup]]: [[2001 Asian Super Cup|2001]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/assup.html |title=Asian Super Cup |date=21 July 2002 |access-date=2 September 2020 |first=Atsushi |website=[[RSSSF]] |last=Fujioka}}</ref>

'''Gwangju Sangmu Bulsajo'''
*[[Korean National Semi-Professional Football League|Korean Semi-professional League (Spring)]]: 2002<ref name="Leagues">{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/skorchamp.html |title=South Korea - List of Champions |date=13 May 2020 |access-date=2 September 2020 |first1=Seung-soo |last1=Lee |first2=Hans |last2=Schöggl |first3=Mark |website=[[RSSSF]] |last3=Trevena}}</ref>
*[[Korean National Semi-Professional Football Championship|Korean Semi-professional Championship]] runner-up: 2002

'''Shimizu S-Pulse'''
*[[Emperor's Cup]] runner-up: [[2005 Emperor's Cup|2005]]

'''Gamba Osaka'''
*[[Emperor's Cup]]: [[Emperor's Cup 2009|2009]]

'''South Korea'''
*[[AFC Asian Cup]] third place: [[2007 AFC Asian Cup|2007]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/asiachamp.html |title=Asian Nations Cup |date=7 February 2019 |access-date=2 September 2020 |first=Karel |website=[[RSSSF]] |last=Stokkermans}}</ref>

=== Television personality ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of awards and nominations received by TV personality Cho Jae-jin
! scope="col" | Award ceremony
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominated work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[SBS Entertainment Awards]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[2022 SBS Entertainment Awards|2022]]
| Leader of the Year Award{{efn|Shared with [[Ha Seok-ju]], [[Kim Byung-ji]], [[Kim Tae-young (footballer, born 1970)|Kim Tae-young]], [[Choi Jin-cheul]], [[Choi Sung-yong]], [[Lee Eul-yong]], [[Hyun Young-min]], [[Lee Young-pyo]], [[Oh Beom-seok]] and [[Baek Ji-hoon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=609&aid=0000667202 |last=Lee |first=Min-ji |script-title=ko:골때녀 잔칫날’ 감독진 11명, 올해의 리더상 [2022 SBS 연예대상] |trans-title=Leader of the Year Award [2022 SBS Entertainment Awards], 11 directors |publisher=Newsen |website=[[Naver]] |date=December 17, 2022 |access-date=December 17, 2022 |language=ko}}</ref>}}
| ''[[Kick A Goal]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="1"| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=117&aid=0003678945 |last=Lee |first=Seung-gil |script-title=ko:유재석, 감격의 '대상' 영예…통산 19번째 트로피 품었다 [2022 SBS 연예대상] (종합) |trans-title=Yoo Jae-seok had the honor of the "Grand Prize"...won his 19th trophy in his career [2022 SBS Entertainment Awards] (comprehensive) |publisher=My Daily |website=[[Naver]] |date=December 18, 2022 |access-date=December 18, 2022 |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{K League player}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113535/http://www.kfa.or.kr/record/playeramatch.asp?Page=1&Query=Gender%3DM%26Name%3D%EC%A1%B0%EC%9E%AC%EC%A7%84 Cho Jae-jin – National Team Stats] at [[Korea Football Association|KFA]] {{in lang|ko}}
* {{FIFA player|209902}}
*{{J.League player}}

{{Navboxes
| title = South Korea Squads
| bg = #F02A18
| fg = White
| list1 =
{{South Korea Squad 2004 Summer Olympics}}
{{South Korea Squad 2006 World Cup}}
{{South Korea Squad 2007 Asian Cup}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cho, Jae-Jin}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:South Korean men's footballers]]
[[Category:South Korean expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:South Korea men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Suwon Samsung Bluewings players]]
[[Category:Gimcheon Sangmu FC players]]
[[Category:Shimizu S-Pulse players]]
[[Category:Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors players]]
[[Category:Gamba Osaka players]]
[[Category:K League 1 players]]
[[Category:J1 League players]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Japan]]
[[Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:2007 AFC Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic footballers for South Korea]]
[[Category:People from Paju]]
[[Category:South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Japan]]
[[Category:Footballers from Gyeonggi Province]]
[[Category:AFC Champions League Elite–winning players]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean sportsmen]]

Chung Kyung-ho (footballer)

2025-06-21T22:02:48Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean footballer (born 1980)}}
{{other people||Jeong Gyeong-ho (disambiguation){{!}}Jeong Gyeong-ho}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{family name hatnote|Chung||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Chung Kyung-ho
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|5|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Samcheok]], [[Gangwon Province, South Korea|Gangwon]], South Korea
| height = {{height|m=1.79}}
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Left winger]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.khan.co.kr/sports/football/article/200602221820301 |script-title=ko:축구선수들 포지션별 부상부위 제각각 |publisher=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |date=2006-02-22 |access-date=2022-07-25 |language=ko}}</ref>
| youthyears1 = 1996–1998 | youthclubs1 = Gangnung Jeil High School
| collegeyears1 = 1999–2002 | college1 = [[University of Ulsan]]
| years1 = 2003–2007 | clubs1 = [[Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i]]
| caps1 = 68 | goals1 = 10
| years2 = 2004–2006 | clubs2 = → [[Gimcheon Sangmu FC|Gwangju Sangmu]] ([[Conscription in South Korea|draft]])
| caps2 = 37 | goals2 = 8
| years3 = 2007–2008 | clubs3 = [[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]]
| caps3 = 34 | goals3 = 5
| years4 = 2009–2011 | clubs4 = [[Gangwon FC]]
| caps4 = 43 | goals4 = 3
| years5 = 2012 | clubs5 = [[Daejeon Citizen]]
| caps5 = 22 | goals5 = 0
|totalcaps = 204
|totalgoals = 26
| nationalyears1 = 2004 | nationalteam1 = [[South Korea national under-23 football team|South Korea U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4{{efn-lg|Appearances as an [[List of overage players in Olympic football|overage player]] in [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]}}
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2003–2006 | nationalteam2 = [[South Korea national football team|South Korea]]
| nationalcaps2 = 41 | nationalgoals2 = 6
| pcupdate =
| ntupdate =
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto|hangul=%정경호|hanja=鄭暻鎬}}

'''Chung Kyung-ho''' ({{Korean|hangul=정경호}}; born 22 May 1980) is a former South Korean [[Association football|footballer]]. He is the currently manager of [[Gangwon FC]]. He was in the South Korea national team in the [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2004 AFC Asian Cup]]. He was also selected for South Korea's squad for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] by performing a key role in the qualifiers,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20130214207500007 |script-title=ko:<프로축구> 국가대표 공격수 출신 정경호 '현역 은퇴' |publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |date=2013-02-14 |access-date=2022-07-25 |language=ko}}</ref> but didn't appear in World Cup matches.

==Managerial statistics==
{{updated|match played 16 February 2025}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Managerial record by team and tenure
|-
!rowspan=2|Team
!rowspan=2|Nat
!rowspan=2|From
!rowspan=2|To
!colspan=5|Record
|-
!G!!W!!D!!L!!Win%
|-
|align="left"|[[Seongnam]] (Caretaker)
|{{flagicon|South Korea}}
|align="left"|25 August 2022
|align="left"|8 December 2022
{{WDL|11|3|3|5}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Gangwon FC|Gangwon]]
|{{flagicon|South Korea}}
|align="left"|6 December 2024
|align="left"|Present
{{WDL|1|0|0|1}}
|-
! colspan="4"|Career Total
{{WDLtot|12|3|3|6|}}
|}

== Career statistics ==
===Club===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
! rowspan=2 | Club
! rowspan=2 | Season
! colspan=3 | League
! colspan=2 | National cup
! colspan=2 | League cup
! colspan=2 | Continental
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
! Division
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i]]
|[[K-League 2003|2003]]||[[K League]]
|38||5||4||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||42||5
|-
|[[K-League 2004|2004]]||K League
|18||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||18||3
|-
|[[K-League 2007|2007]]||K League
|12||2||1||0||11||0||colspan="2"|—||24||2
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!68||10||5||0||11||0||colspan="2"|—||84||10
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Gimcheon Sangmu FC|Gwangju Sangmu]] ([[Conscription in South Korea|draft]])
|[[K-League 2005|2005]]||K League
|18||4||0||0||9||0||colspan="2"|—||27||4
|-
|[[K-League 2006|2006]]||K League
|19||4||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||19||4
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!37||8||0||0||9||0||colspan="2"|—||46||8
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]]
|2007||K League
|11||2||0||0||0||0||2||0||13||2
|-
|[[K-League 2008|2008]]||K League
|23||3||0||0||9||2||colspan="2"|—||32||5
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!34||5||0||0||9||2||2||0||45||7
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Gangwon FC]]
|[[K-League 2009|2009]]||K League
|9||0||0||0||2||2||colspan="2"|—||11||2
|-
|[[K-League 2010|2010]]||K League
|24||3||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||27||3
|-
|[[K-League 2011|2011]]||K League
|10||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||12||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!43||3||2||0||5||2||colspan="2"|—||50||5
|-
|[[Daejeon Citizen]]
|[[2012 K-League|2012]]||K League
|22||0||3||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||25||0
|-
! colspan=3 |Career total
!204||26||10||0||34||4||2||0||250||30
|}

===International===
:''Results list South Korea's goal tally first.''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kfa.or.kr/archive/player_record.php?search_val=%EC%A0%95%EA%B2%BD%ED%98%B8 |title=Chung Kyung-ho (1980) at Korea Football Association |language=ko |publisher=KFA |access-date=2022-07-25}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of international goals scored by Chung Kyung-ho
|-
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| align="center"|1 || 29 September 2003 || [[Incheon]], South Korea || {{fb|NEP}} || align="center"|13–0 || align="center"|16–0 || [[2004 AFC Asian Cup qualification]]
|-
| align="center"|2 || 21 October 2003 || [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], Oman || {{fb|OMA}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|1–3 || 2004 AFC Asian Cup qualification
|-
| align="center"|3 || 24 October 2003 || [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], Oman || {{fb|NEP}} || align="center"|6–0 || align="center"|7–0 || 2004 AFC Asian Cup qualification
|-
| align="center"|4 || 15 January 2005 || [[Los Angeles]], United States || {{fb|COL}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|1–2 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|-
| align="center"|5 || 22 January 2005 || [[Carson, California|Carson]], United States || {{fb|SWE}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|1–1 || Friendly
|-
| align="center"|6 || 8 June 2005 || [[Kuwait City]], Kuwait || {{fb|KUW}} || align="center"|3–0 || align="center"|4–0 || [[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|}

== Honours ==
'''University of Ulsan'''
*[[Korean President's Cup National Football Tournament|Korean President's Cup]] runner-up: 2001<ref name="Cups">{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/skorcuphist.html |title=South Korea - List of Cup Winners |date=8 April 2020 |access-date=2 September 2020 |first1=Seung-soo |last1=Lee |first2=Mark |website=[[RSSSF]] |last2=Trevena}}</ref>

'''Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i'''
*[[Korean League Cup]]: [[2007 Korean League Cup|2007]]<ref name="Cups"/>

==Notes==
{{notelist-lg}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{K League player}}
* [https://www.kfa.or.kr/archive/player_record.php?search_val=%EC%A0%95%EA%B2%BD%ED%98%B8 Chung Kyung-ho] at [[Korea Football Association|KFA]] {{in lang|ko}}
* {{FIFA player}}
* {{NFT player|pid=6182}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-sports}}
{{succession box|before=[[Lee Eul-yong]]|title=[[Gangwon FC]] captain|years=2009–2011|after=[[Seo Dong-hyeon]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Gangwon FC squad}}
{{Navboxes
|title= South Korea squads
|bg= #F02A18
|fg= white
|list1=
{{South Korea squad 2004 AFC Asian Cup}}
{{South Korea men's football squad 2004 Summer Olympics}}
{{South Korea squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}}
}}
{{Seongnam FC managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chung, Kyung-ho}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:South Korean men's footballers]]
[[Category:South Korea men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Ulsan HD FC players]]
[[Category:Gimcheon Sangmu FC players]]
[[Category:Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors players]]
[[Category:Gangwon FC players]]
[[Category:Daejeon Hana Citizen players]]
[[Category:K League 1 players]]
[[Category:Seongnam FC managers]]
[[Category:2004 AFC Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic footballers for South Korea]]
[[Category:University of Ulsan alumni]]
[[Category:People from Samcheok]]
[[Category:Footballers from Gangwon Province, South Korea]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean sportsmen]]

{{SouthKorea-footy-forward-stub}}

Lee Jung-youl

2025-06-21T22:01:38Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|South Korean football player (born 1981)}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Lee Jung-Youl 이정열
| fullname = Lee Jung-Youl
| image = 이정열 (2020년).jpg
| caption = Lee in September 2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|8|16}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]
| height = 1.83 m
| currentclub = [[Daejeon Citizen]]
| clubnumber = 34
| position = [[Center back]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Soongsil University]]
| years1 = 2004–2007
| years2 = 2008
| years3 = 2008
| years4 = 2009
| years5 = 2010–2012
| years6 = 2012–2013
|clubs1 = [[FC Seoul]]
| clubs2 = [[Incheon United]]
| clubs3 = [[Seongnam FC|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]]
| clubs4 = [[Chunnam Dragons]]
| clubs5 = [[FC Seoul]]
| clubs6 = [[Daejeon Citizen]]
| caps1 = 43
| caps2 = 3
| caps3 = 0
| caps4 = 4
| caps5 = 7
| caps6 = 13
| goals1 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| goals3 = 0
| goals4 = 0
| goals5 = 0
| goals6 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2003–2004
| nationalteam1 = [[South Korea national under-23 football team|South Korea U-23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 7
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| pcupdate = 16 December 2013
| ntupdate =
}}

{{Infobox Korean name/auto|hangul=%이정열|hanja=李正烈}}

{{family name hatnote|[[Lee (Korean name)|Lee]]||lang=Korean}}

'''Lee Jung-Youl''' (born August 16, 1981) is a South Korean [[association football|football]] player who plays for [[Daejeon Citizen]].

His previous clubs were [[Incheon United]], [[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]] and [[Chunnam Dragons]].

He was part of the [[South Korea national under-23 football team|South Korea football team]] in [[2004 Summer Olympics]],<ref>{{FIFA player|215278}}</ref> who finished second in Group A, making it through to the next round, before being defeated by silver medal winners [[Paraguay]].

== Club career statistics ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=3 | Club performance
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | Cup
! colspan=2 | League Cup
! colspan=2 | Continental
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
! Season !! Club !! League
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | South Korea
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | [[Korean FA Cup|KFA Cup]]
! colspan=2 | [[K-League Cup|League Cup]]
! colspan=2 | [[Asian Football Confederation|Asia]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|[[2004 K League|2004]]||rowspan="4"|[[FC Seoul]]||rowspan="10"|[[K-League]]||20||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||22||0
|-
|[[2005 K League|2005]]||8||0||0||0||11||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0
|-
|[[2006 K League|2006]]||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|[[2007 K League|2007]]||15||0||0||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|[[2008 K League|2008]]||[[Incheon United]]||3||0||1||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|[[2008 K League|2008]]||[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]]||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|[[2009 K League|2009]]||[[Chunnam Dragons]]||4||0||0||0||3||1|||||||7||1
|-
|[[2010 K League|2010]]||rowspan="3"|[[FC Seoul]]||5||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|[[2011 K League|2011]]||2||0||0||0||1||0||||||3||0
|-
|[[2012 K League|2012]]||0||0||0||0||0||0||||||0||0
|-
! rowspan=1 | Total
! colspan=2 | South Korea
!58||0||4||0||26||1||||||88||1
|-
! colspan=3 | Career total
!58||0||4||0||26||1||||||88||1
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{K League player|20040075}}

{{South Korea Squad 2004 Summer Olympics}}
{{Daejeon Citizen squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Jung-Youl}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Men's association football central defenders]]
[[Category:South Korean men's footballers]]
[[Category:FC Seoul players]]
[[Category:Incheon United FC players]]
[[Category:Seongnam FC players]]
[[Category:Jeonnam Dragons players]]
[[Category:Daejeon Hana Citizen players]]
[[Category:K League 1 players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic footballers for South Korea]]
[[Category:Footballers from Seoul]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean sportsmen]]

{{SouthKorea-footy-defender-stub}}

Kim Jee-hyuk

2025-06-21T21:59:15Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean footballer (born 1981)}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Kim Jee-Hyuk 김지혁
| fullname = Kim Jee-Hyuk
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|10|26}}
| birth_place = [[Busan]], [[South Korea]]
| height = {{height|m=1.87}}
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2001–2004 | clubs1 = [[Busan I'Park|Busan I'cons]] | caps1 = 3 | goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2005–2007 | clubs2 = [[Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i]] | caps2 = 26 | goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2008–2011 | clubs3 = [[Pohang Steelers]] | caps3 = 28 | goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2010–2011 | clubs4 = → [[Sangju Sangmu Phoenix|Sangju Sangmu]] (army) | caps4 = 37 | goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2003–2004
| nationalteam1 = [[South Korea national under-23 football team|South Korea U-23]]
| nationalcaps1= 7 | nationalgoals1 = 0
| pcupdate = 19 December 2009
| ntupdate = 31 December 2004
}}

{{Infobox Korean name/auto|hangul=%김지혁|hanja=金志赫}}

{{family name hatnote|[[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]||lang=Korean}}

'''Kim Jee-Hyuk''' (born October 26, 1981) is a South Korean [[football (soccer)|football]] player who, as of 2010 is playing for [[Gwangju Sangmu FC|Gwangju Sangmu]].

He was part of the [[South Korea national under-23 football team|South Korea football team]] in [[2004 Summer Olympics]], who finished second in Group A, making it through to the next round, before being defeated by silver medal winners [[Paraguay]].

He was arrested on the charge connected with the match fixing allegations on 7 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://osen.mt.co.kr/news/view.html?gid=G1107070125|script-title=ko:송정현-염동균 등 10명 구속...최성국 등 33명 불구속|work=Osen|date=7 July 2011|accessdate=14 July 2011|language=Korean|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328172917/http://osen.mt.co.kr/news/view.html?gid=G1107070125|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Club career statistics ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=3 | Club performance
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | Cup
! colspan=2 | League Cup
! colspan=2 | Continental
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
! Season !! Club !! League
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
! Apps !! Goals
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | South Korea
! colspan=2 | League
! colspan=2 | [[Korean FA Cup|KFA Cup]]
! colspan=2 | [[K-League Cup|League Cup]]
! colspan=2 | [[Asian Football Confederation|Asia]]
! colspan=2 | Total
|-
|[[K-League 2001|2001]]||rowspan="4"|[[Busan I'Park|Busan I'cons]]||rowspan="4"|[[K-League]]||3||0||||||0||0||colspan="2"|-||||
|-
|[[K-League 2002|2002]]||0||0||||||0||0||colspan="2"|-||||
|-
|[[K-League 2003|2003]]||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|[[K-League 2004|2004]]||0||0||0||0||2||0||||||||
|-
|[[K-League 2005|2005]]||rowspan="3"|[[Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i]]||rowspan="3"|[[K-League]]||4||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|[[K-League 2006|2006]]||19||0||1||0||10||0||||||||
|-
|[[K-League 2007|2007]]||3||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|[[K-League 2008|2008]]||rowspan="2"|[[Pohang Steelers]]||rowspan="2"|[[K-League]]||19||0||3||0||2||0||0||0||24||0
|-
|[[K-League 2009|2009]]||9||0||2||0||1||0||0||0||12||0
|-
|[[K-League 2010|2010]]||rowspan="2"|[[Sangju Sangmu Phoenix|Gwangju Sangmu / Sangju Sangmu]]||rowspan="2"|[[K-League]]||26||0||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||0
|-
|[[K-League 2011|2011]]||11||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|-
! rowspan=1 | Total
! colspan=2 | South Korea
!94||0||||||17||0||||||||
|-
! colspan=3 | Career total
!94||0||||||17||0||||||||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{K League player}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130704214123/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=210670/index.html FIFA Player Record]

{{South Korea Squad 2004 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Jee-Hyuk}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:South Korean men's footballers]]
[[Category:Busan IPark players]]
[[Category:Ulsan HD FC players]]
[[Category:Pohang Steelers players]]
[[Category:Gimcheon Sangmu FC players]]
[[Category:K League 1 players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic footballers for South Korea]]
[[Category:Footballers from Busan]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean sportsmen]]

{{SouthKorea-footy-goalkeeper-stub}}

Hagwon

2025-06-21T21:58:36Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean private educational institutions}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Italics title}}{{Cleanup|date=December 2023|reason=Repeated information needs to be consolidated}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|img=Dunsan-dong.jpg
|caption=A building containing numerous {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} in Dunsan-dong, [[Daejeon]]
|hangul=학원
|hanja=學院
}}
'''{{Transliteration|ko|rr|Hagwon}}''' ({{Korean|hangul=학원}}; {{IPA|ko|ha.ɡwʌn|}}) is a Korean term for a for-profit private educational institution. They are commonly likened to [[cram school]]s. Some consider ''hagwons'' as private language centers or academies operated like businesses apart from the South Korean public school system. {{As of|2022}}, 78.3% of grade school students in [[South Korea]] attend at least one and spend an average of 7.2 hours weekly in them.

Most children begin attending them by age five, with some even beginning by age two. The schools tend to focus on individual topics, including the [[English language]], [[mathematics]], and the college entrance exam, the [[College Scholastic Ability Test]]. {{Transliteration|ko|rr|Hagwons}} also exist for adults.

''Hagwons'' have been a topic of controversy and criticism both internationally and in South Korea. They are seen as symptomatic of the significant competitiveness in South Korean society, and contribute to significant expense and stress for the majority of families who participate in them. Real estate prices are affected by proximity to elite hagwons, with homes located near these educational centers experiencing higher demand.

== Description ==
{{Transliteration|ko|rr|Hagwons}} are private educational institutions that are often compared to cram schools in the West.<ref name=":2" /> They teach a variety of subjects, for many purposes, to a variety of different age groups. As of 2020, South Korea had 73,865 {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Piao |first1=Huiyan |last2=Hwang |first2=Hyuna |date=2021-05-17 |title=Shadow Education Policy in Korea During the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=ECNU Review of Education |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=652–666 |doi=10.1177/20965311211013825 |issn=2096-5311 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Motivation ===
{{See also|College admissions in South Korea}}
Competition for education and jobs in South Korea is widely considered to be extreme.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> Nearly 70% of students in South Korea participate in [[higher education]], compared to 51% in the [[United States]] and 57% in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=":2" /> This makes [[college admissions in South Korea]], and especially the entrance examination ([[College Scholastic Ability Test]]), highly competitive. In 2023, it was reported that over half of test takers in the [[Gangnam District|Gangnam]] and [[Seocho District|Seocho Districts]] retake the exam a year later because they were dissatisfied with their previous scores.<ref name=":2" />

=== Demographics ===
A significant majority of South Korean children begin attending {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} by the age of five; it was reported in 2017 that 83% of five year olds attended at least one. A minority of students begin at age two.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2017 |title=83 percent of five-year-olds in Korea go to hagwon |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170109000747}}</ref> In 2022, it was reported that 78.3% of students between the first to twelfth grade attended at least one and spent an average of 7.2 hours in {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} per week. Attendance of and time spent in {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwon}} is higher for elementary and middle school students.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jun-hee |first=Park |date=2023-03-07 |title=Spending on private education surpasses W26tr in 2022 |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20230307000508 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=[[The Korea Herald]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Seo |first=Jessie Yeung,Yoonjung |date=2023-07-01 |title=South Korea is cutting 'killer questions' from an 8-hour exam some blame for a fertility rate crisis |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/01/asia/south-korea-college-exam-fertility-pressure-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=CNN}}</ref>

Some students attend until late at night. A number of {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} offer private bus or shuttle services to bring the children back home, although the safety of these services due to cost minimization efforts has been criticized.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Herald |first=Korea |date=2014-05-14 |title=[Uniquely Korean] Shuttle buses show Korea's educational zeal |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140514000985 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=The Korea Herald}}</ref>

=== Subjects ===
Parents spend the most money on English language {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}}, with mathematics and Korean taking second and third place.<ref name=":1" /> Science and the humanities are also popular, although less so.<ref name=":1" /> {{Transliteration|ko|rr|Hagwons}} are also seen as a critical place to prepare for the college entrance exams.<ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine |last=Ewe |first=Koh |date=2023-07-07 |title=Why South Korea's Latest Cram School Crackdown Is Doomed to Fail |url=https://time.com/6292773/south-korea-crackdown-hagwons-cram-schools-competition/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>

While most {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} focus on meeting educational needs, many also exist for a variety of nonacademic subjects, including music, art, swimming, and [[Taekwondo]].<ref name=":0" /> A variety of {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} for adults also exist, including some to train [[Flight attendant|flight attendants]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sung |first=So-young |date=2013-02-13 |title=Pants vs. skirts: Flight attendants fight for choice |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2013/02/13/features/Pants-vs-skirts-Flight-attendants-fight-for-choice/2967070.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]}}</ref>

==History and regulations==
[[File:Hakwon street 1971-07-24.png|thumb|Signs advertising {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} in the [[Jongno District]] of Seoul (1971)]]
In 1885, [[Henry Appenzeller]] founded the Paichai school (배재대학교) as a cover for his missionary work. At the time it was illegal to preach other religions in Korea. Although his main goal was to spread his faith, it was still used by Koreans to learn English.<ref name="origengboom">{{cite web |author=[[Andrei Lankov]] |date=4 October 2009 |title=(470) Original English Boom |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2007/10/165_11302.html |access-date=1 September 2009 |work=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref>

In the 1970s and 1980s, {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} were reportedly seen as optional for remedial studying.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sussman |first=Anna Louie |date=2023-03-21 |title=The Real Reason South Koreans Aren't Having Babies |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/03/south-korea-fertility-rate-misogyny-feminism/673435/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Private education, known as ''gwaoe'' (과외), was banned by President [[Chun Doo-hwan]] in 1980. It was felt the advantage of private education unfairly burdened the poor and to promote equality, all access to it was made illegal. Through the years the government has relaxed the restrictions on private education by increasingly allowing more individuals and organizations to offer private education<ref>{{cite news |author=Casey Lartigue |date=28 May 2000 |title=You'll Never Guess What South Korea Frowns Upon |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4679 |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816111458/http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4679 |archive-date=16 August 2009}}</ref> until the ban was ruled unconstitutional in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |author=James Card |date=30 November 2005 |title=Life and death exams in South Korea |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GK30Dg01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204085223/http://atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GK30Dg01.html |archive-date=4 December 2005 |access-date=29 August 2009 |work=[[Asia Times]]}}</ref>

Korean courts have ruled that it may violate the constitution for the government to limit the amount of money {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} can charge.<ref>{{cite web |author=Yoon Ja-young |date=13 August 2009 |title=Cost of Daily Necessities Soaring |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2009/08/123_50060.html |access-date=28 August 2009 |work=The Korea Times}}</ref> In early 2008, the Seoul government was working on changes to the regulations to allow {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} to set their own hours, citing individual choice as trumping regulation.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Bae Ji-sook |date=13 March 2008 |title=Should Hagwon Run Round-the-Clock? |url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/nation_view.asp?newsIdx=20687&categoryCode=117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913051431/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/nation_view.asp?newsIdx=20687&categoryCode=117 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2012 |access-date=30 August 2009 |work=The Korea Times}}</ref> However, the government reversed its position five days later.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kim Tae-jong |date=18 March 2008 |title=Seoul City Council Cancels All-Night Hagwon Plan |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/10/117_20937.html |access-date=30 August 2009 |work=The Korea Times}}</ref> The regulations were criticized as ineffective because the city council possessed limited resources to monitor and enforce them.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kim Tae-jong |date=26 October 2008 |title=Hagwon Easily Dodge Crackdown |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/include/print.asp?newsIdx=33321 |access-date=30 August 2009 |work=The Korea Times}}</ref>

Along with these restrictions, {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} had to disclose their tuition amounts to the government so people could complain if the schools attempted to raise the tuition.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kang Shin-who |date=28 October 2008 |title=Hagwon Face Sterner Supervision |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/10/117_33465.html |access-date=30 August 2009 |work=The Korea Times}}</ref> The licenses of {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} caught running false advertisements will be revoked. {{Transliteration|ko|rr|Hagwons}} are required to issue cash receipts.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Kang Shin-who |date=19 October 2008 |title=Rules Toughtened for Hagwon Operation |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/10/113_32922.html |access-date=30 August 2009 |work=The Korea Times}}</ref> In July 2009, to help catch violators of these new regulations, the government started a program to reward people who reported them.<ref>{{cite web |author=sshluck |date=14 August 2009 |title=Lee seeks to cut educational costs |url=http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/NEWKHSITE/data/html_dir/2009/08/14/200908140039.asp |access-date=28 August 2009 |work=The Korea Herald}}</ref>

The regulations were intended to reduce the cost of private education. However, some {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} added weekend classes to compensate for shorter weekday classes. Other parents have sought out private tutors to make up for lost study time.<ref name="goeson">{{cite web |author=Lee Soo-yeon |date=17 August 2009 |title=Hagwon close, but late-night education goes on |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2908856 |access-date=28 August 2009 |work=Korea JoongAng Daily}}</ref> Other {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} simply ignored the regulations. It was reported in April 2009 that 67 percent of {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} sampled were found to have overcharged for tuition. Forty percent were found to have charged parents over two times the registered tuition amount.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kang Shin-who |date=14 April 2009 |title=67 Percent of Private Cram Schools Overcharge Parents |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/04/117_43184.html |access-date=30 August 2009 |work=The Korea Times}}</ref>

In March 2008, the government prohibited school teachers from creating test questions for {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}}. It had been found that some teachers were leaking tests and test questions to {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}}, giving the students who attended those schools advantages when it came time to take the test.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kang Shin-who |date=23 March 2008 |title=Teachers Banned From Making Test Questions for Hagwon |url=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/nation_view.asp?newsIdx=21176&categoryCode=117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728013120/http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/nation_view.asp?newsIdx=21176&categoryCode=117 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=29 August 2009 |work=The Korea Times}}</ref>

A petition was made in October 2009 by parents, teachers, students and {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwon}} owners to challenge the government's legislation regarding {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwon}} closing times in Seoul and Busan. The constitutional court ruled that the laws did not violate the constitution.<ref>{{cite web |author=Park Yu-mi |author2=Kim Mi-ju |date=31 October 2009 |title=Despite protests, court says hagwon ban is constitutional |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2911944 |access-date=6 November 2009 |work=Korea JoongAng Daily}}</ref> The restriction was put in place for Seoul and Busan in the summer of 2009.<ref name="goeson" /><ref>{{Cite web |author=kswho |date=8 July 2009 |title='Hagwon' Curfew to Be Set at 10 pm |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_48122.html |access-date=6 November 2009 |work=The Korea Times}}</ref> In making the ruling the court said, "Because it's important to secure sleep for high school students to overcome fatigue and for the sake of their growth, it's difficult to say that [the ban] excessively restricts basic rights."

In April 2010 it was reported that there were over 25,000 {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} registered with the Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education, with nearly 6,000 being in the Gangnam area.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Park Su-ryon |date=9 April 2010 |title=Gangnam scores for most hagwon, closures |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2918954 |access-date=9 July 2010 |work=Korea JoongAng Daily}}</ref> It was also revealed that local government councils other than Seoul had decided not to implement the 22:00 curfew. The curfew was seen as not having an impact on education fees and not addressing the real concern with private education.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kang Shin-who |date=1 April 2010 |title='Hagwon' Curfew Backsliding |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/04/113_63489.html |access-date=9 July 2010 |work=The Korea Times}}</ref> Despite the curfew, there have been attempts to get around this curfew among {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} in Seoul.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kim (김) |first=Hye-yeong (혜영) |date=11 March 2011 |script-title=ko:학원, 대놓고 수업하는 곳은 없지만 10시 넘자 셔터 내리고 '보충' |language=ko |work=[[Hankook Ilbo]] |url=http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/society/201103/h2011031102322921950.htm |access-date=2011-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319200946/http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/society/201103/h2011031102322921950.htm |archive-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Teaching as a whole in South Korea is essential, especially for the rigorous and fast-paced curriculum. There have been recorded cases of teachers' behavior regarding academic discrimination and ignoring students' learning process and effects.{{source needed|date=March 2025}} Hagwons not only impact students but parents and teachers as well. In 2022, a mother was so concerned about her son not having enough time to study that she advertised for someone to sit with her son at a study cafe and to wake him up anytime he fell asleep studying.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ko, J. |date=2022-05-04 |title=A mother in Gangnam will pay you to keep her son awake during his studies |url=https://www.koreaboo.com/news/korean-mother-will-pay-wake-son-falls-asleep-studies/ |website=Koreaboo}}</ref> In an article by Suzy Gardner, she interviewed a previous hagwon educator and was told that though her job was to teach English, she "illegally" taught ballet because the hagwon she worked at didn't have enough employees to support all of the classes that they offered. The individual also said that they were so understaffed that they had to watch over at least three rooms at once, with one room containing students aged four. According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', students are overworked and exhausted. The average South Korean student works up to 13 hours a day, which is more than half of the day, leaving only 5.5 hours of sleep at night (far below the recommended 8-9 hours of sleep).

=== Cost and economics ===
Despite [[Aging of South Korea|South Korea's now decreasing population]] and lowest fertility rate in the world,<ref name=":3" /> spending on education has only grown.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> In 2022, Koreans spent {{KRWConvert|26|t|convert=usd}} on private education, at an average of {{KRWConvert|410000|lk=no|year=|convert=USD}} per month.<ref name=":3" /> Becoming the most expensive country in the world to raise a child, which sparked many concerns for the South Korean economy, according to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.

While some see {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} as filling a need not being adequately met by the public school system,<ref>{{cite web |author=Hyun-Sung Khang |date=8 June 2001 |title=Education-Obsessed South Korea |url=http://static.rnw.nl/migratie/www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/region/asiapacific/korea010608.html-redirected |access-date=29 August 2009 |publisher=Radio Netherlands Worldwide}}{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> others see them as creating an unequal footing between the poor and rich in Korea.<ref name="gangnamfever">{{cite web |author=[[Andrei Lankov]] |date=1 January 2009 |title=(509) Gangnam Fever |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2009/03/165_37117.html |access-date=29 August 2009 |work=The Korea Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Kim See-bong |date=23 January 2008 |title=Are They Criminals? |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2009/04/162_17816.html |access-date=30 August 2009 |work=The Korea Times}}</ref> Although most Korean children attend {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwon}}, according to ''[[CNN]]'', studies have still shown a measurable difference in educational outcomes based on the income of the parents.<ref name=":3" />

Efforts are now being made to try and curb the amount of private spending on {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}},<ref name=":1" /> although some observers are skeptical that they will be successful.<ref name=":2" /> The Korean government has even provided 150 million won ($125,000) to each of the 400 schools that were selected nationwide to refurbish after-school programs and other classes. The Ministry of Education states that the 60-billion won project is expected to halve the private education costs for middle or even lower-income families. Some even stated that the use of hagwons won't be required as the curriculum will be revised. Headmasters would be provided the authority to hire additional educational professionals.<ref>Ji-Sook, B. (13 May 2009). [https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/12/113_44856.html "Schools to compete with Hagwon"]. ''The Korea Times''.</ref>

=== Academic elitism ===
Research shows hagwons are associated with South Korea's pervasive academic elitism and educational inequity due to their provision of supplementary education.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Sunwoong |last2=Lee |first2=Ju-Ho |date=2001 |title=Demand for Education and Developmental State: Private Tutoring in South Korea |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.268284 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.268284 |s2cid=154704818 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Many students rely heavily on hagwons to improve their grades and to perform well on the [[College Scholastic Ability Test]], which determines whether or not a student will be able to apply to certain universities. A 2023 statistics indicate a notable increase in hagwon spending, disproportionately benefiting students from wealthier or geographically advantageous backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-23 |title=Korea's Education Costs Hit New Record High in Blow to Fertility |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-23/korea-s-education-costs-hit-new-record-high-in-blow-to-fertility |access-date=2023-10-02}}</ref> [[Daechi-dong]], a neighborhood in [[Gangnam District]], Seoul, which is known for its heavily concentrated wealth and high standard of living, is dubbed the "mecca of private education" in South Korea.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} According to a report released on March 7, 2023, by the Ministry of Education and Statistics Korea based on data collected from January 2022 to December 2022, the monthly average expenditures on hagwons and other private education for households at the bottom of the five-tier, income-based categorization with children aged 13-18, were [[South Korean won|\]]482,000 – only slightly higher than the 481,000 won these families spent on food.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Jung-joo |first=Lee |date=2023-06-28 |title=Thriving on anxiety: Korea's multibillion-dollar hagwon industry |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20230628000655 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=The Korea Herald}}</ref> Research shows that there is extremely high demand for private education in a highly competitive academic environment, contributing to educational inequality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bae (배상훈) |first1=Sang Hoon |last2=Choi (최기호) |first2=Kee Ho |date=2023-07-02 |title=The Cause of Institutionalized Private Tutoring in Korea: Defective Public Schooling or a Universal Desire for Family Reproduction? |journal=ECNU Review of Education |volume=7 |pages=12–41 |doi=10.1177/20965311231182722 |s2cid=259702076 |issn=2096-5311|doi-access=free}}</ref> Data reveals a significant representation of students from high-income districts like Gangnam-gu and [[Seocho District|Seocho]] in these universities and that the matriculation rate at SKY Universities was inversely proportional to students' household income – students from lower-income households matriculated at lower rates.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2012-05-18 |title=Posh Seoul areas send more kids to top universities |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2012/05/18/etc/Posh-Seoul-areas-send-more-kids-to-top-universities/2953081.html |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Korea JoongAng Daily}}</ref> The influence of hagwons on South Korea's education system is also a common theme in media. In "[[Sky Castle|SKY Castle]]", the plot centers on upper-class families destroying each other's lives by committing identity fraud, murder, and suicide in order to send their children to the top universities and secure lucrative career paths.

=== Health impact ===
{{See also|Mental health in South Korea|Hell Joseon}}
The {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwon}} culture is widely viewed as extreme by both international and domestic observers.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> A number of experts have expressed concerns about the mental health impact on especially the younger attendees,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> and even on the parents who have to afford and carefully curate their children's education in order to have them be competitive.<ref name=":3" /> In 2017, it was reported that among OECD countries, South Korea had the highest suicide rate in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasulis |first=Kelly |date=2017-12-31 |title=South Korea's play culture is a dark symptom of overwork |url=https://qz.com/1168746/south-koreas-play-culture-is-a-dark-symptom-of-overwork |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Quartz}}</ref> This pressure on mental health is not only felt by the students but also by their parents, who often face the financial and emotional burden of ensuring their children's success in an extremely competitive educational environment.<ref name=":6" /> Some hagwons use "anxiety marketing" using phrases such as, "If not now, then when?" to evoke a sense of urgency amongst parents of students.<ref name=":6" /> In addition to mental health issues, there are also concerns about physical health implications due to the long hours spent in hagwons. According to a 2015 ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' report, the average South Korean student works up to 13 hours a day, which is more than half of the day, leaving only 5.5 hours of sleep at night.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Koo |first=Se-Woong |date=2014-08-01 |title=Opinion {{!}} An Assault Upon Our Children |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/opinion/sunday/south-koreas-education-system-hurts-students.html |access-date=2023-12-11 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Research shows that a lifestyle of lack of sleep can lead to problems such as [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|chronic fatigue]], poor sleep quality, and an increased risk of physical health problems in the long term.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chattu |first1=Vijay Kumar |last2=Manzar |first2=Md. Dilshad |last3=Kumary |first3=Soosanna |last4=Burman |first4=Deepa |last5=Spence |first5=David Warren |last6=Pandi-Perumal |first6=Seithikurippu R. |date=2018-12-20 |title=The Global Problem of Insufficient Sleep and Its Serious Public Health Implications |journal=Healthcare |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/healthcare7010001 |issn=2227-9032 |pmc=6473877 |pmid=30577441 |doi-access=free}}</ref> As an effort to combat these issues, in 2010, the South Korean government implemented regulations to limit the operating hours of hagwons and reduce the academic burden on students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-30 |title=Court upholds a law limiting hagwon hours |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20091030000074 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=The Korea Herald}}</ref>

=== Impact on real estate ===
A higher-than-average concentration of {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} in the Gangnam District, specifically Daechi-dong (대치동), has been cited as the primary reason for an increase in real estate costs in the area. In the 1970s the Seoul government made some top schools relocate to the area. The schools there have become associated with entry into elite high schools and then elite universities. Many residents feel their children need to be associated with these schools to reach the upper levels of business and success.<ref name="gangnamfever" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=1993657|title=An address some people will die for|work=Korea JoongAng Daily|access-date=29 August 2009|date=12 June 2003|author=Lee Sang-geon, Kim Myeong-ryong}}</ref>

As more parents try to move to the area to allow their children to attend these schools, the prices of real estate in the area have risen to 300 percent of similar areas in Seoul.<ref name="gangnamfever" /><ref name=":5" /> In 2003 the government had planned to develop a {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwon}} center in [[Pangyo, Seongnam|Pangyo]] to relieve some of the pressure on Gangnam,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-24404792_ITM|title=Plan for satellite 'hagwon' town under fire|work=The Korea Herald|access-date=29 August 2009|date=15 September 2003|author=Choe Yong-shik}}</ref> yet after heavy criticism for only shifting the problem around and not solving it, the government canceled the plan only a couple of weeks later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-792322_ITM|title=Gov't Scraps Plan to Build Private Institute Zone in Pangyo|access-date=29 August 2009|date=27 September 2003|publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |author=entropy}}</ref>

=== Competitiveness ===
Top-rated hagwon slots are fought over by parents. Parents will stand outside all day to register and enroll students in top hagwons. Some believe that there is a disadvantage for low-income families as many of them cannot afford the costs of hagwons. Typically, financial assistance provides an education that helps differentiate one's value, this is where socioeconomic groups cause inequity in competition. Because of this gap, many students fight to find ways to "stand out" to compensate for not receiving the same level of education or opportunity.<ref>Suh, J. (30, April 2021). [https://jiminsuh.medium.com/the-core-of-education-inequality-hypercompetition-and-standardized-scores-75482ef1d7e4 "The core of education inequality: hypercompetition and standardized scores"]. [[Medium (website)|Medium]].</ref>

==English-language instructors==
{{See also|Teaching English as a foreign language}}
Native English speakers were hired as early as 1883 in Korea, originally out of need. The first teacher hired at the government-run Tongmunhak was Thomas Hallifax.<ref name="origengboom" /> Due to the preference for having native English speakers teach English, many native English-speakers are still hired to teach at {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} in Korea. These {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} may be only English schools or they may also be schools which offer a variety of subjects including English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hikorea.go.kr/pt/InfoDetailR_en.pt?categoryId=2&parentId=382&catSeq=385&showMenuId=374&visaId=E2|title=Foreign Language teaching (E-2)|access-date=31 August 2009|publisher=Government of Korea}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/01/116_17625.html|title=Envoys Criticize Teaching-Visa Rule|date=20 January 2008|access-date=25 June 2011|work=The Korea Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121062724/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/01/116_17625.html|author=Yoon Won-sup|author2=Kang Shin-who|url-status=live|archive-date=21 January 2008}}</ref>

The minimum requirements for foreigners for such teaching positions are: citizenship of [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Ireland]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]], the [[United Kingdom]], or the [[United States]], a clean [[criminal background check]] at the national level, and a bachelor's degree obtained in one of the aforementioned countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hikorea.go.kr/pt/InfoDetailR_en.pt?categoryId=2&parentId=382&catSeq=385&showMenuId=374&visaId=E2|title=Foreign Language teaching (E-2)|access-date=31 August 2009|publisher=Government of Korea}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/01/116_17625.html|title=Envoys Criticize Teaching-Visa Rule|date=20 January 2008|access-date=25 June 2011|work=The Korea Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121062724/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/01/116_17625.html|author=Yoon Won-sup|author2=Kang Shin-who|url-status=live|archive-date=21 January 2008}}</ref>

In return for signing a one-year contract, the institute provides an instructor with a monthly salary, round-trip airfare from his or her country of origin, usually a rent-free apartment or housing stipend for the duration of the instructor's contract, a pension pay for some citizens, and an additional one-month "severance pay" at the completion of the contract.

[[Foreigners in Korea|Foreign]] instructors hold a mixed view of {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}}. Some have complained of poor housing, non-payment, disagreements, and getting fired on the 11th month before they receive severance pay; however, many instructors have had no significant issues with the {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwon}} they have worked at. Some recommend looking at {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwon}} blacklists or greenlists, but others say they are not necessarily reliable.

{{Transliteration|ko|rr|Hagwon}} owners have complained about the challenge in finding truly qualified teachers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2898300|title=English teachers complain about certain hagwon|work=Korea JoongAng Daily|access-date=31 August 2009|date=8 December 2008|author=Limb Jae-un}}</ref> A group of English instructors first formed a [[labour union]] at a {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwon}} in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/include/print.asp?newsIdx=56894|title=English Teachers Establish Labor Union in Incheon|work=The Korea Times|date=8 December 2009|access-date=10 February 2010|author=Park Si-soo}}</ref>

==''Hagwon''s abroad==
In some English-speaking countries, {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} exist for ethnic Koreans. In North America, about 75% of Korean-language supplemental schools have affiliation with churches.<ref name=Hirvelap103>Hirvela, Alan. "Diverse Literacy Practices among Asian Populations: Implications for Theory and Pedagogy" (Chapter 5). In: Farr, Marcia, Lisya Seloni, and Juyoung Song (editors). ''Ethnolinguistic Diversity and Education: Language, Literacy and Culture''. [[Routledge]], 25 January 2011. Start page 99. {{ISBN|1135183708}}, 9781135183707. - Cited: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bHWMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 103]. "These, too, exist as a result of efforts made by local ethnic communities. Chinese (buxiban) and Korean ({{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwon}}) schools are the most dominant of these learning environments, while Japanese heritage schools (hoshuko) also exist in certain communities." and "while the large majority (around 75 percent) of Korean schools are affiliated with churches; these began to appear in the early 1970s (Zhou & Kim, 2006)."</ref> As of 2006, of the {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} registered with the Korean School Association of America (KSAA), over 75% were affiliated with Korean churches. There are also secular formal {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} and secular informal {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}}.<ref name=ZhouMinp12>Zhou and Kim, p. 12</ref> The {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} are equivalent to ''[[hoshū jugyō kō]]'' (''hoshūkō'') in ethnic Japanese communities and ''[[buxiban]]'' in ethnic Chinese communities.<ref name=Hirvelap103/> As of 2010, every year over 50,000 Korean Americans attend Korean heritage schools.<ref name=KHRp1>Kang, p. 1.</ref>

Korean schools were first established in Hawaii after 1903, when the first wave of Korean immigration came to the United States.<ref>Kang, p. 2.</ref> The modern generation of Korean supplemental schools were first established in the United States in the 1970s. At the time they were weekend schools that had a mission to preserve the Korean-American identity in its students. They taught the Korean language, managed the assimilation of Korean-American children, and offered afterschool tutoring programs. There were almost 500 schools registered with the KSAA by the end of the 1980s.<ref name=ZhouMinp12/> Beginning in the 1990s there were also {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} that were supplementary academic preparation programs like the ones in Korea.<ref name=ZhouMinp13>Zhou and Kim, p. 13</ref> Despite this, some parents viewed the quality of American {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} as less rigorous than their South Korean counterparts. But in 2010, it was reported that some Korean parents in the United States viewed some {{Transliteration|ko|rr|hagwons}} in the New Jersey–New York area as being of similar quality.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-04-15 |title=Hagwon in US Go Korean Style |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2023/08/419_64258.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=The Korea Times}}</ref>

Kang Hee-Ryong, author of the [[PhD thesis]] ''White supremacy, racialization, and cultural politics of Korean Heritage Language Schools'', wrote that the Korean heritage schools are "not simply a means of counter hegemony against the racializing forces" but instead the "product of compromises" between different generations of Korean Americans.<ref name=KHRp1/>

== In popular culture ==

* Episode 9 (''The Pied piper'' 피리부는 사나이) in ''[[Extraordinary Attorney Woo]]'' (2022 South Korean TV series)
* ''[[Crazy_Love_(2022_TV_series)|Crazy Love]]'' (2022 South Korean TV series)
* ''[[Crash Course in Romance]]'' (2023 South Korean TV series)
* ''[[The Midnight Romance in Hagwon]]'' (2024 South Korean TV series)

==See also==
*[[Education in South Korea]]
*[[Work–life balance in South Korea]]
*[[Ronin (student)]]
*[[Storefront school]]

==References==
* Kang, Hee-Ryong ([[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]). ''White supremacy, racialization, and cultural politics of Korean Heritage Language Schools'' (PhD thesis). 2010. {{ISBN|112454688X}}.
* Zhou, Min, & Kim, Susan S. ([[University of California, Los Angeles]]). "[http://www.centerforurbanstudies.com/documents/electronic_library/neighborhoods/social_capital_and_education.pdf Community forces, social capital, and educational achievement: The case of supplementary education in the Chinese and Korean immigrant communities]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120906061645/http://www.centerforurbanstudies.com/documents/electronic_library/neighborhoods/social_capital_and_education.pdf Archive]). ''[[Harvard Educational Review]]'', 2006. 76 (1), 1-29.
* Kim, K. K. (2007). Jaemihanin Minjokkyooke Kwanhan Yongoo (A Study on the Development of the Ethnic Education for Koreans in the United States). ''[[The Korea Educational Review]]'', 13 (1), 57–87.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{in lang|ko}} [http://www.kaoh.or.kr/ 한국학원총연합회] (Korea Association of Hakwon)
*{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=296120&v=43 |script-title=ko:학원 |trans-title=Hagwon |publisher=[[Nate (web portal)|Nate]] [[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |language=ko |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610072824/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=296120&v=43 |archive-date=10 June 2011}}
*Ewe, K. (7 July 2023). [https://time.com/6292773/south-korea-crackdown-hagwons-cram-schools-competition/ "Why S. Korea's crackdown on private tutoring is just a 'band-aid' on a much larger problem".] ''Time''.

[[Category:Academic pressure in East Asian culture]]
[[Category:Education in South Korea]]
[[Category:Test preparation companies]]

Kim Hŏnch'ang

2025-06-21T21:52:52Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|9th century Korean aristocrat and rebel}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2023}}
{{family name hatnote|Kim|lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Kim Hŏnch'ang
|title =
|image =
|succession = King of Jangan
|reign = 822
|predecessor =
|successor = [[Kim Pŏm-mun]]
|full name =
|house = [[Silla monarchs family tree|Kim]]
|father = [[Kim Chu-wŏn]]
|mother =
|era name = Gyeong-un (경운, 慶雲)
|death_date = 822
|death_place = [[Gongju|Ungju]], [[Silla]] ({{small|present-day}} [[Gongju]], [[South Korea]])
|place of burial =
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=%김헌창
|hanja=金憲昌
}}
'''Kim Hŏnch'ang''' (died 822) was the leader of an aristocratic [[rebellion]] in early ninth-century [[Unified Silla]]. He was a seventh-generation descendant of [[Muyeol of Silla|King Muyeol]], and thus bore the "true bone" status in the Silla [[bone rank system]]. His activities are probably linked to strife between different lineages of the Silla royal house.

==Biography==
Kim's father, [[Kim Chuwŏn]], was first in line to take the Silla throne after the death of [[King Seondeok of Silla|King Seondeok]]. However, [[Wonseong of Silla|Kim Kyŏngsin]] seized power by military force and became King Wonseong. Kim Chuwŏn fled to the province of [[Myeongju]], around modern-day [[Gangneung]]. These events probably laid the foundation for his son's (and grandson's) rebellious activities. Kim Hŏnch'ang later became the governor of [[Gongju|Ungju]] (modern-day Gongju) in 821.<ref>{{cite web |title=김헌창(金憲昌) |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0011026 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |access-date=1 July 2023 |language=ko}}</ref>

After [[Aejang of Silla|King Aejang]] was slain by [[Heondeok of Silla|Kim Ŏnsŭng]], who then became king, Kim Hŏnch'ang launched a rebellion which rapidly gained control over the modern-day areas of [[Gwangju]], [[Cheongju]], and [[Gongju]]. He named his country Jangan (장안, 長安) and took the [[era name]] Kyŏngun (경운, 慶雲). The rebellion went on to seize [[Jeonju]], [[Sangju]], [[Chungju]], and [[Gimhae]], thus gaining control over much of the southern and western [[Korea|Korean peninsula]]. It appears that he was aided by many other members of the Muyeol lineage.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Ki-Baik |last2=Schultz |first2=Edward J. |last3=Wagner |first3=Edward W. |title=A New History of Korea |date=1984 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. ; London |isbn=0674615751 |page=93}}</ref>

After a month's fighting, the royal faction was able to regain much of the territory that Kim Hŏnch'ang's forces had taken. With the fall of Ungju imminent, which had been the center of the rebellion, Kim Hŏnch'ang killed himself to avoid capture by the royal army. His loyal followers beheaded his corpse and buried the head and body separately to protect Kim's corpse from desecration by the enemy. However, the royalist army was able to find both pieces of Kim's corpse after the fall of the city. In the aftermath of his failed rebellion, 239 relatives of Kim Hŏnch'ang were executed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Chong Sun |title=Sources of Cohesion and Fragmentation in the Silla Kingdom |journal=Journal of Korean Studies |date=1969 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=41–72 |doi=10.1353/jks.1969.0000 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/416232 |access-date=1 July 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Three years later, his son [[Kim Pŏmmun]] rekindled the rebellion, but was shortly thereafter also crushed by the royal army.

==See also==
*[[Unified Silla]]
*[[History of Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Hŏnch'ang}}
[[Category:822 deaths]]
[[Category:Silla people]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Asia]]
[[Category:9th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Suicides in Korea]]
[[Category:Korean rebels]]
[[Category:Gangneung Kim clan]]

{{Korea-hist-stub}}

Geom Mojam

2025-06-21T21:51:52Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|Goguryeo commander}}
{{family name hatnote|Geom||lang=Korean}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=%검모잠
|hanja=劍牟岑
}}
'''Geom Mojam''' (?–670) was the military leader of a short-lived movement to restore [[Goguryeo]] after its fall to [[Silla]] in the later 7th century CE. After the kingdom fell to Tang and Silla in 668, he kindled an opposition movement in the [[Taedong River]] valley and in 670 established [[Anseung]] (안승, 安勝, another source has it as Ansun, 안순, 安舜) as the new King of Goguryeo. Anseung is believed to have been the illegitimate son of [[Bojang of Goguryeo|King Bojang]], the last ruler of that kingdom. The capital was set up in modern-day Chaeryŏng-gun, [[South Hwanghae]], [[North Korea]]. The rebellion is briefly described in the ''[[Samguk Sagi]]'', Goguryeo Book 10.

One source gives Geom's birthplace as Surimseong (수림성, 水臨城), while the [[Samguk Sagi]] (“Annals of Silla”/King Munmu 10/Month 6) relates that he was a native of the walled city of Yeongnim (location unknown). His date of birth is unknown. As military official, the [[Samguk Sagi]] relates, he reached the rank of ''daehyeong'' (대형, 大兄), seventh among the 14 ranks of Goguryeo officialdom. However, the New History of Tang (book 220/“Gaoli Monograph”) records his name as Gyeom Mojam (겸모잠, 鉗牟岑) and his office as that of daejang.

The [[Samguk Sagi]] relates how following the fall of Goguryeo Geom departed from Gungmo fortress (궁모성, 窮牟城) and arriving to the south of the [[Taedong River|Pae River]] he met and killed several Tang officials and the monk Fa An (法安) before heading for Silla territory. En route to Silla he met Anseung at Saya Island (present day Soya Island) and together they came to Han fortress (present day [[Chaeryŏng]], Chaeryŏng county, [[South Hwanghae]] Province). There Anseung was proclaimed king of Goguryeo.

