wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Theatre-By-the-Sea

2025-06-10T13:49:42Z

153.11.2.232: /* History */ "the theater, the theater, the theater"--pronouns are our friend

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Theatre-By-the-Sea
| nrhp_type =
| image = Theatre-By-the-Sea in South Kingstown Rhode Island.jpg
| caption = Theatre in 2008
| location = [[South Kingstown, Rhode Island]]
| coordinates = {{coord|41.37718|-71.56277|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Rhode Island#USA
| area =
| built = 1933
| architect =
| architecture =
| added = July 10, 1980
| refnum = 80004597<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2023}}
'''Theatre-By-the-Sea''' is a historic theater and playhouse at Cards Pond Road in [[South Kingstown, Rhode Island]].<ref name="nris"/> It was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1980.<ref name="nris"/>

==History==

Theatre By The Sea has had many incarnations over the years. Between 1928 and 1933, Mrs. Alice Jaynes Tyler ran a camp for girls on the property of her summer home. The [[Great Depression]] quickly limited the market for summer camps, so she decided to create jobs by turning the old shingled barn into a theater. She teamed up with Russian defector and actor Leo Bulgakoff, producer Leslie Spiller, and lighting designer [[Abe Feder]], and the 300-seat theater came to life on August 7, 1933.

The next 35 years brought numerous changes. On September 21, 1938, the [[New England Hurricane of 1938]] caused extensive damage which led to the first major alterations.<ref name=NRHP>{{cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/70b73337-1f91-4e9a-8967-84eb88f325c0|title=NRHP nomination for Theatre-By-the-Sea|accessdate=2023-04-14}}</ref> The theater was cut in half with a hand saw, the box office was pulled forward by a dump truck, and a new section of theater and a balcony were added. During World War II, the theater sat mostly unused, but it did became a target for military planes to practice their diving maneuvers, and it sporadically played as a movie house. By 1947, Theatre by the Sea was again in full swing and entered into a long and fruitful stretch that lasted for almost 10 years. Famous stars that played there include Marlon Brando, Carol Channing, Groucho Marx, Tallulah Bankhead, Mae West, Judy Holiday, Shelley Winters, and many others. The theater closed in 1963 after the death of Mrs. Tyler in 1951 and [[Hurricane Carol]] in 1954, leaving its future uncertain.

In 1967, press agent and producer [[Tommy Brent]] saved the theater from demolition by mere hours. He was able to run it for 22 years, but the property was in serious need of repair and renovation. The entertainment company FourQuest took over in 1988 and became the third owner of the property. They made extensive renovations that fall and winter, then reopened the theater in the spring of 1989 and continued until the fall of 2003. The theater closed again until Massachusetts businessman and movie theater owner William Hanney purchased the property, hoping to continue the tradition of theater at this historic Rhode Island landmark. Since Hanney's acquisition, it has been billed as "Bill Hanney's Theatre by the Sea". From 2007 to 2012, shows at Theatre by the Sea were produced by the Ocean State Theatre Company. In 2013, Hanney and the production company Matunuck Live Theatre assumed production responsibilities.

==See also==
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Rhode Island]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Theatre by the Sea}}
*[https://www.theatrebythesea.com/ Official web site]

{{National Register of Historic Places}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Theatre-By-The-Sea}}
[[Category:Theatres completed in 1933]]
[[Category:Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in South Kingstown, Rhode Island]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Washington County, Rhode Island]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Rhode Island]]
[[Category:Barn theatres]]

Buster Brown

2025-05-21T11:48:57Z

153.11.2.232: /* Publication history */ untangling this mess, removing uncited assertions

{{Short description|20th century U.S. cartoon character, shoe mascot, and suit prototype}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox comics character

| image = Buster Brown alone mod color.png
| imagesize =
| character_name = Buster Brown
| caption = Buster Brown
| publisher = ''[[New York Herald]]''
| debut = May 4, 1902
| creators = [[Richard F. Outcault]]
| full_name =
| alliances = [[Mary Jane (shoe)|Mary Jane]], Tige
| supports =
| converted = y
}}
[[File:"RESOLVED" detail, from- Friend of the Comic People 1906 (cropped).jpg|thumb|286x286px|Buster and Tige, cropped from a [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Friend_of_the_Comic_People_1906.jpg 1906 political cartoon] ("Hoist" refers to [[William Randolph Hearst]] in rustic [[New York accent]].)]]
'''Buster Brown''' is a comic strip character created in 1902 by [[Richard F. Outcault]] that was adopted as the mascot of the [[Brown Shoe Company]] in 1904. The characters of Buster Brown, Mary Jane, and his dog Tige became well known to the American public in the early 20th century. The [[Buster Brown suit]] reflected his outfit and became very popular for young boys.<ref>
{{cite book
|editor1 = José Blanco F
|editor-last2 = Hunt-Hurst
|editor-first2 = Patricia Kay
|editor-last3 = Lee
|editor-first3 = Heather Vaughan
|editor-last4 = Doering
|editor-first4 = Mary
|date = 23 November 2015
|chapter = Children's Dress and Fashion, 1920-1939
|title = Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=66jOEAAAQBAJ
|volume = 3
|publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing USA
|page = 74
|isbn = 9798216062158
|access-date = 7 November 2024
|quote = For boys, the classic knicker suit with knee-length bloused pants and matching tunic-length belted Norfolk jacket continued as the most popular. This look was immortalized as the Buster Brown suit beginning in 1902, as worn by the comic character Buster Brown, the symbol of the [[Caleres|Brown Shoe Company]] brand.
}}
</ref><ref name=olian>
{{cite book |editor-last= Olian |editor-first= JoAnne |title= Children's fashions, 1900–1950, as pictured in Sears catalogs |year= 2003 |publisher= Dover Publications |location= Mineola, N.Y. |isbn= 9780486423258 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fyhz9yZIL2YC | quote = The sailor suit, the pleated Norfolk jacket suit with a belt, and the Russian suit vied in popularity with the Buster Brown suit, based on the cartoon character, who wore a doublebreasted, hip-length jacket with a low belt [...].}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Brown
|first1 = E. Philip
|date = 2 October 2020
|title = The Book of Browns: The Story of One Big Extended Family
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5LgREAAAQBAJ
|publisher = Boosters Zone
|page =
|isbn = 9781087916941
|access-date = 7 November 2024
|quote = Buster Brown, his sweetheart Mary Jane and his dog Tige were well known to the American public in the early 20th century. Buster Brown's name was used to describe a popular style of suit for young boys - the Buster Brown suit that echoed his character and outfit.
}}
</ref>

== Origin ==
The character of Buster Brown may have been loosely based on Granville Hamilton Fisher, a son of Charles and Anna Fisher of [[Flushing, New York]]. Outcault copied Fisher's physical appearance for his comic strip. The name "Buster" came from the popularity of [[Buster Keaton]], then a child actor in [[vaudeville]].<ref name=dope>{{cite web|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2839/whatever-happened-to-buster-brown-shoes |title=Whatever happened to Buster Brown shoes? |publisher=The Straight Dope |date=2009-01-27 |access-date=2012-09-19}}</ref> Roger Cushman Clark (1899–1995) of [[Deadwood, South Dakota]] was also described as the "original model" for the Buster Brown character.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/busterbrown.html "Topics in Chronicling America: Buster Brown"] Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room, Library of Congress.</ref><ref>[http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn94051342/1904-10-29/ed-1/seq-2/#words=Buster+Brown+Outcault "Original 'Buster Brown'"] ''Holbrook Argus'' (October 29, 1904).</ref>

== Publication history ==
{{Infobox comic strip
|title=Buster Brown
|image= [[Image:Buster Brown.png|250px]]
|caption= Richard F. Outcault's ''Buster Brown'' (1917)
|author= [[Richard F. Outcault]]
|url=
|rss=
|atom=
|status= Concluded
|first= May 4, 1902
|last= c. 1921
|syndicate=[[New York Herald]] (1902–1906)<br />[[King Features Syndicate|Hearst Corporation]] (1906–c. 1921)
|genre= humor
|rating=
|preceded by=
|followed by=
}}
The comic strip began in the ''[[New York Herald]]'' on May 4, 1902. Outcault left to work for [[William Randolph Hearst]] in January 1906. He continued to produce the comic strip in Hearst's newspapers after a court battle which left it nameless, while the ''Herald'' continued their own version of ''Buster Brown'' with other artists. The ''Herald'' version lasted until January 1911, and Outcault's version until May 13, 1923.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holtz |first1=Allan |title=American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide |date=2012 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=9780472117567 |page=93}}</ref>

The series was translated into Portuguese and published in the Brazilian children's magazine ''[[O Tico-Tico]]''<ref name="100 anos">{{cite web|url=http://omelete.com.br/quadrinhos/io-tico-ticoi-completa-100-anos/|title=O Tico-Tico completa 100 anos|author=Waldomiro Vergueiro|date=October 11, 2005|work=[[Omelete]]|access-date=March 16, 2014}}</ref> where Buster Brown was known as ''Chiquinho''.

==Characters and story==
===Buster Brown===
'''Buster Brown''' is a young city-dwelling boy with wealthy parents. He is disturbingly pretty (contrast him to Outcault's own [[The Yellow Kid]], or [[Frederick Opper]]'s creations), but his actions belie his looks. He is a practical joker who might dress in a girl's outfit and have her wear his clothes, break a window with his slingshot, or play a prank on a neighbor. The trick or transgression is discovered and he is punished, usually by being [[spanking|spanked]] by his mother, but it is unclear if he ever repents. Many strips end with Buster delivering a self-justifying moral which has little or nothing to do with his crime. For example, a strip from May 31, 1903, shows him giving Tige a soda from a drugstore [[soda fountain]]. The drink splashes, not only the front of his own clothes, but the skirts of a woman's splendid dress. Horrified by his clumsy misadventure, Buster's mother takes him home and [[flogging|flogs]] him with a brush. In the last panel the boy has written a message beginning, "Resolved! That druggists are legalized robbers; they sell you soda and candy to make you ill, then they sell you medicine to make you worse."

