wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Super Diaper Baby 2: The Invasion of the Potty Snatchers

2025-06-04T08:19:07Z

149.167.185.166: ←Changed redirect target from The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby#Sequel to The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby#Super Diaper Baby 2: The Invasion of the Potty Snatchers

#redirect [[The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby#Super Diaper Baby 2: The Invasion of the Potty Snatchers]]

[[Category:Captain Underpants novels]]

Captain Underpants

2025-05-31T06:29:42Z

149.167.185.166:

{{short description|Children's illustrated novel series by Dav Pilkey}}
{{about||the film|Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie|the TV series|The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants}}
{{Redirect|Tra La La!|other uses|Tra la la (disambiguation){{!}}Tra la la}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox book series
| name = ''Captain Underpants''
| image = Cunderpants.png
| image_caption = Logo of the series
| books = {{plainlist|
* ''[[The Adventures of Captain Underpants]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Attack of the Talking Toilets|The Attack of the Talking Toilets]]'' (1999)
* ''{{allow wrap|[[Captain Underpants and the Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies from Outer Space (and the Subsequent Assault of the Equally Evil Lunchroom Zombie Nerds)|The Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies from Outer Space (and the Subsequent Assault of the Equally Evil Lunchroom Zombie Nerds)]]}}'' (1999)
* ''{{allow wrap|[[Captain Underpants and the Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants|The Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants]]}}'' (2000)
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Wrath of the Wicked Wedgie Woman|The Wrath of the Wicked Wedgie Woman]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy|The Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy Part 1: The Night of the Nasty Nostril Nuggets]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy|The Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy Part 2: The Revenge of the Ridiculous Robo-Boogers]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Preposterous Plight of the Purple Potty People|The Preposterous Plight of the Purple Potty People]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Re-Turn of Tippy Tinkletrousers|The Terrifying Re-Turn of Tippy Tinkletrousers]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo-Boxers|The Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo-Boxers]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Tyrannical Retaliation of the Turbo Toilet 2000|The Tyrannical Retaliation of the Turbo Toilet 2000]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks-A-Lot|The Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks-A-Lot]]'' (2015)
}}
| author = [[Dav Pilkey]]
| illustrator = Dav Pilkey
| country = United States
| language = English
| genre = {{plainlist|
*Children's literature
*[[Superhero fiction]]
*Comedy
}}
| publisher = [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]]
| pub_date = {{Plainlist|
* 1997 – 2015 (main series)
* 2002 – present (spin-offs)
}}
| media_type = Print (hardback and paperback)
| number_of_books = 12
}}
'''''Captain Underpants''''' is an [[illustrated novel|illustrated]] [[children literature|children's novel]] series and [[multimedia franchise]] by American author and illustrator [[Dav Pilkey]]. The series revolves around two [[fourth-grade|fourth grade]]rs, George Beard and Harold Hutchins, living in [[Piqua, Ohio]], and Captain Underpants, an aptly named superhero from one of the boys' homemade comic books, who accidentally becomes real when George and Harold hypnotize their cruel, bossy, and ill-tempered principal, Mr. Krupp. From the third book onwards, Mr. Krupp also possesses [[superhuman strength]], durability and flight as a result of drinking alien "Extra-Strength Super Power Juice".

Currently, the series includes 12 books, two activity books, colored versions, and 15 spin-offs. As of 2014, the series has been translated into more than 20 languages,<ref name="PRCast" /> with more than 80 million books sold worldwide,<ref name="PRCast" /> including over 50 million in the United States.<ref name="THRLetterman" />

[[DreamWorks Animation]] acquired the rights to the series to make an animated feature film adaptation, ''[[Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie]]'', which was released on June 2, 2017, to positive reviews, followed by a television series, ''[[The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants]]'', which aired on [[Netflix]] from July 13, 2018 to December 4, 2020, also to positive reviews.

After the main series concluded with the twelfth novel, ''[[Captain Underpants and the Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks-A-Lot]]'', in 2015, a spin-off series titled ''[[Dog Man]]'' was released the following year in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lee Yandoli|first1=Krystie|title=Here's A Look Inside The New "Captain Underpants" Spin-Off Story|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/krystieyandoli/heres-a-first-look-at-the-brand-new-captain-underpants-spin|publisher=BuzzFeed|access-date=December 20, 2016|date=March 2, 2016}}</ref> The spin-off series has 13 books so far. A 14th book, titled "Big Jim Believes" is scheduled to release on November 11 2025 while a [[Dog Man (film)|film adaptation]] of the series produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]] was released on January 31, 2025.

==Novels==
The main series of novels has developed a pattern of alliteration from the fourth book on. The third book's "annoyingly long" title became a running joke in subsequent books.

Novels 6–12 in the main series form one unbroken story, in which the ending of each of such novel except the last is a [[cliffhanger]], and the next novel in sequence immediately picks up where the last one left off.

===''Captain Underpants'' novels===
# ''[[The Adventures of Captain Underpants]]'' (1997)
# ''[[Captain Underpants and the Attack of the Talking Toilets]]'' (1999)
# ''[[Captain Underpants and the Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies from Outer Space (and the Subsequent Assault of the Equally Evil Lunchroom Zombie Nerds)]]'' (1999)
# ''[[Captain Underpants and the Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants]]'' (2000)
# ''[[Captain Underpants and the Wrath of the Wicked Wedgie Woman]]'' (2001)
# ''[[Captain Underpants and the Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy|Captain Underpants and the Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy, Part 1: The Night of the Nasty Nostril Nuggets]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Captain Underpants and the Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy|Captain Underpants and the Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy, Part 2: The Revenge of the Ridiculous Robo-Boogers]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Captain Underpants and the Preposterous Plight of the Purple Potty People]]'' (2006)
# ''[[Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Return of Tippy Tinkletrousers]]'' (2012)<ref name="Yahoo1">{{Cite news |date=January 12, 2012 |title='Captain Underpants' author goes digital |url=https://news.yahoo.com/captain-underpants-author-goes-digital-120457953.html |access-date=March 1, 2012 |publisher=Yahoo!}}</ref>
# ''[[Captain Underpants and the Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo-Boxers]]'' (2013)<ref name="Captain Underpants and the Revoltin">{{cite book |title=Captain Underpants and the Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo-Boxers |date=January 2013 |publisher=Scholastic |isbn=978-0545175364}}</ref>
# ''[[Captain Underpants and the Tyrannical Retaliation of the Turbo Toilet 2000]]'' (2014)<ref name="PRNewswire2books">{{cite news |date=October 8, 2013 |title=Scholastic To Publish Two New Captain Underpants Books By Worldwide Bestselling Author Dav Pilkey, Plus Newly Re-Illustrated Editions Of Pilkey's Ricky Ricotta Series, With All New Full-Color Art By Bestselling Artist Dan Santat |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/scholastic-to-publish-two-new-captain-underpants-books-by-worldwide-bestselling-author-dav-pilkey-plus-newly-re-illustrated-editions-of-pilkeys-ricky-ricotta-series-with-all-new-full-color-art-by-bestselling-artist-dan-santat-226920101.html |access-date=October 11, 2013 |newspaper=PR Newswire}}</ref>
# ''[[Captain Underpants and the Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks-A-Lot]]'' (2015)<ref name="PRNewswire2books" />

===''Captain Underpants'' activity books===
# ''[[The Captain Underpants Extra-Crunchy Book o' Fun]]'' (2001)
# ''[[The All-New Captain Underpants Extra-Crunchy Book o' Fun 2]]'' (2002)
# ''The Captain Underpants Super Silly Sticker Studio'' (2005)
# ''The Extra Big 'N' Extra Crunchy Captain Underpants Book o' Fun'' (2008)
# ''The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants: Let's Roll! Sticker Activity Book'' (2020)
# ''Full Color The Captain Underpants Double Crunchy Book o' Fun'' (2022)

===''Captain Underpants'' spin-offs===
{{See also|Dog Man}}
# ''[[The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby]]'' (2002)
# ''[[The Adventures of Ook and Gluk: Kung-Fu Cavemen from the Future]]'' (2010 – 2021)
# ''[[The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby#Sequel|Super Diaper Baby 2: The Invasion of the Potty Snatchers]]'' (2011)

===''Captain Underpants'' collectors' editions===
# ''[[The Adventures of Captain Underpants]]: Collectors' Edition'' (2005)
# ''[[Captain Underpants and the Attack of the Talking Toilets]]: Collectors' Edition'' (2007)
# ''[[Captain Underpants and the Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies from Outer Space (and the Subsequent Assault of the Equally-Evil Lunchroom Zombie Nerds)]]: Collectors' Edition'' (2008)

===''Captain Underpants'' collections===
* ''The Tra-La-La Riffic Captain Underpants Collection/The First Captain Underpants Collection'' (Books 1–4; 1997–2000)
* ''Three More Wedgie-Powered Adventures in One'' (Books 4-6; 2006)
* ''The Second Captain Underpants Collection/The Tra-La-Larious Captain Underpants'' (Books 5–7 & ''Super Diaper Baby''; 2001–2003)
* ''Captain Underpants: Three Pantastic Novels in One'' (Books 1–3; 1997–99)
* ''The New Captain Underpants Collection'' (Books 1–5; 1997–2000)
* ''The Tra-La-La Tremendous Captain Underpants Collection'' (Books 5–8; 2001–2006)
* ''The Complete Captain Underpants Collection'' (Books 1–8; 1997–2006)
* ''The Captain Underpants Collectors' Edition Collection'' (Books 1–3 + 3 CD-ROMs; 1997–1999, 2005–2008)

===''Captain Underpants in Full Color''===
* ''[[The Adventures of Captain Underpants]]'' (2013; 25 1/2th Anniversary Edition, 2023)
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Attack of the Talking Toilets]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies from Outer Space (and the Subsequent Assault of the Equally Evil Lunchroom Zombie Nerds)]]'' (2014)<ref>{{cite web |title=Captain Underpants and the Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies From Outer Space: Color Edition |url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/captain-underpants-and-the-invasion-of-the-incredibly-naughty-cafeteria-ladies-from-outer-space-dav-pilkey/1119702183?ean=9780545694704 |access-date=January 10, 2015 |publisher=Barnes & Noble}}</ref>
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Wrath of the Wicked Wedgie Woman]]'' (2017)<ref name="PRNewswire2books" />
* ''[[Captain Underpants and the Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy|Captain Underpants and the Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy Part 1: The Night of the Nasty Nostril Nuggets]]'' (2018)
*''[[Captain Underpants and the Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy|Captain Underpants and the Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy Part 2: the Revenge of the Ridiculous Robo-Boogers]]'' (2018)
*''[[Captain Underpants and the Preposterous Plight of the Purple Potty People]]'' (2019)
*''[[Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Re-Turn of Tippy Tinkletrousers]]'' (2019)<ref name="Yahoo1" />
*''[[Captain Underpants and the Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo-Boxers]]'' (2020)<ref name="Captain Underpants and the Revoltin" />
*''[[Captain Underpants and the Tyrannical Retaliation of the Turbo Toilet 2000]]'' (2021)<ref name="PRNewswire2books" />
*''[[Captain Underpants and the Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks-A-Lot]]'' (2022)<ref name="PRNewswire2books" />

=== Potentially cancelled books ===
These books were reported "coming soon-ish" at the end of a few books. No further information or cancellation has been released since their tease.

* ''The Captain Underpants Cartoon-O-Rama Book: Heroes, Villains, and Supercreeps''

* ''FrankenFart vs. The Bionic Barf Bunnies from Diarrhea Land''

* ''The Adventures of Ook and Gluk Jr: Kung-Fu Cavekids in Outer Space''

* ''Captain Underpants Presents: F.A.R.T.S. The Major Motion Picture''

* ''Super Diaper Baby 3: Petey's Revenge''

==Characters==
=== Overview ===
'''List indicator(s)''':
* A dark gray cell indicates that the character was not in the property or that the character's presence in the property has yet to be announced.
* A '''Main''' indicates a character had a starring role in the property.
* A '''Supporting''' indicates the character appeared in two or more times within the property.
* A '''Guest''' indicates the character appeared once in the property.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:99%; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="4" style="width:23%;" | Character
! colspan="12" | Book series
! rowspan="2" style="width:23%;" | ''[[Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie]]''
! colspan="5" style="width:23%;" | ''[[The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants|The Epic Tales]]''
|-
! [[The Adventures of Captain Underpants|1]]
! [[Captain Underpants and the Attack of the Talking Toilets|2]]
! [[Captain Underpants and the Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies from Outer Space (and the Subsequent Assault of the Equally-Evil Lunchroom Zombie Nerds)|3]]
! [[Captain Underpants and the Perilous Plot of Professor Poopypants|4]]
! [[Captain Underpants and the Wrath of the Wicked Wedgie Woman|5]]
! [[Captain Underpants and the Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy#Part 1: The Night of the Nasty Nostril Nuggets|6]]
! [[Captain Underpants and the Big, Bad Battle of the Bionic Booger Boy#Part 2: The Revenge of the Ridiculous Robo-Boogers|7]]
! [[Captain Underpants and the Preposterous Plight of the Purple Potty People|8]]
! [[Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Re-Turn of Tippy Tinkletrousers|9]]
! [[Captain Underpants and the Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo-Boxers|10]]
! [[Captain Underpants and the Tyrannical Retaliation of the Turbo Toilet 2000|11]]
! [[Captain Underpants and the Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks-A-Lot|12]]
! [[List of The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants episodes#Season 1 (2018)|1]]
! [[List of The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants episodes#Season 2 (2019)|2]]
! [[List of The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants episodes#Season 3 (2019)|3]]
! [[List of The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants episodes#Miniseries: The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants in Space (2020)|4]]
! [[List of The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants episodes#Specials (2019–2020)|Special]]
|-
| Colspan = “2” style="background:ivory; text-align:center;"| {{small|''' '''}}
| style="background:ivory; text-align:center;"| {{small|'''1997'''}}
| style="background:ivory; text-align:center;"| {{small|'''1999'''}}
| style="background:ivory; text-align:center;"| {{small|'''2000'''}}
| Colspan = "2" style="background:ivory; text-align:center;"| {{small|'''2001'''}}
| style="background:ivory; text-align:center;"| {{small|'''2003'''}}
| style="background:ivory; text-align:center;"| {{small|'''2003'''}}
| style="background:ivory; text-align:center;"| {{small|'''2006'''}}
| style="background:ivory; text-align:center;"| {{small|'''2012'''}}
| style="background:ivory; text-align:center;"| {{small|'''2013'''}}
| style="background:ivory; text-align:center;"| {{small|'''2014'''}}
| style="background:ivory; text-align:center;"| {{small|'''2015'''}}
| style="background:ivory; text-align:center;"| {{small|'''2017'''}}
|-
! colspan="19" style="background-color:#ccccff;" | [[#Characters|Main characters]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[George Beard (fictional character)|George Beard]]
| colspan="18" {{cMain}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[Harold Hutchins]]
| colspan="18" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[Mr. Krupp|Benjamin Krupp {{small|Captain Underpants}}]]
| colspan="18" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Main|Sulu]]
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="3" {{cMain|Main}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" {{n/a|''Mentioned''}}
| colspan="6" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Main|Crackers]]
| colspan="6" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain|Main}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="6" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[George Beard (fictional character)|Yesterday George Beard]]
| colspan="10" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="6" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[Harold Hutchins|Yesterday Harold Hutchins]]
| colspan="10" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="6" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Main|Tony]]
| colspan="10" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="6" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Main|Dawn]]
| colspan="10" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="6" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Main|Orlando]]
| colspan="10" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="6" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Main|Lunchlady Edith]]
| colspan="12" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Main|Erica Wang]]
| colspan="13" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="5" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Main|Dressy Killman]]
| colspan="13" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="5" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
! colspan="19" style="background-color:#ccccff;" | [[#Villains|Villains]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Doctor Diaper]]
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest}}
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| rowspan="6" colspan="2" {{n/a|''Mentioned''}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="8" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Main|Melvin Sneedly {{small|Bionic Booger Boy}} {{small|Big Melvin}}]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain|Main}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="6" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Turbo Toilet 2000]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Zorx]]
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Klax]]
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Jennifer]]
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|The Deliriously, Dangerous, Death-Defying Dandelion of Doom]]
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="15" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Tippy Tinkletrousers {{small|Professor Pippy Pee-Pee "P" Diarrheastien Poopypants Esq.}}]]
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain|Main}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Recurring|Tara Ribble]] [[#Villains|{{small|Wedgie Woman}}]]
| colspan="4" {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="3" {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Carl]]
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| rowspan="3" {{n/a|''Mentioned''}}
| colspan="10" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Trixie]]
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="10" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Frankenbooger]]
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="10" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Evil George Beard]]
| colspan="7" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="10" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Evil Harold Hutchins]]
| colspan="7" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="10" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Captain Blunderpants]]
| colspan="7" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="10" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Giant Evil Sulu]]
| colspan="7" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="10" {{cEmpty}}

|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Kipper Krupp and his Goons]]
| colspan="8" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="8" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Villains|Zombie Nerd George Beard and Zombie Nerd Harold Hutchins]]
| colspan="8" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cMain|Guest}}
| colspan="8" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Recurring|Kenny Brian Meaner]] [[#Villains|{{small|Coach / Sir Stinks-A-Lot}}]]
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{n/a|''Mentioned''}}
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cRecurring|Supporting}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="5" {{cRecurring}}
|-
! colspan="19" style="background-color:#ccccff;" | [[#Recurring|Teachers]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Recurring|Miss Edith Anthrope]]
| {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Supporting}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="5" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Recurring|Mr. Morty Fyde]]
| colspan="2" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="3" {{cRecurring|Supporting}}
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Recurring|Miss Singerbrains]]
| colspan="6" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| {{n/a|''Mentioned''}}
| colspan="10" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Recurring|Mr. Riles Rected]]
| colspan="3" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cRecurring|Supporting}}
| colspan="5" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Recurring|Ms. Dayken]]
| colspan="4" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="7" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
|-
! colspan="19" style="background-color:#ccccff;" | [[#Recurring|Students]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Recurring|Jessica Gordon]]
| colspan="5" {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="5" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="3" {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="5" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Recurring|Gooch Yamaguchi]]
| colspan="12" {{cEmpty}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="5" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Recurring|Sophie One]]
| colspan="13" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="5" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Recurring|Other Sophie]]
| colspan="13" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="5" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Recurring|Bo Hweemuth]]
| colspan="13" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="5" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[#Recurring|Stanley Peet]]
| colspan="13" {{cEmpty}}
| colspan="5" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
|-
|}

===Main characters===
* '''George Beard''' and '''Harold Hutchins'''{{anchor|George Beard, Harold Hutchins|George Beard|Harold Hutchins}} – Two fourth grade pranksters, who are best friends, next-door neighbors, and the main [[protagonists]] of the series. They started a comic book company called "Treehouse Comix, Inc.", and sneak to the secretary's office at school to make copies of their latest comic book and sell on the playground. They are the class clowns in 4th grade at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School (named for [[Curly Howard|Curly of the Three Stooges]]), a school which discourages imagination and fun, located in [[Piqua, Ohio]]. They often get in trouble with Mr. Krupp. In the ninth epic novel, ''[[Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Re-Turn of Tippy Tinkletrousers]]'', George wore his hair in a huge [[afro]] when he was 5¾ years old (it is also mentioned that he got his hair cut into a flat top by Harold before their final anti-bully prank). After time travel antics, duplicates of them are created in the present, referred to as '''Yesterday George''' and '''Yesterday Harold'''. After the original duo travel to the future, they find their other selves to have become graphic novel creators. Future Yesterday George married a woman named Lisa and had two children named Meena and Nik. Future Yesterday Harold married a man named Billy and had adopted twin children named Owen and Kei. George's parents are named Moses (his father) and Barbara (his mother), while Harold's mother is named Grace (Harold's parents got divorced and his father moved to [[Nevada]] a few months before he turned six). George's grandmother and Harold's grandfather appear in the eighth book, where they unknowingly drink the last of the superpower juice while reading a comic the boys created where they are the heroes. They later transform into the same heroes to defend George and Harold from Captain Blunderpants and profess their love to each other, much to the boys' disgust. In the adaptations, their personalities are mostly unchanged, but they now usually only prank to entertain their schoolmates and treat Captain Underpants more as a friend than a last resort. In the film, they are respectively voiced by [[Kevin Hart]] and [[Thomas Middleditch]] and by Ramone Hamilton and Jay Gragnani in the series, both respectively.
* '''Mr. Benjamin "Benny" Krupp'''{{anchor|Principal Benjamin Krupp|Benjamin Krupp}} – The "cruel" and "mean-spirited" principal of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School and the [[antihero]] of the series (usually when no real dangers are happening). He is usually depicted as an overweight man. Mr. Krupp has a deep hatred of children and also tries to protect the students at Jerome Horwitz Elementary from George and Harold's pranks. He has a younger brother named Jasper (Kipper's father), and his parents are named John and Bernice. When Mr. Krupp was little, he performed a hip-hop dance at a talent show, his mother passed out fruits and vegetables to the audience so they could throw them at him because he did not watch the cows from his family farm. This leads him to become "mean" and "cold-hearted" and vow to make all kids feel just as bad as he did. His last name is a pun of the word "corrupt". When he goes by his full name, it is a pun on "bankrupt".{{fact|date=September 2023}} Mr. Krupp was based on Mr. Crutch from ''[[Shrimps for a Day]]'' and was originally named Mr. Crutch. In the film, it is revealed that he read George and Harold's comics when he confiscated them and felt they were a little funny, which explains how he knows what Captain Underpants acts like when he is hypnotized. In the film, he is voiced by [[Ed Helms]] and in the series, he is voiced by [[Nat Faxon]].
* '''Captain Underpants'''{{anchor|Captain Underpants}} – The [[superhero]] counterpart and [[alter ego]]/split personality of Mr. Krupp. He only wears white briefs and a red cape with black [[polka dot]]s. Whenever Mr. Krupp hears the sound of fingers snapping, he turns into Captain Underpants and he turns back into Mr. Krupp when water is poured on his head. Captain Underpants gains superpowers in the third book and possessed superhuman strength, durability, flight, and "wedgie power" where he can pull unlimited underwear from his utility waistband. As the book series went on, Captain Underpants had increasingly minor roles in each installment. In the 12th book, he lost his superpowers and was erased from existence, much to George and Harold's apathy. Captain Underpants is considered to be the "light side" of Mr. Krupp himself, as he is friendly to everyone. He is very protective of children, especially George and Harold since he believes that they're his sidekicks. In the film, he is voiced by [[Ed Helms]] and in the series, he is voiced by [[Nat Faxon]].
* '''Melvin Richard Sneedly'''{{anchor|Melvin Sneedly}} – George and Harold's nerdy nemesis. He is an "annoying snitch", a "genius inventor", and the school's smartest student. His parents, Cindy and Gaylord, are professional scientists and are canonically neglectful. In the Netflix series, he is thought to have been inventing ever since he was a baby and has a bizarre sense of humor, laughing at videos of rotting fruit. In the movie, he is the only student who has no sense of humor because he thinks everything childish is not funny and only focuses on his studies so he can get extra credit. He is also said to have no [[brain stem]] (or "Hahaguffawchuckleamalus" as it is called in the movie). In the eleventh book, he becomes a superhero named Big Melvin after he defeats the Turbo Toilet 2000 after he drinks superpower juice he created from Mr. Krupp's dirty toenail clipping. He rescued people from emergencies, but later, people started to abuse the system by calling him to do menial tasks. He travels back in time to bring Captain Underpants to the present to defeat the Turbo Toilet 2000 so his life as a superhero would never become reality. In the film, he is voiced by [[Jordan Peele]] and in the series by [[Jorge Diaz (actor)|Jorge Diaz]].
* '''Sulu''' and '''Crackers''' {{anchor|Sulu and Crackers|Sulu|Crackers}} – George and Harold's pets. Sulu was Melvin's abandoned pet bionic [[hamster]] who was adopted by George and Harold. Crackers is their pet ''[[Quetzalcoatlus]]'' they got when they traveled back in time with Melvin Sneedly's [[Time travel|time machine]]. The pair then had three children together named '''Tony''', '''Orlando''', and '''Dawn'''.

===Recurring===
In book 11, when the teachers saw two Georges and two Harolds, they think they are dreaming and then they go naked. They are arrested when Miss Fitt pulled down Officer McWiggly's pants. Mr Hand in [[The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants|the series]] gets hired.
* '''Mr. Kenny Brian Meaner''' – Mr. Meaner is Jerome Horwitz Elementary School's gym teacher. He is depicted as being an overweight man and with a personality similar to Mr. Krupp's. Like him, he is cruel to students and often yells at them. He appeared in the Netflix series, where he is depicted as being ignorant and talks in a stutter by saying "yeah yeah yeah yeah." In book 12, Meaner becomes Sir Stinks-A-Lot. His name is a pun on the word "misdemeanor" or the saying "can he be meaner". He is voiced by [[David Koechner]] in the TV series. In the TV series, he has an alternate ego by the name of ''Sargeant Boxers'', which was made as a replacement for Captain Underpants in the first episode of the second season.
* '''Miss Edith Anthrope''' – The school secretary who is often shown to be in a bad mood. Like all the other teachers at the school including Mr. Krupp, she is unkind to children. She is slightly overweight, in contrast to most of the other teachers. In the movie, she is on hold for three days thinking she will win a contest with a cash prize of $1 billion. In [[Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie|the movie]] she does not speak, but in [[The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants|the series]], she is voiced by Patty Mattson where she is glum but yells "Fine!". A running gag in the series involves her entering Mr. Krupp's office saying "Did you call me?" followed by something else she says. Her name is a pun of the word "[[misanthrope]]" or by saying "eat it/miss and throw up."
* '''Mr. Morty Fyde''' – Mr. Fyde was the science teacher at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School. Unlike all the other grown-ups in the school, he is rather dorky and stupid. The events of the first three books gradually cause him to believe himself is insane and resign from his job to put himself in a mental institution (but in the movie Mr. Krupp simply fires Fyde because he'd rather spend time with his family instead of judge the school science fair and Krupp considers this unacceptable). His name is a pun on the words "mystified" and "mortified." In the film, he is voiced by [[Mel Rodriguez]] and in the series he is voiced by [[Stephen Root]], where he is released from the mental institution, though he becomes nervous around loud noise, which is unfortunate for Mr. Fyde; an elementary school is practically built on noise. One of Melvin's inventions accidentally fuses Mr. Fyde with an [[avocado]] pit belonging to George and Harold, turning him into a giant avocado monster named Avocadwoe that attacks everything that makes loud sounds. Mr. Fyde is planted by Captain Underpants and he is turned into an avocado tree in a peaceful forest behind the school, something that Mr. Fyde is content with.
* '''Ms. Tara Ribble''' – Ms. Ribble is the homeroom teacher of George and Harold's 4th-grade class. In book 5, she is hypnotized into becoming Wedgie Woman. Her name is a pun on the words "terrible" and "miserable." Voiced by [[Dee Dee Rescher]] in the movie and [[Laraine Newman]] in the TV series.
* '''Miss Singerbrains''' – Miss Singerbrains is the librarian at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School who banned all but one of the books in the library and eventually closed down the library. Her name is a pun on the saying "missing her brains".
* '''Mr. Riles Rected''' – Mr. Rected is the guidance counselor at Jerome Horwitz Elementary School. He is very nasty to students, especially George and Harold, and he is often seen hanging with Mr. Krupp, Mr. Meaner, Miss Anthrope, and Ms. Ribble. His name is a pun on the word "misdirected." He is voiced by [[Brian Posehn]] in the film and [[Jorge Diaz (actor)|Jorge Diaz]] in the animated series.
* '''Ms. Dayken''' – Ms. Dayken is a member of the teaching board at Jerome Horwitz Elementary school. Her name is a pun on the word "mistaken". In the film, she is voiced by Susan Fitzer and was George and Harold's kindergarten teacher where she teaches about the planets, including "[[Uranus]]," which the boys found amusing.
* '''Mr. Rustworthy''' – Mr. Rustworthy is (according to his tie) the music teacher of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School. His name is a pun on the word "mistrustworthy". In the series, he is replaced by a different music teacher, '''Ms. Herd''' (a pun on "misheard").
* '''The Lunch Ladies''' – The Lunch Ladies are the three women who run the cafeteria. They are notorious for cooking horrible, inedible, and possibly lethal food. They quit in the third book when Mr. Krupp says he cannot punish George and Harold for their antics without proof, though they are possibly rehired after the replacements are revealed to be aliens. Two of the Lunch Ladies are '''Miss Creant''', the head lunch lady, and '''Mrs. DePoint''', the cook. The revealed names are puns on the word "Miscreant" and the phrase "Misses the point".
* '''Doctor Diaper''' (known alternatively as '''Doctor Nappy''' in the UK) – A diaper-clad mad scientist and the first villain Captain Underpants ever faced.
* '''The Talking Toilets''' – An army of living toilets created by George and Harold, who were accidentally brought into the real world with a modified photocopier. All they could say is the phrase "Yum, yum, eat 'em up!"
* '''The Turbo Toilet 2000''' – A giant toilet created by George and Harold, who was accidentally brought into the real world with a modified photocopier. After he was defeated by the Incredible Robo-Plunger, he and the other toilets were taken to [[Uranus]] where he remained for several books until being brought back to life by juice from the destroyed Robo-Plunger. In the film, it was now Melvin's invention that was grown by Poopypants with his size ray.
* '''The Incredible Robo-Plunger''' – A giant robot created by George and Harold to defeat the Turbo Toilet 2000. Afterwards, he repaired the school and took all the toilets to Uranus where he remained for several books until he was hit on the head by a kickball kicked into space by the Harold 2000. He is then rebuilt by the revived Turbo Toilet 2000 into a rocket scooter so the toilet could return to earth.
* '''Zorx''', '''Klax''', and '''Jennifer''' – Three space aliens who planned to invade Piqua, Ohio. They are the main antagonists of the [[Captain Underpants and the Invasion of the Incredibly Naughty Cafeteria Ladies from Outer Space (and the Subsequent Assault of the Equally Evil Lunchroom Zombie Nerds)|third book]]. They disguised themselves as lunch ladies to turn the students of Jerome Horwitz Elementary School into Zombie Nerds by using Evil Zombie Nerd Juice.
* '''The Dandelion of Doom''' – A [[dandelion]] that absorbed alien super evil rapid-growth juice, causing it to grow into a giant monster.
* '''Tippy Tinkletrousers''' (formerly known as '''Professor Pippy Pee-Pee Poopypants''', and in the film as '''Prof. Pee-Pee Diarrheastien Poopypants Esq.''') – A scientist who comes from a foreign country where everyone has a silly name. In book 4, he forces everyone on earth to change their names into a silly one. After his defeat, Professor Poopypants changes his name, suggested by George rather than forcing everybody to change theirs. But Poopypants does not change his name to something normal, instead, he changes it to his grandfather’s name Tippy Tinkletrousers. In the film, he is voiced by [[Nick Kroll]].
* '''Wedgie Woman''' ('''Ms. Ribble''') – A villain created by George and Harold who was based on their teacher Ms. Ribble. After a second mishap with the Hypno-Ring, it convinced her that she is Wedgie Woman. At first, she has no superpowers, but after her hairstyle gets splattered with superpower juice from the third book her hair transforms into arms and she gains super-intelligence.
* '''Robo-George and The Harold 2000''' – Two giant robots built by Wedgie Woman based on George and Harold. They were fully obedient to Wedgie Woman; each had a vast arsenal of powerful weapons and gadgets and were programmed to destroy Captain Underpants once they heard him say "Tra-la-laaa!"
* '''The Bionic Booger Boy''' ('''Melvin Sneedly''') – A fusion of Melvin Sneedly, boogers, and a super-powered robot. His growth is triggered by a field trip to a tissue factory.
* '''Carl''', '''Trixie''' and '''Frankenbooger''' ('''The Three Robo-Boogers''') – Boogers who all come from the Bionic Booger Boy. They all share a weakness to oranges, which Captain Underpants successfully used to destroy the rampaging trio of living mucus. Carl had the Bionic Booger Boy's legs, Trixie had the tentacles, and Frankenbooger had the arms. Whenever they ate, they became bigger and more evil.
* '''Evil George''' and '''Evil Harold''' – Alternative versions and negative counterparts of George and Harold from an alternate dimension who are both intelligent and evil. They are the main [[antagonists]], along with Captain Blunderpants, of the [[Captain Underpants and the Preposterous Plight of the Purple Potty People|8th book]] in the series. They helped Captain Blunderpants and unlike the sketchy, amateurish George and Harold they are good authors and illustrators (ironically, the main George and Harold consider the alternative George and Harold's work inferior). Additionally, they also tended to change the signs into evil phrases (while their counterparts often change the signs into funny words).
* '''Captain Blunderpants''' – The opposite and evil counterpart of Captain Underpants from an alternate dimension, who has a toupee and looks and acts more like Krupp, while the alternate Krupp is nice. His transformation process is the opposite; when water is splashed on him, he becomes the evil Captain Blunderpants and when someone snaps their fingers, he becomes the nice Mr. Krupp.
* '''Kipper Krupp''' – A sixth-grade bully and Benjamin's nephew and Jasper Krupp's son, who would bully George, Harold, and other children when they were all in kindergarten. Due to a series of pranks that George and Harold conducted, he would eventually become nicer to the children along with his also mischievous friends '''Finkstein''', '''Bugg''', and '''Loogie'''.
* '''Sir Stinks-A-Lot''' ('''Mr. Meaner''') – Mr. Meaner later becomes the alter ego of Sir Stinks-A-Lot, an evil hypnotist. While in prison, Meaner transforms into a blob of pure energy after eating an egg salad sandwich. He later removes Captain Underpants's superpowers and the effects of the Hypno ring.

==Controversy==
According to the [[American Library Association]], the ''Captain Underpants'' books were reported as some of the most banned and challenged books in the United States between 2000 and 2009 (13),<ref>{{Cite web|last=American Library Association|date=2013-03-26|title=Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009|url=http://www.ala.org/advocacy/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/decade2009|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-04|website=|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924101705/http://www.ala.org/advocacy/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/decade2009 |archive-date=September 24, 2020 }}</ref> as well as between 2010 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=American Library Association|date=2020-09-09|title=Top 100 Most Banned and Challenged Books: 2010-2019|url=http://www.ala.org/advocacy/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/decade2019|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-06|website=Advocacy, Legislation & Issues|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927125855/http://www.ala.org/advocacy/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/decade2019 |archive-date=September 27, 2020 }}</ref> The books were named one of the top ten most banned and challenged books in 2002 (6), 2004 (4), 2005 (8), 2012 (1), 2013 (1), and 2018 (3).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=American Library Association|date=March 26, 2013|title=Top 10 Most Challenged Books Lists|url=http://www.ala.org/advocacy/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/top10|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Advocacy, Legislation & Issues|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728055307/http://www.ala.org:80/advocacy/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/top10 |archive-date=July 28, 2017 }}</ref> The Captain Underpants series was explicitly banned in some schools for "insensitivity", offensive language, encouraging disruptive behavior, LGBTQ+ issues, violence, being unsuited to the age group, sexually explicit content, anti-family content, as well as encouraging children to disobey authority."<ref name=":0" />

The [[American Library Association]] stated in a release by the [[National Coalition Against Censorship]] that "This year's #1 banned book, Captain Underpants... is the gift that keeps on giving. Why? Because these popular, silly books are read by parents, with their children, all over the country. The [[toilet humor]] makes parents roll their eyes and kids giggle. The absurdity of banning books to attack perceived moral problems is exemplified by this year's winner."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncac.org/censorship-article/state-of-censorship-unabridged-contributions-from-our-participants/|title=STATE OF CENSORSHIP: UNABRIDGED CONTRIBUTIONS FROM OUR PARTICIPANTS|publisher=National Coalition Against Censorship}}</ref>

In October 2015, the 12th and final book received controversy due to a reference to Harold being gay. Some elementary schools have banned the book due to this.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2015/11/elementary_parents_notified_of.html|title=Elementary parents notified of gay character in children's book|date=November 11, 2015 |publisher=Monica Scott}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Schaub|first1=Michael|title='Captain Underpants' banned from school book fair|url=https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-captain-underpants-banned-gay-character-20151027-story.html|access-date=November 14, 2015|work=Los Angeles Times|date=October 27, 2015}}</ref>

On March 29, 2021, Pilkey and Scholastic announced that ''[[The Adventures of Ook and Gluk: Kung-Fu Cavemen from the Future]]'' would be ceasing further publication due to its use of passive stereotypes towards Asians, which Pilkey stated to be, despite unintentional, "harmful to everyone". Pilkey also announced that he would be donating all royalties from the book to organizations dedicated to stopping violence towards Asians and Asian-Americans.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 29, 2021 |title='Captain Underpants' book pulled for 'passive racism'. |url=https://apnews.com/article/dav-pilkey-captain-underpants-entertainment-scholastic-asian-3967162e98a322ae1e121596abf454bc |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=AP News}}</ref>

==Hiatus==
Although the first few books came out regularly, the ninth book, ''[[Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Re-Turn of Tippy Tinkletrousers|Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Return of Tippy Tinkletrousers]]'' (advertised in a teaser at the end of the eighth book), was not released until 2012, after a six-year wait. During this time, Dav Pilkey was caring for his terminally ill father, who died in 2008.<ref name="Huffington Post">
{{Cite news
| url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/18/captain-underpants-is-bac_n_503922.html
| work = [[The Huffington Post]]
| first = Hillel
| last = Italie
| title = 'Captain Underpants' Is Back: Author Dav Pilkey Signs On For Four More Books
| date = March 18, 2010
| access-date = September 14, 2010
}}</ref> In 2009, he signed a deal with Scholastic for four new books, the first of which was ''The Adventures of Ook and Gluk: Kung-Fu Cavemen from the Future'', released August 10, 2010. The second was ''Super Diaper Baby 2: The Invasion of the Potty Snatchers'', released June 28, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pilkey.com/nextbook.php |title=What's Up with the Next Book, Bub |publisher=Dav Pilkey official site |access-date=February 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521194538/http://www.pilkey.com/nextbook.php |archive-date=May 21, 2011 }}</ref> The third book, ''Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Return of Tippy Tinkletrousers'', was released August 28, 2012. The fourth book, ''Captain Underpants and the Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo-Boxers'', was released January 15, 2013.