After placing Anseung on the throne, Geom dispatched the ''sohyeong'' (소형, 小兄) ''Dasik'' (다식, 多式) to Silla to request armed assistance and recognition from that kingdom. Silla at this time was struggling to avoid absorption into the [[Tang dynasty]] through the [[Protectorate General to Pacify the East]] (安東都護府), a military government Tang had established on the peninsula after the fall of Baekje and Goguryeo. Therefore, Silla eagerly sent an embassy recognizing Ansun as the legitimate King of Goguryeo and offering an alliance. But relation with Geom and Anseung suddenly deteriorated, and Geom was assassinated at the behest of Anseung. After the assassination, Anseung fled to Silla and later ruled the short-lived [[Bodeok]] Kingdom based in [[Iksan]].

Geom's struggle is comparable to that of the [[Baekje]] leader [[Boksin]], who led a similarly ill-fated attempt to restore the Baekje state a decade before. The ultimate failure of Geom's struggle also prepared the way for the subsequent Goguryeo diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.korea.net/news/news/newsView.asp?serial_no=20040303016&part=111 |title=On the Goguryeo diaspora see |access-date=2004-11-29 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155655/http://www.korea.net/news/news/newsView.asp?serial_no=20040303016&part=111 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* Portrayed by [[:ko:김명수 (배우)|Kim Myung-soo]] in the 2006-2007 [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]] TV series ''[[Dae Jo-yeong (TV series)|Dae Jo-yeong]]''.

==Notes==
<references/>

== See also ==
*[[History of Korea]]
*[[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]
*[[Anseung]]

[[Category:Goguryeo]]

Kyŏn Sin-gŏm

2025-06-21T21:50:25Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|King of Hunaekje (fl. 10th century)}}
{{family name hatnote|Kyŏn|lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name =Kyŏn Sin-gŏm
| title =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| succession =[[Later Baekje|King of Later Baekje]]
| reign = 15 November 935 – 936
| coronation =15 November 935
| predecessor =[[Kyŏn Hwŏn]]
| successor = ''Dynasty abolished'' ([[Taejo of Goryeo]] as the first [[Goryeo|King of Goryeo]])
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =936
| death_place =[[Goryeo]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| spouse =
| issue =
| full name =
| era name =Jeonggae ({{Korean|hangul=정개|hanja=正開|labels=no}})
| era dates =900–936
| regnal name =
| posthumous name =
| temple name =
| royal house =[[Gyeon#Meaning|Kyŏn]]
| father =[[Kyŏn Hwŏn]]
| mother =[[Lady Sangwon]]
| religion =[[Buddhism]]
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=%견신검
|hanja=甄神劍
}}
'''Kyŏn Sin-gŏm''' ({{Korean|견신검|甄神劍}}; ? – September 936,{{efn|In the [[Korean calendar]] ([[lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]]).}} r. 15 November 935 – 936{{efn|In the [[Korean calendar]] ([[lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]]), he reigned on 17 October 935 – September 936.}}) was the second and final [[monarch|king]] of [[Later Baekje]], one of the [[Later Three Kingdoms]] of Korea.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kang|first1=Jae-eun|title=The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism|publisher=Homa & Sekey|page=72}}</ref> He came to the throne after conspiring with his two brothers, Yang-gŏm and Yong-gŏm, to overthrow their father [[Kyŏn Hwŏn]] and kill the anointed heir, their younger half-brother Kŭm-gang.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Iryon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6dxAAAAMAAJ&q=Gyeon+Singeom|title=Overlooked Historical Records of the Three Korean Kingdoms|last2=Iryŏn|publisher=Jimoondang|year=2006|isbn=978-89-88095-94-2|location=Seoul, South Korea|pages=145|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hwang|first=Kyung Moon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rjy7DQAAQBAJ&dq=Gyeon+Hwon&pg=PA30|title=A History of Korea|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|year=2017|isbn=978-1-137-57359-9|edition=2nd |series=Palgrave Essential Histories|location=London and New York|pages=28–31|language=en|orig-year=2010}}</ref>

The brothers placed Kyŏn Hwŏn in prison, but he was able to escape. Kyŏn Hwŏn led the [[Goryeo]] army against them in 936 AD at present-day [[Seonsan]] in [[Gumi, South Korea|Gumi]], destroying Kyŏn Sin-gŏm's army.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Korea National University of Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xV6jh7kA4Y4C&q=Gyeon+Singeom|title=Atlas of Korean History|publisher=Stallion Press|year=2008|isbn=978-981-08-0785-6|location=Singapore|pages=67–68|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kang|first1=Chae-ŏn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iB8R0oEH3kEC&dq=Gyeon+Singeom&pg=PA72|title=The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism|last2=Kang|first2=Jae-eun|publisher=Homa & Sekey Books|year=2006|isbn=978-1-931907-37-8|location=Paramus, NJ|pages=72|language=en|translator-last=Lee|translator-first=Suzanne}}</ref>

[[King Taejo of Goryeo]] deemed that the plot was the work of Kyŏn Sin-gŏm's brothers, and granted Kyŏn Sin-gŏm a noble title. Accounts vary as to whether Yang-gŏm and Yong-gŏm were sent into exile or slain.

== See also ==
* [[History of Korea]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Later Baekje|House of Kyŏn]]||||936}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kyŏn Hwŏn]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=King of [[Later Baekje]]|years=935–936}}
{{s-aft|after=''none''}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kyŏn, Sin-gŏm}}
[[Category:Later Baekje people]]
[[Category:936 deaths]]
[[Category:10th-century Korean monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime]]

{{Korea-royal-stub}}

Kyŏn Hwŏn

2025-06-21T21:50:01Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|King of Later Baekje (r. 892–935)}}
{{family name hatnote|Kyŏn|lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kyŏn Hwŏn
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| succession = [[Later Baekje|King of Later Baekje]]
| reign = 892 – 935
| coronation = 900
| predecessor = Dynasty founder
| successor = [[Kyŏn Sin-gŏm]]
| regent =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa}} 867
| birth_place = [[Sangju|Gaeun]], Sabeol, [[Silla]]
| death_date = 27 September 936 (aged about 69)
| death_place = [[Nonsan|Hwangsan]], Ungcheon, [[Goryeo]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Nonsan]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| full name =
| era name = Jeonggae ({{Korean|hangul=정개|hanja=正開|labels=no}})
| era dates = 900–936
| royal house = [[Gyeon#Meaning|House of Kyŏn]] (Hwanggan Kyŏn clan)
| father = [[Ajagae]]
| mother = [[Lady Sangwon]]
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
|child=yes
|hangul=%견훤
|hanja=甄萱
|othername1 = Other name
|hangul1 = %진훤
|hanja1 =眞萱
}}
}}
'''Kyŏn Hwŏn''' ({{Korean|견훤|甄萱}}; {{circa}}867 – 27 September 936,{{efn|In the [[Korean calendar]] ([[lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]]), he died on 9 September 936.}} ruled from 892 – March 935{{efn|In the [[Korean calendar]] ([[lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]]).}}) was the [[List of monarchs of Korea|king]] and founder of [[Later Baekje]], one of the [[Later Three Kingdoms of Korea]], and reigned from 892 to 935. Some records render his name as '''Chin Hwŏn''' ({{Korean|진훤|眞萱|labels=no}}). He was also the progenitor of the [[List of Korean family names|Hwanggan Kyŏn]] clan. Substantial accounts of his life are preserved in the ''[[Samguk sagi]]'', which presents a single narrative, and the ''[[Samguk yusa]]'', which presents excerpts about him from various sources.<ref name="gh doosan">{{in lang|ko}} [https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=3568915&cid=59015&categoryId=59015 Gyeon Hwŏn] at [[Doosan Encyclopedia]]</ref><ref name="gh britannica">{{in lang|ko}} [http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=111995&v=43 Gyeon Hwon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610014613/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=111995&v=43 |date=10 June 2011}} at Britannica Korea</ref>

==Background==
Records say that Kyŏn Hwŏn was born with the surname [[Lee (Korean name)|Yi]], not Kyŏn. Most accounts agree that Kyŏn Hwŏn's father was [[Ajagae]], a [[farmer]] and rebel leader surnamed Yi, and that he was born in what is today Gaeun-eup in [[Mungyeong]], South Korea, as the oldest of six children. However, Kyŏn Hwŏn later changed his family name to Kyon. Some argue that he changed his surname to start afresh as the founder of the new state of [[Later Baekje]]. Kyŏn Hwŏn is considered the progenitor of the Hwanggan Kyŏn clan. His sons, Sin-gŏm, Yang-gŏm, Yong-gŏm and Kŭm-gang, used the surname Kyŏn (or Chin), not Yi.<ref name="gh doosan" />

His mother was from the [[Gwangju]] area, but her exact identity is not known;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=566277&cid=46620&categoryId=46620|script-title=ko:견훤|access-date=26 May 2018|language=ko}}</ref> Ajagae had two wives, Lady Sangwon and Lady Namwon, and Kyŏn Hwŏn was born to his first wife. Legends state that his mother was from Gwangju and gave birth to her firstborn son after having physical contact with a [[worm]] disguised as a man, and that Kyŏn Hwŏn grew up drinking the milk of a [[tiger]].<ref>[[Il-yeon]]: ''Samguk Yusa: Legends and History of the Three Kingdoms of Ancient Korea'', translated by Tae-Hung Ha and Grafton K. Mintz. Book Two, page 125. Silk Pagoda (2006). {{ISBN|1-59654-348-5}}</ref><ref name="gh ekc">{{in lang|ko}} [http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=255036&v=43 Kyŏn Hwŏn] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610014625/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=255036&v=43 |date=10 June 2011 }} at Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</ref>

The [[Silla]] court of [[Jinseong of Silla|Queen Jinseong]] was heavily corrupt and embroiled with political confusion. Widespread famine ravaged the country, driving many of the people into rebel forces. Village headmen, and new military forces arose and created power bases all over the country. The government who had tried to implement a forceful taxation plan found itself in the face of rebellions led by bandits, local nobles, and rebel leaders. It was during this time that Kyŏn Hwŏn's father Ajagae led a local [[peasant revolt]] and set up base in [[Sangju]].<ref name="gh ekc"/><ref>{{in lang|ko}} [http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=872348 Ajagae] at [[Doosan Encyclopedia]]</ref><ref>Park Yeonggyu (박영규), ''Annals of the Silla Dynasty'' (신라왕조실록) pp 427-433, Woongjin, Seoul, 2004. {{ISBN|89-01-04752-7}}</ref>

==Early life and founding of Later Baekje==
Kyŏn Hwŏn is said to have left home at 15 to join the Silla army and became the commander of Silla forces in the [[Jeolla]] region.<ref>Choi Yong Beom (최용범), ''Korean History in One Night'' (하룻밤에 읽는 한국역사), Paper Road, Seoul, 2008. {{ISBN|978-89-92920-61-2}}</ref> While his father grabbed power in the Sangju region, he independently marshalled local peasants to his cause, and soon gathered many followers. In 892, Kyŏn Hwŏn seized the cities of [[Jeonju|Wansanju]] and [[Gwangju|Mujinju]], taking over the old territory of [[Baekje]] and winning the support of the people in the area who were hostile to Silla.<ref>Lee Hyun-hee, Park Sung-soo, Yoon Nae-hyun, translated by The Academy of Korean Studies, ''New History of Korea'' pp 263-265, Jimoondang, Paju, 2005. {{ISBN|89-88095-85-5}}</ref>

Kyŏn Hwŏn declared himself the king of Later Baekje and established his capital at [[Jeonju|Wansanju]] in 900. He established government, made diplomatic ties with [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] China, and continuously pursued the expansion of his kingdom amidst much conflict with [[Kung Ye]] of [[Taebong|Later Goguryeo]].<ref name="gh doosan"/>

==Reign==
After crowning himself as ruler of Later Baekje, Kyŏn Hwŏn sent his army to present-day [[Hapcheon]], southwest of the Silla capital [[Gyeongju]], but the campaign failed and the army retreated. Then in 910, when [[Wang Kŏn]], the general of the rival kingdom of [[Taebong|Majin]], attacked and captured the city of [[Naju]], the very city in which Kyŏn Hwŏn had started his rebellion, he made an attempt to retake the city from Wang but failed.<ref name="gh ekc"/>

In 918, Kung Ye, who had been maintaining his rule by acts of terror, was dethroned and murdered by his own army commanders. His general and chief minister Wang Kŏn was crowned as their new ruler, marking the beginning point of [[Goryeo]].<ref>{{in lang|ko}} [http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=154713 Taejo] at [[Doosan Encyclopedia]]</ref>

Kyŏn Hwŏn sent another major expedition to Hapcheon in 920 and finally succeeded in taking over the region, forcing [[Gyeongmyeong of Silla|King Gyeongmyeong]] into an alliance with Goryeo. Then he invaded the present-day [[Andong]] area, but his troops were defeated by local Silla guards. Kyŏn Hwŏn was forced to make peace with Goryeo after the battle, through a hostage exchange of royal family members. However, when his nephew Chin Ho died, he killed the Goryeo hostage Wang Shin, cousin of Wang Kon, and resumed war against Goryeo.<ref name="gh ekc"/>

In 927, Kyŏn Hwŏn led his army himself and directly attacked the Silla capital of Gyeongju. [[Gyeongae of Silla|King Gyeongae]] was unprepared for this attack, and he chose suicide over capture by the invading army of Later Baekje. Kyŏn Hwŏn then established Kim Pu (who became [[Gyeongsun of Silla|King Gyeongsun]]) as the next Silla king. On his way back, he was met by the forces led by Wang Kŏn, and easily defeated the Goryeo army, killing many of Wang's notable generals and warriors, with Wang barely escaping through the daring self-sacrifice of his general [[Sin Sung-gyŏm]] and [[Kim Nak]]. One year later he took over the city of [[Jinju]] from Silla.<ref name="gh ekc"/>

==Decline and fall==
Later Baekje and Goryeo were in constant state of hostilities without one being completely dominant over the other. However, in 930, the Later Baekje troops faced a heavy defeat at the [[Battle of Gochang]] (present-day [[Andong]]) and was unable to recover from the loss. Kyŏn Hwŏn attempted to reverse the current by sacking the Goryeo capital of [[Gaeseong]], but his army suffered another defeat in 934.<ref name="gh doosan"/><ref name="gh britannica"/><ref name="gh ekc"/>

Not only was Later Baekje reeling from military defeats, the kingdom was in internal disarray. In 935, Kyŏn Hwŏn's eldest son [[Kyŏn Sin-gŏm]], who had been slighted as heir to the throne in favor of his younger brother Kŭm-gang, overthrew Kyŏn Hwŏn with the aid of his brothers Yang-gŏm and Yong-gŏm. Sin-gŏm killed Kŭm-gang and confined Kyŏn Hwŏn to the temple [[Geumsansa]], but Kyŏn Hwŏn escaped and fled to Goryeo and his old enemy Wang Kŏn, who welcomed him and provided him with land and slaves.<ref name="gh ekc"/>

King Gyeongsun of Silla formally surrendered to Goryeo in 935. The following year, at Kyŏn Hwŏn's request, he and Wang Kŏn led a massive Goryeo army to Later Baekje and the kingdom fell.<ref name="gh doosan"/><ref name="gh britannica"/><ref name="gh ekc"/>

Kyŏn Hwŏn died the same year of an inflamed tumor.<ref name="gh ekc"/>

==Diplomacy==
Unlike his rival Kung Ye, Kyŏn Hwŏn was active in diplomacy; he was formally confirmed by the Chinese kingdoms of [[Wuyue]] and [[Later Tang]] as the legitimate ruler of Later Baekje. In addition, he sought an alliance with the newly formed and rising [[Liao Dynasty]] in the north, which was founded by the [[Khitan people|Khitans]], in order to surround Goryeo from both north and south, respectively. Kyŏn Hwŏn also sent envoys to Heian Japan during his reign for mainly commercial reasons; the Jeolla region, where Kyŏn Hwŏn began his kingdom, was the center of trade in East Asia during the period and had already served as the base for traders such as [[Chang Pogo]].<ref name="gh ekc"/>

However, despite all of his diplomatic, military and trade abilities Kyŏn Hwŏn lacked the political astuteness to found a viable state; his Later Baekje government system was not very much different from the one of Silla, which had been proven to be ineffective in centralizing the power of the local landlords and merchants. In the end, Later Baekje was not able to exercise influence over many of its people, paving the way for Goryeo to incorporate the kingdom and unify the Korean peninsula.<ref name="gh ekc"/>

==Wives and children==

=== According to the ''Samguk sagi'' ===

==== Wives ====
:
*Unnamed primary wife
*Concubine: Lady Gobi ({{Korean|hangul=고비녀|hanja=古比女|labels=no}})

==== Children ====
:
*1st son [[Kyŏn Sin-gŏm]] (885–936)
*2nd son Kyŏn Yang-gŏm ({{Korean|hangul=견양검|hanja=甄良劍|labels=no}}; d. 936)
*3rd son Kyŏn Yong-gŏm ({{Korean|hangul=견용검|hanja=甄龍劍|labels=no}}; d. 936)
*4th son Kyŏn Kŭm-gang ({{Korean|hangul=견금강|hanja=甄金剛|labels=no}}; d. 935)
*8th son Kyŏn Nŭng-ye ({{Korean|hangul=견능예|hanja=甄能乂|labels=no}})
*1st daughter [[Kyŏn Ae-bok]]

=== According to the ''Samguk yusa'' ===

==== Wife ====
*Lady Sangwon of the Pak clan ({{Korean|hangul=상원부인 박씨|hanja=上院夫人朴氏|labels=no}})

==== Children ====
*1st son [[Kyŏn Sin-gŏm|Chin Song]] ({{Korean|hangul=진성|hanja=眞成|labels=no}})
*2nd son Chin Kyom-noe ({{Korean|hangul=진겸뇌|hanja=眞謙腦|labels=no}})
*3rd son Chin Yong-sul ({{Korean|hangul=진용술|hanja=眞龍述|labels=no}})
*4th son Chin Ch'ong-chi ({{Korean|hangul=진총지|hanja=眞聰智|labels=no}})
*5th son Chin Chong-u ({{Korean|hangul=진종우|hanja=眞宗祐|labels=no}})
*7th son Chin Wi-hung ({{Korean|hangul=진위흥|hanja=眞位興|labels=no}})
*8th son Chin Ch'ong-gu ({{Korean|hangul=진청구|hanja=眞靑丘|labels=no}})
*1st daughter [[Kyŏn Ae-bok|Lady Kuktae]] ({{Korean|hangul=국대부인 진씨|hanja=國大夫人眞氏|labels=no}})

==See also==
*[[Later Baekje]]
*[[Kung Ye]]
*[[Taejo of Goryeo|Wang Kon]]
*[[Later Three Kingdoms]]
*[[History of Korea]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Later Baekje|House of Kyŏn]]||||936}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=''none''}}
{{s-ttl|title=King of [[Later Baekje]]|years=900–935}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kyŏn Singŏm]]}}
{{s-pre}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Buyeo Pung]]}}
{{s-tul|title=[[List of monarchs of Korea|King of Baekje]]
|years=900–935
|reason=[[Later Three Kingdoms]]
|line=Baekje claimant}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kyŏn Singŏm]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kyŏn, Hwŏn}}
[[Category:860s births]]
[[Category:936 deaths]]
[[Category:10th-century Korean monarchs]]
[[Category:Later Baekje people]]
[[Category:Silla people]]
[[Category:People from Sangju]]
[[Category:People of the Later Three Kingdoms]]

Hwang Sun-won

2025-06-21T21:48:47Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{for|the South Korean equestrian|Hwang Sun-won (equestrian)}}
{{Short description|South Korean writer (1915–2000)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Hwang Sun-won
| image = 황순원 작가.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| language = Korean
| nationality = South Korean
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
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| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| module =
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| portaldisp =
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|title = Korean name
|hangul=%황순원
|hanja=黃順元
}}

{{family name hatnote|Hwang||lang=Korean}}

'''Hwang Sun-wŏn''' ({{Korean|hangul=황순원}}; March 26, 1915 – September 14, 2000) was a Korean short story writer, novelist, and poet.<ref name="ref001">"황순원" biographical PDF available at LTI Korea Library or online at: {{cite web|url=http://klti.or.kr/ke_04_03_011.do# |title=Author Database - Korea Literature Translation Institute |accessdate=September 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055413/http://klti.or.kr/ke_04_03_011.do |archivedate=September 21, 2013 }}</ref>

==Life==
Hwang was born while Korea was under Japanese colonial rule in [[Taedong County]], [[South Pyongan]], in modern-day [[North Korea]]. Hwang Sunwon made his literary debut as a middle school student with the publication in 1931 of his poems “My Dream” (Naui kkum) and “Fear Not, My Son” (Adeura museowo malla) in Eastern Light (Donggwang).<ref name="ref001" /> Hwang graduated from Waseda University in Japan with a degree in English.
During his time at Waseda he founded a theater group called Tokyo Students’ Group for the Arts (Donggyeong haksaeng yesuljwa), along with fellow students Lee Haerang and Kim Dongwon.<ref name="ref001" /> In November 1934, Hwang Sunwon published his first poetry collection, Wayward Songs (Bangga). Following the [[division of Korea]] he lived in the South, becoming a professor at [[Kyunghee University]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Who's who in Korean literature |chapter=Hwang, Sun-won |page=151 |author=Im, Hon-yong |year=1996 |publisher=Hollym |location=Seoul |isbn=1-56591-066-4}}</ref>

==Work==
Hwang published his first story in 1937 and continued writing through the 1980s; during his long literary career, Hwang Sunwon observed firsthand the suffering of ordinary Koreans under many different forms of oppression: colonialism, ideological strife, Korean War, industrialization, military dictatorships. What he sought to capture was the resilience of the Korean spirit even in times of adversity, rather than the adversity itself, and the discovery of love and goodwill in the most unlikely of circumstances.<ref name="ref001" />

Although he wrote many volumes of poetry and eight novels, Hwang achieved his greatest acclaim as the author of short fiction, which was regarded as the premiere literary genre through most of the twentieth century in Korea and Hwang was noted, particularly early in his career, for refusing to write in Japanese.<ref name="ref003">{{cite book|title=The Descendants of Cain|chapter=Editor's Introduction|author=Hwang Sun-won|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1997|isbn=978-0765601377}}</ref> ([[Yom Sang-seop]] was another example of this stance). Hwang is the author of some of the best-known stories in the modern Korean literary canon, including “Stars” (1940), “Old Man Hwang” (1942), “The Old Potter” (1944), “Cloudburst” (1952), “Cranes” (1953) and “[[Rain Shower]]”(1959).

In “Cranes” (Hak), for example, two childhood friends now on opposite sides of the ideological divide, find a way to rediscover their love for each other, and “The Shower” (Sonagi) highlights the pathos and beauty of love between two children. Children, in fact, often appear in Hwang Sunwon’s short stories as vessels of purity. “The Swamp” (Neup) and “The Stars” also manifest concern with the ephemerality of childhood.<ref name="ref001" />

Hwang began writing novels in the 1950s, his most successful being ''Trees on a Slope'' (1960), which depicts the lives of three soldiers during the Korean War. ''Sunlight, Moonlight'' (1962–65) depicts the lives of members of the former untouchable class in urban Seoul. ''The Moving Castle'' (1968–72) depicts the complex and problematic synthesis of Western and indigenous cultures in rapidly modernizing Korea. It is also one of the few depictions in fiction of gender roles in Korean [[shamanism]].<ref name="ref003" />

==Tribute==
On 26 March 2015, [[Google]] celebrated Hwang's 100th birthday with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/hwang-sun-wons-100th-birthday/|title=Hwang Sun-won's 100th Birthday|website=Google|date=26 March 2015}}</ref>

==Book-length Works in Translation==
* ''The Stars and Other Korean Short Stories'', trans. Edward W. Poitras. Hong Kong: Heineman Asia, 1980.
* ''Trees on the Cliff : A Novel of Korea and Two Stories'', trans. Chang Wang-rok. New York: Larchmont Publications Ltd, 1980.
* ''The Book of Masks: Stories by Hwang Sun-won'', ed. Martin Holman. London: Readers International, 1989.
* ''Shadows of a Sound: Stories by Hwang Sun-won'', ed. Martin Holman. San Francisco: Mercury House, 1990.
* ''Sunlight, Moonlight'', trans. Sol Sun-bong. Seoul: Si-sa-yong-o-sa, 1990.
* ''The Descendants of Cain'', trans. Suh Ji-moon and Julie Pickering. London: Routledge. 1997.
* ''Trees on a Slope'', trans. Bruce and Ju-Chan Fulton. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2005.
* ''Lost Souls: Stories'', trans. Bruce and Ju-Chan Fulton. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
* ''The Moving Fortress'', trans. Bruce and Ju-Chan Fulton. Portland, Maine: MerwinAsia, 2016.

==Works in Korean==

'''Short Story Collections'''
* Stories by Hwang Sun-won (Hwang Sun-won tanpyunjip, 1940)
* The Dog of Crossover Village (Mongneomi maeurui gae, 1948),
* Wild Geese (Gireogi, 1951)
* Acrobats (Gogyesa, 1952)
* Cranes (1953)
* Lost Souls (Ireobeorin saramdeul, 1958)
* Time for You and Me Alone (Neowa namanui sigan, 1964)
* Masks (Tal, 1980)

'''Novels'''
* Living with the Stars (Byeolgwa gachi salda, 1950)
* Descendants of Cain (Kain ui huye, 1954)
* Human Grafting (Ingan jeommok, 1957)
* The Moving Fortress (Umjigineun seong, 1973)
* Sunlight, Moonlight (Irweol, 1975)
* Dice of the Gods (Shin tul ui chusawi, 1982)

==Awards==
* Asia Freedom Literature Prize (1955)
* Academy of Arts Award
* March First (Samil) Culture Prize.
* [[Inchon Award]] (1987)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hwang, Sun-won}}
[[Category:Korean novelists]]
[[Category:Korean male poets]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century South Korean novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Korean poets]]
[[Category:Jaeahn Hwang clan|Sun-won]]
[[Category:20th-century South Korean male writers]]
[[Category:Waseda University alumni]]

Kim Jun-yop

2025-06-21T21:48:19Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean historian (1920–2011)}}
{{for|the footballer|Kim Jun-yeop}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]||lang=Korean}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=%김준엽
|hanja=金俊燁
}}
'''Kim Jun-yop''' ({{Korean|hangul=김준엽}}; 26 August 1920 – 7 June 2011)<ref>{{cite book|last=Myers|first=Robert John|title=Korea in the cross currents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNuyHvZsRqwC&pg=PA58 |year=2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=58|isbn=9780312238155 }}</ref><ref name="Obituary">{{cite news|last = 莉莉鱼|script-title=zh:金俊烨的中国往事(图)|newspaper = The Beijing News|language = Chinese|date = 2 July 2011|url = https://roll.sohu.com/20110702/n312259084.shtml|accessdate = 2012-12-21}}</ref> was president of [[Korea University]], a [[historian]] focusing on China and North Korea issues. Kim declined a nomination from [[Roh Tae-woo]] to become [[Prime Minister of South Korea]] in 1990, preferring to stay in academia.

He attended [[National Central University]] (later renamed [[Nanjing University]] in [[mainland China]] and reinstated in [[Taiwan]]), majoring in history. He has served as visiting professors at [[Harvard University]] and [[Princeton University]].

In January 2005, Kim was chairman of the Institute of Social Sciences in Korea<ref name="KF">{{cite news|url=http://newsletter.kf.or.kr/english/contents.asp?vol=132&sec=132&lang=English&no=1704|title=2nd Korea Foundation Award|date=January 2010|publisher=[[Korea Foundation]]|accessdate=13 July 2010}}</ref> and chairman of the Dae Woo Educational Foundation. In December 2009, Kim was the recipient of the [[Korea Foundation]] Award.<ref name="KF"/>

==See also==
*[[History of North Korea]]
*[[History of China]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Jun-Yop}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:South Korean historians]]
[[Category:National Central University alumni]]
[[Category:Nanjing University alumni]]
[[Category:South Korean expatriates in China]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Korea University]]
[[Category:Presidents of universities and colleges in South Korea]]
[[Category:Historians of Korea]]
[[Category:Korean Liberation Army personnel]]
[[Category:Members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]]
[[Category:Korean resistance members]]
[[Category:South Korean Koreanists]]

{{Korea-historian-stub}}

Grace Park (golfer)

2025-06-21T21:46:50Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean golfer (born 1979)}}
{{family name hatnote|Park||lang=Korean}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox golfer
| name = Grace Park 박지은
| image = Grace Park.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fullname = Grace Park
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|3|6}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| height = {{height|cm=168}}
| weight =
| nationality = {{KOR}}
| residence = [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], U.S.
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| college = [[Arizona State University]] [[Ewha Womans University]]
| yearpro = 1999
| tour =
| extour = [[Futures Tour]] (joined 1999) [[LPGA Tour]] (joined 2000)
| prowins = 11
| lpgawins = 6
| letwins = 
| jlpgawins = 
| klpgawins = 
| lagtwins = 
| alpgwins = 
| futwins = 5
| otherwins =
| majorwins = 1
| nabisco = '''Won''': [[2004 Kraft Nabisco Championship|2004]]
| lpga = 2nd: 2003
| wusopen = T6: 2000
| dumaurier = DNP
| wbritopen = T3: 2003
| wghofid =
| wghofyear =
| award1 = [[Futures Tour Player of the Year|Futures Tour Player of the Year]]
| year1 = 1999
| award2 = [[LPGA Tour#LPGA Tour awards|LPGA Vare Trophy]]
| year2 = 2004
| award3 = [[Honda Sports Award|Honda Award]]
| year3 = 2002
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul = %박지은
| hanja =
}}

'''Grace Park''' (born March 6, 1979), born '''Park Ji-eun''' ({{Korean|hangul=박지은}}), is a retired South Korean professional [[golf]]er on the [[LPGA Tour]]. She was a member of the LPGA Tour from 2000 until her retirement in 2012 and won six LPGA Tour events, including one [[women's major golf championships|major championship]], during her career.

==Amateur career==
Park was born Park Ji-eun in [[Seoul]], South Korea. She moved to [[Hawaii]] at the age of 12, and then to [[Arizona]]. She received the 1996 [[Dial Award]] as top female high-school scholar-athlete in the United States. She attended [[Arizona State University]] and graduated from [[Ewha Womans University]] in 2003. In 2002, she won the Honda Award (now the [[Honda Sports Award]]) as the best female collegiate golfer in the nation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tucson.com/sports/golf/professional/park-has-dazzled-as-an-amateur-pro-golfer/article_341c2694-9edd-11e0-a318-001cc4c03286.html |title=Park has dazzled as an amateur, pro golfer |newspaper=Arizona Daily Star |access-date=March 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/golf |title=Golf |publisher=CWSA |access-date=March 28, 2020}}</ref>

Park had an outstanding amateur career in the United States being Rolex Junior Player of the Year in 1994 and 1996,<ref name="Ajga">{{cite web |title=All-Time Rolex Junior Players of the Year |publisher=American Junior Golf Association |url=http://www.ajga.org/Rankings/playersoftheyear.asp |access-date=April 4, 2007}}</ref> winning several amateur championships in 1998 including the [[U.S. Women's Amateur]] and the [[Women's Western Amateur]]. She tied for eighth as an amateur in the 1999 [[U.S. Women's Open]].

==Professional career==
Park turned professional in 1999 and decided to play on the [[Futures Tour]] instead of taking exemptions to [[LPGA Tour]] tournaments. She won five of the ten tournaments she entered and became one of the first three golfers to gain automatic LPGA Tour exempt status by finishing top of the money list.<ref name="Futures">{{cite web |title=Silver Anniversary Salute: FUTURES Tour Prepares For Next 25 Years |publisher=Duramed Futures Tour |first=Lisa D. |last=Mickey |url=http://www.duramedfuturestour.com/News/SilverAnniversarySalute.html |access-date=April 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409095151/http://duramedfuturestour.com/News/SilverAnniversarySalute.html |archive-date=April 9, 2007}}</ref> She was named Rookie of the Year and Player of the Year.<ref name="FutPOY">{{cite web |title=Duramed FUTURES Tour Awards |publisher=[[Futures Tour]] |url=http://www.duramedfuturestour.com/FUTURESAwards.asp |access-date=April 28, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070218001712/http://www.duramedfuturestour.com/FUTURESAwards.asp |archive-date=February 18, 2007}}</ref>

She won at least one LPGA tournament in each season from 2000 to 2004, including her only major, the 2004 [[Kraft Nabisco Championship]]. The years 2005 and 2006 were difficult for Park as she suffered from back and neck injuries, and success continued to elude her the following two seasons as well. In April 2009 it was reported that Park had undergone a successful hip surgery, and that she would be off the LPGA tour for several months.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/scorecard/golfnews.asp?articleID=258758 |title=Grace Park to miss four months |access-date=April 5, 2010}} {{Dead link |date=January 2012 |bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

In June 2012, Park announced her retirement from golf.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/_/id/8026508/grace-park-announces-retirement-lpga |title=Grace Park announces retirement |work=ESPN |agency=Associated Press |date=June 8, 2012 |access-date=June 8, 2012}}</ref>

The ''[[Boston Globe]]'' has described Park as "the striking beauty, the tall and proud walk, the dazzling smile" and she has attracted sponsorship from [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] and [[Rolex]].

==Professional wins (11)==

===LPGA Tour (6)===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Legend
|-style="background:#e5d1cb;"
|LPGA Tour major championships (1)
|-
|Other LPGA Tour (5)
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
!No.
!Date
!Tournament
!Winning score
!To par
!Margin of victory
!Runner(s)-up
|-
|1
|Jun 4, [[2000 LPGA Tour|2000]]
|[[Kathy Ireland Greens.com LPGA Classic]]
|66-68-70-70=274
|align=center|−14
|1 stoke
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pat Hurst]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Juli Inkster]]
|-
|2
|Jan 28, [[2001 LPGA Tour|2001]]
|[[The Office Depot]]
|70-69-70-71=280
|align=center|−6
|1 stroke
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Karrie Webb]]
|-
|3
|Nov 3, [[2002 LPGA Tour|2002]]
|[[Cisco World Ladies Match Play Championship]]
|colspan=3 align=center|22 holes
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Midori Yoneyama]]
|-
|4
|May 4, [[2003 LPGA Tour|2003]]
|[[Michelob Light Open at Kingsmill]]
|67-68-69-71=275
|align=center|−9
|1 stroke
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cristie Kerr]] {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Lorena Ochoa]] {{flagicon|AUS}} Karrie Webb
|-style="background:#e5d1cb;"
|5
|Mar 28, [[2004 LPGA Tour|2004]]
|'''[[Kraft Nabisco Championship]]'''
|72-69-67-69=277
|align=center|−11
|1 stroke
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Aree Song]]
|-
|6
|Oct 31, [[2004 LPGA Tour|2004]]
|[[CJ Nine Bridges Classic]]
|66-69-65=200
|align=center|−16
|5 strokes
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Carin Koch]] {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Annika Sörenstam]]
|}

'''LPGA Tour playoff record (0–1)'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
!No.!!Year!!Tournament!!Opponent!!Result
|-style="background:#F5DEB3;"
|1
|2003
|'''[[McDonald's LPGA Championship]]'''
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Annika Sörenstam]]
|Lost to par on first extra hole
|}

===Futures Tour (5)===
*1999 (5) [[Betty Puskar FUTURES Golf Classic]], YWCA Briarwood FUTURES Open, SmartSpikes FUTURES Classic, Carolina National FUTURES Classic, Greater Lima FUTURES Open

==Major championships==

===Wins (1)===
{|class="wikitable"
!Year!!Championship!!Winning score!!Margin!!Runner-up
|-style="background:#D0F0C0;"
| [[2004 Kraft Nabisco Championship|2004]] ||[[Kraft Nabisco Championship]] ||−11 (72-69-67-69=277) || 1 stroke ||{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Aree Song]]
|}

===Results timeline===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;text-align:center;"
!Tournament !! 1995 !! 1997 !! 1998 !! 1999 !! 2000
|-
|align=left|[[Kraft Nabisco Championship]]
|CUT
|CUT
|23
|T39
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|-
|align=left|[[LPGA Championship]]
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|CUT
|-
|align=left|[[U.S. Women's Open]]
|T63
|CUT
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|style="background:yellow;"|T8
|style="background:yellow;"|T6
|-
|align=left|[[du Maurier Classic]]
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;text-align:center;"
!Tournament !! 2001 !! 2002 !! 2003 !! [[2004 in golf|2004]] !! [[2005 in golf|2005]] !! [[2006 in golf|2006]] !! [[2007 in golf|2007]] !! [[2008 in golf|2008]] !! [[2009 in golf|2009]]
|-
|align=left|[[Kraft Nabisco Championship]]
|T28
|style="background:yellow;"|T9
|CUT
|style="background:lime;"|'''1'''
|style="background:yellow;"|5
|T35
|T69
|CUT
|CUT
|-
|align=left|[[LPGA Championship]]
|T30
|T15
|style="background:yellow;"|2
|style="background:yellow;"|3
|WD
|CUT
|CUT
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|-
|align=left|[[U.S. Women's Open]]
|T39
|T18
|style="background:yellow;"|T10
|T64
|T52
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|CUT
|CUT
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|-
|align=left|[[Women's British Open]] ^
|T32
|T53
|style="background:yellow;"|T3
|T13
|style="background:yellow;"|T8
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|T50
|CUT
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;text-align:center;"
!Tournament !! [[2010 in golf|2010]] !! [[2011 in golf|2011]] !! [[2012 in golf|2012]]
|-
|align=left|[[Kraft Nabisco Championship]]
|style="background:yellow;"|T10
|CUT
|CUT
|-
|align=left|[[LPGA Championship]]
|WD
|77
|T71
|-
|align=left|[[U.S. Women's Open]]
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|-
|align=left|[[Women's British Open]] ^
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|CUT
|style="background:#eeeeee;"|
|}
^ The Women's British Open replaced the du Maurier Classic as an LPGA major in 2001.
{{legend|lime|Win}}
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}}
{{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}}
CUT = missed the half-way cut 
WD = withdrew 
"T" = tied

===Summary===
*Starts – 46
*Wins – 1
*2nd-place finishes – 1
*3rd-place finishes – 2
*Top 3 finishes – 4
*Top 5 finishes – 5
*Top 10 finishes – 11
*Top 25 finishes – 15
*Missed cuts – 15
*Most consecutive cuts made – 11
*Longest streak of top-10s – 5

==Team appearances==
'''Amateur'''
*[[Espirito Santo Trophy]] (representing South Korea): [[1998 Espirito Santo Trophy|1998]]

'''Professional'''
*[[Lexus Cup]] (representing Asia team): [[2005 Lexus Cup|2005]], [[2006 Lexus Cup|2006]] (winners)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Grace Park (golfer)}}
*{{LPGA player}}
*{{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108011904/http://golf.about.com/od/golferswomen/p/grace_park.htm |title=Grace Park at golf.about.com |date=January 8, 2008 }}

{{Dinah Shore/Nabisco Champions}}
{{Honda Sports Award}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Park, Grace}}
[[Category:South Korean female golfers]]
[[Category:LPGA Tour golfers]]
[[Category:Winners of ladies' major amateur golf championships]]
[[Category:Winners of LPGA major golf championships]]
[[Category:Arizona State Sun Devils women's golfers]]
[[Category:Expatriate golfers in the United States]]
[[Category:Ewha Womans University alumni]]
[[Category:South Korean emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Golfers from Seoul]]
[[Category:Golfers from Scottsdale, Arizona]]
[[Category:South Korean Buddhists]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Death of Elizabeth Shin

2025-06-21T21:43:59Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|American student at Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
[[File:Elizabeth Shin.jpg|right|thumb|Elizabeth Shin]]
{{Infobox Korean name/auto|title=Elizabeth Shin|hangul=%신진희|hanja=申珍嬉}}
'''Elizabeth H. Shin''' (September 26, 1980 – April 14, 2000)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2005 |title=SHIN v. MASS. INST. OF TECHNOLOGY, No, No. 020403 {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator |url=https://casetext.com/case/shin-v-mass-inst-of-technology |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913133806/https://casetext.com/case/shin-v-mass-inst-of-technology |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |access-date= |website=casetext.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoover |first=Eric |date=April 14, 2006 |title=In a Surprise Move, MIT Settles Closely Watched Student-Suicide Case |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/in-a-surprise-move-mit-settles-closely-watched-student-suicide-case/ |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education}}</ref> was a [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) student who died from burns inflicted by a fire in her dormitory room. Her death led to a lawsuit against MIT and controversy as to whether MIT paid adequate attention to its students' mental and emotional health, and whether its [[suicide]] rate was abnormally high. Although her death was first thought to be a suicide, both MIT and her parents stipulated that it may have been an accident in the subsequent amicable settlement between MIT and the Shins.

== Background ==
Shin was raised in [[Livingston, New Jersey]] as the eldest daughter to Korean parents Kisuk (née Pak) and Cho Hyun Shin. She was the salutatorian of her graduating class at [[West Orange High School (New Jersey)|West Orange High School]].<ref name="Times">{{cite news|last=Sontag|first=Deborah|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/28/magazine/who-was-responsible-for-elizabeth-shin.html?pagewanted=all|title=Who Was Responsible For Elizabeth Shin?|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 28, 2002|accessdate=September 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2001 |title=Suicide victim's kin seek $27M from MIT |url=https://www.capecodtimes.com/story/news/2002/01/29/suicide-victim-s-kin-seek/50989998007/ |access-date= |website=Cape Cod Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Shin began attending MIT as a [[biology]] [[Academic major|major]] in September 1998 and resided at the on-campus [[Random Hall]] dormitory.<ref name=":0" />

MIT had experienced nine suicides since 1990,<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharpe |first=Rochelle |date=2002-01-24 |title=Suicide at MIT raises parents' ire |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/01/25/usat-mit.htm |access-date=2007-02-25 |work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> provoking controversy as to whether MIT's suicide rate was abnormally high.

Shin had regularly used the services of MIT's Counseling and Support Services (CSS) since March 1999, after breaking up with a boyfriend. CSS later said that Shin admitted to habitual cutting since high school and noted that her symptoms were consistent with "passive [[suicidal ideation]]". On March 29, 2000, a new psychiatrist diagnosed her with [[borderline personality disorder]] and [[major depressive disorder]]; Shin would enter another "severe" depressive episode the next day, for which the psychiatrist increased her [[Citalopram|Celexa]] prescription. Shin asked to be excused for an exam on April 3 and on the evening of April 8, a student reported [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department|MIT police]] after Shin had talked about killing herself with a knife, though she was returned to her dorm within the hour as staff found that Shin was "not acutely suicidal".<ref name=":0" />

== Incident ==
On April 10, 2000, at approximately 12:30 am, Random Hall dorm mistress Nina Davis-Millis was informed by two students that Shin had informed them of a planned suicide and asked them to delete files from her computer. Davis-Millis alerted MIT Mental Health services, who told her to check on Shin, but that there was no need for immediate intervention and that trained staff would come a few hours later at 6:30 am. Davis-Millis ultimately decided against entering Shin's room to avoid waking her up in case she was asleep and instead wrote her an e-mail. Shin's reply led to a "disturbing conversation", during which Shin wrote something to the effect of "You won't have to worry about me any more". A deans and psychs meeting was organized at 11:00 am to discuss more extensive medical treatment for Shin due to her comments and a message was left on Shin's answering machine inviting her to a counseling session, but no direct actions were otherwise undertaken.<ref name=":0" />

Shortly before 9:00 pm, a student named Andrew Thomas heard a smoke alarm in Elizabeth's dorm room. Although the door was locked, Thomas could smell smoke and could hear crying coming from within the room. When MIT police broke down the door, they saw Shin "engulfed in flames, flailing on the floor in the middle of her room."<ref name="Chronology">{{cite web |date=2002-01-30 |title=Elizabeth Shin Chronology |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V121/N70/70shin-timeline.70n.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222191935/http://tech.mit.edu/V121/N70/70shin-timeline.70n.html |archive-date=February 22, 2012 |access-date=2007-02-25 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> Sixty-five percent of her body was covered in [[burn (injury)|third-degree burns]], and she died four days later.

== Lawsuit ==
On January 28, 2002, Shin's family filed a $27.65 million [[wrongful-death]] lawsuit against the school and several administrators and employees.<ref name="DailyFreePress">{{cite news |first=Lindsay |last=Hearne |date=2002-01-29 |title=Victim's Family Sues MIT |url=http://www.dailyfreepress.com/news/2002/01/29/News/Victims.Family.Sues.Mit-171671.shtml |publisher=[[Daily Free Press]] |access-date=2007-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427104523/http://www.dailyfreepress.com/news/2002/01/29/News/Victims.Family.Sues.Mit-171671.shtml |archive-date=2005-04-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They accused the school of "breaching its 'promise' to provide an appropriate medical diagnosis and treatment of Shin, as well as reasonable security, emergency services, and level of care".<ref name="DailyFreePress" /> The lawsuit alleged that despite numerous warning signs, such as sending [[email]]s to faculty members saying that she was depressed, engaging in [[self-harm]] and wanted to kill herself, she received minimal attention. Furthermore, Shin had been diagnosed with [[adjustment disorder]] by a mental health counsellor in February 1999, after Shin underwent psychological screening at [[McLean Hospital]] following brief hospitalization at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] for overdosing on [[Tylenol (brand)|Tylenol]].<ref name=":0" /> Between 1999 and 2000, MIT counseling services sometimes relegated duty to her parents, discharged her with minimal treatment, or failed to take action in response to her emails.<ref name="Chronology" /> Shin's parents say that their daughter's death was the 10th of 12 suicides committed by MIT students since 1990 and was foreseeable by the school's administrators and its Mental Health Services employees.<ref name="DailyFreePress" />

As part of its defense, MIT implied that Shin's mental health problems started before she entered MIT, including a possible suicide attempt when Shin missed becoming [[valedictorian]] of her graduating class.<ref name="Times"/>

After the incident, MIT announced an upgrade of its student counseling programs, including more staff members and longer hours. MIT and campus police officers were cleared of wrongdoing in June 2005, but the case against MIT administrators and mental health employees continued.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rivoire |first=Kelley |date=2005-07-20 |title=MIT, Campus Police Cleared in Shin Lawsuit; Counts Against Administrators, Doctors Remain |url=http://tech.mit.edu/Bulletins/shin71405.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316002356/http://tech.mit.edu/Bulletins/shin71405.html |archive-date=March 16, 2012 |access-date=2007-02-25 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> The Shins' lawyer David Deluca commented that the counts against MIT might have been limited by the "immunity that the institution enjoys" as an educational institution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rivoire |first=Kelley |date=2005-08-03 |title=MIT Cleared in Shin Lawsuit; New Facts Put Doubt to Suicide |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V125/N30/shin71405.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316002404/http://tech.mit.edu/V125/N30/shin71405.html |archive-date=March 16, 2012 |access-date=2007-02-25 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref>

MIT continued to deny wrongdoing.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wang |first=Qian |date=2002-01-30 |title=Shin Family Files Wrongful Death Lawsuit |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V121/N70/70shin-article.70n.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316002410/http://tech.mit.edu/V121/N70/70shin-article.70n.html |archive-date=March 16, 2012 |access-date=2007-02-25 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref>

On April 3, 2006, MIT announced that the lawsuit had been settled for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{cite news | publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology | url = http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2006/lawsuit-statement.html | title = Agreement reached by MIT and the Shin family | date = 2006-04-03 | access-date = 2007-02-25 }}</ref> The Shins released a statement, saying, "We appreciate MIT's willingness to spare our family the ordeal of a trial and have come to understand that our daughter's death was likely a tragic accident. This agreement will allow us to move forward in the healing process."

The Shins' lawyer stated that the results of a [[toxicology]] test indicated that Elizabeth had overdosed on a nonprescription medication before the fire that could have prevented her from responding appropriately to the blaze. This evidence may have played a part in the Shins' later admission that Elizabeth's death was an accident.<ref>{{cite news | title = Parents strike settlement with MIT in death of daughter | work=[[The Boston Globe]] | first = Marcella | last = Bombardieri | url = http://archive.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2006/04/04/parents_strike_settlement_with_mit_in_death_of_daughter/ | date = 2006-04-04 | access-date = 2023-04-12 }}</ref>

According to an unreferenced 2011 article in ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', MIT's suicide rate was not higher than other colleges,<ref name="bostonglobe.com">{{Cite web |last=Carmichael |first=Mary |date=November 9, 2011 |title=MIT reexamines campus efforts after 2 suicides |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2011/11/09/mit-reexamines-campus-efforts-after-suicides/rbus0Wf9KhMxTKWyHaQh5M/story.html |website=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> refuting an earlier ''The Boston Globe'' article cited in ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="Times"/> The picture is muddied by conflicting studies,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ellen |first=Elizabeth Fried |date=October 1, 2002 |title=Suicide Prevention on Campus |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/54106 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507182711/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/54106 |archive-date=May 7, 2008 |access-date=November 18, 2019 |publisher=Psychiatric Times}}</ref> unequal comparisons,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/~sdavies/www/mit-suicides/ |title=MIT Suicides |access-date=2012-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026033942/http://web.mit.edu/~sdavies/www/mit-suicides/ |archive-date=2012-10-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the sparse nature of the event of suicide compared to other activities,<ref name="Times"/> conflicts of interest of reporting parties,<ref name="bostonglobe.com" /> and changes in the attitude and actions of academic administrations over the decades.<ref name="bostonglobe.com" /><ref name="Times"/>

== MIT statement ==

MIT Chancellor [[Phillip Clay]] announced the trial settlement with this message to the community on April 3, 2006:{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

{{blockquote|To Members of the MIT Community:

As most of you know, the family of Elizabeth Shin had brought a lawsuit against MIT and some members of the student life staff and
medical staff following the death of their daughter in April 2000. The suit against the university itself was dismissed in June 2005 and
a trial date for the remaining claims was set for May 1, 2006.

With the trial date approaching, Elizabeth's parents, Cho and Kisuk Shin, have agreed in a settlement with MIT to dismiss all of their
claims, saying that they have come to understand that their daughter's death was likely a tragic accident.

We know nothing can erase the pain of losing their daughter. Elizabeth's death was a tragedy for her family, her friends and all
those at MIT who tried to help her. Indeed, the death of a student is
one of the most painful losses a college community can suffer.

We are very grateful to our colleagues in Student Life and MIT Medical who devote themselves to the well-being of our students with an extraordinary level of caring and professionalism. This agreement will spare all of them the further distress of an emotional trial.

Sincerely,
Phillip L. Clay|Phillip Clay}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2002/shin-0130.html ''MIT sued, denies liability in death of Elizabeth Shin'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041102081158/http://graphics.csail.mit.edu/~sarasu/nysc/liz.html Short tribute]
* {{cite news | work = [[salon.com]] | first = Sarah Elizabeth | last = Richards | date = 2007-03-09 | url = http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2007/03/09/suicide/ | title = The Suicide Test }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shin, Elizabeth}}
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:2000 suicides]]
[[Category:2000 in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:April 2000 in the United States]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Suicides by self-immolation in the United States]]
[[Category:Suicides in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Youth suicides]]

Kim Ki-hoon

2025-06-21T21:42:17Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Short-track speed skater (born 1967)}}
{{for-multi|the film director and screenwriter|Kim Kih-hoon|the athlete|Kim Ki-hoon (athlete)}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox speed skater
| sport = [[Short track speed skating]]
| name = Kim Ki-hoon
| image =
| caption =
| country = {{KOR}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|7|14}}
| retired = 1998
| worlds = '''World Championship''' 1992 Overall
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCount
| [[Winter Olympics|Olympic Games]] | 3|0|0
| [[World Short Track Speed Skating Championships|World Championships]] | 7|6|3
| [[World Short Track Speed Skating Team Championships|World Team Championships]] | 2|1|0
| [[Winter Universiade]] | 7|0|1
| [[Asian Winter Games|Asian Games]] | 3|1|1
| '''Total'''|'''19'''|'''7'''|'''4'''
}}
{{Medal|Country|{{KOR}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[1994 Winter Olympics|1994 Lillehammer]]|1000 m}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[1992 Winter Olympics|1992 Albertville]]|1000 m}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[1992 Winter Olympics|1992 Albertville]]|5000 m relay}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Curling at the Winter Olympics|Olympic Games]] ''(Demonstration)'' }}
{{MedalGold|''[[Short track speed skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics|1988 Calgary]]'' | 1500m}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[World Short Track Speed Skating Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|1989 Solihull|1000m}}
{{Medal|Gold|1991 Sydney|500m}}
{{Medal|Gold|1992 Denver|Overall}}
{{Medal|Gold|1992 Denver|500m }}
{{Medal|Gold|1992 Denver|1000m }}
{{Medal|Gold|1992 Denver|1500m }}
{{Medal|Gold|1992 Denver|3000m SF}}
{{Medal|Silver|1989 Solihul|Overall}}
{{Medal|Silver|1989 Solihul|1500m}}
{{Medal|Silver|1989 Solihul|3000m SF}}
{{Medal|Silver|1991 Sydney|Overall}}
{{Medal|Silver|1993 Beijing |1500m}}
{{Medal|Silver|1993 Beijing |3000m SF}}
{{Medal|Bronze|1988 St. Louis |5000 m relay }}
{{Medal|Bronze|1989 Solihull|5000 m relay }}
{{Medal|Bronze|1994 Gilford |500m}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[World Short Track Speed Skating Team Championships|World Team Championships]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[1992 World Short Track Speed Skating Team Championships|1992 Minamimaki]]| Team }}
{{MedalGold | [[1994 World Short Track Speed Skating Team Championships|1994 Cambridge]]| Team }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1991 World Short Track Speed Skating Team Championships|1991 Seoul]] | Team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Winter Universiade]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[1989 Winter Universiade|1989 Sofia]] | 1000 m }}
{{MedalGold | [[1989 Winter Universiade|1989 Sofia]] | 1500 m }}
{{MedalGold | [[1989 Winter Universiade|1989 Sofia]] | 5000 m relay }}
{{MedalGold | [[1991 Winter Universiade|1991 Sapporo]] | 500 m }}
{{MedalGold | [[1991 Winter Universiade|1991 Sapporo]] | 1000 m }}
{{MedalGold | [[1991 Winter Universiade|1991 Sapporo]] | 1500 m }}
{{MedalGold | [[1991 Winter Universiade|1991 Sapporo]] | 3000 m }}
{{MedalBronze | [[1989 Winter Universiade|1989 Sofia]] | 500 m }}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Short-track speed skating at the Asian Winter Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[1990 Asian Winter Games|1990 Sapporo]]|[[Short-track speed skating at the 1990 Asian Winter Games|1000 m]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[1990 Asian Winter Games|1990 Sapporo]]|[[Short-track speed skating at the 1990 Asian Winter Games|1500 m]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[1990 Asian Winter Games|1990 Sapporo]]|[[Short-track speed skating at the 1990 Asian Winter Games|5000 m relay]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[1990 Asian Winter Games|1990 Sapporo]]|[[Short-track speed skating at the 1990 Asian Winter Games|500 m]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[1986 Asian Winter Games|1986 Sapporo]]|[[Short-track speed skating at the 1986 Asian Winter Games|1500 m]]}}
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul=%김기훈
| hanja=金琪焄
}}

'''Kim Ki-hoon''' (born July 14, 1967) is a retired [[Short-track speed skating|short-track speed skater]] and the first gold medalist in the [[Winter Olympics]] for [[South Korea]]. Kim is a three-time Olympic Champion and 1992 [[World Short Track Speed Skating Championships|Overall World Champion]].

==Career==
Kim first garnered attention when he participated in the [[Short track speed skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics|short-track demonstration event]] at the [[1988 Winter Olympics]] in [[Calgary]], winning the gold medal in the [[Short track speed skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics#1500 m|1500 metres]].<ref>{{Citation
| title = 1988 Winter Olympics Roundup: Thursday's Results
| pages = 8
| newspaper = [[Aiken Standard]]
| date = 1988-02-26
}}</ref>

Kim swept all the gold medals available in short-track speed skating at the [[1992 Winter Olympics]] in [[Albertville]], winning won the gold medal in the [[Short track speed skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics – Men's 1000 metres|1000 metres]] in a world record time of 1:30.76, and claiming another gold in the [[Short track speed skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics – Men's 5000 metre relay|5000 metre relay]] in a world record time of 7:14.02. Kim went on to win his first world overall champion at the [[World Short Track Speed Skating Championships|1992 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships]] in [[Denver]]. At the championships, Kim captured all five individual gold medals (overall, 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m), which made him become the second skater to sweep all five individual world championship gold medals available (Canada's [[Sylvie Daigle]] first achieved the feat at the 1983 World Championships), and the first male one.