===Mary Jane===
'''Mary Jane''' is Buster's girlfriend.
She is based on R. F. Outcault's daughter of the same name.
Her parents are never mentioned, though at many of the comic headers there are letters addressed to her from her mother.
She has curly black hair and brown eyes.
She usually wears a blue, frilly dress, a large bow, and [[Mary Jane (shoe)|Mary Jane]] shoes with black [[stockings]].
[[File:1905 Tige art from the book, "Tige" His Story (IA tigehisstory00outc) (page 8 crop).jpg|thumb|Tige from the 1905 book, ''[[c:File:Tige-his_story_(IA_tigehisstory00outc).pdf|"Tige" His Story]]'']]

===Tige===
'''Tige''' is thought to be the first talking pet to appear in the comics. Unlike the characters presented under this trope, Tige's speech is acknowledged by adults, and many are shocked by this. This popular character was the subject of a book in 1905 with the title, [[c:File:Tige-his_story_(IA_tigehisstory00outc).pdf|"Tige" His Story.]]

== Brown Shoe Company mascot ==
Outcault traveled to the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|1904 St. Louis World's Fair]], selling licenses to up to 200 companies to use the Buster Brown characters to advertise their products. Buster Brown's association with shoes began with John Bush, a sales executive with the Brown Shoe Company; he persuaded his company to purchase rights to the Buster Brown name, and the brand was introduced to the public at the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|1904 World's Fair]].

[[Dwarfism|Little people]] were hired by the Brown Shoe Co. to play Buster in tours around the United States. These actors, each accompanied by a dog, performed in department stores, theaters and shoe stores from 1904 until 1930. Richard Barker played Buster Brown in many of these Brown Shoe Company advertising campaigns; his story is told in a biography called ''Buster Brown and the Cowboy''.

In the 1940s and '50s, the Brown Shoe Company made a foray into the comic book publishing industry with ''Buster Brown Comics'', on which a retailer could rubber-stamp their address.<ref name="Buster Brown"/> The comics featured the characters on the cover, but contained different adventure features, such as [[Robin Hood]].

The characters were revived with an updated, more contemporary look for a brief advertising campaign in the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name=youtube>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/TmC8uVhGlHQ Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140613025603/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmC8uVhGlHQ Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmC8uVhGlHQ| title = Buster Browns Shoe {{sic|Comme|rical|nolink=y}} | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 17 March 2010 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== In other media ==
[[File:1905 MasterGabriel Buster Brown.jpg|thumb|right|21-year-old [[dwarfism|dwarf actor]] "Master Gabriel" plays the title role of Buster Brown, with [[George Ali]] as Tige, in the 1905 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] production.]]

=== Comic books ===
Buster Brown comics were given away as premiums in shoe stores from 1945 to 1959. Some contain art by [[Reed Crandall]] and other notable cartoonists. In the 1950s other comics based on the radio show were produced by Custom Comics and [[Dell Comics]], and a coloring book was also produced.

=== Film ===
A series of [[live-action]] [[two-reeler]]s were produced from 1925 to 1929 by the Stern Bros. for [[Universal Pictures]]. Buster was played by the actor [[Arthur Trimble]]. Pal the Wonder Dog (who played Tige) and director [[Gus Meins]] were both later associated with the popular ''[[Our Gang]]'' (Little Rascals) comedies, where Pal at some point came to be known as [[Pete the Pup]], a name inherited by one of his pups, who carried on the role after Pal died of poisoning in 1930.

===Theater===
In 1905, a play was performed on [[Broadway Theater District|Broadway]] at the [[Majestic Theatre (Broadway)|Majestic]] titled ''Buster Brown''. It starred a 21-year-old adult dwarf actor named Master Gabriel (1882–1929), born Gabriel Weigel.<ref>''The kid of Coney Island: Fred Thompson and the rise of American Amusements'' by Woody Register c.2001</ref> Photos of Master Gabriel in the role show him very convincing as a child.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=gabriel+weigel&CISOROOT=%2Fsayrepublic&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL |title=Master Gabriel portraits Univ. of Washington, Sayre Collection |publisher=Content.lib.washington.edu |date=1997-07-26 |access-date=2012-09-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104100957/http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=gabriel+weigel&CISOROOT=%2Fsayrepublic&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL |archive-date=2012-11-04 }}</ref> Gabriel appeared in another children's-oriented play in 1908 ''Little Nemo'' and a return engagement as Buster Brown in 1913.<ref>[http://ibdb.com/production.php?id=6019 ''Buster Brown'' 1905 production at the Majestic Theatre, Broadway] courtesy IBDb.com database</ref> It also featured famous animal actor [[George Ali]] as Tige.

===Radio===
A Buster Brown radio series began in 1943 with [[Smilin' Ed McConnell]] on the West Coast NBC Radio Network.<ref name="brownshoe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.brownshoe.com/history/corp-1943.asp |title=History of Brown Shoe: 1943–1987 |publisher=Brown Shoe |access-date=2012-09-19}}</ref> It included such characters as [[Froggy the Gremlin]] ("Plunk your magic twanger, Froggy!")<ref name="Buster Brown">{{cite web|url=http://michelesworld.net/dmm/frog/gremlin/buster.htm |title=Buster Brown |publisher=Michelesworld.net |access-date=2012-09-19}}</ref> and Midnight the Cat ("What do you say to the kids, Midnight?" "Nice.")<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Roger |title=Reed Crandall: Illustrator of the Comics |date=2017 |publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing |isbn=9781605490779 |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwvGDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22buster+brown%22+comics&pg=PA141 |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>

===Television===
McConnell moved the show to television in 1950, where it ran under the titles ''Smilin' Ed's Gang'' and ''The Buster Brown Show'' for four years.<ref name="brownshoe.com"/> [[Andy Devine]] took over in 1955 after McConnell's death, but Devine's show was titled ''[[Andy's Gang]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0371482/movieconnections|title=Smilin' Ed's Gang (TV Series 1950– ) - IMDb|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>

===Playground games===
Buster Brown makes an appearance in several children's playground games. There is a [[Jump rope rhyme|skipping rope]] rhyme that starts "Buster Brown | Went to town | With his pants | On upside down."<ref>{{cite web|title=Buster Brown |url=http://mudcat.org/jumprope/jumprope_display.cfm?rhyme_number=37 |website=Jump Rope Rhymes |publisher=Mudcat Cafe |access-date=14 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205054841/http://www.mudcat.org/jumprope/jumprope_display.cfm?rhyme_number=37 |archive-date=5 December 2010 }}</ref> There is also a game played on a [[seesaw]] where one rider will stop the seesaw with the other rider in the air and chant, "Buster, Buster, Buster Brown, what will you give me if I let you down?" The rider stuck in the air then offers an imaginary payment of grandiose proportions (e.g., "every [[Barbie]] doll ever", "the Moon and all the stars").<ref>{{cite web|last1=Holstein |first1=Susanna |title=Playground Games |url=http://www.twolanelivin.com/playground-games/ |website=Two-Lane Livin' |access-date=14 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305001424/http://www.twolanelivin.com/playground-games/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowe|first1=Julie|title=Friends for Keeps: My Forever Friends|date=2011|publisher=Dial Books for Young Readers|isbn=978-1-101-51695-9|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vzo2cIRxjJoC&pg=PT26|access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
[[File:Buster Brown's.jpg|thumb]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Buster is coming.jpg
File:Busterbrown15.jpg
File:Buster Brown baby.jpg
File:Buster Brown valentine.jpg
File:Buster Brown small black and white.JPG
File:Buster Brown Christmas postcard 1906.jpg
File:Buster Brown, 1905-02-26, léger montage pour illustrer la poilade.jpg
File:- Buster Brown chez lui 00a.jpg
File:Buster Brown Comic Book 35.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Buster Brown}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120918085832/http://www.barnaclepress.com/comics/Buster%20Brown/ Barnacle Press: ''Buster Brown'']
*[http://www.brownshoe.com/busterbrown/busbrwn_history.asp The Life and Times of Buster Brown]
*[http://www.toonopedia.com/buster.htm Toonopedia entry]
*[http://www.comics.org/search.lasso?type=character&query=Buster+Brown&sort=chrono&Submit=Search Database and cover gallery of Buster Brown's comic book appearances]
* [http://www.fanpop.com/spots/buster-brown/images Buster Brown Fanpop]
* [http://comicbookplus.com/?cid=9 Buster Brown Comic Book]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Buster}}
[[Category:1902 comics debuts|Buster Brown]]
[[Category:1905 plays|Buster Brown]]
[[Category:1921 comics endings|Buster Brown]]
[[Category:1943 radio programme debuts|Buster Brown]]
[[Category:American comedy radio programs|Buster Brown]]
[[Category:American comics characters]]
[[Category:Child characters in comics]]
[[Category:Child characters in advertising]]
[[Category:Clothing advertising characters]]
[[Category:Comics about children]]
[[Category:Comics adapted into plays|Buster Brown]]
[[Category:Comics adapted into radio series|Buster Brown]]
[[Category:Comics characters introduced in 1902]]
[[Category:Comics set in the United States|Buster Brown]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Films based on comic strips|Buster Brown]]
[[Category:Gag-a-day comics|Buster Brown]]
[[Category:Slapstick comedy]]
[[Category:Male characters in comics]]
[[Category:Male characters in advertising]]
[[Category:Radio programs based on comic strips|Buster Brown]]
[[Category:Corporate mascots]]
[[Category:Retail mascots]]
[[Category:Caleres]]
[[Category:Public domain comics]]
[[Category:Mascots introduced in 1904]]

Coventry, Rhode Island

2025-05-07T18:10:23Z

153.11.2.232: /* Villages */ copy edit

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Coventry, Rhode Island
| settlement_type = Town
| nickname =
| image_skyline = Washington Secondary Rail Trail, Anthony RI.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = [[Anthony Village Historic District]]
| image_flag =
| image_seal = Coventry Seal.jpg
| image_map = Coventry RI lg.PNG
| map_caption = Location in [[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent County]] and the state of [[Rhode Island]].
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Rhode Island|County]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rhode Island]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kent County, Rhode Island|Kent]]
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| established_date =
| area_total_sq_mi = 62.3
| area_land_sq_mi = 59.5
| area_water_sq_mi = 2.8
| area_water_percent =
| area_total_km2 = 161.5
| area_land_km2 = 154.2
| area_water_km2 = 7.3
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_note =
| population_total = 35688
| population_density_km2 = 231.4
| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_ft = 381
| coordinates = {{coord|41|41|38|N|71|35|45|W|region:US-RI|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|coventryri.gov}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 02816
| area_code = [[Area code 401|401]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 44-18640<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref>
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 1220082<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1220082}}</ref>
| footnotes =
}}
'''Coventry''' is a town in [[Kent County, Rhode Island]]. The population was 35,688 at the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]] and is part of the {{ill|Pawtuxet River Valley |qid=Q112258841}}.