==Other media==
===Films===
==== CGI-animated film adaptation ====
{{main|Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie}}

On October 20, 2011, it was reported that [[DreamWorks Animation]] had acquired rights to make an animated feature film based on the ''Captain Underpants'' series.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fleming|first=Mike|title=DreamWorks Animation Wins Auction For 'Captain Underpants' Feature Film Rights|url=https://deadline.com/2011/10/dreamworks-animation-bags-captain-underpants-for-feature-184835/|access-date=October 20, 2011|newspaper=Deadline|date=October 19, 2011}}</ref> On October 25, 2013, it was reported that [[Rob Letterman]] would direct the film, while [[Nicholas Stoller]] would write the script.<ref name="THRLetterman">{{cite news|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Rob Letterman to Direct 'Captain Underpants' for DWA (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/captain-underpants-nicholas-stoller-rob-650700|access-date=October 26, 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=October 25, 2013}}</ref> It would have been the second film to have Letterman and Stoller working together, the first being ''[[Gulliver's Travels (2010 film)|Gulliver's Travels]]''. On January 21, 2014, the cast was announced, with [[Ed Helms]] joining as Mr. Krupp/Captain Underpants; [[Kevin Hart]] as George Beard; [[Thomas Middleditch]] as Harold Hutchins; [[Nick Kroll]] as the insidious villain, Professor Poopypants; and [[Jordan Peele]] as Melvin, the nerdy nemesis of George and Harold.<ref name="PRCast">{{cite news|title=Captain Underpants Saves The Day By Recruiting Top Comedy Talent To Voice New DreamWorks Animation Film|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/captain-underpants-saves-the-day-by-recruiting-top-comedy-talent-to-voice-new-dreamworks-animation-film-241361741.html|access-date=January 22, 2014|newspaper=PR Newswire|date=January 21, 2014}}</ref> On June 12, 2014, the film was scheduled for release on January 13, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/madagascar-4-release-date/ |title=DreamWorks Animation Release Dates Include Madagascar 4 |publisher=Collider.com |date=November 20, 2013 |access-date=June 12, 2014}}</ref> Following DreamWorks Animation's reorganization in early 2015, the studio announced that the film would be produced outside of the studio's pipeline at a significantly lower cost.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2015/01/dreamworks-animation-restructuring-to-cut-500-jobs-with-290m-charge-1201355918/|last=Lieberman|first=David|title=DreamWorks Animation Restructuring To Cut 500 Jobs With $290M Charge|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=January 22, 2015|access-date=January 25, 2015}}</ref> It would be instead animated at Mikros Image in Montreal, Canada, and it would look differently than most of DWA's films.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Graser|first1=Marc|title=Jeffrey Katzenberg on DWA's Cutbacks: '3 Films a Year Was Too Ambitious|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/cutbacks-at-dreamworks-animation-jeffrey-katzenberg-on-what-went-wrong-1201412230/|access-date=September 20, 2015|work=Variety|date=January 22, 2015|quote="Trolls," set for a 2016 release, will be the first film to be made with the $120 million budget.}}</ref> A month later, ''[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]'' reported that Letterman had left the project, and that [[David Soren (animator)|David Soren]], the director of ''[[Turbo (2013 film)|Turbo]]'', was in talks to direct the film,<ref name="DeadlineSorenFitted">{{cite web|last1=Fleming|first1=Mike Jr.|title=Rob Letterman Doffs 'Captain Underpants'; 'Turbo's David Soren Being Fitted For DWA Pic|url=https://deadline.com/2015/02/captain-underpants-dreamworks-animation-rob-letterman-david-soren-1201382534/|publisher=Deadline|access-date=March 5, 2015|date=February 26, 2015|archive-date=March 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301135906/http://deadline.com/2015/02/captain-underpants-dreamworks-animation-rob-letterman-david-soren-1201382534/|url-status=dead}}</ref> but Letterman returned to the project and served as an executive producer with Dav Pilkey.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wolfe|first1=Jennifer|title=Rob Letterman Helming Legendary's 'Detective Pikachu' Pokémon Movie|url=http://www.awn.com/news/rob-letterman-helming-legendary-s-detective-pikachu-pok-mon-movie|date=December 2, 2016|work=Animation World Network|access-date=December 25, 2016}}</ref> The film was expected to be released on March 10, 2017,<ref name="DeadlineSorenFitted" /> but in September 2015, DreamWorks Animation's ''[[The Boss Baby]]'' took over its date.<ref name="THRShowmanPushed">{{cite news|last1=McClintock|first1=Pamela|title=Hugh Jackman's 'Greatest Showman on Earth' Pushed a Year to Christmas 2017|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hugh-jackmans-greatest-showman-earth-824884|access-date=September 19, 2015|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=September 18, 2015}}</ref> The film was released on June 2, 2017.<ref name="Box Office Mojo">{{cite news|title=Theatrical Movie Schedule Changes and Additions|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/schedule/?view=changes&p=.htm|access-date=March 27, 2016|work=Box Office Mojo|date=March 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Coggan|first1=Devan|url=https://ew.com/movies/2016/12/24/captain-underpants-movie-first-look-ed-helms/|title=Captain Underpants leaps to the big screen in exclusive first look|date=December 24, 2016|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=December 25, 2016}}</ref>

==== CGI-animated spin-off film ====
{{main|Dog Man (film)}}

On December 9, 2020, it was announced that a feature film based on the ''Dog Man'' spin-off series is in development at [[DreamWorks Animation]] with Peter Hastings directing at the helm after his experience with Dav Pilkey's works from ''[[The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/features/dreamworks-developing-dav-pilkeys-dog-man-as-animated-feature/|title=DreamWorks Developing Dav Pilkey's 'Dog Man' as Animated Feature|date=9 December 2020}}</ref> On October 6, 2023, the movie was confirmed to be released in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Amidi |first1=Amid |author-link=Amid Amidi |date=October 6, 2023 |title=Dreamworks Shifting Away From In-House Production In Los Angeles; Sony Imageworks Is A New Production Partner |url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/studios/dreamworks-shifting-away-from-in-house-production-in-los-angeles-sony-imageworks-is-new-production-partner-233466.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120112219/https://www.cartoonbrew.com/studios/dreamworks-shifting-away-from-in-house-production-in-los-angeles-sony-imageworks-is-new-production-partner-233466.html |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |access-date=October 8, 2023 |website=[[Cartoon Brew]]}}</ref> On January 29, 2024, it was announced that the film would be released on January 31, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title='Dog Man' Movie Based On Books From 'Captain Underpants' Creator Set For 2025 Release From Universal And DWA |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/dog-man-movie-release-date-universal-dreamworks-1235807860/ |website=Deadline |access-date=29 January 2024 |date=29 January 2024}}</ref>

===Television series===
{{main|The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants}} Dav Pilkey had looked to turn the books into a possible TV series, and he had imagined [[Chris Farley]] in the titular role. Around the same year the first book debuted to the public, Farley died of a drug overdose.<ref>{{cite web|last=Heller|first=Karen|title=His Books Let Him Stay Class Clown, Even At 34|date=April 26, 2000|publisher=[[Philly.com]]|url=http://articles.philly.com/2000-04-26/living/25588816_1_captain-underpants-ladies-from-outer-space-professor-poopypants|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907080051/http://articles.philly.com/2000-04-26/living/25588816_1_captain-underpants-ladies-from-outer-space-professor-poopypants|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 7, 2013|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Defunct animation studio [[Soup2Nuts]] also attempted to produce an animated series based on the books in the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eg8C5p_T7l8|title=Stephen Rogan's Demo Reel from Soup2Nuts|website=YouTube|date=November 29, 2021|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref>

[[DreamWorks Animation Television]] produced a television series based on (and a sequel to) the film that was streamed to [[Netflix]]. It was released on July 13, 2018.<ref name=ComicBook>{{cite web|url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/2017/12/12/she-ra-netflix-series-2018/|title=Netflix and Dreamworks Announce She-Ra, Trolls, Captain Underpants and More|author=Kofi Outlaw|work=ComicBook.com|date=December 12, 2017 |access-date=December 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Animation Magazine]]|last=Milligan|first=Mercedes|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/top-stories/dreamworks-epic-tales-of-captain-underpants-opener-undressed/|title=DreamWorks 'Epic Tales of Captain Underpants' Opener Undressed|date=June 20, 2018}}</ref>

===Interactive special===
In 2020, an interactive special called ''Captain Underpants Epic Choice-O-Rama'' was released on Netflix. The special involves Harold and George stopping Mr. Krupp from destroying their beloved treehouse.<ref name="Captain Underpants Epic Choice-o-Rama">{{Cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/81019938|title=Captain Underpants Epic Choice-o-Rama | Netflix Official Site|website=Netflix|access-date=2020-06-03}}</ref> This title was delisted from the service in December 1st, 2024, as part of a strategy to remove interactive titles.

==Reception==
Censors in the United States have been targeting the ''Captain Underpants'' series after the first book was released in 1997.<ref name=Roake>Roake, Jessica. "[http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/family/2012/09/dav_pilkey_s_captain_underpants_books_why_kids_love_them_and_parents_should_make_peace_with_them_.html One Nation, Underpants]." (also "Dav Pilkey's Captain Underpants books: Why kids love them, and parents should make peace with them.") ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''. September 7, 2012. Retrieved on October 25, 2013.</ref> The Office of Intellectual Freedom of the [[American Library Association]] reported that ''Captain Underpants'' is the book series with the most complaints from libraries due to offensive content in the United States in 2012 and 2013.<ref>"[https://www.ala.org/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/top10/archive]." ''[[American Library Association]]''. Retrieved on October 25, 2013.</ref> Several parents accused the book of having language inappropriate for the book's target audience, children enrolled in elementary schools.<ref>Engel, Pamela. "[http://www.businessinsider.com/why-captain-underpants-is-the-most-banned-book-in-america-2013-9 Why 'Captain Underpants' Is The Most Banned Book In America]." ''[[Business Insider]]''. September 26, 2013. Retrieved on October 25, 2013.</ref>

Jessica Roake, in an article published in ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', argued that the books are well suited for young readers. She wrote that "They're drawn to them because for the first time in their reading lives they are understood, entertained, and catered to all at once. It is ''theirs'', not ''ours'', and that feeling of exclusive ownership forges the kind of connection everyone should have with at least one book in their life. For that, most every English teacher of my acquaintance will be more than happy to take the shot to the ego the Captain provides."<ref name=Roake/>

The series has frequently been compared with the ''[[Horace Splattly]]'' series,<ref name="SLJ">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120210030210/https://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6395276.html School Library journal review #1 of "Horace Splattly: The Cupcaked Crusader"]</ref><ref name="Amazon1">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0142300217 School Library Journal review #2 of "Horace Splattly: The Cupcaked Crusader", archived at Amazon.com]</ref><ref name="Amazon2">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0142301183 School Library Journal review of "When Second Graders Attack", archived at Amazon.com]</ref><ref name="Kirkus1">[http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-miscellaneous/4815009-1.html Kirkus review of "The Terror Of The Pink Dodo Balloons", archived at AllBusiness.com]</ref><ref name="Kirkus2">[http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-miscellaneous/4798280-1.html Kirkus review of "Horace Splattly: The Cupcaked Crusader", archived at AllBusiness.com]</ref> but not always positively.<ref name="Amazon3">[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0142500011 School Library Journal review of "The Terror of the Pink Dodo Balloons", archived at Amazon.com]</ref>

The ''Captain Underpants'' spin-off series ''Dog Man'' received positive reviews from book critics. Darienne Stewart of [[Common Sense Media]] rated the first two books four stars out of five, saying that the first book ''Dog Man'' was "riotous, silly fun with soft touch by Underpants creator",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stewart |first1=Darienne |title=Dog Man: Dog Man, Book 1 |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/book-reviews/dog-man-dog-man-book-1 |website=Common Sense Media |access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref> and the second book, ''Dog Man: Unleashed'' has "half-man, half-dog, all-heart hero delights in silly sequel."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stewart |first1=Darienne |title=Dog Man Unleashed: Dog Man, Book 2 |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/book-reviews/dog-man-unleashed-dog-man-book-2 |website=Common Sense Media |access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref>

==International publishing==
* Argentina: [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]]
* Australia: Scholastic
* Austria: [[Ueberreuter]] (books 1–5, first translation), [[Panini Group|Panini]] (books 1–12)
* Brazil: [[Cosac Naify]] (published all 12 books before going defunct in 2015), [[Companhia das Letras]] (re-releases, 2017–present)
* Canada: Scholastic
* Catalan: Editorial Cruilla
* China: Nanhai Publishing Company
* Croatia: Mozaik Knjiga
* Czech Republic: Egmont, Baronet
* Denmark: Forlaget Sesam, Carlsen
* Egypt: Scholastic
* Finland: [[Tammi (company)|Tammi]]
* France: Le Petit Musc (books 1–4, first translation), [[Bayard Presse]] (books 1–6)
* Germany: [[Ueberreuter]] (books 1–5, first translation), [[Panini Group|Panini]] (books 1–12)
* Greece: [[Psichogios Publications]], Modern Times S.A.
* Hong Kong: Scholastic, Thinkingdom Children's Books, New Buds Publishing House
* Hungary: Ulpius-Haz
* Iceland: JPV Forlag (''Captain Underpants''), Bókafélagið (''Dog Man'')
* India: Scholastic
* Indonesia: [[Kompas Gramedia Group]]
* Ireland: Scholastic
* Israel: [[Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir]]
* Italy: [[Edizioni Piemme]] (''Captain Underpants''), Salani (''Super Diaper Baby'')
* Japan: [[Tokuma Shoten]]
** {{nihongo|{{ill|Ryō Kisaka|ja|木坂涼}}|木坂涼|''Kisaka Ryō''}} is the Japanese translator of the book series.<ref>"[http://www.tokuma.co.jp/kodomonohon/kodayori/kodayori061.html 木坂涼さんのまき] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722100158/http://www.tokuma.co.jp/kodomonohon/kodayori/kodayori061.html |date=July 22, 2011 }}." ([https://archive.today/20131123200846/http://www.tokuma.co.jp/kodomonohon/kodayori/kodayori061.html Archive]) [[Tokuma Shoten]]. Retrieved on December 5, 2013.</ref>
* Latvia: Zvaigzne ABC
* Lithuania: [[Alma littera]]
* Mexico: Scholastic
* New Zealand: Scholastic
* Norway: [[Cappelen Damm]] (books 1-2, first translation), Schibsted Forlag (books 1-8), Vigmostad & Bjørke (from book 9 onwards)
* Poland: Egmont, Jaguar
* Portugal: Gradiva (''Captain Underpants''), Marcador (''Dog Man'')
* Romania: Editura National, Art Grup Editorial
* Russia: Machiny Tvoreniya Publishing
* Saudi Arabia: Scholastic (not including the [[Captain Underpants and the Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks-A-Lot|12th novel]] due to an [[LGBTQ]] reference)
* Slovenia: Založba Mladinska Knjiga
* South Korea: [[Gimm-Young Publishers, Inc.]]
* Spain: [[Grupo SM|Ediciones SM]]
* Sweden: Egmont Richters (books 1–6, first translation); [[Bonnier Carlsen]] (books 1–12)
* Taiwan: Commonwealth, Thinkingdom Children's Books
* Thailand: Pearl Publishing
* Turkey: A.I. Iletisim/Altin Kitaplar
* Ukraine: Krajina Mriy (Країна Мрій)
* United Kingdom: Scholastic
* Vietnam: Nha Nam Publishing

==References==
{{Portal|1990s|2000s|2010s|Speculative fiction|Children's literature|Literature|Books|United States}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Captain Underpants}}
*[http://www.scholastic.com/captainunderpants Captain Underpants] at Scholastic
*[http://pilkey.com/series/captain-underpants Captain Underpants]

{{Captain Underpants}}
{{DreamWorks Animation}}

[[Category:Captain Underpants| ]]
[[Category:Works by Dav Pilkey]]
[[Category:Series of children's books]]
[[Category:Novels set in Ohio]]
[[Category:Novel series]]
[[Category:DreamWorks Classics]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in literature]]
[[Category:Fiction about hypnosis]]
[[Category:Book series introduced in 1997]]
[[Category:Mass media franchises introduced in 1997]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into television shows]]

Bantha

2025-05-29T13:26:25Z

149.167.185.166:

{{short description|Star Wars race}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox character
| image = bantha.png
| caption = A [[Tusken Raider]] riding a bantha on [[Tatooine]] in a scene from ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977)
| name = Bantha
| series = [[Star Wars]]
| first = ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977)
| last =
| creator = [[George Lucas]]
| occupation =
| species =
| gender =
| title =
| lbl21 = Habitats
| data21 = {{hlist|[[Wookiee#Kashyyyk|Kashyyyk]]|Kilia IV|[[Tatooine]]}}
| affiliation =
| portrayer = Mardji (elephant)
| relatives =
| voice =
}}
'''Banthas''' are fictional creatures in the [[Star Wars|''Star Wars'' franchise]]. They are large, quadrupedal mammals with long, thick fur, and are first seen in the film ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977), where they are used as [[Pack animal|beasts of burden]] by [[Tusken Raiders]] on the planet [[Tatooine]].<ref name="HSW" /><ref name="Chua0526">{{cite news |last=Chua |first=Jasmin Malik |title=Chewbacca to Jabba the Hutt: 10 Real 'Star Wars' Beasts in the Animal Kingdom |work=[[Live Science]] |date=May 26, 2017 |url=https://www.livescience.com/59281-real-life-star-wars-creatures.html |access-date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218185220/https://www.livescience.com/59281-real-life-star-wars-creatures.html |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hennon1201">{{cite news |last=Hennon |first=Blake |title=Is it Wookie or Wookiee? The Times' definitive 'Star Wars' style guide |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=December 1, 2015 |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-the-times-star-wars-style-guide-20151130-story.html |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227214331/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-the-times-star-wars-style-guide-20151130-story.html |archive-date=December 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> They have since been featured in several other ''Star Wars'' works, including the [[Changes in Star Wars re-releases|Special Edition]] version of ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'' (1983), the [[Star Wars prequel trilogy|prequel]] films ''[[Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace|The Phantom Menace]]'' (1999) and ''[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones|Attack of the Clones]]'' (2002), and the television shows ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'', ''[[The Mandalorian]]'', and ''[[The Book of Boba Fett]]'', as well as video games and books.

One of the first creatures introduced in the ''Star Wars'' franchise, banthas were created by [[George Lucas]], who was inspired in part by creatures called Banths in ''[[John Carter of Mars (collection)|John Carter of Mars]]''. [[Ralph McQuarrie]] designed the concept art for the banthas, with original sketches depicting them as [[horse]]-like creatures before they were changed to be [[elephant]]-sized. Art director Leon Erickson led the creation of the bantha costume for ''Star Wars'', the base of which was an [[howdah|elephant saddle]] with palm fronds and yak hair to create a shaggy coat, as well as a head mask molded from chicken wire, curved horns made from ventilation tubing, and a tail crafted from wood covered with thick thistles.

The bantha's moan was created by sound designer [[Ben Burtt]], who slowed down a [[bear]] sound originally collected to help create the voice of the [[Wookiee]] character [[Chewbacca]]. The banthas in ''Star Wars'' were portrayed by a female [[Asian elephant]] named Mardji, who was provided by the [[Marine World Africa USA]] amusement park. Her scenes were filmed in [[Death Valley National Park]] in [[California]], and Mardji kept shrugging the heavy costume off her body during filming due to the intense heat.

The elephant's gait served as the model for the movement of [[AT-AT]] walkers in ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' (1980), and banthas also inspired the creation of the luggabeast creature in ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]'' (2015) and the Corellian hounds in ''[[Solo: A Star Wars Story]]'' (2018). Banthas that have appeared in subsequent ''Star Wars'' films and shows were digital creations modeled after the creature from ''Star Wars''. The bantha shares characteristics with several real-life animals, including [[bighorn sheep]], [[muskox]]en, [[woolly mammoth]]s, and [[domestic yak]]s, and its use of fur to help insulate itself from excess heat is a trait shared by such animals as the [[antelope]], [[camel]], and [[jerboa]]. The bantha has been described as a favorite among fans, as well as the cast and crew of the films; [[Anthony Daniels]], the actor who portrayed [[C-3PO]], called it "one of the best things in the movie".<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Rinzler266" />

==Biology and characteristics==
Banthas are large, quadrupedal [[mammal]]s with long, thick fur of brown or black. The creatures have long, furry tails,<ref name="Cavelos70">{{Harvnb|Cavelos|2000|p=70}}</ref><ref name="Schneck" /> and a pair of spiraling horns extruded from their skulls,<ref name="Cavelos70"/><ref name="Schneck" /><ref name="Slavicsek84">{{Harvnb|Slavicsek|Smith|1987|p=84}}</ref> which resemble those of the real-life [[bighorn sheep]],<ref name="Chua0526" /><ref name="Schneck" /> as well as the [[muskox]], one of the inspirations behind the bantha.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Force is strong with this one |work=Strathspey & Badenoch Herald |date=May 9, 2018 |page=12}}</ref> ''Star Wars'' books and media have established biological details about the bantha that go beyond the creature's appearances in the films and television shows.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reed |first=Douglas |title=You've seen the Star Wars films, now get acquainted with the books |work=[[Sudbury Star]] |date=December 16, 2001 |page=A9}}</ref> About {{cvt|8|to|10|ft}} in height,<ref name="Schneck" /><ref name="Qatar">{{cite news |title=A field guide to Star Wars creatures |work=[[Qatar Tribune]] |date=December 28, 2017}}</ref> banthas breathe [[oxygen]],<ref name="Slavicsek84" /> have a lifespan of 80 to 100 years, a gestation period of 30 months, and reach sexual maturation at 20 years of age. They weigh {{cvt|50|kg}} at birth and reach weights of up to {{cvt|4000|kg}} at maturity.<ref name="Whitlatch11">{{Harvnb|Whitlatch|Carrau|2001|p=11}}</ref> Banthas are extremely strong, capable of carrying up to 500 kilograms of cargo or an average of five passengers.<ref name="Lewis10">{{Harvnb|Lewis|2001|p=10}}</ref><ref name="Slavicsek85" /> Their planet of origin is unknown,<ref name="Slavicsek84" /> but since they could be found on most agricultural systems, it was believed early settlers transported them to new worlds. Works of ''Star Wars'' media have established that bantha remains have been discovered that predate most known species in the franchise.<ref name="Lewis10" /><ref name="Sansweet59" />

Although often associated with the planet of [[Tatooine]], banthas can be found on many worlds in the ''Star Wars'' universe and have adapted to a variety of climates and terrains,<ref name="Slavicsek84" /><ref name="Lewis10" /><ref name="Sansweet59">{{Harvnb|Sansweet|Hidalgo|2008a|p=59}}</ref> ranging from deserts to tundra.<ref name="Slavicsek84" /> Rather than serving as a hindrance in the heat of the desert planet of [[Tatooine]], bantha fur helped insulate the animal and keep away excess cold or heat.<ref name="Cavelos70" /><ref name="Ramesh1212">{{cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Sandhya |title=Is there a Tatooine out there? |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=December 12, 2015 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/U0bVsEhjV5WhLhom3kPhIJ/Is-there-a-Tatooine-out-there.html |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228171702/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/U0bVsEhjV5WhLhom3kPhIJ/Is-there-a-Tatooine-out-there.html |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> This is a characteristic shared with several real-life desert animals, including the [[antelope]], [[camel]], and [[jerboa]].<ref name="Cavelos70" /> Since the heat generated by a sun is absorbed by the fur on the bantha's back, it prevents the heat from penetrating deeper into the creature's skin, helping it survive even in harsh conditions.<ref name="Cavelos70" /> Science writer Sandhya Ramesh noted that large bodies have greater thermal inertia, meaning the bantha's large body would be more difficult to heat them up compared than those of smaller animals, making it well suited to survive in Tatooine's harsh environment.<ref name="Ramesh1212" /> Marcus Schneck of ''[[The Patriot-News]]'' has noted the bantha shares similarities to the [[domestic yak]], a bulky, hairy animal used by humans for transportation and food.<ref name="Schneck" />

Bantha horns grow a new segment each year, and the strength of a given creature's horns are indicative of its health and environment: thick, crenellated horns usually signify that the bantha is well fed and healthy, while thin, cracked, or underdeveloped horns indicate the bantha is unhealthy due to drought or famine. Male banthas develop thicker and longer horns than females, and males typically complete two horn spirals over the course of their lifetimes, while females usually only complete one.<ref name="Sansweet59" /><ref name="Whitlatch13">{{Harvnb|Whitlatch|Carrau|2001|p=13}}</ref> The horns of male banthas could reach a width of up to 3 meters at the shoulders.<ref name="Slavicsek84" /><ref name="Sansweet59" /> Bantha horns sometimes become locked when they fight each other, which can lead to exhaustion and death, particularly in difficult terrains like Tatooine.<ref name="Whitlatch13" /> Banthas have a long tongue that help the animal compensate for its short neck when eating and drinking.<ref name="Lewis10" /><ref name="Whitlatch10" /> The bantha tongue is highly sensitive, structurally complex, and very strong,<ref name="Sansweet59" /><ref name="Whitlatch10" /> containing gripping knobs at the end and [[Spiracle (vertebrates)|spiracles]] along the edges for scenting. The tongue can be used for probing into the ground for food or water,<ref name="Wallace43">{{cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Dan |date=June 17, 2008 |title=The Toughest Ever Creatures |journal=[[Star Wars Insider]] |issue=102 |page=43}}</ref> holding and carrying items, and as a signifier for communications with other members of the species. Banthas also have extremely sharp [[incisor]]s.<ref name="Whitlatch10" />

Although only one type of bantha is shown in the ''Star Wars'' film (known as a "common bantha"), other media from the franchise have established that multiple sub-species of banthas exist,<ref name="Lewis10" /><ref name="Whitlatch14">{{Harvnb|Whitlatch|Carrau|2001|p=14}}</ref> each varying in size, social behavior, metabolic specifics, and coloration.<ref name="Slavicsek84" /><ref name="Lewis10" /> Among these sub-species are dwarf banthas and dune banthas. Dwarf banthas are smaller and more shy than the common bantha, living in remote outer areas, while dune banthas are more slender and less furry, and able to survive in very high temperatures with relatively little water.<ref name="Whitlatch14" /> The Kashyyyk bantha is a sub-species adapted to survive on the [[Wookiee]] planet of [[Wookiee#Kashyyyk|Kashyyyk]], which lacks the shaggy coat and horns of a common bantha and instead has large bony plates used as battering rams.<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Wars Galaxies: Rage of the Wookiees |work=[[IGN]] |date=May 19, 2012 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/04/05/star-wars-galaxies-rage-of-the-wookiees-5 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104045740/https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/04/05/star-wars-galaxies-rage-of-the-wookiees-5 |archive-date=January 4, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kilian bantha, a type native to the planet Kilia IV, was another sub-species.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stephens |first1=Owen K.C. |last2=Kenson |first2=Steve |title=Kilian Bantha |publisher=[[Wizards of the Coast]] |url=http://wizards.com/starwars/article.asp?x=sw20010830a_bantha&c=rpg |access-date=January 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230062356/http://wizards.com/starwars/article.asp?x=sw20010830a_bantha&c=rpg|archive-date=December 30, 2009}}</ref>

==Behavior and culture==
According to ''Star Wars'' works, banthas are herbivores, with a peaceful and docile manner,<ref name="HSW" /><ref name="Slavicsek84" /> surviving on grasses and other native flora.<ref name="Sansweet59" /> Due to their size and internal reserves, they can survive up to a month without food or water.<ref name="Sansweet59" /><ref name="Slavicsek84" /> Highly intelligent creatures,<ref name="Sansweet59" /><ref name="Whitlatch10">{{Harvnb|Whitlatch|Carrau|2001|p=10}}</ref> they can be found both in the wild and domesticated.<ref name="Sansweet59" /> Banthas are extremely social [[pack animal]]s who travel in herds.<ref name="Schneck" /><ref name="Whitlatch10" /> which can reach sizes of up to 25 individuals.<ref name="Sansweet59" /><ref name="Whitlatch10" /> Banthas are non-confrontational and usually flee when attacked, fighting only when necessary to defend the herd or their young. When they do fight, banthas attack by lowering their heads and ramming their horns against attacks, and adult banthas form a circle around their calves to protect them from threats.<ref name="Lewis10" /><ref name="Slavicsek85">{{Harvnb|Slavicsek|Smith|1987|p=85}}</ref> Despite their gentle temperaments, the size and strength of banthas often lead them to be used as beasts of burden and [[Military animal|animals of war]], with riders spurring them to charge at foes and trample them.<ref name="Lewis10" /><ref name="Slavicsek85" /> Banthas have few natural enemies, and the only creature that hunts them for food are [[List of Star Wars creatures#Krayt dragon|krayt dragons]], massive [[Carnivore|carnivorous]] [[reptile]]s even larger in size than banthas.<ref name="Slavicsek84" />

Banthas in the wild belong to a [[Matriarchy|matriarchal]] social system,<ref name="Whitlatch11" /><ref name="Sansweet59" /> and are led by the oldest, strongest, and most capable female in the herd. Matriarchs are most responsible for protecting the others for dangerous predators,<ref name="Whitlatch11" /> though a lone male bantha often acts as a sentry for the herds.<ref name="Whitlatch12">{{Harvnb|Whitlatch|Carrau|2001|p=12}}</ref> As the matriarch ages, she relinquishes control of the herd to the next qualified female bantha candidate. If a herd grows too large in size, it will occasionally split, with the second-oldest and strongest female becoming the matriarch of the new herd.<ref name="Whitlatch11" /> Banthas treat the remains of their ancestors with a sense of reverence, gathering their bones into special areas known as "bantha graveyards" and fondling the bones with their tongues. Mothers have carried deceased newborn banthas many kilometers to these graveyards. Other species consider it bad luck to enter a bantha graveyard.<ref name="Whitlatch14" />

''Star Wars'' books and media outside the films have established that banthas are an integral part of the culture of [[Tusken Raiders]] on Tatooine,<ref name="Sansweet59" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Crouse |first=Megan |title=Star Wars: The Mandalorian Episode 5 Easter Eggs Explained |work=[[Den of Geek]] |date=December 6, 2019 |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/us/tv/284810/star-wars-the-mandalorian-episode-5-easter-eggs |access-date=December 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226215740/https://www.denofgeek.com/us/tv/284810/star-wars-the-mandalorian-episode-5-easter-eggs |archive-date=December 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Slavicsek86">{{Harvnb|Slavicsek|Smith|1987|p=86}}</ref> with a deep spiritual and emotional connection developing between each bantha and its Tusken rider.<ref name="Lewis10" /><ref name="Whitlatch16">{{Harvnb|Whitlatch|Carrau|2001|p=16}}</ref> When a Tusken Raider reaches age seven, a bantha of the same gender is ceremonially presented to the child as its partner in life. The young Tusken cares for and raises the bantha as it grows, and once it reaches maturity, the Tusken rides it and takes it into the desert for initiatory ceremonies and tasks.<ref name="Whitlatch16" /> When Tusken Raiders marry, the couple's banthas also mate, and when the Tusken couple has children the banthas will often produce offspring as well.<ref name="Whitlatch17">{{Harvnb|Whitlatch|Carrau|2001|p=17}}</ref> When a Tusken Raider dies, the bantha is sent into the desert to find another bonding partner;<ref name="Lewis10" /> however, the bond between the Tusken and bantha is so strong that banthas would often fall into depression or commit suicide in such cases.<ref name="Lewis10" /><ref name="Whitlatch17" /> Likewise, if a bantha dies before its Tusken Raider, the Tusken clan would cast that Raider into the desert on a [[vision quest]], to either die in isolation or be adopted by another wild bantha.<ref name="Sansweet59" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2001|pp=10–11}}</ref> If the latter occurs, the Tusken is allowed to return to his or her tribe.<ref name="Lewis11">{{Harvnb|Lewis|2001|p=11}}</ref> No other cultures or species share such a bond with banthas.<ref name="Slavicsek86" />

Other species have used bantha hides for clothing,<ref name="HSW" /><ref name="Slavicsek84" /><ref name="Sansweet59" /> with such items as bantha-skin boots and carrying cases fetching high prices.<ref name="Slavicsek84" /><ref name="Sansweet59" /><ref name="Richau0821" /> Bantha meat has often been processed for food and beverages,<ref name="HSW" /><ref name="Sansweet59" /> and "bantha steaks" are a common food in works of ''Star Wars'' media.<ref name="Slavicsek84" /> In one scene from the original ''Star Wars'' film, [[Luke Skywalker]]'s aunt [[List of Star Wars characters#Beru Lars|Beru]] pours a cup of what is known as "blue milk"; it is later established that the milk comes from banthas.<ref name="Moser1216">{{cite news |last=Moser |first=Andy |title=The weird and wonderful foods of Star Wars, ranked |work=[[Mashable]] |date=December 16, 2019 |url=https://mashable.com/article/star-wars-foods-ranked/ |access-date=December 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227041625/https://mashable.com/article/star-wars-foods-ranked/ |archive-date=December 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode |title=Guests: Bill Richardson, Peter Zuckerman |series=The Rachel Maddow Show |series-link=The Rachel Maddow Show |first=Maddow |last=Rachel |network=[[MSNBC]] |date=May 4, 2012 |transcript=The Rachel Maddow Show, Transcript 05/04/12 |transcript-url=https://www.msnbc.com/transcripts/rachel-maddow-show/2012-05-04 |quote=Today is International Star Wars Day. And this year, May the fourth be with you, International Star Wars Day falls on a Friday. And on Fridays on this show, we do cocktails moments. So, today's cocktail moment, of course, Bantha milk, blue milk, like from "Star Wars," like they were drinking at the beginning, remember? Bantha milk apparently comes from this lovely creature, the Bantha. You know, though, as appealing Bantha milk cocktail does sounds, I actually think Bantha milk might have been our second best cocktail moment idea for the day.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Horlyk |first=Earl |title=The 'force' is with him: 'Star Wars,' according to the franchise's ultimate fan |work=[[The Post-Star]] |date=December 10, 2015}}</ref> Bantha blue milk has reappeared in several ''Star Wars'' films, books, games, and other mediums,<ref>{{cite news |title=May the froth be with you: Get 'Bantha milk' beer at Borderlands today |work=[[Arizona Daily Star]] |date=May 4, 2017 |url=https://tucson.com/entertainment/dining/may-the-froth-be-with-you-get-bantha-milk-beer/article_54eb8128-3110-11e7-bea1-f7f6e2ab5c58.html |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228223128/https://tucson.com/entertainment/dining/may-the-froth-be-with-you-get-bantha-milk-beer/article_54eb8128-3110-11e7-bea1-f7f6e2ab5c58.html |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Borrelli |first=Christopher |title=Denny's 'Star Wars' menu misses chance for extragalactic culinary blast |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=April 12, 2018 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/ct-food-star-wars-dennys-0418-story.html |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228223127/https://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/ct-food-star-wars-dennys-0418-story.html |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> including the film ''[[Rogue One]]'' (2016),<ref>{{cite news |last=Hoffman |first=Jordan |title=Rogue One: A Star Wars Story in-depth fan review: 'This is a movie made for fans' |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=December 15, 2016 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/dec/15/rogue-one-a-star-wars-story-in-depth-fan-review |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228212841/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/dec/15/rogue-one-a-star-wars-story-in-depth-fan-review |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is sold as a real-life beverage at the [[Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge|''Star Wars'' Galaxy's Edge]], the ''Star Wars'' themed area within [[Disneyland]] in [[Anaheim, California]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Pereira |first=Alyssa |title=Inside Disneyland's new Star Wars theme park |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=May 31, 2019 |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/travel/article/Inside-Disneyland-s-new-Star-Wars-theme-park-13908315.php |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615013556/https://www.sfchronicle.com/travel/article/Inside-Disneyland-s-new-Star-Wars-theme-park-13908315.php |archive-date=June 15, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Amy Drew |title=Where fans can go for galaxy-wide taste of Star Wars |work=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |date= September 4, 2019 |page=1B |url=https://digitaledition.orlandosentinel.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=d69c1a35-f993-40b7-8037-fa1d6f88d9bf |access-date=December 28, 2019}}</ref> Fictional bantha hides make an alcoholic drink when mixed with fermented grain.<ref name="Qatar" /> One such drink is called "Jawa Juice", named after the [[List of Star Wars species (F–J)#Jawa|Jawa]] alien species,<ref name="Moser1216" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Jennings |first=Dana |title=Much to Learn You Still Have: 7 Things You Might Not Know About Jawas |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=December 20, 2016 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/much-to-learn-you-still-have-7-things-you-might-not-know-about-jawas |access-date=January 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015204256/https://www.starwars.com/news/much-to-learn-you-still-have-7-things-you-might-not-know-about-jawas |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> which is served to [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]] at a restaurant in a scene from ''[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones|Attack of the Clones]]'' (2002).<ref name="Moser1216" /> A flying reptile species on Tatooine known as [[List of Star Wars creatures#Sketto|skettos]] would gather loose wool from the backs of banthas for use in building nests.<ref name="Whitlatch11" /> Tusken Raiders collect the bones of deceased banthas for use as tent supports and other purposes.<ref name="Whitlatch13" />