Kim Ki-hoon defended his gold medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics in [[Lillehammer]], winning the [[Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 1000 metres|1000 metres]] with a time of 1:34.57.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/winter02/speed/feature?id=1301017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030114112211/http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/winter02/speed/feature?id=1301017
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = January 14, 2003
| title = Olympics History – Men's short track
| date = 2001-12-25
| access-date = 2014-03-02
| publisher = [[ESPN]]
}}</ref>

==Post career==
In 2002, Kim was appointed as a coach of the Korean national short-track speed-skating team. He participated in the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] in [[Vancouver]] as the head coach of the South Korean national team.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2010/07/136_62623.html
|title=Korean Short Track Looks to Mend Reputation
|first=Seung-woo
|last=Kang
|date=2010-03-18
|access-date=2014-03-02
|publisher=[[The Korea Times]]
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303010722/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2010/07/136_62623.html
|archive-date=2014-03-03
}}</ref>

Kim Ki-hoon is known as the leader who helped [[Viktor An]] (Ahn Hyun-soo) to become a world-class player.<ref name="Kimkihoon">{{cite news | first=Hoon-chae |last= Jung |title=한국 쇼트트랙의 선구자 김기훈 |trans-title=Kim Ki-hoon, a pioneer of Korean short track speed skating|date=2022-02-01|url=https://olympics.com/ko/news/kim-kihoon-pioneer-of-shorttrack-in-korea |work=olympics.com |access-date=2023-03-29 |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Sang-hun|last=Lee|title=김기훈 "날 들이밀기 대역전, 끝까지 포기 안해 얻은 승리"|trans-title= Kim Ki-hoon interview, the victory that I did not give up until the end|date=2018-01-05|url=http://news.kmib.co.kr/article/view.asp?arcid=0923878400&code=12180000|work=[[Kukmin Ilbo]]|access-date=2023-03-29 |language=ko}}</ref>

In addition, the Korean national team won two gold, four silver and two bronze medals at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, while he headed the team. However, in March 2010, the match-fixing between the two Olympic medalists, [[Lee Jung-su]] and [[Kwak Yoon-gy]], and the deal for the right to participate in the Olympics and the World Championships became a big issue in the Korean society, and they received a three-years suspension from the Korea Sports Council after it was confirmed that it took place under the instructions and supervision of the coaches.<ref>{{cite news | first=Hyun-cheol |last=Kim |title=Heavy Punishment Sought for Short Track Scandal |date=2010-04-23 |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/sports/2022/09/600_64761.html |work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=2023-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Ye-jin |last=Oh |title=쇼트트랙 이정수·곽윤기 징계 3년→1년 |trans-title=Short track speed skater Lee Jung-soo and Kwak Yoon-gy will be suspended for three years → one year|date=2010-05-19 |url=https://news.mt.co.kr/mtview.php?no=2010051917120978343&type=1 |work={{ill|Money Today|ko|머니투데이}}|access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref> The Korean Sport & Olympic Committee did not pay Kim the reward that successfully led the Olympics at the time. In August 2012, Kim filed a lawsuit with the [[Korean Sport & Olympic Committee]] and won a court lawsuit and was able to receive his Olympic reward three years later.<ref>{{cite news | first=Tae-hyun |last=Cho |title=김기훈 전 쇼트트랙 감독, 포상 소송 승소 |trans-title= Former South Korean short track speed skating team head coach Kim Ki-hoon won the reward suit. |date=2013-08-20|url=https://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0103_201308201927201011 |work=[[YTN]] |access-date=2023-02-10 |language=ko}}</ref>

He was the head of the [[Gangneung]] Athletes' Village during the [[2018 Winter Olympics|2018 Pyeongchang Olympics]].<ref name="Kimkihoon" />

Kim is currently serving as a full professor at [[Ulsan College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/87949|title= Kim Gi-Hun: Biography |access-date=2023-03-29|website=olympedia.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/87949 Kim Ki-hoon] at olympedia.org
* [http://www.isu.html.infostradasports.com/cache/TheASP.asp@PageID%3D302037&SportID%3D302&Personid%3D311112&TaalCode%3D2&StyleID%3D0&Cache%3D2.html?525814 Kim Ki-hoon] at [[International Skating Union]]
{{NavigationWorldChampionsShortTrackMen}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 1000m Short Track Speed Skating Men}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 5000m Relay Short Track Speed Skating Mens}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Ki-Hoon}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:South Korean male short-track speed skaters]]
[[Category:Olympic short-track speed skaters for South Korea]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in short-track speed skating]]
[[Category:Short-track speed skaters at the 1988 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Short-track speed skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Short-track speed skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in short-track speed skating]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:Short-track speed skaters at the 1986 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Short-track speed skaters at the 1990 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1986 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Dankook University alumni]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1990 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:South Korean male speed skaters]]
[[Category:Winter World University Games medalists in short-track speed skating]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games bronze medalists for South Korea]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 1989 Winter Universiade]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 1991 Winter Universiade]]
[[Category:South Korean Buddhists]]
[[Category:Olympic coaches]]
[[Category:World Short Track Speed Skating Championships medalists]]
[[Category:20th-century South Korean sportsmen]]

Ssireum

2025-06-21T21:41:10Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Traditional wrestling style of Korea}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox martial art
| image = Danwon-Ssireum.jpg
| imagecaption = The painting titled "Sangbak" (상박; 相撲) drawn by [[Kim Hong-do]] illustrates people gathering around to watch a ''ssireum'' competition in the late 18th century.
| imagesize =
| name = ''Ssireum''
| aka = ''gakjeo''; ''gakhui''; ''gakryeok''; ''gakgii''; ''chiuhui''; ''sangbak''; ''jaenggyo''
| focus = [[Grappling]]
| hardness = [[Full-contact]]
| country = [[Goryeo|Korea]]
| creator = Unknown
| parenthood = Historical
| famous_pract =
| olympic = No
| website =
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul = 씨름
}}

'''''Ssireum''''' ({{Korean|hangul=씨름}}; {{IPA|ko|ɕ͈iɾɯm}})<ref name="Ssireum">{{Cite web|url=https://blackbeltwiki.com/ssireum|title=Ssireum}}</ref> or '''Korean wrestling''' is a [[folk wrestling]] style and traditional [[national sport]] of [[Korea]] that began in the fourth century.

In the modern form each contestant wears a belt (satba) that wraps around the waist and the thigh. The competition employs a series of techniques, which inflict little harm or injury to the opponent: opponents lock on to each other's belt, and one achieves victory by bringing any part of the opponent's body above the knee to the ground.<ref>{{cite web | title=What is Ssireum? | website=ynucc.yeungnam.ac.kr | url=http://ynucc.yeungnam.ac.kr/~ssi/Introduction/What_is_Ssireum_/what_is_ssireum_.html | access-date=2021-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/30/nyregion/ssireum-korean-wrestling-nyc.html|title = Mr. Kim's Lonely Fight to Preserve a Korean Tradition|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date = 30 August 2019|last1 = Lee|first1 = Chang W.|last2 = Leland|first2 = John}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
There have been other terms for "wrestling" in Korean used alongside ''ssireum'', such as ''gakjeo'' (각저:角抵), ''gakhui'' (각희:角戱), ''gakryeok'' (각력:角力), ''gakji'' (각지:角支), ''chiuhui'' (치우희:蚩尤戱), ''sangbak'' (상박:相撲), ''jaenggyo'' (쟁교:爭交).<ref>{{in lang|ko}} [http://www.yonginss.com/data/data_view.php?idx=7&page=1&search_txt=&search_sel= Origin and definition of ssireum 씨름의 정의] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319015817/http://www.yonginss.com/data/data_view.php?idx=7&page=1&search_txt=&search_sel= |date=2009-03-19 }} Yongin University Ssireum Research Center</ref>
''Gak'' (각:角), a commonly used prefix, seems to have originated from the combative act performed by horned animals such as oxen when competing against one another for the superiority of physical strength.

==Mechanics==
''Ssireum'' wrestlers seek to turn the opponent's torso from about 45 degrees to 90 degrees when throwing. This is mostly done by shifting the opponent's weight onto their leg then pushing back their weight toward the floor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ynucc.yu.ac.kr/~ssi/newhome/menu6.html|title=Ssireum wrestling hand techniques|website=ynucc.yu.ac.kr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ynucc.yu.ac.kr/~ssi/newhome/img/tech5.gif|title=Ssireum wrestling Jabchigi technique}}</ref>

== History ==
The earliest evidence of ''ssireum'' dates back to the [[Goguryeo]] period (37 BC – 668 AD). Originally used in [[military]] applications, ''ssireum'' became a popular pastime of the people, including royal militaries, during the Goryeo and Joseon periods.<ref name="Green">{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=Thomas A.|last2=Svinth|first2=Joseph R.|title=Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598842449|pages=192–193|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-Nv_LUi6KgC&pg=PA192|access-date=29 March 2017|language=en|date=2010-06-11}}</ref>[[File:Goguryeo-Gakjeochong-Ssireumdo-01.jpg|thumb|200px|''Ssireum'' depicted on Goguryeo mural (c.a. 4th-6th century]]

In [[traditional]] life, ''ssireum'' was a popular activity on the [[Korean Peninsula|Korean]] holiday of [[Dano (Korean festival)|Dano]], the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, and tournaments are held in the summer and autumn. ''Ssireum'' competitions were also held on other days such as the Third Day of the Third Moon, the Eighth day of the Fourth Moon and [[Buddhist]] All Souls' Day.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}. The traditional prize at a tournament was an ox, a valuable commodity in an agriculturally based society and symbolizing the strength of the contestant{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}.

In the 20th century, ''ssireum'' became a nationally televised sport in South Korea.<ref name="Green" />
The first modern competition was held in October 1912 at [[Dansungsa]] theater in Seoul.<ref name="History of Ssireum">{{Cite web|url=http://ssireum.sports.or.kr/gnb/sub/about_5.php|title=History of Ssireum|website=Korea Ssireum Association}}</ref>

Korean wrestling has been referred to as ''ssireum'' since the 1920s{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}. The Pan Chosun Ssireum Association was founded in 1927 and held the annual nationwide contest until 1937. The First Pan Chosun Ssireum Championship was organized in 1936 and thereafter professional competitions were held for six consecutive years. In 1946, the Pan Chosun Ssireum Association changed its name to "Daehan (Korea) Ssireum Association". Weight classes were introduced in 1956 at the 12th National Ssireum Championship.<ref name="History of Ssireum"/>
The [http://ssireum.sports.or.kr/gnb/index.php Korea Ssireum Association] holds the National Ssireum Championship every year as well as the President's Cup National Ssireum Competition" (since 1964), Professional Sports Competition, Folk Ssireum Competition, and Amateur Sports Competition.<ref name="History of Ssireum"/>

There are two traditional styles of ''ssireum'': a "right-sided" style predominant in parts of Gyeonggi Province and the Honam region of southern Korea and a "left-side" style favored in the Gyeongsang and Chuncheong provinces. The difference depends on the way the ''satba'' is fastened{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}. In 1994, the Korean Ssireum Federation proposed the unification of ''ssireum'' into a single left-sided style as the official style to be used by all competitors.

===Cultural heritage status ===
Following an unprecedented joint application by both South and North Korea, ''ssireum'' was inscribed in the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/traditional-korean-wrestling-listed-intangible-cultural-heritage-following-unprecedented-merged|title=Traditional Korean wrestling listed as Intangible Cultural Heritage following unprecedented merged application from both Koreas|date=November 26, 2018|website=UNESCO}}</ref> It is also enlisted as the 131st [[Intangible Cultural Property (South Korea)|Intangible Cultural Property]].

== Method of competition ==
[[File:Korea-2008 Gyeongju Citizens' Athletics Festival-Ssireum-01.jpg|thumb|A ssrireum match at Gyeongju Citizens' Athletics Festival in 2008]]
''Ssireum'' is conducted within a circular ring, measuring approximately 7 meters in diameter, which is covered with mounded sand. The two contestants begin the match by kneeling on the sand in a grappling position (''baro japki''), each grabbing a belt—known as a ''satba'' ({{Korean|hangul=샅바|labels=no}})<ref>{{cite book|last=Connor|first=Mary E.|title=The Koreas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2gYgXGENM0C&pg=PA325|access-date=16 January 2012|date=2009-06-30|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-160-2|page=325}}</ref>—which is wrapped around his opponent's waist and thigh. The wrestlers then rise while retaining their hold on the other's 'satba.' The match is awarded to the wrestler who forces the other contestant to touch the ground with any part of his body at knee level or higher. Unlike [[sumo]], pushing an opponent outside of the ring does not warrant a win, just a restart. Normally, professional ''ssireum'' is contested in a best-out-of-three style match.

There are three judges, a chief referee and three sub referees. The chief judge is positioned inside the ring, whereas the sub referees are located on the outside of the ring, one to the right and others to the left. If an unfair judgment is called or the chief referee is unable to render a decision, the sub referees can request a revocation of the decision or a rematch. In addition, they can recommend the cessation of the match when an injury occurs. The referees' decisions throughout the competition are absolute and held in the highest regard, meaning that athletes cannot challenge any judgments declared during the match.

Today there are also women ''ssireum'' wrestlers. Women wrestle only among themselves but follow the same rules (except that men are topless whereas women wear tops).

There are four weight classes in professional wrestling: flyweight ([[Taebaeksan|Taebaek]], 75 kg), lightweight ([[Kumgangsan|Geumgang]], 90 kg), middleweight ([[Hallasan|Halla]], 105 kg), and heavyweight ([[Baekdusan|Baekdu]], under 160 kg), named after the four famous peaks in Korea.<ref>{{cite web |title=Korean Wrestle Mania |url=https://tripologist.com/asia/korean-wrestle-mania-the-2012-seollal-ssireum-tournament/ |website=Tripologist |date=24 January 2012 |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref>

Traditionally ''ssireum'' was contested with the top portion of the trousers rolled down to provide grip. The use of "satba" was invented with the birth of professional ''ssireum'' in the mid-20th century. There is a movement to restore this traditional method of grip, in the spirit of maintaining its cultural and traditional roots, but it has met with some resistance as the use of "satba" has become entrenched in the modern form.

The professional league is dwindling in popularity and many wrestlers have turned their attention to [[mixed martial arts]] fighting, even though ''ssireum'' involves no striking or submissions of any kind, as a means of making a living. [[Choi Hong-man]], former champion of ''ssireum'', enjoyed notable success in the [[K-1]] scene. Unfortunately, the future of professional ''ssireum'' remains bleak, with only one team remaining. However, it can also be argued that ''ssireum'' is beginning to undergo global expansion as a popular martial arts sport, alongside [[taekwondo]] and [[hapkido]].

It is important to note the differences between ''ssireum'' and sumo. ''Ssireum'' has remained largely a national/traditional sport. Physical hits such as slaps and blows are not permitted in ''ssireum'', though they are in sumo. In both sports, the competitors are often quite large, though Korean wrestlers tend to be leaner. However, size does not guarantee success in either sport. Although both sports are quite similar, they differ in characteristics as well as values.

The national governing body of the sport in Korea, Korean Ssireum Organisation, has made a claim that ''ssireum'' is characterised as a "peaceful competition focusing on harmony and unison", reflecting the "philosophical outlook of the Koreans".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssirum.or.kr/korea/kor_ssireum01_eng.php |title=한국씨름연맹 홈페이지에 방문하신것을 환영합니다 |access-date=2007-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131084423/http://www.ssirum.or.kr/korea/kor_ssireum01_eng.php |archive-date=2008-01-31 }}</ref>

== Events ==
=== World Championships ===
The first World Ssireum Championships were held in September 2008 during the Busan World TreX-Games,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/sports/2024/05/600_51411.html |title=Ssireum Going Abroad |date=September 7, 2009 |publisher=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref> but these were unofficial competitions. The official first championships were held in Siauliai, Lithuania,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sumoforum.net/forums/topic/18609-ssireum-world-championships-in-lithuania/ |title=Ssireum World Championships in Lithuania |publisher=Sumo Forum |date=2009-09-07}}</ref> and a total of 120 wrestlers from 40 countries participated in the two-day event, according to the World Ssireum Federation (WSF). The first Asia Ssireum Championship and fifth World Ssireum Championship took place simultaneously at Thuwana National Indoor Stadium in Yangon, Myanmar, from September 18 to 23 of 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldssireum.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930072701/http://www.worldssireum.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 30, 2009 |title=Official website |publisher=World Ssireum Federation |language=ko |access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldssireum.org/en_01_about/en_about03.php?ptype=en01_03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117065330/http://worldssireum.org/en_01_about/en_about03.php?ptype=en01_03 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=November 17, 2017 |title=Official website |publisher=World Ssireum Federation |access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Edition
!Year
!Host city
!Men's champions
!Women's champions
!Ref.
|-
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2009
|{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Šiauliai]]
|{{flagicon|SUI}} Tullio Pachmann (90 kg) {{flagicon|KOR}} Chae Hee-kwan (+90 kg)
|''Not held''
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.joins.com/article/3773997 |script-title=ko:채희관, 리투아니아 세계씨름 +90kg 우승 |date=2009-09-14 |publisher=[[JoongAng Ilbo]] |access-date=2021-04-11 |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2011
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]]
|{{flagicon|UKR}} Valerii Komar (90 kg) {{flagicon|KOR}} Chae Hee-kwan (130 kg)
|{{flagicon|CHN}} Jin Mehua (60 kg) {{flagicon|KOR}} Lim Su-jeong (80 kg)
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldssireum.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=board01&wr_id=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918105526/http://worldssireum.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=board01&wr_id=1 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |title=2011 champions |publisher=World Ssireum Federation |language=ko |access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|2012
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]]
|{{flagicon|KOR}} Choi Sang-geun (80 kg) {{flagicon|KOR}} Lee Eol (100 kg) {{flagicon|UKR}} Andriy Nikitchenko (130 kg)
|{{flagicon|KOR}} Seo Hyun (65 kg) {{flagicon|KOR}} Lim Su-jeong (80 kg)
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldssireum.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=board01&wr_id=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918094936/http://worldssireum.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=board01&wr_id=2 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |title=2012 champions |publisher=World Ssireum Federation |language=ko |access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|2013
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Frankfurt]]
|{{flagicon|Georgia}} Davit Karbelashivili (90 kg) {{flagicon|FIN}} Matti Hämäläinen (105 kg)
|{{flagicon|UKR}} Viktoriia Sukretna (60 kg) {{flagicon|GER}} Elena Balzer (70 kg)
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldssireum.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=board01&wr_id=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810120454/http://worldssireum.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=board01&wr_id=3 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=August 10, 2020 |title=2013 champions |publisher=World Ssireum Federation |language=ko |access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|2015
|{{flagicon|MYA}} [[Yangon]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} Yu Zejun (70 kg) {{flagicon|UZB}} Alisher Khudayberdiev (80 kg) {{flagicon|Mongolia}} Uuganbaatar Myagmarsuren (90 kg) {{flagicon|UKR}} Valerii Komar (100 kg) {{flagicon|Mongolia}} Tamir Darmaa (120 kg)
|{{flagicon|CHN}} Zhang Yueping (50 kg) {{flagicon|VIE}} Nguyễn Thị Yến Trinh (60 kg) {{flagicon|Mongolia}} Khulan Batbaatar (70 kg)
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldssireum.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=board01&wr_id=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918101627/http://worldssireum.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=board01&wr_id=4 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |title=2015 champions |publisher=World Ssireum Federation |language=ko |access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref>
|}

=== Korean Championship (unlimited) ===
The Korean Ssireum Championships have unlimited weight classes in addition to four weight classes. The champions of this class are called the "Cheonhajangsa". ({{Korean|hangul=천하장사|hanja=天下壯士|labels=no}}; meaning the strongest man under the sky)

<div><li style=display:inline-table;>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Edition
!Year
!Champion
|-
|1
|rowspan="2"|1983|| align="left" |[[Lee Man-ki]]
|-
|2||align="left"|[[Lee Man-ki]] (2)
|-
|3
|rowspan="3"|1984|| align="left" |Jang Ji-young
|-
|4||align="left"|[[Lee Man-ki]] (3)
|-
|5||align="left"|Lee Jun-hee
|-
|6
|rowspan="3"|1985|| align="left" |[[Lee Man-ki]] (4)
|-
|7||align="left"|[[Lee Man-ki]] (5)
|-
|8||align="left"|Lee Jun-hee (2)
|-
|9
|rowspan="3"|1986|| align="left" |[[Lee Man-ki]] (6)
|-
|10||align="left"|Lee Bong-geol
|-
|11||align="left"|[[Lee Man-ki]] (7)
|-
|12
|rowspan="2"|1987|| align="left" |Lee Bong-geol (2)
|-
|13||align="left"|Lee Jun-hee (3)
|-
|14
|rowspan="2"|1988|| align="left" |[[Lee Man-ki]] (8)
|-
|15||align="left"|[[Lee Man-ki]] (9)
|-
|16
|rowspan="2"|1989|| align="left" |[[Lee Man-ki]] (10)
|-
|17||align="left"|Kim Chil-gyu
|-
|18
|rowspan="3"|1990|| align="left" |[[Kang Ho-dong]]
|-
|19||align="left"|[[Kang Ho-dong]] (2)
|-
|20||align="left"|[[Kang Ho-dong]] (3)
|}
</li> <li style=display:inline-table>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Edition
!Year
!Champion
|-
|21
|rowspan="3"|1991|| align="left" |Hwang Dae-woong
|-
|22||align="left"|Hwang Dae-woong (2)
|-
|23||align="left"|[[Kang Ho-dong]] (4)
|-
|24
|rowspan="3"|1992|| align="left" |[[Kang Ho-dong]] (5)
|-
|25||align="left"|Lim Yong-je
|-
|26||align="left"|Kim Jung-pil
|-
|27
|rowspan="3"|1993|| align="left" |Kim Jung-pil (2)
|-
|28||align="left"|Baek Seung-il
|-
|29||align="left"|Baek Seung-il (2)
|-
|30
|rowspan="3"|1994|| align="left" |Shin Bong-min
|-
|31||align="left"|Baek Seung-il (3)
|-
|32||align="left"|Lee Tae-hyun
|-
|33
|1995|| align="left" |Kim Kyung-soo
|-
|34
|1996|| align="left" |Kim Kyung-soo (2)
|-
|35
|1997|| align="left" |Shin Bong-min (2)
|-
|36
|1998|| align="left" |Kim Young-hyun
|-
|37
|1999|| align="left" |Kim Young-hyun (2)
|-
|38
|2000|| align="left" |Lee Tae-hyun (2)
|-
|39
|2001|| align="left" |Hwang Kyu-hyun
|-
|40
|2002|| align="left" |Lee Tae-hyun (3)
|}
</li> <li style=display:inline-table>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Edition
!Year
!Champion
|-
|41
|2003|| align="left" |[[Choi Hong-man]]
|-
|42
|2004|| align="left" |Kim Young-hyun (3)
|-
|43
|2008|| align="left" |Yoon Jung-su
|-
|44
|2009|| align="left" |Hwang Gyu-yeon
|-
|45
|2011|| align="left" |Lee Seul-ki
|-
|46
|2012|| align="left" |Yoon Jung-su (2)
|-
|47
|2013|| align="left" |Lee Seul-ki (2)
|-
|48
|2014|| align="left" |Jung Kyung-jin
|-
|49
|2015|| align="left" |Jung Chang-jo
|-
|50
|2016|| align="left" |Jang Sung-bok
|-
|51
|2017|| align="left" |Kim Jin
|-
|52
|2018|| align="left" |Park Jung-seok
|-
|53
|2019|| align="left" |Jang Sung-woo
|-
|54
|2020|| align="left" |Jang Sung-woo (2)
|-
|55
|2021|| align="left" |Kim Chan-young
|-
|56
|2022|| align="left" |Kim Min-jae
|}
</li></div>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Satba.jpg|''Satba'' (side)
Satba 2.jpg|''Satba'' (front)
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Sports|South Korea}}
* [[Alysh]]
* [[Kene (Naga wrestling)]]
* [[Mongolian wrestling]]
* [[Pahlavani]]
* [[Sumo]]
* [[Yagli gures|Yağlı güreş]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{in lang|ko}} {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111129010527/http://ssireum.sports.or.kr/index.htm Korean Ssireum Association: 대한씨름협회]}}
* [http://ynucc.yeungnam.ac.kr/~ssi/eindex.html Korea Ssireum Research Institute]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312005232/http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/063rd_issue/98093003.htm Korean Festival]}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xCLYBiwpPw History of Ssireum in Korea]
{{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/APA}}{{Main world championships}}
{{folk wrestling}}
{{Grappling}}
{{Korean martial arts}}
{{National symbols of North Korea}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ssireum| ]]
[[Category:Folk wrestling styles]]
[[Category:Korean games]]
[[Category:Sports originating in Korea]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]]
[[Category:National Intangible Cultural Heritage of South Korea]]

Park Kwang-su

2025-06-21T21:39:34Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|South Korean filmmaker (born 1955)}}
{{Family name hatnote|[[Park (Korean name)|Park]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Park Kwang-su
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|22}}
| birth_place = [[Sokcho]], [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon Province]]
| alma_mater = [[Seoul National University]] ([[bachelor's degree]] in fine arts)
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[screenwriter]]
| years_active = 1988–present
| spouse =
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes|headercolor=transparent
| hangul=%박광수
| hanja=朴光守
}}
}}
'''Park Kwang-su''' (born January 22, 1955) is a South Korean filmmaker. He was born in [[Sokcho]], [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon Province]] and grew up in [[Busan]]. Park joined the Yallasung Film Group as a student of Fine Arts at [[Seoul National University]]. Upon graduation, he founded and led the [[Seoul Film Group]] which was dedicated to renewing Korean film culture and closely tied to the student protest movement. The Seoul Film Group was a significant part of the independent film movement and a strong voice speaking out against the military dictatorship. Park studied film at the [[ESEC]] film school in Paris, then returned to Korea to work as an assistant director to Lee Chang-Ho. He made his own first feature in [[1988 in film|1988]], and in [[1993 in film|1993]] became the first Korean filmmaker to found his own production company.

Park is considered the leader of the "New Korean Cinema" movement and one of Korea's most distinguished filmmakers. His films have garnered critical acclaim and he has received numerous domestic and international awards for his films.

==Influence: the emergence of the New Korean Wave==
With the formation of new French and German cultural centers in Seoul, screenings of foreign art films were held, which eventually led to the creation of cinema clubs in which film was discussed and studied. Names such as Park Kwang-su, Chung Ji-young, Kim Hong-joon, and a number of other directors, producers and film critics were exposed to a world of international cinema and eventually branched off in order to create films and documentaries that showed Korean culture and history through the viewpoint of the people, predominantly the working class. Some of these short films and documentaries were produced by the Seoul Film Collective which was launched in 1982 and made up of Seoul National University graduates including Park Kwang-su, Jang Sun-woo and other directors. ''That Summer'' (1984), which focused on labourers from rural areas working in Seoul, and ''Suri-se'' (1984), which touched upon agricultural issues in southwestern Korea, are just two of the works that the Seoul Film Collective produced.

The New Korean Wave was made possible by two developments: a partial relaxation of censorship and the second change in film policy. Due to the relaxation of censorship, filmmakers such as Park Kwang-Su had more freedom to produce films that were originally prohibited by the government during the early censorship periods. The second film policy made it easier for independent producers like Park to enter the Korean film industry. Rather than trying to fill the “quotas” to produce mediocre Korean films, Park and other independent film producers were able to collaborate on quality films that pushed for social change. Without these policy changes, Park Kwang-Su would not have been able to make such films such as Chilsu and Mansu, which was a catalyst to the wave of New Korean Cinema. “While all of Park's movies are firmly rooted in the political history of his country, he belongs to a group of international filmmakers whose work transcends their specific political situations to address, with great artistry, more universal issues of human freedom.”

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Short films credits
! rowspan="2" |Year
! colspan="2" |Title
! colspan="4" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Ref.
|-
! English
! Korean
! Director
! Screenwriter
! Producer
! Other
|-
! scope="row" | 1986
| ''[[Lee Jang-ho's Baseball Team]]''
|이장호의 외인구단
|[[Lee Jang-ho]]
|Chi Sang-hak
|[[Lee Jang-ho]]
| Assistant Director
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1988
| ''[[Chilsu and Mansu]]''
| 칠수와 만수
| rowspan="6" | Park Kwang-su
| Choe In-seok
| rowspan="2" | Lee Woo-suk
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMDb - Chilsu and Mansu |url=https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/04152 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Korean Movie Database]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104012657/https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/04152 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1990
|''[[Black Republic]]''
| 그들도 우리처럼
|{{plainlist|
*Yun Dae-seong
*Kim Sung-su
*Park Kwang-su}}
|Editor
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMDb - Black Republic |url=https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/04353 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Korean Movie Database]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107194927/https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/04353 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1991
|''Berlin Report''
|베를린 리포트
|Park Kwang-su
|Seo Byeong-gi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMDb - Berlin Report |url=https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/04448 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Korean Movie Database]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104012659/https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/04448 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1993
|''[[To the Starry Island]]''
|그 섬에 가고싶다
|Park Kwang-su
|Park Kwang-su
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMDb - To the Starry Island |url=https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/04678 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Korean Movie Database]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104012657/https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/04678 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1995
|''[[A Single Spark]]''
|아름다운 청년 전태일
|{{plainlist|
*Lee Chang-dong
*Kim Jeong-hwan
*Yi Hyo-in
*Hur Jin-ho
*Park Kwang-su}}
|Yoo In-taek
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMDb - A Single Spark |url=https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/04802 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Korean Movie Database]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1996
|''Beautiful Youth Jeon Tae-il''
|전태일의 비밀
|Park Kwang-su Kim Yun-tae
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMDb - Jeontaeirui bimil |url=https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/A/06563 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Korean Movie Database]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1997
| ''[[Wild Animals (film)|Wild Animals]]''
|야생동물 보호구역
|[[Kim Ki-duk]]
|[[Kim Ki-duk]]
|Kwon Ki-yeong
|Executive Producer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMDb - Wild Animals |url=https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/04919 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Korean Movie Database]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104012656/https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/04919 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1999
|''The Uprising''
|이재수의 난
|Park Kwang-su
|Park Kwang-su
|Yoo In-taek
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMDb - Uprising |url=https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/04996 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Korean Movie Database]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104012657/https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/04996 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2003
|''[[If You Were Me]]''
|여섯개의 시선
|{{plainlist|
*Lim Soon-rye
*Jeong Jae-eun
*Yeo Kyun-dong}}
|{{plainlist|
*Lim Soon-rye
*Im Yeon-hui
*Jeong Jae-eun
*Park Jin-pyo
*Park Kwang-su
*[[Park Chan-wook]]}}
|Lee Hyeon-seung
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMDb - If You Were Me |url=https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/06064 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Korean Movie Database]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104012658/https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/06064 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2007
|''Meet Mr. Daddy''
|눈부신 날에
|Park Kwang-su
|Park Kwang-su Park Chae-woon
|Jeong Hoon-tak Oh Ki-min
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMDb - Meet Mr. Daddy |url=https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/08903 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Korean Movie Database]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Short films credits
! rowspan="2" |Year
! colspan="2" |Title
! colspan="2" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Ref.
|-
! English
! Korean
! Director
! Screenwriter
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 1982
|''Black Republic''
|그들도 우리처럼
|Park Kwang-su
|Park Kwang-su
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMDb - Black Republic |url=https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/05122 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Korean Movie Database]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Pannori Arirang''
|판놀이아리랑 출연진
|{{plainlist|*Park Kwang-su
*Kim Hong-joon
*Hwang Gyu-duk
*Moon Won-rip}}
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1999
| ''www.whitelover.com''
| 빤스 벗고 덤벼라
| rowspan="2" | Park Kwang-su
| rowspan="2" |Park Kwang-su
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=빤스 벗고 덤벼라|trans-title=Take off your jacket and come at me |url=https://movie.daum.net/moviedb/main?movieId=29498|access-date=2023-11-03|website=다음영화|language=ko|archive-date=2023-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103062756/https://movie.daum.net/moviedb/main?movieId=29498|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2000
|''2000 Digital Short Films by Three Filmmakers 2000''
|디지털 삼인삼색 2000
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMDb - 2000 Digital Short Films by Three Filmmakers 2000 |url=https://www.kmdb.or.kr/eng/db/kor/detail/movie/K/05250 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=[[Korean Movie Database]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Cinema of Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0477121|name=Kwang-Su Park}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041022001740/http://cinekorea.com/filmmakers/parkkwangsu.html Interview with Park Kwang-Su] at CineKorea (archived)

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Kim|first=Kyung-hyun|title=The Remasculinization of Korean Cinema|year=2004|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham and London|isbn=0-8223-3267-1|pages=136–161|chapter=5. New Korean Cinema Auteurs: Male Crisis in the Early Films of Park Kwang-su}}
* {{cite book |last=Pacquet|first=Darcy|title=New Korean Cinema: Breaking the Waves|year=2009|publisher=Wallflower Press|location=Korea|isbn=978-1-906660-25-3|pages=15–16, 21}}

{{Blue Dragon Film Award Best Director}}
{{Chunsa Film Art Awards for Best Director}}
{{Paeksang Arts Award Best New Director Film}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Park, Kwang-su}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:South Korean film directors]]
[[Category:People from Sokcho]]
[[Category:People from Busan]]

Kim Yong-hyun (badminton)

2025-06-21T21:39:07Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean badminton player (born 1978)}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Kim (Korean surname)|Kim]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Kim Yong-hyun
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|5|13}}
| birth_place = [[Incheon]], South Korea
| height = 1.83 m
| weight = 73 kg
| years active =
| country = {{KOR}}
| handedness = Right
| event = Men's & mixed doubles
| highest_ranking =
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| best_result =
| bwfbadminton_id = 10205
| bwf_id = 707BF382-5096-4644-9FC9-3E6A73BFBCC0
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{KOR}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Sudirman Cup]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2003 Sudirman Cup|2003 Eindhoven]] | Mixed team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Thomas Cup]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2004 Thomas & Uber Cup|2004 Jakarta]] | Men's team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2003 Asian Badminton Championships|2003 Jakarta]] | Mixed doubles }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[1996 IBF World Junior Championships|1996 Silkeborg]] | Boys' doubles }}
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=%김용현
|hanja=金鎔玄
}}

'''Kim Yong-hyun''' (born 13 May 1978) is a [[badminton]] player from [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Players: Kim Yong Hyun |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/10205/kim-yong-hyun |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>

Kim competed for Korea in [[badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] in men's doubles with partner [[Yim Bang-eun]]. They had a bye in the first round and defeated [[Lars Paaske]] and [[Jonas Rasmussen]] of [[Denmark]] in the second. In the quarterfinals, Kim and Yim lost to [[Eng Hian]] and [[Flandy Limpele]] of [[Indonesia]] 15-1, 15-10.

Kim also competed in mixed doubles with partner [[Lee Hyo-jung (badminton)|Lee Hyo-jung]]. They had a bye in the first run and were defeated by [[Jens Eriksen]] and [[Mette Schjoldager]] of [[Denmark]] in the round of 16.

== Achievements ==

=== Asian Championships ===
''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#ECF2FF"
| align="center" | [[2003 Asian Badminton Championships|2003]]
| align="left" | Tennis Indoor Gelora Bung Karno, [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Hyo-jung (badminton)|Lee Hyo-jung]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Anggun Nugroho]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Eny Widiowati]]
| align="left" | 13–15, 8–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

=== World Junior Championships ===
''Boys' doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#98FB98"
| align="center" | [[1996 IBF World Junior Championships|1996]]
| align="left" | [[Jysk Arena|Silkeborg Hallerne]], [[Silkeborg]], [[Denmark]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Yim Bang-eun]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Huang Shih-chung]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chien Yu-hsiu]]
| align="left" | 11–15, 7–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

=== IBF Grand Prix ===
The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation since 1983.

''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | 2003
| align="left" | [[Dutch Open (badminton)|Dutch Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Yim Bang-eun]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ha Tae-kwon]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Dong-moon]]
| align="left" | 2–15, 2–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | 2004
| align="left" | [[Malaysia Open (badminton)|Malaysia Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Hyo-jung (badminton)|Lee Hyo-jung]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Jun (badminton)|Zhang Jun]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Gao Ling]]
| align="left" | 2–15, 11–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | 2004
| align="left" | [[Korea Open (badminton)|Korea Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Hyo-jung (badminton)|Lee Hyo-jung]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Dong-moon]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ra Kyung-min]]
| align="left" | 5–15, 11–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | [[2004 All England Open Badminton Championships|2004]]
| align="left" | [[All England Open Badminton Championships|All England Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Hyo-jung (badminton)|Lee Hyo-jung]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Dong-moon]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ra Kyung-min]]
| align="left" | 8–15, 15–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | 2003
| align="left" | [[Denmark Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Hyo-jung (badminton)|Lee Hyo-jung]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Dong-moon]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ra Kyung-min]]
| align="left" | 16–17, 10–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | 2003
| align="left" | [[Dutch Open (badminton)|Dutch Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Hyo-jung (badminton)|Lee Hyo-jung]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Dong-moon]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ra Kyung-min]]
| align="left" | 4–15, 2–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | 2003
| align="left" | [[Korea Open (badminton)|Korea Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Hyo-jung (badminton)|Lee Hyo-jung]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Dong-moon]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ra Kyung-min]]
| align="left" | 5–11, 4–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | 2003
| align="left" | [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Hyo-jung (badminton)|Lee Hyo-jung]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Jens Eriksen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mette Schjoldager]]
| align="left" | 7–11, 11–9, 5–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

=== IBF International ===
''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1999
| align="left" | [[Norwegian International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Yim Bang-eun]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Thomas Rojkjaer Jensen]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Tommy Sørensen]]
| align="left" | 15–4, 15–9
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1999
| align="left" | [[Hungarian International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Yim Bang-eun]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jung Sung-gyun]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park Young-duk]]
| align="left" | 15–1, 15–4
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1999
| align="left" | [[Norwegian International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Yim Kyung-jin]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Ove Svejstrup]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Britta Andersen]]
| align="left" | 9–15, 15–8, 15–9
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1999
| align="left" | [[Hungarian International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Yim Kyung-jin]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Yim Bang-eun]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Hyo-jung (badminton)|Lee Hyo-jung]]
| align="left" | 5–15, 15–9, 15–3
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{BWFB|10205}}
* {{BWFT|707BF382-5096-4644-9FC9-3E6A73BFBCC0|member_id=10205}}
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{Olympics.com}}

{{Footer Sudirman Cup Champions Badminton Team Mixed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Yong-hyun}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Incheon]]
[[Category:South Korean male badminton players]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic badminton players for South Korea]]

Kim Taemun

2025-06-21T21:38:07Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Early 8th-century Korean historian}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2009}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=%김대문
|hanja=金大問
}}
'''Kim Taemun''' ({{Korean|hangul=김대문}}; fl. early 8th century) was a historian of [[Silla]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chol-choon |first=Kim |date=May 1963 |title=Native Beliefs in Ancient Korea |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE09378401 |journal=Korea Journal |language=ko |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=4–8 |issn=0023-3900}}</ref> He was the governor of [[Gyeonggi Province|Hansan]] in 704. According to book 46, biography section of [[Samguk Sagi]], he wrote several books including [[Hwarang Segi]]. Kim Taemun was a noble from the chinggol class. The period of survival is believed to span the units of King Sinmoon, King Hyoso and King Seongdeok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%EA%B9%80%EB%8C%80%EB%AC%B8&ridx=0&tot=4|title=김대문(金大問)|website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]|language=ko|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref>

== Books ==

* Tales from Gyerim (계림잡전, Gyerim is an old word for Silla)
* Records of Hansan(한산기)
* Biographies of Monks of the Ancient (고승전)
* Book of Music (악본)
* Annals of the Hwarang ([[Hwarang Segi]]) : A manuscript of Hwarang Segi was found in [[Gimhae]], [[South Korea]] in 1980s, but its historical validity is not clear.

None of these works survive today.

==See also==
* [[History of Korea]]
* [[Unified Silla]]

==References==
<references />
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Taemun}}
[[Category:Silla people]]
[[Category:Historians of Korea]]
[[Category:8th-century historians]]
[[Category:Korean politicians]]

{{Korea-historian-stub}}

Seo Yoon-hee

2025-06-21T21:37:42Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean badminton player}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Seo (surname)|Seo]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Seo Yoon-hee
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| country = South Korea
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|11|10}}<ref name="bk">{{cite web |title=선수데이터 > 국내선수 > 서윤희 |url=http://www.badmintonkorea.co.kr/gnuboard4/bbs/board.php?bo_table=player_01&wr_id=65 |website=Badmintonkorea.co.kr |date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405155825/http://www.badmintonkorea.co.kr/gnuboard4/bbs/board.php?bo_table=player_01&wr_id=65 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 April 2018 |language=ko}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do]], [[South Korea]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://badmintonkorea.co.kr/news/107?page=1259|title=서윤희(삼성전기) 2인자에서 1인자로 우뚝|website=Badminton Korea|date=2011-04-27|access-date=2023-04-22|language=ko}}</ref>
| residence =
| height = 1.64 m<ref name="bk"/>
| weight = 56 kg
| years_active =
| handedness = Right<ref name="bk"/>
| coach =
| event = Women's singles
| highest_ranking =
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking =
| date_of_current_ranking =
| played =
| titles =
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport | Women's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{KOR}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Sudirman Cup]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2005 Sudirman Cup|2005 Beijing]] | Mixed team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Uber Cup]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2004 Thomas & Uber Cup|2004 Jakarta]] | Women's team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2000 IBF World Junior Championships|2000 Guangzhou]] | Mixed team }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2002 IBF World Junior Championships|2002 Pretoria]] | Girls' singles }}
{{MedalSilver | 2002 Pretoria | Mixed team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Junior Championships]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2001 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2001 Taipei]] | Girls' team }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2000 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2000 Kyoto]] | Girls' team }}
{{MedalSilver | 2001 Taipei | Girls' singles }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2002 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2002 Kuala Lumpur]] | Girls' team }}
| bwfbadminton_id = 51326
| bwf_id = C0AB4923-E432-4D0B-AB91-3FBC605572E5
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=%서윤희
|hanja=徐潤熙
}}

'''Seo Yoon-hee''' ({{Korean|hangul=서윤희}}; born 10 November 1984) is a South Korean [[badminton]] player. She graduated from the SacredHeart Girl's High School, and later joined the Samsung Electro-Mechanics team.<ref>{{cite news |title=네덜란드Jr.배드민턴-서윤희 여단 2위...기대주 부상
|url=https://domin.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=647025 |publisher=전북도민일보 |accessdate=5 May 2018 |language=Korean}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=삼성전기 서윤희 선수 |url=http://badmintonkorea.co.kr/gnuboard4/bbs/board.php?bo_table=photo&wr_id=423&page=176 |website=Badmintonkorea.co.kr |date=30 April 2012 |access-date=5 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505120625/http://badmintonkorea.co.kr/gnuboard4/bbs/board.php?bo_table=photo&wr_id=423&page=176 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 May 2018 |language=ko}}</ref>

Seo played [[badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] for Korea, defeating [[Pi Hongyan]] of France in the first round<ref name="seo1">{{cite news | url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/olympics/2008-06/27/content_6801247.htm
| title= Overseas Chinese still main threats | author= Cheng Xiangfeng | newspaper=[[China Daily]] | date= June 27, 2008 | accessdate=June 7, 2010}}("Pi played badminton for France at the 2004 Athens Olympics, losing to Seo Yoon-hee of South Korea in the round of 32.")</ref><ref name="seo2">{{cite news | url= http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_15-8-2004_pg2_18
| title= China's Gong makes rivals sweat | newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)]] | date= August 15, 2004 | accessdate=June 7, 2010}}("South Korea’s Seo Yoon-Hee provided the tournament’s first upset, defeating China-born French number eight seed Pi Hongyan in a gripping three-setter. Ranked 28th in the world, Seo showed plenty of guts and determination and will fancy her chances when she meets Petya Nedelcheva in the next round.")</ref> but losing to [[Petya Nedelcheva]] of Bulgaria in the round of 16.<ref>[http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/51173514?language=en-GB&location=GBR Getty Images Photo] ("Bulgaria's Petya Nedelcheva celebrates after beating South Korea's Seo Yoon Hee in the women's singles round of 16 of the Olympic Games badminton competition, at the Goudi Olympic Hall in Athens 15 August 2004. Nedelcheva beat Seo 7-11, 11-5, 11-8")</ref>

== Achievements ==

=== World Junior Championships ===
''Girls' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#98FB98"
| align="center" | [[2002 IBF World Junior Championships|2002]]
| align="left" | Pretoria Showgrounds, [[Pretoria]], South Africa
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jiang Yanjiao]]
| align="left" | 0–11, 11–8, 3–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white"|[[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|}

=== Asian Junior Championships ===
''Girls' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#AABBCC"
| align="center" | [[2001 Asian Junior Badminton Championships|2001]]
| align="left" | [[Taipei Gymnasium]], [[Taipei]], Taiwan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jun Jae-youn]]
| align="left" | 8–11, 11–8, 6–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white"|[[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|}

=== BWF Grand Prix ===
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the [[BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold]]. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix has been sanctioned by the International Badminton Federation from 1983 to 2006.

''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | 2005
| align="left" | [[Taipei Open (badminton)|Chinese Taipei Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tracey Hallam]]
| align="left" | 9–11, 7–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | [[2010 Australian Open Grand Prix#Finals 2|2010]]
| align="left" | [[Australian Open (badminton)|Australian Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Minatsu Mitani]]
| align="left" | 22–20, 14–21, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

''Women's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | [[2010 Australian Open Grand Prix#Finals 4|2010]]
| align="left" | [[Australian Open (badminton)|Australian Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kang Hae-won]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Min-seo (badminton)|Kim Min-seo]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Kyung-won]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#FFFF67|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix|BWF Grand Prix Gold]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D4F1C5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix|BWF & IBF Grand Prix]] tournament

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{BWF|C0AB4923-E432-4D0B-AB91-3FBC605572E5}}
* {{Sports-reference}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seo, Yoon-hee}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Jeonju]]
[[Category:Badminton players from North Jeolla Province]]
[[Category:South Korean female badminton players]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic badminton players for South Korea]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean sportswomen]]

Bulguksa

2025-06-21T21:33:06Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Buddhist temple in Gyeongju, South Korea}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Bulguksa
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| image = Lotus Flower Bridge and Seven Treasure Bridge at Bulguksa in Gyeongju, Korea.jpg
| location = [[Gyeongju]], [[South Korea]]
| sect = [[Jogye Order]]
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = Bulguksa Temple
| designation1_parent = [[Seokguram|Seokguram Grotto]] and Bulguksa Temple
| designation1_criteria = Cultural: i, iv
| designation1_number = 736
| designation1_date = 1995
| designation2 = Historic Sites of South Korea
| designation2_number = 502
| designation2_date = 2009-12-21
| designation2_offname = Bulguksa Temple, Gyeongju
| coordinates = {{coord|35|47|24|N|129|19|56|E}}
| website = {{URL|bulguksa.or.kr}}
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul = ^불국사
|hanja = 佛國寺
|child=yes
}}
}}
'''Bulguksa''' ({{Korean|hangul=불국사}}) is a [[Buddhist temple]] on [[Tohamsan]], in Jinhyeon-dong, [[Gyeongju]], [[North Gyeongsang Province]], South Korea.

It is a head temple of the [[Jogye Order]] of [[Korean Buddhism]] and contains six [[National Treasure (South Korea)|National Treasures]], including the [[Dabotap]] and [[Seokgatap]] stone pagodas, Cheongun-gyo (Blue Cloud Bridge), and two gilt-bronze statues of Buddha. The temple is classified as ''Historic and Scenic Site No. 1'' by the South Korean government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic and Scenic Sites 1; Bulguksa Temple in Gyeongju |url=http://www.cha.go.kr/english/search_plaza/ECulresult_Db_View.jsp?VdkVgwKey=14,00010000,37 |publisher=[[Cultural Heritage Administration]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190053/http://www.cha.go.kr/english/search_plaza/ECulresult_Db_View.jsp?VdkVgwKey=14,00010000,37 |archive-date=2007-09-30 }}</ref> In 1995, Bulguksa and the nearby [[Seokguram]] Grotto were added to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage List]].

The temple is considered as a masterpiece of the golden age of Buddhist art in the [[Silla]] kingdom. It is currently the head temple of the 11th district of the [[Jogye Order]] of [[Korean Buddhism]].

Among the earliest [[woodblock printing|woodblock print]]s in the world, [[The Great Dharani Sutra|a version of the Dharani sutra]] dated between 704 and 751 was found there in 1966.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/north-korea/7.htm |title=North Korea — Silla |publisher=Countrystudies.us |access-date=2009-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla62/62-yosz.htm |title=A History of Writings in Japanese and Current Studies in the Field of Rare Books in Japan - 62nd IFLA General Conference |publisher=Ifla.org |access-date=2009-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120130752/http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla62/62-yosz.htm |archive-date=2008-11-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rightreading.com/printing/gutenberg.asia/gutenberg-asia-9-korea.htm |title=Gutenberg and the Koreans: The Invention of Movable Metal Type Printing in Korea |publisher=Rightreading.com |date=2006-09-13 |access-date=2009-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000594295&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002187369&top_menu_cd=0000000592&Menu_code=0000008846&sub_menu= |title=by Cho Woo-suk, JoongAng Daily, November 22, 2004 |publisher=Eng.buddhapia.com |access-date=2009-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719081555/http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000594295&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002187369&top_menu_cd=0000000592&Menu_code=0000008846&sub_menu= |archive-date=July 19, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jikimi.cha.go.kr/newinfo/Culresult_Db_View.jsp?VdkVgwKey=11,01260600,37&queryText=V_KDCD=11 |title=National Treasure No. 126-6, by the Cultural Heritage Administration of South Korea (in Korean) |publisher=jikimi.cha.go.kr |access-date=2009-12-28}}</ref> Its [[Buddhist]] text was printed on a {{convert|8|x|630|cm|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[Paper Mulberry|mulberry]] paper scroll.

==History==
The temple's records state that a small temple was built on this site under [[Beopheung of Silla|King Beopheung]] in 528.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5EkAQAAIAAJ&q=on+this+site+under+King+Beopheung+in+528|title=Survey of Buddhist Temples and Monasteries|isbn=9788126132591|last1=Malik|first1=Akhtar|year=2007}}</ref> The [[Samguk Yusa]] records that the current temple was constructed under [[Gyeongdeok of Silla|King Gyeongdeok]] in 751, begun by chief minister [[Kim Daeseong]] to pacify the spirits of his parents. The building was completed in 774 by the Silla royal court, after Kim's death, and given its current name Bulguksa (''Temple of the Buddha Land'').

The temple was renovated during the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty and the early [[Joseon Dynasty]]. During the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Imjin wars]], the wooden buildings were burned to the ground. After 1604, reconstruction and expansion of Bulguksa started, followed by about 40 renovations until 1805.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZuImINv0soC&q=reconstruction+bulguksa&pg=PA364|title=Peoples of Eastern Asia, Volume 7|year=2004|isbn=9780761475545}}</ref>

[[File:Bulguksa in 1914.jpg|thumb|left|151x151px|Ruins of Bulguksa in 1914, before restoration]]After [[World War II]] and the [[Korean War]], a partial restoration was conducted in 1966. Upon an extensive archeological investigation, major restoration was conducted between 1969 and 1973 by the order of President [[Park Chung Hee]], bringing Bulguksa to its current form. The famous stone structures are preserved from the original Silla construction.

[[Hyun Jin-geon]] published a historical novel on the construction of the [[Seokgatap]] and [[Dabotap]] pagodas, which were the basis for the 1957 South Korean drama film [[Shadowless Pagoda (film)|Shadowless Pagoda]].

==Structure==
[[File:경주 불국사 다보탑.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Dabotap]]]]
[[File:Seokgatap Pagoda.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Seokgatap]]]]
The temple is located on the slopes of [[Tohamsan]], in Jinheon-dong, [[Gyeongju]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5EkAQAAIAAJ&q=Tohamsan,+in+Jinheon-dong,+Gyeongju+bulguksa|title=Survey of Buddhist Temples and Monasteries|isbn=9788126132591|last1=Malik|first1=Akhtar|year=2007}}</ref>

The entrance to the temple, ''Sokgyemun'', has a double-sectioned staircase and bridge ([[National treasures of South Korea|National Treasure No. 23]]) that leads to the inside of the temple compound. The stairway is 33 steps high, corresponding to the 33 steps to enlightenment. The lower portion, ''Cheongungyo'' (Blue Cloud Bridge) is 6.3 meters long and has 17 steps. The upper portion, ''Baegungyo'' (White Cloud Bridge) is 5.4 meters and has 16 steps. The stairway leads to ''Jahamun'' (Mauve Mist Gate).

There are two [[pagoda]]s on the temple site, which is unusual. The three-story [[Seokgatap]] ([[Sakyamuni]] Pagoda) which stands at 8.2 meters is a traditional Korean-style stone pagoda with simple lines and minimal detailing. [[Seokgatap]] is over 13 centuries old. [[Dabotap]] (Many Treasure Pagoda) is 10.4 meters tall and dedicated to the Many Treasures [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] mentioned in the [[Lotus Sutra]]. In contrast to [[Seokgatap]], [[Dabotap]] is known for its highly ornate structure. Its image is reproduced on the South Korean 10 [[South Korean won|won]] coin. ''Dabotap'' and ''Seokgatap'' are [[National treasures of South Korea|Korean National Treasures]] nos. 20 and 21, respectively.

The terrestrial and the two celestial abodes are manifested in Bulguksa: the terrestrial with a [[Shakyamuni]] Buddha ''Lotus Sutra'', the celestial with [[Amitabha]] Buddha ''Avatamska Sutra''. The large temple site is centred on two courts. One of the courts is centred on ''[[Daeungjeon]]'', the hall which houses the Shakyamuni Buddha. The other is centred on ''Geungnakjeon'', the hall of paradise where the Seven Treasure Bridge ''Chilbogyo'' is housed.

''[[Daeungjeon]]'' (대웅전,大雄殿), the Hall of Great Enlightenment, is the main hall.<ref name=bulguksa3>{{cite web |title=Bulguk-sa Temple - Structures |url=http://www.lifeinkorea.com/travel/kyongju/pulguksa3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510195849/http://www.lifeinkorea.com/travel/kyongju/pulguksa3.htm |archive-date=2006-05-10 }}</ref> ''Dabotap'' and ''Seokgatap'' stand before this hall. The hall enshrines the Sakyamuni Buddha and was first built in 681.<ref name=bulguksa3/> Behind the main hall stands ''Museoljeon'' (무설전,無說殿), the Hall of No Words.<ref name=bulguksa3/> This hall gets its name from the belief that Buddha's teachings could not be taught by mere words alone. It is one of the oldest buildings in the complex and was probably first built in 670.<ref name=bulguksa3/> The ''Gwaneumjeon'' (Avalokitesvara's Shrine, 관음전,觀音殿) houses an image of the [[Avalokitesvara]], the [[Bodhisattva]] of Perfect Compassion, and stands at the highest point of the complex.<ref name=bulguksa3/> The ''Birojeon'' ([[Vairocana]] Buddha Hall, 비로전,毘盧殿), which sits below the ''Gwaneumjeon'', houses national treasure No. 26 while the ''Geuknakjeon'' (Hall of Supreme Bliss, 극락전), standing near the main compound, houses the gilt-bronze buddha that is the national treasure No. 27.<ref name=bulguksa3/>

<gallery>
Image:Bulguksa-map.svg|Map of the main complex
File:Daeungjeon, Bulguksa 02.jpg|Daeungjeon, Main Hall
File:Museoljeon Hall at Bulguksa-Gyeongju-Korea-01.jpg|Museoljeon, Hall of No Words
File:Geungnakjeon, Bulguksa 01.jpg|Geugnakjeon, Hall of Supreme Bliss
File:Bulguksa 8379.jpg|Gwaneumjeon, Avalokitesvara's Shrine
File:Birojeon, Bulguksa 01.jpg|Birojeon
</gallery>

=== Official treasures ===

==== National Treasures No. 20 and 21 ====
{{main|Dabotap|Seokgatap}}

The two famous stone pagodas, Dabotap and Seokgatap reside in the main courtyard of the Bulguksa Temple complex. They are, respectively, the twentieth and twenty-first [[national treasures of Korea]] and were designated on December 20, 1962.