==Geography==

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of {{convert|62.3|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}. {{convert|59.5|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} of it is land and {{convert|2.8|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} of it (4.49%) is water. The town is bordered by [[West Warwick, Rhode Island|West Warwick]] to the east, [[Foster, Rhode Island|Foster]], [[Scituate, Rhode Island|Scituate]], and [[Cranston, Rhode Island|Cranston]] to the north, [[West Greenwich, Rhode Island|West Greenwich]] and [[East Greenwich, Rhode Island|East Greenwich]] to the south, and [[Sterling, Connecticut|Sterling]], [[Connecticut]], to the west. It is the largest town in land area in Rhode Island, being surpassed in total area only by [[South Kingstown, Rhode Island]], with water and land area of {{convert|79.8|sqmi|km2}}.

==Climate==

According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]] system, Coventry has an [[oceanic climate]], abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps.

{{Weather box
|location = Coventry, Rhode Island, 1991-2020 normals
|single line = Yes

|Jan high F = 36.4
|Feb high F = 38.5
|Mar high F = 47.0
|Apr high F = 60.5
|May high F = 71.0
|Jun high F = 79.6
|Jul high F = 85.0
|Aug high F = 82.0
|Sep high F = 74.3
|Oct high F = 62.3
|Nov high F = 51.5
|Dec high F = 41.8
|year high F=

|Jan mean F = 27.4
|Feb mean F = 29.4
|Mar mean F = 36.3
|Apr mean F = 48.4
|May mean F = 59.2
|Jun mean F = 68.3
|Jul mean F = 74.3
|Aug mean F = 72.0
|Sep mean F = 64.1
|Oct mean F = 52.3
|Nov mean F = 41.8
|Dec mean F = 33.1
|year mean F=

|Jan low F = 18.4
|Feb low F = 20.3
|Mar low F = 25.6
|Apr low F = 36.3
|May low F = 47.4
|Jun low F = 56.9
|Jul low F = 63.6
|Aug low F = 61.9
|Sep low F = 53.9
|Oct low F = 42.2
|Nov low F = 32.1
|Dec low F = 24.3
|year low F=

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 4.47
|Feb precipitation inch = 3.45
|Mar precipitation inch = 5.03
|Apr precipitation inch = 4.72
|May precipitation inch = 3.62
|Jun precipitation inch = 4.11
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.21
|Aug precipitation inch = 4.33
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.86
|Oct precipitation inch = 5.27
|Nov precipitation inch = 4.40
|Dec precipitation inch = 5.49
|year precipitation inch=

|source 1 = NOAA <ref name=NOAA>
{{cite web
|url =https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/us-climate-normals/#dataset=normals-monthly&timeframe=30&location=RI&station=USC00371875
|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title=U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access
}}
Retrieved on July 23, 2022.
</ref>
|date=July 2022
}}

== History ==

Coventry was settled by English colonists in the early 18th century, when it was part of [[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]]. The area was far from the center of Warwick and grew very slowly. However, by 1741, enough farmers (about 100 families) had settled in the area that they petitioned the General Assembly of Rhode Island to create their own town. The petition was granted, and the new town was named Coventry after the [[Coventry|English city]]. For the rest of the 18th century, Coventry remained a rural town populated by farmers. Among the buildings that survive are the [[Waterman Tavern]] (1740s), the [[Nathanael Greene Homestead]] (1770), and the [[Paine Homestead]] (late 17th century to early 18th century). The oldest church is [https://mapleroot.org Maple Root Baptist Church] which dates from the end of the 18th century. The congregation was organized in 1762 and was affiliated with the [[General Six-Principle Baptists]].

During the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], the people of Coventry were supporters of the patriot cause. [[Nathanael Greene]], a resident of Coventry, rose through the ranks to become a leading general of the American army. By the end of the war, Greene was second in command in the US army after [[George Washington]].

In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution came to Coventry with the building of the first mill in Anthony. Over the next century, the eastern end of town became very industrialized, with manufacturing centers being located in Anthony, [[Washington, Rhode Island|Washington]], [[Quidnick, Rhode Island|Quidnick]], and [[Harris, Rhode Island|Harris]] villages. Many of the old factories still stand in the town, and the village centers remain mostly intact. The demographics of the town changed, as industrial jobs at these new mill villages attracted [[French Canadian]] and Irish immigrants. By the end of the 19th century, almost one fourth of the population was born outside the US, and French was the primary language for many of the people in the eastern part of Coventry. Not all immigrants worked in the factories. Census records from the late 19th century show that some owned farms.

By comparison, the western end of the town remained very rural, with the only centers of population being located at [[Greene, Rhode Island|Greene]] and [[Summit, Rhode Island|Summit]], both established as railroad stations on the [[New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad]].
[[File:Nathanael Greene Homestead.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[General Nathanael Greene Homestead]] pictured in 1902]]
In the 20th century, the town went through much change. The advent of the automobile brought an end of the railroad, and the track was dismantled in the 1970s. By the mid-20th century, industry had largely left the town and most of the factories closed.

== Recreation ==

Coventry offers a few recreation facilities. The town has youth sport leagues for football (boasting the 2006 American Youth Football National title), basketball, baseball, and softball. Carbuncle Pond off [[Rhode Island Route 14|Route 14]] (Plainfield Pike) near the Connecticut border is a {{convert|39|acre|m2|adj=on}} pond that is popular for freshwater fishing. Johnson's Pond, a waterfront neighborhood, houses facilities for fishing and watersports. ''Wakeboarding Magazine'' rated Johnson's Pond as the best location for [[wakeboarding]] in Rhode Island. The {{convert|860|acre|km2|adj=on}} George B. Parker woodland, owned by the Audubon Society of Rhode Island, offers several hiking trails. The woodland caretaker's home dates from the mid 18th century. [[File:Trailwoodscvty.jpg|thumb|Audubon Trail in Coventry]]

The town has been investing in the Coventry Greenway, a pedestrian and bicycle path built on the old New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad right-of-way and part of the [[East Coast Greenway]], a trail running from [[Maine]] to [[Florida]]. The Coventry Greenway travels {{convert|15|mi|km}} from the [[Connecticut]] state line to the [[West Warwick, Rhode Island|West Warwick]] town line. The greenway has recently undergone a massive renovation and has reopened to the public as a walking, cycling, and horse trail.

==Villages==

Coventry has numerous villages founded in the 19th century:

* [[Anthony, Rhode Island|Anthony]] – Mill village in the eastern part of the town
* [[Arkwright, Rhode Island|Arkwright]] – Mill village founded by [[James DeWolf]]
* [[Blackrock, Rhode Island|Blackrock]] – Named after a large dark rock rumored to be the site of Indian marriage ceremonies
* Colvintown – Named after original settlers
* [[Coventry Centre, Rhode Island|Coventry Centre]] – Village in the geographic center of Coventry
* [[Fairbanks, Rhode Island|Fairbanks]] – Mill village along the [[Moosup River]]
* [[Greene, Rhode Island|Greene]] – Old railroad village in the western end of town
* [[Harris, Rhode Island|Harris]] – Mill village in the northeastern part of town
* [[Hopkins Hollow]] – Rural hamlet in the southwestern part of town
* [[Quidnick, Rhode Island|Quidnick]] – Mill village on the border of West Warwick
* [[Rice City Historic District|Rice City]] – Rural village in the northwestern part of town, dominated by Rice Tavern (1804), which used to serve travelers on their way to Connecticut
* [[Spring Lake, Rhode Island|Spring Lake]] – Former mill village
* [[Summit, Rhode Island|Summit]] – Railroad village near Greene
* [[Tiogue, Rhode Island|Tiogue]] – Formerly Barclay, after [[Robert Barclay]]
* [[Washington, Rhode Island|Washington]] – Mill village in the center of the town
* [[Whaley's Hollow, Rhode Island|Whaley's Hollow]] – Mill village and location of [[Waterman Tavern]]

== Historic homes ==

Coventry boasts many old homes, churches and cemeteries. Farmhouses from the 18th century can be found scattered around the town, and many are still private residences. On the eastern side of town, many homes from the 19th century can be found, ranging from the two-family mill workers residence to mansions owned by the town elites. The village of [[Greene, Rhode Island|Greene]] and the [[Rice City Historic District|Rice City]] and [[Hopkins Hollow Village|Hopkins Hollow]] parts of town have remained unchanged since the 19th century. Also, many of the churches in Coventry date from the 19th century and are still functioning churches.