==''Star Wars'' appearances==
Banthas first appear in ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977), the first film in the [[Star Wars original trilogy|original ''Star Wars'' trilogy]], during a scene in which protagonist Luke Skywalker is stalked and attacked by Tusken Raiders in a region of Tatooine known as the Jundland Wastes. After observing Luke from afar, the Tuskens mount their nearby banthas and begin their approach to ambush him.<ref name="Kent102">{{Harvnb|Kent|2015|p=102}}</ref><ref name="Great62">{{Harvnb|Great|1984|p=62}}</ref> Luke later uses binoculars to survey the area and spots two banthas and a Tusken Raider in the distance, before another Tusken surprise attacks him and renders him unconscious.<ref name="Kent102" /><ref name="Great62" /><ref name="Veekhoven0109">{{cite news |last=Veekhoven |first=Tim |title=Tusken Raiders: Meet Tatooine's Menacing Desert Dwellers |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=January 9, 2015 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/tusken-raiders-meet-tatooines-menacing-desert-dwellers |access-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017170932/https://www.starwars.com/news/tusken-raiders-meet-tatooines-menacing-desert-dwellers |archive-date=October 17, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other works of ''Star Wars'' media have established that the specific bantha most prominently featured in the film was a male named R'rrr'ur'R, whose name is similar to the guttural sounds of the Tusken language. According to his backstory, R'rrr'ur'R had been the alpha male of his herd before he was raised by the Tusken Raider RR'uruurrr for the personal use of URoRRuR'R'R, the leader of the tribe.<ref name="Veekhoven0109" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Sansweet|Hidalgo|2008c|p=112}}</ref> Later in the film, while Luke and Obi-Wan Kenobi are surveying the wreckage of a destroyed [[sandcrawler]], Kenobi correctly assesses that the craft was attacked not by Tusken Raiders but by [[Stormtrooper (Star Wars)|Imperial stormtroopers]] serving the [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Galactic Empire]]. He reaches this conclusion by noting that the [[footprint]]s left by the attackers were side by side, whereas Tusken Raiders and their banthas travel in single file to hide their numbers.<ref name="Wallace43" /><ref name="Baver0515">{{cite news |last=Baver |first=Kristin |title=Unmasking the ''Moviemaking Magic'' of ''Star Wars'' Creatures and Aliens |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=May 15, 2018 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/unmasking-the-moviemaking-magic-of-star-wars-creatures-and-aliens |access-date=January 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910065517/https://www.starwars.com/news/unmasking-the-moviemaking-magic-of-star-wars-creatures-and-aliens |archive-date=September 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hill |first=Kyle |title=Tusken Raiders Ride Single File as a Valid Military Tactic |work=[[Scientific American]] |date=August 9, 2013 |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/but-not-simpler/tusken-raiders-ride-single-file-as-a-valid-military-tactic/ |access-date=January 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102045248/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/but-not-simpler/tusken-raiders-ride-single-file-as-a-valid-military-tactic/ |archive-date=January 2, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chewbacca's son Lumpawaroo plays with a plush toy version of a bantha in the ''[[Star Wars Christmas Special]]'' (1978),<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Wallace43" /><ref name="Veekhoven1201">{{cite news |last=Veekhoven |first=Tim |title=Let's Go Play Ball: Toys and Games From a Galaxy Far, Far Away |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=December 1, 2015 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/lets-go-play-ball-toys-and-games-from-a-galaxy-far-far-away |access-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910025901/https://www.starwars.com/news/lets-go-play-ball-toys-and-games-from-a-galaxy-far-far-away |archive-date=September 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and comedian [[Harvey Korman]] appears in the special as a four-armed alien chef and parody of [[Julia Child]], who cooks a meal called "Bantha Surprise".<ref>{{cite news |last=Beifuss |first=John |title=The 'Star Wars' Special No One Wants You To See |work=[[The Press of Atlantic City]] |date=May 26, 1999 |page=B1}}</ref><ref>{{cite podcast |url=https://www.dinnerpartydownload.org/bruce-vilanch-holiday/ |title=Bruce Vilanch Attempts to Defend the 'Star Wars Holiday Special' |website=[[Rico Gagliano#Dinner Party Download|Dinner Party Download]] |host=[[Rico Gagliano|Gagliano, Rico]] |date=December 17, 2015 |time=3:57–4:06 |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228172441/https://www.dinnerpartydownload.org/bruce-vilanch-holiday/ |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mancuso |first=Vinnie |title=Revisiting the 'Star Wars Holiday Special:' A Disturbing Galaxy, Not Far Enough Away |work=[[The New York Observer]] |date=December 17, 2015 |url=https://observer.com/2015/12/revisiting-the-star-wars-holiday-special-a-disturbing-galaxy-not-far-enough-away/ |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228172811/https://observer.com/2015/12/revisiting-the-star-wars-holiday-special-a-disturbing-galaxy-not-far-enough-away/ |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Banthas have played a part in stories for the ''[[Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game]]'' first published in 1987,<ref name="Slavicsek11">{{Harvnb|Slavicsek|Greenberg|Kaufman|1988|p=11}}</ref> including a bantha stampede caused by Tusken Raiders as an attack against the players.<ref>{{Harvnb|Slavicsek|Greenberg|Kaufman|1988|p=25}}</ref> The game also introduced the Dim-U, a cult-like sect of monks that worship banthas as deities, believing the creatures' far-reaching presence on multiple worlds was a sign of a message from a higher power.<ref name="Wallace43" /><ref name="Slavicsek11" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Wixted|1993|p=76}}</ref>

[[Image:Return of the Jedi bantha herd.jpg|thumb|right|A shot of digitally-created banthas traveling in a herd was added to the [[Changes in Star Wars re-releases|Special Edition]] version of ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'' released in 1997.]]
In the [[Changes in Star Wars re-releases|Special Edition]] version of ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'' (1983) released in 1997, a shot with a herd of banthas walking through the Tatooine desert was added to the film,<ref name="Edwards162">{{Harvnb|Edwards|1999|p=162}}</ref><ref name="Andersen0314">{{cite news |last=Andersen |first=Soren |title=Review: Lucas trilogy loses steam in 'Jedi' |work=[[The News Tribune]] |date=March 14, 1997 |page=SL3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Rob |title=Worst of 'Star Wars' beats best of everything else |work=[[Spartanburg Herald-Journal]] |date=March 21, 1997 |page=D2}}</ref> just before the scene in which the [[List of Star Wars air, aquatic, and ground vehicles#Sail barge|sail barge]] vehicle of the character [[Jabba the Hutt]] passes.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Andersen0314" /> ''Star Wars'' creator [[George Lucas]] said he added the shot because it allowed him to expand the environment of the fictional universe and add more nuance to the setting of the film.<ref>{{cite AV media |last=Lucas |first=George |author-link=George Lucas |date=September 12, 2006 |title=''[[Return of the Jedi|Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi]]'' (DVD) |medium=Audio commentary |language=en |publisher=[[20th Century Fox]] |time=29:38–29:57 |quote=With this movie, we got a chance to expand the universe a bit, see more banthas than just one or two, see them in their natural environment. There's so little time in these moviss to show the environments, because we're really pushing the story all the time, and it's always great when you get another opportunity to push the camera over here and say, 'Oh look, look what's over there.'}}</ref> Banthas appear in two of the [[Star Wars prequel trilogy|''Star Wars'' prequel trilogy]] films. In the first film, ''[[Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace|The Phantom Menace]]'' (1999), a bantha can be seen in the background when the characters [[Qui-Gon Jinn]], [[Padmé Amidala]], and [[Jar Jar Binks]] enter the Tatooine city of [[Mos Espa]].<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Beifuss0518" /> In the second film, ''Attack of the Clones'' (2002), a small herd of banthas are present in another scene set in Mos Espa, next to a docking bay where [[Darth Vader|Anakin Skywalker]] and Padmé land their ship.<ref name="DeLange0923" />

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 230
| image1 = Star Wars bantha binoculars shot.jpg
| image2 = The Mandalorian bantha binoculars shot.jpg
| footer = A shot of two banthas being observed through a pair of binoculars in ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977) (above) was referenced in a similar shot in a 2019 episode of the television series ''[[The Mandalorian]]'' (below).
}}
Banthas have appeared in the [[3D computer graphics|3D]] [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] television series ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'', once again on the planet Tatooine,<ref name="DeLange0923" /> and have been mentioned in the television shows ''[[Star Wars Rebels]]'',<ref name="Richau0821" /> and ''[[Star Wars Resistance]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bucket's List Extra: 5 Fun Facts From "The Engineer" - Star Wars Resistance |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=November 4, 2019 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/buckets-list-extra-the-engineer-star-wars-resistance |access-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214034043/https://www.starwars.com/news/buckets-list-extra-the-engineer-star-wars-resistance |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> A bantha doll can be seen in the bedroom of Torra Doza in "The High Tower", the fifth episode of ''Resistance'', which first aired on October 28, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bucket's List Extra: 9 Fun Facts from "The High Tower" – ''Star Wars Resistance'' |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=October 29, 2018 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/buckets-list-extra-the-high-tower-star-wars-resistance |access-date=January 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022032737/https://www.starwars.com/news/buckets-list-extra-the-high-tower-star-wars-resistance |archive-date=October 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Obi-Wan Kenobi walks among a herd of banthas in the 20th issue of the ''[[Star Wars comics#Return to Marvel (2015–present)|Star Wars]]'' comic book series by [[Marvel Comics]].<ref name="Aaron0615">{{Cite comic |writer=[[Jason Aaron|Aaron, Jason]] |artist=Mayhew, Mike |title=From the Journals of Old Ben Kenobi |issue=20 |date=June 15, 2016 |publisher=[[Marvel Comics]] |page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bray |first=Adam |title=The Creatures of Marvel's ''Star Wars'' Comics, Part 1 |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=August 24, 2016 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/creatures-of-marvel-star-wars-comics-part-1 |access-date=January 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909212255/https://www.starwars.com/news/creatures-of-marvel-star-wars-comics-part-1 |archive-date=September 9, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the issue, released on June 15, 2016, Kenobi speaks to the banthas as if they are friends, referring to two in particular by the names Dolo and Nara.<ref name="Aaron0615" /> Banthas were also featured in an episode of ''[[The Mandalorian]]'', a ''Star Wars'' television series featured on the streaming service [[Disney+]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Burgos |first=Danielle |title=These 'Mandalorian' Easter Eggs Connect Every Corner Of The Star Wars Universe |work=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]] |date=November 12, 2019 |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/these-mandalorian-easter-eggs-connect-every-corner-of-the-star-wars-universe-19346314 |access-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218214052/https://www.bustle.com/p/these-mandalorian-easter-eggs-connect-every-corner-of-the-star-wars-universe-19346314 |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Romain |first=Lindsey |title=A Guide to The Mandalorian's Terms, Aliens, and Characters |work=[[Nerdist Industries|Nerdist]] |date=November 15, 2019 |url=https://nerdist.com/article/the-mandalorian-glossary/ |access-date=December 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220203934/https://nerdist.com/article/the-mandalorian-glossary/ |archive-date=December 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The episode, entitled "[[Chapter 5: The Gunslinger]]", was first made available on December 6, 2019. In it, the [[The Mandalorian (Star Wars character)|title character]] and a [[bounty hunter]] named [[List of The Mandalorian characters#Toro Calican|Toro Calican]] search Tatooine for a mercenary named [[Fennec Shand]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lindbergh |first=Ben |title='The Mandalorian' Episode 5 Reaches Peak Fan Service on Tatooine |work=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]] |date=December 6, 2019 |url=https://www.theringer.com/mandalorian/2019/12/6/20999122/the-mandalorian-episode-5-recap-tatooine-baby-yoda-fan-service |access-date=December 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230033335/https://www.theringer.com/mandalorian/2019/12/6/20999122/the-mandalorian-episode-5-recap-tatooine-baby-yoda-fan-service |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mangione |first=Nick |title='The Mandalorian' Season 1 Episode 5 Recap: They All Wound Up on Tatooine |work=[[Geek.com]] |date=December 6, 2019 |url=https://www.geek.com/television/the-mandalorian-season-1-episode-5-recap-they-all-wound-up-on-tatooine-1812944/ |access-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226105615/https://www.geek.com/television/the-mandalorian-season-1-episode-5-recap-they-all-wound-up-on-tatooine-1812944/ |archive-date=December 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the search, Toro looks through a pair of binoculars and spots two banthas and their accompanying Tusken Raiders in the distance,<ref name="Myers1206">{{cite news |last1=Myers |first1=Andrew James |last2=Gvozden |first2=Dan |title=''The Mandalorian'' Episode 5 Takes a Nostalgic Tatooine Pit Stop |work=[[TV Guide]] |date=December 6, 2019 |url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/the-mandalorian-episode-5-recap/ |access-date=December 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224141638/https://www.tvguide.com/news/the-mandalorian-episode-5-recap/ |archive-date=December 24, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lussier1206">{{cite news |last=Lussier |first=Germain |title=The Latest ''Mandalorian'' Had Maybe a Little Too Much Fan Service for Its Own Good |work=[[Gizmodo]] |date=December 6, 2019 |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-latest-mandalorian-had-maybe-a-little-too-much-fan-1840243870 |access-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220220429/https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-latest-mandalorian-had-maybe-a-little-too-much-fan-1840243870 |archive-date=December 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kain |first=Erik |title='The Mandalorian' Episode 5 Recap And Review: 'The Gunslinger' |work=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]] |date=December 6, 2019 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2019/12/06/the-mandalorian-episode-5-recap-and-review-the-gunslinger/#1f998bb03463 |access-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227144056/https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2019/12/06/the-mandalorian-episode-5-recap-and-review-the-gunslinger/#1f998bb03463 |archive-date=December 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> a first-person camera angle that references a similar shot from the original ''Star Wars'' film when Luke Skywalker observes the banthas through binoculars.<ref name="Myers1206" /><ref name="Lussier1206" />

Banthas appear in several ''Star Wars'' video games, including as minor villain characters that Luke Skywalker can fight in ''[[Super Star Wars]]'', the 1992 video game for [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super Nintendo]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Luke gets into action again |work=[[Sunday Star-Times]] |date=February 16, 1997 |page=F009}}</ref> They also appear as a creature the player-controlled character can ride in ''[[Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy]]'' (2003),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Be sure to bring your lightsabre to school: Game puts you in a wide variety of familiar Star Wars environments |work=[[Barrie Examiner]] |date=January 30, 2004 |page=C1}}</ref> ''[[Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy]]'' (2006),<ref>{{cite news |last=Szadkowski |first=Joseph |title=LEGO Star Wars II puts players in thick of conflict |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=September 16, 2006 |page=C09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Schisler |first=J.C. |title='Lego Star Wars II' builds on franchise success |work=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]] |date=October 5, 2006}}</ref> ''[[Star Wars: The Old Republic]]'' (2008),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fritz |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Alex |title='Star Wars: The Old Republic' -- blockbuster tour de force? |work=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |date=January 26, 2012 |page=B3}}</ref> ''[[Disney Infinity 3.0]]'' (2015),<ref>{{cite news |last=Tilley |first=Steve |title=Disney Infinity 3.0: Rise Against the Empire review: Fun for kids and adults alike |newspaper=[[Toronto Sun]] |date=October 1, 2015 |url=https://torontosun.com/2015/10/01/disney-infinity-30-review/wcm/3bcc1f5f-88ef-42b4-b7c5-a34e8ef193f0 |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228133745/https://torontosun.com/2015/10/01/disney-infinity-30-review/wcm/3bcc1f5f-88ef-42b4-b7c5-a34e8ef193f0 |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Brooks |first=Dan |title=6 Things You Don't Know About Disney ''Infinity 3.0 Edition''{{'}}s ''Rise Against the Empire'' Play Set |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=September 28, 2015 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/6-things-you-dont-know-about-disney-infinity-3-0-editions-rise-against-the-empire-play-set |access-date=January 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119203034/https://www.starwars.com/news/6-things-you-dont-know-about-disney-infinity-3-0-editions-rise-against-the-empire-play-set |archive-date=November 19, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the upcoming ''[[Lego Star Wars: The Skywalker Saga]]'' (2020).<ref>{{cite news |last=Totilo |first=Stephen |title=The New ''Lego Star Wars'' Is Impressive And Surprisingly Different |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=June 14, 2019 |url=https://kotaku.com/the-new-lego-star-wars-is-impressive-and-surprisingly-d-1835527239 |access-date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918080714/https://kotaku.com/the-new-lego-star-wars-is-impressive-and-surprisingly-d-1835527239 |archive-date=September 18, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Minotti |first=Mike |title=Lego Star Wars: The Skywalker Saga uses the Force to pull me back in |work=[[VentureBeat]] |date=June 15, 2019 |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/15/lego-star-wars-the-skywalker-saga-uses-the-force-to-pull-me-back-in/ |access-date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628235130/https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/15/lego-star-wars-the-skywalker-saga-uses-the-force-to-pull-me-back-in/ |archive-date=June 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''[[Star Wars: Battlefront]]'' (2004), the player who is killed the most often in some games receives an award called "bantha fodder".<ref>{{cite news |last=Cappellini |first=Matt |title=Battle Star Wars' worlds |work=The Beacon News |date=December 31, 2004 |page=F4}}</ref> The word "bantha" has been used throughout other ''Star Wars'' stories. The hovercraft that Jabba the Hutt used to transport the imprisoned Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, and Chewbacca to the Sarlacc monster in ''Return of the Jedi'' was called a "Bantha-II cargo skiff".<ref>{{cite web |title=Databank – Desert Skiff |publisher=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |url=https://www.starwars.com/databank/desert-skiff |access-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128213316/https://www.starwars.com/databank/desert-skiff |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> One alcoholic drink often consumed at the Jabba's palace was called a "Bantha Blaster", and one type of space vessel was named the ''Bantha''-class assault shuttle. Additionally, in the television series ''Star Wars: A Clone Wars'', Anakin Skywalker orders his starfighter squadron to use a single-file starfighter formation known as the "Bantha formation".<ref name="Sansweet59" /> A children's story called "The Little Lost Bantha Cub" is featured in the ''[[Jedi Academy trilogy|Jedi Academy]]'' trilogy of novels released in 1994,<ref name="Wallace43" /> and a restaurant and entertainment complex called Bantha Traxx appears in the ''Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game'', which included a gift shop that sold toy banthas.<ref name="Veekhoven1201" />

==Concept and creation==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 320
| image1 = George Lucas cropped 2009.jpg
| image2 = Ralph McQuarrie.jpg
| footer = Banthas were created by [[George Lucas]] (left), with production illustrator [[Ralph McQuarrie]] right) designing the early concept art for the creatures.
}}
Banthas were created by George Lucas, who was inspired in part by Banths, lion-like carnivorous creatures in the [[science fantasy]] serial story ''[[John Carter of Mars (collection)|John Carter of Mars]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hoare |first=James |title=John Carter Versus Star Wars |work=[[SciFiNow]] |date=December 15, 2011 |url=https://www.scifinow.co.uk/cinema/john-carter-versus-star-wars/ |access-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112114741/https://www.scifinow.co.uk/cinema/john-carter-versus-star-wars/ |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pollock172">{{Harvnb|Pollock|1999|p=172}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|White|1999|p=72}}</ref> They were one of the first creatures introduced in the ''Star Wars'' universe,<ref name="Richau0821">{{cite news |last=Richau |first=Amy |title=8 ''Star Wars'' Creatures We Want to Hitch a Ride On |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=August 21, 2017 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/8-star-wars-creatures-we-want-to-hitch-a-ride-on |access-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101163612/https://www.starwars.com/news/8-star-wars-creatures-we-want-to-hitch-a-ride-on |archive-date=January 1, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> with the first use of a variation of the word "bantha" appearing in an early ''Star Wars'' film draft from May 1974, in which an antagonist [[Sith]] character had the callsign "Banta Four". A second version of this draft, dated January 1978, featured a [[Rebel Alliance|Rebel]] starfighter pilot with the callsign "Banta One" during the attack on the [[Death Star]].<ref name="DeLange0923" /> The first mention of banthas as a creature was in the third draft of the screenplay from August 1975, which described a group of [[Tusken Raiders]] riding "monstrous banthas", and includes a scene in which the creatures attack Luke Skywalker after he spots them.<ref name="DeLange0923" /> [[Ralph McQuarrie]], a production illustrator on ''Star Wars'', designed the early concept art for the banthas. The original sketches depicted them as [[horse]]-like creatures, but with other attributes ultimately used in the final design, including a shaggy coat and two horns around the animal's mouth. The Tusken Raiders that would be riding banthas were at this time envisioned to be a smaller alien species, and once they were changed to the size of fully-grown humans, the banthas were changed to be the size of elephants.<ref name="DeLange0923" />

The bantha was created through the visual effects company [[Industrial Light & Magic]].<ref name="Hartlaub0505">{{cite news |last=Hartlaub |first=Peter |title=It takes computer effects to make movie monsters -- but elbow grease helps |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=May 5, 2004 |page=E1 |url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/It-takes-computer-effects-to-make-movie-monsters-2762031.php |access-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218155859/https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/It-takes-computer-effects-to-make-movie-monsters-2762031.php |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Langley0225">{{cite news |last=Langley |first=Chris |title='Star Wars' visits Death Valley to pick up Banthas, Jawas, a sandcrawler and land speeder |work=Inyo Register |date=February 25, 2010 |page=A8}}</ref> Art director Leon Erickson created the bantha costume,<ref name="Hartlaub0505" /><ref name="Pollock175" /><ref name="Reynolds59">{{cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=David West |date=April 4, 2000 |title=Star Wars Road Trip |journal=[[Star Wars Insider]] |issue=48 |page=59}}</ref> leading a crew of six total crew members in the work.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Rinzler252">{{Harvnb|Rinzler|2007|p=252}}</ref><ref name="Langley1130">{{cite news |last=Langley |first=Christopher |title=From Jayhawkers To Jawa: A Short History Of Filming In Death Valley, Part II |work=[[KCET]] |date=November 30, 2014 |url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/from-jayhawkers-to-jawa-a-short-history-of-filming-in-death-valley-part-ii |access-date=December 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219194148/https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/from-jayhawkers-to-jawa-a-short-history-of-filming-in-death-valley-part-ii |archive-date=December 19, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It took about one month to finish it.<ref name="Rinzler252" /><ref name="Langley1130" /> The base of the costume was a [[howdah]], or elephant saddle,<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Rinzler252" /> with [[Palm branch|palm fronds]] added to create the bantha's shaggy coat.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Baver0515" /><ref name="Rinzler252" /> Yak hair was also used to create the fur.<ref name="Reynolds59" /> A head mask was molded from chicken wire and sprayed with foam to create the creature's facial features,<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Baver0515" /><ref name="Rinzler252" /> and a beard made from horse hair was added.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Rinzler252" /> The bantha's curved horns were made from flexible home ventilation tubing,<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Baver0515" /><ref name="Rinzler252" /> and its tail was crafted from wood covered with thick thistles.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Rinzler252" /> Early plans called for the tail to be carried in the air as the bantha walked, but due to the challenges associated with making this happen, Industrial Light & Magic determined it would be dragged on the ground instead.<ref name="Rinzler236">{{Harvnb|Rinzler|2007|p=236}}</ref> The costume ultimately weighed about 300 pounds.<ref name="Langley0225" /><ref name="Langley1130" /><ref name="Rinzler249">{{Harvnb|Rinzler|2007|p=249}}</ref> The bantha's moaning sound was created by sound designer [[Ben Burtt]], who had collected a large number of [[bear]] sounds to create the voice of the Wookiee character [[Chewbacca]]. Burtt created the bantha's noise by slowing down one a specific bear recording that had been provided to him by documentary producer George Casey.<ref name="DeLange0923" />

==Filming and production==
[[Image:Sand Dunes in Death Valley National Park.jpg|thumb|right|The scenes featuring the bantha in ''[[Star Wars]]'' (1977) were filmed in the [[Death Valley National Park]] in [[California]].]]
The first bantha to appear onscreen was in the original 1977 ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' film.<ref name="Schneck">{{cite news |last=Schneck |first=Marcus |title=Animals of 'Star Wars' and their real-life, Earthly counterparts |work=[[The Patriot-News]] |url=https://www.pennlive.com/wildaboutpa/2017/05/animals_of_star_wars_and_their.html |access-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218185204/https://www.pennlive.com/wildaboutpa/2017/05/animals_of_star_wars_and_their.html |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cherney1205">{{cite news |last=Cherney |first=Max A. |title=The back story on 'Star Wars' filming in Death Valley |work=[[New York Post]] |date=December 5, 2017 |url=https://nypost.com/2017/12/05/the-back-story-on-star-wars-filming-in-death-valley/ |access-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152121/https://nypost.com/2017/12/05/the-back-story-on-star-wars-filming-in-death-valley/ |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The filmmakers had the option of creating the bantha through [[stop motion|stop motion animation]] or by filming an [[elephant]] in a bantha costume, and Lucas decided on the latter because he wanted a Tusken Raider to jump onto the back of the bantha in the scene, which could not be realistically done using stop motion.<ref name="Lucas2802">{{cite AV media |last=Lucas |first=George |author-link=George Lucas |date=September 12, 2006 |title=''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope]]'' (DVD) |medium=Audio commentary |language=en |publisher=[[20th Century Fox]] |time=28:02–28:33 |quote=This bantha was actually shot in Death Valley. What we did is we got an elephant and dressed her up in a bantha suit. That was quite a drama, but in those days thats about all you could do, you had a choice of doing stop-motion animation or something like that, and if I wanted the Tusken Raiders to run and jump on the animal and ride off, it's almost impossible to do in stop motion animation and have it look realistic. So these were the days where you dressed up elephants instead of creating them digitally.}}</ref> The bantha appeared in scenes on the desert planet of Tatooine, most of which were filmed in [[Tunisia]]. However, the production team had an insufficient budget to transport an elephant to the North African country, and large storms there would have prevented them from doing so even if they could. Lucas thus elected to film the bantha scenes in the United States, with sound to be added later, so that the scenes could be edited into the Tunisia-filmed scenes in post-production.<ref name="Cherney1205" /><ref name="Pereira1205">{{cite news |last=Pereira |first=Alyssa |title=George Lucas used an elephant from Marine World Africa USA in 'Star Wars' filming |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=December 5, 2017 |url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/George-Lucas-star-wars-elephant-Marine-World-12407393.php |access-date=December 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219192042/https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/George-Lucas-star-wars-elephant-Marine-World-12407393.php |archive-date=December 19, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Rinzler|2007|p=148}}</ref> [[Death Valley National Park]] in [[California]] offered to provide the scenery for the footage, and arrangements were made for an elephant,<ref name="Cherney1205" /> which was provided by the [[Marine World Africa USA]] amusement park in [[Redwood City, California]].<ref name="Hartlaub0505" /><ref name="Langley1130" /><ref name="Cherney1205" /> The bantha scenes were shot by [[second unit]] director [[Carroll Ballard]].<ref name="Pollock175">{{Harvnb|Pollock|1999|p=175}}</ref> The elephant used to portray the bantha was a female [[Asian elephant]] named Mardji,<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Contra1128">{{cite news|title="Star Wars" Elephant Put To Death |location=Walnut Creek, California |work=[[Contra Costa Times]] |date=November 28, 1995 |page=A03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Brean |first=Henry |title=Little aliens in Death Valley? Yes, the proof's in the original 'Star Wars' |work=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |date=December 11, 2016 |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nation-and-world/little-aliens-in-death-valley-yes-the-proofs-in-the-original-star-wars/ |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228212842/https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nation-and-world/little-aliens-in-death-valley-yes-the-proofs-in-the-original-star-wars/ |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> who was 22 years old when ''Star Wars'' was filmed,<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Rinzler252" /> and weighed about 8,500 pounds.<ref name="Baver0515" /> Her trainer at the time, Bob Spiker, played the [[Tusken Raider]] that rode the Bantha in the first movie installment.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Contra1128" /><ref name="Rinzler252" /> Mardji had previously been trained to perform tricks, such as [[water skiing]],<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Langley1130" /><ref name="Rinzler252" /> and she had previously appeared in television commercials for [[Skippy (peanut butter)|Skippy Peanut Butter]].<ref name="Contra1128" />

The bantha scenes were filmed in mid-January 1977,<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Pollock172" /><ref name="Rinzler252" /> in an area of Death Valley known as Desolation Canyon,<ref>{{cite news |last=Buttelman |first=Michele |title=In a galaxy not that far, far away |work=[[The Santa Clarita Valley Signal]] |date=March 11, 2019 |url=https://signalscv.com/2019/03/in-a-galaxy-not-that-far-far-away/ |access-date=December 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224141643/https://signalscv.com/2019/03/in-a-galaxy-not-that-far-far-away/ |archive-date=December 24, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Langley0225"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Hollywood Escapes: The Moviegoer's Guide to Exploring Southern California's Great Outdoors|author=Harry Medved|year=2006|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|isbn=0-312-30856-6|page=144}}</ref> which marked the first time Mardji ventured out into the wild.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Langley1130" /> She reportedly enjoyed the experience, playing in a creek during shooting breaks.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Langley1130" /><ref name="Rinzler249" /> This bantha costume designed for Mardji proved problematic during filming, as the elephant was unaccustomed to the intense heat of Death Valley and kept shrugging the heavy costume off her body, which slowed production.<ref name="Pollock175" /><ref>{{Harvnb|White|1999|p=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lamar |first=Cyriaque |title=Photos of an elephant dressing up as the bantha from Star Wars |work=[[Gizmodo]] |date=October 3, 2010 |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/photos-of-an-elephant-dressing-up-as-the-bantha-from-st-5654412 |access-date=December 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219192040/https://io9.gizmodo.com/photos-of-an-elephant-dressing-up-as-the-bantha-from-st-5654412 |archive-date=December 19, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Crew members were worried the weight of the head mask would cause Mardji problems;<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Langley1130" /><ref name="Rinzler236" /> special make-up effects artist [[Rick Baker]] was particularly concerned.<ref name="Rinzler249" /> But the elephant experienced more difficulty dragging the costume's tail.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Langley1130" /><ref name="Rinzler252" /> Additionally, although Mardji was trained to tuck her trunk into her mouth to conceal it while wearing the bantha costume,<ref name="Reynolds59" /><ref name="Langley1130" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Mills |first=Joel |title=It's all done 'very carefully' |work=[[Lewiston Morning Tribune]] |date=August 9, 2010 |page=A5 |url=https://lmtribune.com/northwest/it-s-all-done-very-carefully/article_7eb02a7f-c918-5af0-ae56-f56a526bd201.html |access-date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228045549/https://lmtribune.com/northwest/it-s-all-done-very-carefully/article_7eb02a7f-c918-5af0-ae56-f56a526bd201.html |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> her trunk would also occasionally fall out of the costume and become visible during shooting.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Rinzler252" /> Mardji's trainer fed her apples as a reward between scenes to help keep her focused and help overcome the challenges from the costume.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Rinzler252" /> Lucas said filming with an elephant was more frustrating than using a visual effect because he felt it limited the environment in which he could place the creature.<ref>{{cite AV media |last=Lucas |first=George |author-link=George Lucas |date=September 12, 2006 |title=''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope]]'' (DVD) |medium=Audio commentary |language=en |publisher=[[20th Century Fox]] |time=28:33–28:55 |quote=It was a very frustrating kind of experience because it limited a great deal of what kind of environment you could place the characters in. I got a couple of giant rubber dewbacks, which are those lizards, and I had a couple of elephants dressed as banthas and that was about as far as I could go in terms of creatures and indigenous life forms on this planet.}}</ref> Nevertheless, Mardji was largely good-natured throughout the shoot, and the footage was captured without major incident.<ref name="Rinzler249" />

[[Anthony Daniels]], the actor who played [[C-3PO]] in the ''Star Wars'' films, first saw the bantha footage while recording dialogue during the [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] process and was so impressed he asked George Lucas how the creature was brought to life, which Lucas did not reveal.<ref name="Rinzler266">{{Harvnb|Rinzler|2007|p=266}}</ref> During one scene in ''Star Wars'', Luke Skywalker looks through a pair of binoculars and sees two banthas. Only one was used in filming due to budget restraints, and the second bantha in the shot was created using optical [[compositing]].<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Wallace43" /> Lucas later said he felt a deep connection with Mardji and "fell in love" with the elephant, regularly visiting her at Marine World after filming.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Contra1128" /><ref name="Snyder1996">{{cite journal |last=Snyder |first=Jon Bradley |year=1996 |title=Star News |journal=[[Star Wars Insider]] |issue=28 |page=12}}</ref> In November 1995, aged 44, Mardji was [[euthanasia|euthanize]]d at the [[University of California, Davis]] because of an untreatable and painful bone condition in her front legs.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Contra1128" /><ref name="Snyder1996" /> Mardji had been having difficulty walking due to the ailments, and had undergone two major surgeries for treatment in the years prior to her death.<ref name="Snyder1996" /> When Lucas revised ''Star Wars'' and released a new Special Edition version in 1997, he decided to retain the original shots of the elephant, rather than replacing the bantha with computer-generated imagery.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arnold |first=Gary |title=The Drama Behind Star Wars |work=World and I |date=January 1, 2005 |publisher=News World Communications, Inc.}}</ref> The bantha costume used in ''Star Wars'' was on display at Marine World Africa USA for a time after Mardji's death, but elements of it deteriorated because it was not sufficiently protected, and it was later destroyed.<ref name="DeLange0923" />

Mardji's gait served as the model for the movement of [[AT-AT]] walkers in ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' (1980).<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Cherney1205" /> The idea was conceived by special effects artist [[Jon Berg]], who felt the walkers looked so much like elephants that they should mimic their movements as well.<ref name="Wallace0510">{{cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Daniel |date=May 10, 2000 |title=The Ultimate Empire Strikes Back Insider's Guide |journal=[[Star Wars Insider]] |issue=49 |page=69}}</ref> During the production of ''Empire'', Berg and fellow special effects artists [[Phil Tippett]] and [[Dennis Muren]] visited Mardji at Marine World Africa USA and shot footage of her walking back and forth for use as a reference in creating the walker's movements.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Wallace0510" /> Each appearance of banthas in films and television after the original ''Star Wars'' films were digital creations modeled after the original creature in ''Star Wars'', rather than again using an elephant in costume.<ref name="DeLange0923" /> The first such use of digitally-created banthas was the shot of a bantha herd in the Special Edition re-release of ''Return of the Jedi''.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Beifuss0518">{{cite news |last=Beifuss |first=John |title='The Phantom Menace' – Film's bumps just a blur in hyper-speed tour of the fantastic |work=[[The Commercial Appeal]] |date=May 18, 1999 |page=C1}}</ref> [[Rick McCallum]], a producer with the Special Edition films, said the digital banthas allowed for greater flexibility and freedom of movement than the original version, which he described as "laboriously-made creatures that you couldn't sync up".<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Star Wars Creatures |series=Animal Icons |series-link=Animal Icons |first=Rick |last=McCallum |network=[[Animal Planet]] |date=May 18, 2005 |time=26:42–26:53 |quote=The banthas were these really laboriously-made creatures that you couldn’t sync up, you couldn't do anything, and we got to come back in and recreate them digitally so they could actually move.}}</ref> An entirely new digital model for the bantha had to be created for its appearance in the animated television series ''Star Wars: The Clone Wars'' to match the show's unique visual style.<ref name="DeLange0923" />

The bantha inspired the creation of luggabeasts, semi-mechanical beasts of burden used by scavengers in ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]'' (2015), the first film of the [[Star Wars sequel trilogy|''Star Wars'' sequel trilogy]]. Concept designer Christian Alzmann said the crew sought to make updated versions of the creatures from the original films, and banthas from the original ''Star Wars'' film helped inspire this approach.<ref>{{Harvnb|Szostak|2015|p=60}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ratcliffe |first=Amy |title=8 Things You Might Not Know About the Creatures of ''The Force Awakens'' |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=August 29, 2016 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/8-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-creatures-of-the-force-awakens |access-date=January 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026040922/https://www.starwars.com/news/8-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-creatures-of-the-force-awakens |archive-date=October 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, the use of a live elephant for the original bantha inspired the special effects team behind ''[[Solo: A Star Wars Story]]'' (2018) to use actual dogs to portray Corellian hounds, quadrupedal creatures featured in that film.<ref name="Szostak1109">{{Harvnb|Szostak|2018|p=58}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ratcliffe |first=Amy |title=Creature Feature: 5 Things You Might Not Know About Corellian Hounds |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=November 9, 2018 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/creature-feature-5-things-you-might-not-know-about-corellian-hounds |access-date=January 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026022713/https://www.starwars.com/news/creature-feature-5-things-you-might-not-know-about-corellian-hounds |archive-date=October 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Special effects artist [[Neal Scanlan]] said the bantha in ''Star Wars'' "set that whole thing up for me. It's our responsibility to carry that magic forward."<ref name="Szostak1109" />

==Critical reception==
[[Image:NYC Halloween Parade - Bantha.jpg|thumb|right|A bantha puppet at [[New York's Village Halloween Parade]]]]
The bantha has been described as a favorite among fans, as well as the cast and crew of the films.<ref name="DeLange0923" /><ref name="Rare0207">{{cite news |last=Rare |first=David |title=Creatures, digital sound, add to thrill |work=[[Santa Fe New Mexican]] |date=February 7, 1997 |page=41}}</ref> Anthony Daniels, the actor who portrayed C-3PO, called the bantha "one of the best things in the movie".<ref name="DeLange0923">{{cite news |last=de Lange |first=Sander |title=From Concept to Screen: Banthas |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=September 23, 2015 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/from-concept-to-screen-banthas |access-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213551/https://www.starwars.com/news/from-concept-to-screen-banthas |archive-date=September 9, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Rinzler266" /> Ted Edwards, author of ''The Unauthorized Star Wars Compendium'', wrote that the shot of a herd of banthas added in to the Special Edition version of ''Return of the Jedi'' was "probably the single most striking image added to any of the three films".<ref name="Edwards162" /> Gary Arnold, senior film critic with ''[[The Washington Times]]'', said he appreciated that the bantha was not replaced by a digital creation in ''Star Wars'' re-releases like other creatures were, and that it represented an authenticity that fans appreciate.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arnold |first=Gary |title=The drama behind 'Star Wars' |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=October 16, 2004 |page=B01}}</ref> The bantha was included on ''[[HowStuffWorks]]''{{'}} list of "11 Wacky ''Star Wars'' Creatures We Love", calling it "a wacky combination of animal parts in a memorable form".<ref name="HSW">{{cite news |last=Chandler |first=Nathan |title=11 Wacky 'Star Wars' Creatures We Love |work=[[HowStuffWorks]] |url=https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/11-wacky-star-wars-creatures-love5.htm |access-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218185208/https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/11-wacky-star-wars-creatures-love5.htm |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brian Linder of ''[[IGN]]'' praised banthas as a positive addition to the ''Star Wars'' universe, writing: "Banthas are the choice beast of burden of the Tusken frickin' Raiders. That alone makes them cool."<ref>{{cite news |last=Linder |first=Brian |title=Star Wars: Coolest Creatures |work=[[IGN]] |date=April 29, 2005 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/04/29/star-wars-coolest-creatures |access-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218185221/https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/04/29/star-wars-coolest-creatures |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cultural references==
The first name of the original newsletter of the Official Star Wars Fan Club was ''[[Star Wars Insider|Bantha Tracks]]'', inspired by the creature.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pollock|1999|p=320}}</ref><ref name="Fawcett0402">{{cite journal |last=Fawcett |first=Chris |date=April 2, 2002 |title=Following the Bantha Tracks |journal=[[Star Wars Insider]] |issue=59 |page=70}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wells |first=Tish |title=A long time ago, in this galaxy |work=[[The Wichita Eagle]] |date=August 29, 2010 |url=https://www.kansas.com/entertainment/books/article1039229.html |access-date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229202957/https://www.kansas.com/entertainment/books/article1039229.html |archive-date=December 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Originally entitled simply ''Official Star Wars Fan Club'' when first published in 1978, the newsletter was renamed after a contest in the second issue invited readers to submit new names. Preston Postole of [[Avon, Ohio|Avon]], [[Ohio]], submitted the winning title of ''Bantha Tracks''.<ref name="Fawcett0402" /> During one scene in ''Return of the Jedi'', Jabba the Hutt insults [[Han Solo]] by saying: "You may have been a good smuggler, but now you're bantha fodder." The line became a popular one among ''Star Wars'' fans, with "bantha fodder" becoming a well-known ''Star Wars''-related insult.<ref name="Hennon1201" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Hennon |first=Blake |title=From AT-AT to Wicket, a Star Wars guide |work=[[Waterloo Region Record]] |date=December 17, 2015 |page=D3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Quizzing through the Galaxy |work=[[The Morning Call]] |date=May 13, 2005 |page=E1}}</ref> An Australian punk band called Bantha Fodder takes its name from the line.<ref>{{cite news |last=Owen-Brown |first=Michael |title=Warped |work=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |date=January 15, 1998 |page=050}}</ref> In ''[[Phineas and Ferb: Star Wars]]'', a 2014 ''Star Wars''-themed episode of the animated series ''[[Phineas and Ferb]]'', villain character [[Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz]] sings a song that ends with the line "Darth Vader can kiss my bantha!"<ref>{{cite news |last=Lynch |first=Jason |title='Phineas and Ferb' Pilot Disney's Premier Voyage into 'Star Wars' |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=July 25, 2014 |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/phineas-and-ferb-pilot-disneys-premier-voyage-into-star-wars |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411091431/https://www.thedailybeast.com/phineas-and-ferb-pilot-disneys-premier-voyage-into-star-wars |archive-date=April 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> A September 18, 2014 episode of the educational children's television series ''[[Sesame Street]]'' featured a ''Star Wars''-inspired segment in which [[Mr. Snuffleupagus]], a [[woolly mammoth]]-like [[The Muppets|Muppet]] character, appeared as a bantha.<ref>{{cite news |last=Arnold |first=Ben |title=The 5 Best Gags From Sesame Street's Hilarious Star Wars Spoof |work=[[Yahoo! Movies]] |date=16 September 2014 |url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/the-five-best-gags-from-sesame-streets-star-wars-spoof-97649160661.html |access-date=21 March 2020}}</ref>