==== National Treasure No. 22 ====
[[File:Lotus Flower Bridge and Seven Treasure Bridge at Bulguksa in Gyeongju, Korea.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Yeonhwagyo and Chilbogyo]]

The ''Yeonhwagyo'' (Lotus Flower Bridge, 연화교,蓮華橋) and ''Chilbogyo'' (Seven Treasures Bridge, 칠보교,七寶橋) are a pair of bridges at Bulguksa.<ref name=bulguksa2>{{cite web |title=Bulguk-sa Temple - Treasures |url=http://www.lifeinkorea.com/travel/kyongju/pulguksa2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504142948/http://www.lifeinkorea.com/travel/kyongju/pulguksa2.htm |archive-date=2006-05-04 }}</ref> This bridge was designated as the 22nd national treasure on December 20, 1962. The bridge lead to ''Anyangmun'' (Peace Enhancing Gate, 안양문,安養門) leading to ''Geuknakjeon'' (the Hall of the Pure Land). This pair were built at the same time as their brother bridges, National Treasure No. 23.

These pair of bridges share the 45 degree incline, arch underneath, and the combination bridge/staircase design of their brother bridges. However, one noticeable difference is that this bridge is smaller. The lower Lotus Flower Bridge has 10 steps while the upper Seven Treasures Bridge contains 8 steps. This bridge is on the west in relation to the Blue Cloud and White Cloud Bridges. The Lotus Flower Bridge is known for its delicate carvings of Lotus Flowers on each step but these have faded with the weight of many pilgrims. Today, visitors are restricted from walking on the bridge.

===National Treasure No. 23===
[[File:Bulguksa 01.jpg|thumb|right|Cheongungyo and Baegungyo]]

The ''Cheongungyo'' (Blue Cloud Bridge, 청운교,靑雲橋) and ''Baegungyo'' (White Cloud Bridge, 백운교,白雲橋) Bridges of Bulguksa Temple are two bridges that are a part of a stairway that leads to the temple.<ref name=bulguksa2/> The bridges were probably built in 750 during the reign of [[Gyeongdeok of Silla|King Gyeongdeok]]. Although built separately, they are designated together as one single national treasure. They were designated as the 23rd national treasure on December 20, 1962.

The Blue Cloud Bridge makes up the upper span of the stair while the White Cloud Bridge is the lower part. The bridges lead to the ''Jahamun'' (Golden Purple Gate, 자하문,紫霞門) which leads to [[Sakyamuni]] Hall. There are 34 steps on the stairway, which slopes at a 30-degree angle. The upper Blue Cloud Bridge has sixteen steps while the lower White Cloud Bridge has eighteen. The large arch underneath the stairwell testifies to the use of arches in Silla-style bridges.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===National Treasure No. 26===
[[Image:Birojeon, Bulguksa 02.jpg|thumb|right|National treasure No. 26]]
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
National Treasure No. 26 (경주 불국사 금동비로자나불좌상, 慶州佛國寺金銅毘盧遮那佛坐像, Gyeongju Bulguksa geumdong birojana buljwasang), designated on December 20, 1962, is a seated gilt-bronze [[Vairocana]] Buddha statue at Bulguksa Temple.

The Buddha of Enlightenment is enshrined in the ''Birojeon''. It is 1.77 meters in height and made from gilt-bronze. The head of the Buddha has an usnisa, a symbol of supreme wisdom. The head of the Buddha was made by fusing two shells to each other and the face is elongated and soft. The robes of the Buddha are highly detailed and the simulation of folded cloth rippling down from the shoulder to the lap is done with high skill. The hands of the Buddha are in a position, the right index finger covered by the left hand, which often is used to symbolize the Buddha of Enlightenment. The figure is estimated to be from the 9th century due to stylistic evidence, including the overly wide lap and the lack of tension in the depiction of the robes and face of the Buddha.

===National Treasure No. 27===
[[File:Gilt-bronze Amitābha at the Geungnakjeon Hall of Bulguksa Temple, Korea.jpg|thumb|right|150px|National treasure No. 27]]
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
The seated gilt-bronze [[Amitabha]] Buddha statue of Bulguksa Temple is National Treasure No. 27. (경주 불국사 금동아미타여래좌상, 慶州佛國寺金銅阿彌陀如來坐像, Gyeongju Bulguksa geumdong amita yeoraejwasang) and was designated on December 20, 1962.

The Amitabha Buddha statue is 1.66 meters in height and enshrined in ''Geuknakjeon''. This gilt-bronze statue was probably cast in the late 8th or early part of the 9th century and it shares the style of National Treasure No. 26. The head of the statue is made by fixing two shell-like pieces together. The face has a distinctively aquiline nose. The Buddha has broad shoulders and strong chest while the large lap gives the figure a sense of proportional harmony and stability. The style of the robe seems to be more stylized and haphazard. The position of the left hand raised at shoulder-level palm forward and the right hand is placed at the lap. The style of the Buddha seems to follow an abstract and stylized tradition rather than a representation of realism.

===Treasure No. 61===
[[File:Saritap stupa at Bulguksa-Gyeongju-Korea-01.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Treasure No. 61]]
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
This sarira pagoda (사리탑), or stupa, looks like a stone lantern. It stands 2.1 meters tall and is located at the left side of the front garden of ''Birojeon''. The artifact was at one point taken to Japan in 1906 but was returned in 1933. It is from the [[Goryeo Dynasty]], but shows the influence of Silla Dynasty art.

A sarira is a container for the relics or remains of famous priests or royalty. It is said that this sarira contained the remains of eight priests or a queen. The three main features of the piece are the foundation stone, the main body, and the ornamental top. The foundation is an octagonal stone decorated with carvings. Atop this foundation is a circular stone incised with lotus motifs. The pillar supports of the main body are carved with a cloud motif while the main body is cylindrical and has four [[bas-relief]]s of Buddha and bodhisattvas and are accompanied by flower motifs. The top of the pagoda has twelve sides which meet into a hexagonal shape.

==See also==
* [[Korean Buddhist temples]]
* [[List of South Korean tourist attractions]]
* [[List of Buddhist topics]]
* [[Tourism in Gyeongju]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons and category|Bulguksa}}
* [http://www.bulguksa.or.kr/ Bulguksa Official site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060628044455/http://www.heritage.go.kr/eng/her/her_02.jsp Korean National Heritage Online: Bulguksa]
* [http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/kyongju/BULGUKSA.htm Oriental Architecture profile]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Korea}}
{{coord|35|47|24|N|129|19|56|E|region:KR_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:528 establishments]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gyeongju]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples of the Jogye Order]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Gyeongju]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in South Korea]]
[[Category:National Treasures of South Korea]]
[[Category:6th-century establishments in Korea]]
[[Category:6th-century Buddhist temples]]
[[Category:Buddhist relics]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of Silla]]
[[Category:Historic Sites of South Korea]]
[[Category:Bulguksa| ]]

Gyeonghuigung

2025-06-21T21:32:20Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Palace in Seoul, South Korea}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Gyeonghui Palace
| native_name = 경희궁
| image = Gyeonghui palace 2010.jpg
| image_size =
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Korean architecture|Korean]]
| location_city = [[Seoul]]
| location_country = South Korea
| coordinates = {{coord|37|34|17.20|N|126|58|05.30|E|type:landmark_source:jawiki_region:KR|display=title,inline}}
| current_tenants = [[Seoul Museum of History]] [[Seoul Museum of Art|The Seoul Museum annex of art]]
| start_date = 17th century 1990s (partially rebuilt)
| stop_date =
| opened_date =
| demolition_date =
| mapframe-stroke-width = 2
| embedded = {{Infobox Korean name/auto | child = yes
|hangul=^경희궁
|hanja=慶熙宮
}}
}}
[[File:Gyeonghuigung restoration.JPG|thumb|Restoration of Gyeonghuigung and view of its surroundings.]]

'''Gyeonghuigung''' ({{Korean|hangul=경희궁|hanja=慶熙宮}}, {{lit}} 'Palace of Serene Harmony') is a palace located in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]. It was one of the "[[Five Grand Palaces]]" built by the [[Joseon Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The 5 Palaces of Seoul|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/01/24/2012012400190.html|accessdate=23 April 2012|date=24 January 2012|newspaper=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Seogwoldo.jpg|thumb|''Seogwoldoan'' ({{Korean|hangul=서궐도안|labels=no}}), the landscape painting of Gyeonghuigung.]]
The land where Gyeonghuigung stood was originally the site of the house of [[Prince Jeongwon]], who was the father of King Injo. Construction began in the 1600s during the reign of [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon|King Gwanghaegun]] and was completed in 1617. The name of the palace was originally Gyeongdeokgung (경덕궁; 慶德宮), but it was later changed to avoid naming it similar to the [[posthumous name]] of Prince Jeongwon. In the latter Joseon period, Gyeonghuigung served as the secondary palace (which was called ''igung'' (離宮) in those times) for the king, and as it was situated on the west side of Seoul, it was also called ''Seo-gwol'' (西闕, a palace of the west). The secondary palace was usually the palace where the King moves to in times of emergency.
<ref name="soge">{{cite web|url=https://museum.seoul.go.kr/www/guide/vis/GHPShow/GHPIntro.jsp?sso=ok|title=경희궁소개}}</ref>

From [[Injo of Joseon|King Injo]] to [[Cheoljong of Joseon|King Cheoljong]], about ten kings of Joseon dynasty stayed here at Gyeonghuigung.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://museum.seoul.go.kr/www/intro/annexIntro/annex_20/annex_20_03.jsp?sso=ok|title=경희궁역사}}</ref> For a time, it was of a considerable size that contained 100 buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.mk.co.kr/news/culture/9339792|title=경희궁慶熙宮-인조에서 철종까지, 조선의 중심}}</ref> For the king's royal audience, there were the Sungjeongjeon and Jajeongjeon buildings, and for sleeping, Yungbokjeon (융복전; 隆福殿) and Hoesangjeon (회상전; 會祥殿) buildings.<ref name="soge"/> The palace also used to have an arched bridge that connected it with [[Deoksugung]] called Honggyo (홍교; 虹橋).
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/07/03/2019070300128.html|title=박종인의 땅의 歷史] 100년 전 서대문에는 왕만 걷는 다리가 있었다}}</ref>

Most of Gyeonghuigung was lost in the 19th century, first due to a fire that broke out during the reigns of [[Sunjo of Joseon|King Sunjo]], although the palace was rebuilt later, [[Heungseon Daewongun]] dismantled large part of the palace for construction materials to rebuild [[Gyeongbokgung]].<ref name=cha1>{{cite web|title=19세기 화재 참사, 20세기 일제 징발 ··· '비운의 경희궁' 일대, 서울광장 10배 공원으로|url=https://www.public25.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=16325}}</ref> The Japanese dismantled what remained of the palace during their [[Korea under Japanese rule|occupation of the Korean peninsula]], and the Keijo Middle School was built on the site for Japanese citizens, which later became [[Seoul High School]]. Two major structures of the former palace — the Sungjeongjeon throne hall and the Heunghwamun gate — were disassembled and moved to other parts of Seoul. Reconstruction started after Seoul High School moved out from the site in 1980, also as part of the South Korean government's initiative to rebuild the "[[Five Grand Palaces]]" that were heavily destroyed by the Japanese.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0003036|title=경희궁|website=encykorea}}</ref>

==Architecture==
===Heunghwamun===
Heunghwamun ({{korean|hangul=흥화문|hanja=興化門|labels=no}}) is the main entrance door to the palace.<ref name="gy">{{cite web|url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/CategoryNavi?category=field&keyword=%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0%C2%B7%EC%B2%B4%EC%9C%A1/%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95&ridx=2332&tot=2333|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]|access-date=2021-02-06|script-title=ko:흥화문}}</ref>
The entrance was built in 1616, but it was briefly moved to be an entrance for the {{interlanguage link|Bakmunsa Temple|ko|박문사}} after the destruction of the palace, and later reused as a main entrance for the [[Hotel Shilla]] of Jangchung-dong until it was finally restored to its original purpose.<ref name="gy"/> Heunghwamun is designated as Municipal Treasure 19.

===Geuncheongyo===
Geuncheongyo ({{korean|hangul=금천교|hanja=禁川橋|labels=no}}) is a bridge at the route passed through the Heunghwamun. It was built in 1619, but was buried into soil during Japanese rule until it was restored in 2001.

===Sungjeongjeon===
Sungjeongjeon ({{korean|hangul=숭정전|hanja=崇政殿|labels=no}}) is the main hall of the palace. It was built in 1616 but was moved to [[Dongguk University]] in 1926 and repurposed as a Buddhist temple during the Japanese colonial period, and moved back to original location and renovated between 1988 and 1994. Its considered an example of mid-Joseon period architecture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%EC%88%AD%EC%A0%95%EC%A0%84&ridx=0&tot=7|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]|access-date=2021-02-06|script-title=ko:숭정전}}</ref> Sungjeongjeon is designated as Municipal Treasure 20.

===Jajeongjeon===
Jajeongjeon ({{korean|hangul=자정전|hanja=資政殿|labels=no}}) is a hall restored following depictions in ''{{interlanguage link|Seogwoldoan|ko|서궐도안}}''.

===Taenyeongjeon===
Taenyeongjeon ({{korean|hangul=태령전|hanja=泰寧殿|labels=no}}) is a hall restored following depictions in ''Seogwoldoan''.

==Present use==
It is Historic Site No. 271.

In the palace grounds today are the [[Seoul Museum of History]] and the [[Seoul Museum of Art]]. It also housed Prada's [[Prada Transformer|Transformer]] in 2009.

==See also==
*[[List of palaces]]
*[[Korean architecture]]
*[[History of Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://english.khs.go.kr/html/HtmlPage.do?pg=/royal/RoyalPalaces_5.jsp&mn=EN_02_03_05 Korea Heritage Service site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928200914/http://seoulmoa.org/html/eng/aboutsema/sema_gyeonghuigung.jsp Seoul Museum of Art]
* [http://www.theseoulguide.com/sights/palaces/gyeonghuigung-palace/ The Seoul Guide : Gyeonghuigung Palace]

{{Five Grand Palaces (Joseon)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jongno District]]
[[Category:Downtown Seoul]]
[[Category:Palaces in Seoul]]
[[Category:Royal residences in South Korea]]
[[Category:Historic buildings and structures in Seoul]]
[[Category:History of Seoul]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Seoul]]
[[Category:Palaces of Joseon]]

Sijo

2025-06-21T21:27:07Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Traditional Korean poetic form}}
{{Italic title}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2018}}{{Culture of Korea}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul=시조
| hanja=時調
}}

'''''Sijo''''' ({{Korean|hangul=시조|hanja=時調}}, {{IPA|ko|ɕi.dʑo}}) is a [[Korean poetry|Korean]] traditional poetic form that emerged during the [[Goryeo]] dynasty, flourished during the [[Joseon]] dynasty, and is still written today.<ref name="Rutt">{{cite book|title=The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo |author=Richard Rutt |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1998 |pages=12 |isbn=0-472-08558-1}}</ref> [[Bucolic]], [[metaphysics|metaphysical]], and [[cosmological]] themes are often explored. The three lines average 14–16 syllables, for a total of 42–48: theme (3, 4,4,4); elaboration (3,4,4,4); counter-theme (3,5) and completion (4,3).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo |author=Richard Rutt |publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1998 |pages=10 ff |isbn=0-472-08558-1}}</ref>

''Sijo'' may be narrative or thematic and introduces a situation in line 1, development in line 2, and twist and conclusion in line 3. The first half of the final line employs a "twist": a surprise of meaning, sound, or other device. ''Sijo'' is often more lyrical and personal than other East Asian poetic forms, and the final line can take a profound turn. Yet, "The conclusion of ''sijo'' is seldom epigrammatic or witty; a witty close to a sentence would have been foreign to the genius of stylized Korean diction in the great ''sijo'' periods."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo |author=Richard Rutt |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1998 |pages=12 ff |isbn=0-472-08558-1}}</ref><blockquote>My close friends I count would be water and stone, pine tree, bamboo.

Moon rising on eastern peaks, there is one more so good to see!

Keeping them, beyond these five friends, what more do I need to add?

윤선도 Yun Seon Do (1587-1671)

내 벗이 몇 인고 하니 수(水) 석(石)과 송(松) 죽(竹)이라

동산(東山)에 달 오르니 그 더욱 반갑구나

두어라 이 다섯밖에 또 더해 무엇하리

--- From ''A Lone Flute Resounds'', 2015, translations recomposed in English from Korean by Kim Goeng Pil</blockquote>

== Structure ==

=== Elements of early ''sijo'' ===
''P'yŏng sijo'' prioritized its grammatical structure for recitation purposes and not writing; so, this made the “rules” of ''sijo'' structure quite strict. Authors were mostly of the higher up ''[[yangban]]'' social class and emphasized how their ''sijo'' would be sung melodically first as opposed to written down later. This meant that the rhythmic pattern in these ''sijo''s had to be learned exactly to be considered a truthful recitation.

Tang poetry was traditionally rhythmically segmented in its stanzas. This feature was one that was passed down onto ''p'yŏng sijo'' as well as other early forms of ''sijo''. ''Sijo'' poems often follow a rhythmic structure characterized by the syllabic ways of Chinese and Hangul characters. Specifically, they follow a 3-4-3-4, 3-4-3-4, 3-5-4-3 rhythmic structure per line. An example of the strictness of early ''sijo'' is seen especially in their third lines. It sticks hard to the “3-5” syllable rule at the beginning of the third line. This is done so to further drive the rhetorical conclusion of the ''sijo''.<ref>McCann, David R. “History of SIJO.” YouTube, uploaded by Sejong Cultural Society, 14 February 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frUUtsQyVRA.</ref> As David McCann puts it, syllabic counting plays “a role in patterns of syllable distribution among the four phrases or syllable groups that constitute the lines [of a ''sijo''].” <ref>McCann, David R. "Korean Literature and Performance?: Sijo!" Azalea: Journal of Korean Literature & Culture, vol. 2, 2008, p. 362. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/aza.0.0065.</ref> Furthermore, since most ''p'yŏng sijo'' were not titled and were spread mostly through recitation, their structure was much more specific and defined than the ''sijo'' forms seen later.

{{verse translation|lang=ko|italicsoff=yes|
춘산(春山)에 눈 녹인 바람 건듯 불고 간듸업네
저근듯 비러다가 뿌리과저 머리우희
귀밋헤 해묵은 서리를 불녀볼까 하노라
|
The spring breeze melted snow on the hills, then quickly disappeared.
I wish I could borrow it briefly to blow over my hair
and melt away the aging frost forming now about my ears.
|attr1=U Tak (1262-1342)|attr2=Larry Gross}}

=== Elements of developed ''sijo'' ===
There are many variants of ''sijo'', ranging from the standard three-line ''p'yŏng sijo'' to the slightly expanded ''ossijo'' and the greatly expanded narrative ''sasol sijo''. The conventional structure of ''p'yŏng sijo'' consists of three lines, with each line broken by a caesura (a midline pause) into two halves. Each hemistich (or half) is further broken into pairs. As a result, there are four groups total in one line. A single group is typically made up of three to five syllables, which results in a composition of approximately forty five syllables (morae).<ref>Jang, Gyung-ryul. “In Search of the Essence of Sijo.” List Magazine (Literature Translation Institute of Korea). Sejong Cultural Society, https://www.sejongculturalsociety.org/mediafiles/resources/sijo-jang-essence-of-sijo.pdf. Accessed 11 Apr. 2022.</ref> However, these syllabic distributions are the average; variation in syllable count is the rule, not an exception. ''Sijo'' is an accentual verse form, not syllabic. A group generally corresponds to syntactic and rhythmic units and can be distinguished by mutual contrast, such as particles or verb endings. All traditional ''sijo'' were originally set to melodies that impose further regularity and cadence to each poem.<ref>McCann, David R. “The Structure of the Korean Sijo.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 36, 1976, pp. 114–134., https://doi.org/10.2307/2718740.</ref>

{| class=wikitable
|+ style="text-align: center;" | Total number of syllable variants in 29 ''kisaeng sijo''<ref>McCann, David R. “The Structure of the Korean Sijo.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 36, 1976, pp. 132., https://doi.org/10.2307/2718740.</ref>
|-
! scope=col | Group !! scope=col | I !! scope=col | II !! scope=col | III !! scope=col | IV
|-
! scope=row | Line 1
| 13 || 9 || 14 || style="background: yellow;"|2
|-
! scope=row | Line 2
| 13 || 11 || 9 || style="background: yellow;"|1
|-
! scope=row | Line 3
| style="background: yellow;"|1 || 18 || style="background: yellow;"|1 || 9
|}

The table above illustrates that deviations from the traditional syllabic distribution occur fairly frequently, depending on the position. For example, there are 13 times that group I in line 1 has a syllable count other than 3. In contrast, the ends of the first two lines, as well as groups I and III in the third line, show very little variation. The greater regularity in these positions is directly related to the variation that precedes or follows; the increased regularity ensures the rhythm is not lost.<ref>McCann, David R. “The Structure of the Korean Sijo.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 36, 1976, pp. 132-133., https://doi.org/10.2307/2718740.</ref>

=== Elements of modern ''sijo'' ===
In contrast to the structure of early ''sijo'' forms such as ''p'yŏng sijo'', modern ''sijo'' sticks mainly to a freer and more fluid way of writing. This is a controversial take amongst the ''sijo'' community as some argue that modern ''sijo'' focuses “on the revival of ''sijo'', but claim that its traditional fixed form cannot be preserved."<ref>cited from Lim Jongchan by Oh, Kyong-geun. “KOREAN SIJO POEMS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS”. International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, Nov. 2016, pp. 37, doi:10.14746/kr.2015.01.02.</ref> Thus, there has been a large wave of people who subscribe to the thought that modern ''sijo'' can be written without attention to rhythmic segments and the fixed form. Thus, many modern poets and artists write free-verse works and still claim them as ''sijo''. In Oh’s work, the author states that “''sijo'', even a contemporary one, which does not obey the form, cannot be considered ''sijo''."<ref>Oh, Kyong-geun. “KOREAN SIJO POEMS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS”. International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, Nov. 2016, pp. 37, doi:10.14746/kr.2015.01.02.</ref> This has left modern ''sijo'' at a divide between those who choose to honor the strictness of fixed form ''sijo'' and those who believe an adaptive free-form version of the poetic genre may still be acceptable as traditional works. Despite the fact that early forms, such as ''p'yŏng sijo'', were not as widely written and recorded, they would still follow a 3-4-3-4, 3-4-3-4, 3-5-4-3 rhythmic structure. This made them strong and strict forms of poetry that only skilled artists would be able to remember and recite. This is changed in modern ''sijo''. Since modern ''sijo'' is first written and not as spread through word of mouth, its structure has become much more lenient and differs in its shape across different authors.

{{verse translation|lang=ko|italicsoff=yes|
하룻밤 안동 시내 골목술집 구경하고
머리가 삥삥돌때 밭둑길을 거닐다가
도야지 꿀꿀 소리야 이제 왔노 하노라
|
One night in Andong
after a tour of back-alley wine shops,
head spinning, I staggered down
the narrow, paddy-field paths,
when the two pigs grunted,
“So, you! Home at last?”
|attr1=David McCann, from ''Urban Temple'', 2010}}

== Early ''sijo'' in the Goryeo dynasty ==
Although ''sijo'' gained much of its popularity in the [[Joseon]] dynasty, it is important to note that the roots of the ''sijo'' are attributed to the late [[Goryeo]] dynasty. In fact, the earliest existing ''sijo'' was found to have been written towards the end of the 14th century<ref name="Rutt4">{{cite book|title=The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo|author=Richard Rutt |publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1998 |pages=4|isbn=0-472-08558-1}}</ref> as Confucian scholars sought to overcome the existing Buddhist-dominated literary, music, and art forms.<ref>{{cite web |title=시조 |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0032460 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> As a result, there are important differences between the ''sijo'' written at the end of the Goryeo dynasty and those written in the Joseon dynasty. The ''sijo'' of the times, mostly written by men of elite status, are very reflective of the contemporary politics; thus, to understand the importance of the themes of Goryeo dynasty ''sijo'', it is important to understand the political climate surrounding the poetry.

Much of the Goryeo dynasty was plagued with political strife. In 1170, the military aristocracy seized power from the civil aristocracy. Instability reigned in the government and the countryside for the next 25 years as military leaders plotted against each other and peasants rebelled against landowners and local officers. It was not until 1196 that things stabilized, when [[Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn]] seized power and established the rule of the Ch'oe family. Much of his power came from the parallel government he created, which was based on house institutions under his direct control staffed with people personally loyal to him. He also made effective use of ''mun'gaek'', private military retainers of great clans.

Korea then endured repeated Mongol invasions from 1217 to 1258, and from 1270 to 1356, Korea was under Mongol domination. After Korea was liberated from Mongol control, there were still political conflicts on all sides of Goryeo. Goryeo was consistently under attack from Japanese pirates and Yuan refugees and faced two invasions from [[Red Turban Rebellions|the Red Turbans]]. Finally, the Goryeo dynasty ended when Yi Sŏng-gye rose to power, proclaiming himself as [[Taejo of Joseon|King Taejo]] and renaming the state as the Joseon. This transition was quite violent and unstable, as the crown princes and members of the Wang royal house were reinstated only to be purged, and two factions arose towards the later Goryeo era – one whose loyalty to the existing regime continued, another whose loyalty shifted towards the new movement of the Joseon.

It was this incident for which the ''sijo'' poems of the late Goryeo are most well-known. The most prevalent theme of this era is loyalty to a lost cause,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Kichung |title=An Introduction to Classical Korean Literature: From Hyangga to P'ansori |date=28 Aug 1996 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, New York |isbn=1-56324-785-2}}</ref> arising as a reaction to the rise of the new Joseon dynasty as the most powerful groups of the period struggled with where their loyalties lay. However, exacerbating the situation were the simultaneous struggles of China's Sung dynasty and the ascending Ming dynasty, further conflicting the people's loyalties. Thus, the ensuing confusion and chaos of the times gave way to themes of strong emotions such as regret over aging and sorrow over love, as many sought to express their mixed, complicated thoughts and harken back to the time of peace and stability.

One of the most famous ''sijo'' poems that demonstrates such political upheavals and tensions of the period is [[Chŏng Mong-ju]]'s ''sijo'', seen below, with the English translation:

{{Blockquote|<poem>
Though this frame should die and die,
though I die a hundred times,
My bleached bones all turn to dust,
my very soul exist or not –
What can change the undivided heart
that glows with faith toward my lord?
</poem>}}

Chŏng, a great scholar of the time referred to as P'oŭn, supposedly wrote this poem in response to Yi Sŏng-gye's son's ([[Taejong of Joseon|Yi Pang-wŏn]]) suggestion to defect and join the growing Joseon movement. The very idea that one's "undivided heart" remains loyal to the same despite dying "a hundred times" and one's "bleached bones all turn(ing) to dust" clearly exhibits the overall sense of honor, integrity, and fidelity that is emblematic of this generation's ''sijo'' poetry. In fact, this poem has become one of the prototypical examples of loyalty in Korea, even possibly one of the best known of all Korean ''sijo'' poems among Koreans. Today, this ''sijo'' ([[:ko:단심가|Dansimga - 단심가]]) has become to be known as the "Song of a Loyal Heart," or the "Tansim ka."<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCann |first1=David |title=A Brief History of Korean Literature to the Nineteenth Century |date=2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50574-1}}</ref><blockquote>When black birds fight in the dale, the pure white bird must not go there.

Angry birds deep black at heart yet shine like white, beware of them!

In clear streams, the cleanest body, once it gets stained, stays unwashed.

정몽주의 어머님 The Mother of Chŏng Mong-ju

--- From ''A Lone Flute Resounds'', 2015, translations recomposed in English from Korean by Kim Goeng Pil</blockquote>

== Reemergence in the 18th century ==
''Sijo'' was first written in the 14th century during the end of the [[Goryeo]] dynasty. However, it was not until the [[Joseon]] dynasty that it gained immense popularity. During the rise of the early Joseon dynasty ''sijo'' became very popular among ''[[yangban]]'' and the ruling class. In its earlier stages ''sijo'' was often written in [[classical Chinese]] by ''yangban'' and the ruling class. A lot of the poems used language which showed social hierarchy. It was not accessible to the masses due to it being written in classical Chinese characters. It was also hard to adapt to ''sijo-chang'' (''sijo'' in song form) because of the Chinese characters.

The 18th century marked two very important events in ''sijo''. The first being the reemergence of the term. The second being the shift from classical or traditional ''sijo'' to modern ''sijo''. During the 18th century, the word ''sijo'' reemerged and with it came changes. ''Sijo'' was now written in Korean and was more accessible to the masses. It was no longer confined to just being a product by and for the ruling class and the ''yangban''. ''Sijo'' was now available, created and performed by the general Korean public. New poems outside of [[Confucian]] ideal and hierarchy were being written and performed. This led to the invention of different forms of ''sijo'' such as ''sasol sijo'' ("chatty" sijo or "narrative" sijo),<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rutt |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Qa0r_fqIEC&dq=%2522Karam+Sijo+Chip%2522&pg=PA169 |title=The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo |date=1998 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-08558-3 |language=en}}</ref> {{Transliteration|ko|ossijo}} ("slightly altered sijo"),<ref name=":1" /> and ''yon sijo''. The themes of ''sijo'' expanded and included more than just the narrative of the upper class.

In early to mid 18th century ''sijo'' reemerged and can be seen as traditional ''sijo''. This is mainly due to the fact that this period signified Korea's isolation from the outside world. After the [[Treaty of Ganghwa]] which opened Korea to a foreign nation, ''Sijo'' also shifted to become a modern poetry form. Up until the end of the Joseon dynasty, there was not a singular name for this form of poetry and ''sijo'' was not considered a literary genre. Instead, they were seen as songs and were labeled to signify what type of song it was. For example, it would have names such as ''sijoelga'' or ''sijeoldanga'' due to the situation in which it was a sung source. It was not until late 18th century that the word "sijo" reemerged as a literary poetic genre. It was in the 19th century that the movement of the restoration of ''sijo'' began. The activists involved in that movement took the first part of the word ''sijochang'' which historically was sung and kept the word as "sijo" to define this literary genre.

== ''Sijo chang'' ==
''Sijo'' emerged in the late Goryeo Period as a performing art and eventually gained popularity through the Joseon period. Initially, it spread amongst the ''[[yangban]]'', or upper class, and later amongst the commoners. ''Sijo'' was passed down as an oral tradition during this period as a means to preserve the art form. While ''sijo'' encompasses a wide variety of traditional Korean poetry, one specific variation that derives from it is known as ''sijo chang''. One of the most significant differences when comparing standard ''sijo'' with ''sijo chang'' is the presence of musical instruments. ''Sijo chang'' poetry employs the use of various Korean instruments to accompany the vocalist reciting the poem.

''Sijo chang'' is known as "short song" because it has slow tunes with long, drawn-out ending pronunciation. For this reason it may also be called "the slowest song in the world". It demands a high level of ability and coordination between drummer and performer in order to keep the song flowing well. Throughout each ''sijo'', the singer employs practiced techniques, such as vibrato and pitch changes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Music of Korean|publisher=The national center for Korean traditional performing arts|year=2007}}</ref>

The singer is accompanied by the ''daegeum'' (bamboo flute) and the ''janggu'' (hour-glass shaped drum). The singer uses a wide range of vibrato in addition to pitch changes. All ''sijo chang'' are sung in a very deliberate pace. The singer must be trained to extend the notes of the song for effect. Other instruments are used as the background musical support to keep the flow. For instance, the ''piri'' (bamboo oboe), ''daegeum'' (transverse flute), ''danso'' (vertical flute), and ''haegeum'' (two-fiddle zither) may also be used to accompany the vocalist. Although a wide variety of instruments may be used as an accompaniment to the ''sijo chang'' vocalist, not all may be used at one time. In more informal settings the ''janggu'' may be used as the sole instrument. Oftentimes, the sound of hitting one's lap may also serve as the only instrumental accompaniment.<ref name=":0" />

== Similarities with Tang poetry in themes and expression of emotion ==

There are many similarities between Korean ''sijo'' poetry and Chinese Tang poetry: the reason that people wrote poems, the messages that they want to deliver, and how they express their feelings by talking about natural things. The following passage shows the translation of [[Kwon Homun]]'s "The Wind is Pure and Clear" ({{lang|ko|바람은 절로 맑고}}):

{{Blockquote|<poem>
The wind is pure and clear, the moon is pure and bright.
The bamboo grove within the pines [or The pine veranda in the bamboo garden] is pure of worldly cares.
But a lute and piles of scrolls can make it purer still.<ref>''The Bamboo Grove'' by Richard Rutt</ref>
</poem>}}

There are only wind, moon, pine, lute and books in the poem. However, Kwon Homun used these to paint a world of himself that he dreams of. For him, a simple life like this is enough, but even this seemly simple life is hard for him to realize. Similarly, Chinese poets in the Tang dynasty also wrote poems in this way and for this reason. Here is the translation of [[Li Bai]]'s "At the Yellow Crane Tower to Bid Meng Haoran Bon Voyage" ({{lang|zh|黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵}}):

{{Blockquote|<poem>
At the tower of yellow crane, my friend, to the west, you said goodbye,
In this misty, flowery early spring, for [[Yangzhou]] downstream, you ply.
A speck, a silhouette is your lonely sail, to the verdant receding, till
In my eyes, there is only the long, Long River, rolling to the verge of the sky.
</poem>}}

On the surface, this poem is about the view and the landscape that Li Bai saw while he was in the tower of yellow crane superficially, but it actually expresses the deep feeling of Li Bai when he was still gazing at the river even though his friend [[Meng Haoran]] has left. The first line gives readers the background and the second line constructs a confused and sorrowful air. In the last two lines, it describes how Li Bai gazed after Meng Haoran and how he felt, metaphorizing his feelings as the Long River.

By comparing the meanings of these two poems, we know that both Korean ''sijo'' and Chinese Tang poetry often employ natural objects such as landscape, pines, bamboo, plants and flowers in order to express human emotions.

== Authors ==

=== ''Kisaeng'' ===
The ''[[Kisaeng]]'' were women who functioned as professional entertainers, performing artists, and courtesans.<ref>McCann, David R. ''Early Korean literature: selections and introductions''. Columbia University Press, 2000.</ref> These women were selected at a young age from the lower class for their beauty and talents; then trained to work for the government performing-arts bureaucracy. Their presence as poets that contributed to the art of ''sijo'' is notable due to their position as lower class women. They were considered barely above beggars due to their association with prostitution.<ref>Edgin, Kayley. "Hwang Jini: An Examination of Life as a Joseon Kisaeng." ''e-Publications@Marquette'', 1 Jan. 2013, epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=dittman.</ref> Since the [[Joseon|Joseon period]] was heavily influenced by [[Confucianism|Confucianist]] ideals, social stratification was heavily enforced. ''Kisaeng''{{'}}s ability to create artwork admired by the ''yangban''—upper class men—was remarkable.

Many scholars note that the ''sijos'' written by ''kisaeng'' contain "a rare blend of emotional freedom, ironic perspective, and technical mastery"<ref>Contogenis, Constantine, and Wolhee Choe. ''Songs of the Kisaeng: courtesan poetry of the last Korean dynasty''. BOA Editions, 1997.</ref> because they were free of the shackles of societal expectations. Their lower class standing released them from having to conform to themes of nature or filial piety. Therefore, despite the fact that the number of ''kisaeng'' authored ''sijo'' is unknown, their work is heavily associated with love poetry. [[Hwang Jini]] is one of the most notable ''kisaeng'' poets along with [[Yi Maechang]].<blockquote>Winter moon, your longest night, I shall snip out your long cold waist.

Spring breeze flee beneath my quilt, put round and round, I keep your warmth!

So the day my old love comes chilled, I spread warm folds through the night.

황진이 Hwang Jin Yi (?-1530, gisaeng)

Raining down pear blossoms there will come and catch my leaving love!

Autumn winds now dropping leaves, I also think about that day?

Far away, lonely dreams only go back and forth since he left.

이매창 Yi Mae Chang (1513-1550, gisaeng)

--- From ''A Lone Flute Resounds'', 2015, translations recomposed in English from Korean by Kim Goeng Pil</blockquote>

==== In film ====
The title of the 2016 film ''[[Love, Lies (2016 film)|Love, Lies]]'' in English refers to a famous ''sijo'':
{{verse translation|lang=ko|italicsoff=yes|
사랑 거즛말이 님 날사랑 거즛말이

꿈에 뵌닷 말이 긔 더욱 거즛말이

날가치 잠 아니 오면 어늬 꿈에 뵈리오
|
"Love." It is a lying word.
That you love me, another lie.
"The loved one is seen in dreams."
That is still a greater lie,
How can I, who can never sleep,
hope to see you in my dreams?
}}

This follows the "classic format" of the three line structure and love-longing content. The title of the film literally means 'flowers that understand words', which refers to a ''kisaeng's'' ability to understand the desire or need of men. The film gives clear facts on the connection between ''sijo'' and ''kisaeng''. It also shows how ''kisaengs'' train from a very young age, and how they performed ''sijo chang''.

''[[Hwang Jin Yi (film)|Hwang Jin Yi]]'', a 2007 film, gives an introduction to the well-known ''kisaeng'' Hwang Jin Yi, and her legendary life. The film shows much about kisaeng. Also, in these films, there is clear description of the well-educated ''kisaengs''<nowiki/>' accomplishments in literature. As one of the two classes who contributed to the composition the ''sijo'' poems, ''kisaeng'' also left numerous memorable sijo poems.

=== Kim Chŏnt'aek ===

Kim Chŏnt'aek was a prolific writer of sijo poetry and a famous singer. Scholars are almost certain that he was born in the late 1680s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Korean National Culture}}</ref> In 1728 he created the first of the great sijo anthologies, 청구영언(靑丘永言), "Chanted Words of the Green Hills." It is one of the oldest surviving sijo anthologies. Kim Chŏnt'aek was considered the best singer musician in the country. Kim Chŏnt'aek did well in music, but he had also mastered the art of poetry. In particular, he composed sijo about the conflict between ranks in society, informed by his own middle-class perspective. He also wrote around thirty sijo with themes of nature, with subjects such as rivers and mountains.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rutt |first1=Richard |title=The Bamboo Grove |date=1998}}</ref>

One of Kim Chŏnt'aek’s poems is as follows:

흰구름 푸른 내는 골골이 잠겼는데

추풍에 물든 단풍 봄꽃도곤 더 좋왜라

천공이 나를 위하여 뫼빛을 꾸며내도다

The blue hazy mountain sees from far away

Autumn leaves are more beautiful than spring flowers

God creates a colorful mountain for me.

This work can be seen as being based on the sense of pleasure and satisfaction of bringing nature into one's own world. While taking advantage of the harmonious colorful beauty of the two colors, the poet glorifies the feeling of being immersed in the beauty of nature. In reading, one can feel relaxed and assimilated into the natural space of the world as a spiritual object.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Jun-Hee |title=Comparative study of the world of works of Kim Cheon-taek and Kim Su-Jang |date=2006 |page=37}}</ref>

Kim Chŏnt'aek's significance in Korean literature can be seen through Confucian compilations of poetry collections. He had great achievements in the world of literature and sijo. First, Kim Chŏnt'aek helped to transfer the lead role in writing sijo from the scholar yangban class to the commoners. Second, his compilation 청구영언 is notable, not only because Kim Chŏnt'aek was not a yangban, but because it was one of the first sijo compilations. Finally, his vigorous creativity helped contribute to the development and cultivation of a new generation of sijo poems. Additionally, Kim Chŏnt'aek recognized the Korean written language (한글). While he used Chinese characters in creating the 청구영언 and in his works commenting on other poems, he did not use them extensively in his usual verses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Jun-Hee |title=Comparative study of the world of works of Kim Cheon-taek and Kim Su-Jang |date=2006 |page=72}}</ref>

== ''Sasol sijo'' ==
The ''sasol sijo'', an expanded form of the ''pyeong sijo'' that originated in the Goryeo dynasty, became popular in the 18th century. The word ''sasol'' means "close-stitched" or "closely set" and ''sasol sijo'' simply means "chatty" or "narrative" ''sijo''.<ref name="The Bamboo Grove">{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.8299 |title=The Bamboo Grove |date=1998 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-08558-3 |editor-last=Rutt |editor-first=Richard |location=Ann Arbor, MI|doi=10.3998/mpub.8299 }}</ref> ''Sasol sijo'' loosely observed the basic format of ''sijo'': fifteen-syllable lines for the first, second, and last lines.<ref name="Choe 1991 67–82">{{Cite journal |last=Choe |first=Ikhwan |date=1991 |title=Form and Correspondence in the Sijo and the Sasŏl Sijo |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/397815 |journal=Korean Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=67–82 |doi=10.1353/ks.1991.0009 |s2cid=144273295 |issn=1529-1529|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, its middle section was expanded by adding additional phrases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmid |first=Andre |date=February 2012 |title=A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. By Michael J. Seth. Rowman and Littlefield, 2011. xi, 573 pp. $70.00 (cloth); $34.95 (paper). - A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present. By Michael J. Seth. Rowman and Littlefield, 2011. vii, 295pp. $90.00 (cloth); $30.95 (paper). |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911811002774 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=278–279 |doi=10.1017/s0021911811002774 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During this time, most writers of ''sasol sijo'' took an interest in the life of the commoners. The writers of ''sasol sijo'' include women, ''yangban'', ''chungin'' (the upper-middle class), and commoners. The authors tended to write in a manner that was more down to earth, and often rough and comical.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmid |first=Andre |date=February 2012 |title=A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. By Michael J. Seth. Rowman and Littlefield, 2011. xi, 573 pp. $70.00 (cloth); $34.95 (paper). - A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present. By Michael J. Seth. Rowman and Littlefield, 2011. vii, 295pp. $90.00 (cloth); $30.95 (paper). |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911811002774 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=278–279 |doi=10.1017/s0021911811002774 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Due to the themes relating to a commoner's ordinary life, most of the writers of ''sasol sijo'' remained anonymous. There has been speculation made about their anonymity, which could possibly be because of their humbleness to not have their names remembered.<ref name="Choe 1991 67–82"/> Furthermore, ''sasol sijo'' is significant in terms of how it changed the structure of ''sijo''. However, it is not a form that is still used today.

Themes varied between ''pyeong sijo'' and ''sasol sijo''. As ''pyeong sijo'' was created in the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392), many Buddhist values could be seen in early ''pyeong sijo''. Then, in the Joseon dynasty (1392–1910), the upper class in Korea upheld Confucian values. Meanwhile, ''sasol sijo'' was written about common life and didn't uphold the expectations of Confucianism. There was an increase in the number of works focusing on love, whether that was carnal love, love-sickness, etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2006-10-01 |title=A History of Korean Literature. Ed. Peter H. Lee. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. lxxiv + 580 pp. 65. ISBN 0-521-82858-9 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cql092 |journal=Forum for Modern Language Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=463–464 |doi=10.1093/fmls/cql092 |issn=0015-8518|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Traditional ''pyeong sijo'' avoided discussing sex or love in this manner. Additionally, ''sasol sijo'' tended to include sarcasm, humor, and rough language associated with the common people.

While themes differ between ''sasol sijo'' and ''pyeong sijo'', the most obvious difference between the two is their structure. Like ''pyeong sijo'', ''sasol sijo'' consists of three lines, where the first line introduces the topic, the second line expands on the topic, and the third line provides a twist or a neat conclusion. In ''sasol sijo'', the first and second lines are much longer than the three lines in regular ''sijo''. If only one line of ''sijo'' is expanded, it is called ''os sijo'' meaning "slightly altered ''sijo''".<ref name="The Bamboo Grove"/> More than one line expanded is ''sasol sijo'' and usually, the last line maintains the original structure of the last line in ''pyeong sijo'' and begins with a 3-syllable unit. Not having a fixed limit to the length of the ''sasol sijo'' meant that it is the content that directs the form and not the form that directs the content.<ref name="Choe 1991 67–82"/> This allows an unruly play of words and images. Below is an example of ''sasol sijo'':

{{verse translation|lang=ko|italicsoff=yes|
모란은 화중왕(花中王)이요 향일화(向日花)는 충신(忠臣)이로다

연화(蓮花)는 군자(君子)요 행화(杏花)는 소인(小人)이라 국화는 은일사(隱逸士)요 매화는 한사(寒士)로다 박꽃은 노인이요 석죽화(石竹花)는 소년이라 규화(葵花)는 무당이요 해당화는 창녀(娼女)로다

이 중에 이화(李花)는 시객(詩客)이요 홍도벽도(紅桃碧桃) 삼색도(三色桃)는 풍류랑(風流郞)인가 하노라
|
The peony is the king of flower and the sunflower a noble subject;

The lotus is a gentleman, the apricot blossom a commoner; the chrysanthemum a sag in retirement; the plum blossom a poor scholar; the gourd flower is and old, old man; the China pink is a boy; the mallow is a witch and the wild rose a harlot;

Among them the pear blossom is a poet, and are not the red peach, the green peach, and the peach of three colors, all of them playboys?
|attr1=Kim Soojang ({{lang|ko|김수장}}; {{lang|ko|金壽長}}; 1690~?)|attr2=Richard Rutt}}

==Modern ''sijo''==

===Emergence of modern ''sijo''===

There are two established developments of ''sijo'': before 1876 and after. Before 1876 was when traditional ''sijo'' was prevalent and after 1876 modern ''sijo'' was "so-called" created<ref name="auto">Ruth, Richard. The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 1998.</ref> (p. 25). ''Sijo'' is a genre of short Korean poems with a strictly defined structure reflecting the rhythm of a traditional Korean song known as [[pansori]]. It originated from Korea in the Koryŏ dynasty which began to flourish in the Joseon dynasty. Established with the Confucian ideology, ''sijo'' became the most popular type of poetry among the ruling Confucian scholars and noblemen. During the time, ''sijo'' was sung and recorded by word of mouth or transcribed. ''Sijo'' is an official name of the genre of poems, which came to be in the period of modernism; especially after a movement for the restoration of ''sijo'' that became active in the 19th century. The activists of the movement copied the first part of the name of the music ''sijo chang'' as the term to reference the poetry as it did not previously have a name.

===Structure and comparison to traditional ''sijo''===

Modern sijo is a further developed upon and expanded category of Korean vernacular poetry also known as sijo. The original style that was developed and used prior to the 20th century is referred to as p'yŏng sijo. This new style first emerged during 'The open-door period' (개화기) (1876) and continued on to flourish during The Empire of Korea (1897–1910), Japanese Colonial Period (1910–1945), and even still is written today. It refers only to the written form. Modern sijo is generally structured the same as p'yŏng sijo with three line poems consisting of various amounts of syllables per foot. However, there are still several key differences between the two. The first being that modern sijo all have titles whereas none of the p'yŏng sijo did. Also given that sijo creation and literature in general was exclusive to the yangban class, p'yŏng sijo often used a lot of references to Chinese classics as well as focusing on the rhythm that it would be sung to as they were originally songs that were written down later on. Modern sijo was the product of literature becoming more widespread and available to the populace so it became filled with more wit, humor, and everyday life experiences. The rhythm also was not fixed as they were not focused on the performance aspect as it originally was. Instead of using Chinese characters or references to Tang dynasty classics, more colloquial language became the norm. Also, the above-mentioned structure of three lines generally stayed the same, rather than just writing one standalone sijo, modern sijo can go on for much longer and in most cases often does so. On top of this, although there was never a standard syllable count for p'yŏng sijo, in general each foot seem to be shorter than those in modern sijo. Overall, modern ''sijo'' became more free in style and departed in many ways from ''p'yŏng sijo''.

===Writers===

* [[Choe Nam-seon|Choe Nam-sŏn]] (최남선) who created the first book of modern sijo titled ‘백팔번뇌’ or the ‘108 Worldly Desires’ in 1926. Not only was he a poet, he also published magazines during Japanese occupation to educate the young people. “In the mid-1920s to mid-1930s, he traveled across the homeland from Mount Paekdu down to Mount Chiri and sailed to Cheju Island, expressing his love to all the mountains and rivers and composing Sijo poems for Donga Ilbo along with his travelogues. He also compiled all Hyangga, Gasa and Sijo poems from the Three Kingdoms to Koyro and down to the Joseon Dynasties” (The Korea Times).
* [[Yi Gwangsu|Yi Kwang-su]] (이광수) was a Korean writer as well as independence and nationalist activist. His pennames included both Chunwon and Goju.
* Jeong Inpo (정인보) was a Korean scholar, historian, journalist, politician and writer during the Japanese colonial era.
* [[Lee Eun-sang (poet)|Yi Eunsang]] (이은상) is a South Korean poet, historian and holds a doctorate in literature. He is also the author of “노산 시조집”.
* [[Lee Byeong-gi|Yi Byeonggi]] (이병기) is regarded as one of the founders and writers of sijo.
* [[Yi Ho-woo|Yi Hou]] (이호우) was a South Korean poet and journalist and was most known for his emotional reserve and concern with reality as he wrote about rural life and its simplicity and beauty.

===Examples===
{{verse translation|lang=ko|italicsoff=yes|
난초

빼어난 가는 잎새 굳은 듯 보드랍고
자줏빛 굵은 대공 하얀한 꽃이 벌고
이슬은 구슬이 되어 마디마디 달렸다
본래 그 마음은 깨끗함을 즐겨 하여
정한 모래 틈에 뿌리를 서려 두고
미진도 가까이 않고 우로 받아 사느니라
|
Orchid

Full sprays of slender leaves
Seem stiff, but are soft and supple;
The stocky purplish stalks
Put out plain white flowers;
And the dew, turned into glass beads,
Clings to every stem
Inside, its true heart
Delights in its purity;
It twists its roots deep down
Between grains of clean white sand;
Far away from the slightest grime
It lives on in the rain and the dew
|attr1=Yi Byeonggi (1891–1968)|attr2=Richard Rutt (260)}}

This poem was written by [[:ko:이병기 (1891년)|Yi Byeonggi]] (1891–1968), a well-known author who encouraged the creation of ''sijo''. His work is often referred to as "gentle". This poem, "Orchid", has a traditional moral approach about flowers and is maintained in a modern idiom (Rutt, 260). Yi Pyŏnggi was the father of ''sijo'' and came up with the three variants consisting of {{Transliteration|ko|ossijo}}, ''sasol'', and ''yon-sijo''. He mentioned that ''sijo'' should convey modern life by the extension of the structure from the conventional single stanza to two or more.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1">Kim, Jaihun. Modern Korean Vers in sijo Form. 1997.</ref>

{{Poem quote|text={{lang|ko|그 눈물 고인 눈으로 순아 보질 말라

미움이 사랑을 앞선 이 각박한 거리에서

꽃같이 살아보자고 아아 살아보자고

이호우 시조 '바람 벌' 중

근심이 산이 되어 울멍줄멍 솟아 둘리고

물은 여울여울 눈물 받아 흐르는 나라

가서 내 살고 싶은 곳 거기는 또 내 죽어 묻힐 곳

이은상 시조 '가서 내 살고 싶은 곳'

그럴싸 그러한지 솔빛 벌써 더 푸르다

산골에 남은 눈이 다산 듯이 보이고녀

토담집 고치는 소리 별밭 아래 들려라

정인보 시조 '조춘 (早春)' 중}}}}

==Examples==
''Sijo'', unlike some other East Asian poetic forms, frequently employs metaphors, puns, allusions and similar word play. Most poets follow these guidelines very closely although there are longer examples. An exemplar is this poem by [[Yun Seondo]] (1587–1671) :
{|style="text-align: left;"
![[Middle Korean]]<ref>{{in lang|ko}}[http://www.seelotus.com/gojeon/gojeon/si-jo/oh-u-ga.htm]</ref>
!Modern Korean
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|okm|내 벗이 몇인가 ᄒᆞ니 수석과 송죽이라}}
|{{lang|ko|내 벗이 몇인가하니 수석과 송죽이라}}
|You ask how many friends I have? Water and stone, bamboo and pine.
|-
|{{lang|okm|동산의 ᄃᆞᆯ오르니 긔더옥 반갑고야}}
|{{lang|ko|동산에 달오르니 그 더욱 반갑도다}}
|The moon rising over the eastern hill is a joyful comrade.
|-
|{{lang|okm|두어라 이다ᄉᆞᆺ밧긔 또더ᄒᆞ야 머엇ᄒᆞ리}}
|{{lang|ko|두어라, 이 다섯 밖에 또 더해야 무엇하리}}
|Besides these five companions, what other pleasure should I ask
|}

Yun Seondo also wrote a famous collection of forty ''sijo'' of the changing [[seasons]] through the eyes of a fisherman. Following is the first verse from the Spring sequence; notice the added refrains in lines 2 and 4.

{{Blockquote|<poem>
Sun lights up the hill behind, mist rises on the channel ahead.
''Push the boat, push the boat!''
The night tide has gone out, the morning tide is coming in.
''Jigukchong, jigukchong, eosawa!''
Untamed flowers along the shore reach out to the far village.
</poem>}}

Either narrative or thematic, this lyric verse introduces a situation or problem in line 1, development (called a turn) in line 2, and a strong conclusion beginning with a surprise (a twist) in line 3, which resolves tensions or questions raised by the other lines and provides a memorable ending.

{{Blockquote|<poem>
Where pure snow flakes melt
Dark clouds gather threatening
Where are the spring flowers abloom?
A lonely figure lost in the shadow
of sinking sun, I have no place to go.
</poem>|[[Yi Saek]] (1328–1395), on the decline of [[Goryeo]] Kingdom.}}

Korean poetry can be traced at least as far back as 17 BC with [[Yuri of Goguryeo|King Yuri's]] ''Song of Yellow Birds'' but its roots are in earlier Korean culture (op. cit., Rutt, 1998, "Introduction"). ''Sijo'', Korea's favorite poetic genre, is often traced to [[Confucian]] monks of the eleventh century, but its roots, too, are in those earlier forms. One of its peaks occurred as late as the 16th and 17th centuries under the [[Joseon dynasty]]. One poem of the ''sijo'' genre is from the 14th century:

{{Blockquote|<poem>
The spring breeze melted snow on the hills then quickly disappeared.
I wish I could borrow it briefly to blow over my hair
And melt away the aging frost forming now about my ears.
</poem>|[[U Tak]] (1262–1342)}}

''Sijo'' is, first and foremost, a [[song]]. This lyric pattern gained popularity in royal courts amongst the ''yangban'' as a vehicle for [[religious]] or [[philosophical]] expression, but a parallel tradition arose among the commoners. ''Sijo'' were sung or chanted with musical accompaniment, and this tradition survives. The word originally referred only to the music, but it has come to be identified with the lyrics.
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=y|
{{lang|ko|동지달 기나긴 밤을 한 허리를 버혀 내여
춘풍 이불 아래 서리허리 넣었다가
어른 님 오신 날 밤이여드란 구부구비 펴리라}}
|attr1=[[Hwang Jin-i]] (1522–1565) A famous female Korean sijo poet who was also a [[kisaeng]], a professional entertainer.|
I will break the back of this long, midwinter night,
Folding it double, cold beneath my spring quilt,
That I may draw out the night, should my love return.}}

Note: The English adaptations of verses by Yun Seondo and U Tak are by Larry Gross (op. cit.) The English adaptation of the verse by Hwang Jin-i is by David R. McCann (op. cit.); Some of the information on the origins of ''sijo'' are cited from The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo, ed. Richard Rutt (U. of Michigan Press, 1998); Kichung Kim's ''An Introduction to Classical Korean Literature: From Hyangga to P'ansori''; and Peter H. Lee.