==National Register of Historic Places listings in Coventry==

* [[Isaac Bowen House]] (1795)
* [[Joseph Briggs House-Coventry Town Farm]] (1790)
* [[Carbuncle Hill Archaeological District, RI-1072-1079]]
* [[General Nathanael Greene Homestead]] (1770)
* [[Hopkins Hollow Village]]
* [[Interlaken Mill Bridge]] (1885)
* [[Moosup River Site (RI-1153)]]
* [[Paine House (Coventry, Rhode Island)|Paine House]] (1748)
* [[Pawtuxet Valley Dyeing Company]] (1859)
* [[Read School (Coventry, Rhode Island)|Read School]] (1831)
* [[Rice City Historic District]]
* [[South Main Street Historic District (Coventry, Rhode Island)]]
* [[Waterman Tavern]] (1744) – [http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?MarkerID=51663 Historical Marker for Waterman Tavern – HMdb]
* [[William Waterman House]]
* [[Wilson-Winslow House]] (1812)

==Demographics==

{{US Census population
|1790= 2477
|1800= 2423
|1810= 2928
|1820= 3139
|1830= 3851
|1840= 3433
|1850= 3620
|1860= 4247
|1870= 4349
|1880= 4519
|1890= 5068
|1900= 5279
|1910= 5848
|1920= 5670
|1930= 6430
|1940= 6998
|1950= 9869
|1960= 15432
|1970= 22947
|1980= 27065
|1990= 31083
|2000= 33668
|2010= 35014
|2020= 35688
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title=Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=June 4, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Cen1865">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxsxC5mK7NAC | title=Report upon the Census of Rhode Island 1865 | publisher=Providence Press Company | author=Snow, Edwin M. | year=1867 | location=Providence, RI}}</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]] of 2020, there were 35,688 people and 14,503 households in the town. The population density was {{convert|604.2|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 14,931 housing units in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 90.90% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.94% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.23% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.30% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.03% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 5.44% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 3.44% of the population.

There were 14,503 households, out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 26.7% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 15.2% had a male householder with no spouse present. 8.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 18.6% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 29.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years.

The median income for a household in the town was $99,177, and the median income for a family was $115,718. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $46,557. About 7.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 8.0% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

==Government==

{| class="wikitable" class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:1em 0 1em 1em; font-size:95%;"
|+ '''Coventry town vote<br /> by party in presidential elections'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhode Island Board of Elections: Previous Election Results |url=https://elections.ri.gov/elections/previous-election-results |access-date=August 14, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! Year
![[Republican Party (United States)|GOP]]
![[Democratic Party (United States)|DEM]]
!Others
|-
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[2020 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|2020]]'''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''52.29%''' ''10,461''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|45.61% ''9123''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|2.10% ''420''
|-
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[2016 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|2016]]'''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''52.52%''' ''9,199''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|40.15% ''7,032''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|7.33% ''1,283''
|-
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[2012 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|2012]]'''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Republican}}|42.22% ''6,969''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''55.26%''' ''9,122''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|2.51% ''415''
|-
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[2008 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|2008]]'''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Republican}}|42.57% ''7,367''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''55.60%''' ''9,622''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|1.83% ''316''
|-
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[2004 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|2004]]'''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Republican}}|45.40% ''7,249''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''52.71%''' ''8,417''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|1.89% ''301''
|-
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[2000 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|2000]]'''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Republican}}|35.28% ''5,111''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''58.08%''' ''8,415''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|6.64% ''962''
|-
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[1996 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|1996]]'''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Republican}}|26.66% ''3,633''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''54.92%''' ''7,485''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|18.42% ''2,511''
|-
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[1992 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|1992]]'''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Republican}}|29.63% ''4,466''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''40.38%''' ''6,086''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|29.98% ''4,519''
|-
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[1988 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|1988]]'''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Republican}}|49.77% ''6,348''
| style="text-align:center"; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''49.88%''' ''6,362''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|0.36% ''46''
|}

Pursuant to its charter, Coventry's municipal government is classified as Council-Manager, with all powers vested in an elected Town Council, including the appointment of a Town Manager. Each Town councilperson represents one of five municipal districts. Members of the School Committee are also elected using these districts.

In the [[Rhode Island Senate]], Coventry is a part of the 21st and 33rd Districts. In the [[Rhode Island House of Representatives]] it is part of the a part of the 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th and 40th Districts. At the federal level, Coventry is included in [[Rhode Island's 2nd congressional district]] and is currently represented by Democrat [[Seth Magaziner|Seth M. Magaziner]].

== Notable people ==


* [[Henry B. Anthony]] (1815–1884), US senator and the 21st [[List of Governors of Rhode Island|governor of Rhode Island]]; anti-Catholic newspaperman; born in Coventry<ref name="Marquis 1607-1896">{{cite book | title = Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896 | publisher = Marquis Who's Who | year = 1963}}</ref>
* [[Henry P. Baldwin]] (1814–1892), US senator from and the 15th [[List of Governors of Michigan|governor of Michigan]]; born in Coventry
* [[Allen Bestwick]] (born 1961), Race Announcer with NBC and ESPN/ABC. Notable for his [[NASCAR]] work
* [[Peter Frechette]], actor
* [[Nathanael Greene]] (1742–1786), Continental Army general during the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]
* [[Mike Stefanik]], driver with [[NASCAR]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nascar.com/2006/news/headlines/official/12/17/mstefanik.whelen.champ/index.html |title=Whelen champ Stefanik celebrates ninth title |access-date=October 26, 2008 |date=December 17, 2006 |publisher=NASCAR.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423050341/http://www.nascar.com/2006/news/headlines/official/12/17/mstefanik.whelen.champ/index.html |archive-date=April 23, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Desiree Washington]], contestant of [[Miss Black America]] whom Heavyweight boxer [[Mike Tyson]] was found guilty of raping<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-03-31-ls-49326-story.html|title=Shattered : We know all about Mike Tyson's release from prison--the limo, the mansion, the boxing prospects. But what about the woman he raped? Desiree Washington is still trying to pick up the pieces of her life.|last=Gelman|first=Mitch|date=March 31, 1995|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 23, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shipp |first=E. R. |date=March 27, 1992 |title=Tyson Gets 6-Year Prison Term For Rape Conviction in Indiana |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/27/sports/tyson-gets-6-year-prison-term-for-rape-conviction-in-indiana.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==International relations==

===Twin towns – Sister cities===

Coventry, Rhode Island is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
*{{flagdeco|UK}} [[Coventry]], United Kingdom<ref name="Coventry twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/what-point-coventrys-twin-towns-3038605 |title=Coventry's twin towns |access-date=August 6, 2013 |last=Griffin |first=Mary |date=August 2, 2011 |work=Coventry Telegraph |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806032050/http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/what-point-coventrys-twin-towns-3038605 |archive-date=August 6, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Coventry twins">{{cite web|url=http://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory/25/twin_towns_and_cities|title=Coventry - Twin towns and cities|access-date = August 6, 2013|work=Coventry City Council.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412062545/http://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory/25/twin_towns_and_cities|archive-date=April 12, 2013 }}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{commons category}}
{{Portal|Rhode Island}}
*{{wikivoyage inline|Coventry (Rhode Island)|Coventry, Rhode Island}}
*[https://coventryri.gov/ Official website]

{{Kent County, Rhode Island}}
{{Rhode Island}}
{{Greater_Boston}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Coventry, Rhode Island| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Kent County, Rhode Island]]
[[Category:Providence metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Towns in Rhode Island]]
[[Category:1741 establishments in Rhode Island]]

List of places named for Nathanael Greene

2025-05-07T15:51:16Z

153.11.2.232: more accurate summary of Greene's career

{{Short description|none}}
This is a list of places in the United States named for [[Nathanael Greene]], a general in the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. General [[George Washington]] appointed him to lead the American forces in the Southern Theater of the war in 1780, where he waged a successful campaign of guerrilla warfare against a numerically superior British force led by [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]].

==Counties==

*[[Greene County, Alabama]]
*[[Greene County, Arkansas]]
*[[Greene County, Georgia]]
*[[Greene County, Illinois]]
*[[Greene County, Indiana]]
*[[Greene County, Iowa]]
*[[Green County, Kentucky]]
*[[Greene County, Mississippi]]
*[[Greene County, Missouri]]
*[[Greene County, New York]]
*[[Greene County, North Carolina]]
*[[Greene County, Ohio]]
*[[Greene County, Pennsylvania]]
*[[Greenville County, South Carolina]]
*[[Greene County, Tennessee]]
*[[Greene County, Virginia]]
*[[Green County, Wisconsin]]
*[[Greensville County, Virginia]] (possibly; there are other claimed origins)

==Cities, towns, and villages==

*[[Fort Greene, Brooklyn]], New York
*[[Greene, Maine]]
*[[Greene, New York]]
*[[Greene, Rhode Island]]
*[[Greensboro, Alabama]]
*[[Greensboro, Georgia]]
*[[Greensboro, North Carolina]]
*[[Greensboro, Pennsylvania]]
*[[Greensburg, Pennsylvania]]
*[[Greensburg, Kentucky]]
*[[Greeneville, Tennessee]]
*[[Greenville, Orange County, New York|Greenville, New York]]
*[[Old Greenville, Mississippi|Greenville, Mississippi]] in [[Jefferson County, Mississippi|Jefferson County]]
*[[Greenville, Mississippi]], in [[Washington County, Mississippi|Washington County]]
*[[Greenville, North Carolina]]
*[[Greenville, Ohio]]
*[[Greenville, Pennsylvania]]
*[[Greenville, Rhode Island]]
*[[Greenville, South Carolina]]
*[[Greene Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania]]
*[[Greene Township, Pike County, Pennsylvania]]
*[[Green Township, Hamilton County, Ohio]]