==Merchandise==
A bantha [[action figure]] was planned for the ''Star Wars: The Power of the Force'' toy line by [[Kenner Products]] in 1985, and concept artwork was prepared for the toy, but it was never produced before Kenner ended the toy line. A bantha figure would not be created until [[Hasbro]] revived the ''Power of the Force'' line in 1995.<ref>{{cite news |last=Veekhoven |first=Tim |title=Wampas and Tauntauns and Dianogas, Oh My: Kenner's ''Star Wars'' Creature Toys |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=May 7, 2014 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/wampas-tauntauns-dianogas-oh-my-kenner-star-wars-creature-toys |access-date=January 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910150036/https://www.starwars.com/news/wampas-tauntauns-dianogas-oh-my-kenner-star-wars-creature-toys |archive-date=September 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several miniature bantha figures have since been released for use in ''Star Wars'' [[role-playing game]]s, including one by [[West End Games]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Veekhoven |first=Tim |title=The Big Impact of West End Games' ''Star Wars'' Miniatures |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=September 16, 2014 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/the-big-impact-of-west-end-games-star-wars-miniatures |access-date=January 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929211722/https://www.starwars.com/news/the-big-impact-of-west-end-games-star-wars-miniatures |archive-date=September 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a five-inch figurine through the ''[[Star Wars Miniatures]]'' toyline by [[Wizards of the Coast]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Szadkowski |first=Joseph |title=An awesome Green Goblin figures to inspire menace |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=September 30, 2005 |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/sep/30/20050930-093557-2176r/ |access-date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228041628/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/sep/30/20050930-093557-2176r/ |archive-date=December 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Original t-shirts for official members of the ''Star Wars'' fan club featured a photo of a bantha.<ref>{{cite news |last=Burton |first=Bonnie |title=Director J.J. Abrams and His Lifelong Appreciation of ''Star Wars'' |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=January 29, 2013 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/director-j-j-abrams-and-his-lifelong-appreciation-of-star-wars |access-date=January 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909213846/https://www.starwars.com/news/director-j-j-abrams-and-his-lifelong-appreciation-of-star-wars |archive-date=September 9, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, [[Hallmark]] released a miniature bantha plush toys through its Itty Bittys toy line, sold in a two-pack along with a Tusken Raider.<ref>{{cite news |title=''Star Wars'' SDCC 2014 Exclusives Checklist |work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]] |date=July 21, 2014 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/star-wars-sdcc-2014-exclusives-checklist |access-date=January 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910173751/https://www.starwars.com/news/star-wars-sdcc-2014-exclusives-checklist |archive-date=September 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> A bantha ride had been planned for ''Star Wars'' Galaxy's Edge at Disneyland, but it was ultimately not created. The planned attraction would have allowed visitors to ride on platforms atop large [[Animatronics|animatronic]] banthas, which would then embark on a tour of the area.<ref>{{cite news |last=Scott |first=Ryan |title=Canceled Bantha Ride Was Planned for Disney's Star Wars Land |work=[[MovieWeb]] |date=July 25, 2017 |url=https://movieweb.com/star-wars-land-canceled-bantha-ride/ |access-date=December 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226215740/https://movieweb.com/star-wars-land-canceled-bantha-ride/ |archive-date=December 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Busch |first=Caitlin |title=You'll Tragically Never Ride a Bantha at Disney's Star Wars Land |work=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]] |date=July 25, 2017 |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/34666-star-wars-land-disney-bantha-ride-cancel-tatooine-tusken-raider |access-date=January 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726024838/https://www.inverse.com/article/34666-star-wars-land-disney-bantha-ride-cancel-tatooine-tusken-raider |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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* {{cite book |last1=Slavicsek |first1=Bill |author-link1=Bill Slavicsek |last2=Smith |first2=Curtis |title=[[Star Wars Sourcebook|The Star Wars Sourcebook]] |date=October 1, 1987 |publisher=[[West End Games]] |isbn=0874310660 }}
*{{cite book |last=Szostak |first=Phil |title=The Art of Star Wars: The Force Awakens |date=December 18, 2015 |publisher=[[Abrams Books]] |isbn=9781419717802 }}
*{{cite book |last=Szostak |first=Phil |title=The Art of Solo: A Star Wars Story |date=May 25, 2018 |publisher=[[Abrams Books]] |isbn=9781419727450 }}
*{{cite book |last=White |first=Dana |title=George Lucas |publisher=[[Lerner Publishing Group|Twenty-First Century Books]] |year=1999 |isbn=0822549751 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/georgelucas0000whit }}
*{{cite book |last1=Whitlatch |first1=Terryl |last2=Carrau |first2=Bob |title=The Wildlife of Star Wars |year=2001 |publisher=[[Chronicle Books]] |isbn=0811828697 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wixted |first=Martin |title=Galaxy Guide 7: Mos Eisley |year=1993 |publisher=[[West End Games]] |isbn=087431187X }}
* {{cite book|title=Great Science Fiction Film Stories |publisher=[[Lagardère Publishing|Octopus Books]] |year=1984 |ref={{harvid|Great|1984}} |isbn=978-0-7440-1125-8}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{Star Wars Databank|subject=bantha|text=Bantha}}
*{{Wookieepedia|Bantha}}

{{Star Wars universe|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Star Wars species]]
[[Category:Fictional elements introduced in 1977]]
[[Category:Fictional extraterrestrial species and races]]

[[sv:Lista över raser i Star Wars#Bantha]]

The Adventures of Captain Underpants

2025-05-29T11:11:28Z

149.167.185.166:

{{Short description|1997 novel by Dav Pilkey}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{multiple issues|
{{third-party|date=March 2015}}
{{unreliable sources|date=November 2012}}
}}{{For|the television series|The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Adventures of Captain Underpants
| image = captainunderpantscover.jpg
| caption = First edition cover
| author = [[Dav Pilkey]]
| illustrator = Dav Pilkey
| country = United States
| language = English
| series = ''[[Captain Underpants]]''
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Superhero fiction|Superhero]]
* [[Toilet humor]]
* [[Slapstick]]
* [[Science fiction]]
}}
| publisher = [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]]
| pub_date = {{Plainlist|
* September 1, 1997 (black-and-white)
* September 1, 2005 (collectors edition)
* August 27, 2013 (color edition)
* March 7, 2023 (25½ anniversary edition)
}}
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]], [[Hardcover]])
| pages = 125
| isbn = 978-0-590-84628-8
| isbn_note = {{ISBNT|0-590-84628-0}}
| followed_by = [[Captain Underpants and the Attack of the Talking Toilets]]
}}
'''''The Adventures of Captain Underpants''''' is an American [[children's literature|children's novel]] by [[Dav Pilkey]], and the inaugural novel of the ''[[Captain Underpants]]'' series. It was published in September 1997, becoming a hit with children around the world. In the novel, George Beard and Harold Hutchins turn their principal, Mr. Krupp, into the "greatest superhero of all time", [[Captain Underpants (character)|The Amazing Captain Underpants]]. ''The Adventures of Captain Underpants'' spawned a [[Captain Underpants|multimedia franchise]], including eleven sequels, four spinoff novel series (''[[Super Diaper Baby]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Ook and Gluk]]'', ''[[Dog Man]]'', and ''[[Cat Kid Comic Club]]''), a [[Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie|CGI-animated film adaptation]], a [[The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants|flash-animated TV series]], three television specials, and a [[Dog Man (film)|CGI-animated spinoff film]].

==Plot==
[[George Beard and Harold Hutchins]] are two mischievous fourth-graders who attend Jerome Horwitz Elementary School in [[Piqua, Ohio|Piqua]], [[Ohio]]. They are known for making [[comic books]] featuring [[Captain Underpants (character)|Captain Underpants]], a [[superhero]] of their own creation. After the boys ruin the school's football game with an array of [[practical jokes]], their principal, Mr. Krupp, threatens to expose their mischief to the football team using video evidence unless they submit to a list of rules he gives them. George and Harold find themselves burdened with good behavior, extra homework, and chores for Krupp.

To escape their punishment, George orders a "3-D Hypno-Ring" from the Li'l Wiseguy Novelty Company. The boys use the ring to [[Hypnosis|hypnotize]] Krupp, and Harold replaces Krupp's videotape with one of his little sister's "[[Barney & Friends|Boomer the Purple Dragon]]" sing-along videos. When George jokingly instructs Krupp to behave like Captain Underpants, Krupp dresses as the Captain and leaves the school to fight crime. The boys find "Captain Underpants" confronting a pair of [[bank robbers]] and carry him away.

The three witness two robots stealing a large [[crystal]] from a shop and follow them to an abandoned warehouse. There, Captain Underpants is tied up by the nefarious Dr. Diaper, who harbors a plan to annihilate the [[Moon]] with his crystal-powered Laser-Matic 2000. George uses a slingshot to hurl fake dog feces between Dr. Diaper's legs. Believing the feces to be his own, Dr. Diaper goes to change himself, gifting George and Harold the opportunity to destroy the robots and free Captain Underpants. Harold pulls the machine's self-destruct lever just as Dr. Diaper returns. After Captain Underpants subdues Dr. Diaper, he and the boys escape before the entire warehouse explodes, leaving Dr. Diaper for the police to apprehend.

Back at school, Captain Underpants redresses as Krupp so the boys can reverse the hypnosis, but they have misplaced the ring's manual. George impulsively pours a vase of water on Captain Underpants's head, reverting him to Krupp. After Krupp leaves with Harold's videotape, George finds the manual and throws it away, failing to notice a warning that immersing a hypnotized person in water will cause them to relapse into their trance at the sound of fingers snapping. George and Harold return to their usual mischief, but realize they must keep Mr. Krupp from hearing finger snaps, which turns him back into Captain Underpants.

==Title change==
Early printings of the book have "'''An''' Epic Novel by Dav Pilkey" instead of "'''The First''' Epic Novel by Dav Pilkey", and the "Little Apple" logo on the cover.

==Development==
On why he focused on underwear in the book, Pilkey stated "I think underwear is funny because you’re not supposed to laugh at it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gainesville.com:443/article/LK/20020721/News/604173849/GS|title=The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby By Dav Pilkey (Blue Sky Press, 128 pages, $4.99) George and Harold decide to invent a new superhero. A SERIOUS|newspaper=[[The Gainesville Sun]]|date=July 21, 2002|access-date=May 15, 2021}} - [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402170229/http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20020817/NEWS/308179930&template=printart Also at] ''[[The Standard-Times (New Bedford)|South Coast Today]]''. Posted on August 17, 2002, in ''[[The Standard-Times (New Bedford)|The Standard-Times]]'', page C7.</ref>

==Expanded franchise==
===Sequels===
{{Main|Captain Underpants}}
===Spin-offs===
{{Main|The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby{{!}}Super Diaper Baby|The Adventures of Ook and Gluk|Dog Man|Cat Kid Comic Club}}
===Adaptations===
{{Main|Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie|The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants|Dog Man (film){{!}}Dog Man}}

==See also==
*[[Dav Pilkey]]
*[[Captain Underpants]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Captain Underpants}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adventures of Captain Underpants, The}}
[[Category:1997 children's books]]
[[Category:American children's novels]]
[[Category:Captain Underpants novels]]
[[Category:Children's books set in Ohio]]

Chris Farley

2025-05-27T13:16:01Z

149.167.185.166: /* Unfinished projects */

{{short description|American comedian and actor (1964–1997)}}
{{about|the comedian|the journalist and author|Christopher John Farley}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chris Farley
| image = Chris Farley (American actor-comedian).jpg
| caption = Farley in 1993
| alt = A close-up of Farley smiling at the camera
| birth_name = Christopher Crosby Farley
| birth_date = {{birth date|1964|2|15}}
| birth_place = [[Madison, Wisconsin]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1997|12|18|1964|2|15}}
| death_place = [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.
| cause_of_death = drug overdose
| burial_place = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Madison#Cemeteries|Resurrection Cemetery]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Actor
*comedian
}}
| alma_mater = [[Marquette University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| years_active = 1984–1997
| relatives = {{ubl|[[John Farley (actor)|John Farley]] (brother)|[[Kevin Farley]] (brother)|[[Jim Farley (businessman)|Jim Farley]] (cousin)}}
}}
'''Christopher Crosby Farley''' (February 15, 1964 – December 18, 1997) was an American actor and comedian. He was a member of Chicago's [[The Second City|Second City Theatre]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.secondcity.com/people/other/chris-farley/ |title=Chicago Alumni |publisher=The Second City |access-date=June 15, 2021}}</ref> and later a [[Saturday Night Live cast|cast member]] of the [[NBC]] sketch comedy show ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' for five seasons, from 1990 to 1995.<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800018622/bio|title=Chris Farley Biography — Yahoo! Movies|publisher=Yahoo! Movies|access-date=October 25, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314042606/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800018622/bio|archive-date=March 14, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="whs">{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/highlights/archives/2008/05/farley_exhibit.asp|title=Wisconsin Historical Society|publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society|access-date=October 25, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106094908/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/highlights/archives/2008/05/farley_exhibit.asp|archive-date=November 6, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> He went on to pursue a film career, appearing in films such as ''[[Airheads]]'', ''[[Tommy Boy]]'', ''[[Black Sheep (1996 film)|Black Sheep]]'', ''[[Beverly Hills Ninja]]'', and ''[[Almost Heroes]]''. Farley was widely known for his physical performance/comedy and athleticism (similar to [[Curly Howard]] and [[Roscoe Arbuckle]]).<ref name="Crouch">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-big-funny-tragic-life-of-chris-farley|title=The Big, Funny, Tragic Life of Chris Farley|last=Crouch|first=Ian|date=August 10, 2015|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> This was used to great effect during his time on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', and continued through many of his films. From his early acting days, and through the height of his fame, Farley struggled with [[obesity]], [[alcoholism]], and [[substance abuse]]. He died of a drug overdose at the age of 33.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tragic 1997 Death Of Comedy Legend Chris Farley |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/news/the-tragic-1997-death-of-comedy-legend-chris-farley/ar-AA15BBMz |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=MSN |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Christopher Crosby Farley was born in [[Madison, Wisconsin]], on February 15, 1964 to an [[Irish-American]] family, and grew up in [[Maple Bluff, Wisconsin|Maple Bluff]].<ref>[https://www.thebozho.com/chris-farley-tour-madison/ The Chris Farley Tour of Madison, Wisconsin | The Bozho] Retrieved 2018-09-20.</ref> His father Thomas John Farley Sr. (1936–1999) owned an oil company and his mother Mary Anne (née Crosby) was a homemaker.<ref name="yahoo"/> He had four siblings: Tom Jr., [[Kevin Farley|Kevin]], [[John Farley (actor)|John]], and Barbara. His cousin [[Jim Farley (businessman)|Jim]] is chief executive officer at [[Ford Motor Company]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Greg|last=Gardner|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1793009141.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+18%2C+2009&author=GREG+GARDNER&pub=Detroit+Free+Press&edition=&startpage=A.9&desc=Rising+star+assigned+new+duties+at+Ford|title=Rising star assigned new duties at Ford|newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]]|location=Detroit, Michigan|date=July 18, 2009|access-date=September 4, 2011|archive-date=March 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330045446/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1793009141.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+18%2C+2009&author=GREG+GARDNER&pub=Detroit+Free+Press&edition=&startpage=A.9&desc=Rising+star+assigned+new+duties+at+Ford|url-status=dead}}{{registration required}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Vlasic|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/business/20ford.html|title=A Star at Toyota, a Believer at Ford|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|page=4|date=April 20, 2008|access-date=June 8, 2008}}</ref> Farley attended [[parochial school]]s in Madison, including [[Edgewood High School of the Sacred Heart]]. According to [[Joel Murray]], a fellow Second City cast member, Farley would "always make it to [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thechrisfarleyshow.com/chicago.html|title=Chris Farley|publisher=The Chris Farley Show|access-date=September 4, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424071147/http://www.thechrisfarleyshow.com/chicago.html|archive-date=April 24, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many of his summers were spent as a camper and counselor at Red Arrow Camp, near [[Minocqua, Wisconsin]]. He graduated from [[Marquette University]] in 1986, with a double major in [[Communication studies|communications]] and [[theater]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marquette.edu/about/allfamous.shtml|title=Marquette University — Famous Faces|publisher=Marquette.edu|date=February 12, 2003|access-date=October 25, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104220519/http://www.marquette.edu/about/allfamous.shtml|archive-date=January 4, 2013}}</ref> At Marquette, he played [[rugby union]] and discovered a love of comedy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://marquettewire.org/3672803/tribune/tribune-news/tom-farley-addresses-brothers-addictions/|title=Tom Farley addresses brother's addictions|last=Engel|first=Tom|work=[[Marquette Tribune]]|date=March 17, 2009|access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> After college, he worked with his father at the Scotch Oil Company in Madison.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/chris-farley-9542500|title=Chris Farley Biography|publisher=The Biography Channel|access-date=October 25, 2010}}</ref> He first learned the art of improvisational comedy at the Ark Improv Theatre in Madison.

Farley made his way to Chicago, performing first at [[IO Theater|Improv Olympic]]. He then attended [[Chicago]]'s [[The Second City|Second City Theatre]], starting the same day as [[Stephen Colbert]],<ref>{{Cite tweet|title=Chris Farley and I started at Second City on the same day. You knew the minute you saw him on stage he was great. He was sweet and smart and funny. When I heard he had died, 21 years ago today, I fell to the ground. Rest In Peace.|last=Colbert|first=Stephen|date=December 18, 2018|user=stephenathome|language=en|number=1075203135239585792|access-date=May 12, 2019}}</ref> initially as part of Second City's touring group. He was eventually promoted to their main stage in 1989, and was a cast member of three revues, ''The Gods Must Be Lazy'', ''It Was Thirty Years Ago Today'', and ''Flag Smoking Permitted in Lobby Only or Censorama''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.secondcity.com/people/other/chris-farley/|title=Chris Farley|publisher=The Second City|access-date=December 18, 2017}}</ref>

==Career==

===''Saturday Night Live''===
Along with [[Chris Rock]], Farley was one of the new ''Saturday Night Live'' cast members announced in early 1990.<ref name="yahoo"/><ref name="whs"/> On ''SNL'', Farley frequently collaborated with fellow cast members [[Chris Rock]], [[Adam Sandler]], [[Tim Meadows]], [[Rob Schneider]] and [[David Spade]]. This group came to be known as the "[[Bad boy archetype|Bad Boys of SNL]]."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roberts|first1=Andrew|title=The Story Behind Chris Rock's Firing From 'Saturday Night Live'|url=http://uproxx.com/tv/2014/11/the-story-behind-chris-rocks-firing-from-saturday-night-live/|publisher=[[Uproxx]]|access-date=November 5, 2015|date=November 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Fallon|first1=Kevin|title=The Secrets of 'Saturday Night Live': Where Comedy Legends Are Born|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/14/the-secrets-of-saturday-night-live-where-comedy-legends-are-born.html|newspaper=[[The Daily Beast]]|access-date=November 5, 2015|date=June 14, 2015}}</ref>

Popular characters performed by Farley included [[Matt Foley]], an over-the-top [[motivational speaker]] who frequently reminded other characters that he was "living in a van down by the river!" The character was created by [[Bob Odenkirk]] when he and Farley were performers at Second City. The character's name came from a longtime friend of Farley's who became a Catholic priest and currently serves as pastor at St. James Catholic Church in [[Arlington Heights, Illinois|Arlington Heights]], Illinois.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20150801/news/150809920/ | title=The real Matt Foley remembers his friend Chris Farley|work=[[Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, Illinois)|Daily Herald]]| date=August 1, 2015}}</ref> In early renditions of the character, Farley used other names, depending on whom he knew in the audience, until the real-life Foley went to the show and had his name used, at which point Farley felt the name best suited the character and refused to change it. Some of the mannerisms of the character were a combination of the positions Farley noticed his rugby teammates took on the pitch coupled with his high school football coach's habit of squatting down when giving pep talks and the voice his father used when he was angry.<ref name="dada">{{cite news|first=Sam|last=Anderson|url=https://nymag.com/arts/books/reviews/47039|title=Dada's Boy|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=May 16, 2008|access-date=June 8, 2008|archive-date=August 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819112936/https://nymag.com/arts/books/reviews/47039/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other famous Farley characters included Todd O'Connor of [[Bill Swerski's Superfans]], a group of stereotypical Chicagoans who repeatedly shouted [[Chicago Bears|"da Bears!"]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/highlights/archives/2008/05/farley_exhibit.asp|title=New Exhibit: Chris Farley Remembered|publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society|access-date=June 8, 2008|archive-date=November 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106094908/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/highlights/archives/2008/05/farley_exhibit.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> a would-be [[Chippendales]] dancer, in [[Chippendales Audition|a famous sketch]] that paired him with guest host [[Patrick Swayze]];<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theringer.com/tv/2020/3/31/21200801/chris-farley-chippendales-patrick-swayze-skating-snl-sketch|title=Chris Farley Should Be Remembered for His Grace, Not His Falls|first=Nate|last=Rogers|date=March 31, 2020|work=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]}}</ref><ref name=cnn>{{cite news|first=Henry|last=Goldblatt|url=https://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/books/05/07/chris.farley/|title='Chris Farley Show' stuffed with gossip|publisher=[[CNN]] |location=Atlanta, Georgia|date=May 7, 2008|access-date=June 8, 2008}}</ref> one of the "[[Gap Girls]]", who worked together at a local mall; a stereotypical [[lunch lady]], to the theme of "Lunchlady Land"' performed by Adam Sandler;<ref>{{cite book|first=Bill|last=Crawford|title=Adam Sandler: America's Comedian|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|location=New York City|date=2000|page=75|isbn=0-312-26282-5}}</ref> [[Bennett Brauer]], a ''[[Weekend Update]]'' commentator who often divulged his personal and hygienic problems via [[air quotes]]; and himself on ''[[The Chris Farley Show]]'', a talk show in which Farley "interviewed" the guest with poorly conceived questions or trailed off about subjects not germane to the guest.

Some of these characters were brought to ''SNL'' from his days at Second City. Farley also performed impersonations of [[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]] (who gave Farley's eulogy at his private funeral), [[Andrew Giuliani]], [[Jerry Garcia]], [[Meat Loaf]], [[Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.|Norman Schwarzkopf]], [[Dom DeLuise]], [[Roger Ebert]], [[Carnie Wilson]], [[Newt Gingrich]], [[Mindy Cohn]], [[Mama Cass]], [[Hank Williams Jr.]], and [[Rush Limbaugh]].<ref name=wisconsin>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/artifacts/archives/003176.asp|title=Chris Farley's Black Sheep Jacket|publisher=wisconsinhistory.org|access-date=June 7, 2008|archive-date=June 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610103041/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/artifacts/archives/003176.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Off-screen, Farley was well known for his pranks in the offices of ''Saturday Night Live''. Sandler and Farley would make late-night prank phone calls from the ''SNL'' offices in [[Rockefeller Center]], with Sandler speaking in an old woman's voice and Farley farting into the phone and [[mooning]] cars from a limousine, and even once defecating out a 17th floor window. He was also known to frequently get naked and do various stunts for laughs, including imitating [[Jame Gumb|Jame "Buffalo Bill" Gumb]] from the then-current film ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (film)|The Silence of the Lambs]]''. Rock once claimed that he probably saw Farley's genitals more than Farley's girlfriend did.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://nymag.com/arts/tv/features/47548/index6.html|title=Comedy Isn't Funny|last=Smith|first=Chris|date=March 15, 1995|magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|page=7|access-date=June 8, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shales|first1= T. |last2=Miller|first2= J.A. |year=2002|title=Live From New York: An Uncensored History of Saturday Night Live|location=New York|publisher=Back Bay Books|pages= 379–380}}</ref> Farley, alongside Sandler, was [[Dismissal (employment)|fired]] by NBC in 1995.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/2010/01/21/2010-01-21_youre_not_alone_conan_obrien_adam_sandler_says_nbc_fired_him_and_chris_farley_fr.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124044753/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/2010/01/21/2010-01-21_youre_not_alone_conan_obrien_adam_sandler_says_nbc_fired_him_and_chris_farley_fr.html | archive-date=2010-01-24 | title=You're not alone, Conan O'Brien: Adam Sandler says NBC fired him and Chris Farley from 'SNL' | website=[[New York Daily News]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/adam-sandler-talks-getting-fired-from-snl-bad-reviews-and-his-desire-to-play-a-villain?ref=scroll | title=Adam Sandler Talks Getting Fired from 'SNL,' Bad Reviews, and His Desire to Play a Villain | newspaper=The Daily Beast | date=12 September 2014 | last1=Stern | first1=Marlow }}</ref>

===Film career===
During his time on ''SNL'', Farley appeared in the comedy films ''[[Wayne's World (film)|Wayne's World]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.houstonpress.com/arts/10-things-that-the-waynes-world-movies-gave-us-6396262|title=10 Things That the Wayne's World Movies Gave Us|last=Hlavaty|first=Craig|work=[[Houston Press]]|date=February 17, 2012|access-date=September 25, 2016}}</ref> ''[[Wayne's World 2]]'', ''[[Coneheads (film)|Coneheads]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/coneheadspghowe_a0afe0.htm|title=''Coneheads''|last=Howe|first=Desson|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 23, 1993|access-date=September 25, 2016}}</ref> ''[[Airheads]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9501E5DA1031F936A3575BC0A962958260|title=FILM REVIEW; 'Airheads.' Yes, Indeed. That and Even Less.|last=Maslin|first=Janet|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 5, 1994|access-date=September 25, 2016}}</ref> and had an uncredited role in ''[[Billy Madison]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/billy-madison/review/130553/|title=Billy Madison|work=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=September 25, 2016}}</ref> He also appeared in the music video for the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] single "[[Soul to Squeeze]]", which was featured on the soundtrack to ''Coneheads''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/readers-poll-the-10-best-red-hot-chili-peppers-music-videos-20160622/soul-to-squeeze-20160622|title=Readers' Poll: The 10 Best Red Hot Chili Peppers Music Videos|last=Spanos|first=Brittany|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=June 22, 2016|access-date=September 25, 2016|archive-date=October 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029200847/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/readers-poll-the-10-best-red-hot-chili-peppers-music-videos-20160622/soul-to-squeeze-20160622|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After Farley and most of his fellow cast members were released from their contracts at ''Saturday Night Live'' following the [[Saturday Night Live (season 20)|1994–95 season]], Farley began focusing on his film career. In his first two major films, ''[[Tommy Boy]]'' and ''[[Black Sheep (1996 film)|Black Sheep]]'', he starred with ''SNL'' colleague and close friend [[David Spade]]. These were a success at the domestic [[box office]], earning around $32 million each and gaining a large [[cult following]] on [[home video]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=blacksheep.htm|title=Box Office Mojo data for ''Black Sheep''|publisher=Box Office Mojo|date=March 15, 1996|access-date=October 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=tommyboy.htm|title=Box Office Mojo data for ''Tommy Boy''|publisher=Box Office Mojo|date=May 16, 1995|access-date=October 25, 2010}}</ref> The two films established Farley as a relatively [[bankable star]], and he was given the title role of ''[[Beverly Hills Ninja]]'', which finished in first place at the box office on its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=beverlyhillsninja.htm|title=Box Office Mojo data for ''Beverly Hills Ninja''|publisher=Box Office Mojo|date=January 17, 1997|access-date=October 25, 2010}}</ref>

Farley was particularly dissatisfied with ''Black Sheep'', an attempt by the studio to recapture the chemistry in ''Tommy Boy'', and which was only 60 pages into the script when the project was green-lit. As a result, he relapsed on the night of the premiere, which required further rehab before he could begin work on ''Beverly Hills Ninja''.<ref name=nypost>{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/12162007/entertainment/that_was_awesome__816891.htm?page=0|title=That Was Awesome!|last=Tucker|first=Reed|date=December 16, 2007|newspaper=New York Post|access-date=June 7, 2008|archive-date=January 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103194239/http://www.nypost.com/seven/12162007/entertainment/that_was_awesome__816891.htm?page=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> His final completed films — ''[[Almost Heroes]]'' and ''[[Dirty Work (1998 film)|Dirty Work]]'' — were posthumously released in May and June 1998, respectively.

===Unfinished projects===
Farley was originally cast as the voice of the [[Shrek (character)|title character]] in the animated film ''[[Shrek]]'' (2001), recording 85% of the character's dialogue, but he died just before the voice-over was completed.<ref name=fastcompany>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3049545/chris-farley-was-originally-the-voice-of-shrek-and-footage-has-finally-surfaced|title=Chris Farley Was Originally The Voice of Shrek–And Footage Has Finally Surfaced|last=Berkowitz|first=Joe|date=August 6, 2015|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=February 21, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/chris-farley-shrek/|title=Hear What a Chris Farley Shrek Would Have Sounded Like in 1997|date=August 7, 2015|website=/Film|language=en-US|access-date=February 21, 2019}}</ref> The filmmakers considered having a Farley impersonator record the remaining lines, but Shrek's dialogue was eventually re-recorded by former ''SNL'' castmate [[Mike Myers]].<ref name=fastcompany/> A story reel and [[Shrek – I Feel Good Animation Test|animation test featuring a sample of Farley as Shrek]] was released in 2015 and 2022 respectively.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Griggs|first1=Brandon|title=Hear Chris Farley's Shrek in newly unearthed clip|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/06/entertainment/chris-farley-shrek-voice-feat|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=August 10, 2015}}</ref> The original version of Shrek was more like Farley himself, according to his brother.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/chris-farley-shrek-original-casting-how-different-125465444507.html/|title=Chris Farley's Original 'Shrek' Was 'Humble, Bumbling, Innocent', According to Brother|last1=Polowy|first1=Kevin|date=July 30, 2015|work=[[Yahoo!]] Entertainment|access-date=May 29, 2016}}</ref> Additionally, in [[Dana Carvey]] and [[David Spade]]'s podcast ''Fly on the Wall'' tribute episode to the 25th anniversary of Chris's death, [[John Farley (actor)|John Farley]] said he had been approached by the studio to complete Chris's lines due to his voice sounding almost identical to his brother's. While lamenting he wished he had completed the film for Chris, John admitted he just could not bring himself to do it at the time, even though Chris had five days left of line readings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-chris-farley-tribute-episode-part-2/id1603639502?i=1000590130223|title=Fly on the Wall with Dana Carvey and David Spade: The Chris Farley Tribute Episode (Part 2) on Apple Podcasts|website=Apple Podcasts}}</ref>

Farley was slated for another voice role in ''[[Dinosaur (2000 film)|Dinosaur]]'' (2000) as a young male ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'' named Sorbus who, despite his gigantic stature, was frightened of heights. After his death, the character was rewritten as Baylene, an elderly female ''Brachiosaurus'' voiced by [[Joan Plowright]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Parks|first=Zack|title=Top 10 Actors Who Almost Voiced Disney Animated Characters|date=September 28, 2012|url=http://geektyrant.com/news/2012/9/28/top-10-actors-who-almost-voiced-disney-animated-characters.html|access-date=July 25, 2015}}</ref>

At the time of his death, Farley had been in talks to co-star with [[Vince Vaughn]] in ''The Gelfin'', and to star in a biographical film about comedian [[Roscoe Arbuckle|Fatty Arbuckle]] to be written by [[David Mamet]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Redding|first=Jordan|title=The Life of Chris Farley Gone But Not Forgotten|date=November 30, 2014|publisher=[[Moviepilot]] |url=http://moviepilot.com/posts/2014/11/30/the-life-of-chris-farley-gone-but-not-forgotten-2471222?lt_source=external,manual|access-date=July 31, 2015}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rabin|first=Nathan|title=Fatty fall down, make tragedy: The Chris Farley Show|date=June 9, 2009|newspaper=[[The A.V. Club]]|url=https://www.avclub.com/article/fatty-fall-down-make-tragedy-emthe-chris-farley-sh-28977|access-date=July 31, 2015}}</ref> [[Jim Carrey]]'s role in the 1996 film ''[[The Cable Guy]]'' was originally intended for Farley, but scheduling conflicts forced him to decline.<ref name=split>{{cite web|last=Evans|first=Bradford|title=The Lost Roles of Chris Farley|date=December 6, 2012|publisher=[[Splitsider]]|url=http://splitsider.com/2012/12/the-lost-roles-of-chris-farley|access-date=August 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808192125/http://splitsider.com/2012/12/the-lost-roles-of-chris-farley/|archive-date=August 8, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Farley was also offered the role of Ishmael (eventually played by [[Randy Quaid]]) in ''[[Kingpin (1996 film)|Kingpin]]'', though he was forced by Paramount to turn it down to honor his commitment to star in ''Black Sheep''.

Farley was slated to appear in a third ''[[Ghostbusters (franchise)|Ghostbusters]]'' film, which was at the time intended to be about a new trio of Ghostbusters taking on overpopulation in Hell.<ref name=split/><ref name=pilot>{{cite web|last=Ditzian|first=Eric|title=Original 'Ghostbusters' Cast Onboard For Reboot, Harold Ramis Says|date=March 27, 2009|publisher=[[MTV News]]|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1607995/original-ghostbusters-cast-onboard-for-reboot-harold-ramis-says|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128010008/http://www.mtv.com/news/1607995/original-ghostbusters-cast-onboard-for-reboot-harold-ramis-says/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 28, 2014|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> [[Dav Pilkey]], author of the children's book series ''[[Captain Underpants]]'', had wanted Farley to play the title role in a potential live-action television series based on the books.<ref>{{cite web|last=Heller|first=Karen|title=His Books Let Him Stay Class Clown, Even At 34|date=April 26, 2000|publisher=[[Philly.com]]|url=http://articles.philly.com/2000-04-26/living/25588816_1_captain-underpants-ladies-from-outer-space-professor-poopypants|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907080051/http://articles.philly.com/2000-04-26/living/25588816_1_captain-underpants-ladies-from-outer-space-professor-poopypants|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 7, 2013|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref>

Farley had been in talks for the lead in an adaptation of the novel ''[[A Confederacy of Dunces]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Hyman|first=Peter|title=A Conspiracy of Dunces: Will John Kennedy Toole's comic masterpiece ever reach the big screen?|date=December 14, 2006|magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/hollywood/2006/12/a_conspiracy_of_dunces.html|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> Farley even expressed interest in portraying [[Atuk]] in an adaptation of the novel ''[[The Incomparable Atuk]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Raouf|first=Neda|title=The 'Atuk' Curse|date=February 21, 1999|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-feb-21-tm-10276-story.html|access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref> Both of these shelved projects, along with the Arbuckle biopic, have been alleged to be cursed as Farley, [[John Belushi]], and [[John Candy]] were each attached to both roles, and all three died before any of the films entered production.<ref name=split/><ref>{{cite web|last=Evans|first=Bradford|title=The Lost Roles of John Belushi|date=March 3, 2011|publisher=[[Splitsider]]|url=http://splitsider.com/2011/03/the-lost-roles-of-john-belushi|access-date=August 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828075343/http://splitsider.com/2011/03/the-lost-roles-of-john-belushi/|archive-date=August 28, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Farley was written in mind for a part in ''[[Grown Ups (film)|Grown Ups]]'' during early conception of the film. Development was put on hold due to his death and would not be released until 2010 with [[Kevin James]] in his place as Eric Lamonsoff.<ref>[https://www.vulture.com/2009/11/grown_ups_trailer.html]</ref>

Two months before his death, Farley had a conversation with Spade about a hypothetical third film that would have starred the duo (based on the box office successes of ''Tommy Boy'' and ''Black Sheep''). Although nothing was ever formalized, director [[Steven Surjik]] developed a script for a film named ''Tree'' with both Farley and Spade in mind. The plot was described as "...involving a low-level White House employee who goes to the Pacific Northwest in search of a presidential Christmas tree. The White House staffer hooks up with a quirky truck driver and hijinks ensue", presumably with Spade as the White House employee and Farley as the truck driver.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2000/film/news/surjik-may-helm-tree-now-at-mgm-1117784099/ |title=Surjik may helm 'Tree,' now at MGM |date=July 24, 2000 |last=DiOrio |first=Carl |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=July 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/chris-farley-david-spade-third-movie-death-1235241896/ |title=Chris Farley and David Spade Discussed Making a Third Film Two Months Before Farley's Death |date=April 27, 2022 |last=Sharf |first=Zack |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=July 9, 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
For most of his adult life, Farley battled [[Alcoholism|alcohol]] and [[Substance dependence|drug addiction]]. These addictions resulted in him being suspended from the cast of ''Saturday Night Live''. Producer [[Lorne Michaels]] had little patience for Farley's drug use (having had similar problems with [[John Belushi]]) and threatened to permanently dismiss Farley if he refused to obtain help.<ref>{{cite news|first=Steve|last=Mills|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1998/01/03/drug-overdose-killed-comedian-farley/|title=Drug overdose killed comedian Farley|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=January 3, 1998|access-date=July 3, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724045555/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-01-03/news/9801030066_1_chris-farley-cocaine-and-morphine-medical-examiner|archive-date=July 24, 2018}}</ref> [[Bernie Brillstein]], whose firm of [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners|Brillstein-Grey Entertainment]] managed Farley, had repeatedly sent Farley to [[Drug rehabilitation|drug and alcohol rehabilitation]].<ref>Bernie Brillstein, Where Did I Go Right? You're No One in Hollywood Unless Someone Wants You Dead (1999, Little, Brown and Company)</ref>

In 1997, there was a visible decline in Farley's health. He made a [[All That (season 3)|guest appearance]] on [[Nickelodeon]]'s children's sketch comedy show ''[[All That]]''. The appearance proceeded without incident, but the physical comedy Farley was famous for was minimal, arguably because it was noticeable Farley was breathing heavily and struggling to perform.