==Contemporary ''sijo''==
In South Korea today, ''sijo'' is widely considered to be a dead art-form, to the point that there are more ''sijo'' written in the U.S. today than in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/YOcfDnjx2Xc| archive-date = 2021-12-05| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOcfDnjx2Xc&feature=youtu.be&t=104| title = 미국에서 열린 한국 시조 경연대회?! 영어로도 쓰이는 시조들 (Korean Sijo in the U.S.?!) | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 4 November 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/_WUUx3H1iNo Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200307232828/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WUUx3H1iNo&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WUUx3H1iNo| title = 하버드 박사가 바라본 시조와 한국 교육, 그리고 노벨상 받는 방법! (Sijo and Nobel Prize) | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 16 November 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===In English===
In 1986 the journal ''Poet'' dedicated an issue to "classic" Korean ''sijo'' translated into English by Korean-American [[Kim Unsong]] (aka William Kim). This was followed by Kim's ''Classical Korean Poems (Sijo)'' in 1987, ''Sijo by Korean Poets in China'', and ''Poems of Modern Sijo'' (a collection of his originals) in the mid-1990s. They found a devoted audience in American ''theWORDshop'' publisher [[Dr. Larry Gross]] and Canadian haiku poet Elizabeth St. Jacques. As a result, a volume of original English-language ''sijo'' (''Around the Tree of Light'') by St. Jacques appeared and soon after, Gross launched the first issue of ''Sijo West'' with St. Jacques as assistant editor. It was the world's first poetry journal dedicated to English-language ''sijo'' and caught on well with poets dedicated to haiku and other forms of Asian verse.

''Sijo West'' folded in 1999 reportedly due to health problems and tragedies with Gross. St. Jacques reemerged with online postings known as ''Sijo Blossoms'' (circa 2001), which, apparently, has since evolved into the ''Sijo In The Light'' section of her ''Poetry In The Light'' website.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} ''Sijo In The Light'', like the defunct ''Sijo West'', featured original English-language ''sijo'', as well as essays and reviews.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Gross, meanwhile, has maintained a significant presence for ''sijo'' on his website ''Poetry in theWORDshop'', which includes translations from Korean masters as well as original contributions by contemporary poets. Gross moderated a Yahoo! discussion group, ''sijoforum.''{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

''Urban Temple'', a collection of ''sijo'' composed in English by the Harvard University Emeritus Professor David McCann is available from Bo-Leaf Books. Nominated for the Griffin Poetry Prize, this collection was praised by Jane Shore as "at once present and universal, contemporary and timeless ... a book well worth waiting for." ''Sijo: an international journal of poetry and song'' is published by the Cambridge Institute for the Study of Korea and volumes 1 and 2 are currently available. ''For Nirvana: 108 Zen Sijo Poems'' by Musan Cho Oh-Hyun was translated by Heinz Insu Fenkl and published by Columbia University Press in 2017. The page ''Sijo Poet'' on Facebook shares ''sijo'' composed in English as well as poems translated from Korean.

==See also==
{{Portal|Literature}}

* [https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Qa0r_fqIEC For other examples]
* [[Korean culture]]
* [[Korean poetry]]
* [[Hyangga]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References and further reading==
* ''The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo'', ed. Richard Rutt, University of Michigan Press, 1998.
* ''Soaring Phoenixes and Prancing Dragons; A Historical Survey of Korean Classical Literature'', by James Hoyt, Korean Studies Series No. 20, Jimoondang International, 2000.
* ''Master Sijo Poems from Korea: Classical and Modern'', selected and translated by Jaihun Joyce Kim, Si-sa-yong-o-sa Publishers, Inc., 1982.
* ''An Introduction to Classical Korean Literature: From Hyangga to P'ansori'' by Kichung Kim, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996.
* ''Early Korean Literature'', David R. McCann, ed., Columbia University Press, 2000.
* ''The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Korean Poetry'', Peter H. Lee, editor, Columbia University Press, 2002.
* ''The Book of Korean Shijo'', translated and edited by Kevin O'Rourke, Harvard East Asian Monographs 215, Harvard-Ewha Series on Korea, Harvard University Asia Center, 2002.
* ''Jeet Kune Do'nun Felsefesi'', Yüksel Yılmaz, İstanbul, Turkey: Yalın Yayıncılık, (2008).
*''For Nirvana: 108 Zen Sijo Poems,''Musan Cho Oh-hyun, translated by Heinz Insu Fenkl, Columbia University Press, 2016.
*''A Lone Flute Resounds: Korean Classical Sijo Poetry Translated into English, vol. 1,'' translated by Kim Goeng Pil, Guhbooksun Publishing, 2015.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060714045429/http://www.koreasociety.org/KS_curriculum/HS/2/2-text/2_141_2.htm Hwang Chini's most famous sijo]
*[http://www.sijopoetry.com/ Sijo Poetry]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Korean poetic forms]]
[[Category:Korean poetry]]

Kim Yong-nam

2025-06-21T21:24:38Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|North Korean politician (born 1928)}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Kim Jong-nam]], the eldest son of Kim Jong-il}}
{{other people||Kim Yeong-nam (disambiguation){{!}}Kim Yeong-nam}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{family name hatnote|Kim|lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kim Yong-nam
| native_name = {{nobold|김영남}}
| image = Kim Yong-nam in Moscow (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kim in 2014
| office = [[President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly]]
| term_start = 5 September 1998
| term_end = 11 April 2019
| leader = {{ubl|[[Kim Jong Il]]|[[Kim Jong Un]]}}
| successor = [[Choe Ryong-hae]]
| predecessor = [[Yang Hyong-sop]]
| office4 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (North Korea)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| premier4 = [[Hong Song-nam]] [[Kang Song-san]] [[Yon Hyong-muk]] [[Ri Kun-mo]] Kang Song-san [[Ri Jong-ok]]
| term_start4 = 1 December 1983
| term_end4 = 5 September 1998
| predecessor4 = [[Ho Dam (politician)|Ho Dam]]
| successor4 = [[Paek Nam-sun]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1928|2|4}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=East |first1=Roger |last2=Thomas |first2=Richard J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VO4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA278 |title=Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders |page=278 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date= 2014 |access-date=March 13, 2020 |isbn=978-1317639404}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pyongyang|Heijō]], [[Heian-nan Prefecture|Heian’nan-dō]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea, Empire of Japan]] (today [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]])
| party = [[Workers' Party of Korea]]
| alma_mater = [[Tomsk State University]] 
Rostov State University<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://w.histrf.ru/articles/article/show/kim_ion_nam |title=КИМ ЁН НАМ.ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИЯ.Всемирная история |access-date=February 27, 2018 |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116173957/https://w.histrf.ru/articles/article/show/kim_ion_nam |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ir.spb.ru/revolutscii/revolutsciya-v-severnoi-koree/kim-en-nam-5-i-ministr-inostrannyh-del-kndr.html|title=Ким Ён Нам – 5-й Министр иностранных дел КНДР – Революция в Северной Корее|website=ir.spb.ru|access-date=February 27, 2018|archive-date=April 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416141313/http://ir.spb.ru/revolutscii/revolutsciya-v-severnoi-koree/kim-en-nam-5-i-ministr-inostrannyh-del-kndr.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| signature = Signature of Kim Yong-nam.svg
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
|child=yes
|hangul = %김영남
|hanja = 金永南
}}
}}
'''Kim Yong-nam''' ({{korean|hangul=김영남}}; born 4 February 1928) is a North Korean retired politician who served as the [[President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly]] of [[North Korea]], from 1998 until 2019.<ref name="6 Jan 2007">{{cite news|title=Blessings, condolences|newspaper=[[The Pyongyang Times]]|date=January 6, 2007|page=1}}</ref> Due to holding the office, he was considered the [[head of state]] of North Korea; the [[Constitution of North Korea|country's constitution]] was amended once he left office in 2019 to transfer this position to the [[President of the State Affairs Commission]], [[Kim Jong Un]]. Previously, he served as [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (North Korea)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] from 1983 to 1998.<ref name='KoreaHerald2007-10-04'>{{cite news | first=Jin | last=Dae-woong | title=Who's who in North Korea's power elite | date=October 4, 2007 | work=[[Korea Herald|The Korea Herald]]| url=http://www.koreaherald.co.kr:8080/servlet/cms.article.view?tpl=print&sname=National&img=/img/pic/ico_nat_pic.gif&id=200710040041 | access-date=October 5, 2007 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was elected a member of the [[Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea|Presidium]] of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]] (WPK) in 2010.

==Life and career==
Accounts of Kim's early life vary. According to Fyodor Tertitskiy of [[NK News]], he was born Kim Myong-sam to a Korean-Chinese family in the village of Dapu Shihe in [[Manchuria]], in what is now the [[Liaoning]] province of China, in 1928.<ref name="nknews-201904">{{cite news |last=Tertitskiy |first=Fyodor |url=https://www.nknews.org/2019/04/the-great-survivor-after-21-years-at-the-top-kim-yong-nam-steps-down/?t=1555228205408 |title=The great survivor: after 21 years at the top, Kim Yong Nam steps down |publisher=[[NK News]] |date=April 12, 2019 |access-date=March 13, 2020}}</ref> He came to North Korea with the Chinese [[People's Volunteer Army]] during the [[Korean War]] and chose to stay.<ref name="nknews-201904" /> Shortly before the end of the war in 1953, he went to the USSR to study. His experience with the USSR (including many years of study at Russian Universities) and China propelled his career in foreign affairs.<ref name="nknews-201904" /> In 1956, he became a section chief at the Foreign Department of the Central Committee of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]] and was a vice-minister for foreign affairs by 1962.<ref name="nknews-201904" />

According to his official biography, Kim was born in [[Pyongyang|Heijō]], [[Chōsen]] (now Pyongyang, North Korea).<ref name="nknews-201904" /> After graduating from university, he worked as a teacher at the Central Party School, vice-department director of the [[Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea|WPK Central Committee]], vice-minister of foreign affairs, and first vice-department director, department director and secretary of the WPK Central Committee, [[Vice Premier of North Korea|vice-premier of the administration council]] and concurrently [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (North Korea)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]].<ref>[http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2010/201009/news29/20100929-07ee.html "Profiles of Presidium and Members of Political Bureau"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926212404/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2010/201009/news29/20100929-07ee.html |date=September 26, 2013 }}, KCNA, September 29, 2010.</ref> His elevation to Minister of Foreign Affairs is believed to have occurred as part of a reorganization of the diplomatic bureaucracy after the [[Rangoon bombing]] in October 1983.<ref name = Oberdorfer>{{Cite book| last1= Oberdorfer| first1=Don| last2=Carlin| first2=Robert | title=The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History | publisher = Basic Books| year = 2014 | pages = 184–185, 465 | isbn = 978-0465031238}}</ref> In 1988, he was responsible for the arrangement of unofficial diplomatic contacts with the [[United States]] through their respective embassies in [[Beijing]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cha |first=Victor D. |url=http://archive.org/details/impossiblestaten0000chav_j2c1 |title=The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future |publisher=Ecco |others=Internet Archive |year=2013 |isbn=978-0061998508 |location=New York |pages=280 |language=en |lccn=2012009517 |oclc=1244862785}}</ref>

As chairman of the Presidium, Kim Yong-nam was sometimes called the "nominal [[head of state]]" of North Korea.<ref name = Oberdorfer /> He held this office from September 5, 1998 to April 11, 2019. The President of the Presidium of the [[Supreme People's Assembly]] is sometimes considered the "number two official".<ref>{{cite news|title=Jimmy Carter lands in North Korea to bring home jailed Boston man |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/asia-pacific/jimmy-carter-lands-in-north-korea-to-bring-home-jailed-boston-man/article1684903/ |quote=He later sat down for talks with the No. 2 official, Kim Yong Nam, APTN said. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828104254/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/asia-pacific/jimmy-carter-lands-in-north-korea-to-bring-home-jailed-boston-man/article1684903/ |archive-date=August 28, 2010 }}</ref> The journalist and academic [[Don Oberdorfer]] described Kim as enigmatic, rigid in his official role, personally pleasant, highly intelligent, and an important figure behind the scenes in Pyongyang.<ref name = Oberdorfer /> He has been assessed as having high-level political and diplomatic skills.<ref name="nknews-201904" />

===Diplomatic activity===
[[File:Kim Yong-nam.jpg|thumb|Kim Yong-nam in 2012|left]]
Kim embarked on a two-week tour of [[Mongolia]], [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]], and [[Singapore]] on July 20, 2007. On March 18, 2008, he embarked on a [[goodwill tour]] of four African states.<ref name=Returns>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080628000632/http://www.tradingmarkets.com/.site/news/Stock%20News/1299950/ "N Korean leader returns after visiting four African countries"], Yonhap (AsiaPulse via COMTEX), April 2, 2008.</ref> Arriving in [[Namibia]] on March 20, he was present for the official completion of a new presidential residence that was built by North Korea.<ref name=Namibia>[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=nw20080321150307890C202474 "Namibia, NKorea hail friendship"], Sapa (''IOL''), March 21, 2008.</ref> He also held talks with Namibian President [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] and signed an agreement on public health cooperation with Pohamba.<ref name=Returns/><ref name=Namibia/> He subsequently visited [[Angola]], where he met President [[José Eduardo dos Santos]] on March 24, the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], where he met President [[Joseph Kabila]] on March 26, and [[Uganda]], where he met President [[Yoweri Museveni]] on March 29. He returned to North Korea on April 1.<ref name=Returns/>

Kim also attended the [[2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]] on August 8, 2008, [[2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony]] on February 7, 2014, [[2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony]] on February 9, 2018, and the [[2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony]] on June 14, 2018. On July 14, 2009, Kim met Vietnamese president [[Nguyen Minh Triet]] on the sidelines of the 15th [[Non-Aligned Movement]] Summit in Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/|title=Politics|date=October 6, 2022|website=Thanh Nien Daily|access-date=July 18, 2009|archive-date=August 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803143612/http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/?|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kim represented North Korea at the [[2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade|2015 Victory Day parade]] in Moscow on May 9, 2015, commemorating the 70th anniversary of the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaise |first=Akihiko |url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/asia/korean_peninsula/AJ201505110049 |title=Pyongyang plays up closer ties with Russia despite absence of Kim Jong Un in Moscow |work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |date=May 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519061628/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/asia/korean_peninsula/AJ201505110049 |archive-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref> He also paid an official visit to [[Equatorial Guinea]] on May 19, 2016 to attend the presidential inauguration of [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]].

As representative of the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]], he attended the investiture ceremony of [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] as president of [[Mexico]] on December 1, 2018.

===Retirement===

He retired on April 11, 2019 in a government reshuffle, aged 91, after almost 21 years as President of the SPA Presidium and roughly four decades as [[Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea|Party Politburo]] member (having first been elected to the body in August 1978).<ref name="nknews-201904" /> During the 2022 celebration of the [[Day of the Foundation of the Republic]], he participated in the central concert and banquet which took place in the yard of the [[Mansudae Assembly Hall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/2022/09/mysterious-new-aide-to-kim-jong-un-reappears-at-massive-concert-banquet/|title=Mysterious new aide to Kim Jong Un reappears at massive concert, banquet|last=Zwirko|first=Colin|date=2022-09-09|publisher=[[NK News]] |accessdate=2023-02-13}}</ref>

==Works==
* {{cite journal|author=Kim Yong-nam |title=Interview with Yong-Nam Kim, Vice-Premier and Foreign Minister of the Democratic Peoples's Republic of Korea|journal=Journal of Northeast Asian Studies|volume=4|pages=66–75|year=1985|issue=3 |doi=10.1007/BF03025039|s2cid=198509640 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Kim Yong-nam |title=The International Prestige and Influence of the DPRK Are Increasing Daily |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a348673.pdf#page=37 |journal=Kulloja |date=September 1988 |oclc=9516938 |author-mask=1 |access-date=June 2, 2022 |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005001056/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a348673.pdf#page=37 |url-status=dead }}

==See also==
* [[Politics of North Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Kim Yong-nam}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ho Dam (politician)|Ho Dam]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (North Korea)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=1983–1998}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Paek Nam-sun]]}}
{{s-bef|before={{nowrap|[[Yang Hyong-sop]]}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of heads of state of North Korea|{{nowrap|President of the Presidium of the}} Supreme People's Assembly]]|years=1998–2019}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Choe Ryong-hae]]}}}}
{{s-end}}

{{NKPres}}
{{NKSpeakers}}
{{NKFMs}}
{{Portal bar|North Korea|Biography}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Yong-nam}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of North Korea]]
[[Category:Heads of state of North Korea]]
[[Category:Vice premiers of North Korea]]
[[Category:People from Pyongyang]]
[[Category:Members of the Presidium of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
[[Category:Members of the 5th Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
[[Category:Members of the 8th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
[[Category:Members of the 6th Presidium of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
[[Category:Members of the 7th Presidium of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
[[Category:Members of the 6th Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea]]

Shin Jae-chul

2025-06-21T21:23:48Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|Korean martial artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{family name hatnote|Shin||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Jae-chul Shin
| image = Grandmaster-shin.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| nationality = South Korean
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1936|12|20}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], Korea
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2012|7|9|1936|12|20}}
| death_place = [[Burlington, North Carolina]]
| martial_art = [[Tang Soo Do]]
| teacher = [[Hwang Kee]], Oh Se Jun
| rank = {{color box|black}} ''9th degree black belt''
| students = [[Chuck Norris]], [[Robert Cheezic]], [[Mujahid Khan]]
| years_active = 1948-2012
| website = [http://www.wtsda.com/ WTSDA Official Site]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul = %신재철
| hanja =
}}

'''Jae-chul Shin''' ({{korean|신재철}}; 20 December 1936 – 9 July 2012) was a [[Korea]]n [[martial art]]ist and founder of the [[World Tang Soo Do Association]].<ref name=TSDA>[https://www.worldtangsoodo.com/ World Tang Soo Do Association]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimesnews.com/articles/founder-57441-world-association.html|title=Martial arts association dedicates Burlington headquarters, remembers founder|last=D. Abernethy|first=Michael |date=23 July 2012|publisher=[[Times-News (Burlington, North Carolina)]]|accessdate=28 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726004656/http://www.thetimesnews.com/articles/founder-57441-world-association.html |archive-date=2012-07-26 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Jae-chul Shin began his study of martial arts in 1948, joining the [[Seoul]] [[Moo Duk Kwan|Moo Duk Kwan Central Gym]] under Grandmaster [[Hwang Kee]],<ref name=TSDA/> the founder of the [[Moo Duk Kwan]] system.<ref name="Shin">Buttitta, Bob (March 1984). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HNsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28 The World Tang Soo Do Association: The Last Bastion For Traditional Korean Martial Arts?]. Black Belt Magazine, Pages 28–32</ref> By the time he was a [[Dan (martial arts)|first dan]] black belt, he had started his teaching career as an assistant instructor at the central gym.<ref name=TSDA/>

Shin continued to study Tang Soo Do while attending [[Korea University]], where he would earn both his bachelor's and master's degrees in political science. While a student, Shin began teaching at the university, along at the Seoul Central [[YMCA]], other colleges, and many police and military institutions.<ref name="Shin"/>

In 1958, Shin was drafted into the [[South Korea]]n air force as a martial arts instructor. He was stationed at [[Osan Air Base]], teaching Tang Soo Do to both American and [[Korean people|Korean]] servicemen.<ref name="Shin"/> One of those servicemen was [[Chuck Norris|Carlos Ray “Chuck” Norris]].<ref>[http://www.tangsoodoworld.com/whos_who_profiles/jae_chul_shin.htm Tang Soo Do World >> Who's Who in Tang Soo Do >> Jae-chul Shin]</ref>

By the time he completed his master's degree in 1968, Shin had been instructing students in Tang Soo Do throughout Korea for almost 20 years. That same year at the request and sponsorship of Norris, Shin came to the United States<ref name="Jae">Wasserman, Bill (December 1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=rc4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA48 Jae-chul Shin: The Ambassador of Tang Soo Do Talks About Chuck Norris, Taekwondo and the State of the Arts in American]. Black Belt Magazine, Pages 48–53</ref> to continue graduate studies at [[Rutgers University]] and extend his instruction to foreign students as a representative for the Korean Soo Bahk Do Association.<ref name="Shin"/><ref name="Soo">Coleman, Jim (September 1984). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mtsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20 Tang Soo! The Evolution of Tae Kwon Do‘s Bitter Rival]. Black Belt Magazine, Pages 20–24 & 120–121</ref>

Shin established the U.S. Tang Soo Do Federation in 1968 at his first school in Burlington, New Jersey.<ref>The World Tang Soo Do Association. Korean Martial Arts Tang Soo Do Black Belt Manual. Philadelphia, PA: World Tang Soo Do Association, Inc, 1990,2000. 19. Print.</ref> In 1982, dissatisfied with the direction that the federation was going, Shin resigned from the board of directors and along with Ki-yun Yi, Sang-kyu Shim and William D. Clingan founded the World Tang Soo Do Association.<ref name="Jae"/><ref name="Soo"/><ref name="Chul">Nagel, J. (February 1983). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ItIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46 Jae-chul Shin: Chuck Norris‘ Teacher]. Black Belt Magazine, Pages 46–49 & 104</ref><ref name="Tang">Vandehey, Tim (October 1989). [https://books.google.com/books?id=X9YDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24 A House Divided: The Broken Family of Tang Soo Do]. Black Belt Magazine, Pages 24–28</ref> Grandmaster Shin's decision to leave Moo Duk Kwan coincided with Grandmaster Hwang Kee's release of the new Soo Bahk Do forms in 1982.<ref>"Brief History of the Moo Duk Kwan. ''World Moo Duk Kwan Official Web Site''". [https://web.archive.org/web/20080531082044/http://worldmoodukkwan.com/history.html Archived] from [https://worldmoodukkwan.com/history.html the original] on 2008-05-31. Retrieved 2008-06-30.</ref>

Shin remained the leader of the World Tang Soo Do Association until his death on 9 July 2012; the body has over 150,000 members including more than 40,000 black belts and 300 master instructors in 38 countries. He was the author of several books on Tang Soo Do and featured in a chapter of the 1971 book, ''20th century Warriors: Prominent Men in the Oriental Fighting Arts"''.<ref>{{Cite book | author = Black Belt Magazine and Karate Illustrated | title = 20th century Warriors; Prominent Men in the Oriental Fighting Arts | chapter = Shin Jae-chul | year = 1971 | publisher= Ohara (Los Angeles), LCCN 73185168}}</ref>

In March 2010, the association's board of directors approved Shin's promotion to ninth-degree black belt. In July 2010, Shin was formally promoted to the rank at the association's annual world championships after 27 years as an eighth degree.<ref>{{Cite web | title = World Tang Soo Do Association Newsletter | date= Oct 2009 | url = http://www.worldtangsoodo.com/news/newsletter/WTSDANewsletter1009.pdf | accessdate=28 January 2010}}</ref>

On 9 July 2012, Shin died in his sleep after having health issues in Burlington, NC.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
•참고|우리의 무예당수도교본 / http://www.tangsoodo.co.kr

== External links ==
* [http://www.wtsda.com The World Tang Soo Do Association]
* [http://www.taekwondohalloffame.com Jae-chul Shin in the Taekwondo Hall of Fame]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shin, Jae-chul}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Martial artists from Seoul]]
[[Category:South Korean tang soo do practitioners]]

Lee Kyung-hae

2025-06-21T21:22:50Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean activist (1947–2003)}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Lee (Korean name)|Lee]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|image = Lee Kyung-hae memorial (cropped).jpg
|hangul=%이경해
|hanja=李京海
}}
'''Lee Kyung-hae''' ({{Korean|hangul=이경해}}; 1947 – September 10, 2003) was a South Korean farmer and [[Activism|activist]] who opposed [[Neoliberalism|neo-liberal]] [[globalization]] and protested for the local farmers and fishermen of his home country whose jobs were threatened. He was president of the Federation of Farmers and Fishermen of Korea. He died by suicide at the 2003 [[WTO]] conference in [[Cancún, Mexico]].

==Early life==
Lee Kyung Hae was born in [[Jangsu County|Jangsu]], [[Jeollabuk-do]], in what was then a united Korea. He graduated from Seoul Agricultural College in 1974 and pursued farming as a career, even though farming was not seen at that time as a logical career for college graduates. He established a dairy farm on what had been a deserted wasteland, and developed it to a capacity of seventy cows. He also developed vegetable farms and opened all of his farms to agricultural students seeking real-life experience. It was during that time that Lee married Kim Baek-i, a journalist for the local ''Mountains'' magazine.

==Activism==
In 1979, he was elected president of the Jangsu Livestock Breeders Association. Throughout the 1980s he worked to improve the situation of farmers nationwide, and as a result of his efforts he was elected to many prominent agricultural positions. He became president of the Jangsu Young Farmers Association in 1983 and the larger Jeonbuk Young Farmers Association in 1987. {{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} In response to falling crop prices, he participated in the establishment of the Korean Young Farmers Association. {{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} His actions gained the attention of the FAO (The Food and Agricultural Organization) of the UN, and in 1989 Lee was given the award for ‘Farmer of the Year’. {{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} In 1989, he was elected president of the Korean Advanced Farmers Federation, and held this position until 1991. In 1990, he started the social activist magazine Korean Young Farmers’ Weekly News. {{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

In the 1990s, Lee adopted more visible methods in his battle for the Korean farmer. He became a member of the provincial legislature when he was elected three times to serve in the Jeonbuk Provincial Assembly. {{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} When the South Korean government attempted to stop the second Nationwide Meeting of the Korean Young Farmers Association, Lee led a hunger strike in protest. {{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Hunger strikes continued to be a common tactic for Lee in his struggle against the [[World Trade Organization]]. According to him, the WTO's trade policies destroyed South Korean farmers, reducing them to poverty or worse. In 1993, he attempted [[suicide]] at the WTO's [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], offices, but was hospitalized and recovered. {{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} Lee led a hunger strike in 1994, when the WTO put pressure on South Korea to open its markets to foreign agricultural products. He remained for seventeen days outside the National Assembly Building, in an effort to persuade parliament to pass a law against the WTO. In December 2000, Lee Kyung-hae went on another hunger strike for twenty-six days. {{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

[[Image:Lky memorial.jpg|thumb|Lee Kyung Hae's memorial setting during WTOMC6]]

In February and March 2003, Lee led a [[hunger strike]] at WTO headquarters in Geneva, but his actions were ignored by the WTO and by mainstream media. {{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} However, Lee's hunger strike and his continued statements concerning the effect of rapidly dropping crop prices on Korean farmers were reported in many local newspapers. {{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} In Cancun, Lee joined a march of over 15,000 other farmers and indigenous people from around the world and carried a sandwich board that stated, "WTO Kills Farmers." {{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

===Death===
On September 10, 2003, Lee stood on top of a police barricade at a major protest demonstration near the WTO conference in [[Cancún]], [[Mexico]], and in front of media [[television]] cameras he stabbed himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://countercurrents.org/glo-carlsen160903.htm|title= WTO Kills Farmers: Remembering Lee Kyung HAe|last=Carlsen|first=Laura |date=September 16, 2003|website=countercurrents.org|access-date=May 20, 2023}}</ref> Although he was rushed to a local hospital, he died during surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://countercurrents.org/glo-carlsen160903.htm|title= WTO Kills Farmers: Remembering Lee Kyung HAe|last=Carlsen|first=Laura |date=September 16, 2003|website=countercurrents.org|access-date=May 20, 2023}}</ref> The cause of death was officially ruled as a [[suicide]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Lee is sometimes seen as a [[martyr]] to the [[anti-globalization movement]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfu.ca/kyung-haes-dramatic-suicide-still-an-inspiration-for-global-action/|title=Lee Kyung Hae’s dramatic suicide still an inspiration for global action|date=September 10, 2023|publisher=www.nfu.ca|access-date=2024-03-19}}</ref> His death is seen by opponents of neo-liberal globalization as an example of the destructive effects of free trade on the lives of workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/16/northkorea.wto|title=Field of tears|last=Watts|first=Jonathan |date=September 16, 2003|publisher=guardian.co.uk|access-date=2008-09-10}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Apart from different memorial ceremonies, a candlelight vigil was organised for September 10, 2005, in Hong Kong to commemorate the victims of the WTO, especially Lee Kyung Hae.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

[[Anti-Flag]] dedicated their song, "The WTO Kills Farmers" to Lee Kyung Hae, as well as [[Percy Schmeiser]] and other farmers hurt by the WTO's policies.

[[Ahleuchatistas]] has a song named "Lee Kyung Hae" in dedication to his activism.

==See also==
*[[Politics of South Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscatinline}}
*[http://asianfarmers.org/?p=23 "In memoriam, Lee Kyung Hae"] 5 September 2003.
*Gary LaMoshi. ''Asia Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030919020132/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/EI13Dg01.html "Trade gets a martyr"] 13 September 2003. (An editorial criticizing Lee's fight against the WTO)
*Sang-Hun Choe. ''Associated Press''. [http://www.cropchoice.com/leadstry22f3.html?recid=2068 "Suicide highlights Korean farm problems"] 18 September 2003.
*Sang-Hun Choe. ''Associated Press''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070322021941/http://www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story=03%2F09%2F20%2F8531845 "South Korea: Farmers and Police Clash at Funeral"] 20 September 2003.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Kyung Hae}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2003 suicides]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Anti-globalization activists]]
[[Category:Suicides by sharp instrument in Mexico]]
[[Category:South Korean activists]]

Choi Hong-hi

2025-06-21T21:22:05Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean general and martial artist (1918–2002)}}
{{Family name hatnote|[[Choi (Korean name)|Choi]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Choi Hong-hi
| image = Choi_Hong_Hi.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1918|11|9|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Hwadae, [[Myongchon County]], [[Kankyōhoku-dō]] ([[North Hamgyong Province]]), [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea, Empire of Japan]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2002|06|15|1918|11|9|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pyongyang]], North Korea
| martial_art = [[Karate]], [[Taekwondo]]
| teacher = [[Gichin Funakoshi]] (Karate), Kim Hyun-soo (Karate)
| rank = {{color box|black}} 9th ''dan'', Grand Master, principal founder, Tae Kwon Do (ITF) {{color box|black}} 2nd ''dan'', karate}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=%최홍희
|hanja=崔泓熙
}}

'''Choi Hong-hi''' ({{Korean|hangul=최홍희}}; 9 November 1918 – 15 June 2002) was a [[South Korean Army]] general, and [[martial artist]] who was an important figure in the history of the [[Korean martial arts|Korean martial art]] of [[Taekwondo]], albeit controversial due to his introduction of taekwondo to North Korea.

Choi is regarded by many as the "Founder of Taekwon-Do"—most often by organizations belonging to the [[International Taekwon-Do Federation]] (ITF), the first international federation for Taekwondo, which he founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itf-tkd.org/general-choi-hong-hi/|title=General Choi Hong Hi|access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref> Others, such as [[World Taekwondo]], portray Choi as either an unimportant or a dishonorable figure in taekwondo history because of his [[South Korean defectors|defection to North Korea]], whether by omitting him from their versions of taekwondo history<ref name="WTF">[http://www.wtf.org/wtf_eng/site/about_taekwondo/present_day.html Present Day Taekwondo (WT)] Retrieved on 29 January 2008.</ref> or through explicit statements,<ref name="Son">{{Cite web |last=Son |first=Duk Sung |date=June 15, 1959 |title=Letter in Seoul Shinmoon newspaper |url=https://www.hellers.ws/ma/59-06-15-son-letter.shtml |website=hellers.ws |publisher=[[Seoul Shinmun]]}}</ref> due to the aforementioned controversy.

== Early life ==
Choi was born on 9 November 1918 in Hwadae, [[Myongchon County|Meigawa-gun]], [[Kankyōhoku-dō]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea, Empire of Japan]] (now [[Myongchon County]], [[North Hamgyong Province]], North Korea).{{Sfn|Choi|1993|p=241}}<ref name=":0"/> Choi originally claimed that his father sent him to study calligraphy under Han Il-dong, who was also "a master of [[taekkyon]], the ancient Korean art of foot fighting".{{Sfn|Choi|1993|p=241}} He later recanted this story and said that he never studied taekkyeon and that it had nothing to contribute to taekwondo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Capener |first=Steven D. |date=Spring 2016 |title=The Making of a Modern Myth: Inventing a Tradition for Taekwondo |url=https://bstf.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Taekwondo_The_Making_of_a_Modern_Myth.pdf |journal=[[Korea Journal]] |volume=56 |issue=1 |doi=10.25024/kj.2016.56.1.61 |pages=61–92}}</ref> Choi travelled to Japan, where he studied English, mathematics, and karate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Goldman |first=Ari L. |date=June 29, 2002 |title=Choi Hong Hi, 83, Korean General Who Created Tae Kwon Do |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/29/sports/choi-hong-hi-83-korean-general-who-created-tae-kwon-do.html |access-date=March 8, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In [[Kyoto]], he met a fellow Korean with the surname Kim, who was a [[karate]] instructor and taught Choi this martial art.{{Sfn|Choi|1993|p=241}} Choi also claimed to have learned Shotokan karate under [[Funakoshi Gichin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tkdnews.com/news/quickViewArticleView.html?idxno=3991 |title=태권도신문 |publisher=Tkdnews.com |accessdate=19 June 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218111013/http://www.tkdnews.com/news/quickViewArticleView.html?idxno=3991|archivedate=18 February 2012}}</ref> Just before he had left Korea, Choi apparently had a disagreement with a wrestler named Hu, and the possibility of a future confrontation inspired him to train; in his own words, "I would imagine that these were the techniques I would use to defend myself against the wrestler, Mr. Hu, if he did attempt to carry out his promise to tear me limb from limb when I eventually returned to Korea".{{Sfn|Choi|1993|p=242}} Choi attained the rank of 1st ''[[Dan rank|dan]]'' in karate in 1939, and then 2nd ''dan'' soon after.{{Sfn|Choi|1993|pp=241–242}}

== Military career ==

Choi was enlisted into the [[Japanese Korean Army|Japanese army]] during World War II, later stating that he had been forced to serve. He wrote that he was imprisoned for attempting to escape and, in June 1945, was sentenced to seven years for conspiracy by a Japanese Military Court for his involvement in a rebellion.{{Sfn|Choi|1993|pp=242–243}}<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport|title=The Founder of the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) Choi Hong Hi: An Exploration of Fiction and Fact|last=Moenig |first=Udo |last2=Choi |first2=Hyun Min |last3=Kim |first3=Minho |date=2021-11-22 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523367.2021.1984232 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2021.1984232 |issn=0952-3367|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Following the war, in January 1946, Choi was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Korean army.{{Sfn|Choi|1993|p=244}} From 1946 to 1951, Choi received promotions to first lieutenant, captain, major, lieutenant colonel, colonel, and then brigadier general.{{Sfn|Choi|1993|p=244}} Choi was promoted to major general in 1954.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moenig |first=Udo |last2=Choi |first2=Hyun Min |last3=Kim |first3=Minho |date=2021-11-22 |title=The Founder of the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) Choi Hong Hi: An Exploration of Fiction and Fact |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523367.2021.1984232 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |language=en |volume=38 |issue=17 |pages=1832–1855 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2021.1984232 |issn=0952-3367|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Taekwondo ==
{{Main|Taekwondo}}
Choi combined elements of Oh Do Kwan [[Karate]] and Tang Soo Do to develop a style of the martial art known as "[[Taekwondo]]"; his organization spelt it Taekwon-Do, (태권도; 跆拳道), which means "foot, fist, art" or "the way of hand and foot" and it was so named on 11 April 1955.{{Sfn|Choi|1993|p=246}}<ref name="Kim">Kim, S. J. (2007): [http://www.sjkim-taekwondo.com/History.html History of Taekwondo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703232101/http://www.sjkim-taekwondo.com/History.html |date=3 July 2007 }} Retrieved on 18 September 2007.</ref> Choi co-founded the Oh Do Kwan, and was made an honorary director and given an honorary 5th ''dan'' ranking in the [[Chung Do Kwan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport|title=The Founder of the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) Choi Hong Hi: An Exploration of Fiction and Fact|last=Moenig |first=Udo |last2=Choi |first2=Hyun Min |last3=Kim |first3=Minho |date=2021-11-22 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523367.2021.1984232 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2021.1984232 |issn=0952-3367|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport|title=The Early Globalization Process of Taekwondo, from the 1950s to 1971|last=MOENIG |first=Udo |last2=KIM |first2=Young Il |date=2021-07-14 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523367.2020.1845151 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2020.1845151 |issn=0952-3367|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Due to accusations of dishonesty, Choi was stripped of his rank and position in the Chung Do Kwan.<ref name="Son"/>

Choi, together with other Korean martial arts instructors, was a major contributor to the global expansion of taekwondo.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport|title=The Early Globalization Process of Taekwondo, from the 1950s to 1971|last=MOENIG |first=Udo |last2=KIM |first2=Young Il |date=2021-07-14 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523367.2020.1845151 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2020.1845151 |issn=0952-3367|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ITF taekwondo organizations credit Choi with starting the spread of [[taekwondo]] internationally by stationing Korean taekwondo instructors around the world,{{Sfn|Choi|1993|p=248}} and have consistently claimed that ITF-style taekwondo is the only authentic style of taekwondo, most notably in early sections of its textbooks.<ref name="Franks">Franks, A. (1993): Taekwon-Do and imitators. In H. H. Choi: ''Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence'', 3rd ed. (Vol. 1, pp. 10–11). Mississauga: International Taekwon-Do Federation.</ref> He was also the author of the first English taekwondo syllabus book, ''Taekwon-Do'', published by Daeha Publication Company in 1965. In 1972, Choi went into exile in Canada after the South Korean government refused to allow his organisation to teach taekwondo in North Korea, and the South Korea government formed the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) in 1973<ref name=":0" /> (renamed to WT in 2018). In 1979 he traveled and defected to North Korea where he was welcomed by the government and supported in his project of spreading Taekwondo to the world.<ref>The Difficult Dialogue: Communism, Nationalism, and Political Propaganda in North Korean Sport, Jung Woo Lee and Alan Bairner, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 2009, 33: 390</ref>

== Death ==
Choi died of cancer on 15 June 2002 in Pyongyang, North Korea,<ref name=":0" /> where he received a [[state funeral]] in the [[Patriotic Martyrs' Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gillis|first=Alex|title=A Killing Art: The Untold History of Tae Kwon Do, Updated and Revised|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dEQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT237|year=2016|publisher=ECW Press|location=Toronto|isbn=978-1-77090-695-2|page=237}}</ref> On his funeral committee were:<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:고 최홍희선생의 장의위원회 구성 |agency=[[Korean Central News Agency]] |date=16 June 2002 |access-date=12 February 2019 |url= https://www.kcna.co.jp/item2/2002/200206/news06/16.htm |language=ko }}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Choe Thae-bok]]
* [[Kim Jung-rin]]
* [[Kim Yong-sun]]
* [[Kim Yong-dae (politician)|Kim Yong-dae]]
* [[Ryu Mi-yong]]
* [[Ryom Sun-gil]]
* [[Kim Kyong-ho]]
* [[Sung Sang-sop]]
* [[Pak Sun-hui]]
* [[An Kyong-ho]]
* [[Kang Ryon-hak]]
* [[Chang Ung]]
* [[Hwang Pong-yong]]
* [[Kim Yu-ho]]
{{Div col end}}

Choi is listed in the Taekwondo Hall of Fame with various titles: "Father of Taekwon-Do," "Founder and First President of the International Taekwon-Do Federation," and "Founder of Oh Do Kwan."<ref name="HallofFame">[http://www.lacancha.com/greatest.html Taekwondo Hall of Fame] Retrieved on 12 January 2008.</ref> Choi is survived by his wife, Choi Joon-hee; his son, [[Choi Jung-hwa]]; two daughters, Sunny and Meeyun; and several grandchildren.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[List of taekwondo grandmasters]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{refbegin}}
'''a.''' {{note_label|A|a|none}} The spelling of "taekwondo" varies widely in English usage. The WT and affiliated organizations typically use "taekwondo," while the ITF and affiliated organizations typically use "taekwon-do" (as Choi used this spelling). In Wikipedia, the default spelling is "taekwondo." This article follows this standard, but uses "taekwon-do" when referring specifically to the ITF or affiliated organizations' names.

'''b.''' {{note_label|B|b|none}} In Park's (1993) article, the note on Choi's promotion to 2nd ''dan'' in karate is followed by a note about the outbreak of World War II, which would suggest that Choi's 2nd ''dan'' promotion occurred no later than the early stages of that conflict (''c.'' 1939–1940).
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Sources ===

* {{Cite book |last=Choi |first=H. H. |title=Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence |publisher=Mississauga: International Tae Kwon Do Federation |year=1993 |edition=3rd |volume=1 |pages=241–274}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150207104253/http://moosin.com/2015/01/general-choi-hong-hi-biography/ Obituary: General Choi Hong-hi Biography] in ''Moosin Magazine'', 19 January 2015.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/korea/article/0,2763,771475,00.html Obituary: General Choi Hong-hi] in ''The Guardian'', 9 August 2002.
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1398386/General-Choi-Hong-Hi.html Obituary: General Choi Hong-Hi] in ''The Daily Telegraph'', 26 June 2002.
* [http://www.lacancha.com/choihonghi.html General Choi Hong-hi] at the Taekwondo Hall of Fame, including a photograph of Choi's grave.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choi, Hong-hi}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:South Korean International Olympic Committee members]]
[[Category:South Korean generals]]
[[Category:Martial arts school founders]]
[[Category:Martial arts writers]]
[[Category:People from Myongchon County]]
[[Category:South Korean emigrants to North Korea]]
[[Category:South Korean male karateka]]
[[Category:South Korean male taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:Jeonju Choe clan|Hong-hi]]
[[Category:Burials at the Patriotic Martyrs' Cemetery]]
[[Category:20th-century South Korean sportsmen]]

Haeinsa

2025-06-21T21:21:20Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Buddhist temple in South Korea}}
{{Infobox religious building
|name=Haeinsa
|image=한국 문화 여행 음식 해인사003.jpg
|caption=Overview of the temple (2017)
|location=[[Gayasan National Park]], [[South Gyeongsang Province]], South Korea
|religious_affiliation=[[Korean Seon|Korean Seon Buddhism]]
|sect=[[Jogye Order]]
|year_completed={{start date|802}}
|designation1=WHS
|designation1_offname=Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon, the Depositories for the ''Tripitaka Koreana'' Woodblocks
|designation1_criteria=Cultural: iv, vi
|designation1_number=737
|designation1_date=1995
|designation2=Historic Sites of South Korea
|designation2_offname=Haeinsa Temple, Hapcheon
|designation2_number=504
|designation2_date=2009-12-21
|coordinates={{coord|35|48|N|128|06|E|display=inline,title}}
|website={{URL|haeinsa.or.kr}}
|module={{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^해인사
|hanja=海印寺
|child=yes
}}
}}

'''Haeinsa''' ({{Korean|hangul=해인사}}) is a Buddhist temple in [[Gayasan National Park]], [[South Gyeongsang Province]], South Korea. It is the head temple of the [[Jogye Order]] of [[Korean Seon|Korean Seon Buddhism]]. Haeinsa is most notable for being the home of the ''[[Tripitaka Koreana]],'' the whole of the Buddhist Scriptures carved onto 81,350 wooden printing blocks, which it has housed since 1398.<ref name="orientalarchitecture.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/|title=Asian Historical Architecture: A Photographic Survey|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=www.orientalarchitecture.com}}</ref>

Haeinsa is one of the [[Three Jewels Temples]], and represents [[Buddhist dharma|Dharma]] or the Buddha’s teachings. It is still an active [[Korean Buddhism#Seon|Seon]] practice center in modern times, and was the home temple of the influential [[Zen master|Seon master]] [[Seongcheol]], who died in 1993.

==History==
The temple was first built in 802. Legend says that two [[bhikkhu|monks]] of royal [[Daegaya]] descent, Suneung and Ijeong, returned from Tang China and healed [[Aejang of Silla]]'s wife of her illness. In gratitude for [[Gautama Buddha]]'s mercy, the king ordered the construction of the temple.<ref name="orientalarchitecture.com" /> Another account, by Choe Chi-Won in 900 states that Suneung and his disciple Ijeong, gained the support of a queen dowager who converted to Buddhism and then helped to finance the construction of the temple.

The temple complex was renovated in the 10th century, 1488, 1622, and 1644, respectively. Huirang, the temple abbot enjoyed the patronage of [[Taejo of Goryeo]] during that king’s reign. Haeinsa was burned down in a fire in 1817 and was rebuilt in 1818.<ref name="orientalarchitecture.com" /> Another renovation in 1964 uncovered a royal robe of [[Gwanghaegun of Joseon]], who was responsible for the 1622 renovation, and an inscription on a ridge beam.

The main hall, Daejeokkwangjeon (대적광전, 大寂光殿: Hall of Great Silence and Light), is unusual because it is dedicated to [[Vairocana]], whereas most other Korean temples house images of Gautama Buddha in their main halls.

The Temple of Haeinsa and the Depositories for the ''Tripiṭaka Koreana'' Woodblocks were made a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 1995. The UNESCO committee noted that the buildings housing the Tripiṭaka Koreana are unique because no other historical structure was specifically dedicated to the preservation of artifacts and the techniques used were particularly ingenious.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom95.htm#737|title=WH Committee: Report of 19th Session, Berlin 1995|website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref>

The temple also holds several official treasures including a realistic wooden carving of a monk and interesting Buddhist paintings, stone [[pagoda]]s, and lanterns.

===Crisis===
During the [[Korean War]], the area surrounding Haeinsa Temple was a site of conflict between North Korean guerillas and the allied forces of South Korea and the [[United Nations Command]]. In September of 1951, during an anti-guerilla bombing campaign, Air Force Colonel Kim Young-hwan was ordered to destroy the temple. He refused, instead leading his squad of fighter jets over the temple without dropping a single bomb.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Heritage - Republic of Korea - Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon, the Depositories of the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks |url=https://english.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?ctgryLrcls=CTGRY209&nttId=57967&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1205&uniq=0&mn=EN_03_01 |website=Korea Heritage Service |publisher=Korea Heritage Service |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604064556/https://english.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?ctgryLrcls=CTGRY209&nttId=57967&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1205&uniq=0&mn=EN_03_01 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

==Janggyeong Panjeon (National Treasure No. 32)==
{{No sources|section|date=August 2023}}
{{See also|Woodblock printing in Korea}}
[[Image:Tripitaka Koreana 02.jpg|thumb|''[[Tripitaka Koreana]]'' woodblocks at Haeinsa]]
The storage halls known as the Janggyeong Panjeon complex are the depository for the ''Tripiṭaka Koreana'' woodblocks at Haeinsa and were also designated by the Korean government as a [[National Treasure (South Korea)|National Treasure]] on December 20, 1962. They are some of the largest wooden storage facilities in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/737.pdf|title=Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon, the Depositories for the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Remarkably, the halls were untouched during the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)]] and were spared from the 1818 fire that burned most of the temple complex down. All told, the storage halls have survived seven serious fires and one near-bombing during the [[Korean War]] when a pilot disobeyed orders because he remembered that the temple held priceless treasures.

Janggyeong Panjeon complex is the oldest part of the temple and houses the 81,258 wooden printing blocks from the ''Tripiṭaka Koreana''. Although the exact construction date of the hall that houses the Tripiṭaka Koreana is uncertain, it is believed that [[Sejo of Joseon]] expanded and renovated it in 1457. The complex is made up of four halls arranged in a rectangle and the style is very plain because of its use as a storage facility. The northern hall is called Beopbojeon (Hall of Dharma) and the southern hall is called the ''Sudara-jang'' ("Hall of Sutras"). These two main halls are 60.44 meters in length, 8.73 meters in width, and 7.8 meters in height. Both have fifteen rooms with two adjoining rooms. Additionally, there are two small halls on the east and west which house two small libraries.

[[File:Korea-Haeinsa Tripitaka Koreana woodblock 2770-06a.jpg|thumb|right|Copy of a ''Tripiṭaka Koreana'' woodblock used to allow visitors to make an inked print of the woodblock on the Haeinsa complex grounds. See [[:File:Prajnyaapaaramitaa Hridaya.png|here]] for an image of the woodblock print.]]

Several ingenious preservation techniques are utilized to preserve the wooden printing blocks. The architects also utilized nature to help preserve the Tripitaka. The storage complex was built at the highest point of the temple and is 655 meters above sea level. Janggyeong Panjeon faces southwest to avoid damp southeasterly winds from the valley below and is blocked from the cold north wind by mountain peaks. Different sized windows on the north and south sides of both main halls are used for ventilation, utilizing principles of hydrodynamics. The windows were installed in every hall to maximize ventilation and regulate temperature. The clay floors were filled with charcoal, calcium oxide, salt, lime, and sand, which reduce humidity when it rains by absorbing excess moisture which is then retained during the dry winter months. The roof is also made with clay and the bracketing and wood rafters prevent sudden changes in temperature. Additionally, no part of the complex is exposed to sun. Apparently, animals, insects, and birds avoid the complex but the reason for this is unknown. These sophisticated preservation measures are widely credited as the reason the woodblocks have survived in such fantastic condition to this day.

In 1970, a modern storage complex was built utilizing modern preservation techniques but when test woodblocks were found to have mildewed, the intended move was canceled and the woodblocks remained at Haeinsa.

== Tourism ==
It also offers [[Temple Stay]] programs where visitors can experience Buddhist culture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Templestay {{!}} A joyful journey to Find the True Happiness within Myself|url=https://eng.templestay.com/temple_info.asp?t_id=haeinsa|website=eng.templestay.com}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Haeinsa inner sanctum 2013 03.JPG|A Buddha statue inside the temple's inner grounds
Image:Birotap Pagoda.jpg|Birotap Pagoda
Image:Daejeokgwangjeon 02.jpg|Statues in Daejeokgwangjeon
Image:Haeinsa Temple 01.jpg|General view
Image:Haeinsa Temple 02.jpg|Bell and drums in the temple
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Korean Buddhist temples]]
* [[Korean Buddhism]]
* [[Korean temple cuisine]]
* [[Temple Stay]]
* [[Three Jewel Temples of Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Haeinsa}}
*[http://www.haeinsa.or.kr Official website (Korean language)]
*[https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=737 UNESCO: Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930202436/http://www.cha.go.kr/english/search_plaza/ECulresult_Db_View.jsp?VdkVgwKey=11,00520000,38 Cultural Heritage: Haeinsa Janggyeong Panjeon]
*[http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/CU/CU_EN_8_5_5_4.jsp Haeinsa Temple on VisitKorea.or.kr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509234437/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/CU/CU_EN_8_5_5_4.jsp |date=2017-05-09 }}

{{Three Jewels Temples}}
{{World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Korea}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buddhist temples of the Jogye Order]]
[[Category:9th-century Buddhist temples]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in South Korea]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in South Gyeongsang Province]]
[[Category:Historic Sites of South Korea]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in South Korea]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in South Gyeongsang Province]]
[[Category:9th-century establishments in Korea]]
[[Category:802 establishments]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in the 800s]]
[[Category:Temples that participate in Templestay]]

July (gamer)

2025-06-21T20:49:19Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean electronic sports player}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Update|date=January 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2016}}
}}

{{family name hatnote|[[Park (Korean name)|Park]]||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox Pro Gaming player
| ID = July
| name = Park Sung-joon
| image = Startalejuly (cropped).JPG
| caption =
| name_trans =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| nationality = Republic of Korea
| team =
| role = Zerg
| leagues =
| games = {{ubl|''[[StarCraft: Brood War]]''|''[[StarCraft II]]''}}
| career_start =
| career_end =
| years1 = 2007–2008
| team1 = [[SK Telecom T1]]
| years2 = 2008–2010
| team2 = STX SouL
| years3 = 2010–2012
| team3 = StarTale
| years4 =
| team4 =
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes
| hangul = %박성준
| hanja = 朴聖俊
}}
}}

'''Park Sung-joon''' ({{Korean|hangul=박성준}}) is a professional player of the real-time strategy game ''[[StarCraft]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=105&oid=029&aid=0000083367|title=럭비ㆍ권투보다 e게임이 좋아}}</ref> He is known by his pseudonym '''July''', a shortened version of '''JulyZerg'''. Park Sung-joon is also known as the "God of War" or "Tushin.<ref>[http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=115727 Interview 'Tushin' - July]</ref> Park used to play for STX SouL.<ref>[http://teamliquid.net/tlpd/players/117_July TLPD - BW Korean - Player Information - July]</ref>

== ''StarCraft'' ==
July emerged onto the scene during Gilette OSL, where he beat Oov 3–2 in a famous series and went on to win the tournament against Reach, making him a royal roader and the first Zerg to ever win an OSL.

He quickly became the dominant player of the time, winning another OSL (Ever 2), a KT-KTF tournament and the ITV league. He also made another OSL final which he lost 3–0 to Nada.

After reaching yet another OSL final in early 2006 and losing 3–0 to his old rival Oov, July lost his dominance and went into a small slump. Recently he's shown promising signs of regaining his old confidence by beating Xellos and Oov in the Proleague finals in fine style and reaching final round in OSL.

On July 12, 2008, July defeated the new Protoss phenom, BeSt, in the 2008 EVER OSL, by a score of 3–0. The victory was July's third OSL title, which won him the Golden Mouse, a prestigious achievement held previously only by [[Lee Yun-Yeol]] (NaDa).

As of September 10, 2010, he has not renewed his contract with STX_SouL and has announced that he will be moving to the ''[[StarCraft 2]]'' scene in a new team and will continue to play as Zerg.<ref>[http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=151746 July officially announces his move to Starcraft 2]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://fomos.kr/star2/news_read.html?mode=read&keyno=110483&db=issue|title=포모스|website=Fomos}}</ref> And on November 10, July has qualified for the GSL Pre-Season 3.

== ''Starcraft II'' ==
[[File:JulyZerg.jpg|thumb|left|Sung-joon in 2011]]
On September 15, 2010, the name of this new team has been revealed as STARTALE.

Park Sung-joon qualified for Code A during GSL season 3 after making it to the RO16, but there losing to oGsMC ([[Jang Min-Chul]], that season's GSL winner).

GSL January was a successful season for ST_July, as he was able to make it past OdinMVP as well as `Slayers`Yugioh, only to lose to ZenexByun during the Code A Ro8. As a result of this success, he was a participant in the up and down matches following the end of the tournament. The up and down matches allow deserving Code A players the chance to be promoted to Code S, and allows undeserving Code S players to be demoted back down to Code A.

Park Sung-joon initially faltered in his performance against ZenexKyrix (ZvZ), but rallied back in his second match against TSL_Rain (ZvT), which allowed him entry into Code S. Following the up and down matches, players from Code S were allowed, based on performance, to choose their grouping for GSL March (GSL February was dedicated to the team league). ST_July somewhat controversially chose to be in Group A (the group of death as it was later dubbed), calling out Season 3 winner oGsMC for having been defeated by him in previously mentioned Season 3 Ro8. In the process, he managed to put himself in the same group as two previous GSL winners. oGsHyperDub was also in this group.

On February 22, at 18:45, ST_July faced oGsMC in the Code S round of 32 for Group A. ST_July was defeated, and as per schedule, immediately faced IMMvp, widely accepted as the best Starcraft II player in the world because he has the highest win percentage in every matchup (TvT, TvZ, TvP). IMMvP was also the winner of the most recent GSL season, further solidifying his position as the best in the world. A loss to IMMvP would remove him from the tournament and risk his Code S status.

ST_July defeated IMMvP, improving his record to 1-1 for the series and guaranteeing that, although he might not advance, he would not be subject to the up and down matches (which would jeopardize his position in Code S). The next match between oGsMC (the winner of match 2) and oGsHyperDub (the loser of match 1) would determine whether or ST_July would rematch IMMvP to determine who advances, or whether everyone would be tied 1-1 and July would be playing oGsHyperDub. oGsMC went on to defeat HyperDub to knock him into up and down/matches, and himself advance, thus setting up a rematch with IMMvP and ST_July.