==Other places==
*[[BSA, General Greene Council, Greensboro, North Carolina]]
*[[Fort Greene Park]] in [[Brooklyn, New York]]
*[[Fort Greene Ville]], Ohio
*General Green Avenue, [[Trenton, New Jersey]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.trentonhistory.org/streets.html | title=Trenton Historical Society, New Jersey }}</ref>
*[[General Greene Elementary School]], [[Greensboro, North Carolina]]
*[[General Greene Village Apartment Complex, Springfield, New Jersey]]
*[[General Nathanael Greene Homestead]], [[Coventry, Rhode Island]]
*Greene Central School, [[Greene, Maine]]
*[[Green River (Kentucky)]]
*Greeneville High School, Greeneville, Tennessee
*Greeneville Middle School, Greeneville, Tennessee
*Nathanael B. Greene Community Center, [[Guilford, Connecticut]]
*Nathanael Greene Academy, [[Greensboro, Georgia]]
*Nathanael Greene Army Reserve Center, [[Narragansett, Rhode Island]]
*Nathanael Greene Elementary School, [[Chicago, Illinois]]
*Nathanael Greene Elementary School, [[Liberty, North Carolina]]
*[[Nathanael Greene Elementary School]], [[Pawtucket, Rhode Island]]
*Nathanael Greene Elementary School, [[Stanardsville, Virginia]]
*Nathanael Greene Historical Foundation, [[Greensboro, Pennsylvania]]
*[[Nathanael Greene/Close Memorial Park, Springfield, Missouri]]
*Nathanael Greene Memorial Bridge [[Old Forge Road, Warwick North Kingstown Line, Rhode Island]]
*[[Nathanael Greene Middle School]], [[Providence, Rhode Island]]
*Nathanael Greene Museum, Greeneville, Tennessee
*Nathanael Greene Park, Springfield, Missouri
*Nathanael Greene's Publick House, [[Greene, New York]]
*[[Natty Greene's Pub & Brewing Company, Greensboro, North Carolina]]
*North Greene High School, Greeneville, Tennessee
*North Greene Middle School, Greeneville, Tennessee
*South Greene High School, Greeneville, Tennessee
*South Greene Middle School, Greeneville, Tennessee
*West Greene High School, [[Mosheim, Tennessee]]
*West Greene Middle School, Mosheim, Tennessee
*Camp Greene (neighborhood), [[Charlotte, NC]]
*Greene Street, Marietta, Ohio.

==See also==
* [[USS General Greene|USS ''General Greene'']], for the four [[United States Navy]] ships that have been named for Nathanael Greene.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Greene, Nathanael}}
[[Category:Lists of places named after people]]
[[Category:Lists of places in the United States]]

Super Black Market Clash

2025-04-24T15:35:56Z

153.11.2.232: /* Black Market Clash */ Added specific detail

{{Short description|1993 compilation album by The Clash}}
{{citation style|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2012}}
'''''Super Black Market Clash''''' is a 1993 compilation album released by the English [[punk rock]] band [[The Clash]]. It contains B-sides and rare tracks not available on the group's regular studio albums. The album is an expanded repackaging of the 1980 release '''''Black Market Clash''''', a 10-inch [[Extended Play|EP]] containing nine songs. The man in the foreground of the front cover art on both releases is [[Don Letts]], who worked with The Clash on several projects and later was a founding member of [[Big Audio Dynamite]].

==''Black Market Clash''==
{{Infobox album
| name = Black Market Clash
| type = EP
| artist = [[The Clash]]
| cover = The Clash - Black Market Clash.jpg
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|1980|10}}
| recorded = 1977–1980
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Punk rock]], [[reggae]], [[Dub music|dub]]
| length = 34:37
| label = [[Epic Records|Epic]]
| producer = [[Paul Simonon|Pepe Unidos]], [[Sandy Pearlman]], Mickey Foote, The Clash
| chronology = [[The Clash]] compilation and live album
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[The Story of the Clash, Volume 1]]
| next_year = 1988
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[The Clash]] EPs
| type = EP
| prev_title = [[The Cost of Living (EP)|The Cost of Living]]
| prev_year = 1979
| title = Black Market Clash
| year = 1980
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
}}
{{Album reviews
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1score = {{Rating|3.5|5}} [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r4094|pure_url=yes}} link]
| rev2 = [[Robert Christgau]]
| rev2score = {{Rating-Christgau|A-}}<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=The+Clash|title = The Clash|publisher=[[Robert Christgau]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''Black Market Clash''''' was released in October 1980, only in the US and Canada, in between ''[[London Calling]]'' and ''[[Sandinista!]]''. It compiled recordings which were then unavailable in the US except as imports. The disc was one in the series of "Nu-Disk" 10-inch records from Epic. Other artists in the series included [[New Musik]] and [[Cheap Trick]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Clash - Black Market Clash Reissue |url=https://punkvinyl.com/2011/07/05/the-clash-black-market-clash-vinyl-reissue/ |website=The Punk Vault |date=6 July 2011 |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>

"The Prisoner," the cover of "[[Pressure Drop (song)|Pressure Drop]]" by [[Toots and the Maytals]], "City of the Dead," and "Armagideon Time" had all been UK [[b-sides]] from the period 1977–79, respectively of "[[White Man in Hammersmith Palais]]," "[[English Civil War (song)|English Civil War]]," "[[Complete Control]]," and "[[London Calling (song)|London Calling]]." "Pressure Drop" is presented here in a remix by Bill Price.

At the time of release, this was the only Clash record that featured the cover of the "Time Is Tight" instrumental, originally by [[Booker T & the MGs]]. "[[Capital Radio One|Capital Radio]]" was extremely rare in the UK. Rather than re-issue the original, the group recorded a new version for ''[[The Cost of Living (EP)|The Cost of Living]]'' as "Capital Radio Two." "Cheat" is from their UK [[The Clash (album)|debut album]] but had been left off the US version.

[[Bankrobber]] had previously only been a 1980 UK 7" A-side. "Robber Dub" was originally intended for the B-side of an unreleased "Bankrobber" 12" dance club single. The two tracks appear here in a combined edit that is unique to ''Black Market Clash''. "Justice Tonight/Kick It Over", the dub version of "Armagideon Time", is the last track. This was previously available as the B-side to the 12-inch "London Calling" club single. The full length version of "Justice Tonight/Kick It Over" is 8:54 and the 7:00 edited version is also unique to ''Black Market Clash''.

'''''Black Market Clash''''' was reissued in the 1980s on 12-inch vinyl and cassette, with the same track listing as the 10-inch. It was re-released on [[compact disc]] in 1991, but discontinued when '''''Super Black Market Clash''''' replaced it. It was available again for a short period of time in 2006 in a few countries. It was reissued on 10-inch vinyl again in 2011.

'''''Black Market Clash''''' was issued in Japan in 1992, with liner notes in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web |title=black market clash |url=http://www.blackmarketclash.co.uk/ |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www.blackmarketclash.co.uk}}</ref>

===Track listing===
All songs written by [[Joe Strummer]] and [[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]], except where noted.

'''Side one'''
# "[[Capital Radio One]]" – 2:09
# "The Prisoner" – 3:00
# "[[Pressure Drop (song)|Pressure Drop]]" ([[Toots Hibbert]]) – 3:30
# "Cheat" – 2:06
# "The City of the Dead" – 2:26
# "[[Time Is Tight]]" ([[Booker T. Jones]], [[Steve Cropper]], [[Donald "Duck" Dunn]], [[Al Jackson Jr.|Al Jackson]]) – 4:05

'''Side two'''
# "[[Bankrobber]]/[[Bankrobber#Robber Dub|Robber Dub]]" (Strummer, Jones, [[Mikey Dread]]) – 6:16
# "Armagideon Time" ([[Willie Williams (musician)|Willie Williams]], [[Jackie Mittoo]]) – 3:50
# "Justice Tonight/Kick It Over" (edit) (Williams, Mittoo) – 7:00

===Personnel===
* [[Joe Strummer]] – [[Lead vocalist|lead vocals]], [[guitar]]s, [[piano]], [[organ (music)|organ]]
* [[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]] – guitars, [[Singing|vocals]], piano, [[harmonica]], sound effects
* [[Paul Simonon]] – [[bass guitar]], [[Backing vocalist|vocals]]
* [[Terry Chimes]] – [[Drum kit|drums]] on "Capital Radio" and "Cheat"
* [[Topper Headon]] – drums and [[percussion instrument|percussion]] on "The Prisoner", "Pressure Drop", "The City of the Dead", "Time Is Tight", "Bankrobber"/"Robber Dub," "Armagideon Time", and "Justice Tonight"/"Kick It Over"

'''Additional musicians'''
* [[Mick Gallagher]] - [[ARP synthesizer]] and piano on "Bankrobber", organ on "Armagideon Time"
* [[Gary Barnacle]] – [[saxophone]] on "Time Is Tight" and "The City of the Dead"

===Charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Chart performance for ''Super Black Market Clash''
! scope="col"| Chart (1980–1981)
! scope="col"| Peak<br />position
|-
{{album chart|New Zealand|15|artist=The Clash|album=Black Market Clash|rowheader=true|accessdate=August 20, 2024}}
|-
{{album chart|Billboard200|74|artist=The Clash|rowheader=true|accessdate=August 20, 2024}}
|}

==''Super Black Market Clash''==
{{Infobox album
| name = Super Black Market Clash
| type = [[Compilation album]]
| artist = [[The Clash]]
| cover = The Clash - Super Black Market Clash.jpg
| alt =
| released = 26 October 1993
| recorded = February 1977 – May 1982
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Punk rock]]
| length = 77:13
| label = [[Epic Records|Epic]]
| producer = [[Kosmo Vinyl]], [[Paul Simonon|Pepe Unidos]], The Clash
| chronology = [[The Clash]] compilations and lives
| prev_title = [[The Singles (1991 The Clash album)|The Singles]]
| prev_year = 1991
| next_title = [[From Here to Eternity: Live]]
| next_year = 1999
}}
{{Album reviews
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1score = {{Rating|4|5}} [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r190455|pure_url=yes}} link]
| rev2 = [[Blender magazine|Blender]]
| rev2score = {{rating|3|5}} [http://www.blender.com/guide/back-catalogue/54679/super-black-market-clash.html link]
| rev3 = Punknews.org
| rev3score = {{Rating|5|5}} [http://www.punknews.org/review/973 link]
}}
'''''Super Black Market Clash''''' is a compilation album released by [[The Clash]] in 1993, containing B-sides and rare tracks not available on their studio albums. It is an expanded repackaging of the 1980 '''''Black Market Clash''''' [[Extended Play|EP]], a single 10" record with nine songs. The cover art follows the design of the original but is rendered in different colors.