On October 25, 1997, Farley made his final appearance on ''Saturday Night Live'' as a first-time host. The cold open featured Lorne Michaels doubting Farley's ability to host, with Tim Meadows advocating that "he will be calm, he will be focused and he will be good{{nbsp}}... His party days are over." [[Chevy Chase]] was Farley's "sponsor" in the sketch.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Hedegaard |first1=Erik |date=February 5, 1998 |title=Chris Farley: The Wild Ride and Sad End |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-news/chris-farley-the-wild-ride-and-sad-end-186660/ |access-date=September 9, 2020|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Farley's hoarse voice and flushed skin were the subject of public scrutiny. He had strained his vocal cords during rehearsal and his exhaustion was so noticeable the producers nearly cancelled his appearance. In the final years of his life, Farley had sought treatment for his weight and drug abuse on 17 occasions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/1998/01/09/chris-farleys-sad-drug-fueled-final-days/|title=The Last Temptation of Chris|first=Chris|last=Nashawaty|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|location=New York City|date=January 9, 1998|access-date=June 7, 2008}}</ref>

==Death==
On December 18, 1997, at 2:00 p.m. EST, Farley was found dead by his younger brother [[John P. Farley|John]] in his apartment in the [[John Hancock Center]] in Chicago, at the age of 33.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Larry|last1=Sutton| first2=Robert|last2=Domiguez|first3=Linda|last3=Hervieux|first4=Michael|last4=Sweeney|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/comic-farley-dead-age-33-article-1.772521|title=Chris Farley, actor and comedian, dies at 33 in 1997|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=December 16, 2015|access-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref> An autopsy revealed that Farley had died of an [[overdose]] of a combination of [[cocaine]] and [[heroin]],<ref name=NYTimes-Jan3>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/03/us/chris-farley-s-death-laid-to-drug-overdose.html|title=Chris Farley's Death Laid to Drug Overdose|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 3, 1998|access-date=June 7, 2008}}</ref> commonly known as a "[[Speedball (drug)|speedball]]". Advanced [[atherosclerosis]] was cited as a "significant contributing factor".<ref name=nypost/><ref name=NYTimes-Jan3/>

[[File:Farleygrave.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Farley's grave in 2010]]
A private funeral was held for Farley on December 23 at Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Church in his hometown of Madison, Wisconsin. Over 500 people attended his funeral, including many comedians who had worked with him on ''Saturday Night Live'' and on film, such as [[Dan Aykroyd]], [[Adam Sandler]], [[Chris Rock]], [[Rob Schneider]], [[Lorne Michaels]], [[Al Franken]], [[John Goodman]], [[Bob Odenkirk]], [[Tim Meadows]], [[Norm Macdonald]], [[Robert Smigel]], [[George Wendt]], and [[Phil Hartman]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Sharon|last=Thelmer|url=http://www.onlineathens.com/1997/122497/1224.a3farley.html|title=Fellow comedians weep for Chris Farley|work=[[Athens Daily News]]|location=Athens, Georgia|date=December 18, 1997|access-date=October 25, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818015306/http://www.onlineathens.com/1997/122497/1224.a3farley.html|archive-date=August 18, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Joal|last=Ryan|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/35689/farley-funeral-day-the-clowns-cried|title=Farley funeral: The Day the Clowns Cried|website=eonline.com|date=December 23, 1997|access-date=March 31, 2013}}</ref> One of Farley’s best friends and colleague, [[David Spade]], was absent, fueling some speculation that there was some falling out with Farley prior to his death. Years later Spade denied this, saying that his absence from the funeral was because he would have found it too emotionally overwhelming.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Kory|last=Grow|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/david-spade-explains-why-he-didnt-attend-chris-farleys-funeral-190011/|title=David Spade Explains Why He Didn't Attend Chris Farley's Funeral|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |location=New York City|date=April 30, 2014|access-date=January 17, 2023}}</ref> Another funeral was held on January 13, 1998, at St. Monica Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://edition.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/9801/13/farley/#:~:text=SANTA%20MONICA%2C%20California%20(CNN),grieving%20family%20members%20and%20friends. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629064354/http://edition.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/9801/13/farley/#:~:text=SANTA%20MONICA%2C%20California%20(CNN),grieving%20family%20members%20and%20friends. | url-status=dead | archive-date=June 29, 2024 | title=CNN - Friends, family grieve at Farley memorial service - Jan. 13, 1998 }}</ref> Farley's remains were interred at [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Madison#Cemeteries|Resurrection Cemetery]] in Madison.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/i-wanna-party-like-chris-farley-a-trip-to-the-grave-of-raps-favorite-comedian-1/ | title="I Wanna Party Like Chris Farley" - A Trip to the Grave of Rap's Favorite Comedian | date=15 August 2013 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
Farley's career, private life, and early death have often been compared to that of his comedy idol [[John Belushi]], who died at the same age and from a similar drug overdose.<ref name=cnn/><ref name=NYTimes-Jan3/>

On August 26, 2005, Farley was posthumously awarded the 2,289th star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]], located in front of [[I.O. West|iO West]].<ref name="Chris Farley Gets Posthumous Star">{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-08-26-farley-star_x.htm|title=Chris Farley Gets Posthumous Star|work=USA Today|access-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref> An authorized biography of Farley, ''[[The Chris Farley Show]]'', was written by his brother Tom Jr. and Tanner Colby. The song "Purple Stain" from the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]' 1999 album, ''[[Californication (album)|Californication]]'', contains the lyric "Farley is an angel and I can prove this" as a tribute to Farley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000394/bio|title=Chris Farley|website=IMDb|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref>

A television documentary on his life ''[[I Am Chris Farley]]'' was shown on August 10, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.4-traders.com/NETWORK-MEDIA-GROUP-INC-9717197/news/Network-Media-Group-Inc--Network-Entertainment-Announces-Chris-Farley-Legacy-Documentary-17262264|title=Chris Farley|quotation= "an agreement with the Estate of Chris Farley under which Network (Entertainment) will develop and produce a feature documentary on the life and legacy of legendary funny man Chris Farley. We very much look forward to working with Kevin and the rest of the Farley family to recount Chris' life and work, and the impact he had on all those around him, in an authentic, moving, and of course very funny, way."|website=4-traders.com|access-date=June 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etonline.com/movies/167761_chris_farley_documentary_unveils_the_late_comedian_complex_struggles|title=Chris Farley Documentary Unveils the Late Comedian's Complex Struggles|last=Chestang|first=Raphael|date=July 10, 2015|website=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|access-date=June 28, 2016}}</ref> Farley was also the subject of the TV program, ''Autopsy: The Last Hours of Chris Farley'', which premiered on November 19, 2016, on the [[Reelz]] channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://now.reelz.com/tve/tveshow.aspx?showid=286|title=Autopsy|publisher=Reelz.com|access-date=July 26, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015228/https://now.reelz.com/tve/tveshow.aspx?showid=286|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Adam Sandler]] wrote and performed an emotional tribute song dedicated to Farley in his Netflix stand-up special ''Adam Sandler: 100% Fresh''. Netflix released the performance on [[YouTube]] later that year to commemorate the 21st anniversary of Farley's death.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2018/10/26/adam-sandlers-netflix-100-fresh-his-best-work-years/1772450002/|title=Adam Sandler's Netflix stand-up special '100% Fresh' is his best work in years|work=USA Today|access-date=2018-11-05|language=en}}</ref> Sandler later played the song live on an episode of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' that he hosted on May 4, 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Romero|first=Dennis| url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/tv/adam-sandler-returns-snl-after-24-years-opera-man-ode-n1002076|title=Adam Sandler returns to 'SNL' after 24 years with Opera Man and ode to Chris Farley|work=[[NBC News]]|date=May 5, 2019|access-date=May 3, 2019|language=en}}</ref>

On April 12, 2024, a Chris Farley biopic starring [[Paul Walter Hauser]] and directed by [[Josh Gad]] from a script by [[Scott Neustadter]] and [[Michael H. Weber]] was announced to be in the works, with SNL creator [[Lorne Michaels]] set to produce. Later that month, [[New Line Cinema]] and [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] acquired the rights to the project for $2.5 million.<ref>{{Cite news|last=VanHoose|first=Benjamin|url=https://people.com/chris-farley-played-by-paul-walter-hauser-new-movie-8631008|title=Chris Farley to Be Played by Paul Walter Hauser in Upcoming Biopic: 'Ready to Honor Christopher'|date=12 April 2024|access-date=19 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fleming |first1=Mike Jr. |last2=D'Alessandro |first2=Anthony |title=New Line Front-Runner To Land Chris Farley Biopic Package Starring Paul Walter Hauser With Josh Gad Directing: The Dish |url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/new-line-chris-farley-paul-walter-hauser-josh-gadd-1235895056/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=April 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/avengelyne-deal-warner-bros-margot-robbie-olivia-wilde-simon-kinberg-tony-mcnamara-deadpool-creator-rob-liefeld-comic-1235896996/|title='Avengelyne' Package To Warner Bros With Margot Robbie, Olivia Wilde, Simon Kinberg; 'Poor Things' Tony McNamara To Adapt 'Deadpool' Creator Rob Liefeld Comic Book|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|date=April 30, 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1992
! scope="row"|''[[Wayne's World (film)|Wayne's World]]''
|Security Guard
|Film debut
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993
! scope="row"|''[[Coneheads (film)|Coneheads]]''
|Ronnie Bradford
|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Wayne's World 2]]''
|Milton
|
|-
|1994
! scope="row"|''[[Airheads]]''
|Officer Wilson
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1995
! scope="row"|''[[Billy Madison]]''
|Bus Driver
|Uncredited
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Tommy Boy]]''
|Thomas "Tommy" Callahan III
|[[1995 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards]] Best On-Screen Duo (Shared with [[David Spade]])
|-
|1996
! scope="row"|''[[Black Sheep (1996 film)|Black Sheep]]''
|Michael "Mike" Donnelly
|
|-
|1997
! scope="row"|''[[Beverly Hills Ninja]]''
|Haru
|Nominated: [[MTV Movie Awards]] Best Comedic Performance<ref>{{cite web|url= https://variety.com/1997/scene/vpage/bard-tops-mtv-list-1117434620/ |title= Bard Tops MTV List |first= Ray |last= Richmond |work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date= April 18, 1997 |access-date= November 22, 2023 |archive-date= November 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231122132152/https://variety.com/1997/scene/vpage/bard-tops-mtv-list-1117434620/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
! scope="row"|''[[Almost Heroes]]''
|Bartholomew Hunt
|Posthumous release
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Dirty Work (1998 film)|Dirty Work]]''
|Jimmy No-Nose
|Uncredited; posthumous release (final film role)<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jun-15-ca-60022-story.html | title= Macdonald's 'Dirty Work' Needs a Laugh Transplant | work = [[Los Angeles Times]] | date= June 15, 1998 | first= David | last = Kronke | access-date = August 2, 2012}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1990–1995
! scope="row"|''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
|Matt Foley / Various characters
|100 episodes
|-
|1992
! scope="row"|''[[The Jackie Thomas Show]]''
|Chris Thomas
|Episode: "Ottumwa 52501"
|-
| rowspan=2|1993
! scope="row"|''[[Roseanne (TV series)|Roseanne]]''
|Man in Clothing Store
|Episode: "Glengarry, Glen Rosey"
|-
! scope="row"|''[[The Larry Sanders Show]]''
|Himself
|Episode: "NY or LA?"
|-
|1994
! scope="row"|''[[Tom (American TV series)|Tom]]''
|Chris
|Episode: "He's Heavy, He's My Brother"
|-
| rowspan=2|1997
! scope="row"|''[[All That]]''
|The Chicago Ketchup Chef
|Episode: "Mint Condition"
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
|Himself (host)
|Episode: "Chris Farley/[[The Mighty Mighty Bosstones]]"
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0000394}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061122/http://screen.yahoo.com/chris-farley-snl-skits/ Chris Farley SNL video archive] at [[Yahoo! Screen]]
{{MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo}}
{{Portalbar|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Farley, Chris}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madison, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:American male comedians]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American sketch comedians]]
[[Category:Catholics from Illinois]]
[[Category:Catholics from Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Cocaine-related deaths in Illinois]]
[[Category:Comedians from Chicago]]
[[Category:Comedians from Madison, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Drug-related deaths in Illinois]]
[[Category:Farley family|Chris Farley]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chicago]]
[[Category:Marquette University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Maple Bluff, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:The Second City Training Center alumni]]

Tangled

2025-05-27T10:17:04Z

149.167.185.166:

{{short description|2010 animated Disney film}}
{{About|the film|the entire franchise|Tangled (franchise)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tangled
| image = Tangled poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster<ref>{{cite web|last=Sciretta|first=Peter|title=Exclusive: International Movie Poster for Disney's Tangled|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/exclusive-international-movie-poster-for-disneys-tangled/|publisher=[[/Film]]|access-date=March 14, 2017|date=September 30, 2010|archive-date=March 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174654/http://www.slashfilm.com/exclusive-international-movie-poster-for-disneys-tangled/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| alt = A man with a frying pan, a girl with long blonde hair, and a white horse
| director = {{Plainlist|
* [[Nathan Greno]]
* [[Byron Howard]]
}}
| producer = [[Roy Conli]]
| screenplay = [[Dan Fogelman]]
| based_on = {{Based on|"[[Rapunzel]]"|the [[Brothers Grimm]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mandy Moore]]
* [[Zachary Levi]]
* [[Donna Murphy]]

}}
| music = [[Alan Menken]]
| editing = Tim Mertens
| production_companies = {{plainlist|
*[[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|last=Barnes|first=Brooks|title=Disney Ties Lots of Hopes to Lots of Hair|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/movies/21tangled.html|access-date=January 4, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 19, 2010|archive-date=August 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822223712/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/movies/21tangled.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Walt Disney Pictures]]<ref name=afi>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/66180|title=Tangled (2010)|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|access-date=January 3, 2018|archive-date=January 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073606/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/66180|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]<ref name=afi/>
| released = {{Film date|2010|11|14|[[El Capitan Theatre]]|2010|11|24|United States}}
| runtime = 100 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starz.com/guides/1108STZ1.pdf |title=Tangled: 100 minutes (Starz 08/2011 Schedule, Page 4) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929143420/http://www.starz.com/guides/1108STZ1.pdf |archive-date=September 29, 2011 }}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $260 million<ref name="LATimes"/><ref name="mojo">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=rapunzel.htm|title=Tangled (2010)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=May 25, 2011|archive-date=February 21, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221151127/https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=rapunzel.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = $592.5 million<ref name="mojo"/>
}}
'''''Tangled''''' is a 2010 American animated [[musical film|musical]] [[Adventure film|adventure]] [[fantasy comedy]] film<ref name=afi/> produced by [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]] and released by [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. Loosely based on the German fairy tale "[[Rapunzel]]" in the [[Grimms' Fairy Tales|collection of folktales]] published by the [[Brothers Grimm]], the film was directed by [[Nathan Greno]] and [[Byron Howard]], and produced by [[Roy Conli]], from a screenplay written by [[Dan Fogelman]]. Featuring the voices of [[Mandy Moore]], [[Zachary Levi]], and [[Donna Murphy]],<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-walt-disney-studios-rolls-out-slate-of-10-new-animated-motion-pictures-through-2012-57303392.html|title=The Walt Disney Studios Rolls Out Slate of 10 New Animated Motion Pictures Through 2012|author=The Walt Disney Studios|publisher=PR Newswire|access-date=November 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625010659/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-walt-disney-studios-rolls-out-slate-of-10-new-animated-motion-pictures-through-2012-57303392.html|archive-date=June 25, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Tangled'' tells the story of [[Rapunzel (Tangled)|Rapunzel]], a lost young princess with magical long blonde hair who yearns to leave her secluded tower. She accepts the aid of an intruder, the outlaw [[Flynn Rider]], to take her out into the world which she has never seen.

Originally conceived and proposed by Disney animator [[Glen Keane]] in 2001, ''Tangled'' spent six years in production at a cost that has been estimated at $260 million, which, if accurate, would make it the [[List of most expensive animated films|most expensive animated feature film ever made]] and [[List of most expensive films|one of the most expensive films]] of all time. The film employed a unique artistic style by blending together features of [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI) and [[traditional animation]] while using [[non-photorealistic rendering]] to create the impression of a painting. Composer [[Alan Menken]], who had worked on prior Disney animated features, returned to score ''Tangled'', and also wrote the film's songs with lyricist [[Glenn Slater]]. Before the film's release, its title was changed from ''Rapunzel'' to ''Tangled'', reportedly to market the film gender-neutrally.<ref name="LATimes"/>

''Tangled'' premiered at the [[El Capitan Theatre]] in Los Angeles on November 14, 2010, and went into general release on November 24. The film earned $592 million in worldwide box office revenue,<ref name=mojo/> $200 million of which was earned in the United States and Canada, [[2010 in film|making it the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2010]]. ''Tangled'' received positive reviews from critics, who praised the animation, writing, characters, and musical score. The film was nominated for a number of awards, including [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] at the [[83rd Academy Awards]]. It was [[Richard Kiel]]'s last film role before his death in 2014. The film was released on [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] on March 29, 2011; a short film, ''[[Tangled Ever After]]'', was released later in 2012, and a [[Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure|television series]] aired from 2017 to 2020. A [[Live action|live-action]] remake was in development but put on hold indefinitely in April 2025 due to the commercial failure of ''[[Snow White (2025 film)|Snow White]]'' (2025).<ref name="liveaction">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/tangled-movie-live-action-disney-michael-gracey-1236246259/|title=''Tangled'' Live-Action Movie Set at Disney With ''Greatest Showman'' Director Michael Gracey |website=Variety |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=December 11, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Tangled-pause">{{Cite web |last1=Kit |first1=Borys |first2=Mia |last2=Galuppo |date=2025-04-03 |title=Disney's ''Tangled'' Live-Action Movie Hits the Pause Button (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/tangled-live-action-remake-pause-disney-1236180940/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/04/disney-pushes-pauseaction-tangled-movie-1236358821/|title=Disney Pushes Pause On Live-Action ''Tangled'' Movie |website=Deadline |date=April 3, 2025 |first=Justin |last=Kroll |access-date=April 3, 2025}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Plot==

A drop of sunlight falls from the sky and produces a magic flower with healing properties. An old woman named [[Mother Gothel|Gothel]] uses it to retain her youth. Centuries later, the flower is taken by soldiers from the kingdom of Corona and used to save their ill, pregnant queen. She gives birth to [[Rapunzel (Tangled)|Rapunzel]], whose blonde hair contains the flower's magic. Gothel sneaks into the castle and cuts a lock of her hair, but it turns brown and loses its magic. She then decides to kidnap Rapunzel and raise her in a hidden tower in the woods, keeping Rapunzel's magic for herself. Each year on Rapunzel's birthday, the king and queen release [[sky lantern]]s, hoping they will guide Rapunzel home.

As expected, Rapunzel is fascinated by the annual lights and, on her 18th birthday, asks to leave the tower and investigate them, but Gothel refuses, claiming the outside world is too dangerous. Meanwhile, [[Flynn Rider]] steals Rapunzel's intended crown from the palace; he betrays the Stabbington brothers, his partners in crime, while being pursued by royal guard-horse [[Pascal and Maximus|Maximus]]. Flynn discovers and takes refuge in the tower, where Rapunzel knocks him out and hides him. When Gothel berates Rapunzel for mentioning the lanterns again and refuses to let her ever leave the tower, Rapunzel hatches a new plan and asks Gothel for new paint as a gift, sending her on a three-day journey. After hiding Flynn's satchel containing the crown, Rapunzel strikes a deal with Flynn, promising to return the crown in exchange for taking her to see the lanterns.

When they stop at the Snuggly Duckling pub, menacing thugs try to capture the [[Wanted man|wanted]] Flynn, but Rapunzel charms them into revealing their softer sides. When royal guards arrive, the thugs help Rapunzel and Flynn escape. Gothel returns to the empty tower and finds the crown and a [[wanted poster]] of Flynn. She strikes a deal with the Stabbington brothers to find Rapunzel. Flynn and Rapunzel become trapped in a fast-flooding cave; believing they will suffocate, Flynn reveals his true name, Eugene Fitzherbert. Rapunzel uses the magic glow of her hair to reveal a hidden exit beneath the water, and they escape. That night, Gothel confronts Rapunzel alone and gives her the satchel, telling her to give it to Eugene to test his loyalty.

The next morning, Maximus tracks down Eugene and attempts to arrest him, but Rapunzel convinces them to strike a truce. Rapunzel and Eugene enter the kingdom and attend a festival in honor of the "lost princess". After a day of celebration, they sail onto the lake to watch the release of the lanterns. Rapunzel gives Eugene the crown, and they confess their mutual love. When Eugene sees the Stabbingtons on the shore, he goes to apologize and offers them the crown. The brothers tie him up, tricking Rapunzel into thinking he abandoned her. They try to capture Rapunzel, but Gothel stages a rescue by knocking them out and takes Rapunzel back to the tower.

Eugene is arrested, but Maximus and the pub thugs help him escape. Meanwhile, Rapunzel realizes she has subconsciously incorporated the kingdom's [[royal standard|standard]], a golden sun, into her artwork throughout her life. Realizing that she is the "lost princess", she confronts and rebels against Gothel. Eugene arrives at the tower, but is tricked and stabbed by Gothel. Gothel attempts to take the chained and gagged Rapunzel away, but she resists, and promises to stay with Gothel if she is allowed to heal the dying Eugene. Gothel reluctantly agrees to this, but Eugene, realizing Rapunzel would spend the rest of her life in captivity, cuts off her long hair before she can heal him. Rapunzel's hair turns from blonde to brown, and a horrified Gothel suddenly ages rapidly before falling from the tower to her death, turning to dust in the process.

Eugene dies in Rapunzel's arms. Rapunzel mourns Eugene, but one of her tears, which still has some of the flower's magic, revives him. They return to Corona, where Rapunzel is reunited with her birth parents and the kingdom celebrates, with Rapunzel and Eugene eventually marrying.

==Voice cast==
{{main|List of Disney's Tangled characters}}

* [[Mandy Moore]] as [[Rapunzel (Tangled)|Rapunzel]]<ref name="slashsep10">{{cite news|last=Connelly|first=Brendon|title=Disney Pixar Add Cast to Rapunzel, Bear & the Bow and Toy Story 3, Reveal Plot of Cars 2 and Winnie the Pooh|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/disney-pixar-add-cast-to-rapunzel-bear-the-bow-and-toy-story-3-reveal-plot-of-cars-2-and-winnie-the-pooh/|access-date=July 7, 2014|work=[[SlashFilm]]|publisher=[[/Film]]|date=September 10, 2009|archive-date=October 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030020620/https://www.slashfilm.com/disney-pixar-add-cast-to-rapunzel-bear-the-bow-and-toy-story-3-reveal-plot-of-cars-2-and-winnie-the-pooh/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fletchersep10">{{cite news|last=Fletcher|first=Alex|title=Mandy Moore to voice 'Rapunzel' musical|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a176737/mandy-moore-to-voice-rapunzel-musical.html#~oJkxTzsfu8l7ZI|access-date=July 7, 2014|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hearst Magazines|Hearst Magazines UK]]|date=September 10, 2009|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063452/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a176737/mandy-moore-to-voice-rapunzel-musical.html#~oJkxTzsfu8l7ZI|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Delaney Rose Stein as young Rapunzel<ref name=yahooprofile/>
* [[Zachary Levi]] as [[Flynn Rider|Flynn Rider / Eugene Fitzherbert]]<ref name=slashsep10/><ref name=fletchersep10/>
* [[Donna Murphy]] as [[Mother Gothel]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Franklin|first=Garth|title=Donna Murphy Joins "Rapunzel" Cast|url=http://www.darkhorizons.com/news/15889|access-date=July 7, 2014|work=[[Dark Horizons]]|publisher=Dark Futures Pty. Limited|date=December 10, 2009|archive-date=July 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707122714/http://www.darkhorizons.com/news/15889|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Brad Garrett]] as Hook Hand Thug<ref name=yahooprofile>{{cite web|title=Tangled {{!}} Yahoo! Movies|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/film/tangled-2010|website=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|publisher=[[Yahoo! Inc. (1995–2017)|Yahoo! Inc]]|access-date=June 27, 2014|archive-date=July 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712050722/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/film/tangled-2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Ron Perlman]] as Stabbington brother<ref name=yahooprofile/>
* [[Jeffrey Tambor]] as Big Nose Thug<ref name=yahooprofile/>
* [[Richard Kiel]] as Vlad<ref name=yahooprofile/>
* [[M. C. Gainey]] as Captain of the Guard<ref name=yahooprofile/>
* [[Paul F. Tompkins]] as Short Thug<ref name=yahooprofile/>

Non-speaking animal characters include Rapunzel's pet [[chameleon]] [[Pascal and Maximus|Pascal, and Maximus]], the horse of the head of the palace guard. Other non-speaking roles include Rapunzel's parents (the King and Queen of Corona), the other Stabbington brother, and Ulf the Mime Thug.

==Production==
===Origins and conception===
[[Walt Disney]] himself had first attempted to adapt the [[Brothers Grimm]] fairy tale ''[[Rapunzel]]'' into a feature-length animated film during the 1930s and 1940s, but Disney's efforts never fully materialized because the original story was considered too "small".<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url = http://www.dvdizzy.com/tangled-directors-interview.html|title = Interview: Tangled Directors Nathan Greno & Byron Howard|date = March 28, 2011|access-date = March 27, 2025|website = DVDizzy.com|last = Bonanno|first = Luke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miraudo |first=Simon |date=December 27, 2010 |title=Interview: Nathan Greno and Byron Howard; directors of Tangled. |url=http://blog.quickflix.com.au/2010/12/27/interview-nathan-greno-and-byron-howard-directors-of-tangled/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811035447/http://blog.quickflix.com.au/2010/12/27/interview-nathan-greno-and-byron-howard-directors-of-tangled/ |archive-date=August 11, 2014 |access-date=March 27, 2025 |website=[[Quickflix]]}}</ref> The concept behind ''Tangled'' originated from [[The Walt Disney Company]] supervising animator [[Glen Keane]] in 1996.<ref name="christiantodaykeane">{{cite web|last=Paluso|first=Marianne|title=Once Upon a Time|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/marchweb-only/onceupon.html|work=[[Christian Today]]|access-date=June 23, 2013|date=March 29, 2011|archive-date=October 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028122528/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/marchweb-only/onceupon.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2001, Keane [[Pitch (filmmaking)|pitched]] the idea to then-Disney CEO [[Michael Eisner]] who approved it, but requested the film to be computer-animated. However, Keane was hesitant as he felt computer animation was not quite as fluid or organic as traditional animation was.<ref>{{cite web|last=Graham|first=Bill|url=https://collider.com/comic-con-tangled-panel-disney-byron-howard-nathan-greno-glen-keane/|title=SDCC 2010: Disney Animators Panel on TANGLED|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=July 23, 2010|access-date=November 22, 2018|archive-date=September 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930070910/https://collider.com/comic-con-tangled-panel-disney-byron-howard-nathan-greno-glen-keane/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2003, the film was announced as ''Rapunzel Unbraided'' as a computer-animated feature scheduled for a 2007 release,<ref name=WSJComputerAge>{{cite news|last=Orwall|first=Bruce|title=Disney Decides It Must Draw Artists Into the Computer Age|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB106686389992986500|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=July 9, 2014|date=October 23, 2003|archive-date=December 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220131759/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB106686389992986500|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wloszczyna|first=Susan|title=A fairy-tale bending|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2003-09-16-fairytale_x.htm|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=July 9, 2014|date=September 17, 2003|archive-date=March 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316230239/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2003-09-16-fairytale_x.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> which Keane described as "a ''[[Shrek]]''-like version of the film".<ref name="christiantodaykeane"/> According to [[Edwin Catmull|Ed Catmull]], Eisner himself had proposed using modern-day [[San Francisco]] as the initial setting of the film.<ref name=CreativityInc271>{{cite book|last=Catmull|first=Ed|author2=Amy Wallace|title=Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration|url=https://archive.org/details/creativityincove0000catm_u1u6|year=2014|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=978-0812993011|page=[https://archive.org/details/creativityincove0000catm_u1u6/page/270/mode/2up 271]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The story initially centered on two teenagers, Claire and Vince, who live in San Francisco and are transported into the fairy tale world, where they inhabit the bodies of Rapunzel and her prince Beau. Rapunzel and Beau themselves are turned into a squirrel and a dog. In July 2004, [[Reese Witherspoon]] and [[Kristin Chenoweth]] were in talks to portray roles, with the latter intended to voice Rapunzel.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2004/07/14/Reese-Withersppon-in-Rapunzel/69321089843672/ |title=Reese Witherspoon in 'Rapunzel' |work=[[United Press International]] |date=July 14, 2004 |access-date=August 18, 2022}}</ref> In October 2005, [[Dan Fogler]] was slated to provide a voice.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fleming |first=Michael |url=https://variety.com/2005/legit/markets-festivals/balls-bounces-to-rogue-1117931229/ |title='Balls' bounces to Rogue |work=Variety |date=October 18, 2005 |access-date=August 18, 2022 |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818155902/https://variety.com/2005/legit/markets-festivals/balls-bounces-to-rogue-1117931229/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In reflection, Keane said of the original plot, "It was a fun, wonderful, witty version and we had a couple of great writers. But in my heart of hearts I believed there was something much more sincere and genuine to get out of the story, so we set it aside and went back to the roots of the original fairy tale."<ref name="beliefnetkeane">{{cite web|last=Minow|first=Nell|title=Interview: Glen Keane of 'Tangled'|url=http://blog.beliefnet.com/moviemom/2010/11/interview-glen-keane-of-tangle.html|website=[[Beliefnet]]|access-date=May 12, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110021537/http://blog.beliefnet.com/moviemom/2010/11/interview-glen-keane-of-tangle.html|archive-date=January 10, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In November 2005, ''Unbraided'' was pushed back to a summer 2009 release in order to give Keane "more time to work on the story."<ref>{{cite news|last=Marr|first=Merrisa|title=Debut of 'Chicken Little' Gives Disney Something to Crow Over|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113132234440389603|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=July 9, 2014|date=November 7, 2005|archive-date=December 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220152026/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113132234440389603|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2006, the film was then shut down about a week before Catmull and [[John Lasseter]] were placed in charge of the studio, and one of their first decisions was to restart the project and ask Keane to keep going with the film.<ref name=CreativityInc271/> It had originally been announced in April 2007 that [[Annie Award|Annie]]-nominated animator and story artist [[Dean Wellins]] would be co-directing the film alongside Keane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laughingplace.com/News-ID511390.asp|title=Rapunzel Gets Second Director|work=The Laughing Place|date=April 12, 2007|access-date=November 23, 2010|archive-date=January 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107092901/http://www.laughingplace.com/News-ID511390.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 9, 2008, it was reported that Keane and Wellins had stepped down as directors due to other commitments, and were replaced by the team of [[Byron Howard]] and [[Nathan Greno]], director and storyboard director, respectively, of Disney's 2008 animated feature ''[[Bolt (2008 film)|Bolt]]''. Keane stayed on as an executive producer and animation supervisor, while Wellins moved on to direct ''[[Tick Tock Tale]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite news|last=Desowitz|first=Bill|title=Wellins Talks Tick Tock Tale|url=http://www.awn.com/articles/short-films/wellins-talks-tick-tock-tale|newspaper=Animation World Network|date=August 20, 2010|access-date=May 24, 2025}}</ref><ref name="KeaneOut">{{cite web|url=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/38686|title=Ain't It Cool News: Glen Keane leaving Disney's RAPUNZEL. Who's stepping up?|work=AintItCool.com|date=October 10, 2008|access-date=March 13, 2011|archive-date=December 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218030953/https://www.aintitcool.com/node/38686|url-status=live}}</ref> After the film's release, Keane revealed that he had "stepped back" from the role of director because of a heart attack in 2008.<ref name="ColliderKeaneInterview">{{cite web|last=Graham|first=Bill|title=Animation Director Glen Keane Exclusive Interview TANGLED|url=https://collider.com/glen-keane-interview-tangled/|publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|access-date=May 11, 2014|date=November 27, 2010|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202021102/https://collider.com/glen-keane-interview-tangled/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Casting===
The directors auditioned hundreds of young actresses to find Rapunzel's voice,<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=March 27, 2011 |title=Interview: 'Tangled' Directors Talk About Creating Disney's 50th Animated Feature |url=http://www.geeksofdoom.com/2011/03/27/interview-tangled-directors-talk-about-creating-disneys-50th-animated-feature |access-date=August 1, 2013 |website=Geeks of Doom |publisher=}}</ref> among them were [[Idina Menzel]] and [[Kristen Bell]], but both were rejected for not sounding right.<ref name="Wenn">{{cite news |date=November 1, 2013 |title=Tangled – Secret Phone Recording Helped Idina Menzel Land New Disney Role |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/story/secret-phone-recording-helped-idina-menzel-land-new-disney-role_3932100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102224750/http://www.contactmusic.com/story/secret-phone-recording-helped-idina-menzel-land-new-disney-role_3932100 |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=January 2, 2014 |newspaper=[[Contact Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dunaway |first=Michael |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Kristen Bell: A Hollywood Princess |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/kristen-bell/kristen-bell-a-hollywood-princess |access-date=April 11, 2024 |work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]}}</ref>

On September 10, 2009, it was announced that singer-songwriter and actress [[Mandy Moore]], who previously worked with Disney on [[Disneytoon Studios]]' ''[[Brother Bear 2]]'', had been cast as the voice of Rapunzel, and actor [[Zachary Levi]] would provide the voice of Flynn Rider.<ref name="slashsep10"/><ref name="fletchersep10"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Kelly|first=Kevin|title=Disney/Pixar's John Lasseter Talks 'Rapunzel' Casting, 'Toy Story 3' Plot, 'Cars 2', 'Winnie the Pooh' and More!|url=http://news.moviefone.com/2009/09/13/disney-pixars-john-lasseter-talks-rapunzel-casting-toy-story-3/|access-date=July 9, 2014|work=[[Moviefone]]|publisher=[[AOL Inc]]|date=September 13, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015047/http://news.moviefone.com/2009/09/13/disney-pixars-john-lasseter-talks-rapunzel-casting-toy-story-3/|archive-date=November 17, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> For the role of Flynn, the studio mandated exclusively only UK actors to audition for the part, as Rider was intended to be British. An American, Zachary Levi, impersonated a British [[Received Pronunciation]] (RP) accent to audition, leading the producers to opt for him to use his natural American accent.<ref name="TLLSwJC">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrNmXftckMg |title=Zachary Levi Faked Being British To Land Disney Role |date=December 7, 2021 |last=Corden |first=James |work=[[The Late Late Show with James Corden]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Mandy Moore approached the project through auditioning, when she heard that a film about the story of ''Rapunzel'' was being made.<ref name="huffpostoct19">{{cite news|title=Mandy Moore On Tangled: 'I Screamed As Soon As I Found Out' (INTERVIEW)|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/10/19/mandy-moore-on-tangled_n_1019215.html|access-date=July 9, 2014|work=[[The Huffington Post]] UK|publisher=HuffPost Entertainment|date=October 19, 2011|archive-date=December 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213012035/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/10/19/mandy-moore-on-tangled_n_1019215.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="canov2010">{{cite news|title=Mandy Moore Interview, TANGLED|url=http://www.moviesonline.ca/2010/11/mandy-moore-interview-tangled/|access-date=July 9, 2014|work=MoviesOnline|date=November 2010|archive-date=May 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531220755/http://www.moviesonline.ca/2010/11/mandy-moore-interview-tangled/|url-status=live}}</ref> Moore later expressed that she had dreamed to be a Disney princess since she was young and said that with the role of Rapunzel, she had fulfilled her "ultimate childhood dream".<ref name="kidzworld">{{cite news|title=Disney's Tangled: Mandy Moore Interview|url=http://www.kidzworld.com/article/25443-disneys-tangled-many-moore-interview|access-date=July 9, 2014|work=Kidzworld|archive-date=November 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130045402/https://www.kidzworld.com/article/25443-disneys-tangled-many-moore-interview|url-status=live}}</ref> She described herself as a "girly fan" of Disney animated films<ref name="kidzworld"/> like ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'', ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'', ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' and ''[[The Lion King]]'', and that it was an honor for her to be part of this "legacy"—the lineage of such Disney icons.<ref name=collider>{{cite news|last=Graham|first=Bill|title=Mandy Moore Exclusive Interview TANGLED|url=https://collider.com/mandy-moore-interview-tangled/|access-date=July 9, 2014|publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=September 29, 2010|archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021161607/https://collider.com/mandy-moore-interview-tangled/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the film was going to be a [[Musical film|musical]], it was required that all auditionees had to read several scenes and perform a song of their choice, to ensure that the voice actors could both act and sing.<ref name="eonline">{{cite news|last=Malkin|first=Marc|title=Mandy Moore & Hubby: "We Work Well Together"|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/212920/mandy-moore-hubby-we-work-well-together|access-date=July 9, 2014|work=[[E! Online]]|publisher=[[E! Entertainment Television|E! Entertainment Television, LLC]]|date=November 26, 2010|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122164125/https://www.eonline.com/news/212920/mandy-moore-hubby-we-work-well-together|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="girl.com.au"/> For this singing section, Moore chose "[[Help Me (Joni Mitchell song)|Help Me]]" by [[Joni Mitchell]],<ref name="huffpostoct19"/> a song that she herself had covered on her fourth studio album, ''[[Coverage (album)|Coverage]]'' (2003).<ref name="coverageallmusic">{{cite web|title=Coverage|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/coverage-mw0000693728|work=Allmusic|publisher=Rovi Corp|access-date=March 17, 2013|archive-date=February 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202084617/https://www.allmusic.com/album/coverage-mw0000693728|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="moorecoveragebillboard">{{cite magazine|title=Mandy Moore Goes Under 'Covers'|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/70024/mandy-moore-goes-under-covers|magazine=Billboard|publisher=Billboard|access-date=June 26, 2013|year=2003}}</ref> Moore revealed that she had to attend several audition sessions<ref name="collider"/><ref name="eonline"/> and described the experiences as "pretty fun" but didn't put much hope in getting the part because she believed there would be much competition for this role;<ref name="canov2010"/> she just performed her best without any anxiety.<ref name="huffpostoct19"/> When she received a callback from Disney telling that she got the part, Moore described herself as being "over the moon": "I was working in New York at the time. I was with some friends and my husband—and I screamed as soon as I found out the news."<ref name="huffpostoct19"/>