ST_July defeated IMMvP a second time, improving his record to 2-1 for the series, advancing to the Ro16, and putting IMMvP's status as the best current Starcraft 2 player in jeopardy.

He went on to face [[Lee Yun-Yeol]] (aka oGsNada), in the Round of 8, defeating him 3-2 and advancing to the semi-finals. ST_July took the first two games really convincingly, lost the next two due to oGsNada's impressive defense, to finally win the fifth one thanks to amazing mutalisk micro and constant aggression.

ST_July reached the Code S finals of the GSL season March. He was defeated by former Code S champion oGsMC in a best of seven format, losing 4–1.

Before his retirement (which was due to military obligations), July clocked in at an eye-popping average of 818APM during the televised Korean StarCraft II League 2012 Season 1 tournament. Since his retirement, no one has ever beat out this legendary score.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Angela |date=2020-01-27 |title=The Top 10 Quickest Esports Players in the World |url=https://www.gameqik.com/article/top-10-quickest-esports-players-world |access-date=2023-05-19}}</ref>

==Tournament results==
* 1st — OnGameNet StarLeague 2008 EVER OSL
* 2nd — World Cyber Games [[2006 World Cyber Games]]
* 2nd — OnGameNet StarLeague 2005 ShinHan OSL
* 1st — OnGameNet StarLeague 2005 EVER OSL
* 2nd — OnGameNet StarLeague 2004-2005 IOPS OSL
* 1st — OnGameNet StarLeague 2004 Gillette OSL

== Honors ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.search.naver.com/search.naver?where=nexearch&query=%EB%B0%95%EC%84%B1%EC%A4%80&sm=tab_etc&ie=utf8&key=PeopleService&os=99965|title=Park sung-jun, Naver, characters search|website=Naver , characters search}}</ref>

* i-TV amateur strongest two week championship(2003)
* MBC GAME TEAM LEAGUE KOREAN CHAMPION 4(2003)
* 3rd in i-TV Rookie(2003)
* Gillette Ongamenet Star League Championship(2004)
* iTV Ranking 7th Ranking Championship win(2004)
* KT-KTF Premier League winner(2005)
* EVER Star League Championship(2005)
* Ipsos Ongamenet Star League second place(2005)
* Shinhan Bank Ongamenet Star League second place(2005)
* 1st Korea e-Sports Grand Prize Best Zug Player(2006)
* SKY PRO LEAGUE LEAGUE FINAL Final MVP(2007)
* EVER Star League Championship(2008)
* 2nd Generation Intel Core GSL Mar. Code S, second place(2011)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{StarCraft Pro-Gaming}}
{{Professional StarCraft II competition}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:July}}
[[Category:South Korean esports players]]
[[Category:StarCraft players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:StarTale players]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:T1 (esports) players]]

KCM (singer)

2025-06-21T20:48:47Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{short description|South Korean singer}}
{{about|the South Korean singer||KCM (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = KCM
| image = 190709 가수 KCM.jpg
| caption = KCM in July 2019
| birth_name = Kang Chang-mo
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1982|1|26}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Unknown|2022}}
| children = 2
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| origin = [[South Korea]]
| genre = [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[sentimental ballad|ballad]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 2003–present
| label = Image9Coms<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0011175876|author=Lee Hye-min|title=KCM, 이미지나인컴즈와 재계약 "함께 전성기 이어갈 것|trans-title=KCM renews contract with Image9Coms, "We will continue our heyday together|publisher=[[Newsis]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=May 10, 2022|access-date=May 10, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=May 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510111931/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0011175876|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes|headercolor=transparent
| hangul = %강창모
}}}}

'''Kang Chang-mo''' ({{Korean|hangul=강창모}}; born January 26, 1982), better known by his stage name '''KCM''' ({{Korean|hangul=케이씨엠}}), is a South Korean singer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mnet.com/artist/34799/profile|title=KCM 소개|website=[[Mnet (TV channel)|Mnet]]|language=ko|trans-title=KCM Profile|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051654/http://www.mnet.com/artist/34799/profile|url-status=live}}</ref> He debuted in 2003 with the song "I Know", from the soundtrack to the [[Korean drama]], ''Punch'' ({{Korean|hangul=때려|labels=no}}).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kim|first=Ha-jin|url=http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/968016|trans-title=KCM, like ripe fruit...|title=KCM, 익은 과일처럼 그렇게…|date=July 4, 2016|work=Ten Asia|access-date=April 2, 2018|language=ko|archive-date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403112506/http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/968016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
On January 13, 2022, Kang has recently registered for marriage with his non-celebrity girlfriend who is 9 years younger than him. The wedding ceremony has been postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea|COVID-19]] situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000532548|author=Lee Ha-na|title=KCM, 9세 연하 연인과 혼인신고 "부모님들 앞에서 언약식"(공식입장)|trans-title=KCM registers marriage with a lover 9 years younger than her, “Covenant ceremony in front of parents” (official position)|publisher=Newsen|via=[[Naver]]|date=January 13, 2022|access-date=January 12, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=January 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112175248/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000532548|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kim Hyun-sik|date=January 13, 2022|title=KCM, 9세 연하 연인과 결혼|trans-title=KCM to marry a lover who is 9 years younger than him|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=018&aid=0005125914|access-date=January 13, 2022|publisher=E-Daily|language=ko|via=Naver|archive-date=January 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112225259/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=018&aid=0005125914|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 19, 2025, it was revealed that Kang is the father of two daughters and that he had registered his marriage in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kim|first=Myung-mi|date=March 19, 2025|title=KCM, 13년 전 이미 아빠였다 “현재 두 딸 父, 가정 지키려 고군분투”[공식]|url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/ranking/article/609/0000965464|trans-title=KCM, Already a Father 13 Years Ago “Currently a Father of Two Daughters, Struggling to Keep the Family Together” [Official]|access-date=March 19, 2025|publisher=Newsen|language=ko|via=[[Naver]]}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Studio albums ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album details
! scope="col" colspan="1" style="width:5em;" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;" | Sales
|-
! [[Gaon Music Chart|KOR]] <ref name="miak_album_sales">{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr:80/navigator.php?contents=html&usemode=list&DB=117|title=K-pop Album Sales Volume|website=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219201306/http://www.miak.or.kr/navigator.php?contents=html&usemode=list&DB=117|archive-date=February 19, 2009|access-date=November 19, 2019|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200409.htm|title=''Beautiful Mind'' charting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205224618/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200409.htm|archive-date=February 5, 2009|access-date=November 19, 2019}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200507.htm|title=''Growing Up'' charting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115174124/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200507.htm|archive-date=January 15, 2006|access-date=November 19, 2019}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200602.htm|title=''Love Affair'' charting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518153628/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200602.htm|archive-date=May 18, 2009|access-date=November 19, 2019}}</ref><ref name="gaon_album_chart">{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T|title=Gaon Album Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-date=March 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326122745/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?serviceGbn=ALBUM&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=49&nationGbn=T|title=''Reflection of My Mind'' charting|access-date=November 19, 2019}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=47&hitYear=2010&termGbn=week|title=''Alone (Part 2)'' charting|access-date=November 19, 2019|archive-date=July 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704193832/http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=47&hitYear=2010&termGbn=week|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Beautiful Mind''
|
*Released: September 6, 2004
*Label: Happy Entertainment
*Formats: CD, cassette
| 10
|
* KOR: 36,810<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr:80/stat/kpop_200502.htm|title=February 2005 K-pop Album Sales Volume|website=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219050707/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200502.htm|archive-date=December 19, 2005|access-date=November 19, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Growing Up''
|
*Released: June 21, 2005
*Label: Happy Entertainment
*Formats: CD, cassette
| 6
|
* KOR: 81,446<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2005.htm|title=2005 K-pop Album Sales Volume|website=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228163338/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2005.htm|archive-date=February 28, 2009|access-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Love Affair''
|
*Released: February 1, 2006
*Label: Happy Entertainment
*Formats: CD, cassette
| 2
|
* KOR: 65,481<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2006.htm|title=2006 K-pop Album Sales Volume|website=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201164151/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2006.htm|archive-date=February 1, 2009|access-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Kingdom''
|
*Released: January 17, 2008
*Label: Ogan Entertainment
*Formats: CD
| —
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''One Day'' (하루가)
|
*Released: January 13, 2010
*Label: Blending Co.
*Formats: CD, digital download
| —
|-
! scope="row" | ''Reflection of My Mind''
|
*Released: November 26, 2016
*Label: Sebunguri Entertainment
*Formats: CD, digital download
| 9
|
*KOR: 4,922+<ref>Cumulative sales of ''Reflection of My Mind'':
* {{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=11&hitYear=2016&termGbn=month|title=2016년 11월 Album Chart|website=Gaon Music Chart|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-date=February 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203005818/http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=11&hitYear=2016&termGbn=month|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=12&hitYear=2016&termGbn=month|title=2016년 12월 Album Chart|website=Gaon Music Chart|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-date=December 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222021644/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=12&hitYear=2016&termGbn=month|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|colspan="4" align="center"|"—" denotes release did not chart.
|-
|}

=== Extended plays ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | EP details
! scope="col" colspan="1" style="width:5em;" | Peak chart positions
|-
! [[Gaon Music Chart|KOR]] <ref name="miak_album_sales"/><ref name="gaon_album_chart"/>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Espresso''
|
*Released: February 3, 2009
*Label: Happy Entertainment
*Formats: CD
| —
|-
! scope="row" | ''Alone (Part 1)''
|
*Released: November 17, 2009
*Label: Blending Co.
*Formats: CD
| —
|-
! scope="row" | ''Alone (Part 2)''
|
*Released: November 11, 2010
*Label: C9 Entertainment
*Formats: CD, digital download
| 14
|-
! scope="row" | ''Promise''
|
*Released: April 13, 2019
*Label: NK Company
*Formats: CD, digital download
| —
|-
|colspan="4" align="center"|"—" denotes release did not chart.
|-
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="1" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! [[Circle Chart|KOR]] <ref name="gaon_digital_chart">{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL|title=Gaon Digital Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-date=August 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827053959/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=08&hitYear=2020&termGbn=week|title=I Count Three – Week 8 of 2020|website=[[Gaon Chart]]|language=ko|access-date=February 27, 2020|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610064809/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=08&hitYear=2020&termGbn=week|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=22&hitYear=2021&termGbn=week|title=Journey To Atlantis, If – Week 22 of 2021|website=[[Gaon Chart]]|language=ko|access-date=June 26, 2021|archive-date=June 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603023008/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=22&hitYear=2021&termGbn=week|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=27&hitYear=2021&termGbn=week|title=Foolish Love – Week 27 of 2021|website=[[Gaon Chart]]|language=ko|access-date=July 8, 2021|archive-date=July 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708035343/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=27&hitYear=2021&termGbn=week|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=29&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3|title=I LUV U – Week 29 of 2022|website=[[Circle Chart]]|language=ko|access-date=July 21, 2022|archive-date=July 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721021218/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=29&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=44&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3|title=Dear Love – Week 44 of 2022|website=[[Circle Chart]]|language=ko|access-date=November 3, 2022|archive-date=January 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110142218/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=44&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=51&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3|title=Sad Snowman – Week 51 of 2022|website=[[Circle Chart]]|language=ko|access-date=December 22, 2022|archive-date=December 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222020911/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=51&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=03&hitYear=2024&termGbn=week&yearTime=3|title=There's Still Someone I Love – Week 3 of 2024|website=[[Circle Chart]]|language=ko|access-date=January 25, 2024|archive-date=January 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125024438/https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=03&hitYear=2024&termGbn=week&yearTime=3|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" colspan="5" | As lead artist
|-
! scope="row" | "Color Flower" {{Small|feat. [[MC Mong]]}}
| 2010
| 20
| rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row" | "Because of You" (그대라는 이유)
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| 91
|-
! scope="row" | "Mom, Dad, I Love You" (엄마 아빠 사랑해요)
| —
|-
! scope="row" | "Hedgehog Love" (엄마의 착각)
| rowspan="2" |2016
| —
|-
! scope="row" | "Dawn" (새벽길)
| —
|-
! scope="row" | "Count to Three Like a Habit" (버릇처럼 셋을 센다)
|2020
| 95
|-
! scope="row" | "Dear Love" (사랑아)
|2022
| 109
|-
! scope="row" | "There's Still Someone I Love" (아직 사랑하는 사람이 있어요)
|2024
| 188
| ''Us''
|-
! scope="col" colspan="5" | Collaborations
|-
! scope="row" | "Two Men's Story" {{small|with [[The One (singer)|The One]]}}
| rowspan="2" |2011
| 45
| rowspan="4" {{Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row" | "The Old Tree" (오랜나무) {{small|with Navi}}
| —
|-
! scope="row" | "I Love You" (사랑하나이다) {{small|with Navi}}
|2016
| —
|-
! scope="row" | "Speaking Habit" (말버릇) {{small|with [[Zia (singer)|Zia]]}}
|2017
| 93
|-
! scope="row" | "Journey to Atlantis" (상상더하기) {{small|with MSG Wannabe}}
| rowspan="4"| 2021
| 7
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Hangout with Yoo#MSG Wannabe|MSG Wannabe Top 8 Performance Songs]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "If" (만약에) {{small|with [[Jee Seok-jin]], Wonstein, [[Parc Jae-jung]]}}
| 19
|-
! scope="row" | "Foolish Love" (바라만 본다) {{small|with Jee Seok-jin, Wonstein, Parc Jae-jung}}
| 1
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Hangout with Yoo#MSG Wannabe|MSG Wannabe 1st Album]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "I Love You" ({{lang|ko|난 너를 사랑해}}) {{small|(with MSG Wannabe)}}
| 25
|-
! scope="row" | "I Luv U" {{small|(with [[Kim Jong-kook]] and Mirani)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001470848|author=Lee Seul|title=김종국 "KCM 추진력 덕에"…6일 컬래버 음원 'I LUV U' 발매|trans-title=Kim Jong-kook "Thanks to KCM's driving force"... The collaboration song 'I LUV U' was released on the 6th|website=Xports News|via=[[Naver]]|date=July 5, 2022|access-date=July 5, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=July 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705190928/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001470848|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| 96
| rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row" | "Sad Snowman" ({{lang|ko|슬픈 눈사람}}) {{small|(with Ja Jung)}}
| 177
|-
! scope="col" colspan="5" | Soundtrack appearances
|-
! scope="row" | "Love You to Death" (죽도록 사랑해) {{small|feat. Soul Dive}}
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| 33
| ''[[Bread, Love and Dreams (TV series)|Bread, Love and Dreams]]'' OST Part 2
|-
! scope="row" | "Missing You"
| 91
| ''[[Big Thing (TV series)|Big Thing]]'' OST Part 2
|-
! scope="row" |"Bad" (나쁜 너)
|2012
|—
|''Immortal Classic'' OST Part 2
|-
! scope="row" |"Make Me Cry" (울게 하소서)
|2013
|—
|''[[Basketball (TV series)|Basketball]]'' OST Part 3
|-
! scope="row" |"Closed Heart" (갇힌 맘)
| rowspan="3" |2016
|—
|''[[My Lawyer, Mr. Jo]]'' OST Part 4
|-
! scope="row" |"Only You"
|—
|''[[Five Enough]]'' OST Part 4
|-
! scope="row" |"Remember" (기억)
|—
|''[[W (TV series)|W]]'' OST Part 4
|-
! scope="row"| "Now We Love You" (이제 우리 사랑해요)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=312&aid=0000562747|author=Hwang Eun-cheol|title=KCM, 웹툰 '연애의 발견' OST 참여...'이제 우리 사랑해요' 13일 발매|trans-title=KCM participates in webtoon 'Discovery of Love' OST... 'Now we love you' released on the 13th|publisher=Ten Asia |via=[[Naver]]|date=August 8, 2022|access-date=August 8, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
| 2022
|—
| ''Healer'' OST
|-
|colspan="5" align="center"|"—" denotes releases that did not chart.
|}

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row"| 2022
| ''Re:fresh''
| K
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=382&aid=0000955109|author=Jeong Hee-yeon|title=KCM 연기도 합니다…주연 영화 '리프레쉬' 2월 개봉 [공식]|trans-title=I'm also acting in KCM... Starring movie ‘Refresh’ released in February [Official] |publisher=Sports Donga|via=[[Naver]] |date=January 7, 2022|access-date= January 7, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|}

===Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row"| 2021
| ''You Raise Me Up''
|
| Cameo
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000478448 |author=Kim No-eul |title=[단독]KCM, 윤시윤x안희연 '유 레이즈 미 업' 카메오 출격 |trans-title=[Exclusive] KCM, Yoon Si-yoon x Ahn Hee-yeon's 'You Raise Me Up' cameo scramble |work=Newsen |via=[[Naver]] |date=August 12, 2021 |access-date=August 12, 2021 |language=ko |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812044633/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000478448 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Television shows===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2021
| ''Sing Together Season 2''
| Host
| with [[Kim Tae-woo (singer)|Kim Tae-woo]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|author=Choi Jin-kyung|title=싱투게더 시즌2', 김태우·KCM 공동 MC…7월6일 첫방송|trans-title=Sing Together Season 2', Kim Tae-woo and KCM joint MC... First broadcast on July 6th|via=[[Naver]]|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0010552195|publisher=[[Newsis]]|date=June 15, 2021|access-date=June 15, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=June 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043229/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0010552195|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Call me''
| Host
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=408&aid=0000135366|author=Kim Hye-young|title=나를 불러줘' 유세윤·장도연→김정민·KCM 음악 토크쇼 MC 확정|trans-title=‘Call Me’ Yoo Se-yoon, Jang Do-yeon → Kim Jung-min, KCM Music Talk Show MCs confirmed|work=[[iMBC]]|via=[[Naver]] |date=October 8, 2021|access-date= October 8, 2021|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| ''Good.R.Sam''
| Cast
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0010827945|author=Kim Ye-ji|title=미친 텐션' 이상민·지상렬·KCM·수빈, 뭉쳤다…'좋.알.쌤|trans-title='Crazy Tension' Lee Sang-min, Ji Sang-ryeol, KCM, Subin, united... 'Good. R. Sam|publisher=[[Newsis]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=November 11, 2021|access-date=November 15, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=November 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115160918/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0010827945|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3| 2022
| ''Godfather''
| Cast Member
| with Choi Hwan-hee
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=410&aid=0000840018|author=Kim Na-young|title=갓파더' 강주은·우혜림-KCM·최환희 합류…NEW 라인업 구축|trans-title=‘Godfather’ Kang Joo-eun, Woo Hye-rim, KCM, Choi Hwan-hee join… NEW line-up|publisher=MK Sports|via=[[Naver]]|date=December 27, 2021|access-date=December 27, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=December 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227075505/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=410&aid=0000840018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''legendfestival''
|Participant
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=202201120100076230004686|author=Moon Ji-yeon|title=[SC리뷰] 연예부가 최약체? 김재환·이이경 반전 활약('전설체전')|trans-title=[SC Review] Is the entertainment department the weakest? Kim Jae-hwan and Lee Yi-kyung's reversal performance ('Legendary Competition')|work=[[Sports Chosun]]|date=January 12, 2022|access-date= January 15, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| ''Crazy Encounter Season 4''
| Host
| with [[Yerin (entertainer)|Yerin]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=312&aid=0000567468|last=Hwang|first=Eun-chul|title=저세상 텐션 소유자 KCM, '어쩌다 마주친 시즌4' 메인 MC 발탁… 하이텐션 예고|trans-title= KCM, the owner of the tension in the other world, has been selected as the main MC of ‘Season 4 I stumbled upon by chance… high tension notice|publisher=Ten Asia|via=[[Naver]]|date=September 2, 2022|access-date=September 2, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2023
| ''For the First Time in Our Lives''
| Cast Member
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0011695349|last=Choi|first=Yoon-jeong|title=노홍철·이국주·KCM, 해외 여행 떠나…'난생처음 우리끼리|trans-title=Noh Hong-cheol, Lee Guk-joo and KCM go on an overseas trip… 'For the first time in our lives|publisher=[[Newsis]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=February 16, 2023|access-date=February 16, 2023|language=ko|archive-date=September 15, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915144822/https://m.entertain.naver.com/now/article/003/0011695349|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Web show ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2021
| ''Ranking Gourmet''
| rowspan=2|Host
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0010696633|author=Yoon Jun-ho|title=KCM×tvN 수요미식회, '랭킹미식회' 오늘 첫 방송|trans-title=Saturday lineup.. 'Happiness' follow-up KCM×tvN Wednesday gourmet, 'Ranking Gourmet' premiere today|work=[[Newsis]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=September 1, 2021|access-date=September 1, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=September 15, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915144907/https://m.entertain.naver.com/now/article/003/0010696633|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2022
| ''Why Not Crew''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0011182211|author=Park Eun-hae|title=KCM·권은비, 핫플레이스 버스킹…'와이낫크루'|trans-title=KCM · Eunbi Kwon, Hot Place Busking... 'Wynat Crew|publisher=[[Newsis]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=May 13, 2022|access-date=May 13, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=May 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513092952/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=003&aid=0011182211|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Song Title
! scope="col" | Artist
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2021
| "Keep your head up" (네가 아는 너)
| [[Lee Dong-hwi]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iKZLtefM6mk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/iKZLtefM6mk |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|author= |title=이동휘 (Lee Dong hwi) - 네가 아는 너 (Keep your head up) MV|trans-title= |work= Youtube |publisher= |date= August 14, 2021 |access-date= August 14, 2021 |language=ko}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination
! scope="col" | Award ceremony
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee / Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Seoul International Drama Awards]]
| style="text-align:center"| 2021
|Excellent Korean Drama OST
| "I'm more afraid"
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite news |url= https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=629&aid=0000101538 |author= Lee Han-lim |title= 서울드라마어워즈 2021', 한류드라마상 온라인 투표 진행 |trans-title= Seoul Drama Awards 2021', online voting for Hallyu Drama Awards |work= TheFact |publisher= [[Naver]] |date= August 20, 2021 |access-date= August 20, 2021 |language= ko |archive-date= August 20, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210820075632/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=629&aid=0000101538 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://twitter.com/Seoul_Drama/status/1428536885756915715 |author= |title= Excellent Korean Drama OST Prize |trans-title= |work= twitter |publisher= |date= August 20, 2021 |access-date= August 20, 2021 |language= ko |archive-date= November 14, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221114201522/https://twitter.com/seoul_drama/status/1428536885756915715 |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|user=KCMChannels|title=}}

{{Hangout with Yoo}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kcm}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:K-pop singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean male singers]]

Moon (gamer)

2025-06-21T20:48:20Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean esports player}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox Pro Gaming player
| ID = moon
| name = Jang Jae-ho
| image = Moon at ESL StarCraft 2 Masters Dreamhack Winter 2023 Atlanta.jpg
| caption = Jang at ESL StarCraft 2 Masters 2023 Winter
| birth_date = 
| nickname = Fantasista
| nationality = South Korean
| team =
| leagues =
| games = ''[[Warcraft III]]'' ''[[StarCraft II]]''
| career_start = 2003
| career_end = 2012
| years1 = 2005–2006
| team1 = [[Mousesports]]
| years2 = 2006–2008
| team2 = [[MeetYourMakers]]
| years3 = 2009–2011
| team3 = [[WeMade FOX]]
| years4 = 2012
| team4 = [[Fnatic]]
| highlights =
*2× [[International e-Sports Festival|IEF]] champion
*[[World Cyber Games|WCG]] champion
*9× MBC Game League champion
*4× NGL-One champion
*2× PGL champion
*NeXT champion
*2× IEST champion
*3× WC3L champion
*4× [[World e-Sports Games|WEG]] champion
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes
| hangul = %장재호
}}
}}

'''Jang Jae-ho''' (known as '''spirit_moon''' or '''moon''') is a South Korean professional gamer of the popular Blizzard [[real-time strategy]] games ''[[Warcraft III]]'' and ''[[StarCraft II]]''. He is seen by many as the best [[Night Elf]] player in the world. Jang Jae-ho is a five time [[Warcraft III World Championships|world champion]] and has won three televised national Korean WarCraft III Championships as well as four seasons of [[MBCGame]]'s World War. He is particularly known for his excellent micromanagement and innovative strategies. He is often seen using strategies that later set the benchmark for many Night Elf players and was nicknamed the "5th Race" by Gametv.com.  He has played and won more televised ''WarCraft III'' games than any other Warcraft III player. Jang Jae-ho is featured in the documentary film [[Beyond the Game]].<ref>"WarCraft III" – http://weblogs.hollanddoc.nl/beyondthegame/heroes/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026052916/http://weblogs.hollanddoc.nl/beyondthegame/heroes/ |date=October 26, 2008 }}</ref> Moon transitioned to ''[[StarCraft II]]'' and was without a team for a while, before retiring from professional gaming in order to fulfill [[South Korean military service requirements]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mineski.net/news/2889-legendary-wciii-player-moon-retires|title=Legendary WCIII player Moon retires|website=Mineski|author=nedro|date=March 8, 2014|access-date=December 21, 2014}}</ref> After completing his military service, Moon returned to Warcraft 3 and is currently active.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/WC3/comments/3w5817/moons_comeback_talk_show_and_showmatch_at/|title=Moon's Comeback: Talk Show and Showmatch at Midnight (KST) Dec 11|website=Reddit|date=December 9, 2015|access-date=2015-12-10}}</ref>

==Professional gaming career==

===Korean Champion===

After ''[[Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne]]'' was released in July 2003 a professional competitive gaming scene supporting the game developed in South Korea. Jang Jae-ho quickly rose to become one of the most prominent players in this scene, winning his first big tournament by beating [[Chun "Sweet" Jung Hee]] in the finals of the televised league MBC Sonokong Prime League II in 2003. He defended his championship title in the finals of the next edition of the league (which took place later that year), and lost to Park Se "Swain" Ryong who was at one point down 2 maps (the match is considered one of the greatest comebacks in ''WarCraft III'' history).

===World Champion===

Known for his innovative strategies, fans nicknamed Jang Jae-ho "Fantasista". After the release of The Frozen Throne he developed into the dominating player of the Korean ''WarCraft III'' scene (which he is considered still today). Few major Korean competitions concluded in 2004 (aside from several qualifiers for international tournaments only the MBC Daum Prime League IV). Jang Jae-ho qualified for the 2004 [[World Cyber Games]] global finals, meaning he would make his first international appearance.

He was considered the insider favorite for the tournament which took place in San Francisco, California. He was stopped by his countryman Tae Min "Zacard" Hwang in the round of 16 however, considered a major upset since Jang Jae-ho had an unbeaten televised record versus Hwang Tae-min's race of choice, Orc.

Upon his return to Korea he progressed to the last stages of the [[MBCGame]] Prime League V and the 2004–2005 [[Ongamenet]] War3 TFT Invitational. He eventually progressed to the finals of both which were set to take place in early 2005, he was also invited to a new televised league with an international field of participants named [[World e-Sports Games]] meaning he was competing in three televised leagues simultaneously.

He went undefeated in the first season of the World e-Sports Games, beating names as [[Fredrik Johansson (electronic sports player)|Fredrik Johansson]] and [[Li Xiaofeng|Li "Sky" Xiaofeng]]. The eventual finals cast him against the player that knocked him out of the World Cyber Games, Tae Min Zacard, who he proceeded to beat 3–0.

The league was followed intensely by ''WarCraft III'' fans around the globe and fully established Jang Jae-ho as a gaming icon. Around the same time he won MBCGame Prime League V and became the runner-up of the 2004–2005 Ongamenet War3 TFT Invitational, losing to Korean prodigy [[Youngsuk Chang|Jang "FreeDoM" Yong Suk]] in the finals after being up two maps. This further enhanced his reputation as the world's best ''WarCraft III'' player and made him one of the best paid gamers of the time; winning US$50,000 in a span of months.

Throughout the rest of 2005 he would win the second season of the World e-Sports Games beating Kim Dong "Gostop" Moon in the grand finals, the MBCGame Warcraft League and several tournaments in China. His winnings in the year were approximately US$83,000 which was by then the largest sum won by any player throughout a year in ''WarCraft III''.

He also signed with the Korean company Pantech & Curitel during this time, representing them in leagues.

During these events a "rivalry" was created between him and Dutch professional gamer [[Manuel Schenkhuizen|Manuel "Grubby" Schenkhuizen]] by fans. Jang Jae-ho was dominating competitions in South Korea including the globally diverse World e-Sports Games while Manuel Schenkhuizen had what was considered a dominating run in international competition, holding at one point the two most prestigious international titles; that of the World Cyber Games (which he won in 2004) and the Electronic Sports World Cup (which he won in 2005).

As they dominated different circuits they did not meet in any off-line matches throughout the 2005 year . Despite several online matches the rivalry was not resolved during this time as Jang Jae-ho was perceived as having a "racial advantage" with his Night Elf vs. Manuel Schenkhuizen's Orc.

===2006 Slump===

By late 2005 Jang Jae-ho's results weakened, he was eliminated from the second group stage of the World e-Sports Games in the longest tie-breaker (for second place) of the series history which included him, Korean professional gamer Jae Wook "Lucifer" Noh and Swedish professional gamer Kim "SaSe" Hammar.

He signed with Danish professional competitive gaming team MeetYourMakers in February 2006.

He was considered the favorite for the masters of the World e-Sports Games, which took place April 21 – May 3, 2006 in [[Hangzhou|Hangzhou, China]]. This eight player invitational saw all top two finishers of previous seasons return, and invited a number of players considered the world's strongest at the time.

He went undefeated through the group stages of the tournament, beating French professional gamer [[Yoan "ToD" Merlo]], Kim Dong Moon and Chinese professional gamer Sun Ri "XiaOt" Wai. This cast him against Manuel "Grubby" Schenkhuizen in the semi-finals, which would be their first match in a major international tournament.

Jang Jae-ho lost the match 1–3, which was considered an upset but not totally out of the realm of possibilities as a patch by Blizzard Entertainment as well as strategic adaption to Jang Jae-ho's playing style had made the Night Elf vs. Orc match-up more balanced. He subsequently lost the match for fourth place vs. Xiaofeng Li 2–3, a match widely anticipated by fans as Xiaofeng Li's World Cyber Games victory made him Jang Jae-ho's main WarCraft III rival in Asia.

After that he went through an extended dry spell in tournaments in what is termed a "slump". The professional Korean WarCraft III scene was in decline and Jang Jae-ho had to drop out of the only televised league the country had in the year, MBCGame International League, because it conflicted with the World e-Sports Games.

He did not qualify for any individual international tournament but did have success in team competitions. He was a key factor in Meet Your Makers victory of WarCraft III's most prominent professional team leagues, WarCraft 3 Champions League and the NGL One Professional league.
His dry spell ended in October 2006 when he won Global Gaming League's Digital life in New York City, New York, picking up US$5,000. He went on to do well in a series of televised show matches in South Korea, beating Manuel Schenkhuizen 2–0 in a US$10,000 match in the Korean "SuperFight" series.

Manuel Schenkhuizen commented afterward:

"I think the old Moon, the Moon from 2005 is back."

In December he was invited to International Electronic Sports Tournament in [[Beijing, China]], beating Xiaofeng Li in the grand finals he won US$20,000 in the tournament and finished 2006 with a major win.

===2007 Domination===

It was reported February 2007 that Jang Jae-ho had extended his contract with Meet Your Makers for a year with a US$10,000 monthly salary.<ref>[http://www.brightcove.tv/title.jsp?title=1199137231&channel=196565916 1on1-Markus "Army" Stefanko – part 1 – Brightcove]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Building on his strong run towards the end of 2006, 2007 looked to be Jang Jae-ho's strongest year yet. He has so far this year defended his MBC Game World War title four times, which is a televised series of show matches in South Korea paying out US$10,000 to a seasonal champion.

He won the biggest amount of prize money ever turned out in a WarCraft III competition in [[Moscow, Russia]] by winning Game-X. He has also won in China, one of which was considered to be attended by almost all top tier professional ''Warcraft'' III players; the [[World Series of Video Games]] stop in [[Wuhan, China]]. Moon won over US$130,000 in prize money in 2007.

===2008 Legendary Status===
[[File:Jang Jae Ho at WCG 2008 Grand Final.jpg|thumb|Jang at WCG 2008 Grand Final]]
Jang Jae-ho started his year with a second-place finish in the Chinese tournament, PGL behind the upcoming Chinese human player TH000. He then went on to win the Blizzard Worldwide Invitational beating at this time the world's best Orc player Lyn in a best 2 out of 3 sets series. The next week he won his second title of the year the [[ESWC Masters of Paris]] beating his arch Rival Li "Sky" XiaoFeng in the finals. Although, highly favored to win the ESWC title and solidifying his position as the world's best player, he was knocked out in the group stages alongside his teammate Grubby. However, he managed to qualify for the World Cyber Games taking second place in his country for the second time in a row. At the global finals, he made it to the grand finals only to lose at the hands of his teammate Grubby, the series was widely regarded as the clash of the titans as both Moon and Grubby are the highest earners in terms of prize money. He recently showed that his loss to Grubby did not affect his confidence and managed to win the IEF 2008 tournament in Wuhan beating his arch-rival Li "Sky" XiaoFeng again. On the way, he also defeated French professional player Yoan "ToD" Merlo 3–0 in the group stages.

With the tides turning in racial balance even Moon himself admitted that "Orc was imba",<ref>[http://www.sk-gaming.com/video/39881-Athens_Moon_says_Orc_is_imba Athens: Moon says Orc is Imba – SK Gaming]</ref> but he has fought on becoming one of the only Night Elf players still able to withstand the apparently inevitable Orcish monopoly. However his legendary status not only extends to his playing style but also for the content of his character, known and respected for being humble despite his level of stardom, and even revealed he still lives with his grandmother despite international success.<ref>[http://www.sk-gaming.com/video/55535-1on1_with_Jang_Moon_JaeHo 1on1 interview with Jang Jae "Moon" Ho – SK Gaming]</ref>

However, ESNation licensed the franchise rights for all MeetYourMakers teams to Frontspawn ApS,<ref>[http://www.mymym.com/en/news/15822.html ESNation turns MYM into a franchise] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221001104/http://www.mymym.com/en/news/15822.html |date=February 21, 2009 }}</ref> resulting in the MYM WarCraft team being released immediately.<ref>[http://www.mymym.com/en/article/942.html Goodbye and Thank you MYM] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220083321/http://www.mymym.com/en/article/942.html |date=February 20, 2009 }}</ref> The franchisee relaunched the MYM WarCraft team but without Moon on the roster.<ref>[http://www.mymym.com/en/news/15848.html Ciara completes MYMs roster] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221053828/http://www.mymym.com/en/news/15848.html |date=February 21, 2009 }}</ref> It was later revealed that Moon had signed a three-year contract with the Korean team [[WeMade FOX]] for $500,000 which made him the highest paid esports player at the time, a title which was previously held by Korean professional gamer [[NaDa]] (who was also a member of WeMadeFox).<ref>[http://www.iccup.com/warcraft/content/news/moon_in_wemade_fox.html Moon in WeMade Fox]</ref>

===Switch to ''StarCraft II''===
Moon started playing ''Starcraft II'' competitive following its release, but it was only after his switch recruitment to [[Fnatic]] on January 17, 2012, that he became a full-time player.<ref name=FnaticMSIMoon>{{cite news | url=http://www.sk-gaming.com/content/36330-fnatic_officially_adds_Moon | title = fnatic officially adds Moon | date = 2012-12-17 | last = Shields | first = Duncan | publisher = [[SK Gaming]] }}</ref> His first notable achievement was making it into the [[GOMTV Global Starcraft II League]] Open Season 2.<ref>[http://www.gomtv.net/2010gslopens3/news/52030 Qualifier List for Day 2 of GSL Open 2 Preliminaries]</ref> He has since had little success in the GSL, but has done better in non-Korean tournaments, placing second at the [[Intel Extreme Masters]] 5,<ref>[http://www.esl-world.net/masters/season5/hanover/news/152342/ Intel Extreme Masters 5 Results]</ref> and being one of the Koreans to play in the [[North American Star League]].<ref>[http://www.nasl.tv/Players/Profile/moon Moon's NASL Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605123458/http://nasl.tv/Players/Profile/moon |date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref> Moon also played in the 2011 Summer [[DreamHack]] LAN where he placed second, losing the Grand Finals to LiquidHuk for 2–3. He placed 2nd at the IPL4 Pacific Qualifiers, losing to MarineKingPrime. As a result of his achievements in WarCraft 3 and Starcraft 2, he was inducted into the ESL esports Hall of Fame on 7 July 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.esportshall.com/players/moon/ | title=Home - ESL | date=May 20, 2022 }}</ref>

==Awards==

===Won===
* 2008 Esports Award Best Warcraft 3 Player
* 2008 ESports Award Korea Player of the Year
* 2007 KeSPA Greatest WarCraft III Player Award
* 2007 GGL Warcraft 3 Player of the Year
* 2006 KeSPA Greatest WarCraft III Player Award
* 2005 KeSPA Greatest WarCraft III Player Award

===Nominated===
* 2007 ESports Award Best Warcraft 3 Player
* 2006 GGL Warcraft 3 Player of the Year
* 2006 Gosugamers GosuGamer of the Year
* 2006 ESports Award Best Warcraft 3 Player
* 2005 ESports Award eSports Player of the Year
* 2005 ESports Award Best Warcraft 3 Player

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060706152617/http://www.meetyourmakers.com/ MYM Website]

{{Professional StarCraft II competition}}
{{Professional Warcraft III competition}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moon}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:StarCraft players]]
[[Category:Warcraft III players]]
[[Category:South Korean esports players]]
[[Category:Fnatic players]]
[[Category:Mousesports players]]
[[Category:MeetYourMakers players]]
[[Category:WeMade FOX players]]
[[Category:Team Razer players]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Baek Ji-young

2025-06-21T20:46:49Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean singer (born 1976)}}
{{Distinguish|Baek Ji Yoon|Baek Ji-hoon}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{family name hatnote|Baek||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox person 
| name = Baek Ji-young
| image = 190328 백지영.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Baek in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|03|25}}
| birth_place = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1999–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jung Suk-won]]|2013}}
| children = 1
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = {{hlist|[[K-pop]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}}
| label = [[The Music Works|Music Works]]
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes|headercolor=transparent
| hangul = %백지영
| hanja = 白智榮
}}
}}
'''Baek Ji-young''' ({{korean|백지영}}; born March 25, 1976),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.joins.com/article/3008127|title=[신세대 점집 탐방] ④ 3월25일생 오현경·백지영 '나란히 비디오 파문'|date=January 11, 200|website=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]|language=ko|access-date=2020-02-14|archive-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153714/https://news.joins.com/article/3008127|url-status=live}}</ref> sometimes [[Anglicisation of names|anglicized]] as '''Baek Z Young''',<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/6175797/baek-z-ji-young-us-sentimental-memories-tour|title=Baek Z Young Announces Two U.S. Concerts|last=Benjamin|first=Jeff|date=July 22, 2014|magazine=Billboard|access-date=2020-02-14|archive-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153713/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/6175797/baek-z-ji-young-us-sentimental-memories-tour|url-status=live}}</ref> is a South Korean singer. She made her debut in 1999, with the release of her album ''Sorrow''. Over her career she has released eight studio albums and won awards for "[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Artist|Best Female Artist]]" and "[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best OST|Best OST]]" at the [[Mnet Asian Music Awards]].

==Career==
Baek began her music career in 1999, entering the South Korean dance scene with her first album ''Sorrow''. The first single, "선택" (''Choice''), was one of the first [[Korean pop]] songs to feature [[Latin music (genre)|Latin]] beats.<ref>{{cite web|title=Singer Baek Ji-young: Refusing to Stand Still|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/02/05/2009020561001.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=February 5, 2009|archive-date=June 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614052634/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/02/05/2009020561001.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The single charted well, and Baek quickly followed her debut with a second album, ''Rouge'', which came out in April 2000 and sold 360,000 copies.

Two years after the release of ''Tres'', Baek released her fourth album ''Smile'' in September 2003, which placed 46th for the year. In March 2006, Baek released her fifth album, ''Smile Again''. "사랑 안해" (''I Won't Love''), her first single from the album, was a [[ballad]], unlike the rest of her Latin-style singles. Although this was a significant change, the song reached the top spot on certain performance show charts.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Two Transitions of Baek Ji-young|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/09/21/2007092161011.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=September 21, 2007|archive-date=June 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614084117/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/09/21/2007092161011.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This change was not permanent, as there were many Latin/dance tracks on the album, including single "Ez Do Dance." She performed this single until the end of summer 2006, at which point she finished promotional activities for the album. In November 2006, Baek won Best Female Solo Singer at the [[mnet Asian Music Awards|MKMF Awards]] and was nominated for the Overseas Viewer Award.<ref>[http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/entertainment_news_view.html?No=1920 "Shinhwa Chosen Best Korean Singer Overseas"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424231601/http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/entertainment_news_view.html?No=1920 |date=April 24, 2014 }}. ''KBS Global''. December 7, 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2007.</ref>

On September 7, 2007, Baek's sixth album, ''The Sixth Miracle'', was released, with the lead single "사랑 하나면 돼" (''I Only Need One Love''). She won an award for the album at the Seoul Music Awards in January 2008.<ref>[http://www.sportsseoul.com/news2/hnSStv/hntEnter/2008/0131/20080131101070800000000_5162867914.html "서울가요대상 백지영 두 번째 본상 수상"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113073516/http://www.sportsseoul.com/news2/hnSStv/hntEnter/2008/0131/20080131101070800000000_5162867914.html |date=January 13, 2009 }}. ''Sportsseoul'' (in Korean). January 31, 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2008.</ref>

Fearing she would lose her voice, Baek underwent vocal cord surgery to remove a cyst in February 2008.<ref>[http://star.moneytoday.co.kr/view/stview.php?no=2007121808105827251&EVEC "백지영, 가수생명 걸고 성대낭종 제거수술"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122043122/http://star.moneytoday.co.kr/view/stview.php?no=2007121808105827251&EVEC |date=January 22, 2009 }}. ''Star News'' (in Korean). December 18, 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2008.</ref>

[[File:Baek Ji-Young in 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Baek at the [[2009 Mnet Asian Music Awards]]]]
After recuperating from her surgery, Baek returned with her seventh album, ''Sensibility'', released on November 14, 2008. It was reported that she would come back with a dance single to showcase her strengthened voice,<ref>Han, Sang-hee (November 11, 2008). [https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2008/11/201_34224.html "Male, Female Singer Alike Returning to Fans"] . ''[[The Korea Times]]''. Retrieved 25 November 2008.</ref> but instead came back with "총 맞은 것처럼" (''Like Being Hit by a Bullet''), a mid-tempo ballad. The single hit No. 1 on various online music sites<ref>Lee, Hye-rin (November 25, 2008).[https://archive.today/20120719143513/http://www.asiaeconomy.co.kr/uhtml/read.php?idxno=2008112515135835688 "백지영 음원 1위① '싹쓸이' "농담이 현실됐다"(인터뷰)"]. ''Asia Economy'' (in Korean). Retrieved 25 November 2008.</ref> and hit No. 1 on [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]]'s music program ''[[Music Bank (TV program)|Music Bank]]''.<ref>Park, Gun-wook (December 5, 2008). [https://archive.today/20120906142923/http://www.gwangnam.co.kr/read.php?idxno=2008120520334825479 "백지영, '뮤뱅'서 첫 정상 차지"] (Baek Ji-young, ''Music Bank'' First Place). ''Gwangnam Ilbo'' (in Korean). Retrieved 5 December 2008.</ref>

On August 9, 2009, Baek announced a collaboration with [[2PM]] member [[Taecyeon]] for the title track of her mini-album ''EGO'' called "내 귀에 캔디" (''My Ear Candy'').<ref>{{cite web|title=2PM's Taecyeon to appear in Baek Ji-young's music video|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012050215364803779|website=10Asia|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=May 2, 2012|archive-date=March 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320173312/http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012050215364803779|url-status=live}}</ref> Unlike her previous songs, ''My Ear Candy'' is a pop-dance track that includes techno beats. They first performed the song on ''[[Kim Jung-eun's Chocolate]]'', although the episode did not air until a week later after her official comeback on ''[[Show! Music Core]]''. ''EGO'' was released on August 14, 2009. On November 21, 2009, Baek won Best Female Solo Artist at [[Mnet Asian Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Han|first=Sang-hee|title=Music Awards Has Fresh Yet Disappointing Start|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/11/201_55925.html|website=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=June 2, 2013|date=November 22, 2009|archive-date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926005350/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/11/201_55925.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

She collaborated with [[Mighty Mouth]] for their comeback single "사랑이 올까요" (''Will Love Come''), released on March 12, 2010, along with a music video. This is her second collaboration with the group; she was previously featured on their mini-album ''Love Class'' in the track ''Miss U'', released on August 6, 2009. Her single ''Over Time'' topped various music charts on the day of its release on July 1, 2010, and Baek's greatest-hits album ''Timeless: The Best'' also sold well.<ref name=double>{{cite web|title=Baek Ji-young Hits Double Jackpot|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/07/15/2010071500271.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=July 15, 2010|archive-date=August 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828121111/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/07/15/2010071500271.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

With the success of her eighth album ''[[Pitta (album)|Pitta]]'' in 2011, music industry critics found it remarkable for a female singer in her mid-30s to succeed in an industry dominated by teen bands.<ref>{{cite web|title=Age No Barrier for Singer Baek Ji-young|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/06/11/2011061100314.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=June 11, 2011|archive-date=January 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124013505/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/06/11/2011061100314.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Baek Ji-Young in 2011 from acrofan.jpg|thumb|upright|Baek performing in 2011]]
Baek has also participated in numerous soundtracks for [[Korean drama|TV dramas]], including ''Don't Forget'' for ''[[Iris (South Korean TV series)|IRIS]]'', ''Love Is Not a Crime'' for ''[[Ja Myung Go]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Han |first=Sang-hee |title=Drama Music Is New Source for Hits |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/01/135_47617.html |website=[[The Korea Times]] |access-date=June 3, 2013 |date=June 29, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073526/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/01/135_47617.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref> ''Love and Love'' for ''[[Arang and the Magistrate]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last=Ho|first=Stewart|title=Baek Ji Young Sing Lee Joon Gi, Shin Min Ah's Love Theme Song for ''Arang and the Magistrate''|url=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=13895|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129002621/http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=13895|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 29, 2013|access-date=November 10, 2012|newspaper=enewsWorld|date=September 3, 2012|agency=CJ E&M}}</ref> and ''Spring Rain'' for ''[[Gu Family Book]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hong|first=Grace Danbi|title=Baek Ji Young Showers ''Gu Family Book'' with ''Spring Rain''|url=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=34456|website=enewsWorld|publisher=CJ E&M|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=April 22, 2013|archive-date=April 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424075934/http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=34456|url-status=dead}}</ref> The most famous thus far has been ''That Woman'' from ''[[Secret Garden (South Korean TV series)|Secret Garden]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Kwon |first=Mee-yoo |title=Secret Garden soundtrack live in concert |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2011/01/135_79371.html |website=[[The Korea Times]] |access-date=June 3, 2013 |date=January 9, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113101427/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2011/01/135_79371.html |archive-date=January 13, 2011 }}</ref> which won Outstanding Korean Drama OST at the 2011 [[Seoul International Drama Awards]].<ref>Hong, Lucia (September 1, 2011) [http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011090109514398270 "Chinese series ''Three Kingdoms'' wins grand prize at Seoul Drama Awards"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195942/http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011090109514398270 |date=March 3, 2016 }}. ''10Asia''. Retrieved 3 June 2013.</ref> Baek said, "I love to participate in producing music for soaps if I like the female lead after reading the script. It's a thrill to hear my song played during melodramatic moments in soaps."<ref name=confident /> She later released an album in 2013 titled ''Flash Back'', a collection of the television drama soundtracks she recorded.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Seong-hee|title=백지영 '플래시백' OST 베스트 앨범 발표|url=http://www.polinews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=171945|access-date=June 3, 2013|newspaper=Poli News|date=March 25, 2013|language=ko|archive-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153715/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Rubik:400,300,400italic|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, Baek announced that she was releasing her first dance album in three years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baek Ji-young to roll out dance album in May|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012042515575173250|website=10Asia|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=April 25, 2012|archive-date=April 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424224156/http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012042515575173250|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sunwoo|first=Carla|title=Ballad queen Baek Ji-young to release a dance album|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2951983|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=April 26, 2012|archive-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629140258/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2951983|url-status=usurped}}</ref> She also became a judge/coach on ''[[The Voice of Korea]]'', the local version of reality singing competition ''[[The Voice (TV series)|The Voice]]''. On May 7, she released a ballad from the mini-album entitled ''Voice'', featuring [[Gary (rapper)|Gary]] from [[Leessang]]. On the 17th, her ''Good Boy'' mini-album was released, including the dance title track of the same name featuring [[Yong Jun-hyung]] of [[Beast (South Korean band)|B2ST]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Ji-yeon|title=Interview: Baek Ji Young, the Male Idol Killer?|url=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=6914|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703031553/http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=6914|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 3, 2013|website=enewsWorld|publisher=CJ E&M|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=May 19, 2012}}</ref>

On February 16, 2013, Baek held her first solo concert in seven years at the [[Jamsil Arena|Jamsil Gymnasium]] in [[Seoul]], followed by a nationwide tour in March.<ref name=confident>{{cite web|title=Baek Ji-young Confident She Can Keep Girl Groups at Bay|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/01/19/2013011900312.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=January 19, 2013|archive-date=February 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225072016/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/01/19/2013011900312.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sunwoo|first=Carla|title=Baek Ji-young to hold first solo concert in seven years|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2964794|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629140220/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2964794|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 29, 2013|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=January 2, 2013}}</ref> She performed for the first time in Japan at a sold-out concert in May.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Sun-min|title=Baek Ji-young will debut in Japan|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2968135|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629135919/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2968135|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 29, 2013|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Sun-min|title=Ballad queen hopes for fame in Japan|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2969521|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=April 3, 2013|archive-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629141137/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2969521|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

On November 1, 2022, Baek's agency announced the cancellation of Cheongju's first local concert, Baek Ji-young's national concert 'GO BAEK (Confession)', which was scheduled to be held on November 5 due to the aftermath [[Seoul Halloween crowd crush]] event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=416&aid=0000289061|last=Kang|first=Kyung-yoon|title=백지영, 5일 청주 콘서트 취소..."티켓 전액 환불|trans-title=Baek Ji-young cancels Cheongju concert on the 5th... "Full refund of ticket|work=SBS Entertainment News|via=[[Naver]]|date=November 1, 2022|access-date=November 1, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>

==Personal life==
===Marriage and family===
Baek married actor [[Jung Suk-won]] on June 2, 2013, at the [[Sheraton Hotels and Resorts|Sheraton]] Grande Walkerhill.<ref>{{cite web|last=Moon|first=Gwang-lip|title=Baek wants son that looks like Jung|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2972468|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=June 3, 2013|archive-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629135814/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2972468|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Baek Ji-young, Jung Suk-won Exchange Wedding Vows|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/06/03/2013060300890.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=June 3, 2013|archive-date=June 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612020526/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/06/03/2013060300890.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hong|first=Grace Danbi|title=Baek Ji Young and Jung Seok Won Reveal Wedding Photos|url=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=37398|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703031239/http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=37398|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 3, 2013|website=enewsWorld|publisher=CJ E&M|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=May 30, 2013}}</ref> The couple began dating in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|title=Singer Baek Ji-young Dates Younger Actor|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/06/01/2011060100996.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=May 3, 2013|date=June 1, 2011|archive-date=January 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122212620/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/06/01/2011060100996.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Jessica|title=Baek Ji-young, Jung Suk-won admit to dating|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011060114485928509|access-date=November 18, 2012|website=10Asia|date=June 1, 2011|archive-date=March 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323080103/http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011060114485928509|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sunwoo|first=Carla|title=Baek Ji-young in a modern day Romeo and Juliet tale, sort of|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2953298|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=May 24, 2012|archive-date=July 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712045439/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2953298|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Ji-yeon|title=Baek Ji Young and Jung Seok Won to Tie the Knot in June|url=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=34264|website=enewsWorld|publisher=CJ E&M|access-date=May 3, 2013|date=April 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508152926/http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=34264|archive-date=May 8, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Baek Ji-young, Jung Suk-won to Wed in June|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/04/19/2013041900923.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=May 3, 2013|date=April 19, 2013|archive-date=April 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422024853/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/04/19/2013041900923.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Sun-min|title=Baek Ji-young to wed Jung Suk-won|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2970357|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=May 3, 2013|date=April 19, 2013|archive-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629135907/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2970357|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kim|first=Ji-yeon|title=Baek Ji Young and Jung Seok Won to Marry on June 2|url=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=35014|website=enewsWorld|publisher=CJ E&M|access-date=May 3, 2013|date=April 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612074307/http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=35014|archive-date=June 12, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jung|first=Min-ho|title=Pregnant for 9 weeks, singer Baek Ji-young to marry in June|url=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/people/2013/05/178_135670.html|website=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=May 14, 2013|date=May 14, 2013|archive-date=June 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617171245/http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/people/2013/05/178_135670.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and were expecting their first child.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jung |first=Min-ho |title=Pregnant for 9 weeks, singer Baek Ji-young to marry in June |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/people/2013/05/178_135670.html |website=[[The Korea Times]] |access-date=May 18, 2013 |date=May 14, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617171245/http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/people/2013/05/178_135670.html |archive-date=June 17, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Baek Ji-young Feels Baby Kicks Before Hearing Wedding Bells|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/05/15/2013051500636.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=May 18, 2013|date=May 15, 2013|archive-date=June 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608084642/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/05/15/2013051500636.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Sun-min|title=Baek Ji-young will deliver in the fall|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2971531|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=May 18, 2013|date=May 15, 2013|archive-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629140637/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2971531|url-status=usurped}}</ref> However, on June 27, 2013, it was confirmed that Baek had suffered a miscarriage, four months into her pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee |first=Hye-ji |title=Baek Ji-young has Miscarriage |url=http://www.tenasia.com/archives/61913 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629093416/http://www.tenasia.com/archives/61913 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2013 |website=10Asia |access-date=June 28, 2013 |date=June 27, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Singer Baek Ji-young suffers miscarriage|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130627000987|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|access-date=June 28, 2013|date=June 27, 2013|archive-date=June 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627170304/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130627000987|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Sun-min|title=Baek Ji-young has a miscarriage|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2973747|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=June 28, 2013|date=June 28, 2013|archive-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629093455/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2973747|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Baek Ji-young Distraught After Miscarriage|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/06/28/2013062801007.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=June 28, 2013|date=June 28, 2013|archive-date=July 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701203103/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/06/28/2013062801007.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On May 22, 2017, Baek gave birth to the couple's first child, a daughter named Jung Ha-im.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/article/987689wpp/baek-ji-young-jung-suk-won-welcome-first-child-world|title=Baek Ji Young And Jung Suk Won Welcome Their First Child Into The World|website=[[Soompi]]|date=22 May 2017|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=January 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127194118/https://www.soompi.com/article/987689wpp/baek-ji-young-jung-suk-won-welcome-first-child-world|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Baek Ji Young reveals a photo of her beautiful daughter for the very first time|url=https://www.allkpop.com/article/2017/08/baek-ji-young-reveals-a-photo-of-her-beautiful-daughter-for-the-very-first-time|website=[[Allkpop]]|date=24 August 2017|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=August 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814221629/https://www.allkpop.com/article/2017/08/baek-ji-young-reveals-a-photo-of-her-beautiful-daughter-for-the-very-first-time|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Health ===
In 2009, after suffering from a high fever and dizziness from the flu and [[hypotension]], Baek stopped a dinner concert midway. After singing her fifth song, she told the audience, "I am very sorry for being on stage despite being sick. I won't be able to continue my performance." Experts speculated that refunds cost Baek and her agency losses of nearly {{SK won|200 million}} (about {{USD|180,000}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=Baek Halts Concert |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/05/135_58039.html |website=[[The Korea Times]] |access-date=June 3, 2013 |date=December 28, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040225/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/05/135_58039.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2000, a [[sex tape]] featuring Baek and her manager at the time, Kim Shi-won (alias Kim Seok-jin), was leaked onto the internet. The video had been recorded secretly in a hotel room without Baek's knowledge, and was later used to threaten Baek when she attempted to change her contracted manager at the peak of her career.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baek Sues Former Producer Boyfriend|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2000/11/29/2000112961554.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=November 29, 2000|archive-date=May 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525152256/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2000/11/29/2000112961554.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=MacIntyre|first=Donald|title=Sex, Lies & the Internet|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2055040,00.html|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=January 6, 2006|date=December 25, 2000|archive-date=March 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320144447/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2055040,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The former manager, who fled to the U.S., is currently serving time in a Los Angeles jail for charges of sex with a minor, which he also recorded on video.<ref>{{cite web|title=Man Behind Baek Ji-young Sex Tape Held in U.S|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/02/29/2008022961011.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=February 29, 2008|archive-date=August 31, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831184512/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/02/29/2008022961011.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Leaker of Female Singer's Sex Video in US to Be Extradited |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/12/113_31751.html |website=[[The Korea Times]] |access-date=June 3, 2013 |date=September 27, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320185711/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/12/113_31751.html |archive-date=March 20, 2014 }}</ref> The scandal nearly ruined Baek's career, leading to a five-year slump to her reputation from which she only arose in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baek Ji-young Smiles Again Six Years After Sex Scandal|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2006/05/19/2006051961009.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=May 19, 2006|archive-date=May 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515024907/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2006/05/19/2006051961009.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