'''''Super Black Market Clash''''' was released on CD and in a 3x10" vinyl edition, but does not contain the tracks "Capital Radio One", "Cheat", "Bankrobber/Robber Dub" or "Armagideon Time" found on the original EP. At the time of re-release, "Capital Radio One", "Bankrobber" and "Armagideon Time" had recently been included on the compilations ''[[The Story of the Clash, Volume 1]]'' and ''[[Clash on Broadway]]'', so omitting the tracks did not affect their availability. The extended release also replaces the version of "Pressure Drop" that appeared on ''Black Market Clash'' with the B-side mix, and "Justice Tonight/Kick It Over" is a longer version than the track on ''Black Market Clash''.

With 21 tracks, ''Super Black Market Clash'' does not fully compile the Clash's B-sides and rarities. It does however contain important songs, such as three from ''The Cost of Living'' EP and several B-sides previously unavailable on CD including "The Cool Out" (a remix of "The Call Up") and "Long Time Jerk" (although in a shorter version than appeared as the B-side to "Rock the Casbah").

The artwork for the remaster corrects an error in the track listing on the original ("Pressure Drop" was listed as track 5 and "The Prisoner" as track 6 when they actually play in the opposite sequence). The original version of the revised artwork also introduced a new error by listing "Radio Clash" as "This Is Radio Clash" (the former song, which appears on the album, is the B-side to the latter song which does not), corrected on later pressings.

The Clash's entire catalog, including this album, was remastered and re-released in January 2000.<ref>[http://www.discogs.com/Clash-Super-Black-Market-Clash/release/1244163 Discogs – ''Super Black Market Clash'' reMaster 2000-01–25th]</ref>

===Track listing===
{{ track listing
| headline = Super Black Market Clash
| extra_column = Source<ref name=album2>The Clash. Liner Notes, ''Super Black Market Clash'' (Epic/Legacy, 1994).</ref>
| title1 = [[White Riot|1977]]
| note1 =
| writer1 = [[Joe Strummer]], [[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]]
| extra1 = B-side of "[[White Riot]]" single, 1977
| length1 = 1:41
| title2 = Listen
| writer2 = Strummer, Jones
| extra2 = excerpt released on ''[[Capital Radio One]]'', 1977; full version exclusive to this collection
| length2 = 2:44
| title3 = [[Jail Guitar Doors]]
| writer3 = Strummer, Jones
| extra3 = B-side of "[[Clash City Rockers]]" single, 1978
| length3 = 3:05
| title4 = City of the Dead
| writer4 = Strummer, Jones
| extra4 = B-side of "[[Complete Control]]" single, 1977
| length4 = 2:24
| title5 = The Prisoner
| writer5 = Strummer, Jones
| extra5 = B-side of "[[(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais]]" single, 1978
| length5 = 3:01
| title6 = [[Pressure Drop (song)|Pressure Drop]]
| writer6 = [[Toots Hibbert]]
| extra6 = B-side of "[[English Civil War (song)|English Civil War]]" single, 1979
| length6 = 3:26
| title7 = 1–2 Crush on You
| writer7 = Strummer, Jones
| extra7 = B-side of "[[Tommy Gun (song)|Tommy Gun]]" single, 1978
| length7 = 2:58
| title8 = [[Groovy Times]]
| writer8 = Strummer, Jones
| extra8 = ''[[The Cost of Living (EP)|The Cost of Living E.P.]]'', 1979
| length8 = 3:31
| title9 = Gates of the West
| writer9 = Strummer, Jones
| extra9 = ''The Cost of Living E.P.'', 1979
| length9 = 3:27
| title10 = [[Capital Radio One#Capital Radio Two|Capital Radio Two]]
| writer10 = Strummer, Jones
| extra10 = ''The Cost of Living E.P.'', 1979
| length10 = 3:21
| title11 = [[Time Is Tight]]
| writer11 = [[Booker T. Jones]], [[Steve Cropper]], [[Donald "Duck" Dunn]], [[Al Jackson Jr.|Al Jackson]]
| extra11 = ''Black Market Clash'', 1980
| length11 = 4:06
| title12 = Justice Tonight / Kick It Over
| note12 = dub version of "Armagideon Time"
| writer12 = [[Willi Williams]], [[Jackie Mittoo]]
| extra12 = B-side of "[[London Calling (song)|London Calling]]" 12" single, 1979
| length12 = 8:54
| title13 = [[Bankrobber#Robber Dub|Robber Dub]]
| note13 = dub version of "Bankrobber"
| writer13 = Strummer, Jones, [[Mikey Dread]]
| extra13 = ''Black Market Clash'', 1980
| length13 = 4:42
| title14 = [[The Call Up|The Cool Out]]
| note14 = instrumental version of "The Call Up"
| writer14 = The Clash (Jones, Strummer, [[Paul Simonon]], [[Topper Headon]])
| extra14 = B-side of "[[The Magnificent Seven (song)|The Magnificent Seven]]" single, 1981
| length14 = 3:54
| title15 = Stop the World
| writer15 = The Clash
| extra15 = B-side of "[[The Call Up]]" single, 1980
| length15 = 2:32
| title16 = [[The Magnificent Seven (song)#The Magnificent Dance|The Magnificent Dance]]
| writer16 = The Clash
| extra16 = B-side of "The Magnificent Seven" single, 1981
| length16 = 5:38
| title17 = Radio Clash
| note17 = incorrectly listed as "This Is Radio Clash"
| writer17 = The Clash
| extra17 = B-side of "[[This Is Radio Clash]]" single, 1981
| length17 = 4:10
| title18 = First Night Back in London
| writer18 = The Clash
| extra18 = B-side of "[[Know Your Rights]]" single, 1982
| length18 = 3:00
| title19 = Long Time Jerk
| note19 = edit, not noted as such on release
| writer19 = The Clash
| extra19 = Edited version of B-side of "[[Rock the Casbah]]" single, 1982; full length recording is 5:10
| length19 = 2:57
| title20 = Cool Confusion
| writer20 = The Clash
| extra20 = B-side of "[[Should I Stay or Should I Go]]" single, 1982
| length20 = 3:15
| title21 = [[Rock the Casbah|Mustapha Dance]]
| note21 = dub version of "Rock the Casbah"
| writer21 = The Clash
| extra21 = B-side of "Rock the Casbah" single, 1982
| length21 = 4:26
}}

===Personnel===
* [[Joe Strummer]] – [[Lead vocalist|lead vocals]], [[rhythm guitar]], piano
* [[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]] – [[lead guitar]], [[Singing|vocals]], [[piano]]
* [[Paul Simonon]] – [[Bass guitar|bass]], [[Singing|vocals]]
* [[Terry Chimes]] – [[drums]] on "1977" and "Listen"
* [[Topper Headon]] – [[drumkit|drums]], [[percussion instrument|percussion]] on all other tracks

'''Additional musicians'''
* [[Gary Barnacle]] – [[saxophone]] on "1–2 Crush on You" and "Time Is Tight"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{The Clash}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:B-side compilation albums]]
[[Category:1980 EPs]]
[[Category:The Clash EPs]]
[[Category:The Clash compilation albums]]
[[Category:1993 compilation albums]]
[[Category:Epic Records EPs]]
[[Category:Epic Records compilation albums]]

The Beatles' Christmas records

2025-03-20T18:30:01Z

153.11.2.232: untwisting this mess

{{Short description|Discography}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| italic_title = no
| name = ''From Then to You''
| type = compilation
| artist = [[the Beatles]]
| cover = Album_cover_for_"For_Then_To_You".jpg
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|1970|12|18|df=y}}
| recorded = 17 October 1963 – December 1969
| venue =
| studio = Various
| genre =
*[[Spoken word]]
*[[surreal humour]]
*[[Rock music|rock]]
*[[Christmas music]]
*[[Experimental music|experimental]]
| length = {{Duration|m=43|s=58}}
| label = [[Apple Records|Apple]] / Lyntone LYN 2153/4 (UK), SBC-100 (US)
| producer = [[Tony Barrow]], [[George Martin]], [[Kenny Everett]]
| chronology = The Beatles UK
| prev_title = [[Let It Be (album)|Let It Be]]
| prev_year = 1970
| next_title = [[1962–1966]]
| next_year = 1973
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[The Beatles North American releases|The Beatles North American]]
| type = Compilation
| prev_title = [[Let It Be (album)|Let It Be]]
| prev_year = 1970
| title = The Beatles Christmas Album
| year = 1970
| next_title = [[1962–1966]]
| next_year = 1973
}}
}}

English rock group [[the Beatles]] sent out spoken and musical messages on [[flexi disc]] to members of their official fan clubs in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) each [[Christmas]] between 1963 and 1969. An LP compilation of all seven was sent out in 1970 entitled '''''From Then to You''''' in the UK and '''''The Beatles Christmas Album''''' in the US. The LP was conceived as a means to appease fan-club members whose letters were not always being answered in a timely manner due to their sheer volume. The records included the Beatles' messages of thanks to "loyal Beatle people", along with skits, Christmas carols, and original compositions.

None of the original recordings had been subject to general release until a vinyl box set of all the records was distributed in December 2017. A version of "[[Christmas Time (Is Here Again)]]" gained an official release in 1995 as part of ''[[The Beatles Anthology]]'' project. It was an original composition which appeared in edited form on the 1967 record.