The film reportedly cost more than $260 million to produce.<ref name="LATimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-nov-21-la-et-1121-tangled-20101121-story.html|title=Disney Animation is closing the book on fairy tales|first1=Dawn C.|last1=Chmielewski|first2=Claudia|last2=Eller|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 21, 2010|access-date=November 23, 2010|archive-date=February 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211161946/https://articles.latimes.com/2010/nov/21/entertainment/la-et-1121-tangled-20101121|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Writing and character development===
When asked about the character of Rapunzel, Mandy Moore said that Rapunzel was a relatable character and called her a "Renaissance, bohemian" woman<ref name="huffpostoct19"/> rather than a typical Disney princess:<ref name="mtvaug27">{{cite news|last=Warner|first=Kara|title=Mandy Moore's 'Tangled' Heroine Not 'Typical Disney Princess'|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1646720/mandy-moores-tangled-heroine-not-typical-disney-princess/|access-date=July 9, 2014|work=[[MTV News]]|publisher=[[Viacom International Inc.]]|date=August 27, 2010|archive-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060207/http://www.mtv.com/news/1646720/mandy-moores-tangled-heroine-not-typical-disney-princess/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Moore said "[Rapunzel] doesn't know she's a princess [until the end of the film]. She's just really sort of motivated to find out what else is out there beyond this crazy tower she's lived in for 18 years," and that "she's very independent, she can take care of herself, and she's definitely come up with really entertaining ways to keep herself busy."<ref name="mtvaug27"/> Moore also stated that she herself had little influence on Rapunzel: "The character was developed way before I had anything to do with it."<ref name="huffpostoct19"/>

According to Greno, one of the most difficult problems during the development of the film's plot was how to get Rapunzel out of the tower without immediately ending the movie, in that she had thereby escaped Mother Gothel and did not have any other specific objectives to pursue.<ref name="Lark">{{cite journal|last1=Lark|first1=Max|last2=Draskovic|first2=Marina|last3=Solomon|first3=Charles|title=It's a Matter of Trust: At Walt Disney Animation Studios, The 'Story Trust,' A Peer-to-Peer Feedback System, Has Taken Storytelling—And Disney Animation—To New Creative Heights|journal=Disney Twenty-three|date=Spring 2016|volume=8|issue=1|pages=18–21|publisher=Walt Disney Company|location=Burbank|issn=2162-5492|oclc=698366817}}</ref> At a meeting one day, animator John Ripa floated an idea which turned out to be the solution they had been looking for: the mysterious floating lanterns.<ref name="Lark"/>

===Recording===
In ''Tangled'', as with most animated films, all voice actors had to record their dialogue separately from one another to avoid [[Spill (audio)|bleeding]] into each other's tracks.<ref name="movieweb">{{cite news|last=Philbrick|first=Jami|title=Exclusive: Mandy Moore Talks 'Tangled'|url=http://www.movieweb.com/news/exclusive-mandy-moore-talks-tangled|access-date=July 9, 2014|work=MovieWeb|date=November 19, 2010|archive-date=September 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054426/http://www.movieweb.com/news/exclusive-mandy-moore-talks-tangled|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mandy Moore later recalled that during recording, she had never met Donna Murphy and only met Zachary Levi once when they recorded "I See the Light".<ref name="movieweb"/> Moore thought that this was "a good exercise in employing your imagination".<ref name="about.com"/> When recording action scenes, the voice actors had to jog a little in place in order to make their voices sound realistic.<ref name="about.com">{{cite news|last=Murray|first=Rebecca|title=Exclusive Interview with Mandy Moore and Zachary Levi from 'Tangled'|url=http://movies.about.com/od/rapunzel/a/Mandy-Moore-Zachary-Levi-Tangled-Interview.htm|access-date=July 9, 2014|work=[[About.com]]|archive-date=June 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630182902/http://movies.about.com/od/rapunzel/a/Mandy-Moore-Zachary-Levi-Tangled-Interview.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the songs, Moore and Levi recorded on a soundstage with a 65-piece orchestra under the supervision of composer Alan Menken. They sang live with the orchestra for several times in order to help everyone "get a vibe" and a feel for the music and the singing, then were asked to go in isolation booths to record the actual tracks.<ref name="mouseclub">{{cite news|last=Wolf|first=Scott|title=Mandy Moore talks about her works as the voice Rapunzel in "Tangled"|url=http://www.mouseclubhouse.com/Interviews/mandy-moore/mandy-moore-tangled.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140711115247/http://www.mouseclubhouse.com/Interviews/mandy-moore/mandy-moore-tangled.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 11, 2014|access-date=July 9, 2014|work=Mouse Club House}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tangled star Mandy Moore: I'd like to think I look like Rapunzel |url=http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/531660/tangled-star-mandy-moore-i-d-like-to-think-i-look-like-rapunzel |access-date=July 9, 2014 |work=[[Now (UK magazine)|Now Magazine]] |publisher=IPC Media Fashion & Beauty Network |date=October 18, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054308/http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/531660/tangled-star-mandy-moore-i-d-like-to-think-i-look-like-rapunzel |archive-date=September 21, 2013 }}</ref> In order to aid animators in animating the characters, the filmmakers did interviews with the voice actors and filmed their facial expressions throughout the recording sessions.<ref name="about.com"/> Disney animated films are usually animated to synchronize with recorded dialogue rather than asking the vocal talent to synchronize their delivery to animation after it is rendered. Thus, Moore felt that the recording process was challenging because at that time she had no animation to look at except for a few sketches.<ref name="huffpostoct19"/>

Due to scheduling conflicts with other projects (Moore had to travel to different places such as London or New York, and Levi could only record on weekends for five hours once every six weeks), they did not record dialogue in the same order as in the final film. "[When I came in], maybe that sequence or scene had been recorded by Mandy (Moore) already, maybe it hadn't. We'd end up doing the same scene five times, depending," Levi said.<ref name="girl.com.au">{{cite news|last=Hunter|first=Brooke|title=Mandy Moore & Zachary Levi Tangled Interview|url=http://www.girl.com.au/mandy-moore-zachary-levi-tangled-interview.htm|access-date=July 9, 2014|work=Girl.com.au|archive-date=February 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212105541/http://www.girl.com.au/mandy-moore-zachary-levi-tangled-interview.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> After watching the finished film, Moore was disappointed because she felt that her voice sounded "shrill", while Levi thought that his performance sounded "incredibly nasally".<ref name="about.com"/>

===Animation===
[[File:Fragonard, The Swing.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Swing (Fragonard)|The Swing]]'' by [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]].]]
The film was made using [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI), although ''Tangled'' was modeled on the traditional look of oil paintings on canvas. The [[Rococo]] paintings of French artist [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], particularly ''[[The Swing (Fragonard)|The Swing]]'', were used as references for the film's artistic style, a style described by Keane as "romantic and lush."<ref name=AWNDisneyLegacy3D>{{cite web|date=November 4, 2005|last=Desowitz|first=Bill|work=Animation World Network|access-date=July 5, 2006|url=http://www.awn.com/animationworld/chicken-little-beyond-disney-rediscovers-its-legacy-through-3d-animation|title=Chicken Little & Beyond: Disney Rediscovers its Legacy Through 3D Animation|archive-date=July 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707060106/http://www.awn.com/animationworld/chicken-little-beyond-disney-rediscovers-its-legacy-through-3d-animation|url-status=live}}</ref> To create the impression of a painting, [[non-photorealistic rendering]] was used.<ref name="CGMeetup">{{cite news|author=Jason|title=Tangled Concept Art and Character Art|url=http://www.cgmeetup.net/home/art/tangled-concept-art-and-character-art/|access-date=June 29, 2016|work=CGMeetup|date=April 28, 2013|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108091639/http://www.cgmeetup.net/home/art/tangled-concept-art-and-character-art/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Rapunzel-Disney.jpg|thumb|A concept rendering of Rapunzel by Lisa Keene, demonstrating the "luscious golden hair" Keane wanted.]]
Glen Keane originally wanted the film to be animated using a traditional 2D animation process. However, Disney executives David Stainton and Dick Cook announced that they would only approve the film for production if it were created using the 3D computer graphics.<ref name="Senseofcinema">{{cite news|last=Carter|first=Chris|title=An Analysis of the Character Animation in Disney's Tangled|url=http://sensesofcinema.com/2013/feature-articles/an-analysis-of-the-character-animation-in-disneys-tangled/|access-date=June 29, 2016|work=Sense of Cinema|date=July 2013|archive-date=June 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630001627/http://sensesofcinema.com/2013/feature-articles/an-analysis-of-the-character-animation-in-disneys-tangled/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to that demand, Glen Keane held a seminar called "''The Best of Both Worlds''", where he, with 50 Disney CGI artists and traditional artists, focused on the pros and cons of each style.<ref>{{cite news|last=Holson|first=Laura M.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/business/media/18disney.html?ex=1284696000&en=99e7d48446aee76d|title=Disney Moves Away From Hand-Drawn Animation|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 18, 2005|access-date=July 5, 2006}}</ref> After the meeting, it was decided that the film would be made in 3D CGI animation, but in a way as to become an extension of the traditional 2D Disney "aesthetic", a term which referred to the naturalistic animation that conforms to the fundamental principles of animation as documented by Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston in the book ''The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation''.<ref name="Senseofcinema"/>

Due to limitations in computer technology, especially regarding attempts to capture the complexity of a human form, many basic principles of animation used in traditionally animated movies had been absent from earlier CGI films; but technological advancements made it easier to blend the two, combining the strengths of each style.<ref name="CGMeetup"/> Keane stated repeatedly he was trying to make the computer "bend its knee to the artist" instead of having the computer dictate the artistic style and look of the film.<ref name=WSJComputerAge/> By making the computer become as "pliable as the pencil", Keane's vision of a "three-dimensional drawing" seemed within reach, with the artist controlling the technology. Many of the techniques and tools that were required to give the film the quality Keane demanded did not exist when the project was started, and Walt Disney Animation Studios had to create them on their own.<ref name=AWNDisneyLegacy3D/> Keane said, "There’s no photoreal hair. I want luscious hair, and we are inventing new ways of doing that. I want to bring the warmth and intuitive feel of hand-drawn to CGI."<ref name=AWNDisneyPastPresent>{{cite web|first=Bill|last=Desowitz|url=http://www.awn.com/news/events/little-mermaid-team-discusses-disney-past-and-present|title='Little Mermaid' Team Discusses Disney Past and Present|work=Animation World Network|date=September 18, 2006|access-date=January 21, 2011|archive-date=August 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821075332/http://www.awn.com/news/events/little-mermaid-team-discusses-disney-past-and-present|url-status=live}}</ref>

One of the main goals of the animators was to create movement that mimicked the soft fluidity of the hand-drawn art found in older Disney animated films. Keane credited Disney 3D animator Kyle Strawitz with helping to combine CGI with the traditional hand-drawn style.<ref name="CGMeetup"/> "He took the house from ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White]]'' and built it and painted it so it looked like a flat painting that suddenly started to move, and it had dimension and kept all of the soft, round curves of the brushstrokes of watercolor. Kyle helped us get that [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard|Fragonard]] look of that girl on the swing… We are using [[subsurface scattering]] and global illumination and all of the latest techniques to pull off convincing human characters and rich environments."<ref name=AWNDisneyLegacy3D/>

Rather than focusing on realism, the 3D team used an aesthetic approach.<ref name="CGMeetup"/> Robert Newman, the film's stereoscopic supervisor said that "We’re using depth more artistically than ever before, and we’re not as concerned with the literal transcription of depth between camera and projector as we are the interpretation of it." To do this, they used a new technique called multi-rigging, which is made up of multiple pairs of [[Virtual camera system|virtual cameras]]. Each pair is used individually on each separate element that adds depth to a scene, like background, foreground, and characters, without adjusting for the relation with the other pairs. When sandwiched together later in production, the result was something that would be visually impossible in the real world, but which created an appealing look to the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/node/300278/get-tangled-hairrai|title=Get 'Tangled' up in hair-raising 3D!|work=The Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online|date=January 24, 2011|access-date=June 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130050835/http://www.mb.com.ph/node/300278/get-tangled-hairrai|archive-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref>

As a counterpart to the appealing and cute design of Rapunzel,<ref name=GirlHowardGrenoInterview>{{cite web|title=Byron Howard & Nathan Greno Tangled Interview|url=http://www.girl.com.au/byron-howard-and-nathan-greno-tangled-blu-ray-interview.htm|publisher=Girl.com.au|access-date=November 1, 2015|date=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517021233/http://www.girl.com.au/byron-howard-and-nathan-greno-tangled-blu-ray-interview.htm|archive-date=May 17, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> the directors wanted to make Flynn Rider "the most handsome, most attractive male lead Disney has ever had."<ref name=SRDisneyHunk>{{cite web|last=Cornet |first=Roth |title=Zach Levi on Being a Disney Hunk in 'Tangled', A Singer, A Superhero & 'Chuck |url=https://screenrant.com/disney-tangled-zach-levi-interview-chuck-rothc-88315/ |website=[[Screen Rant]] |access-date=November 1, 2015 |date=November 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209125333/http://screenrant.com/disney-tangled-zach-levi-interview-chuck-rothc-88315/ |archive-date=December 9, 2014 }}</ref> They held a large "Hot Man Meeting" where they gathered about 30 women from the studio and asked them what they considered attractive in a man.<ref name=TelegraphTangledDirectors>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Marc|title=Tangled directors on the latest Disney animation|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmmakersonfilm/8287107/Tangled-directors-on-the-latest-Disney-animation.html|access-date=November 1, 2015|work=The Telegraph|date=January 27, 2011|archive-date=April 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413153154/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmmakersonfilm/8287107/Tangled-directors-on-the-latest-Disney-animation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They brought in hundreds of images of their favourite male actors and celebrities, which were torn and pasted back again.<ref name=TelegraphTangledDirectors/><ref name=Disney11Things>{{cite web|title=11 Things You Didn't Know About Tangled|url=http://blogs.disney.com/oh-my-disney/2014/12/26/11-things-you-didnt-know-about-tangled/|publisher=Disney|access-date=November 1, 2015|date=December 26, 2014|archive-date=December 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228173410/http://blogs.disney.com/oh-my-disney/2014/12/26/11-things-you-didnt-know-about-tangled/|url-status=live}}</ref> After much deliberation, his look was eventually narrowed down to one concept drawing.<ref name=SRDisneyHunk/><ref name=TelegraphTangledDirectors/>

====Technology development====
Existing technology continued to present difficulties: in particular, animating hair turned out to be a challenge. Senior software engineer Kelly Ward spent six years writing programs to make it move the way they wanted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dapsmagic.com/geekscorner/geek-links/daps-magic-interviews/roundtable-interview-with-glen-keane-march-17-2011/|title=Roundtable Interview with Glen Keane|date=March 17, 2011|publisher=DAPs|access-date=April 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921063943/http://www.dapsmagic.com/geekscorner/geek-links/daps-magic-interviews/roundtable-interview-with-glen-keane-march-17-2011/|archive-date=September 21, 2012}}</ref> As late as January 2010, the directors were still not sure if the Rapunzel character's length of hair was going to work. These problems were finally solved in March:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siouxcityjournal.com/entertainment/movies/article_730035f2-121d-54a4-bd18-ab1ec0b684c0.html|title='Tangled' directors unravel film's secrets|date=December 5, 2010|work=SiouxCityJournal.com|access-date=December 8, 2010|archive-date=December 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210072616/http://www.siouxcityjournal.com/entertainment/movies/article_730035f2-121d-54a4-bd18-ab1ec0b684c0.html|url-status=live}}</ref> An improved version of a hair simulation program named Dynamic Wires, originally developed for ''Bolt'', was eventually used. To make hair float believably in water, and to surmount other similar challenges, [[discrete differential geometry]] was used to produce the desired effects, freeing the animators from executing these specific tasks directly, which would have taken days instead of minutes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/30/movies/30animate.html|title=Perfecting Animation, via Science|date=December 29, 2010|newspaper=NYTimes.com|author=Patricia Cohen|access-date=December 12, 2012|archive-date=May 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510190238/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/30/movies/30animate.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Controversy over the film title change ====
[[File:RapunzelLogo.jpg|thumb|Official logo of ''Rapunzel'' before the title was changed to ''Tangled'']]
When first put into production, the film was promoted as having the title ''Rapunzel Unbraided'', which was later changed to ''Rapunzel''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hill |first=Jim |date=August 8, 2005 |title="Rapunzel Unbraided" aims to be " ... a film of astonishing beauty." |url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2005/08/09/656.aspx |access-date=October 6, 2010 |work=Jim Hill Media |archive-date=November 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126035544/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2005/08/09/656.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Disney's previous animated feature, ''[[The Princess and the Frog]]'' (2009)—while being well received by various critics<ref>{{cite web |title=The Princess and the Frog |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-princess-and-the-frog/critic-reviews |access-date=February 5, 2012 |work=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |archive-date=August 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815115523/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-princess-and-the-frog/critic-reviews |url-status=live }}</ref>  --was not as successful as Disney had hoped, and Catmull later admitted in writing that Disney Animation's faith that ''The Princess and the Frog''{{'}}s excellent quality would bring in all audiences notwithstanding the word "princess" in the title was their version of "a stupid pill".<ref>{{cite book |last=Catmull |first=Ed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqccAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT274 |title=Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration |author2=Amy Wallace |publisher=Random House |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-81-299301-1 |location=New York |page=268}}</ref> In order to market the new film to both sexes and additional age groups, Disney changed the title from ''Rapunzel'' to ''Tangled'' while also emphasizing Flynn Rider, the film's prominent male character, showing that his story is just as important as that of Rapunzel.<ref name="LATimes2">{{cite news |last1=Chmielewski |first1=Dawn C. |last2=Eller |first2=Claudia |date=March 9, 2010 |title=Disney restyles 'Rapunzel' to appeal to boys |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-mar-09-la-fi-ct-disney9-2010mar09-story.html |access-date=March 12, 2010 |archive-date=February 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225201504/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/09/business/la-fi-ct-disney9-2010mar09 |url-status=live }}</ref> Disney was criticized for altering the title as a [[marketing strategy]]. [[Floyd Norman]], a former Disney and [[Pixar]] animator and story artist, said, "The idea of changing the title of a classic like ''Rapunzel'' to ''Tangled'' is beyond stupid. I'm convinced they'll gain nothing from this except the public seeing Disney as desperately trying to find an audience."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chmielewski |first1=Dawn C. |last2=Eller |first2=Claudia |date=March 9, 2010 |title=Disney wrings the pink out of 'Rapunzel' |work=Los Angeles Times |url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2010/03/10/disneys-rapunzel-gets-a-makeover |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013043046/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2010/03/10/disneys-rapunzel-gets-a-makeover/ |archive-date=October 13, 2010}}</ref>

Justin Chang of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' compared it to changing the title of ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]'' to ''Beached''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Justin |date=November 7, 2010 |title='Tangled' Review |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/tangled-1117943999/ |access-date=March 23, 2011 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927031045/http://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/tangled-1117943999/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''{{'}}s blog, Margot Magowan accused Disney of sexism, writing:<ref name="Magowan">{{cite web|last=Magowan|first=Margot|url=http://blog.sfgate.com/mmagowan/2010/11/22/disneys-male-execs-stop-movies-starring-girls|title=Disney's male execs stop movies starring girls|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=November 22, 2010|access-date=June 13, 2012|archive-date=December 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208141124/http://blog.sfgate.com/mmagowan/2010/11/22/disneys-male-execs-stop-movies-starring-girls/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Can you imagine if Disney…switched a movie title so it wouldn't risk highlighting a male star? It's awful that this kind of radical gender discrimination exists for our smallest people—little kids who come into this world with huge imaginations and aspirations, big dreams that get squashed by a bunch of billionaire guys who run massive entertainment franchises.}}
On November 24, 2010, the day of the film's release, directors Nathan Greno and [[Byron Howard]] disputed reports that the title change was a marketing decision. They said they changed the title from ''Rapunzel'' to ''Tangled'' because Rapunzel is not the only main character in the film. They went on to say that "you cannot call ''[[Toy Story]]'' "''[[Buzz Lightyear]]''," and they really needed a title that represented what the film is, and that it stars the duo of Rapunzel and Flynn Rider.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=How did Rapunzel become 'Tangled'? Directors Nathan Greno and Byron Howard set the record straight |url=https://ew.com/article/2010/11/24/tangled-rapunzel-nathan-greno-byron-howard/ |access-date=October 15, 2021 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

In March 2014, executive producer [[John Lasseter]] explained that Disney had changed the name to improve the film's appeal [[Four-quadrant movie|to the four quadrants]]: "There was an audience perception that these movies were just for little girls but when boys, men, whatever actually see these movies they like them. So on ''Rapunzel'' … we changed the name and we called it ''Tangled''. We did marketing that made the people who would not normally show up say, 'Hey, this looks pretty good.'"<ref name="ChristopherWilliams">{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Christopher |date=March 31, 2014 |title='The world is a better place with Disney animation in it': John Lasseter tells the Telegraph how he saved Disney Animation Studios from the doldrums |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/10733005/The-world-is-a-better-place-with-Disney-animation-in-it.html |access-date=April 23, 2014 |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/10733005/The-world-is-a-better-place-with-Disney-animation-in-it.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main|Tangled (soundtrack)}}
The [[Tangled (soundtrack)|musical score and soundtrack album]] were composed by [[Alan Menken]] with lyrics written by [[Glenn Slater]].<ref name="ColliderMenkenInterview">{{cite news|url=https://www.collider.com/2010/09/27/alan-menken-interview-tangled|first=Bill|last=Graham|title=Alan Menken Exclusive Interview Tangled|publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=September 27, 2010|access-date=November 26, 2010|archive-date=December 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202152808/http://www.collider.com/2010/09/27/alan-menken-interview-tangled/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It marked Menken's return to scoring for animated films, after recurringly doing so for several [[Disney Animation films]] till ''[[Home on the Range (2004 film)|Home on the Range]]'' (2004).{{Efn|Though Menken had composed for the 2007 film ''[[Enchanted (film)|Enchanted]]'', it is a [[live-action]]-[[animation film]], hence it cannot be considered as a full-fledged animation feature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://broadwayworld.com/printcolumn.php?id=185730|title=Alan Menken Talks 'Tangled', 'Sister Act', 'Leap of Faith', 'The Hunchback of Notre Dame', 'Aladdin' & More|date=November 15, 2010|website=BroadwayWorld.com|access-date=November 23, 2010|archive-date=October 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022061357/http://broadwayworld.com/printcolumn.php?id=185730|url-status=live}}</ref>}} As several [[Pixar]] employees, being in charge for [[Disney]], and the sensibilities being changed, Menken thought it as his biggest creative challenge and said that, he was "finding a way that we could wed musical-theater storytelling with the Pixar style of storytelling was primary".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burlingame |first=Jon |date=2010-11-10 |title=Alan Menken: 'Tangled' up in cues |url=https://variety.com/2010/digital/news/alan-menken-tangled-up-in-cues-1118027102/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=July 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721162255/https://variety.com/2010/digital/news/alan-menken-tangled-up-in-cues-1118027102/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Menken said he attempted to blend medieval music with 1960s folk rock to create the new songs and the score and soundtrack were recorded at a span of two-and-a-half years.<ref name="Hammond">{{cite magazine|first=Pete|last=Hammond|url=https://deadline.com/2010/09/oscars-animation-race-just-got-tangled-66061/|title=Oscar's Animation Race Just Got 'Tangled'|date=September 9, 2010|magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=November 26, 2010}}</ref>

Several songs were written, but eventually cut from the final film; "[[When Will My Life Begin?]]" replaced an earlier version called "What More Could I Ever Need?". Menken reported that that opening number went through five or six different versions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blauvelt |first=Christian |title=Alan Menken discusses 'Tangled' and the past, present, and future of the animated musical |url=https://ew.com/article/2010/11/24/alan-menken-tangled/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=EW.com |language=en |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422172631/https://ew.com/article/2010/11/24/alan-menken-tangled/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Elsewhere, Menken reported that there was originally a love song called "You Are My Forever" that Mother Gothel sang to Rapunzel in a motherly way, but was reprised later in the film by Flynn Rider in a romantic way. This idea was apparently replaced with the two songs "Mother Knows Best" and "[[I See the Light]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animatedviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=1166&start=360|title=Tangled|work=Animated Views Forum|access-date=November 23, 2010|archive-date=May 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511190610/http://animatedviews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=1166&start=360|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "Something That I Want" written and performed by [[Grace Potter]] from [[Grace Potter and the Nocturnals]] is featured in the closing credits. The Latin American Spanish version of the song, titled "''Algo quiero querer''", was recorded by Colombian pop-singer, [[Fanny Lú]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/agenda/cine/articulo-234407-fanny-lu-canta-walt-disney|title=Fanny Lu canta para Walt Disney|work=Elespectador.com|access-date=March 13, 2011|archive-date=November 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113164308/http://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/agenda/cine/articulo-234407-fanny-lu-canta-walt-disney|url-status=live}}</ref>

The soundtrack, released on Walt Disney Records on November 10, 2010,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tangled (Soundtrack from the Motion Picture) by Alan Menken |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/tangled-soundtrack-from-motion/id412754951 |url-status=dead |work=[[iTunes Store]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple Inc]] |accessdate=November 11, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125012936/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/tangled-soundtrack-from-motion/id412754951 |archivedate=January 25, 2014}}</ref> and peaked at number 44 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], number 7 on the [[Billboard charts|Soundtrack]] chart, and number 3 on the [[Kid Albums]] chart.<ref name="billboard200">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/#/charts/billboard-200?begin=121&order=position|title=Music Albums, Top 200 Albums & Music Album Charts|work=Billboard.com|access-date=March 13, 2011|archive-date=December 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225094743/https://www.billboard.com/#/charts/billboard-200?begin=121&order=position|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="billboardsound">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/#/charts/soundtracks|title=Soundtracks|work=Billboard.com|access-date=March 13, 2011|archive-date=December 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225094743/https://www.billboard.com/#/charts/soundtracks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="billboardkids">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/#/charts/kids-albums|title=Kids Albums|work=Billboard.com|access-date=March 13, 2011|archive-date=December 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225094743/https://www.billboard.com/#/charts/kids-albums|url-status=live}}</ref> Four years later, a [[double LP]] [[picture disc]] titled as Songs from Tangled was released on March 21, 2014.<ref>{{Citation |last=Various Artists |title=Songs From Tangled Picture |date=2017 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Songs-Tangled-LP-Picture-Disc/dp/B010CGPTCK |publisher=Walt Disney Records |access-date=2022-04-22 |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422163458/https://www.amazon.com/Songs-Tangled-LP-Picture-Disc/dp/B010CGPTCK |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Tangled'' premiered in Paris on November 17, exclusively screening at the [[Grand Rex]] theater two weeks in advance of its French [[wide release]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Delorme |first=Pierre |date=July 16, 2010 |title=Le nouveau Disney en avant-première au Grand Rex |url=http://www.filmsactu.com/news-cinema-le-nouveau-disney-en-avant-premiere-au-grand-rex-10901.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920205159/https://cinema.jeuxactu.com/news-cinema-le-nouveau-disney-en-avant-premiere-au-grand-rex-10901.htm |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |access-date=November 25, 2011 |work=FilmsActu.com |language=fr}}</ref> With over 3,800 tickets sold on its opening day, it set a new record for films showing in a single theater.<ref>{{cite web |author=Perraudat |first=Cyril |date=November 17, 2011 |title=Démarrage Paris 17/11/10 : Raiponce remplit le Grand Rex |url=http://www.cinema-france.com/news13722_demarrage-paris-17-11-10-raiponce-remplit-le-grand-rex.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730092449/http://www.cinema-france.com/news13722_demarrage-paris-17-11-10-raiponce-remplit-le-grand-rex.html |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |access-date=November 25, 2011 |work=Cinema-France.com |language=fr}}</ref> As part of Disney's 100th anniversary, ''Tangled'' was re-released in [[Helios (cinemas)|Helios]] theaters across Poland on October 21, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NoMonday |title=Uwielbiane klasyki wracają na ekrany kin Helios z okazji 100-lecia Disneya! |url=https://www.agora.pl/uwielbiane-klasyki-wracaja-na-ekrany-kin-helios-z-okazji-100-lecia-disneya |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=www.agora.pl |language=pl}}</ref>

===Home media===
''Tangled'' was released by [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]] as a four-disc combo pack on March 29, 2011. The combo pack includes a [[Blu-ray 3D]], standard [[Blu-ray]], [[DVD]], and digital copy. A two-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo pack and single DVD are also available. Bonus features for the Blu-ray include deleted scenes, two alternate opening sequences, two extended songs, and an inside look at how the film was made. The DVD includes only the two Original Storybook Openings and the 50th Animated Feature Countdown.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lawler|first=Richard|date=January 25, 2011|title=Disney to release Tangled on Blu-ray and 3D March 29th|url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/01/25/disney-to-release-tangled-on-blu-ray-and-3d-march-29th/|work=[[Engadget]]|access-date=April 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207133803/https://www.engadget.com/2011/01/25/disney-to-release-tangled-on-blu-ray-and-3d-march-29th/|archive-date=December 7, 2012}}</ref>

Sales of ''Tangled'' in the US and Canada exceeded $95 million in DVD and Blu-ray sales, the highest-grossing DVD of the year 2011; its home video sales exceeded the film's earnings in its first week in theaters.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tangled-makes-record-dvd-sales/20110414.htm "Tangled makes record DVD sales in its opening week"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126133044/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tangled-makes-record-dvd-sales/20110414.htm |date=January 26, 2021 }}. ''Rediff.com''. Retrieved April 16, 2011.</ref> The film sold a record 2,970,052 units (the equivalent of $44,521,079) in its first week in North America, the largest opening for a 2011 DVD. It dominated for two weeks on the DVD sales chart and sold 6,657,331 units ($102,154,692) as of July 18, 2012.<ref name=homevideosales>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Tangled|title=Tangled (2010)  — Financial Information|publisher=The-Numbers.com|access-date=November 30, 2015|archive-date=November 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113180418/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Tangled|url-status=live}}</ref> It has also sold 2,518,522 Blu-ray units ($59,220,275) by May 29, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/weekly-bluray-sales-chart |title=Weekly Domestic Blu-ray Sales Chart for Week Ending May 29, 2011 |publisher=The-Numbers.com |access-date=June 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605021612/http://www.the-numbers.com/weekly-bluray-sales-chart |archive-date=June 5, 2014 }}</ref> As of January 20, 2016, the film has earned a total of $215 million in home video sales in the United States and Canada ($155 million from DVD sales and $60 million from Blu-ray sales).<ref name=homevideosales/> ''Tangled'' was released on [[Ultra HD Blu-ray]] on November 5, 2019.<ref>{{Citation|title=Tangled 4K Blu-ray|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Tangled-4K-Blu-ray/251270/|access-date=2019-10-08|archive-date=February 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203164235/https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Tangled-4K-Blu-ray/251270/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Tangled'' had a worldwide opening weekend of $86.1 million,<ref>{{cite web|title=November 26–28, 2010 Weekend|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2010&wknd=48&p=.htm|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=April 25, 2011|archive-date=June 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614163857/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2010&wknd=48&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Overseas Total Box Office|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/weekend/?yr=2010&wk=48&p=.htm|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=April 25, 2011|archive-date=June 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629091452/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/weekend/?yr=2010&wk=48&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and reached the summit of the worldwide box office once, on its eleventh weekend (Feb 4–6, 2011), with $24.9 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=February 4–6, 2011 Weekend|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2011&wknd=05&p=.htm|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=March 23, 2011|archive-date=July 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709055748/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2011&wknd=05&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Overseas Total Box Office|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/weekend/?yr=2011&wk=5&p=.htm|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=March 23, 2011|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715095720/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/weekend/?yr=2011&wk=5&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film earned $200.8 million in North America, and $391.6 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $592.5 million; making it the third-highest-grossing animated film of 2010, behind ''[[Shrek Forever After]]'' and ''[[Toy Story 3]]'', and the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2010.<ref>"2010 Worldwide Box Office". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved March 7, 2020.</ref> It was the third Disney film appearing in the Top 10 films of 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2010&p=.htm|title=2010 WORLDWIDE GROSSES|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=April 24, 2011|archive-date=January 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106042454/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2010&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2017, it was the sixth-highest-grossing film worldwide produced by [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]], behind ''[[Frozen (2013 film)|Frozen]]'', ''[[Zootopia]]'', ''[[The Lion King]]'', ''[[Big Hero 6 (film)|Big Hero 6]]'', and ''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/|title=WORLDWIDE GROSSES|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=April 25, 2011|archive-date=October 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022040157/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Tangled'' earned $11.9 million on its opening Wednesday,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&id=rapunzel.htm|title=Tangled|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=November 27, 2010|archive-date=July 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709203825/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&id=rapunzel.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> breaking the record for the largest pre-[[Thanksgiving (USA)|Thanksgiving]] Wednesday opening, a record previously held by Disney·Pixar's ''[[Toy Story 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedeadbolt.com/news/109260/tangled_breaks_box_office_record_news.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101129022624/http://www.thedeadbolt.com/news/109260/tangled_breaks_box_office_record_news.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 29, 2010|title=Tangled Breaks Box Office Record Behind Harry Potter|publisher=TheDeadBolt.com|first=Troy|last=Rogers|access-date=November 27, 2010}}</ref> In its first weekend of release, it earned $48.8 million (the highest opening for Walt Disney Animation Studios, surpassing ''The Lion King'' ($40.9 million), and later surpassed by both ''[[Wreck-It Ralph]]'' ($49 million) and ''Frozen'' ($67.4 million)), placing second for the period behind ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'', which earned $49.1 million.<ref name="Thanksgiving Weekend">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/thanksgiving.htm?page=3day&p=.htm|title=Biggest 3-day Thanksgiving Weekends at the Box Office|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=January 21, 2011|archive-date=October 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017050949/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/thanksgiving.htm?page=3day&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Tangled'' had the sixth-highest opening weekend for a film that did not debut at #1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/opennot1.htm|title=Biggest Opening Weekends That Did Not Debut at #1|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=February 15, 2014|archive-date=October 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002185800/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/opennot1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Over the traditional Wednesday–Sunday Thanksgiving holiday period, it tallied $68.7 million, again finishing in second place.<ref name="Thanksgiving Weekend"/> ''Tangled'' also marked the second-largest 3-day and 5-day Thanksgiving opening after ''Toy Story 2''.<ref name="Thanksgiving Weekend"/> During its second weekend (post-Thanksgiving), ''Tangled'' declined 56% to $21.6 million, although it jumped to first place at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/?yr=2010&p=.htm|title=Weekend Index 2010|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=February 13, 2011|archive-date=June 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629091442/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/?yr=2010&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> With a final gross of $200.8 million, it is [[List of American films of 2010#Box office|the tenth-highest-grossing film of 2010]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2010&p=.htm|title=2010 Yearly Box Office Results|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=January 14, 2011|archive-date=January 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113000534/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2010&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and the tenth 2010 film to pass the $200 million mark;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/|title=Weekend Box Office Results for February 7–9, 2014|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=February 15, 2014|archive-date=June 14, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614183248/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/|url-status=live}}</ref> it was the fourth-slowest film to pass this mark.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/slowest.htm?page=200&p=.htm|title=Movies Taking the Longest to Hit $200 Million at the Box Office|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=February 15, 2014|archive-date=October 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022122047/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/slowest.htm?page=200&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Unadjusted for inflation, it is the ninth-highest-grossing film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios, behind ''The Lion King'' ($422.8 million), ''Frozen'' ($400.7 million), ''Zootopia'' ($341.3 million), ''Moana'' ($248.7 million), ''Big Hero 6'' ($221.3 million), ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' ($219 million), ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' ($217.4 million), and ''[[Ralph Breaks the Internet]]'' ($201.1 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm?page=2&p=.htm|title=All Time Domestic Box Office Results|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=October 14, 2011|archive-date=June 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622042131/http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm?page=2&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