She and a friend, singer [[Yuri (South Korean entertainer)|Yuri]], set up the successful online shopping business IamYuri Mall.<ref name=double /> Baek withdrew from associating with the brand in 2012 after the Fair Trade Commission fined several celebrity-run online shopping malls for posting fake user reviews.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sunwoo|first=Carla|title=Baek Ji-young exits online mall|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2956672|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=June 3, 2013|date=July 24, 2012|archive-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629140153/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2956672|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Baek filed suit against a local plastic surgery clinic that had used her photo for online advertising without her permission. On June 24, 2013, the Seoul Central District Court found the clinic guilty of infringing on her rights for profit and awarded Baek damages of {{SK won|5 million}} ({{USD|4,320}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=Baek Ji-young, Nam Kyu-ri Win Damages from Plastic Surgeons|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/06/25/2013062501370.html|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=June 27, 2013|date=June 25, 2013|archive-date=June 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630015421/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/06/25/2013062501370.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Baek Ji-young discography}}
'''Studio albums'''
* ''Sorrow'' (1999)
* ''Rouge'' (2000)
* ''Tres'' (2001)
* ''Smile'' (2003)
* ''Smile Again'' (2006)
* ''The Sixth Miracle'' (2007)
* ''Sensibility'' (2008)
* ''[[Pitta (album)|Pitta]]'' (2011)

== Filmography ==
=== Television series ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" |2010
| ''[[Secret Garden (South Korean TV series)|Secret Garden]]''|| || Cameo (Episode 13) ||
|-
|}

=== Television shows ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row"| 2020
| ''[[Miss Back]]''
| Main Mentor
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|2021–2022
| ''Liberation Town''
| Main Cast
| Episode 8–34
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/382/0000926576 |author= Hong Se-young|title=백지영, 기계치 면모→여자 허재美 (해방타운)|trans-title=Baek Ji-young, a mechanical figure → Female Heo Jae-mi (Liberation Town) |work=Sports Donga |publisher=[[Naver]] |date= August 9, 2021 |access-date= August 9, 2021 |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2| 2021
| ''Tomorrow's National Singer''
|judge
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=109&aid=0004465937|author=Yeon Hwi-seon|title=내일은 국민가수' 측 "김범수·백지영·케이윌·이석훈·김준수, 마스터 출연" [공식]|trans-title=Tomorrow's National Singer' side "Kim Beom-soo, Baek Ji-young, K.will, Lee Seok-hoon, Kim Jun-su, Master appearance" [Official] |work=OSEN|via=[[Naver]] |date= August 30, 2021 |access-date= August 30, 2021|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| ''Global Donation Show W''
| rowspan=3|Host
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://enews.imbc.com/News/RetrieveNewsInfo/333368|author=Baek Seung-hoon|title=백지영·광희·지숙, MBC 글로벌 도네이션 쇼 'W' 출격|trans-title= Baek Ji-young, Kwang-hee, and Ji-sook to scramble for MBC Global Donation Show 'W'|publisher=[[iMBC]] |via=|date=December 15, 2021|access-date= December 15, 2021|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3| 2022
| ''Global Donation Show W (Double-U)''
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=408&aid=0000150143|author=Beak Seung-hoon|title=황광희 "첫 휴가에 보톡스 맞으러 가" 웃픈 고백(더블유)|trans-title=Hwang Kwang-hee, "I'm going to get botox on my first vacation" funny confession (W) |publisher=[[iMBC]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=March 30, 2022|access-date= March 30, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| ''Singforest 2''
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=382&aid=0000996734|author=Yoo Ji-hye|title=[단독] 백지영, SBS 음악쇼 '싱포레스트2' MC 낙점|trans-title=[Exclusive] Ji-Young Baek, selected as MC for SBS music show ‘Singforest 2’|publisher=Sports Donga |via=[[Naver]]|date=August 4, 2022|access-date=August 4, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| ''Avatar Singer''
| Judge
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=009&aid=0005004724|author=Jin Hyang-hee|title='아바타싱어' MC 장성규, 백지영·황치열→김호영·조나단 출격|trans-title=‘Avatar Singer’ MC Jang Seong-gyu, Baek Ji-young, Hwang Chi-yeol → Kim Ho-young, Jonathan scramble |publisher=Star Today|via=[[Naver]]|date=August 16, 2022|access-date=August 16, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2023
| ''[[Sing Again]]''
| Judge
| Season 3
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001659217|last=Lee|first=Seul|title= '싱어게인3' 최초 슈퍼 어게인→"내 OST가 가장 유명" 참가자까지|trans-title='Singer Gain 3' first super gain → "My OST is the most famous" participant|work=X-ports News|via=[[Naver]]|date=November 8, 2023|access-date=November 8, 2023|language=ko}}</ref>
|}

== Ambassadorship ==
* Ambassador for Rare Diseases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=008&aid=0004817771|author=Chae Tae-byung|title=백지영 "주사 한 번에 20억 희귀병, 홍보대사 맡은 뒤 보험 적용|trans-title=Baek Ji-young "Rare disease of 2 billion in one injection, insurance coverage after serving as public relations ambassador|work= Money Today|via=[[Naver]]|date=November 14, 2022|access-date=November 15, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Year presented, name of the award ceremony, award category, nominated work and the result of the nomination
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|1999
|[[Mnet Asian Music Awards|Mnet Video Music Awards]]
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best New Artist (Solo or Group)|Best New Solo Artist]]
|"Choice" (선택)
|{{nom}}
|<ref>[http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=6481 "1999 Video Music Award part 1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520012715/http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=6481 |date=May 20, 2015 }}. ''MAMA''. Retrieved 23 June 2014.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|[[MBC Gayo Daejejeon|MBC Top 10 Singers Song Festival]]
|Top 10 Artist Award
|
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-12-13|title=백지영, MBC 10대가수 선정|url=https://news.joins.com/article/4010154|access-date=2020-12-05|website=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]|language=ko|archive-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153737/https://news.joins.com/article/4010154|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mnet Asian Music Awards|Mnet Music Video Festival]]
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Artist|Best Female Artist]]
|"Sad Salsa"
|{{nom}}
|<ref>[http://mama.interest.me/history?type=winner&year=2000 "2000 M.net Korean Music Festival Winners list"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140613182320/http://mama.interest.me/history?type=winner&year=2000 |date=June 13, 2014 }}. ''MAMA''. Retrieved 12 June 2014.</ref>
|-
|2003
|[[KMTV Asia|KMTV]] Korean Music Awards
|Dance Award
|
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-12-10|title=이효리, KMTV 연말 시상식 대상|url=https://www.hankyung.com/life/article/2003121057628|access-date=2020-12-05|website=[[The Korea Economic Daily]]|language=ko|archive-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153717/https://www.hankyung.com/life/article/2003121057628|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2006
|[[Golden Disc Awards]]
|Popularity Award
| rowspan="5" |"I Won't Love" (사랑 안 해)
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2006-12-14|title=백지영, 골든디스크 인기상 '화려한 재기'|url=http://inews24.com/view/238538|access-date=2020-12-05|website=Joy News 24|language=ko|archive-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153717/https://deepdive.zum.com/widget/starter.js|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Mnet Asian Music Awards|Mnet Km Music Festival]]
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Artist|Best Female Artist]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Artist of the Year|Artist of the Year]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>[http://mama.interest.me/history?type=winner&year=2006 "2006 M.net Korean Music Festival Winners list"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127113252/http://mama.interest.me/history?type=winner&year=2006 |date=January 27, 2013 }}. ''MAMA''. Retrieved 12 June 2014.</ref><ref name="2006_nom">[http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=9552 "2006 MKMF Part 1 : I Love Punk – Haerang + Lee SungWoo/ Break Through-SS501/ The Queen Is Back! – Cocoboys and Dodogirls + Um JungHwa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026053216/http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=9552 |date=October 26, 2014 }}. ''MAMA''. Retrieved 26 October 2014.</ref>
|-
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Ballad/R&B Performance|Best Ballad Performance]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SBS Gayo Daejeon]]
|Main Award (Bonsang)
|
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-12-30|title=2006 SBS 가요대전 대상에 '동방신기'|url=http://news.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=1276071|access-date=2020-12-05|website=[[KBS News]]|language=ko|archive-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413220610/http://news.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=1276071|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Seoul Music Awards]]
|Main Award (Bonsang)
|
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
| rowspan="3" |[[Korean Music Awards]]
|Song of the Year
| rowspan="3" |"I Won't Love" (사랑 안 해)
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=4회 시상식 수상후보|url=http://koreanmusicawards.com/index2010.php?menu=nominees04|access-date=2020-12-05|website=Korean Music Awards 2010|language=ko}}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|Musician of the Year (Female)
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Pop Song
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=4회 시상식 수상후보 (Page 2)|url=http://koreanmusicawards.com/index2010.php?menu=nominees04&sub=2|access-date=2020-12-05|website=Korean Music Awards 2010|language=ko}}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|2007
|[[Mnet Asian Music Awards|Mnet Km Music Festival]]
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Artist|Best Female Artist]]
|"I Only Need One Love" (사랑 하나면 돼)
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2008
|[[Cyworld Digital Music Awards]]
|Song of the Month (December)
| rowspan="4" |"Like Being Hit By a Bullet" (총맞은 것처럼)
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-01-08|title=발라드 퀸 '백지영', 싸이월드 뮤직어워드 수상!|url=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/01/08/2009010800851.html|access-date=2020-12-05|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|language=ko|archive-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153716/https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/01/08/2009010800851.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2009
|[[Golden Disc Awards]]
|Digital Song Bonsang
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-12-10|title=백지영, '골든 디스크' 디지털 음원부문 본상 수상|url=https://www.asiae.co.kr/article/2009121019291039019|access-date=2020-12-05|website=The Asia Business Daily|language=ko|archive-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153727/https://www.asiae.co.kr/article/2009121019291039019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mnet Asian Music Awards]]
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Artist|Best Female Artist]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-21|title=백지영, '2009 MAMA' 女 가수상 수상|url=https://www.asiae.co.kr/article/2009112116380514845|access-date=2020-12-05|website=The Asia Business Daily|language=ko|archive-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153811/https://www.asiae.co.kr/article/2009112116380514845|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Ballad/R&B Performance|Best Ballad/R&B Performance]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best OST|Best Original Soundtrack]]
|"Don't Forget" (잊지 말아요) {{Small|(from ''[[Iris (South Korean TV series)|Iris]]'')}}
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Seoul Music Awards]]
|Main Award (Bonsang)
|
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-02-12|title=원더걸스 '서울가요대상' 대상 '눈물'...빅뱅 4관왕 '최다' 영예(종합)|url=https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01275926589589864&mediaCodeNo=258|access-date=2020-12-05|website=E Daily|language=ko|archive-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153719/https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01275926589589864&mediaCodeNo=258|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|YTN Star Award
|
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010
| rowspan="2" |[[Korean Music Awards]]
|Female Musician of the Year Netizen Vote
|
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-03-30|title=백지영 네티즌 선정 올해의 음악인상 수상[한국대중음악시상식]|url=https://www.mk.co.kr/news/culture/view/2010/03/161652/|access-date=2020-12-05|website=[[Maeil Business Newspaper]]|language=ko|archive-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153756/https://www.mk.co.kr/news/culture/view/2010/03/161652/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Pop Song
|"Like Being Hit By a Bullet" (총맞은 것처럼)
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=7회 시상식 수상후보|url=http://koreanmusicawards.com/index2010.php?menu=nominees07_2010&sub=2|access-date=2020-12-05|website=Korean Music Awards 2010|language=ko}}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|[[Seoul Music Awards]]
|Main Award (Bonsang)
|"My Ear's Candy" (내귀에 캔디)
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-02-03|title=서울가요대상 백지영 본상 수상…택연과 '내귀에캔디'|url=http://news.imaeil.com/Culture/2010020321263826420|access-date=2020-12-05|website=Maeil Shinmun|language=ko|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512065802/https://strk.logger.co.kr/InsightTrk/tracker.do?pfno=8208&uuid=55943a209574a1adbd9949a5f3d9812d_02678&sid=b7caec0d2dc6c07d64cf49a5f3d9812d_02678&guuid=e0050512211ed166e16949a5f3d9812d_02676&expired=1620804478&dr=&XDR=&dt=%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EA%B0%80%EC%9A%94%EB%8C%80%EC%83%81%20%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%80%EC%98%81%20%EB%B3%B8%EC%83%81%20%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%E2%80%A6%ED%83%9D%EC%97%B0%EA%B3%BC%20%27%EB%82%B4%EA%B7%80%EC%97%90%EC%BA%94%EB%94%94%27&du=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.imaeil.com%2FCulture%2F2010020321263826420&js=Y&sr=1600x1000&scd=24&je=N&tz=0&tye=2021&tmo=5&tda=12&tho=6&tmi=57&tse=58&lng=en-US&os=Linux%20x86_64&cpu=&vr=5.0%20(X11;%20Linux%20x86_64)%20AppleWebKit%2F537.36%20(KHTML,%20like%20Gecko)%20Chrome%2F89.0.4389.82%20Safari%2F537.36&ck=Y&brsz=1238x39889&isnw=Y|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|[[Melon Music Awards]]
|MBC Music Star Award
|
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-11-24|title=[사진]백지영,'숨막히는 가슴라인'|url=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/11/24/2011112402448.html|access-date=2020-12-05|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|language=ko|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512065736/https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/11/24/2011112402448.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mnet Asian Music Awards]]
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Artist|Best Female Artist]]
|"Ordinary" (보통)
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-11-30|title='2011 MAMA' 백지영, 여자가수상-베스트OST상 2관왕 영예|url=https://www.hankyung.com/news/article/201111304652q|access-date=2020-12-05|website=[[The Korea Economic Daily]]|language=ko|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512065746/https://www.hankyung.com/news/article/201111304652q|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best OST|Best Original Soundtrack]]
| rowspan="2" |"That Woman" (그 여자) {{Small|(from ''[[Secret Garden (South Korean TV series)|Secret Garden]]'')}}
|{{won}}
|-
|2012
|[[Seoul Music Awards]]
|Original Soundtrack Award
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-19|title=[서울가요대상]백지영, OST 왕좌 '철통 수호'|url=https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01462886599399360&mediaCodeNo=258|access-date=2020-12-05|website=E Daily|language=ko|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512065740/https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01462886599399360&mediaCodeNo=258|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
| rowspan="2" |[[Mnet Asian Music Awards]]
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Artist|Best Female Artist]]
| rowspan="2" |"Voice (목소리)
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="2012_nom">{{cite web|title=[Full ver.Part.1] 2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards|url=http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=151024|website=mwave|publisher=MAMA|access-date=January 23, 2015|archive-date=July 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702085435/http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=151024|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Vocal Performance|Best Vocal Performance – Solo]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|2013
|[[Mnet Asian Music Awards]]
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Artist|Best Female Artist]]
|"Hate" (싫다)
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=2013_nom>{{cite web|title=2013 Mnet Asian Music Awards (part 1)|url=http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=158970|website=Mwave|publisher=MAMA|access-date=January 26, 2015|archive-date=July 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702085307/http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=158970|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|[[Mnet Asian Music Awards]]
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Vocal Performance|Best Vocal Performance – Female]]
|"Fervor" (불꽃)
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=2014_nom>{{cite web|title=[Full Ver.] 2014 Mnet Asian Music Awards Part1|url=http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=165563|website=mwave|publisher=MAMA|access-date=January 28, 2015|archive-date=December 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208225100/http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=165563|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|[[MBC Entertainment Awards]]
|MC Award
|''[[Duet Song Festival]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-29|title='MBC 연예대' 백지영 MC 상 수상 "새 생명 탄생 축하 감사"|url=http://www.kookje.co.kr/news2011/asp/newsbody.asp?code=0500&key=20161229.99002233553|access-date=2020-12-05|website=Kookje Shinmun|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| Proud Baekje Artist Award
| Outstanding Alumni
| {{n/a}}
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=421&aid=0005557479 |author= Lim Chung-shik |title=가수 백지영 '자랑스러운 백제예술인대상' 수상자 선정
|trans-title= Singer Baek Ji-young was selected as the winner of the ‘Proud Baekje Artist Awards’ |work= News1 |publisher=[[Naver]] |date= August 23, 2021 |access-date= August 23, 2021 |language=ko}}</ref>
|}

=== Listicles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+ Name of publisher, year listed, name of [[listicle]], and placement
|-
! scope="col" | Publisher
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Listicle
! scope="col" | Placement
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Forbes]]''
| 2014
| [[Forbes Korea Power Celebrity 40|Korea Power Celebrity 40]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 36th
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/5923104/girls-generation-bigbang-top-psy-tumbles-down-forbes-koreas|title=Girls' Generation & BIGBANG Top, PSY Tumbles Down Forbes Korea's Celebrity List|last=Benjamin|first=Jeff|date=April 3, 2014|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 23, 2021|archive-date=March 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308054902/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/5923104/girls-generation-bigbang-top-psy-tumbles-down-forbes-koreas|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Baek Ji-young}}
* [http://www.jpopasia.com/lyrics/32171/baek-ji-young/budam.html "Burden" (1999) lyrics]
{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw&ach}}
{{s-bef|before=[[BoA]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[2006 Mnet Asian Music Awards|8th Mnet Asian Music Awards]] – [[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Artist|Best Female Artist]]|years=2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ivy (South Korean singer)|Ivy]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lee Hyori]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[2009 Mnet Asian Music Awards|11th Mnet Asian Music Awards]] – Best Female Artist|years=2009}}
{{s-aft|after=BoA}}
{{s-bef|before=BoA}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[2011 Mnet Asian Music Awards|13th Mnet Asian Music Awards]] – Best Female Artist|years=2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[IU (singer)|IU]]}}
{{end}}

{{Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Artist}}
{{Seoul Music Awards Main Prize Winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baek, Ji-young}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:K-pop singers]]
[[Category:South Korean women pop singers]]
[[Category:MAMA Award winners]]
[[Category:Korean Music Award winners]]
[[Category:Melon Music Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean singers]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean women singers]]

Brown rice syrup

2025-06-20T20:55:54Z

172.56.232.142: reflecting recent module change; this was the only page affected by that

{{short description|Sweetener derived from rice}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| title = Brown rice syrup
| image = Rice syrup.JPG
| caption = Rice syrup
| hangul = 물@엿; 조청
| hanja = (none); 造淸
| ipa = {{IPA|ko|mul.ljʌt̚|}}; {{IPA|ko|tɕo.tɕʰʌŋ|}}
}}

'''Brown rice (malt) syrup''', also known as '''rice syrup''' or '''rice malt''', is a [[Sugar substitute|sweetener]] which is rich in compounds categorized as [[sugars]] and is derived by steeping cooked [[rice]] starch with [[Saccharification|saccharifying]] [[enzymes]] to break down the [[starch]]es, followed by straining off the liquid and reducing it by evaporative heating until the desired consistency is reached. The enzymes used in the saccharification step are supplied by an addition of sprouted [[barley]] grains to the rice starch (the traditional method) or by adding bacterial-derived or fungal-derived purified enzyme isolates (the modern, industrialized method).

== Production ==

In traditional practices, brown rice syrup is created by adding a small amount of sprouted barley grains ([[barley malt]]) to cooked, whole brown rice in a solution of heated water, similar to the production of beer wort. The enzymes supplied by the barley malt digest the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids to produce a sweet solution rich in simple carbohydrates with minor amounts of amino acid, peptides and lipids. The solution is strained off the grains and boiled to evaporate and concentrate the liquid to produce a low water syrup suitable for use as a sugar substitute. Such syrups are high in the simple sugar [[maltose]] and low in [[glucose]] and [[fructose]], due to the enzymatic action of [[beta-amylase|beta-]] and [[alpha amylase]] on starch supplied by the sprouted barley. These enzymes produce large amounts of maltose from starch digestion and generate very little glucose or fructose in the process.

The modern, commercial preparation of brown rice syrup differs slightly. The ingredients consist of 100% modified rice starch generated by processing brown rice to remove the protein, [[hemicellulose]] and lipid fractions. The modification usually involves heat-assisted liquefaction of brown rice with enzyme isolates to produce a solution full of solubilised [[dextrin]]s (derived from the breakdown of starch) and heat coagulated protein-hemicellulose-lipid complexes. The undesirable components are easily separated and recovered as a separate food stuff or agro-residue, leaving a solution of nearly pure, rice dextrins.<ref name="auto">Shaw, Jei-Fu, and Jyh-Rong Sheu. "Production of high-maltose syrup and high-protein flour from rice by an enzymatic method." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 56.7 (1992): 1071-1073.</ref> A similar product to the rice-dextrin (modified starch) produced by this step is often sold under the name of malto-dextrin, but this commercial product often employs corn or wheat flour as the ingredient rather than rice.

The rice-dextrin solution then undergoes a further heat-assisted saccharification step involving the addition of further enzyme isolates, which convert the complex carbohydrates (rice-dextrins) into a solution rich in the simple carbohydrate maltose. The solution is then partially evaporated by boiling, until the final desired water content of the syrup is achieved. Brown rice syrup generated by this process is protein, fibre (hemicellulose) and lipid free and usually consists of 65–85% maltose, 10–15% maltotriose, 5–20% dextrins and only 2–3% glucose. The final carbohydrate mix of brown rice syrups can be controlled and adjusted by the manufacturer.<ref name="auto"/>

The enzymes used in the liquefaction step are usually alpha-amylases derived from bacterial or fungal [[bioreactor|bioreactors]] (''[[Bacillus]]'' species or ''[[Aspergillus]]'' species are the most commonly used microbe engines in the bioreactors). These convert starch into dextrins of various molecular sizes and the modified starch end product is usually given an appropriate DE ([[dextrose equivalent]]) rating to signify the degree of starch conversion and the amount of reducing sugars produced in the process. The enzymes used in the saccharification step are the amylolytic enzyme, beta-amylase (usually derived from ''Bacillus'' species) and the debranching enzyme, [[pullulanase]] (derived from ''[[Aerobacter]]'' species). These convert the dextrinised starch into simple carbohydrates (sugars) and lower molecular weight dextrins.<ref name="auto"/>

The modern industrial production of brown rice syrup does not involve the use of synthetic chemicals in the modification of flour and starch. The enzymes added in processing are naturally derived from organic bioreactors using methods similar to the creation of [[antibiotics]].

Brown rice syrup is readily available in most western Chinese grocery stores as maltose or maltose syrup, in reference to the high maltose content of the sweetener. This product is almost always produced by the industrialized method.

Rice syrup has a shelf life of about a year, and once opened, should be stored in a cool, dry place.

Brown rice syrup is the sweetener found in some drinks, such as [[rice milk]].

Brown rice syrup is produced on a commercial scale by several companies in the United States, Europe, and Asia.

== Glycemic index ==

Brown rice syrup (BRS) has a [[glycemic index]] (GI) of 98 which is higher than table sugar (65) and about the same as glucose (100), the sugar used as the baseline to measure other foods against.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glycemicindex.com/foodSearch.php?num=2648&ak=detail|title=GI Database|website=www.glycemicindex.com}}</ref>

== Toxic impurities ==

Brown rice syrup and products containing it were found in a 2012 study<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=3346791 | date=2012 | last1=Jackson | first1=B. P. | last2=Taylor | first2=V. F. | last3=Karagas | first3=M. R. | last4=Punshon | first4=T. | last5=Cottingham | first5=K. L. | title=Arsenic, Organic Foods, and Brown Rice Syrup | journal=Environmental Health Perspectives | volume=120 | issue=5 | pages=623–626 | doi=10.1289/ehp.1104619 | pmid=22336149 | bibcode=2012EnvHP.120..623J }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Suspect Sweetener: Arsenic Detected in Organic Brown Rice Syrup |pmc=3346801 |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |year=2012 |publisher=National Institutes of Health|last1=Holtcamp |first1=W. |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=a204 |doi=10.1289/ehp.120-a204a |pmid=22549048 }}</ref> to contain significant levels of [[arsenic]], which is toxic to humans. This is presumably due to the high prevalence of [[Rice as food#Hazards|arsenic in rice]]. The authors recommended that regulators establish legal limits for arsenic levels in food, particularly in infant and toddler formulas.

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link |Amazake}}
* {{Annotated link |Barley malt syrup}}
* {{Annotated link |Corn syrup}}
* {{Annotated link |Glucose syrup}}
* {{Annotated link |List of syrups}}
* {{Annotated link |Yeot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown Rice Syrup}}
[[Category:Syrup|Rice syrup, brown]]
[[Category:Rice products]]

Eru (singer)

2025-06-07T23:59:21Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean musician and actor (born 1983)}}
{{family name hatnote|Jo||lang=Korean}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Eru
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Jo Seong-hyeon
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|07|05}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], United States
| origin = South Korea
| genre = {{hlist|[[K-pop]]|[[pop ballad]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor}}
| years_active = 2005–present
| label = Eru Entertainment The Awesome Entertainment
| website =
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
| child = yes
| hangul = %조성현
}}
}}
'''Jo Seong-hyeon''' ({{Korean|조성현}}; born July 5, 1983), known professionally as '''Eru''' ({{Korean|hangul=이루|labels=no}}), is an American-born South Korean singer and actor based in South Korea.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://english.kbs.co.kr/entertainment/news/1498249_11858.html|title=Eru to Join Military Next Year|date=December 26, 2007|website=KBS Global|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305173531/http://english.kbs.co.kr/entertainment/news/1498249_11858.html|archive-date=March 5, 2008|access-date=March 14, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2963084|title=Eru first K-pop star on Indonesian TV|last=Sunwoo|first=Carla|date=November 29, 2012|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=May 27, 2018}}</ref> His [[stage name]] Eru has the meaning that he would accomplish his dreams as a musician.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=076&aid=0000011934|title = 이루, '다시 태어나도'로 데뷔...한국적 발라드 톱 목표}}</ref> Its also a name that is made from Lee (李) which is the surname of his mother and lu (鏤), which means to inscribe his name on something.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=001&aid=0001102066|title = 작곡ㆍ피아노ㆍ가창력 갖춘 신인 '이루'}}</ref>

He is known as "[[Indonesia]]'s Prince," given his popularity in that country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/09/386_152272.html|title=Eru, Tae Jin-ah to represent Indonesian Embassy|last=Park|first=Si-soo|date=February 25, 2014|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=May 27, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Eru was born Jo Seong-hyeon on July 5, 1983, in [[New York City]] to South Korean parents.<ref>{{in lang|ko}} Sports Seoul. [http://www.sportsseoul.com/common/html/read.asp?ArticleID=379724 이루, 미국에서의 어린 시절 (Eru, Childhood in the United States)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208130206/http://www.sportsseoul.com/common/html/read.asp?ArticleID=379724 |date=2008-12-08 }}. Retrieved March 14, 2008.</ref><ref name=":0" /> He is the second and youngest son of one of the most popular veteran South Korean [[Trot (music)|trot]] singers, [[Tae Jin-ah]].<ref name="TheKoreaTimes">The Korea Times [https://web.archive.org/web/20210111070458/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/koreatime_admin/LT/common/cview.asp?idx=367&nmode=4 Soaring Higher than an Eagle, Eru]. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref>

Eru lived in New York until he was 7 years old,<ref name="SportsHankooki">{{in lang|ko}}Sports Hankooki.[http://sports.hankooki.com/lpage/music/200509/sp2005092207325358550.htm 이루 음악위해 "45kg 체중 뺐다"]. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref> then his family moved to South Korea, where he attended numerous international schools including [[Seoul American High School]]. In 2003, Eru attended the prestigious [[Berklee College of Music]] ([[Piano]] Department) in [[Boston]].<ref name="SportsHankooki"/><ref name="KBSWorld"/><ref>{{in lang|ko}} Epg.[http://epg.epg.co.kr/star/profile/index.asp?actor_id=13103 이루 (ERU)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518194925/http://epg.epg.co.kr/star/profile/index.asp?actor_id=13103 |date=2007-05-18 }}; retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref> Eru entered the K-Pop scene himself during a break from Berklee.<ref name="KBSWorld"/>

In late December 2007, Eru released a statement revealing his intentions of fulfilling his military service duties in the latter half of 2008, since he became a [[South Korean nationality law|Korean citizen]] 2 years ago.<ref name=":0" />

On May 1, 2008, Eru entered the boot camp to start his [[conscription in South Korea|mandatory military service]] at Nonsan Military Training Center. Eru stayed there for four weeks to receive basic training and was subsequently assigned to public service duty. He completed his duty within two years, and returned home on May 27, 2010.<ref>[http://www.allkpop.com/2010/05/eru-returns-from-the-army Allkpop]; retrieved May 29, 2010.</ref>

In addition to his singing activities, he was attending [[Dankook University]].<ref>{{in lang|ko}} Daum.[http://search.daum.net/search?t__nil_searchbox=btn&w=tot&sType=tot&q=%C0%CC%B7%E7 이루 (ERU)]. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref>

==Career==

===Pre-debut===
Eru wanted to be a producer so he composed many songs.<ref name="TheKoreaTimes"/> But after a while, he decided that he did not want other people to sing his songs. He wanted to sing them himself. He thought that the person who composes the songs understands them better. That's when he decided to become a singer.<ref name="TheKoreaTimes"/>

Eru went through two years of training before making his debut as a singer in 2005.<ref name="KBSWorld"/> Eru's debut album included works from musicians such as Joo Young-hoon, Lee Hyun-jung (the composer of [[Big Mama (group)|Big Mama]]'s "Break Away"), and vocal trainer No Young Joo, who trained [[BoA]], [[Fly to the Sky]] and [[Lee Soo-young]].<ref name="KBSWorld"/> A 100-member string orchestra also participated in his debut album.<ref name="KBSWorld">KBS World. [http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/entertainment/enter_artists_detail.htm?No=103809 Eru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101064734/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/entertainment/enter_artists_detail.htm?No=103809 |date=2007-11-01 }}. Retrieved March 14, 2008.</ref>

===Debut===
Eru debuted with released his first single from his 1st album was "다시 태어나도" (''""If I Was Reborn""'') on September 5, 2005. Eru released his 2nd album ''Level II'' on September 16, 2006. The first single from his 2nd album, "까만안경" (''"Black Glasses"'') which features singer [[Daylight (singer)|Daylight]], gained significant popularity among young people and topped on- and offline charts.<ref>KBS World. [http://english.kbs.co.kr/entertainment/news/1438313_11858.html Ballads Likely to Enjoy Popularity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220081821/http://english.kbs.co.kr/entertainment/news/1438313_11858.html |date=2007-02-20 }}. Retrieved March 14, 2008.</ref> The song would later be showered with numerous awards, including Jukeon's song of the month (October 2006) and [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]'s Bonsang Award. After the huge success of "까만안경", Eru released his second single "흰눈" (''"White Snow"''), which he wrote himself.<ref name="Arirangtv">Arirang TV.[http://www.arirang.co.kr/Tv/Pops_Archive.asp?PROG_CODE=TVCR0102&view_cont_onAir=2007-01-13# Eru-White Snow] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219235451/http://www.arirang.co.kr/Tv/Pops_Archive.asp?PROG_CODE=TVCR0102&view_cont_onAir=2007-01-13 |date=2008-02-19}} Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref> "흰눈" was also successful, reaching #1 on various online charts and winning several awards, including [[Cyworld]]'s Song of the Month (January 2007).<ref>{{in lang|ko}} Empas News.[http://news.empas.com/show.tsp/cp_nn/20070227n15761/?kw=%C0%CC%B7%E7%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20%C8%F2%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20%B4%AB%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20song%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20of%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20the%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20month%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E 이루 '흰눈' 싸이월드 가장 인기있는 'Song Of The Month' 수상 (Eru 'White Snow' Cyworld Most Popular 'Song Of The Month' Award)]. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref><ref>{{in lang|ko}} My Daily.[http://news.empas.com/show.tsp/cp_my/20070228n09610/?kw=%C0%CC%B7%E7%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20%C8%F2%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20%B4%AB%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20song%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20of%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20the%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20month%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E 이루 "제 노래 알아봐준 네티즌에 감사" ]. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref> The music video for "흰눈" was shot in [[Sapporo]], Japan<ref name="Arirangtv"/> and featured Eru and entertainer [[Lee Hyun-ji]]. Aside from his own music videos, Eru appeared in female singer [[Magolpi]]'s debut music video "Flight Girl", where his role was as a composer, along with six other Korean artists, including [[Yoochun]] of [[TVXQ]], [[Kangin]], [[Heechul]] and [[Shindong]] of [[Super Junior]], [[Joon Park|Park Joon-hyung]] of [[g.o.d (South Korean band)|g.o.d]], and [[Kim Jang-hoon]].

Eru released his 3rd album ''Eru Returns'' on September 19, 2007, and it became the #1 album during October 2007, selling 42,228 copies in South Korea.<ref>{{in lang|ko}} Miak. [http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200710.htm Music Industry Association of Korea: Album Sales For The Month Of October 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518161821/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200710.htm |date=2009-05-18 }}. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref> The lead single from this album, "둘이라서" (''"Because We Are Two"''), enjoyed enormous popularity, winning [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]'s Bonsang Award.<ref name="KBSGlobal"/> The music video for this song featured celebrities [[Ahn Sung-ki]], [[Bong Tae-gyu]] and [[Park Joong-hoon]]. Eru also released "겨울나기" (''"Wintering"'') and "마네킹" ("''Mannequin''")" as singles from ''Eru Returns''. The star-studded music video cast for "겨울나기" included Eru, actresses [[Lee So-yeon (actress)|Lee So-yeon]] and [[Kim Ja-ok]], actor [[Park Sang-myun]], trot singers [[Tae Jin-ah]] and [[Song Dae-kwan]], comedians [[Lee Kyung-kyu]] and [[Ji Sang-ryeol]], singer Kim Heung-gook, and others.<ref>Arirang TV. [http://www.arirang.co.kr/Tv/Pops_News.asp?PAGE_ACT=View&PROG_CODE=TVCR0102&view_pSeq=3438 Another dream team stars in Eru's music video!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314132634/http://www.arirang.co.kr/Tv/Pops_News.asp?PAGE_ACT=View&PROG_CODE=TVCR0102&view_pSeq=3438 |date=2008-03-14 }} Retrieved March 14, 2008.</ref> His first solo concert took place on February 16, 2008, in South Korea.<ref>{{in lang|ko}} GoNews.[http://news.empas.com/show.tsp/cp_gn/20080219n20198/?kw=%C0%CC%B7%E7%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20%C3%B9%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20%B4%DC%B5%B6%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20%C4%DC%BC%AD%C6%AE%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E 이루, 첫 번째 단독콘서트 (ERU 1st Concert)]. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref>

Eru released a music video titled "White Tears," his single for his fourth album. His fourth album was released on August 23, 2010. In 2013, he collaborated with Indonesian comedian [[Entis Sutisna|Sule]] in a multi-lingual music video titled "Saranghaeyo".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQllwjfRqPE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/kQllwjfRqPE |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Eru 이루 Ft Sule - Saranghaeyo|last=FalconMusicIndonesia|date=16 March 2013|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2017, Eru had a supporting role in the [[Korean drama|drama series]] ''[[You Are Too Much]]'', where his character Park Hyun-Sung had increased screen time in later episodes, and he also sung the end credits song "Sad Love".{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

===Scandal===
In September 2010, Eru was accused by ex-girlfriend Choi Hee-jin, a song lyricist, that Eru's father, Tae Jin-ah, forced her to get an abortion after she became pregnant, and tried to give her US$2,000 that she claimed she didn't accept. She aired her claims on her [[Cyworld]] account.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.tf.co.kr/read/entertain/1506331.htm|script-title=ko:이루는 女스캔들로 태진아는 도박설로 '곤혹' |date=29 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allkpop.com/article/2010/09/choi-hee-jin-claims-she-was-forced-to-abort-erus-baby|title=Choi Hee Jin claims she was forced to abort Eru's baby|website=[[Allkpop]]}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=See unreliable sources list on [[WP:KO/RS]]|date=November 2024}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allkpop.com/article/2010/09/choi-hee-jin-has-a-warning-for-eru-and-his-father-as-well-as-their-lawyer|title=Choi Hee Jin has a warning for Eru and his father as well as their lawyer|website=[[Allkpop]]}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=See unreliable sources list on [[WP:KO/RS]]|date=November 2024}} Choi was later arrested for online slander and blackmail of Tae Jin-ah and Eru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/10/21/2010102100901.html|title=Songwriter Choi Hee-jin Held in Blackmail Scandal|accessdate=August 24, 2022}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Studio albums ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album details
! scope="col" colspan="1" style="width:5em;" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales
|-
! KOR <ref>{{cite web|url=http://riak.or.kr/chart/mcdc.asp|title=K-Pop Album Sales Volume|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|access-date=May 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092921/http://riak.or.kr/chart/mcdc.asp|archive-date=2018-04-18|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr:80/stat/kpop_200510.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518071049/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200510.htm|url-status=dead|title=''Begin to Breathe'' charting|access-date=2018-08-25|archive-date=2009-05-18}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr:80/stat/kpop_200702.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226014830/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200702.htm|url-status=dead|title=''Level 11'' charting|access-date=2018-08-25|archive-date=2009-02-26}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr:80/stat/kpop_200710.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215103906/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200710.htm|url-status=dead|title=''Eru Returns'' charting|access-date=2008-03-15|archive-date=2009-02-15}}</ref><ref name="gaon_album_chart" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Begin to Breathe]]''
|
* Released: September 5, 2005
* Label: Jinah Production
* Format: CD, cassette
{{hidden|Track list|
#If I Was Reborn ({{Korean|hangul=다시 태어나도|labels=no}})
#Sorry ({{Korean|hangul=미안해|labels=no}})
#Finding Lost Memories ({{Korean|hangul=숨은추억찾기|labels=no}})
#What Do I Do? ({{Korean|hangul=어떡해|labels=no}})
#Speak ({{Korean|hangul=말해요|labels=no}})
#The Similar Person ({{Korean|hangul=내가 닮은 사람|labels=no}})
#If I Could Go Back ({{Korean|hangul=돌아갈 수 만 있다면|labels=no}})
#Life
#You Don't Know ({{Korean|hangul=모르잖아요|labels=no}})
#Until Forever After ({{Korean|hangul=영원 그 다음까지|labels=no}})
# Always ({{Korean|hangul=내내|labels=no}})
}}
| 21
|
*KOR: 19,537+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miak.or.kr:80/stat/kpop_2005.htm|title=2005 K-Pop Album Sales Volume|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|access-date=May 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228163338/http://miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2005.htm|archive-date=2009-02-28|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Level II (Eru album)|Level II]]''
|
* Released: September 28, 2006
* Label: Eru Entertainment
* Format: CD, cassette
{{hidden|Track list|
#Black Glasses ({{Korean|hangul=까만안경|labels=no}})
#Come Back to Me ({{Korean|hangul=돌아와 내게|labels=no}})
#Not to be Late (늦지 않기를..)
#I'll Promise
#Leave ({{Korean|hangul=떠나가|labels=no}})
#With You
#Heartbreak ({{Korean|hangul=가슴앓이|labels=no}})
#White Snow ({{Korean|hangul=흰눈|labels=no}})
#Because I Love You ({{Korean|hangul=사랑하니까|labels=no}})
#Okkyungi ({{Korean|hangul=옥경이|labels=no}})
}}
| 10
|
*KOR: 33,936+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr:80/stat/kpop_200704.htm|title=April 2007 K-Pop Album Sales Volume|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|access-date=May 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612160749/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200704.htm|archive-date=2008-06-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Eru Returns''
|
* Released: September 20, 2007
* Label: Jinah Production
* Format: CD, cassette
{{hidden|Track list|
#Because We Are Two ({{Korean|hangul=둘이라서|labels=no}})
#Did you love me ({{Korean|hangul=사랑했나요|labels=no}})
#Wintering ({{Korean|hangul=겨울나기 |labels=no}})
#Love is sad talk ({{Korean|hangul=사랑이라는 슬픈얘기|labels=no}})
#Mannequin ({{Korean|hangul=마네킹|labels=no}})
#I Love You ({{Korean|hangul=사랑해|labels=no}})
#Disguise ({{Korean|hangul=가면|labels=no}})
#I'm Happy ({{Korean|hangul=행복합니다|labels=no}})
#She's Crying 그녀가 울어요
#One Word ({{Korean|hangul=한마디|labels=no}})
#Greetings ({{Korean|hangul=인사말|labels=no}})
}}
| 1
|
*KOR: 50,665+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr:80/stat/kpop_200712.htm|title=December 2007 K-Pop Album Sales Volume|publisher=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|access-date=May 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130003630/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200712.htm|archive-date=2009-01-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Got To Be''
|
* Released: August 19, 2010
* Label: Eru Entertainment
* Format: CD, digital download
{{hidden|Track list|
#Time (feat. Shorry J of [[Mighty Mouth]])
#'White Tears ({{Korean|hangul=하얀 눈물|labels=no}})
#Confession ({{Korean|hangul=고백|labels=no}})
#After Being Late ({{Korean|hangul=늦은 후회|labels=no}})
#Love Melody ({{Korean|hangul=사랑 멜로디|labels=no}}) (KBS 2TV 솔약국집 아들들 OST)
#Even If I Say I Love You Again ({{Korean|hangul=다시 사랑한다 말해도|labels=no}})
#If Only..
#Think About It (feat. Joohee of [[8Eight]]) ({{Korean|hangul=생각해봐요|labels=no}})
#I Hate You ({{Korean|hangul=내가 밉다|labels=no}})
#Love Me Even If We Separate ({{Korean|hangul=이별마저 사랑해줄게|labels=no}})
#I Believe In Love ({{Korean|hangul=사랑을 믿어요|labels=no}})
#White Tears ({{Korean|hangul=하얀 눈물|labels=no}}) (Inst.)
}}
|6
|{{N/A}}
|-
|}

=== Extended plays ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album details
! scope="col" colspan="1" style="width:5em;" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales
|-
! [[Gaon Music Chart|KOR]] <ref name="gaon_album_chart">{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T|title=Gaon Album Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko|access-date=May 27, 2018}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=35&hitYear=2010&termGbn=week|title=''Got To Be'' charting}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=20&hitYear=2011&termGbn=week|title=''Feel Brand New'' charting}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=33&hitYear=2012&termGbn=week|title=''Feel Brand New Part 2'' charting}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Feel Brand New''
|
*Released: April 24, 2011
*Label: Eru Entertainment
*Format: CD, digital download
{{hidden|Track list|
#Countrified And Immature ({{Korean|hangul=촌스럽고 유치하게|labels=no}})
#Beautiful (feat. Sangchu of [[Mighty Mouth]]) ({{Korean|hangul=예뻐요|labels=no}})
#Try To Forget ({{Korean|hangul=잊으려고|labels=no}})
#Strong Woman ({{Korean|hangul=독한 여자|labels=no}})
#Countrified And Immature ({{Korean|hangul=촌스럽고 유치하게|labels=no}}) (Inst.)
}}
| 1
|
*KOR: 17,488+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=05&hitYear=2011&termGbn=month|title=May 2011 Album Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko|access-date=May 27, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Feel Brand New Part 2''
|
*Released: August 8, 2012
*Label: Eru Entertainment
*Format: CD, digital download
{{hidden|Track list|
#I Hate You (feat. [[Junhyung]]) ({{Korean|hangul=미워요|labels=no}})
#Drive (feat. Shorry J of Mighty Mouth) ({{Korean|hangul=드라이브|labels=no}})
#Don't Say It ({{Korean|hangul=하지마요|labels=no}})
#Highlight (feat. [[Ailee]]) ({{Korean|hangul=하이라이트|labels=no}})
#So Bad
}}
| 16
|
*KOR: 2,221+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=08&hitYear=2012&termGbn=month|title=August 2012 Album Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko|access-date=May 27, 2018}}</ref>
|}

===Singles===
*2006: KBS Drama [[The Vineyard Man]] OST
*2007: KBS Drama [[Capital Scandal]] OST
*2008: SBS Drama [[First Wives' Club]] OST
*2009: KBS Drama [[My Too Perfect Sons]] OST
*2010: KBS Drama [[Bread, Love and Dreams (TV series)|Bread, Love and Dreams]] OST
*2011: KBS Drama I Believe in Love OST
*2011: SBS Drama [[My Love By My Side]] OST
*2011: SBS Drama [[Living in Style]] OST
*2012: MBC Drama Rascal Sons OST
*2013: KBS Drama [[Secret (2013 TV Series)|Secret]] OST
*2014: SBS Drama [[Temptation (2014 TV series)|Temptation]] OST
*2016: MBC Drama [[Blow Breeze]] OST
*2017: MBC Drama [[You Are Too Much]] OST
*2020: TV Chosun Drama [[Kingmaker: The Change of Destiny]] OST
*2021: MBC Drama A Good Supper OST

== Filmography ==

=== Television series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''[[You Are Too Much]]'' || Park Hyun-sung ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Angel's Last Mission: Love]]'' || Ko Sung-min ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Kingmaker: The Change of Destiny]]''
|Lee Ha-jeon
|
|-
|''[[Man in a Veil]]''
|Choi Joon-seok
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2021
|''A Good Supper''
|Choi Sung-chan
|
|-
| ''[[At a Distance, Spring Is Green]]''
|Park Shi-jae
|<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kim Na-young|script-title=ko:이루, 이번엔 교수된다…'멀리서 보면 푸른 봄'으로 안방극장 컴백|publisher=[[Naver]]|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=410&aid=0000793672|work=Mksport|date=June 14, 2021|access-date=June 14, 2021|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Young Lady and Gentleman]]''
|Ko Jung-woo
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sponsor (TV series)|Sponsor]]''
| Michael
| Cameo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=018&aid=0005171950|author=Kim Bo-young|script-title=ko:스폰서' 이루, 국제변호사 '마이클'로 등장…한채영과 무슨 관계?|trans-title=Sponsor' Yiru appears as international lawyer 'Michael'... What is your relationship with Han Chae-young?|publisher=E-Daily|via=[[Naver]]|date=March 22, 2022|access-date= March 22, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| TBA || ''Four Men''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news1.kr/articles/?3275958|script-title=ko:[공식입장] 이루→조성현, '사자' 캐스팅…이기우 비서로 합류|date=March 30, 2018|website=News1|language=ko}}</ref> || Moon Ho-seong || TBA
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award
|-
| 2005
|
*Mnet 20th [[Golden Disk Awards]] - Popularity Award (December 7)
*Mnet 20th Golden Disk Awards - Yepp New Artist Award (December 7)<ref>Arirang TV. [http://www.arirang.co.kr/Tv/Pops_News.asp?PAGE_ACT=View&PROG_CODE=TVCR0102&view_pSeq=3048 The 20th Golden Disk Awards ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203220227/http://www.arirang.co.kr/Tv/Pops_News.asp?PAGE_ACT=View&PROG_CODE=TVCR0102&view_pSeq=3048 |date=2009-02-03 }}. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref>
* [[Asia Song Festival|2nd Asia Song Festival]] - ''Best Asian Artist''<ref>KOFICE [http://english.kofice.or.kr/d40_asia/d40_asia_02_2005y.asp 2nd Asia Song Festival] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816082625/http://english.kofice.or.kr/d40_asia/d40_asia_02_2005y.asp |date=2011-08-16 }} 11 November 2005. Retrieved 2011-10-12</ref>
|-
| 2006
|
*Jukeon Digital Music Awards - Digital Music Award "Black Glasses" (December 22)
*MTV 16th [[Seoul Music Awards]] - Digital Music Award (December 1)
*MTV 16th Seoul Music Awards - Bonsang Award (December 1)
*Mnet 21st Golden Disk Awards - Digital Popularity Award (December 14)<ref>{{in lang|ko}} 일간스포츠.[http://isplussvc.joins.com/asp/articles.asp?aid=626599 이루 디지털 음원 인기상 (Eru Digital Popularity Award)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129230623/http://isplussvc.joins.com/asp/articles.asp?aid=626599 |date=2009-01-29 }}. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref><ref>{{in lang|ko}} My Daily.[http://news.empas.com/show.tsp/cp_my/20061214n12708/?kw=%C0%CC%B7%E7%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20%B5%F0%C1%F6%C5%D0%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20%B0%F1%B5%E7%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20%C0%BD%BF%F8%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E%20%C0%CE%B1%E2%BB%F3%20%3Cb%3E%26%3C%2Fb%3E 이루, 골든디스크 디지털 최고인기 (Eru, Golden Disk Digital Popularity)]. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref>
*SBS Gayo Daejun - Bonsang Award (December 29).{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
| 2008
|
*17th Seoul Music Awards: Bonsang Award (January 31)<ref name="KBSGlobal">KBS Global.[http://english.kbs.co.kr/entertainment/news/1505226_11858.html The 17th Seoul Music Awards Winners] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207174904/http://english.kbs.co.kr/entertainment/news/1505226_11858.html |date=2008-02-07 }}. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Golden Disk Awards for New Artist of the Year}}

== External links ==
*{{Instagram|eru_official_|Eru}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002922/http://theawesomeent.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=b0201&wr_id=10 Eru]}} at The Awesome Entertainment

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eru}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:People who renounced United States citizenship]]
[[Category:Berklee College of Music alumni]]
[[Category:Dankook University alumni]]
[[Category:K-pop singers]]
[[Category:Korean-language singers of the United States]]
[[Category:Singers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Seoul American High School alumni]]
[[Category:South Korean composers]]
[[Category:South Korean male pop singers]]
[[Category:South Korean rhythm and blues singers]]
[[Category:South Korean male pianists]]
[[Category:21st-century American male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean pianists]]

Yoon Mi-rae

2025-06-07T23:58:36Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|South Korean-American rapper and singer-songwriter (born 1981)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{family name hatnote|Yoon||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Yoon Mi-rae
| background = solo_rapper
| image = Yoon_Mi-rae.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| caption = Yoon Mi-rae in October 2011
| birth_name = Natasha Shanta Reid
| alias = Yoonmirae, Tasha, Baby Tasha, T
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|5|31}}
| birth_place = [[Fort Hood]], [[Texas]], U.S.
| origin = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Korean hip hop|Hip hop]]
* R&B Ballad
* [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Rapper
* Singer
* Songwriter
* Producer}}
| years_active = 1997–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* World Music Entertainment
* Jungle Entertainment
* [[Feel Ghood Music]]
* [[Avex Trax]]}}
| current_member_of = {{Hlist|[[MFBTY]]}}
| past_member_of = {{Hlist|[[Uptown (band)|Uptown]]}}
| website =
| module = {{Infobox person |child=yes
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Tiger JK]]|2007}}
| children = 1
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes
| hangul = %윤미래
| hanja = 尹未來
}}
}}

'''Natasha Shanta Reid''' (born May 31, 1981), better known by her Korean name '''Yoon Mi-rae''' ({{Korean|hangul=윤미래}}), often stylized as ''Yoonmirae'', is an American-born based South Korean rapper, singer, songwriter, and producer,<ref name="This Korean Singer Is Suing Sony For Using Her Music In 'The Interview'">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/korean-singer-yoon-mi-rae-suing-sony-for-using-her-music-in-the-interview-2014-12|title=This Korean Singer Is Suing Sony For Using Her Music In 'The Interview'|last=Smith|first=Dave|date=December 27, 2014|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=December 29, 2014}}</ref> who is also a member of [[Korean hip hop]] trio [[MFBTY]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreatimesus.com/mfbty-sets-out-to-reinvent-k-pop-with-wondaland/|title=MFBTY sets out to reinvent K-pop with 'Wondaland'|last=Hong|first=Tae|date=May 18, 2015|website=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=April 9, 2016}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life and education===
Yoon was born on May 31, 1981, in [[Fort Hood]] (now Fort Cavazos) in Texas, to a South Korean mother and an African-American father. Her father had been a radio D.J. while serving with the U.S. military in South Korea in the district of Uijeongbu. Yoon's father cites his record collection as an influence to pursue her music career. After she moved to South Korea as a child, she often faced [[discrimination]] because of her [[multiracial people|mixed heritage]]. Yoon dropped out of school at age fifteen and later took a high school equivalence examination.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_artist_detail.htm?No=10031|title=T(Yoon Mi-rae) (티(윤미래))|website=KBS World Radio|access-date=April 9, 2016|archive-date=April 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420214239/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_artist_detail.htm?No=10031|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/feature/196933-music-is-colorblind-an-interview-with-mfbty/|title=Music Is Colorblind: An Interview with MFBTY|date=October 27, 2015|website=PopMatters|access-date=April 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/02/24/2007022461007.html|title=Yoon Mi-rae Returns to Her Roots|date=February 24, 2007|website=The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition)|access-date=April 9, 2016}}</ref>

===Discovery, Uptown and Tashannie===
Yoon was discovered in 1995 when she accompanied a friend to an audition for a new Korean hip hop group. She did not audition herself, but a World Records representative heard her singing outside of the audition room and signed her to join a new group called [[Uptown (band)|Uptown]]. The group debuted in 1997, when Yoon was 16.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtviggy.com/articles/yoon-mi-rae-korean-k-hip-hop-rap-angel-2015-interview/ |title=Yoon Mi-Rae is K-Hip-Hop's Diamond in the Rough |date=October 11, 2015 |website=MTV Iggy |access-date=April 9, 2016 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011105737/http://www.mtviggy.com/articles/yoon-mi-rae-korean-k-hip-hop-rap-angel-2015-interview/ |archive-date=October 11, 2015 }}</ref>

In 1999, she also formed hip hop and R&B duo "Tashannie" with rapper Lee Soo-a, who used the stage name "Annie".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldmusic.co.kr/tashannie/intro.html |website=World Music |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012235311/http://worldmusic.co.kr/tashannie/intro.html| archive-date=October 12, 1999 |title=Tashannie }}</ref> They released one album, called ''Parallel Prophecies''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mwave.interest.me/kstar/77170/tashannie/video|title=Tashannie KPOP Star Profile|website=Mnet Mwave|access-date=April 9, 2016|archive-date=April 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073518/http://mwave.interest.me/kstar/77170/tashannie/video|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yoon's name, Natasha, was hard for South Koreans to pronounce, so she used the name "Tasha," in order to better appeal to the intended audience. Uptown broke up in 2000 after several group members were arrested on drug charges. Yoon's then-boyfriend, rapper [[Tiger JK]], was also arrested and spent a month and a half in jail. Yoon herself went into hiding during that period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2000/04/30/2000043061380.html|title=Hip-Hop Group Arrested on Drug Charges|date=April 30, 2000|website=The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition)|access-date=April 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_SxSP63d7cC&q=spin%20tiger%20jk&pg=PA154|title=Silence Makes the Beats Grow Stronger|last=Forrest|first=Brett|date=November 2000|publisher=SPIN|access-date=April 9, 2016}}</ref>