==1963: ''The Beatles Christmas Record''==
[[File:Beatles_christmas_1963.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]

*Recorded: 17 October 1963<ref>Unless detailed further, all recording details are per Lewisohn 1988 and Calkin 2002.</ref>
*Location: Studio Two, EMI Studios, Abbey Road
*Writer: [[Tony Barrow]]{{sfn|Lewisohn|1988|p=36}}
*Producer: Tony Barrow
*Issued: 6 December 1963
*Label: Lyntone, LYN 492
*Flexi disc: 7", 1 side, 33⅓ RPM
*Total time: 5:00

The first Christmas recording<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tx8nf5rn1YMC&q=Wenceslas&pg=PA68|title=The Beatles: A Musical Biography|first=Kate Siobhan|last=Mulligan|date=20 December 2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|via=Google Books|isbn=9780313376863}}</ref> from the Beatles featured several renditions of the traditional carol "[[Good King Wenceslas]]" and individual messages from the four, ending with a closing chorus of "[[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)|Rudolph the Red-Nosed Ringo]]".{{sfn|Calkin2002}}{{sfn|Gilliland|1969|loc=show 27, track 1}} This offering, as well as 1964's, was scripted by Beatles' [[Public relations|press officer]] [[Tony Barrow]], who had instigated the Christmas message programme.<ref name="rollingstone.com">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/beatles-rare-fan-club-christmas-records-a-complete-guide-w513949/the-beatles-christmas-record-1963-w513956|title=Beatles' Rare Fan-Club Christmas Records: A Complete Guide|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="YouTube1963">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZLYO0H65E0|title=The Beatles – Christmas Record 1963|last=DrWinston Boogie|date=18 December 2008|via=YouTube|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219174925/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZLYO0H65E0|archive-date=19 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

An edited version of this recording was sent to members of the Beatles' American fan-club in December 1964.

==1964: ''Another Beatles Christmas Record''==
[[File:Nettles_christmas_1964.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]
*Recorded: 26 October 1964
*Location: Studio Two, EMI Studios, Abbey Road
*Writer: [[Tony Barrow]]
*Producer: Tony Barrow
*Issued: 18 December 1964
*Label: Lyntone, LYN 757
*Flexi disc: 7", 1 side, 45 RPM
*Total time: 3:58

The song "[[Jingle Bells]]" is sung, followed by individual messages to the fans. [[John Lennon]] mocks the script by making it obvious he's reading from a prepared text; when [[Paul McCartney]] asks him if he wrote this himself, he says, "No it's somebody's bad handwrouter." John continues: "It's been a busy year, Beatle peedles, one way and another, but it's been a great year... too. You fans have seen to that, page two... Thanks a lot, folks, and a hap-py, er, Christmas and a merry goo year. Crimble maybe." (The statement ''is'' apparently handwritten as at various points in the recording, McCartney reads "making them" as "melting them" before correcting himself and [[George Harrison]] reads "quite a time" as "quiet time" before correcting himself with "great time" as well.) Finishing up the record is a brief rendition of the traditional song "Oh Can You Wash Your Father's Shirt?"<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/beatles-rare-fan-club-christmas-records-a-complete-guide-w513949/another-beatles-christmas-record-1964-w513957|title=Beatles' Rare Fan-Club Christmas Records: A Complete Guide|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_bWmbhILN8|title=The Beatles – Christmas Record 1964|last=DrWinston Boogie|date=18 December 2008|via=YouTube|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219174919/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_bWmbhILN8|archive-date=19 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpztFevztnk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/ZpztFevztnk |archive-date=19 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=The Beatles Christmas Messages Outtakes 63–64|last=Amnestyviahuh|date=18 December 2010|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

''Another Beatles Christmas Record'' was not sent to American fans. Instead, US-based fans received an edited version of ''The Beatles Christmas Record'', which had been sent to British fan-club members in 1963. Also, as opposed to using flexi-discs, the US fan-club sent the message in a tri-fold cardboard mailer, with the "record" embedded in one of the flaps of cardboard.{{sfn|Spizer2003|pp=209–211}}

==1965: ''The Beatles Third Christmas Record''==
[[File:Beatles_christmas_1965.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]
*Recorded: 8 November 1965
*Location: Studio Two, EMI Studios, Abbey Road
*Writer: [[Tony Barrow]], The Beatles
*Producer: Tony Barrow
*Issued: 17 December 1965
*Label: Lyntone, LYN 948
*Flexi disc: 7", 1 side, 33⅓ RPM
*Total time: 6:20

Several off-key, [[a cappella]] versions of "[[Yesterday (Beatles song)|Yesterday]]" are dispersed throughout the record, alongside [[John Lennon|Lennon's]] "Happy Christmas to Ya List'nas", "[[Auld Lang Syne]]" (which briefly morphs into an impression of [[Barry McGuire]]'s "[[Eve of Destruction (song)|Eve of Destruction]]"), then begin singing the [[Four Tops]]' "[[It's the Same Old Song]]" (but stop after George tells them they can't continue because the song is copyrighted), and an original poem titled "Christmas Comes But Once a Year".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/beatles-rare-fan-club-christmas-records-a-complete-guide-w513949/the-beatles-third-christmas-record-1965-w513959|title=Beatles' Rare Fan-Club Christmas Records: A Complete Guide|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qgrzz2IZ7s|title=The Beatles – Christmas Record 1965|last=DrWinston Boogie|date=18 December 2008|via=YouTube|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214032550/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qgrzz2IZ7s|archive-date=14 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwW8KMy9Nn0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/HwW8KMy9Nn0 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=The Beatles: 1965 Christmas Message Recording Session Out-Take|last=goneunderground77|date=24 December 2012|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Members of the Beatles US fan-club did not receive this (or any) Christmas flexi-disc in 1965. Rather, they received a black and white postcard, with a photo of the Fab Four and the message "Season's Greetings – Paul, Ringo, George, John." ''The Beatle Bulletin'', the publication of the US fan-club, explained in its April 1966 edition that the tape arrived too late to prepare the record in time for Christmas.{{sfn|Spizer2003|p=212}}

==1966: ''Pantomime: Everywhere It's Christmas''==
[[File:Beatles_christmas_1966.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]
*Recorded: 25 November 1966
*Location: [[Dick James]] Music
*Writer: The Beatles
*Producer: [[George Martin]]
*Issued: 16 December 1966
*Label: Lyntone, LYN 1145
*Flexi disc: 7", 1 side, 33⅓ RPM
*Total time: 6:36

Recorded between sessions for "[[Strawberry Fields Forever]]", for the 1966 offering, the usual greetings and thanks gave way to a '[[Pantomime]]'-themed collection of original songs and comic skits. The songs include "Everywhere It's Christmas", "Orowayna", and "Please Don't Bring Your Banjo Back". McCartney plays the [[piano]]. The sketches performed include "Podgy the Bear and Jasper" and "Felpin Mansions."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/beatles-rare-fan-club-christmas-records-a-complete-guide-w513949/pantomime-everywhere-its-christmas-1966-w513961|title=Beatles' Rare Fan-Club Christmas Records: A Complete Guide|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lI7FUcMU47w|title=The Beatles – Everywhere it's Christmas|via=YouTube|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327170909/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lI7FUcMU47w|archive-date=27 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Once again, the US fan-club members did not get a flexi-disc. Instead, they received a postcard with the message on one side and a short version of ''The Beatle Bulletin'' on the other, with enough room for a mailing label and postage.{{sfn|Spizer2003|p=214}}

==1967: ''Christmas Time Is Here Again!''==
[[File:Beatles_christmas_1967.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]
*Recorded: 28 November 1967
*Location: Studio Three EMI Studios, London
*Writer: The Beatles
*Producer: [[George Martin]]
*Issued: 15 December 1967
*Label: Lyntone, LYN 1360
*Flexi disc: 7", 1 side, 33⅓ RPM
*Total time: 6:06

An elaborate production, ''Christmas Time Is Here Again!'' was developed around the concept of several groups auditioning for a [[BBC]] radio show. The title song, "[[Christmas Time (Is Here Again)]]", serves as a refrain throughout the record.{{sfn|Gilliland|1969|loc=show 54, track 1}} The Beatles portray a multitude of characters, including game show contestants, aspiring musicians ("Plenty of Jam Jars", by the Ravellers), and actors in a radio drama ("Theatre Hour"). At the end Lennon reads a poem, "When Christmas Time Is Over." This offering was likely a deliberate homage to/continuation of the broadly similar "Craig Torso" specials produced for [[BBC Radio 1]] that same year by the Beatles' friends and collaborators the [[Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band]], and also shares much in common with their then-unreleased track "[[You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)]]", recorded six months previously.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/beatles-rare-fan-club-christmas-records-a-complete-guide-w513949/christmas-time-is-here-again-1967-w513962|title=Beatles' Rare Fan-Club Christmas Records: A Complete Guide|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_SfRbJ-pFM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/0_SfRbJ-pFM |archive-date=19 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=The Beatles – Christmas Time Is Here Again (1967)|last=ticktock70|date=21 December 2011|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

While UK fans received a flexi-disc in an elaborate sleeve, North American fans received a postcard similar to that of 1966. The cover sleeve was designed by John Lennon, [[Julian Lennon]] (Lennon's first son) and [[Ringo Starr]].{{sfn|Spizer2003|p=216}}

==1968: ''The Beatles 1968 Christmas Record''==
[[File:Beatle_christmas_1968.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]
*Recorded: November–December 1968
*Location: various
*Writer: The Beatles
*Producer: [[Kenny Everett]]
*Issued: 20 December 1968
*Label: Lyntone, LYN 1743/4
*Flexi disc: 7", 2 sides, 33⅓ RPM
*Total time: 7:48