On its opening weekend, it earned $17.4 million in eight territories and ranked second for the weekend behind ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1'' ($117.3 million).<ref name="Overseas">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/weekend/?yr=2010&wk=48&p=.htm|title=Overseas Total Box Office|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=March 16, 2011|archive-date=June 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629091452/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/weekend/?yr=2010&wk=48&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It reached first place at the weekend box office outside North America three times in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3041&p=.htm|title=Around-the-World Roundup: 'Tangled,' 'Tourist' Top Chart|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=January 12, 2011|access-date=March 22, 2012|archive-date=July 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712035335/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3041&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3066&p=.htm|title=Around-the-World Roundup: 'Tangled' Edges Past 'Hornet'|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=February 1, 2011|access-date=March 22, 2012|archive-date=June 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609080128/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3066&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3076&p=.htm|title=Around-the-World Roundup: French Comedy Nips at 'Tangled's Heels|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=February 9, 2011|access-date=March 22, 2012|archive-date=June 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612071501/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3076&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It marked the seventh-highest-grossing 2010 film and the third-highest-grossing 2010 animated film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/?pagenum=2&p=.htm|title=All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=March 10, 2011|archive-date=September 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925104742/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/?pagenum=2&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In Russia and the CIS, it set an opening-weekend record among non-sequel animated films (first surpassed by ''[[Rio (2011 film)|Rio]]'') and among Walt Disney Animation Studios films (surpassed by ''Frozen'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2998&p=.htm|title=Around-the-World Roundup: 'Potter' Continues to Dominate|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=December 1, 2010|access-date=December 16, 2013|archive-date=December 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172315/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2998&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Its highest-grossing markets outside North America was Germany ($44.2 million), where it is the highest-grossing 2010 animated film,<ref name=Germany>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/germany/yearly/?yr=2010&p=.htm|title=Germany Yearly Box Office|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=December 30, 2011|archive-date=December 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172047/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/germany/yearly/?yr=2010&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by France and the Maghreb region ($39.4 million) and the UK, Ireland and Malta ($32.9 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=rapunzel.htm|title=TANGLED|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=December 30, 2011|archive-date=July 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709125942/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=rapunzel.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''Tangled'' received largely positive reviews from critics upon release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Jeff |date=January 7, 2011 |title=Ron Perlman's Best Movies |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/total-recall-ron-perlmans-best-movies/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |quote=it’s hard to argue with Tangled‘s overwhelmingly positive reviews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Holt |first=Nathalia |author-link=Nathalia Holt |date=November 12, 2019 |title=The Token Female Pixar Story Artist |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/11/queens-of-animation-an-excerpt-on-brenda-chapman-brave.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207203621/https://www.vulture.com/2019/11/queens-of-animation-an-excerpt-on-brenda-chapman-brave.html |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=July 16, 2024 |work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |quote=Tangled fared somewhat better, receiving largely positive reviews}}</ref> {{Anchor|Critics|Critical response|Critical reaction}}[[Rotten Tomatoes]] gives the film an approval rating of {{RT data|score}} based on {{RT data|count}} reviews and an average score of {{RT data|average}}. The website's critical consensus is: "While far from Disney's greatest film, ''Tangled'' is a visually stunning, thoroughly entertaining addition to the studio's classic animated canon."<ref name="RottenTomatoes">{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tangled|title=Tangled (2010)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date={{RT data|access date}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326224757/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tangled|archive-date=2022-03-26|url-status=live}}{{RT data|edit}}</ref> [[Metacritic]], which assigns a [[weighted average]] score based on reviews from mainstream film critics, calculated a score of 71/100 based on 34 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/tangled|title=Tangled Reviews|work=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive|CBS]]|access-date=November 26, 2010|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235702/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/tangled|url-status=live}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] during the opening weekend, gave the film a rare average grade "A+" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2010/11/box-office-tangled-a-big-winner-as-burlesque-faster-love-other-drugs-lag.html |title=Box office: 'Tangled' feasts as 'Burlesque', 'Faster', 'Love & Other Drugs' fight for leftovers |last=Fritz |first=Ben |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=November 28, 2010 |access-date=February 16, 2022 |archive-date=March 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312075635/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2010/11/box-office-tangled-a-big-winner-as-burlesque-faster-love-other-drugs-lag.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[A. O. Scott]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' positively reviewed the film as "the 50th animated feature from Disney, and its look and spirit convey a modified, updated but nonetheless sincere and unmistakable quality of old-fashioned Disneyness."<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/24/movies/24tangled.html |title=Back to the Castle, Where It's All About the Hair |last=Scott |first=A.O. |author-link=A.O. Scott |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=November 26, 2010 |date=November 23, 2010 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031047/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/24/movies/24tangled.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' film critic [[Richard Corliss]] wrote that ''Tangled'' "wades into the [[DreamWorks Animation|DreamWorks]] style of sitcom gags and anachronistic sass," while praising the film for achieving "the complex mix of romance, comedy, adventure and heart that defines the best Disney features."<ref name="Time1">{{cite magazine |url=https://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,2033166,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127000434/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,2033166,00.html#ixzz16Uolgypm |url-status=live |archive-date=November 27, 2010 |last=Corliss |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Corliss |title='Tangled': Disney's Ripping Rapunzel |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=November 26, 2010 |access-date=February 26, 2022 }}</ref> Corliss included ''Tangled'' at 19 in a list of top 25 All-time Best Animated films.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2011/06/23/the-25-all-time-best-animated-films/slide/tangled-2010/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022155835/http://entertainment.time.com/2011/06/23/the-25-all-time-best-animated-films/slide/tangled-2010/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 22, 2011|title=The 25 All-Time Best Animated Films|last=Corliss|first=Richard|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=June 21, 2011|access-date=December 12, 2013}}</ref> [[Kenneth Turan]] from the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' awarded the film four stars out of five; he described the film as a "gorgeous computer-animated look that features rich landscapes and characters that look fuller and more lifelike than they have in the past."<ref name="LATimes3">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-et-tangled-20101124,0,3295301.story|last=Turan|first=Kenneth|title=Movie review: 'Tangled'|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 24, 2010|access-date=November 26, 2010|archive-date=October 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026203324/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-et-tangled-20101124,0,3295301.story|url-status=live}}</ref> Sandie Angulo Chen of [[Common Sense Media]] gave the film five out of five stars, writing, "Fantastic princess adventure is fun, with great messages."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/tangled|title=Tangled — Movie Review|author=Sandie Angulo Chen|work=Common Sense Media|date=March 29, 2011|access-date=May 27, 2012|archive-date=June 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607061519/http://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/tangled|url-status=live}}</ref> Gael Cooper of [[NBC News]] expressed that ''Tangled'' may be the best Disney film of all time.<ref name="nbc1">{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/01/13/10141375-tangled-may-be-best-disney-movie-of-all-time|title=''Tangled'' may be the best Disney Movie of all time|last=Cooper|first=Gael Fashingbauer|work=[[NBC News]]|date=January 13, 2012|access-date=December 12, 2013|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918143343/http://entertainment.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/01/13/10141375-tangled-may-be-best-disney-movie-of-all-time|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[ReelViews|James Berardinelli]] commented on his review website ''ReelViews'' that the film is "entertaining and enjoyable, but not groundbreaking." He also stated Rapunzel is "not as memorable as [[Snow White (Disney character)|Snow White]], [[Ariel (The Little Mermaid)|Ariel]], or [[Belle (Disney character)|Belle]]" as well as stating "the songs are neither catchy nor memorable."<ref name="ReelViews">{{cite web|url=http://www.reelviews.net/php_review_template.php?identifier=2215|last=Berardinelli|first=James|title=Tangled: A movie review by James Berardinelli|date=November 22, 2010|access-date=November 26, 2010|archive-date=October 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143351/http://www.reelviews.net/php_review_template.php?identifier=2215|url-status=live}}</ref> Todd McCarthy, film reviewer for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' opened his review with, "It would have been nice if Disney's self-touted 50th animated feature were one of its best, a film that could stand with the studio's classics, but the world will have to make do with ''Tangled'', a passably entertaining hodgepodge of old and new animation techniques, mixed sensibilities and hedged commercial calculations."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/todd-mccarthys-film-review-tangled-42752|last=McCarthy|first=Todd|title=Todd McCarthy's Film Review: 'Tangled'|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=November 8, 2010|access-date=November 26, 2010|archive-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025202412/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/todd-mccarthys-film-review-tangled-42752|url-status=live}}</ref>


===Accolades===
The film has been nominated for a number of awards. [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] nominated ''Tangled'' for two [[Golden Globe Awards]], for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film|Best Animated Feature Film]] and [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] for "I See the Light", but lost to ''Toy Story 3'' and ''[[Burlesque (2010 musical film)|Burlesque]]'', respectively.<ref name="GoldenGlobe">{{cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Simon |date=December 14, 2010 |title=In Full: Golden Globes — Movie Nominees |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a293138/in-full-golden-globes-movie-nominees.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019154406/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a293138/in-full-golden-globes-movie-nominees.html |archive-date=October 19, 2015 |access-date=December 14, 2010 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> It also received an Oscar nomination for the Best Original Song, "I See the Light".<ref>{{cite web |last1=VanHoose |first1=Benjamin |title=Disney's Tangled Getting a Live-Action Remake with Greatest Showman Director |url=https://people.com/disney-tangled-live-action-remake-in-the-works-7570488 |website=People |publisher=People Magazine |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref> The film also received two nominations for the [[Broadcast Film Critics Association]] in the same categories, though lost to ''Toy Story 3'' and ''[[127 Hours]]'',<ref name="Critics_choice_1">{{cite web |title='Black Swan' leads Critics' Choice nominations |url=https://ew.com/article/2010/12/13/critics-choice-nominations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602181423/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2010/12/13/critics-choice-nominations/ |archive-date=June 2, 2011 |access-date=March 16, 2011 |work=insidemovies.ew.com}}</ref> as well as nominations for two [[Annie Awards]], for Best Animated Feature Film and for Writing in a Feature Production.<ref name="annieawards">{{cite web |title=38th Annual Annie Nominations |url=http://annieawards.org/38th-annie-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214043355/http://annieawards.org/38th-annie-awards |archive-date=February 14, 2014 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=Annie Awards}}</ref>

''Tangled'' was also nominated for two Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards, Best Animated Film and Best Original Song for "I've Got a Dream," which it lost to ''Toy Story 3'' and ''Burlesque''.<ref name="Phoenix">{{cite web |date=December 29, 2010 |title=Phoenix Film Critics Name THE KINGS SPEECH Best Film of 2010 |url=http://phoenixfilmcriticssociety.org/article/144/phoenix-film-critics-name-the-kings-speech-best-film-of-2010.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230234930/http://phoenixfilmcriticssociety.org/article/144/phoenix-film-critics-name-the-kings-speech-best-film-of-2010.html |archive-date=December 30, 2010 |access-date=December 29, 2010 |publisher=Phoenix Film Critics Society}}</ref> "I See the Light" was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] at the [[83rd Academy Awards]], but lost to "[[We Belong Together (Randy Newman song)|We Belong Together]]" from ''Toy Story 3''.<ref name="academyawards">{{cite web |title=Academy Awards nomination list |url=http://www.thestate.com/2011/01/25/1662596/academy-awards-nomination-list.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405165305/http://www.thestate.com/2011/01/25/1662596/academy-awards-nomination-list.html |archive-date=April 5, 2011 |access-date=January 25, 2011 |work=TheState.com}}</ref> It has also been nominated for 37th [[Saturn Award for Best Animated Film]].<ref name="Variety37thSaturn">{{cite web |author=Saturn Awards |date=February 24, 2011 |title="Inception" dreams up 9 Nominations for the 37th Annual Saturn Awards while AMC's "The Walking Dead" walks away with 6 |url=https://www.variety.com/graphics/photos/_storypics/SaturnAwards2011.doc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815164708/http://www.variety.com/graphics/photos/_storypics/SaturnAwards2011.doc |archive-date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=August 10, 2014 |work=Variety |format=DOC}}</ref>

''Tangled'' won best 3D scene of the year at the second annual International 3D Society Creative Arts Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/events/dragon-pixar-disney-top-3d-society-creative-arts-awards|title=Dragon, Pixar, Disney top 3D Society Creative Arts Awards|work=AnimationMagazine.net|date=February 10, 2011 |access-date=February 10, 2011}}</ref>

''Tangled'' was also nominated for favorite film in the British Academy Children Awards for Favorite Film, competing against films like ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Parts 1'' & ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2|2]]'', ''[[Transformers: Dark of the Moon]]'', ''[[Cars 2]]'', and ''[[Kung Fu Panda 2]]''.<ref name=BAFTABAFTA>{{cite web|title=British Academy Children's Awards Nominations Announced|url=http://www.bafta.org/press/british-academy-childrens-awards-nominations-announced,165,SNS.html|website=[[British Academy Children's Awards]]|date=October 23, 2011|access-date=June 27, 2014|archive-date=July 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714135220/http://www.bafta.org/press/british-academy-childrens-awards-nominations-announced,165,SNS.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BAFTAfail>{{cite web|title=2011 British Academy Children's Awards Winners Announced|url=http://www.bafta.org/press/british-academy-childrens-awards-winners,172,SNS.html|website=[[British Academy Children's Awards]]|date=November 27, 2011|access-date=June 27, 2014|archive-date=July 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202529/http://www.bafta.org/press/british-academy-childrens-awards-winners,172,SNS.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Anchor|Awards|Accolades}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Group
! Category
! Result
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[83rd Academy Awards]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] ("[[I See the Light]]")
| rowspan=10 {{Nom}}
|<ref name="academyawards" />
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[38th Annie Awards]]
| Best Animated Feature Film
|<ref name="annieawards" />
|-
| Writing in a Feature Production (Dan Fogelman)
|<ref name="annieawards" />
|-
||[[British Academy Children's Awards]] (BAFTA)
| Favourite Film
|<ref name="BAFTABAFTA" /><ref name="BAFTAfail" />
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[16th Critics' Choice Awards|Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2010]]
| Best Animated Feature Film
|<ref name="Critics_choice_1" />
|-
| Best Song ("I See the Light")
|<ref name="Critics_choice_1" />
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[68th Golden Globe Awards]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film|Best Animated Feature Film]]
|<ref name="GoldenGlobe" />
|-
| Best Song ("I See the Light")
|<ref name="GoldenGlobe" />
|-
|-
| [[Motion Picture Sound Editors|Golden Reel Awards]]
| [[Golden Reel Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Musical for Feature Film|Best Sound Editing: Music in a Musical Feature Film]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Golden Reel Award Nominees: Feature Films |url=http://www.mpse.org/goldenreels/2011awards/2011featurenominees.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928021641/http://www.mpse.org/goldenreels/2011awards/2011featurenominees.html |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |access-date=August 10, 2011 |publisher=[[Motion Picture Sound Editors]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[54th Grammy Awards]]
| Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media
|<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Gans |first=Andrew |date=February 13, 2012 |title=Alan Menken and Glenn Slater Win Grammy Award |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/159598-Alan-Menken-and-Glenn-Slater-Win-Grammy-Award |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810184145/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/159598-Alan-Menken-and-Glenn-Slater-Win-Grammy-Award |archive-date=August 10, 2014 |access-date=December 16, 2013 |website=Playbill |publisher=Playbill, Inc}}</ref>
|-
| Best Song Written For Visual Media ("I See the Light")
| rowspan=3 {{Won}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
||Las Vegas Film Critics Society
| Best Song ("I See the Light")
|<ref>{{cite web |last=King |first=Susan |date=December 16, 2010 |title=Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2010/12/las-vegas-film-critics-society-awards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207001058/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2010/12/las-vegas-film-critics-society-awards.html |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2013 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Movie Awards|National Movie Awards 2011]]
| Animation
|<ref>{{cite web |title=NMA Winners – 2011 |url=http://www.nationalmovieawards.com/winners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019224608/http://www.nationalmovieawards.com/winners |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |access-date=August 10, 2014 |website=National Movie Awards}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards
| Best Animated Film
| rowspan=6 {{Nom}}
|<ref name="Phoenix" />
|-
| Best Original Song ("I've Got a Dream")
|<ref name="Phoenix" />
|-
| [[37th Saturn Awards]]
| Best Animated Film
|<ref name="Variety37thSaturn" />
|-
| [[2011 Teen Choice Awards]]
| Choice Animated Movie Voice (Zachary Levi)
|<ref>{{cite web |date=June 29, 2011 |title=Teen Choice Awards Nominees – 2011 List |url=http://www.nationalledger.com/pop-culture-news/teen-choice-awards-nominees-113674.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309012933/http://www.nationalledger.com/pop-culture-news/teen-choice-awards-nominees-113674.shtml |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |access-date=July 1, 2011 |work=NationalLedger.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[9th Visual Effects Society Awards]]
|[[Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture|Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture]] ([[Clay Kaytis]], [[John Kahrs]], [[Glen Keane]], [[Roy Conli]])
|<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=9th Annual VES Awards |url=https://www.visualeffectssociety.com/ayear/9th-annual-ves-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331133444/https://www.visualeffectssociety.com/ayear/9th-annual-ves-awards |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |access-date=December 22, 2017 |work=visual effects society}}</ref>
|-
|Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture (Tony Smeed, Amy Smeed, Becky Bresee, Kira Lehtomaki for "Rapunzel")
|<ref name=":2" />
|}

==Other media==
===Video games===
{{main|Tangled: The Video Game}}
A video game based on the film was released on November 23, 2010, for [[Nintendo DS]], [[Wii]], and [[personal computer|PC]] platforms by [[Disney Interactive Studios]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamefaqs.com/wii/605150-disney-tangled-the-video-game/data|title=Disney Tangled: The Video Game Release Information for Wii|work=GameFAQs.com|access-date=December 5, 2010|archive-date=December 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210233224/http://www.gamefaqs.com/wii/605150-disney-tangled-the-video-game/data|url-status=live}}</ref>

A world based on the film, Kingdom of Corona, appears in ''[[Kingdom Hearts III]]'', released on January 29, 2019, for [[PlayStation 4]] and [[Xbox One]]. The story arc takes place during an alternate account of the events of the movie.

In the video game ''[[Disney Magic Kingdoms]]'', Rapunzel, Flynn, Maximus, Mother Gothel, and Pascal are playable characters, while Rapunzel's Tower and Snuggly Duckling appear as attractions. The storyline of the characters in the game follows almost the same plot as in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sts710Dr8kU&ab_channel=DisneyMagicKingdoms|title=Update 33: Snow White, Tangled {{!}} Livestream|via=[[YouTube]]|date=September 6, 2019|access-date=October 20, 2022|archive-date=April 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426164603/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sts710Dr8kU&ab_channel=DisneyMagicKingdoms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rapunzel, Flynn Rider, Maximus, and Mother Gothel are all playable heroes in ''Disney Heroes: Battle Mode''. The Stabbington brothers also appear in Mother Gothel's white skill.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Mother Gothel is also featured in ''[[Disney Dreamlight Valley]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arias |first=Jackie |date=2022-11-27 |title=Disney Dreamlight Valley Player Recreates Rapunzel's Room From Tangled |url=https://gamerant.com/disney-dreamlight-valley-player-rapunzels-room-tangled/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=[[Game Rant]] |language=en |archive-date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221142954/https://gamerant.com/disney-dreamlight-valley-player-rapunzels-room-tangled/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Short film===
{{main|Tangled Ever After}}
''Tangled Ever After'' is a short sequel released in 2012. The plot revolves around the wedding of Rapunzel and Eugene. Pascal and Maximus lose the wedding rings and chase after them, causing collateral damage along the way.

=== Manga ===
A manga adaptation of the film with illustrations by Shiori Kanaki was released to promote the film's Japanese release on March 25, 2011. It was later released in the United States on September 12, 2017.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4QqEAAAQBAJ |title=Disney Manga: Tangled |date=2017-09-12 |publisher=TOKYOPOP |isbn=978-1-4278-5705-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alverson |first=Brigid |title=Manga, An All-Ages Starter List {{!}} Mondo Manga |url=https://www.slj.com/story/manga-an-all-ages-starter-list-mondo-manga |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=School Library Journal}}</ref>

'''Descendants'''

In Descendants: School of Secrets, Rapunzel has an unnamed daughter. In [[Descendants: Wicked World]], Rapunzel has a daughter named [[Ruby]]. Originally, Rapunzel was going to appear in [[Descendants: The Rise of Red]], as a teenager named Zellie. During early screenwriting, the creators made Zellie the teenage daughter of Rapunzel, before rewriting the script so that Zellie would be Rapunzel (as if Rapunzel left her tower to go to Merlin Academy). However, Rapunzel was eventually deleted from the final film, causing Zellie to be rewritten as a cameo character named Meadow (portrayed by [[Sam Morelos]]).

===Stage adaptations===
An abridged stage adaptation titled ''[[Tangled (franchise)#Musical|Tangled: The Musical]]'' premiered on board the ''[[Disney Magic]]'' of the [[Disney Cruise Line]]<ref name=musical>{{cite web|url=http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2015/04/tangled-the-musical-coming-to-disney-cruise-line/|title='Tangled: The Musical' Coming to Disney Cruise Line|first=Jonathan|last=Frontado|work=Disney Parks Blog|date=April 2, 2015|access-date=June 3, 2015|archive-date=April 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403112351/http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2015/04/tangled-the-musical-coming-to-disney-cruise-line/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in November 2015,<ref>{{cite web|date=November 11, 2015|title=Disney's TANGLED: THE MUSICAL Live-Streams Onboard the Disney Magic Cruise!|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Disneys-TANGLED-THE-MUSICAL-Live-Streams-Onboard-the-Disney-Magic-Cruise-20151111|website=[[BroadwayWorld]]|access-date=April 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701072244/https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Disneys-TANGLED-THE-MUSICAL-Live-Streams-Onboard-the-Disney-Magic-Cruise-20151111|archive-date=July 1, 2017}}</ref> featuring three new songs written by Alan Menken and Glenn Slater.<ref name=MusicalSongs>{{Cite web|title='Tangled: The Musical' Fact Sheet|url=https://dclnews.com/fact-sheets/2015/11/11/tangled-the-musical-fact-sheet/|work=Disney Cruise Line|access-date=April 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402103402/https://dclnews.com/fact-sheets/2015/11/11/tangled-the-musical-fact-sheet/|archive-date=April 2, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In February 2024, it was reported that [[Disney Theatrical Group]] is developing a new stage adaptation of the film, with a workshop underway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosky |first=Nicole |title=Stage Version of Disney's TANGLED Is In the Works |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Stage-Version-of-Disneys-TANGLED-Is-In-the-Works-20240214 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Television series===
{{Further|Tangled: Before Ever After|Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure}}
''[[Tangled: Before Ever After]]'', a television movie set between the feature film and the short film ''[[Tangled Ever After]]'', aired on March 10, 2017, serving as an introduction to a continuing television series, ''Tangled: The Series'', later renamed ''[[Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure]]'', that started airing on [[Disney Channel]] on March 24, 2017.<ref name="TVLineMakingSeries">{{cite web|url=http://tvline.com/2015/06/03/tangled-series-disney-channel-mandy-moore-zachary-levi/|title=Disney Channel Making ''Tangled'' Series; Mandy Moore, Zachary Levi to Star|first=Rebecca|last=Iannucci|work=[[TVLine]]|publisher=TVLine Media, LLC|date=June 3, 2015|access-date=June 3, 2015|archive-date=February 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226061534/https://tvline.com/2015/06/03/tangled-series-disney-channel-mandy-moore-zachary-levi/|url-status=live}}</ref> It ran for three seasons and sixty episodes until March 2020.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1233784035383664641|title=Cast aside the Sunday blues with all new #DisneyFamJam and #JustRollWithIt, along with a ground-breaking episode of #RavensHome, and the #RapunzelsTangledAdventures series finale!|user=DisneyChannel|date=February 29, 2020|access-date=March 3, 2020}}</ref>

==Future ==
=== Potential sequel ===
In December 2014, ''Tangled''{{'}}s producer, [[Roy Conli]], revealed that the production team had been "heavily pushed" for a feature-length sequel to the film, but when the writers and directors got together to develop one, they realized, "she cut her hair. It's over!"<ref name="Bodey">{{cite news |last=Bodey |first=Michael |date=December 30, 2014 |title=Big Hero 6: another animation marvel from Disney |work=The Australian |publisher=News Corp Australia |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/big-hero-6-another-animation-marvel-from-disney/story-e6frg8n6-1227169452274 |access-date=January 1, 2015}}</ref> Conli explained that at Disney Animation under Lasseter, it is always the filmmakers who decide whether they are ready to make a sequel (not marketing or merchandising).<ref name="Bodey"/> In January 2015, Conli again provided a similar explanation when pressed on this point, and also mentioned that directors Greno and Howard ultimately "weren't really interested" in continuing the story.<ref name="Brew">{{cite news |last=Brew |first=Simon |date=January 31, 2015 |title=Exclusive: why Disney never made Tangled 2 |work=[[Den of Geek]] |publisher=DoGtech LLC |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/tangled/33887/exclusive-why-disney-never-made-tangled-2/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014146/http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/tangled/33887/exclusive-why-disney-never-made-tangled-2 |archive-date=November 17, 2015}}</ref>

=== Live-action adaptation ===
In May 2020, Hannah Shaw-Williams of ''[[Screen Rant]]'' asked whether the success of the movie would lead to a sequel (apart from the short film ''[[Tangled Ever After]]''), stating there is no word of it being in active development, while also stating that Disney is "developing a [[live-action]] movie about Rapunzel," and stating that it would take several years for a possible movie to reach theaters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw-Williams |first=Hannah |date=May 24, 2020 |title=Will Tangled 2 Ever Happen? |url=https://screenrant.com/tangled-2-disney-release-date-story-details/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603004718/https://screenrant.com/tangled-2-disney-release-date-story-details/ |archive-date=June 3, 2020 |access-date=October 30, 2020 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref> The latter film was confirmed to be in development in December 2024, with [[Michael Gracey]] attached to direct and [[Jennifer Kaytin Robinson]] writing the script.<ref name="liveaction" /> In April 2025, it was reported that development on the film had been halted indefinitely due to the commercial failure of ''[[Snow White (2025 film)|Snow White]]'' (2025).<ref name="Tangled-pause" />

==See also==
*[[Blonde versus brunette rivalry]]<ref name=Page>{{cite news |last1=Page-Kirby |first1=Kristin |title=The battle of the blondes (and the brunettes) |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2016/05/05/the-battle-of-the-blondes-and-the-brunettes/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Disney's Tangled|Tangled}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/tangled}}
* {{IMDb title|0398286}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|tangled}}
* {{Metacritic film}}
* {{Mojo title|rapunzel}}

{{Portal bar|Cartoon|Disney|Animation|Film|United States}}
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{{Alan Menken}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
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[[Category:2010 computer-animated films]]
[[Category:2010 American animated films]]
[[Category:2010s children's animated films]]
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[[Category:American children's animated adventure films]]
[[Category:American children's animated musical films]]
[[Category:American computer-animated films]]
[[Category:American animated feature films]]
[[Category:American animated musical films]]
[[Category:Animated musical films]]
[[Category:Tangled (franchise)]]
[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Films based on Rapunzel]]
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[[Category:Animated films set in fictional countries]]
[[Category:IMAX films]]
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[[Category:Films scored by Alan Menken]]
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[[Category:Films produced by Roy Conli]]

Bruce Almighty

2025-05-16T05:51:03Z

149.167.185.166:

{{Short description|2003 film by Tom Shadyac}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bruce Almighty
| image = BruceAlmighty poster.jpg
| alt = A man with the world hanging from his finger like a yoyo 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Tom Shadyac]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Tom Shadyac
* [[Jim Carrey]]<ref name="afi">{{AFI film|62651}}</ref>
* [[James D. Brubaker]]
* Michael Bostick
* Steve Koren
* Mark O'Keefe
}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* [[Steve Koren]]
* [[Mark O'Keefe (screenwriter)|Mark O'Keefe]]
* [[Steve Oedekerk]]
}}
| story = {{Plainlist|
* Steve Koren
* Mark O'Keefe
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Jim Carrey
* [[Morgan Freeman]]
* [[Jennifer Aniston]]
* [[Philip Baker Hall]]

}}
| music = [[John Debney]]
| cinematography = [[Dean Semler]]
| editing = Scott Hill
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Spyglass Entertainment]]
* [[Shady Acres Entertainment]]
* Pit Bull Productions<ref name=afi/>
}}
| distributor = [[Universal Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2003|5|14|[[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]|2003|05|23|United States}}
| runtime = 101 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=''BRUCE ALMIGHTY'' (12A)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF182526/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720065602/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF182526/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 20, 2012|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=May 22, 2003|access-date=January 13, 2012}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $81 million<ref name="mojo" />
| gross = $484.6 million<ref name="mojo">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |id=0315327 |title=Bruce Almighty |access-date=March 27, 2023 |publisher_hide=yes}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
}}
'''''Bruce Almighty''''' is a 2003 American [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Tom Shadyac]] and written by [[Steve Koren]], [[Mark O'Keefe (screenwriter)|Mark O'Keefe]] and [[Steve Oedekerk]]. The film stars [[Jim Carrey]] as Bruce Nolan, a down-on-his-luck television reporter who complains to [[God]] (played by [[Morgan Freeman]]) that he is not doing his job correctly and is offered the chance to try being God himself for one week. It co-stars [[Jennifer Aniston]], [[Philip Baker Hall]] and [[Catherine Bell (actress)|Catherine Bell]]. The film is Shadyac and Carrey's third collaboration, after ''[[Ace Ventura: Pet Detective]]'' (1994) and ''[[Liar Liar]]'' (1997).

When released in American theaters on May 23, 2003, ''Bruce Almighty'' received mixed reviews from critics but was a box-office success and grossed $86.4 million in its opening weekend, a [[Memorial Day]] record at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Bruce'' Blesses Memorial Weekend with $85.73 Million |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1246&p=.htm |access-date=May 31, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614071319/http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1246&p=.htm |archive-date=2006-06-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film surprised the industry's pundits when it beat ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]'' the following weekend. It went on to gross $484 million worldwide, becoming the [[2003 in film|fifth-highest-grossing film of 2003]].

''[[Evan Almighty]] —'' a [[spin-off (media)|spin-off]] [[sequel]] focusing on [[Steve Carell]]'s character, with Shadyac and Oedekerk returning to direct and write, respectively, and Freeman also reprising his role — was released on June 22, 2007. Two [[India|Indian]] remake films - ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking) and ''[[God Tussi Great Ho]]'' ([[Hindi]]-speaking) - were both released in 2008.

==Plot==

Bruce Nolan is a television field reporter for ''[[Eyewitness News]]'' on [[WKBW-TV]] in [[Buffalo, New York]], but desires to be a news anchorman, succeeding the retiring Pete Fineman. When Bruce's rival Evan Baxter is given the job, a vulgar on-camera outburst leads to Bruce's dismissal from the station. After a series of misfortunes, Bruce complains to [[God in Christianity|God]] that "He's the one that should be fired". Bruce receives a message on his pager, which takes him to an empty warehouse where he meets God. God offers to give Bruce his powers to prove that he is doing the job correctly. God tells Bruce that he cannot tell others he has God's powers to avoid the media attention, nor can he use the powers to alter [[free will]]. Bruce is initially jubilant with the powers, using them for personal gains, such as regaining his previous job and impressing his girlfriend, Grace Connelly.

Bruce finds ways of using his powers around Buffalo to cause miraculous events to occur at otherwise mundane events that he covers, such as discovering [[Jimmy Hoffa]]'s body during a segment on police training, or causing a meteorite to harmlessly land near a cook-off, earning him the nickname "Mr. Exclusive" and making the [[Buffalo Sabres]] win the [[Stanley Cup]]. Bruce then causes Evan to embarrass himself on-air, causing Evan to be fired in favor of Bruce as the new anchor. Bruce begins to hear voices in his head and re-encounters God, who explains the voices are prayers that Bruce must deal with. Bruce creates a computerized email-like system to receive the prayers and respond, but finds that the influx is far too many for him to handle and sets the program to answer every prayer ''Yes'' automatically.

Bruce attends a party celebrating his promotion. When Grace arrives, she finds Bruce kissing his co-anchor, Susan Ortega, after she forcefully comes on to him, and quickly leaves. Bruce follows her, trying to use his powers to convince her to stay but cannot influence her free will. As Bruce looks around, he realizes that Buffalo has fallen into chaos due to his actions: parts of the city believe the Apocalypse is nearly upon [[Earth]] due to the meteor strikes, while a large number of people, all having prayed to win the multi-million dollar lottery and received a meager amount in return, have started rioting in the streets. Bruce returns to God, who explains that he cannot solve all the problems and Bruce must figure out a way himself. Bruce then starts to help others without using his powers, including having Evan reinstated as anchor. He returns to his computer at home and goes about answering prayers earnestly. As he reads through them, he finds prayers from Grace, wishing for his success and well-being. As Bruce reads it, another prayer from Grace arrives, this one wishing not to be in love with him anymore.

Stunned by this development, Bruce walks alone on a highway, asking God to take back his powers and leaving his fate in His hands. Bruce is suddenly hit by a truck and regains consciousness in a white void. God appears and asks Bruce what he really wants; Bruce admits that he only wants to make sure Grace finds a man that will make her happy. God agrees, and Bruce finds himself in the hospital, where his doctors help him recover. Grace arrives at the hospital and reconciles with Bruce. Following his recovery, Bruce returns to his field reporting job, but decides to take more pleasure in the simple stories in Buffalo instead.

==Cast==
{{castlist|
* [[Jim Carrey]] as Bruce Nolan
* [[Morgan Freeman]] as [[God in Christianity|God]]
* [[Jennifer Aniston]] as Grace Connelly, Bruce's girlfriend
* [[Philip Baker Hall]] as Jack Baylor
* [[Catherine Bell (actress)|Catherine Bell]] as Susan Ortega, Bruce's co-anchor
* [[Lisa Ann Walter]] as Debbie Connelly, Grace's sister
* [[Steve Carell]] (credited as Steven Carell) as Evan Baxter, Bruce's rival
* [[Nora Dunn]] as Ally Loman
* [[Eddie Jemison]] as Bobby
* [[Sally Kirkland]] as Anita Mann
* Lou Felder as Pete Fineman, Eyewitness News veteran anchorman
* [[Paul Satterfield]] as Dallas Coleman
* [[Micah Stephen Williams]] as boy on bike
* [[Tony Bennett]] as himself
* [[Carlos Sánchez (Colombian actor)|Carlos Sánchez]] as [[Juan Valdez]]
* [[John Murphy (sportscaster)|John Murphy]] as himself
* Madeline Lovejoy as Zoe
* [[Noel Gugliemi]] as Hood
* [[Annie Wersching]] as woman at party
}}

==Production==
[[File:Interior of tea house the Japanese Garden.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Shoin]]'' building at [[the Japanese Garden]] in Los Angeles was used as the spa.]]

In June 2000, it was announced that [[Universal Pictures]] had paid over $1 million for a spec script titled ''Bruce Almighty''<ref name="AlmightyUniversal">{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2000/film/news/u-s-almighty-spec-1117782215/|title=U's 'Almighty' spec|publisher=Variety|access-date=November 15, 2022|archive-date=November 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115234207/https://variety.com/2000/film/news/u-s-almighty-spec-1117782215/|url-status=live}}</ref> with the intention of positioning the script as a directing vehicle for [[Tom Shadyac]] via his Universal based production company Shady Acres.<ref name="AlmightyUniversal" /> Jim Carrey signed on to star in March 2002 with [[Steve Oedekerk]] rewriting the script.<ref name="CarreyUniversal">{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/carrey-takes-almighty-gig-for-u-pix-shadyac-1117864559/|title=Carrey takes 'Almighty' gig for U Pix, Shadyac|publisher=Variety|access-date=November 15, 2022|archive-date=November 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115234218/https://variety.com/2002/film/news/carrey-takes-almighty-gig-for-u-pix-shadyac-1117864559/|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, Carrey had been slated to star in another comedy for Universal titled 'Dog Years' to be directed by [[Gary Ross]], but following that film's cancellation, Universal was eager to get Carrey onto another project.<ref name="CarreyUniversal" />

Filming of Buffalo was done in the "New York Street" at [[Universal Studios Hollywood]]. The restaurant with [[Tony Bennett]] was filmed at Cicada, in the [[James Oviatt Building]], downtown Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.movie-locations.com/movies/b/Bruce-Almighty.php | title=Filming Locations for Bruce Almighty (2003) in Los Angeles | access-date=December 22, 2020 | archive-date=November 28, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128083337/http://movie-locations.com/movies/b/Bruce-Almighty.php | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[spa]] scene with Jennifer Aniston was filmed in the ''[[Shoin]]'' building at [[The Japanese Garden]] in Los Angeles.