===Solo career and MFBTY===
Yoon debuted as a solo artist in 2001, under the moniker "T" which she shortened even more from "Tasha". She released her first album, ''As Time Goes By'' that same year. Her second album, ''Gemini'' and her third album, ''To My Love'', were released the following year in 2002.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In 2006, she joined Jungle Entertainment, a label founded by her now-husband [[Tiger JK]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jungleent.com/history/|title=History|website=Jungle Entertainment|language=ko|access-date=April 9, 2016}}</ref> The following year, she released the album ''T3 – Yoon Mi Rae,'' on which she shared the difficulties she faced as a mixed-race musician in Korea. That year, she performed in Seoul, South Korea with American singer [[Amerie]], who is also of African and Korean heritage.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2007/12/143_1677.html|title=Amerie and Yoon Mi-rae to Perform|date=April 24, 2007|website=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=April 9, 2016}}</ref> In 2012, Yoon became the face of the computer brand [[Hewlett-Packard]] in Korea, having signed a one-year contract to appear in their print media and radio advertisements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2948060|title=Yoon Mirae models for HP Korea|last=Sunwoo|first=Carla|date=February 7, 2012|publisher=[[JoongAng Ilbo#Korea JoongAng Daily|Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=November 14, 2014}}</ref> She was also a judge on the third and fourth seasons of the television talent competition ''[[Superstar K]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hancinema.net/singer-yoon-mi-rae-to-rejoin-as-super-star-k-judge-43161.html|title=Singer Yoon Mi-rae To Rejoin As Super Star K Judge|date=May 31, 2012|website=[[Hancinema]]|access-date=November 14, 2014}}</ref>

Yoon, [[Tiger JK]] and rapper [[Bizzy]], formed the hip hop trio [[MFBTY]] (My Fans Better Than Yours) in 2013. The group's first single, "Sweet Dream," ranked #1 on three Korean music charts shortly after its release. They had debuted the song at a concert in [[Cannes]], [[France]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/1537963/mfbty-tiger-jk-yoon-mirae-and-bizzy-spread-korean-hip-hop-in-france|title=MFBTY (Tiger JK, Yoon Mirae and Bizzy) Spread Korean Hip-Hop in France|last2=Benjamin|first2=Jeff|date=February 5, 2013|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last1=Oak|first1=Jessica|access-date=November 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/01/mfbtys-sweet-dream-ranks-1-on-music-charts|title=MFBTY's "Sweet Dream" ranks #1 on music charts|date=January 22, 2013|website=[[Allkpop]]|access-date=April 9, 2016}}</ref> MFBTY signed to Tiger JK's newly created [[Feel Ghood Music]] label later that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/35240/20130722/tiger-jk-yoon-mi-rae-create-new-hip-hop-label-feel-ghood-music.htm|title=Tiger JK-Yoon Mi Rae Create New Hip-Hop Label, 'FEEL GHOOD MUSIC'|date=July 22, 2013|website=KpopStarz|access-date=April 9, 2016}}</ref> In September 2013, Yoon earned the #1 spot on [[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']]'s [[Korea K-Pop Hot 100]] list with her song "Touch Love" from the South Korean drama ''[[Master's Sun]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/5687070/yoon-mi-rae-earns-first-k-pop-hot-100-no-1-with-touch-love|title=Yoon Mi Rae Earns First K-Pop Hot 100 No. 1 With 'Touch Love'|last2=Oak|first2=Jessica|date=September 5, 2013|publisher=[[Billboard charts|Billboard]]|access-date=November 14, 2014|last1=Benjamin|first1=Jeff}}</ref> In December 2014, Yoon released the single "Angel," which quickly became #1 on four Korean music charts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drunkentigerintl.com/2014/12/08/news-yoonmiraes-angel-hits-1-in-less-than-12-hours/|title=[news] YoonMiRae's "Angel" Hits #1 In Less Than 12 Hours|date=December 8, 2014|website=DT MFBTY INTERNATIONAL|access-date=April 9, 2016}}</ref> Also that month she revealed that the American film ''[[The Interview]]'' used her song "Pay Day" without permission, and that she was taking legal action.<ref name="newsmp">{{cite news|url=http://www.soompi.com/2014/12/26/yoon-mi-rae-to-take-legal-action-against-sony-pictures-for-using-her-song-in-the-interview-without-permission/|title=Yoon Mi Rae to Take Legal Action against Sony Pictures for Using Her Song in "The Interview" without Permission|date=December 27, 2014|work=[[Soompi]]|access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In June 2007, she married [[Tiger JK]] in a private ceremony in a Buddhist Temple. The wedding occurred a month before the death of Tiger JK's grandmother who had wanted to see them wed before her passing. Yoon gave birth to their son Jordan Seo in March 2008.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2008/07/139_27007.html|title=Tiger JK, T Wed With Baby|last=Lee|first=Hyo-won|date=July 3, 2008|publisher=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=November 14, 2014}}</ref>

Yoon and her husband are advocates against child abuse. In 2011, they appeared in a photoshoot with their son in [[Vogue (magazine)#Other editions|''Vogue'' Korea]] for the "Stop Child Abuse & Love Children" campaign. They also filmed a public service announcement for the World Day for the Prevention of Child Abuse, performing at the 2011 Child Abuse Awareness Concert. In 2012, South Korea's Ministry of Health and Welfare commended the couple for their efforts in promoting child abuse prevention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/11/tiger-jk-and-yoon-mirae-to-receive-commendation-from-ministry-of-health-and-welfare-for-work-in-child-abuse-prevention|title=Tiger JK and Yoon Mirae to receive commendation from Ministry of Health and Welfare for work in child abuse prevention|date=November 13, 2012|website=[[Allkpop]]|access-date=April 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/2011/03/23/tiger-jk-and-yoon-mirae-family-photo/|title=Tiger JK and Yoon Mirae Family Photo|date=March 23, 2011|website=[[Soompi]]|access-date=April 10, 2016}}</ref> Yoon has also promoted awareness of multiculturalism within Korean families. In 2008, she volunteered for seven months at a multicultural youth camp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=75401|title=Libraries, handbooks events: opening way for multicultural society|last=Kim|first=Hee-sung|date=November 13, 2009|website=[[Korea.net]]|access-date=April 10, 2016}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{See also|MFBTY#Discography}}

===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album details
! scope="col" colspan="1" style="width:5em;" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales
|-
! KOR <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://riak.or.kr/chart/mcdc.asp|title=K-pop Album Sales Volume|website=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092921/http://riak.or.kr/chart/mcdc.asp|archive-date=April 18, 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=April 25, 2018}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=28&hitYear=2018&termGbn=week|title=''Gemini 2'' charting |website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko|access-date=September 4, 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''As Times Goes By''
|
*Released: September 10, 2001
*Label: World Music Entertainment
*Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Microcassette|cassette]]
{{hidden|Track listing|
# 바보
#''' Title 시간이 흐른 뒤 (As Time Goes By)'''
# I Miss You So
# 슬픔에 기대어
# 행복한 나를
# 그대없는 사랑
# La Musique
# As Time Goes By (English version)
# She (...Could Never Be Me)
# 삶의 향기 (Soul Flower)
# Old School Love
# 친구가 아닌 연인
# La Musique (English version)
# 시간이 흐른 뒤 (As Time Goes By) (Remix)
# 하루하루}}
|7
|
* KOR: 256,890<ref>Cumulative Sales of ''As Time Goes By'':
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.miak.or.kr:80/stat/kpop_200202.htm|title=February 2002 K-pop Album Sales Volume|website=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050331001038/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200202.htm|archive-date=March 31, 2005|url-status=dead|access-date=April 25, 2018}}
* {{cite web|url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/album.circle?nationGbn=T&targetTime=45&hitYear=2023&termGbn=week&yearTime=3|title=Circle Album Chart – Week 45, 2023|website=[[Circle Chart]]|language=ko|access-date=November 17, 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Gemini''
|
*Released: May 3, 2002
*Label: World Music Entertainment
*Formats: CD, cassette
{{hidden|Track listing|
# G火자
# Meditation
# Me We
# Memories... (Smiling Tears)
# Wonder Woman
# '''끝없는 바다 저편에'''
# Concrete Jungle
# Combination Platter
# Double Trouble
# 남자 남자 남자
# Memories... (Smiling Tears) (English version)
# MT ({{Korean|hangul=혁명|labels=no}})
}}
|15
|
*KOR: 90,019<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://riak.or.kr/chart/riakpdf.asp?hit_year=2002&hit_month=|title=2002 K-pop Album Sales Volume|website=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|access-date=April 25, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''To My Love''
|
*Released: December 5, 2002
*Label: World Music Entertainment
*Formats: CD, cassette
{{hidden|Track listing|
# Unforgettable
# '''To My Love (Korean Ver.)'''
# Tuesday
# 선물
# To My Love (English version)
# 끝없는 바다 저편에 (with [[Bobby Kim]])
# One Day
# Because I Love You (with Bobby Kim)
# 집으로 와
# 나는
# 인연
# Why Me?
# Gotta Get Love
# 찬바람아!
# Because I Love You (English version)
# 너 (Sad But True)
}}
|7
|
*KOR: 71,046<ref name=":2" />
|-
! scope="row" |''t 3 Yoonmirae''
|
*Released: February 23, 2007
*Label: Jungle Entertainment
*Format: CD, digital download
{{hidden|Track listing|
# Black Diamond
# What's Up, Mr. Good Stuff
# '''잊었니'''
# Honeymoon
# Gimme, Gimme!!! ({{Korean|hangul=이기주의자|labels=no}})
# Pay Day
# 시간은 눈물과 흐르고
# 나니까
# Black Happiness ({{Korean|hangul=검은 행복|labels=no}})
# Who
# Good Bye Sadness, Hello Happiness}}
| —
|{{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" |''Gemini 2''
|
*Released: July 5, 2018
*Label: [[Feel Ghood Music]]
*Format: CD, digital download
{{hidden|Track listing|
# Rap Queen
# '''개같애 (Feat. [[Tiger JK]])'''
# Cookie
# You & Me (Feat. [[Junoflo]])
# 가위바위보
# 샴페인 (Champagne) (Feat. Junoflo)
# Peach
# No Gravity (Piano Ver.)
# 오늘처럼 (Feat. Double K, WHO$)
# You & Me (Eng Ver.) (Feat. Junoflo)
# Peach (Eng Ver.)
# 잠깐만 Baby (Remix)}}
| 26
|
*KOR: 1,877<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=07&hitYear=2018&termGbn=month|title=2018년 07월 Album Chart |website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko|access-date=September 4, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|colspan="4" align="center"|"—" denotes album did not chart.
|}

===Collaborative albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album details
! scope="col" colspan="1" style="width:5em;" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales
|-
! KOR <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://riak.or.kr/chart/mcdc.asp|title=K-pop Album Sales Volume|website=Recording Industry Association of Korea|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092921/http://riak.or.kr/chart/mcdc.asp|archive-date=April 18, 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=April 25, 2018}}
*{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALBUM&targetTime=38&hitYear=2013&termGbn=week|title=''The Cure'' charting|access-date=March 29, 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''살자 (The Cure)'' {{small|(with [[Drunken Tiger]] & [[Bizzy]])}}
|
*Released: September 13, 2013
*Label: Feel Ghood Music
*Format: CD, digital download
{{hidden|Track listing|
# Beautiful Life
# 첫눈이 오면 설레였던 꼬마아이 (Time Travel)
# '''살자 (The Cure)'''
# Sweet Dream
# BizzyTigerYoonmirae
# 뭉쳐 (All In Together)
# Go
# Get It In (Feat. [[Jung In]])
# 살자 (The Cure) (Reggae Ver.)
}}
| 11
|
*KOR: 6,811<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?serviceGbn=ALBUM&termGbn=month&hitYear=2013&targetTime=09&nationGbn=T|title=September 2013 Album Chart|publisher=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko|access-date=March 29, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|colspan="4" align="center"|"—" denotes album did not chart.
|}

===Compilation albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="1" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="1" | Album details
|-
! scope="row" | ''T Best Album''
|
*Released: April 25, 2003
*Label: [[Avex Trax]]
*Format: CD, digital download
{{hidden|Track listing|
# To My Love
# '''바보'''
# 시간이 흐른 뒤 (As Time Goes By)
# 선물
# 끝없는 바다 저편에
# 남자 남자 남자
# Tuesday
# Concrete Jungle
# 행복한 나를
# 집으로 와
# I Miss You So
# 지화자
# Wonder Woman
# Because I Love You
# 찬 바람아
# 하루 하루
}}
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" |"—" denotes album did not chart.
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:25em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="1" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%" |[[Circle Digital Chart|KOR]] <ref>Circle (formerly Gaon) Digital Chart positions (singles):

* "Get It In": {{cite web|title=2011년 45주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=45&hitYear=2011&termGbn=week|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "This Love": {{cite web|title=2015년 52주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=52&hitYear=2015&termGbn=week|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Because of You": {{cite web|title=2016년 9주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=9&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Jam Come On Baby": {{cite web|title=2016년 38주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=38&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Don't Forget Me": {{cite web|title=2019년 14주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2019&targetTime=14&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}

 Circle Digital Chart positions (collaborations):

* "The Cure": {{cite web|title=2013년 39주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=39&hitYear=2013&termGbn=week|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Angel": {{cite web|title=2014년 51주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=51&hitYear=2014&termGbn=week|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "How Are You?": {{cite web|title=2016년 3주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=3&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}

 Circle Digital Chart positions (featured artist singles):

* "Positive Vibes": {{cite web|title=2010년 18주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=18&hitYear=2010&termGbn=week|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Freaky Deaky Superstar": {{cite web|title=2011년 32주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=32&hitYear=2011&termGbn=week|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Turned Off the TV": {{cite web|title=2011년 35주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=35&hitYear=2011&termGbn=week|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Without You Now": {{cite web|title=2014년 23주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=23&hitYear=2014&termGbn=week|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Forever": {{cite web|title=2015년 26주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=26&hitYear=2015&termGbn=week|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Home": {{cite web|title=2016년 41주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=41&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Linda": {{cite web|title=2020년 32주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2020&targetTime=32&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Red Lipstick": {{cite web|title=2021년 38주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=38&hitYear=2021&termGbn=week|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
</ref>{{efn|The [[Gaon Music Chart]] was established in 2010.}}
|-
! scope="col" colspan="5" | As lead artist
|-
! scope="row" | "As Time Goes By" ({{Korean|hangul=시간이 흐른 뒤|labels=no}})
| 2001
|—
|
| ''As Time Goes By''
|-
! scope="row" | "Boundless Ocean" (끝없는 바다 저편에...)
| rowspan="2" | 2002
|—
|
| ''Gemini''
|-
! scope="row" | "To My Love" (Korean ver.)
|—
|
| ''To My Love''
|-
! scope="row" | "Incomplete" (잊었니...)
| 2007
|—
|
| ''t 3 Yoonmirae''
|-
! scope="row" | "Please Don't Leave" ({{Korean|hangul=떠나지마|labels=no}})
| 2009
|—
|
| rowspan="3" {{N/A|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row" | "Get It In" {{small|(feat. [[Tiger JK]], [[Choi Jung-in|Jung-in]])}}
| 2011
| 5
|
* KOR: 1,794,085<ref name="2011 Download">{{cite web|title=2011년 Download Chart|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=2011&hitYear=2011&termGbn=year&year_time=3|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | "This Love" ({{Korean|hangul=사랑이 맞을거야|labels=no}})
| 2015
| 1
|
* KOR: 650,120<ref>Cumulative sales of "This Love":
* {{cite web|title=2015년 12월 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2015&targetTime=12&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* {{cite web|title=2016년 01월 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2016&targetTime=01&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* {{cite web|title=2016년 02월 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2016&targetTime=02&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | "Because of You"
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| 19
|
* KOR: 184,125<ref name="2016 Download Half Year p.3">{{cite web|title=2016년 상반기 결산 DOWNLOAD CHART|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/total.gaon?PageNo=3&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=year&hitYear=2016&targetTime=&nationGbn=T|url-status=dead|page=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828202344/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/total.gaon?PageNo=3&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=year&hitYear=2016&targetTime=&nationGbn=T|archive-date=August 28, 2016|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
| ''[[SM Station Season 1]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "Jam Come On Baby" (잠깐만 Baby)
| 36
|
* KOR: 43,306<ref>{{cite web|title=2016년 38주차 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=38&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row" | "No Gravity"
| rowspan="3" | 2018
| —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "Kawi Bawi Bo" ({{Korean|hangul=가위바위보|labels=no}})
| —
|
| rowspan="2" | ''Gemini 2''
|-
! scope="row" | "You and Me" {{small|(feat. [[Junoflo]])}}
| —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "Don't Forget Me" ({{Korean|hangul=잊어가지마|labels=no}})
| 2019
| 45
|
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="col" colspan="5" | Collaborations
|-
! scope="row" | "Wonderful" {{small|(with [[Johan Kim]])}}
| 2007
| —
|
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row" | "The Cure" ({{Korean|hangul=살자|labels=no}}) {{small|(with Tiger JK and [[Bizzy]])}}
| 2013
| 3
|
* KOR: 484,671<ref>{{cite web|title=2013년 Download Chart|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageno=2&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=year&hitYear=2013&targetTime=11&nationGbn=K|url-status=dead|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816145218/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageno=2&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=year&hitYear=2013&targetTime=11&nationGbn=K|archive-date=August 16, 2016|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
| ''The Cure''
|-
! scope="row" | "Angel" {{small|(with Tiger JK and Bizzy)}}
| 2014
| 2
|
* KOR: 707,891<ref>Cumulative sales of "Angel":
* {{cite web|title=2014년 12월 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2014&targetTime=12&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* {{cite web|title=2015년 01월 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2015&targetTime=01&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* {{cite web|title=2015년 02월 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2015&targetTime=02&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* {{cite web|title=2015년 03월 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2015&targetTime=03&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
| ''WondaLand''
|-
! scope="row" | "#Capture The City" {{small|(with [[Boys Noize]])}}
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| —
|
| rowspan="5" {{N/A|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row" | "You and I" ({{Korean|hangul=너와 나|labels=no}}) {{small|(with [[Jeon In-kwon]], [[Zion.T]], Tiger JK, [[Galaxy Express (band)|Galaxy Express]] and others)}}
| —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "How Are You?" ({{Korean|hangul=잘 지내고 있니|labels=no}}) {{small|(with [[Punch (singer)|Punch]])}}
| 2016
| 16
|
* KOR: 176,786<ref name="2016 Download Half Year p.3"/>
|-
! scope="row" | "Ghood Family" {{small|(with Tiger JK, feat. Bizzy, Black Nine, BB, MRSHLL)}}
| 2017
| —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "Draw Your Love" {{small|(with Tiger JK and Bizzy)}}
| 2019
| —
|
|-
! scope="col" colspan="5" | As featured artist
|-
! scope="row" | "Positive Vibes" {{small|([[Paloalto (rapper)|Paloalto]] feat. Yoon Mi-rae)}}
| 2010
| 77
|
| ''Lonely Hearts''
|-
! scope="row" | "Freaky Deaky Superstar" ({{Korean|hangul=두두루 와바루|labels=no}}) (Korean ver.) {{small|([[Drunken Tiger]] feat. Yoon-Mi-rae and Bizzy)}}
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| 20
|
* KOR: 348,208<ref>{{cite web|title=2011년 07월 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2011&targetTime=07&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row" | "Turned Off The TV" (TV를 껐네) {{small|([[Leessang]] feat. Yoon Mi-rae and [[10cm (band)|10cm]])}}
| 1
|
* KOR: 3,081,880<ref name="2011 Download"/>
| ''[[Asura Balbalta]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "Without You Now" ({{Korean|hangul=이젠 너 없이도|labels=no}}) {{small|(Euna Kim feat. Yoon Mi-rae, Tiger JK, Bizzy)}}
| 2014
| 9
|
* KOR: 350,017<ref>{{cite web|title=2014년 Download Chart|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageno=3&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=year&hitYear=2014&targetTime=11&nationGbn=K|url-status=dead|page=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816131538/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageno=3&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=year&hitYear=2014&targetTime=11&nationGbn=K|archive-date=August 16, 2016|access-date=October 9, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" {{N/A|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row" | "Beautiful" {{small|([[Yoonhan]] feat. Yoon Mi-rae)}}
| rowspan="2" |2015
| —
|
|-
! scope="row" | "Forever" ({{Korean|hangul=반가워요|labels=no}}) {{small|(Tiger JK feat. Yoon Mi-rae)}}
| 71
|
* KOR: 26,230<ref>{{cite web|title=2015년 26주차 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=26&hitYear=2015&termGbn=week|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | "Home" {{small|([[Ailee]] feat. Yoon Mi-rae)}}
| 2016
| 20
|
* KOR: 156,625<ref>{{cite web|title=2016년 10월 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2016&targetTime=10&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
| ''[[A New Empire]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "Ghood Life" {{small|(MyunDo feat. Yoon Mi-rae and Bizzy)}}
| 2017
| —
|
| ''RGB pt.(0,255,0)''
|-
! scope="row" | "Clover" {{small|([[Jin Longguo]] feat. Yoon Mi-rae)}}
| 2018
| —
|
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row" | "Silent Movie" ({{Korean|hangul=무성영화|labels=no}}) {{small|([[Kim Yu-bin (musician)|Yubin]] feat. Yoon Mi-rae)}}
| 2019
| —
|
| ''Start of the End''
|-
! scope="row" | "Linda" {{small|(Linda G ([[Lee Hyori]]) feat. Yoon Mi-rae)}}
| 2020
| 4
|
| ''Durijyuwa X Linda X Let's Dance''
|-
! scope="row" | "Red Lipstick" ({{Korean|hangul=빨간립스틱|labels=no}}) {{small|([[Lee Hi]] feat. Yoon Mi-rae)}}
| 2021
| 30
|
| ''[[4 Only]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "Self Love" {{small|( F.Hero feat. [[Tiger JK]], Yoon Mi-rae, [[Billkin]])}}
| 2022
|
|
| Self Love
|}

=== Soundtrack appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:25em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="1" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%" |[[Circle Chart|KOR]] <ref>Circle (formerly Gaon) Digital Chart positions (soundtrack appearances):
* "Touch Love": {{cite web|title=2013년 36주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=36&hitYear=2013&termGbn=week|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "I Love You": {{cite web|title=2014년 37주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=37&hitYear=2014&termGbn=week|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "I'll Listen to What You Have to Say": {{cite web|title=2015년 21주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=21&hitYear=2015&termGbn=week|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Always": {{cite web|title=2016년 10주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=10&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "You Are My World": {{cite web|title=2016년 48주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=48&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Flower": {{cite web|title=2020년 8주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2020&targetTime=8&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Say": {{cite web|title=2020년 12주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2020&targetTime=12&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "It's My Life": {{cite web|title=2021년 36주차 Digital Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2021&targetTime=36&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* "Law": {{cite web|title=2022 Week 40 Digital Chart|url=https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=40&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3|access-date=October 6, 2022|website=[[Circle Chart]]|language=ko}}
</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | "Touch Love"
| 2013
| 1
|
* KOR: 1,299,537<ref>{{cite web|title=2013년 Download Chart|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=2013&hitYear=2013&termGbn=year&year_time=3|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
| ''[[Master's Sun]]'' OST Part 4
|-
! scope="row" | "I Love You" ({{Korean|hangul=너를 사랑해|labels=no}})
| 2014
| 1
|
* KOR: 1,236,319<ref>Cumulative sales of "I Love You":
* {{cite web|title=2014년 Download Chart|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=2014&hitYear=2014&termGbn=year&year_time=3|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* {{cite web|title=2015년 Download Chart|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageno=3&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=year&hitYear=2015&targetTime=11&nationGbn=K|url-status=dead|page=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816132330/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?pageno=3&serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=year&hitYear=2015&targetTime=11&nationGbn=K|archive-date=August 16, 2016|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
| ''[[It's Okay, That's Love]]'' OST Part 6
|-
! scope="row" | "I'll Listen To What You Have To Say" ({{Korean|hangul=너의 얘길 들어줄게|labels=no}})
| 2015
| 7
|
* KOR: 402,464<ref>Cumulative sales of "I'll Listen To What You Have To Say":
* {{cite web|title=2015년 05월 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2015&targetTime=05&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* {{cite web|title=2015년 06월 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2015&targetTime=06&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
| ''[[Who Are You: School 2015]]'' OST Part 3
|-
! scope="row" | "Always"
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| 2
|
* KOR: 1,454,125<ref>{{cite web|title=2016년 Download Chart|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=2016&hitYear=2016&termGbn=year&year_time=3|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
| ''[[Descendants of the Sun]]'' OST Part 1
|-
! scope="row" | "You Are My World" ({{Korean|hangul=그대라는 세상|labels=no}})
| 10
|
* KOR: 259,876<ref>Cumulative sales of "You Are My World":
* {{cite web|title=2016년 11월 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2016&targetTime=11&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}
* {{cite web|title=2016년 12월 Download Chart|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=month&hitYear=2016&targetTime=12&nationGbn=T|access-date=October 10, 2021|website=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko}}</ref>
| ''[[The Legend of the Blue Sea]]'' OST Part 2
|-
! scope="row" | "Goodbye" {{small|(with Ann)}}
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| —
|
| ''[[Queen of Mystery]]'' OST Part 4
|-
! scope="row" | "The Sky of My Youth" (젊은 날의 Sky)
| —
|
| ''[[Hit the Top]]'' OST Part 3
|-
! scope="row" | "You, You, You" ({{Korean|hangul=그대 그대 그대|labels=no}})
| 2018
|—
|
| ''[[The Ghost Detective]]'' OST Part 5
|-
! scope="row" | "My Dream"
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| —
|
| ''[[Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung]]'' OST Part 2
|-
! scope="row" | "Flower"
| 22
|
| ''[[Crash Landing on You]]'' OST Part 2
|-
! scope="row" | "Say"
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| 63
|
| ''[[Itaewon Class]]'' OST Part 8
|-
! scope="row" | "Lost"
| —
|
| ''[[Stranger (TV series)|Stranger]]'' Season 2 OST Part 5
|-
! scope="row" | "It's My Life"
| 2021
| 94
|
| ''[[Hospital Playlist]]'' Season 2 OST Part 10
|-
! scope="row" | "Law" {{small|(with [[Bibi (singer)|Bibi]])}}
| 2022
| 14
|
| ''Street Man Fighter'' OST Part 3
|}

==Television appearances==
* 2018: The Fan – Fan (Episode 1)
* 2016: [[Fantastic Duo]] – Contestant (Episode 17-20)
* 2011: [[Superstar K3]] – Judge<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/2011/07/superstar-k3-reveals-their-official-poster|title=Superstar K3 reveals their official poster|date=July 27, 2011|website=[[Allkpop]]|access-date=October 18, 2011}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of awards and nominations received by Yoon Mi-rae
! scope="col" |Award ceremony
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" | Nominee(s) / Work(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Korean Music Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |2008
|Best R&B & Soul Album
|''Yoonmirae''
| {{won}}
|
|-
|Best R&B & Soul Song
|"What's Up! Mr. Good Stuff"
| {{won}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[MAMA Awards]]
|[[2007 Mnet KM Music Festival|2007]]
|[[Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Ballad/R&B Performance|Best R&B Performance]]
|"Have You Forgotten?"
| {{won}}
| align="center" | <ref name="2007_nom">[http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=75123 "2007 Mnet KM Music Festival Part1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026064533/http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=75123|date=October 26, 2014}}. ''MAMA''. Retrieved December 14, 2014.</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Mnet Asian Music Awards|2013]]
| rowspan="2" |[[MAMA Award for Best OST|Best OST]]
|"Touch Love"
| {{won}}
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |title=2013 M.net Korean Music Festival Winners list |url=http://mama.interest.me/history?type=winner&year=2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714214245/http://mama.interest.me/history?type=winner&year=2013 |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=June 12, 2014 |publisher=[[Mnet (TV channel)|Mnet]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Mnet Asian Music Awards|2014]]
|"I Love You"
| {{nom}}
| align="center" | <ref name="2014_nom">{{cite web |title=[Full Ver.] 2014 Mnet Asian Music Awards Part1 |url=http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=165563 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208225100/http://mwave.interest.me/mnettv/videodetail.m?searchVideoDetailVO.clip_id=165563 |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=January 28, 2015 |website=mwave |publisher=MAMA}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Melon Music Awards]]
|[[2013 Melon Music Awards|2013]]
|Best OST
|"Touch Love"
| {{won}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |[[Mnet 20's Choice Awards]]
|2010
|20 Most Influential Stars
| rowspan="3" |Yoon Mi-rae
| {{won}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |[[SBS Gayo Daejeon]]
|2002
|R&B Category Award
| {{won}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |[[Style Icon Asia|Style Icon Awards]]
|2012
|People's Choice Award
| {{won}}
|
|}

=== Listicles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+
! Publisher
! Year
! Listicle
! Placement
! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Mnet (TV channel)|Mnet]]
| 2013
| Legend 100 Artists
| align="center" | 77th
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=[레전드100人] 윤미래, 국가대표 여성 힙합 뮤지션 - 지니 |trans-title=[Legend 100 People] Yoon Mirae, national female hip-hop musician |url=https://www.genie.co.kr/magazine/subMain?ctid=28&mgz_seq=7226&pg=2 |access-date=January 11, 2024 |website= |publisher=Genie Music}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Yoon Mi-rae}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{Jungle Entertainment}}
{{Seoul Music Awards Main Prize Winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yoon, Mi-rae}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century South Korean women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean women singers]]
[[Category:American emigrants to South Korea]]
[[Category:American musicians of Korean descent]]
[[Category:Uptown (band) members]]
[[Category:Jungle Entertainment artists]]
[[Category:Korean Music Award winners]]
[[Category:MAMA Award winners]]
[[Category:South Korean women rappers]]
[[Category:South Korean hip-hop singers]]
[[Category:South Korean hip-hop musicians]]
[[Category:South Korean hip-hop record producers]]
[[Category:South Korean female idols]]
[[Category:South Korean people of African-American descent]]
[[Category:South Korean rhythm and blues singers]]
[[Category:Southern hip-hop musicians]]
[[Category:Melon Music Award winners]]

Jeju striped field mouse

2025-06-07T23:47:51Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|Species of rodent}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Apodemus
| species = chejuensis
| authority = Jones et Johnson, 1965
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| title = Korean name
| color = #D3D3A4
| hangul = ^제주 등@줄쥐
| hanja = 濟州 등줄쥐
}}

The '''Jeju striped field mouse''' (''Apodemus chejuensis'') is a [[Apodemus|field mouse]] found only on [[Jeju Island|Jejudo]], an island in the northern [[East China Sea]] off the southwestern coast of [[South Korea]]. It was originally described in 1965 as a [[subspecies]] of ''[[Apodemus agrarius]]''. However, a 1992 study of [[mitochondrial DNA]] found that it was in fact a separate species.

The Jeju striped field mouse is one of the most abundant mammals on Jeju. It has brown fur with an [[wikt:eel back|eel back]], hence the name.

==References==
* {{cite journal | last = Won | first = Changman | authorlink2=Kimberly G. Smith|author2=Kimberly G. Smith | title = History and current status of mammals of the Korean Peninsula | journal = Mammal Review | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–33 | date = 1999 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.00034.x }}

==External links==
* [http://env.jejusi.go.kr/san/Upload/20050709173815제주등줄쥐.jpg Photograph]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q6176566|KNSL=yes}}

[[Category:Apodemus]]
[[Category:Jeju Province|Striped Field Mouse]]
[[Category:Mammals of Korea]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1965]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of South Korea]]

Harold Hongju Koh

2025-06-07T23:42:01Z

172.56.232.142: converting Infobox Korean name to newer semi-automatic romanization version

{{Short description|American lawyer and legal scholar (born 1954)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harold Koh
| image = Harold Konju Koh cropped.jpg{{!}}border
| office = 22nd [[Legal Adviser of the Department of State]]
| president = [[Barack Obama]]
| term_start = June 25, 2009
| term_end = January 22, 2013
| predecessor = [[John B. Bellinger III]]
| successor = Brian Egan
| office1 = 15th [[Dean of Yale Law School]]
| term_start1 = July 1, 2004
| term_end1 = March 23, 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Anthony T. Kronman]]
| successor1 = [[Kate Stith]] (acting)
| office2 = 7th [[Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]]
| president2 = [[Bill Clinton]]
| term_start2 = November 13, 1998
| term_end2 = January 20, 2001
| predecessor2 = [[John Shattuck]]
| successor2 = [[Lorne Craner]]
| birth_date = {{nowrap|{{birth date and age|1954|12|8}}}}
| birth_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = Mary-Christy Fisher
| relations = [[Howard Koh]] (brother) [[Daniel Koh]] (nephew)
| children = 2
| education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]]) [[Magdalen College, Oxford]] ([[Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)|MA]])
| module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
|child = yes
|hangul = %고홍주
|hanja = 高洪株
}}
| caption = Koh in 2010
| native_name = {{no bold|고홍주}}
| awards = [[Marshall Scholarship]] (1977) [[American Philosophical Society]] (2007) [[Sterling Professor]] (2013)
}}
'''Harold Hongju Koh''' (born December 8, 1954) is an American diplomat, lawyer, legal scholar, politician, and writer. Except for his periods of government service, he has taught at [[Yale Law School]] from 1985 to the present, including as the law school's 15th Dean from 2004 to 2009, and currently as a [[Sterling Professor]] of [[international law]]. From 1998 to 2001, he served as the [[Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] under President [[Bill Clinton]]. From 2009 to 2013, he served as the [[Legal Adviser of the Department of State|legal adviser of the Department of State]] in the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]]. He has published more then ten books on topics including international law, the U.S. Constitution, and international relations. He was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Harold+Hongju+Koh&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-05-14|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Koh was born in [[Boston]], Massachusetts. His parents grew up in [[Korea under Japanese rule]] in an area that later became part of [[North Korea]]. He has described his family thus:

<blockquote>They grew up under Japanese colonial rule, forbidden to speak Korean or even to use their Korean names. When their country was divided after World War II, my mother and her family were trapped in North Korea. In desperation, they hiked for days to the border to be picked up and were brought back to [[Seoul]]. But even there, they lived under dictatorship. For less than a year in the 1960s, (South) Korea enjoyed democracy. My father joined the diplomatic corps. But one day, tanks rolled and a [[May 16 coup|coup d'état toppled the government]], leaving us to grow up in America.<ref name=npr>Harold Hongju Koh, "[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5199021 The Bright Lights of Freedom]," a "This I Believe" segment from ''Morning Edition'', National Public Radio, February 13, 2006.</ref></blockquote>

After the coup, Koh's father, legal scholar and diplomat Kwang Lim Koh, was granted [[asylum in the United States]].<ref name="GolsteinP31">Brandt Goldstein, ''Storming the Court'', Scribner, 2005, p. 31. {{ISBN|0-7432-3001-9}}</ref> He moved to [[New Haven, Connecticut]], with his family and took a teaching position at Yale.<ref name="GolsteinP31" /> His wife, Hesung Chun Koh (Harold Koh's mother), had a Ph.D. in [[sociology]] and taught at Yale as well—they were the first [[Asian American]]s to teach there.<ref>"Harold Hongju Koh," ''Notable Asian Americans'', Gale Research, 1995. Reproduced online in [http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Biography Resource Center]. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2009.</ref>

Harold was struck by [[polio]] at age six; he went through "two operations, leg braces, and endless rehabilitation" and as a result still walks with a limp.<ref name="GolsteinP31" /><ref>Brandt Goldstein, ''Storming the Court'', Scribner, 2005, pp. 4 and 85. {{ISBN|0-7432-3001-9}}</ref>

Koh has six siblings. [[Howard Koh]]—a [[Harvard University]] public health professor and former Massachusetts Public Health Commissioner—previously served as the [[United States Assistant Secretary for Health]] in the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]].<ref>{{Cite press release|title=HHS Secretary Sebelius Announces Senate Confirmation of Assistant Secretary for Health Dr. Howard Koh|url=http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2009pres/06/20090619g.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825150048/http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2009pres/06/20090619g.html|date=June 19, 2009|language=en|archive-date=August 25, 2009|publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref> His sister Jean Koh Peters also teaches at [[Yale Law School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.yale.edu/faculty/JPeters.htm |title=Jean Koh Peters - Yale Law School |website=Law.yale.edu |publisher=Yale Law School |access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref>

Koh's wife, Mary-Christy Fisher, is an attorney employed by the Connecticut Veterans Legal Center; they have two children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.yale.edu/stuorgs/6292.htm |title=Yale Law School | Centers & Programs |Public Interest Auction |access-date=2009-04-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401142824/http://www.law.yale.edu/stuorgs/6292.htm |archive-date=2009-04-01 }}</ref>

==Education==
Koh graduated in 1971 from the [[Hopkins School]] in [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], then graduated ''[[Latin honors|summa cum laude]]'' and [[Phi Beta Kappa]] from [[Harvard University]] in 1975 with a bachelor's degree in government, before studying at [[Oxford University]] as a [[Marshall Scholar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/scholars/haroldkoh |title=Harold Koh |website=Marshallscholarship.org |access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref> He later earned a [[Juris doctor|Juris Doctor]] from [[Harvard Law School]] in 1980, where he was an editor of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]'' and graduated ''[[Latin honors|cum laude]]''.<ref name="cv">{{cite web|url=http://www.law.yale.edu/faculty/kohcurriculumvitae.htm|title=Home > Faculty > Harold Hongju Koh > Curriculum Vitae|last=Koh|first=Harold|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327185309/http://www.law.yale.edu/faculty/kohcurriculumvitae.htm|archive-date=2009-03-27|access-date=2009-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hopkins.edu/news/news/detail.asp?from=archives&newsid=119751|title=Harold Koh Speaks to the Hopkins Parent Council|date=October 28, 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014336/http://www.hopkins.edu/news/news/detail.asp?from=archives&newsid=119751|archive-date=September 28, 2007|publisher=Hopkins School}}</ref>

In June 2024, Koh received an honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Toronto in recognition of his commitment to the public interest and his advocacy for the rule of law and human rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/champion-human-rights-and-international-law-harold-hongju-koh-receives-u-t-honorary-degree|title=A champion of human rights and international law, Harold Hongju Koh receives U of T honorary degree|date=14 June 2024|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>

==Early career and scholarship==
After law school, Koh was a [[law clerk]] for Judge [[Malcolm Richard Wilkey]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] from 1980 to 1981 and for [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] justice [[Harry Blackmun]] 1981 to 1982. In 1982 and 1983, he worked as an associate at [[Covington & Burling]]. From 1983 to 1985, Koh worked as an attorney-adviser to the [[Office of Legal Counsel]] (OLC) in the [[United States Department of Justice]] during the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan Administration]].<ref name=cv/>

He joined the Yale Law School faculty in 1985.<ref name=cv/> His students have included [[John Yoo]], with whom he co-authored a paper on "Dollar Diplomacy/Dollar Defense: The Fabric of Economics and National Security Law." Since 1993 he has been the [[Endowed professorship|Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law]]; he became the law school's 15th dean in 2004. From 1985 to 1991, Koh largely devoted himself to writing and teaching. A notable paper Koh wrote was a November 1990 legal brief challenging [[George H.W. Bush|the first president Bush]]'s contention that he could fight the [[Gulf War]] on his own authority. Koh argued that "the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] requires the president to 'consult with [[United States Congress|Congress]] and receive its affirmative authorization — not merely present it with [[wikt:fait accompli|faits accomplis]] — before engaging in war.'"<ref>[[Gene Healy|Healy, Gene]] (2011-03-28) [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110813230053/http%3A//washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2011/03/un%2Dauthorization%2Demperors%2Dnew%2Dfig%2Dleaf UN 'authorization' is the Emperor's new fig leaf], ''[[Washington Examiner]]''</ref>

In 1992–93, he led a group of Yale students and [[human rights]] lawyers in litigation against the United States government to free Haitian refugees interned at [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo Bay]], Cuba. As chronicled in [[Brandt Goldstein]]'s book, ''Storming the Court'' (Scribner 2005), Koh and the plaintiffs prevailed in the case, ''Haitian Centers Council v. Sale'', and the Haitians were released in the spring of 1993. At the same time, Koh and his team of law students argued a related case ''[[Sale v. Haitian Centers Council]]'' (1993) before the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] but the court ruled against them on an 8–1 vote.

Koh is the author of nine books, including ''The National Security Constitution: Sharing Power after the Iran-Contra Affair'' ([[Yale University Press]],1990); ''Transnational Legal Problems'' (with [[Harry Steiner]] and [[Detlev Vagts]], [[Foundation Press]], 1994); ''Deliberative Democracy and Human Rights'' (with [[Ronald C. Slye]], Yale University Press, 1999); ''Transnational Litigation in United States Courts'' (Foundation Press, 2008); and ''The National Security Constitution in the Twenty-First Century'' (Yale University Press, 2024). He has also written over 175 law review articles and legal editorials.<ref name=lithwick>Dahlia Lithwick, "[http://www.slate.com/id/2215142/pagenum/all/ And Then They Came for Koh ...]", ''Slate'', April 3, 2009.</ref> He is a prominent advocate of human rights and [[civil rights]]; he has argued and written briefs on a wide number of cases before U.S. appellate courts, and has testified before the [[U.S. Congress]] more than a dozen times. He has received numerous awards, medals, and honorary degrees.<ref name=cv/>

Blogger [[David Lat]] and George Mason professor [[David Bernstein (law professor)|David Bernstein]] (contributing to the [[Volokh Conspiracy]]), have described Koh as a "highly partisan Democrat" and claim that he has politically polarized Yale Law School during his tenure as dean.<ref>David Lat, "[http://www.abovethelaw.com/2006/12/attention_concerned_alumni_of.php Attention, Concerned Alumni of Yale: Justice Alito Gets (Green)housed] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070611113335/http://www.abovethelaw.com/2006/12/attention_concerned_alumni_of.php |date=2007-06-11 }}," Above the Law, December 7, 2006 . Retrieved April 16, 2009.</ref><ref name=volokhbernstein>David Bernstein, [http://volokh.com/posts/1175739296.shtml "Profile of Yale Law Dean Harold Koh"], The Volokh Conspiracy, April 4, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2009.</ref> Other observers countered that during his tenure prominent conservatives have been appointed to the Yale Law School faculty, and noted that Koh served in both Republican (Reagan) and Democratic (Clinton) administrations. A group of Yale Conservative Law Students offered a vigorous defense of Koh, noting that "Dean Koh has been very supportive of conservative students and conservative student organizations."<ref name="abovethelaw1">{{cite web|url=http://abovethelaw.com/2009/04/yale_law_school_conservatives.php |access-date=2009-04-08 }}{{dead link|date=November 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}

They concluded that "Dean Koh is one of the brightest legal minds of his generation, a credit to the profession we look forward to joining, and an able and effective public servant."<ref name="abovethelaw1"/>{{Dead link|date=February 2020}}{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} On May 4, 2010, the Friends of the Law Library of the Library of Congress presented Koh with their annual award named for [[George W. Wickersham]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}

==Law reform work==
Koh was elected to the [[American Law Institute]] in 1992 and was elected to the ALI Council in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harold Hongju Koh |url=https://www.ali.org/profile/3434 |access-date=May 5, 2025 |publisher=American Law Institute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ali.org/index.cfm?fuseaction%3Dabout.officerslist|title=Officers & Council {{!}} List of Council Members|website=The American Law Institute|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925021943/http://www.ali.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=about.officerslist|archive-date=2012-09-25|access-date=2013-04-23}}</ref> He stepped down from the Council when he worked for the Obama administration, but was re-elected to Council when he ended his tenure with the State Department and returned to Yale.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=The American Law Institute Elects Five New Council Members|date=May 20, 2013|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=The American Law Institute|url=http://www.ali.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.prelease_05202013|language=en-US|last1=Duffy|first1=Sharon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025161944/http://www.ali.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.prelease_05202013|archive-date=October 25, 2013}}</ref> He currently serves as a Counselor on the Restatement Fourth, the Foreign Relations Law of the United States,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ali.org/index.cfm?fuseaction%3Dprojects.members%26projectid%3D28|title=Current Projects > Restatement Fourth, The Foreign Relations Law of the United States|website=The American Law Institute|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407082520/http://www.ali.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=projects.members&projectid=28|archive-date=2014-04-07|access-date=2013-04-23}}</ref> and previously served as an Adviser on the Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure project.

==State Department Legal Adviser==
[[File:Gary Locke with Chen Guangcheng at US Embassy May 1, 2012.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Harold Koh (left), as Legal Adviser of the U.S. Department of State with the blind Chinese lawyer [[Chen Guangcheng]] (center) and [[United States Ambassador to China|U.S. Ambassador to China]] [[Gary Locke]] (right) at the [[Embassy of the United States, Beijing|U.S. Embassy]] in [[Beijing]], [[China]], on May 1, 2012; [[Jake Sullivan]] is in the background. Koh assisted Chen Guangcheng, who sought refuge at the embassy from persecution by the Chinese authorities, in securing medical treatment and the right to travel out of China to pursue legal studies in the United States.]]

===Nomination and confirmation===
On March 23, 2009, the White House announced Koh's nomination as Legal Adviser to the State Department in the Obama administration, the senior legal adviser to [[US Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]]. His nomination was generally supported in the Senate and among legal colleagues. The nomination drew criticism from some conservative commentators for his views on international law and its use in American legal analysis and jurisprudence,<ref name=attacks>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/us/politics/02koh.html |newspaper=New York Times|title=After Attacks, Supporters Rally Around Choice for Top Administration Legal Job|date=April 2, 2009|author=Eric Lichtblau}}</ref> while drawing support from other conservatives such as [[Theodore Olsen|Ted Olson]] and [[Kenneth Starr]] as well as ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine.<ref name=farrowforbes>Ronan Farrow, [https://www.forbes.com/2009/04/28/state-department-sharia-law-opinions-contributors-harold-koh.html "Confirm Harold Koh"], ''Forbes'', April 28, 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Greg Sargent's blog|url=http://theplumline.whorunsgov.com/political-media/gop-legal-heavy-ted-olson-dismisses-right-wing-assault-on-obama-nominee|title=GOP Legal Heavy Ted Olson Dismisses Right-Wing Assault On Obama Nominee|publisher=Theplumline.whorunsgov.com|access-date=May 21, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003072930/http://theplumline.whorunsgov.com/political-media/gop-legal-heavy-ted-olson-dismisses-right-wing-assault-on-obama-nominee/|archive-date=October 3, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://legaltimes.typepad.com/blt/2009/04/exbush-official-john-bellinger-joins-arnold-porter.html|title=Ex-Bush Official John Bellinger Joins Arnold & Porter|publisher=Legaltimes.typepad.com|date=April 7, 2009|access-date=May 21, 2010}}</ref>

Koh has written in support of the practice of using tenets of international law and foreign legal precedent to inform the deliberative process of judicial decision making in the United States, and has described what he has called "transnational jurisprudence" as essential to maintaining a well-ordered international legal system. Arguing that "concepts like liberty, equality and privacy are not exclusively American constitutional ideas but, rather, part and parcel of the global human rights movement"<ref>{{cite journal|title=International Law as Part of Our Law|journal=The American Journal of International Law|volume=98|date=January 2004|page=55|author=Harold Hongju Koh}}</ref> Koh has traced the influence of decisions from foreign courts throughout the history of the U.S. Supreme Court and the American court system.<ref>{{cite journal|title=International Law as Part of Our Law|journal=The American Journal of International Law|volume=98|date=January 2004|pages=43–57|author=Harold Hongju Koh|issue=1|doi=10.2307/3139255|jstor=3139255|s2cid=144205576|url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/1782|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Critics of this approach argue that citing foreign decisions as legal [[precedent]]s threatens American sovereignty and "lends itself to manipulation."<ref>Scalia, Breyer hold rare televised debate on impact of foreign law{{full citation needed|date=May 2021}}</ref> Other commentators have observed that the "use of such nonbinding sources to bolster legal arguments is a central and uncontroversial tenet of the American judicial process."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/04/28/state-department-sharia-law-opinions-contributors-harold-koh.html|title=Confirm Harold Koh|work=Forbes|date=April 28, 2009|access-date=May 21, 2010|first=Ronan|last=Farrow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aei.org/publications/filter.all/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030220032227/http://aei.org/publications/filter.all/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 20, 2003|title=Articles & Commentary|publisher=Aei.org|access-date=May 21, 2010}}</ref>

On May 12, 2009, the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations voted 12–5 in favor of Koh.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ackerman|first=Spencer|url=http://washingtonindependent.com/42531/harold-kohs-nomination-goes-to-the-full-senate|title=Harold Koh's Nomination Goes to the Full Senate|publisher=Washingtonindependent.com|date=May 13, 2009|access-date=May 21, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725042114/http://washingtonindependent.com/42531/harold-kohs-nomination-goes-to-the-full-senate|archive-date=July 25, 2011}}</ref> After a hold was placed on his nomination, Senate Majority Leader [[Harry Reid]] announced on June 22, 2009, that he would invoke [[cloture]] on the nomination. On June 24, 2009, the Senate voted 65–31 to end debate on the nomination, paving the way for a full Senate vote the following day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00212|title=U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote|publisher=Senate.gov|access-date=May 21, 2010}}</ref> The following day, Koh was confirmed by the Senate in a 62–35 vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00213|title=U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote|publisher=Senate.gov|access-date=May 21, 2010}}</ref> While working in government, Koh took a leave of absence from Yale Law School.

===Views on targeted killing===
{{Main|Targeted killing}}
In a March 2010 speech, Koh voiced his strong support for the legality of [[targeted killing]] by [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|aerial drone]] strikes in [[Pakistan]], [[Yemen]], and other countries included by the U.S. government as being within the scope of the [[war on terror]]. The State Department's legal adviser said that "U.S. targeting practices, including lethal operations conducted with the use of [[unmanned aerial vehicles]] (UAVs)", which the Obama administration has leaned on heavily in its efforts to eliminate [[al-Qaeda]] and other terrorist groups in Asia, "comply with all applicable law, including the [[laws of war]]", citing the principles of [[distinction (law)|distinction]] and [[proportionality (law)|proportionality]]. He said that the U.S. adheres to these standards, and takes great care in the "planning and execution to ensure that only legitimate objectives are targeted, and that [[collateral damage]] is kept to a minimum."<ref>Renee Dopplick, [http://www.insidejustice.com/intl/2010/03/27/asil_koh_drone_war_law/ "ASIL Keynote Highlight: U.S. Legal Adviser Harold Koh Asserts Drone Warfare Is Lawful Self-Defense Under International Law"], [http://www.insidejustice.com/ ''Inside Justice.com''], March 26, 2010, accessed May 20, 2010</ref>

He said the U.S. is in "an armed conflict with al-Qaeda, the [[Taliban]], and the associated forces", and therefore has the lawful right to [[Use of force in international law|use force]] to protect its citizens "consistent with its [[Self-defence in international law|inherent right to self-defense]]" under [[international law]].<ref name="nytimes3">{{cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/world/middleeast/07yemen.html?hp|title=U.S. Approves Targeted Killing of American Cleric|work=The New York Times|date=April 6, 2010|access-date=May 20, 2010}}</ref><ref>Angus Martyn, [http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/cib/2001-02/02cib08.htm ''The Right of Self-Defence under International Law-the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of September 11''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429023013/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/Pubs/CIB/2001-02/02cib08.htm |date=April 29, 2009 }}, Law and Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia, February 12, 2002</ref> Koh identified three elements that the U.S. considers when determining whether to authorize a specific targeted drone killing:

*Imminence of the threat;
*[[Sovereignty]] of other States involved; and
*Willingness and ability of those States to suppress the threat the target poses.

He also said that the drone strikes against al-Qaeda and its allies were lawful targeted killing, as part of the military action authorized by Congress, and not [[assassination]], which is banned by [[Executive order (United States)|executive order]].<ref name="nytimes5"/><ref name="reuters1">{{cite news|last=Entous |first=Adam |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE64H5U720100519?pageNumber=3 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201123942/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE64H5U720100519?pageNumber=3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 1, 2013 |title=Special Report – How the White House learned to love the drone|work=Reuters |date= May 19, 2010|access-date=October 17, 2010}}</ref> Under domestic law, U.S. targeted killings against 9/11-related entities is authorized by the [[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists]].<ref name="nytimes5">{{cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/14/world/14awlaki.html?src=mv|title=U.S. Approval of Killing of Cleric Causes Unease|work=The New York Times|date=May 13, 2010|access-date=May 20, 2010}}</ref><ref name="insidejustice1">Renee Dopplick, [http://insidejustice.com/law/index.php/intl/2010/03/26/asil_koh_drone_war_law "ASIL Keynote Highlight: U.S. Legal Adviser Harold Koh Asserts Drone Warfare Is Lawful Self-Defense Under International Law"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203232834/http://insidejustice.com/law/index.php/intl/2010/03/26/asil_koh_drone_war_law |date=2010-12-03 }}, [http://www.insidejustice.com ''Inside Justice.com''], March 26, 2010, accessed May 19, 2010</ref> The speech earned praise from the editorial board of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304370304575151831320665188|title=A Defense of Drones|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=April 2, 2010|access-date=May 21, 2010}}</ref>

Koh's views on targeted killings have been criticized by analysts who have stressed the inconsistency between his critique of Bush's War on Terror policy and his later views on law and counterterrorism.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Becker |first1=Jo |last2=Shane |first2=Scott |date=2012-05-29 |title=Secret 'Kill List' Proves a Test of Obama's Principles and Will |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pollitt |first=Katha |date=2013-02-13 |title='America Doesn't Torture'—It Kills |language=en-US |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/america-doesnt-torture-it-kills/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |issn=0027-8378}}</ref>

Koh was also criticized by lawyer Jennifer Robinson, who represents activist [[Julian Assange]], for addressing a letter to both her and her client. Robinson felt this was in breach of legal custom.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/dec/05/julian-assange-lawyers-being-watched|title=Statement linking lawyer Jennifer Robinson with her client Julian Assange violates advocacy rights|newspaper=Guardian|date=December 5, 2010|access-date=June 28, 2011|location=London}}</ref>

===Resignation===
He left the State Department in January 2013, returning to [[Yale University]] as a [[Sterling Professor]] of [[international law]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2012/12/12/after-over-three-years-koh-to-return/ |title=After over three years, Koh to return |website=Yaledailynews.com |date=2012-12-12 |access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bravin |first=Jess |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2012/12/07/state-departments-top-lawyer-heading-out/ |title=State Department's Top Lawyer Heading Out - Law Blog - WSJ |website=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2012-12-07 |access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref>

==Publications==
* ''The National Security Constitution in the Twenty-First Century'', Yale University Press, 2024.
* ''The Trump Administration and International Law'', Oxford University Press, 2018.
* ''Transnational Litigation in United States Courts (Concepts and Insights)'', Foundation Press, 2008.
* ''The National Security Constitution: Sharing Power after the Iran-Contra Affair''. Yale University Press, 1990.

==Lectures==
''From International to Transnational Law'' in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law.

== See also ==
* [[Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates]]
* [[List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100502065453/http://www.whorunsgov.com/Departments/State/Secretary_of_State/L U.S. State Department's Office of the Legal Adviser] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20180706042537/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/143262.htm Harold H. Koh's Biography]
* {{C-SPAN}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Koh, Harold Hongju}}

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[[Category:21st-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Diplomats for the United States]]
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[[Category:American politicians of Korean descent]]
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[[Category:Clinton administration personnel]]
[[Category:Deans of Yale Law School]]
[[Category:The Hague Academy of International Law people]]
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[[Category:Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Boston]]
[[Category:Marshall Scholars]]
[[Category:Obama administration personnel]]
[[Category:People associated with Covington & Burling]]
[[Category:United States assistant secretaries of state]]
[[Category:Writers from Boston]]
[[Category:Yale Law School faculty]]
[[Category:Yale Sterling Professors]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Members of the American Law Institute]]