The first Beatles Christmas fan-club disc to be recorded by the individual Beatles separately, the 1968 offering is a collage of odd noises, musical snippets and individual messages. McCartney's song "Happy Christmas, Happy New Year" is featured, along with Lennon's poems "Jock and Yono" and "Once Upon a Pool Table". Also notable is a rendition of "[[Nowhere Man (song)|Nowhere Man]]" by the [[ukulele]]-playing [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], which Harrison recorded in New York. Also included is a sped-up snippet of the Beatles' own "[[Helter Skelter (song)|Helter Skelter]]" and a brief snippet of Perrey & Kingsley's "[[Baroque Hoedown]]", which was used three years later in [[Disneyland]]'s [[Main Street Electrical Parade]]. "[[Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da]]", "[[Yer Blues]]" and "[[Birthday (The Beatles song)|Birthday]]" are also heard in the background for part of the message. The dialogue and songs for the flexi-disc were organised and edited together by [[Disc jockey|DJ]] and friend of the Beatles, [[Kenny Everett]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/beatles-rare-fan-club-christmas-records-a-complete-guide-w513949/the-beatles-1968-christmas-record-w513963|title=Beatles' Rare Fan-Club Christmas Records: A Complete Guide|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbrNp18MIV4|title=The Beatles – Christmas Record 1968|last=DrWinston Boogie|date=19 December 2008|via=YouTube|access-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214032559/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbrNp18MIV4|archive-date=14 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Finally, the US fans got a flexi-disc for Christmas in 1968, but it came in a modified version of the 1967 UK sleeve.{{sfn|Spizer2003|pp=218–219}}

==1969: ''The Beatles Seventh Christmas Record''==
[[File:Beatles_christmas_1969.jpg|thumb|250px|left]]
*Recorded: November–December 1969
*Location: various
*Writer: The Beatles
*Producer: [[Kenny Everett]]
*Issued: 19 December 1969
*Label: Lyntone, LYN 1970/1971
*Flexi disc: 7", 2 sides, 33⅓ RPM
*Total time: 7:39

The final Beatles Christmas offering was also recorded separately, as the band had effectively split by this point. It features an extensive visit with Lennon and his wife [[Yoko Ono|Yoko]] at their [[Tittenhurst Park]] estate, where they play "what will Santa bring me?" games. George Harrison and Ringo Starr appear only briefly, the latter to publicise his recent film, ''[[The Magic Christian (film)|The Magic Christian]]''. McCartney sings his original ad-lib, "This is to Wish You a Merry, Merry Christmas." Starting at 1:30, at the tail-end of Starr's song, the guitar solos from "[[The End (The Beatles song)|The End]]" are heard, followed by Ono interviewing Lennon.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/beatles-rare-fan-club-christmas-records-a-complete-guide-w513949/the-beatles-seventh-christmas-record-happy-christmas-1969-w513964|title=Beatles' Rare Fan-Club Christmas Records: A Complete Guide|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBH5hiroHPs |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/DBH5hiroHPs |archive-date=19 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Beatles Christmas 1969 – The Beatles' Seventh Christmas Record|last=HappyCrimble|date=4 December 2011|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

For the only time, the North American and UK album sleeve jackets were identical. The North American version of the flexi-disc had an elaborate collage of the Beatles' faces on it (drawn by Ringo), while the rear album sleeve contained stick-figure scribbles made by his son, [[Zak Starkey]].{{sfn|Spizer2003|pp=220–221}}

==Aftermath==
[[File:The Beatles Christmas Record, Christmas Greetings, and Christmas Cards - The Magical History Tour - A Beatles Memorabilia Exhibition - Henry Ford Museum (2016-07-26 16.19.55 by Michael Steeber).jpg|thumb|A collection of Beatles memorabilia at the [[Henry Ford Museum]], with the 1963 Christmas record at left.]]

===Reissues===
In December 1970, in the wake of the band's break-up, the UK fan-club sent out a compilation [[LP record|LP]] of all seven of the Beatles' Christmas recordings, entitled ''From Then to You''. The master tapes having been mislaid, the LP was mastered from copies of the original [[flexi disc]]s.{{sfn|Badman2005}} In the US, the seven messages were issued as ''The Beatles Christmas Album'' sent out by the fan-club around springtime 1971.{{sfn|Spizer2003|p=222}} It was the first time the 1964 and 1965 messages had been made available in the US.{{sfn|Spizer2003|p=222}} With no new recording, the LP served to remind that the Beatles were no more, but had the advantage of durability over the original flexi discs.

===Bootlegs===
With no general release of the recordings having been made until 2017, numerous bootlegs of the recordings appeared before then.

In December 1982, two albums claiming to comprise a legitimate release of the Beatles' Christmas messages appeared on the US market. One of them, which contained the 1963–1966 recordings, was called ''Christmas Reflections'', on a label called Desert Vibrations Heritage Series (HSRD-SP1). The other, with the recordings from 1967 to 1969, was called ''Happy Michaelmas'' and was on a label called The Adirondack Group (AG-8146).<ref name=Cox>{{cite book |first1=Perry |last1=Cox |first2=Joe |last2=Lindsay |title=The Complete Beatles U.S. Record Price Guide, 1st Edition |publisher=O'Sullivan Woodside |location=Phoenix, Arizona |pages=102–105 |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-89019-082-1}}</ref>

Less than a year later, on 29 September 1983, an entrepreneur announced that he was going to issue all seven messages on one record, which he planned to call ''John, Paul, George and Ringo''.{{sfn|Badman2005}} The Beatles' representatives quickly sued, claiming copyright and trademark violations, and won in court.<ref>{{cite web |title=Citations and Summaries |publisher=CopyrightData.com |url= http://chart.copyrightdata.com/c10G.html#s185 |access-date=26 May 2007}}</ref> As a result, the 1983 album was never released, and the two 1982 LPs were withdrawn.

===Released extracts===
The first three minutes of the music bed of the 1967 single, with greetings recorded for the 1966 single superimposed during the final minute, was released under the title "[[Christmas Time (Is Here Again)]]" as one of the B-sides of the "[[Free as a Bird]]" single in December 1995. (Starr recorded his own cover of "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)" on his 1999 Christmas album, ''[[I Wanna Be Santa Claus]]''.)

Dialogue from the 1965 and 1966 recordings were featured as the tail-end of the 2006 compilation, ''[[Love (Beatles album)|Love]]''. After the final number, "[[All You Need Is Love]]", has ended, nonsensical ad-libs from the group that appeared at the end of the 1965 flexi-disc are heard. Mere seconds later, this is merged into the final moments from the 1966 flexi-disc, complete with McCartney's ad-lib line, "Jolly Good".

An edited and abridged version of the 1963 single appeared as unlockable bonus content in 2009 ''[[The Beatles: Rock Band]]'' video game and was made available as a free download from the [[iTunes Store]] between 23 December 2010 and 9 January 2011.

===2017 release===
{{Infobox album
| italic_title = no
| name = ''The Christmas Records''
| type = Box set
| artist = The Beatles
| cover = Cover art for "Happy Christmas Beatle People! (The Christmas Records)".jpg
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2017|12|15|df=y}}
| label =
| producer =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = The Beatles
| type = Compilation
| prev_title = [[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band: 50th Anniversary Edition]]
| prev_year = 2017
| title = The Christmas Records
| year = 2017
| next_title = [[The Beatles: 50th Anniversary Edition]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
}}

A limited-edition vinyl box set containing all seven Christmas records, titled ''The Christmas Records'', was officially released on 15 December 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/beatles-christmas-records-vinyl-box-set/|title=Beatles Christmas Records Released In Limited Coloured Vinyl Box Set|date=2 November 2017|publisher=udiscovermusic.com}}</ref> The box set includes a 16-page booklet. On 2 November 2017, the Beatles posted a video advertisement on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-HtBDK0y9-k |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/-HtBDK0y9-k |archive-date=19 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=THE BEATLES CHRISTMAS RECORDS|last=The Beatles|date=2 November 2017|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The cover shows the faces of [[John Lennon|John]], [[Paul McCartney|Paul]], [[George Harrison|George]] and [[Ringo Starr|Ringo]], all of whom are wearing [[Santa Claus|Santa]] hats, and the words ''Happy Christmas Beatle People!'' are written on the cover.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebeatlesstore.com/products/the-christmas-records|title=The Christmas Records|website=The Beatles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230170835/https://thebeatlesstore.com/products/the-christmas-records|archive-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Outline of the Beatles]]
* [[The Beatles timeline]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
| first=Keith
| last=Badman
| title=The Beatles After the Break-Up 1970–2001: A Day-by-Day Diary
| publisher=Omnibus
| location=London
| year=2005
| isbn=978-0-7119-8307-6
}}
* {{cite web
| title=The Beatles Discography
| year=2002
| first=Graham
| last=Calkin
| url=http://www.jpgr.co.uk/i_beatles_catno.html
| access-date=16 September 2011
}}
* {{Gilliland
|show=27
|title= The British Are Coming! The British Are Coming!: The U.S.A. is invaded by a wave of long-haired English rockers.
}}
* {{Cite book
| last=Lewisohn
| first=Mark
| year=1988
| author-link=Mark Lewisohn
| title=The Beatles Recording Sessions
| publisher=[[Harmony Books]]
| location=New York
| isbn=978-0-517-57066-1
}}
* {{cite book
| first=Bruce
| last=Spizer
| title=The Beatles on Apple Records
| publisher=498 Productions
| location=New Orleans
| year=2003
| isbn=978-0-9662649-4-4
}}

{{The Beatles compilations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beatles' Christmas records, The}}
[[Category:1970 Christmas albums]]
[[Category:1970 compilation albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by George Martin]]
[[Category:Apple Records compilation albums]]
[[Category:Christmas albums by English artists]]
[[Category:Christmas compilation albums]]
[[Category:Fan-club-release albums]]
[[Category:Flexi discs]]
[[Category:Pop rock Christmas albums]]
[[Category:The Beatles compilation albums]]