http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=149.78.14.135wiki143 - User contributions [en]2026-05-15T18:04:57ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.1http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Struthioniformes&diff=3180952Struthioniformes2025-10-27T19:36:16Z<p>149.78.14.135: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Order of birds}}<br />
{{Automatic taxobox<br />
| oldest_fossil = Early Eocene<br />
| image = Common Ostrich (Struthio camelus) female ... (51584626132).jpg<br />
| image_caption = ''[[Struthio camelus]]''<br />
| taxon = Struthioniformes<br />
| authority = [[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1790<br />
| subdivision = *{{extinct}}[[Palaeotis]]<br />
*{{extinct}}[[Geranoididae]]<br />
*{{extinct}}[[Eogruidae]]<br />
*{{extinct}}[[Ergilornithidae]]<br />
*[[Struthionidae]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Struthioniformes''' is an order of birds with only a single extant family, [[Struthionidae]], containing the [[ostrich]]es. Several other extinct families are known, spanning across the Northern Hemisphere, from the Early [[Eocene]] to the early [[Pliocene]], including a variety of [[Flightless bird|flightless]] forms like the [[Palaeotis|Paleotidae]], [[Geranoididae]], [[Eogruidae]] and [[Ergilornithidae]], the latter two thought to be closely related to Struthionidae.<br />
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== Evolutionary history ==<br />
According to Mayr and Zelenkov (2021), all Struthioniformes are united by the following characters: "a very long and narrow [[tarsometatarsus]] with short trochleae for the second and fourth toes, a tubercle next to the pons supratendineus on the distal end of the [[tibiotarsus]], as well as a shortening of all non-ungual [[phalanges]] of the fourth toe except for the proximal one" All known members of the group are thought to have been flightless. Struthioniformes were widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere during the [[Eocene]], including [[Paleotididae]] from Europe, and [[Geranoididae]] from North America, and [[Eogruidae]] and [[Ergilornithidae]] in Asia.<ref name=":0" /> The discovery of ''Lumbreornis'', belonging to either Paleotididae or Geranoididae, suggests that Struthiorniformes probably also inhabited South America during the Eocene.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bertelli |first1=S. |last2=Giannini |first2=N. P. |last3=García-López |first3=D. A. |last4=Deraco |first4=V. |last5=Babot |first5=J. |last6=Del Papa |first6=C. |last7=Armella |first7=M. A. |last8=Herrera |first8=C. |last9=Mayr |first9=G. |year=2024 |title=The first Eocene bird from Northwestern Argentina |journal=Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=78–89 |doi=10.5710/PEAPA.31.05.2024.511 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ergilornthidae would persist in Asia into the Early [[Pliocene]], while its sister group [[Struthionidae]] likely originated from Asia.<ref name=":0" /> Ostriches first appeared in Africa during the early Miocene, around 21 million years ago, before dispersing into Eurasia during the late Miocene, beginning around 12 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Widrig |first1=Klara |last2=Field |first2=Daniel J. |date=February 2022 |title=The Evolution and Fossil Record of Palaeognathous Birds (Neornithes: Palaeognathae) |journal=Diversity |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=105 |doi=10.3390/d14020105 |issn=1424-2818|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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== Taxonomy ==<br />
After Mayr, and Zelenkov (2021)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Mayr |first1=Gerald |last2=Zelenkov |first2=Nikita |date=2021-11-13 |title=Extinct crane-like birds (Eogruidae and Ergilornithidae) from the Cenozoic of Central Asia are indeed ostrich precursors |url=https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/doi/10.1093/ornithology/ukab048/6338403 |journal=Ornithology |language=en |volume=138 |issue=4 |article-number=ukab048 |doi=10.1093/ornithology/ukab048 |issn=0004-8038|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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* [[Palaeotididae]] (Early mid-Eocene, Europe)<br />
** ''[[Palaeotis]]''<br />
** ''[[Galligeranoides]]''<br />
* [[Geranoididae]] (Early-mid Eocene, North America)<br />
* Unnamed clade<br />
** [[Eogruidae]] (monotypic)<br />
*** ''[[Eogrus]]'' (mid-Late Eocene, Asia)<br />
** ''[[Sonogrus]]'' (late Eocene, Asia)<br />
** Unnamed clade<br />
*** ''[[Proergilornis]]'' (late Eocene, Mongolia)<br />
*** Unnamed clade<br />
**** [[Ergilornithidae]] (Late Eocene-Early Pliocene, Asia)<br />
**** [[Struthionidae]] (Early Miocene-Recent, Afro-Eurasia)<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
{{gallery|File:Palaeotis weigelti 2.jpg|Skeleton of ''[[Palaeotis weigelti]]''|File:Ergilornis.jpg|Life restoration of ''[[Ergilornis]]''|||||width=300|height=360}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{Taxonbar|from1=Q840849}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Struthioniformes| ]]<br />
[[Category:Bird orders]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist)]]<br />
[[Category:Ratites]]</div>149.78.14.135