==Release==
''Bruce Almighty'' was released on May 23, 2003, by [[Universal Pictures]]. Universal handled distribution in the United States and Canada (although they were originally planned to distribute the film worldwide) while [[Spyglass Entertainment]] handled sales rights internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunkley |first=Cathy |date=2002-08-02 |title=Spyglass joins U for 'Bruce' |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/markets-festivals/spyglass-joins-u-for-bruce-1117870663/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=August 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828230034/https://variety.com/2002/film/markets-festivals/spyglass-joins-u-for-bruce-1117870663/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Buena Vista International]] acquired distribution rights in a majority of regions<ref name="BVI">{{cite web|url= https://www.screendaily.com/bvi-hits-milestones-with-pirates-bruce-almighty/4015393.article|title= BVI hits milestones with Pirates, Bruce Almighty|work= ScreenDaily|access-date= January 12, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093233/https://www.screendaily.com/bvi-hits-milestones-with-pirates-bruce-almighty/4015393.article|archive-date= January 13, 2018|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="Variety ref">{{cite web|url= https://variety.com/2003/film/box-office/bvi-goes-over-the-top-o-seas-1117894216/|title= BVI goes over the top o'seas|work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date= 20 October 2003|access-date= January 12, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093444/http://variety.com/2003/film/box-office/bvi-goes-over-the-top-o-seas-1117894216/|archive-date= January 13, 2018|url-status= live}}</ref> except in Scandinavia, Portugal and Japan, where it was handled by distributors who already held deals with Spyglass in those respective territories. [[United International Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawtrey |first=Adam |date=2003-03-30 |title=UIP to distrib Spyglass duo in Japan |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/markets-festivals/uip-to-distrib-spyglass-duo-in-japan-1117883818/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=August 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829000739/https://variety.com/2003/film/markets-festivals/uip-to-distrib-spyglass-duo-in-japan-1117883818/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Pony Canyon]]<ref>{{Citation |last=トム・シャドヤック |title=ブルース・オールマイティミラクル・エディション |date=2004-04-21 |url=https://www.amazon.co.jp/-/en/Bruce-Almighty-Miracle-DVD-%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC/dp/B0000YTR6Y |access-date=2023-11-22 |publisher=ポニーキャニオン |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126231534/https://www.amazon.co.jp/-/en/Bruce-Almighty-Miracle-DVD-%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC/dp/B0000YTR6Y |url-status=live }}</ref> respectively handled theatrical and home video rights in Japan, while [[SF Studios]] handled Scandinavian distribution through subsidiaries [[SF Studios|AB Svensk Filmindustri]] in Sweden,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruce Almighty (2003) - SFdb |url=https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=film&itemid=55608 |access-date=2023-11-22 |language=en |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126231715/https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=film&itemid=55608 |url-status=live }}</ref> SF Film A/S in Denmark<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruce Almighty |url=https://www.dfi.dk/en/viden-om-film/filmdatabasen/film/bruce-den-almaegtige |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.dfi.dk |language=en |archive-date=August 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829000740/https://www.dfi.dk/en/viden-om-film/filmdatabasen/film/bruce-den-almaegtige |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[SF Film Finland|FS Film Oy]] in Finland.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fixgalleria.net/release.php?id=12922 | title=Fixgalleria.net | access-date=August 29, 2023 | archive-date=August 29, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829000740/http://www.fixgalleria.net/release.php?id=12922 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Home media===
''Bruce Almighty'' was released on [[DVD]] and [[VHS]] on November 25, 2003 by [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment|Universal Studios Home Video]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Vancheri |first=Barbara |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122526131/november-almighty-month-for-movies/ |title=November: Almighty month for movies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408220155/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122526131/november-almighty-month-for-movies/ |date=October 31, 2003 |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |page=92 |work=Post-Gazette Staff Writer |publisher=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |url-status=live}} {{Open access}}</ref> The DVD version features separate widescreen and fullscreen versions, along with [[Dolby Digital]] and [[DTS, Inc.|DTS]] audio tracks.<ref name="DVDAlmighty">{{cite web|last=Patrizio|first=Andy|title=Bruce Almighty|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/12/15/bruce-almighty|publisher=IGN|access-date=October 19, 2024|date=December 15, 2003}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Bruce Almighty'' earned $67.9 million during its opening weekend, which made it the highest for a [[Jim Carrey]] film, surpassing ''[[How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)|How the Grinch Stole Christmas]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title='Bruce Almighty' easily wins box office
|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/2003/05/26/Bruce-Almighty-easily-wins-box-office/5111053921600/ |access-date=March 20, 2022 |work=[[United Press International]] |date=May 26, 2003 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320011854/https://www.upi.com/Archives/2003/05/26/Bruce-Almighty-easily-wins-box-office/5111053921600/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This record would be held until the opening of ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (film)|Sonic the Hedgehog 2]]'' in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sonic-the-hedgehog-box-office-opening-ambulance-1235127693/|title=Box Office: ''Sonic the Hedgehog 2'' Booms With $72M Bow, ''Ambulance'' DOA|date=April 10, 2022|first=Pamela|last=McClintock|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=April 11, 2022|archive-date=April 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410230304/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sonic-the-hedgehog-box-office-opening-ambulance-1235127693/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, it was one of three Universal films of 2003 to make opening weekends of $50 million, joining ''[[2 Fast 2 Furious]]'' and ''[[Hulk (film)|Hulk]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=June 22, 2003 |title=Green meanie's no weenie |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/box-office/green-meanie-s-no-weenie-1117888287/ |access-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730203126/https://variety.com/2003/film/box-office/green-meanie-s-no-weenie-1117888287/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In its first four days, the film generated a total of $86.4 million, becoming the second-highest [[Memorial Day]] weekend debut, behind ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]''. It opened in the number one spot at the box office, beating ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-may-27-et-welkos27-story.html|title=Weekend box office surprises even 'Almighty'|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=May 27, 2003|access-date=March 19, 2022|archive-date=March 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319202257/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-may-27-et-welkos27-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film would be dethroned by ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' in its second weekend, declining by 45.1% and making $37.3 million.<ref>{{cite news |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98992509/nemo-sinks-bruce-at-box-office/ |title='Nemo' sinks 'Bruce' at box office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403180509/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98992509/nemo-sinks-bruce-at-box-office/ |date=June 2, 2003 |access-date=April 3, 2022 |archive-date=April 3, 2022 |page=26 |work=The Associated Press |publisher=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |url-status=live}} {{Open access}}</ref>

The film was released in the [[United Kingdom]] on June 27, 2003, and topped the country's box office that weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.25thframe.co.uk/box-office/box-office.php?chart=20030627|title=Weekend box office 27th June 2003 - 29th June 2003|publisher=www.25thframe.co.uk|access-date=March 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230160014/http://www.25thframe.co.uk/charts/chart.php?chart=20030711|archive-date=December 30, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> There, it made a total of $8.3 million, beating ''[[Batman Forever]]'' to have the highest opening weekend for a Jim Carrey film in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/almighty-opening-gives-carrey-career-best-uk-launch/4014045.article|title=Almighty opening gives Carrey career best UK launch|access-date=May 16, 2023|archive-date=January 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127142629/https://www.screendaily.com/almighty-opening-gives-carrey-career-best-uk-launch/4014045.article|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Bruce Almighty'' joined ''The Matrix Reloaded'', ''Finding Nemo'', ''[[X2 (film)|X2]]'' and ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl]]'' to become the first five films to earn over $200 million at the box office in one summer season.<ref>{{cite news |title=Analysis: Hollywood's hot summer |url=https://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2003/09/02/Analysis-Hollywoods-hot-summer/47631062534986/ |access-date=March 1, 2022 |work=[[United Press International]] |date=September 2, 2003 |archive-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301174947/https://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2003/09/02/Analysis-Hollywoods-hot-summer/47631062534986/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of its theatrical run, the film had made $242 million domestically and a total $484 million worldwide, making it Aniston and Carrey's highest-grossing film worldwide, as well as the [[2003 in film#Highest-grossing films|fifth-highest-grossing film of 2003]].<ref name="mojo" /> It continued to be Carrey's highest-grossing film worldwide until March 2025 when ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog 3 (film)|Sonic the Hedgehog 3]]'' surpassed it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/jim-carrey-highest-grossing-movie-sonic-the-hedgehog-3-485-million/|title='Sonic the Hedgehog 3' Just Became Jim Carrey's Highest-Grossing Movie of All Time}}</ref>

===Critical response===
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 48% based on 191 reviews, with an average rating of 5.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Carrey is hilarious in the slapstick scenes, but ''Bruce Almighty'' gets bogged down in treacle."<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Bruce Almighty}} |type=m |title=Bruce Almighty |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Bruce Almighty}} |publisher_hide=yes}}{{RT data|edit|title=Bruce Almighty}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], it has a weighted average score of 46 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=bruce-almighty |type=movie |title=Bruce Almighty |access-date=March 27, 2023 |publisher_hide=yes}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Audiences surveyed by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave the film three out of four stars, calling it: "A charmer, the kind of movie where Bruce learns that while he may not ever make a very good God, the experience may indeed make him a better television newsman." Ebert praised Aniston's performance: "Aniston, as a sweet kindergarten teacher and fiancée, shows again (after ''[[The Good Girl]]'') that she really will have a movie career."<ref>{{cite web |date=May 5, 2003 |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=Bruce Almighty movie review & film summary (2003) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bruce-almighty-2003 |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |access-date=August 31, 2020 |archive-date=January 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131075822/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bruce-almighty-2003 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''{{'}}s Robert Koehler gave the film a mixed review: "There's remarkably little done with a premise snatched from high-concept heaven, adding yet another file to the growing cabinet of under-realized comedies."<ref>{{cite web |date=May 23, 2003 |last=Koehler |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Koehler |title=Bruce Almighty |url=https://variety.com/review/VE1117920862 |website=Variety }}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' gave it a negative review and called it "not so mighty".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=May 23, 2003|title=Not quite divine|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-may-23-et-thomas23-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830202404/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-may-23-et-thomas23-story.html|archive-date=August 30, 2022|access-date=January 1, 2021|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

Chuck Rudolph of ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' said, "In several ways, the movie is an apathetic revision of ''[[The Truman Show]]'', with Carrey starring as both Truman and Christof."<ref name="slantmagazinerev">{{cite web |last1=Rudolph |first1=Chuck |title=Review: Bruce Almighty - Slant Magazine |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/bruce-almighty/ |website=Slant Magazine.com |date=May 21, 2003 |publisher=Chuck Rudolph |accessdate=October 30, 2024 |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126231455/https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/bruce-almighty/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Controversies===
The film was banned in [[Egypt]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Iran]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Qatar]] because of its portrayal of God as an ordinary man and its being blasphemous to Islam. Bans in both [[Malaysia]] and Egypt were eventually lifted after the nations' censorship boards gave the film their highest rating (18-PL in the case of Malaysia).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=7703 |title=Middle East Online |access-date=June 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930161208/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=7703 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=NTEyMjkzNTUx |title=Malaysian Muslims call for ban on movie, AFP, Fri July 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207031318/http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=NTEyMjkzNTUx |archive-date=December 7, 2008 }}</ref>

As God contacts Bruce using an actual phone number rather than one in the standard fictional [[555 (telephone number)|555]] [[telephone exchange]], several people and groups sharing this number received hundreds of phone calls from people wanting to talk to God, including a church in [[North Carolina]], US (where the minister was named Bruce), a Florida woman who threatened to sue Universal Pictures, a pastor in northern Wisconsin and a man running a sandwich shop in [[Manchester]], [[England]].<ref name="Chicago Tribune">{{Cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/03/29/hold-the-phone-that-fake-number-works/ |title=Hold the phone — that fake number works - Chicago Tribune |website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=March 29, 2011 |access-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107113505/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-03-29/entertainment/sc-mov-0330-movie-phone-numbers-20110329_1_number-customer-service-representative-dial |archive-date=2012-11-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> The producers noted that the number (776-2323) was not in use in the area code ([[Area code 716|716]], which was never specified on screen) in the film's story, but did not check anywhere else. For the home video and television versions of the film, the number was changed to the fictional 555–0123.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/3033576.stm |title=Man 'shares God's phone number' |date=30 June 2003 |access-date=2007-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514025219/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/3033576.stm |archive-date=2007-05-14 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Chicago Tribune"/>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Association
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee
! scope="col" | Results
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards]]
| Top Box Office Films
| John Debney
| {{Won}}
|-
| Most Performed Song from a Motion Picture "I'm With You"
| Graham Edwards Avril Lavigne
| {{Won}}
|-
| BET Comedy Awards
| Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Box Office Movie
| rowspan="2" | Morgan Freeman
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Black Reel Awards]]
| [[Black Reel Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor|Film: Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{Nominated}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Black Reel Awards (2004) | website=IMDb | date=2004-02-22 | url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000957/2004/1/ | access-date=2024-12-11 | archive-date=July 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720202947/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000957/2004/1/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[JoBlo.com|JoBlo.com Golden Schmoes Awards]]
| Most Overrated Movie of the Year
|
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[NAACP Image Awards]]
| [[Image Awards 2004|Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture]]
| Morgan Freeman
| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web | agency=Associated Press | title='Temptations' tempt NAACP | website=Variety | date=2004-03-07 | url=https://variety.com/2004/film/awards/temptations-tempt-naacp-1117901308/ | access-date=2024-12-11 | archive-date=December 24, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224180122/https://variety.com/2004/film/awards/temptations-tempt-naacp-1117901308/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[MTV Movie & TV Awards]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance|Best Comedic Performance]]
| Jim Carrey
| {{Nominated}}<ref name="susman">{{cite web | last=Susman | first=Gary | title=''Pirates'' leads MTV Movie Awards noms | website=EW.com | date=2004-04-21 | url=https://ew.com/article/2004/04/21/pirates-leads-mtv-movie-awards-noms/ | access-date=2024-12-11 | archive-date=December 13, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213181745/https://ew.com/article/2004/04/21/pirates-leads-mtv-movie-awards-noms/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss|Best Kiss]]
| Jim Carrey Jennifer Aniston
| {{Nominated}}<ref name="susman"/>
|-
| [[MTV Movie Awards Mexico 2004|MTV Movie Awards Mexico]]
| [[MTV Movie Awards Mexico 2004|Most Divine Miracle in a Movie (for the chest of Grace)]]
| Jim Carrey
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]
| Favorite Movie
|
| {{Nominated}}<ref name="nominations">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nickkcapress.com/2004KCA/content/nominee.php |title=Cameron Diaz and Mike Myers Are Tapped as Co-Hosts of Nickelodeon's 17TH Annual Kids' Choice Awards Live Telecast Saturday, April 3 |date=January 19, 2004 |access-date=September 30, 2019 |archive-date=December 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201035426/http://www.nickkcapress.com/2004KCA/content/nominee.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Favorite Movie Actor
| Jim Carrey
| {{Won}}<ref name="winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nickkcapress.com/2004KCA/content/winners_release.php |title= JIM CARREY, AMANDA BYNES, FRANKIE MUNIZ, OUTKAST, ELLEN DEGENERES, HILARY DUFF, TONY HAWK, "HARRY POTTER," MIA HAMM, "SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS," NELLY, LOS ANGELES LAKERS AND MORE CAPTURE TOP HONORS AT NICKELODEON'S 17TH ANNUAL KIDS' CHOICE AWARDS |date=April 3, 2004 |access-date=September 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104084021/http://www.nickkcapress.com/2004KCA/content/winners_release.php
|archive-date=2021-11-04}}</ref>
|-
| [[People's Choice Awards]]
| Favorite Comedy Motion Picture
|
| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web | title=30th People's Choice Awards Coverage | website=DigitalHit.com | date=2003-12-02 | url=https://www.digitalhit.com/pca/30pca.shtml | access-date=2024-12-10 | archive-date=December 3, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203062931/https://www.digitalhit.com/pca/30pca.shtml | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Teen Choice Awards]]
| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Comedy|Choice Movie Actor – Comedy]]
| Jim Carrey
| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Teen Choice Awards (2003) | website=IMDb | date=2003-08-02 | url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000644/2003/1/ | access-date=2024-12-11 | archive-date=December 9, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209220856/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000644/2003/1/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy|Choice Movie Actress – Comedy]]
| Jennifer Aniston
| {{Nominated}}<ref name="bill2003">{{cite magazine | title=2003 Teen Choice Awards Nominees | magazine=Billboard | date=2003-06-18 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/2003-teen-choice-awards-nominees-70551/ | access-date=2024-12-11 | archive-date=November 10, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110163238/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/2003-teen-choice-awards-nominees-70551/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Choice Movie – Chemistry
| Jim Carrey Morgan Freeman
| {{Nominated}}<ref name="bill2003"/>
|}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bruce Almighty: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[John Debney]], Various Artists
| cover =
| alt =
| released = June 3, 2003
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label = [[Varèse Sarabande]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Music ratings
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref name="amg">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r643556|pure_url=yes}}|title=Review: ''Bruce Almighty: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack''|last=Phares|first=Heather|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=30 August 2009}}</ref>
}}
The soundtrack was released on June 3, 2003, by [[Varèse Sarabande]]. Tracks 8-13 are from the score composed by [[John Debney]], performed by the [[Hollywood Studio Symphony]] (conducted by Pete Anthony) with Brad Dechter and Sandy De Crescent.

'''Track listing'''
# "[[One of Us (Joan Osborne song)|One of Us]]" – [[Joan Osborne]]
# "God Shaped Hole" – [[Plumb (singer)|Plumb]]
# "[[You're a God]]" – [[Vertical Horizon]]
# "[[The Power (Snap! song)|The Power]]" – [[Snap!]]
# "[[A Little Less Conversation]]" – [[Elvis Presley|Elvis]] vs. [[Tom Holkenborg|JXL]]
# "[[The Rockafeller Skank]]" – [[Norman Cook|Fatboy Slim]]
# "[[Goddess in the Doorway|God Gave Me Everything]]" – [[Mick Jagger]] featuring [[Lenny Kravitz]]
# "[[If I Ruled the World]]" – [[Tony Bennett]]
# "AB Positive"
# "Walking on Water"
# "Seventh at Seven"
# "Bruce Meets God"
# "Bruce's Prayer"
# "Grace's Prayer"

==Related media==
* ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'', a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language remake
* ''[[God Tussi Great Ho]]'', an Indian remake
* ''[[The Story of God with Morgan Freeman]]'', a spin-off [[documentary]] television series starring [[Morgan Freeman]]

===Sequel===
{{Main|Evan Almighty}}
A [[Sequel#Stand-alone sequels|sequel]] and spin-off, titled ''Evan Almighty'', was released on June 22, 2007, with [[Steve Carell]] reprising his role as Evan Baxter and Morgan Freeman returning to his role as God. Although Shadyac returned to direct the sequel, neither Carrey nor Aniston were involved with the film, and Carrey's character, Bruce, is never mentioned in the film. The film was a critical and commercial failure.

Before ''Evan Almighty'' materialized, screenwriters Steve Koren and Mark O’Keefe envisioned a sequel with the title ''Brucifer''. The proposed sequel involved Aniston's character dying and Carrey's character, under the weight of his grief, takes on Satan's powers, which he uses to resurrect Aniston's character.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharf |first1=Zack |title='Bruce Almighty' Writers Detail Unmade Sequel 'Brucifer': Jim Carrey as Satan, Undead Jennifer Aniston and More |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/jim-carrey-unmade-bruce-almighty-sequel-brucifer-satan-1235439082/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |date=November 22, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-date=November 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122234536/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/jim-carrey-unmade-bruce-almighty-sequel-brucifer-satan-1235439082/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.brucealmighty.com/}}{{dead link|date=January 2023}}
* {{IMDb title|0315327|Bruce Almighty}}

{{Almighty}}
{{Tom Shadyac}}
{{Jim Carrey}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bruce Almighty}}
[[Category:2000s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 comedy films]]
[[Category:2003 fantasy films]]
[[Category:American fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:2000s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Christianity]]
[[Category:Films about God]]
[[Category:Films about television]]
[[Category:Films about wish fulfillment]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tom Shadyac]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Debney]]
[[Category:Films set in Buffalo, New York]]
[[Category:Films shot in Buffalo, New York]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Steve Oedekerk]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award–winning films]]
[[Category:Religious comedy films]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Spyglass Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:2000s American films]]
[[Category:Buena Vista International films]]
[[Category:English-language fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Teen Choice Award winning films]]

Cyclops (copepod)

2025-05-05T12:44:56Z

149.167.185.166: /* Species */

{{Short description|Genus of crustaceans}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Cyclops''
| image = Cyclops.jpg
| taxon = Cyclops
| authority = [[Otto Friedrich Müller|O. F. Müller]], 1785 <ref name="WoRMS">{{cite web |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149782 |author=Daphne Cuvelier & T. Chad Walter |title=''Cyclops'' Müller, 1785 |work=World Copepoda database}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{genus list
|Monoculus |Linnaeus, 1758
|Nauplius |Müller, 1785
}}
}}{{More sources|date=November 2024}}[[File:Cyclops bicuspidatus GLERL 1.jpg|thumb|right|Female and male ''[[Cyclops bicuspidatus]]'', the dominant cyclopoid species in [[Lake Michigan]]]]
'''''Cyclops''''' is one of the most common [[genus|genera]] of [[fresh water|freshwater]] [[copepods]], comprising over 400 [[species]].<ref name="WoRMS"/><ref>
{{cite book
| chapter = Issues in the development of ''Cyclops'' for mosquito control
| author = G. G. Marten
| pages = 159–164
| url = http://gerrymarten.com/publicatons/pdfs/GM_Mosquito-Control.pdf
| title = Arbovirus Research in Australia: Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium (August 28 – September 1, 1989, Brisbane, Australia)
|editor= M. F. Uren |editor2=J. Blok |editor3=L.H. Manderson
| year = 1986
}}</ref> Together with other similar-sized non-copepod fresh-water [[crustacean]]s, especially [[cladocera]], they are commonly called ''water fleas''. The name ''Cyclops'' comes from the [[Cyclops]] of [[Greek mythology]], as they have a single large eye; in ''Cyclops'', the eye may be either red or black.

[[File:Nauplius larva of a cyclops copepod.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nauplius (larva)|Nauplius larva]] of ''Cyclops'']]

== Anatomy ==
''Cyclops'' individuals may range from ½–5 mm long<ref>Reed & McIntyre (1995). Cyclops strenuus (Fischer, 1851) sensu lato in Alaska and Canada, with new records of occurrence</ref> and are clearly divided into two sections. The broadly oval front section comprises the head and the first five thoracic [[Segment (biology)|segment]]s. The hind part is considerably slimmer and is made up of the sixth thoracic segment and the four legless pleonic segments. Two caudal appendages project from the rear. Although they may be difficult to observe, ''Cyclops'' has five pairs of legs. The long [[antenna (biology)|first antennae]], two in number, are used by the males for gripping the females during mating. Afterwards, the female carries the [[egg (biology)|eggs]] in two small sacs on her body. The larvae, or [[nauplius (larva)|nauplii]], are free-swimming and unsegmented.

== Habitat ==
''Cyclops'' has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]] in fresh water, but is less frequent in [[brackish water]]. It lives along the plant-covered banks of stagnant and slow-flowing bodies of water, where it feeds on small fragments of plant material, animals (such as [[nematodes]]), or carrion. It swims with characteristic jerky movements. ''Cyclops'' has the capacity to survive unsuitable conditions by forming a cloak of slime. Average lifespan is about three months.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Public health importance ==
Cyclops is [[Host (biology)|intermediate host]] of [[dracunculiasis]] (guinea-worm disease) and fish tapeworm (''[[Diphyllobothrium|Diphyllobothrium latum]]'') infection. This disease can be passed to humans through drinking infected water. [[Dracunculiasis]] will rarely cause death but is a weakening disease.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclops|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resources/vector324to336.pdf|website=WHO}}</ref>

=== Control methods===
Cyclops can be controlled using physical, chemical, biological and engineering methods.

==== Physical ====
Straining of water through piece of fine cloth is sufficient to remove ''Cyclops''. It can also be killed by boiling water, as it is easily killed by heat at 60 °C.

==== Chemical ====
[[Chlorine]] in strength of 22 ppm destroys ''Cyclops'' in 2 hours;<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://militaryhealth.bmj.com/content/jramc/45/4/251.full.pdf|title=FURTHER INVESTIGATION INTO THE STERILIZATION OF WATER BY CHLORINE AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.|author=MAJOR C. H H. HAROLD|journal=BMJ Military Health|date=October 1925 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=251–273 |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> although this concentration of chlorine gives bad odour and taste to water. Excess chlorine can be removed with [[sodium thiosulfate]].

==== Biological ====
Small fish, like [[Barbel (fish)|barbel]] and ''[[Gambusia]]'', feed on ''Cyclops''. This type of predation was used in the [[South India]]n state of [[Karnataka]] to eradicate [[dracunculiasis]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=USA National Research Council |author2=World Health Organization |title=Workshop on opportunities for control of dracunculiasis, 16–19 June 1982, Washington, D.C. Contributed papers |date=1985 |publisher=National Academy Press |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=153–177 |url=http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/245.3-85WO-6448.pdf}}</ref> Additionally, cyclops are widely sold in frozen packages at pet shops and fish stores as a supplemental fish food.

==== Engineering ====
Provision of drinking water through [[piping]] water supply, use of [[tubewell]]s and abolition of [[stepwell]]s are effective measures on community level.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jan A. Rozendaal |author2=World Health Organization |title=Vector control: methods for use by individuals and communities |date=1997 |publisher=World Health Organisation |isbn=9789241544948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6H5gwdddREC&q=cyclops+stepwell&pg=PR2}}</ref>

==Species==
{{div col|colwidth=21em}}
*''[[Cyclops abnobensis]]'' Brehm, 1958
*''[[Cyclops abyssicola]]'' Lilljeborg, 1901
*''[[Cyclops abyssorum]]'' G. O. Sars, 1863
*''[[Cyclops acanthoides]]'' Douwe, 1914
*''[[Cyclops adolescens]]'' Herrick, 1882
*''[[Cyclops aequoreus]]'' Fischer, 1860
*''[[Cyclops affinis]]'' G. O. Sars, 1863
*''[[Cyclops africanus]]'' Bourne, 1893
*''[[Cyclops agilis]]'' Koch, 1838
*''[[Cyclops agiloides]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops alajensis]]'' Ulyanin, 1874
*''[[Cyclops albicans]]'' G. W. Smith, 1909
*''[[Cyclops albidus]]'' Jurine, 1820
*''[[Cyclops alius]]'' Kiefer, 1935
*''[[Cyclops alpestris]]'' Daday, 1885
*''[[Cyclops alticola]]'' Kiefer, 1935
*''[[Cyclops americanus]]'' Marsh, 1893
*''[[Cyclops amoenus]]'' Mann, 1940
*''[[Cyclops anceps]]'' (Richard, 1897)
*''[[Cyclops angustus]]'' S. Grassel, 1999
*''[[Cyclops ankyrae]]'' Mann, 1940
*''[[Cyclops anninae]]'' Menzel, 1926
*''[[Cyclops annulatus]]'' Wierzejski, 1893
*''[[Cyclops annulicornis]]'' Koch, 1838
*''[[Cyclops anophthalmus]]'' Joseph, 1882
*''[[Cyclops argulus]]'' (Fabricius, 1793)
*''[[Cyclops armatus]]'' [[Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau|Tilesius]], 1815
*''[[Cyclops arnaudi]]'' G. O. Sars, 1908
*''[[Cyclops aspericornis]]'' Daday, 1906
*''[[Cyclops ater]]'' Herrick, 1882
*''[[Cyclops attenuatus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops aurantius]]'' Fischer, 1860
*''[[Cyclops australis]]'' King, 1855
*''[[Cyclops baicalensis]]'' Vassilieva, 1950
*''[[Cyclops bathybius]]'' Daday, 1896
*''[[Cyclops bicolor]]'' G. O. Sars, 1863
*''[[Cyclops bicuspidatus]]'' Claus, 1857
*''[[Cyclops bisetosus]]'' Rehberg, 1880
*''[[Cyclops bissextilis]]'' Willey, 1925
*''[[Cyclops bistriatus]]'' Koch, 1838
*''[[Cyclops bodamicus]]'' Vosseler, 1886
*''[[Cyclops bodanus]]'' Kiefer, 1954
*''[[Cyclops bogoriensis]]'' Menzel, 1926
*''[[Cyclops bohater]]'' Kozminski, 1933
*''[[Cyclops bohemicus]]'' Srámek-Husek, 1938
*''[[Cyclops bopsini]]'' Studer, 1878
*''[[Cyclops brachypus]]'' (Kiefer, 1955)
*''[[Cyclops bracteatus]]'' (O. F. Müller, 1776)
*''[[Cyclops brasiliensis]]'' Dana, 1849
*''[[Cyclops brehmi]]'' (Kiefer, 1927)
*''[[Cyclops brevicaudatus]]'' Claus, 1857
*''[[Cyclops brevicornis]]'' Baird, 1835
*''[[Cyclops brevicornis]]'' Claus, 1857
*''[[Cyclops brevipes]]'' Brady, 1910
*''[[Cyclops brevisetosus]]'' Daday, 1885
*''[[Cyclops brevispinosus]]'' Herrick, 1884
*''[[Cyclops brucei]]'' T. Scott, 1899
*''[[Cyclops buxtoni]]'' Gurney, 1921
*''[[Cyclops cabanensis]]'' Russki, 1889
*''[[Cyclops caeruleus]]'' O. F. Müller, 1776
*''[[Cyclops canadensis]]'' Einsle, 1988
*''[[Cyclops canthocarpoides]]'' Fischer, 1851
*''[[Cyclops capillatus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1863
*''[[Cyclops capilliferus]]'' S. A. Forbes, 1893
*''[[Cyclops carolinianus]]'' Yeatman, 1944
*''[[Cyclops caspicus]]'' Lindberg, 1942
*''[[Cyclops castor]]'' Desmarest, 1825
*''[[Cyclops caudatus]]'' (G. O. Sars, 1927)
*''[[Cyclops cavernarum]]'' Ulrich, 1902
*''[[Cyclops ceibaensis]]'' Marsh, 1919
*''[[Cyclops cerberus]]'' Chappuis, 1934
*''[[Cyclops charon]]'' Kiefer, 1931
*''[[Cyclops chelifer]]'' O. F. Müller, 1776
*''[[Cyclops chiltoni]]'' G. M. Thomson, 1883
*''[[Cyclops christianensis]]'' Boeck, 1872
*''[[Cyclops ciliatus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops clandestinus]]'' Yeatman, 1964
*''[[Cyclops claudiopolitanus]]'' Daday, 1885
*''[[Cyclops clausii]]'' Lubbock, 1863
*''[[Cyclops clausii]]'' Poggenpol, 1874
*''[[Cyclops claviger]]'' O. F. Müller, 1785
*''[[Cyclops coecus]]'' Pratz, 1866
*''[[Cyclops coeruleus]]'' O. F. Müller, 1785
*''[[Cyclops colchidanus]]'' Borutsky, 1930
*''[[Cyclops columbianus]]'' Grassel, 1956
*''[[Cyclops communis]]'' Lindberg, 1938
*''[[Cyclops compactus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops coronatus]]'' Claus, 1857
*''[[Cyclops crassicaudis]]'' G. O. Sars, 1863
*''[[Cyclops crassicaudoides]]'' Kiefer, 1928
*''[[Cyclops crassicornis]]'' O. F. Müller, 1785
*''[[Cyclops crinitus]]'' Graeter, 1910
*''[[Cyclops croaticus]]'' Krmpotic, 1924
*''[[Cyclops cunningtoni]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops curticaudus]]'' Dana, 1847
*''[[Cyclops curticornis]]'' O. F. Müller, 1785
*''[[Cyclops cyprinaceus]]'' (Shaw, 1789)
*''[[Cyclops davidi]]'' Chappuis, 1922
*''[[Cyclops delachauxi]]'' Kiefer, 1925
*''[[Cyclops delphinus]]'' (O. F. Müller, 1785)
*''[[Cyclops demetiensis]]'' Scourfield, 1932
*''[[Cyclops dengizicus]]'' Lepeshkin, 1900
*''[[Cyclops dentatimanus]]'' Marsh, 1913
*''[[Cyclops dentatus]]'' Rehberg, 1880
*''[[Cyclops dentatus]]'' Koch, 1844
*''[[Cyclops denticulatus]]'' Nicolet, 1849
*''[[Cyclops depressus]]'' Baird, 1837
*''[[Cyclops diaphanus]]'' Fischer, 1853
*''[[Cyclops diminuta]]'' Lindberg, 1937
*''[[Cyclops dimorphus]]'' Kiefer, 1934
*''[[Cyclops distans]]'' Kiefer, 1956
*''[[Cyclops distinctus]]'' Richard, 1887
*''[[Cyclops diversus]]'' (Kiefer, 1935)
*''[[Cyclops divulsus]]'' Lindberg, 1956
*''[[Cyclops donnaldsoni]]'' Chappuis, 1929
*''[[Cyclops dubitabilis]]'' Kiefer, 1934
*''[[Cyclops dubius]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops dulvertonensis]]'' G. W. Smith, 1909
*''[[Cyclops dumasti]]'' Joly, 1883
*''[[Cyclops dybowskii]]'' Landé, 1890
*''[[Cyclops eboracensis]]'' Brady, 1902
*''[[Cyclops echinatus]]'' Kiefer, 1926
*''[[Cyclops ecornis]]'' [[Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau|Tilesius]], 1819
*''[[Cyclops edax]]'' S. A. Forbes, 1890
*''[[Cyclops elegans]]'' Herrick, 1884
*''[[Cyclops elgonensis]]'' Kiefer, 1932
*''[[Cyclops elongatus]]'' Claus, 1863
*''[[Cyclops emini]]'' Mrázek, 1898
*''[[Cyclops entzii]]'' Daday, 1885
*''[[Cyclops euacanthus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops ewarti]]'' Brady, 1888
*''[[Cyclops exiguus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops exilis]]'' Coker, 1934
*''[[Cyclops exsulis]]'' Gauthier, 1951
*''[[Cyclops falsus]]'' Kiefer, 1929
*''[[Cyclops fasciacornis]]'' Cragin, 1883
*''[[Cyclops fedtschenkoi]]'' Ulyanin, 1875
*''[[Cyclops feuerborni]]'' Kiefer, 1933
*''[[Cyclops fimbriatus]]'' Fischer, 1853
*''[[Cyclops finmarchicus]]'' O. F. Müller, 1776
*''[[Cyclops fischeri]]'' Poggenpol, 1874
*''[[Cyclops flexipes]]'' Kokubo, 1912
*''[[Cyclops fluviatilis]]'' Herrick, 1882
*''[[Cyclops foliaceus]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
*''[[Cyclops forbesi]]'' Herrick, 1895
*''[[Cyclops formosanus]]'' Harada, 1931
*''[[Cyclops fragilis]]'' Kiefer, 1926
*''[[Cyclops franciscoloi]]'' Brian, 1951
*''[[Cyclops frivaldszkyi]]'' Daday, 1885
*''[[Cyclops furcatus]]'' Baird, 1837
*''[[Cyclops furcifer]]'' Claus, 1857
*''[[Cyclops furi]]'' Kozhova & Pavlov, 1986
*''[[Cyclops fuscus]]'' Jurine, 1820
*''[[Cyclops gauthieri]]'' Green, 1963
*''[[Cyclops gemellus]]'' (Gurney, 1928)
*''[[Cyclops geoffroyi]]'' Samouelle, 1819
*''[[Cyclops gibbus]]'' (Philippi, 1843)
*''[[Cyclops gibsoni]]'' Brady, 1904
*''[[Cyclops gigas]]'' Claus, 1857
*''[[Cyclops glacialis]]'' Brady, 1910
*''[[Cyclops gnatho]]'' (Philippi, 1843)
*''[[Cyclops gracilicornis]]'' Landé, 1891
*''[[Cyclops gracilis]]'' Lilljeborg, 1853
*''[[Cyclops graeteri]]'' Chappuis, 1927
*''[[Cyclops grandis]]'' Kiefer, 1935
*''[[Cyclops grandispinifer]]'' Lindberg, 1940
*''[[Cyclops gredleri]]'' Heller, 1871
*''[[Cyclops gyrinus]]'' S. A. Forbes, 1890
*''[[Cyclops hadjebensis]]'' Kiefer, 1926
*''[[Cyclops halepensis]]'' Chappuis, 1922
*''[[Cyclops hamatus]]'' Sovinsky, 1888
*''[[Cyclops harpacticoides]]'' Shmankevich, 1875
*''[[Cyclops haueri]]'' Kiefer, 1931
*''[[Cyclops heberti]]'' Einsle, 1996
*''[[Cyclops helgolandicus]]'' Rehberg, 1880
*''[[Cyclops helleri]]'' Brady, 1878
*''[[Cyclops horvathii]]'' Daday, 1885
*''[[Cyclops hungaricus]]'' Daday, 1885
*''[[Cyclops hutchinsoni]]'' Kiefer, 1936
*''[[Cyclops hypogeus]]'' Kiefer, 1930
*''[[Cyclops ignaeus]]'' Poggenpol, 1874
*''[[Cyclops igneus]]'' Poggenpol, 1874
*''[[Cyclops incertus]]'' Wolf, 1905
*''[[Cyclops indolusitanicus]]'' Lindberg, 1938
*''[[Cyclops inermis]]'' [[Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau|Tilesius]], 1812
*''[[Cyclops infernus]]'' Kiefer, 1930
*''[[Cyclops ingens]]'' Herrick, 1882
*''[[Cyclops inopinatus]]'' (G. O. Sars, 1927)
*''[[Cyclops inopinus]]'' Kiefer, 1926
*''[[Cyclops insectus]]'' S. A. Forbes, 1882
*''[[Cyclops insignis]]'' Claus, 1857
*''[[Cyclops intermedius]]'' Sovinsky, 1888
*''[[Cyclops isodactylus]]'' (Philippi, 1843)
*''[[Cyclops jashnovi]]'' Streletskaya, 1990
*''[[Cyclops javanus]]'' Kiefer, 1930
*''[[Cyclops jeanneli]]'' Chappuis, 1929
*''[[Cyclops johnstoni]]'' Baird, 1834
*''[[Cyclops josephi]]'' Moniez, 1887
*''[[Cyclops juri]]'' Parveen, Mahoon & Saleem, 1990
*''[[Cyclops karamani]]'' Kiefer, 1932
*''[[Cyclops karvei]]'' Kiefer & Moorthy, 1935
*''[[Cyclops kaufmanni]]'' Ulyanin, 1875
*''[[Cyclops kentanensis]]'' Harada, 1931
*''[[Cyclops kieferi]]'' Chappuis, 1925
*''[[Cyclops kievensis]]'' Sovinsky, 1887
*''[[Cyclops kikuchii]]'' Smirnov, 1932
*''[[Cyclops kolensis]]'' Lilljeborg, 1901
*''[[Cyclops korostyschevi]]'' Sovinsky, 1888
*''[[Cyclops kozminskii]]'' Lindberg, 1942
*''[[Cyclops krillei]]'' Studer, 1878
*''[[Cyclops lacinulatus]]'' O. F. Müller, 1776
*''[[Cyclops lacunae]]'' Lowndes, 1926
*''[[Cyclops lacustris]]'' G. O. Sars, 1863
*''[[Cyclops ladakanus]]'' Kiefer, 1936
*''[[Cyclops laevimargo]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops landei]]'' Mahoon & Zia, 1985
*''[[Cyclops languidoides]]'' Lilljeborg, 1901
*''[[Cyclops languidulus]]'' Willey, 1925
*''[[Cyclops languidus]]'' (G. O. Sars, 1863)
*''[[Cyclops lascivus]]'' Poggenpol, 1874
*''[[Cyclops laticauda]]'' Templeton, 1836
*''[[Cyclops latipes]]'' Lowndes, 1927
*''[[Cyclops latissimus]]'' Poggenpol, 1874
*''[[Cyclops laurenticus]]'' Lindberg, 1956
*''[[Cyclops learii]]'' Ulrich, 1902
*''[[Cyclops leewenhoekii]]'' Hoek, 1878
*''[[Cyclops leptopus]]'' Kiefer, 1927
*''[[Cyclops leuckarti]]'' Claus, 1857
*''[[Cyclops lilljeborgi]]'' G. O. Sars, 1918
*''[[Cyclops linjanticus]]'' Kiefer, 1928
*''[[Cyclops littoralis]]'' Brady, 1872
*''[[Cyclops lobulosus]]'' Ekman, 1905
*''[[Cyclops longicaudatus]]'' Poggenpol, 1874
*''[[Cyclops longispina]]'' Templeton, 1836
*''[[Cyclops longistylis]]'' Brady, 1907
*''[[Cyclops lubbocki]]'' Brady, 1869
*''[[Cyclops lucidulus]]'' Koch, 1838
*''[[Cyclops maarensis]]'' Vosseler, 1889
*''[[Cyclops macleayi]]'' Dana, 1847
*''[[Cyclops macruroides]]'' Lilljeborg, 1901
*''[[Cyclops macrurus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1863
*''[[Cyclops macuroides]]'' Lilljeborg, 1901
*''[[Cyclops madagascariensis]]'' Kiefer, 1926
*''[[Cyclops magniceps]]'' Lilljeborg, 1853
*''[[Cyclops magnoctavus]]'' Cragin, 1883
*''[[Cyclops magnus]]'' (Marsh, 1920)
*''[[Cyclops malayicus]]'' Kiefer, 1930
*''[[Cyclops margaretae]]'' Lindberg, 1938
*''[[Cyclops margoi]]'' Daday, 1885
*''[[Cyclops marinus]]'' Prestandrea, 1833
*''[[Cyclops matritensis]]'' Velasquez, 1941
*''[[Cyclops mendocinus]]'' Wierzejski, 1893
*''[[Cyclops menzeli]]'' Kiefer, 1926
*''[[Cyclops meridianus]]'' Kiefer, 1926
*''[[Cyclops michaelseni]]'' Mrázek, 1901
*''[[Cyclops micropus]]'' Kiefer, 1932
*''[[Cyclops miles]]'' Nicolet, 1849
*''[[Cyclops miniatus]]'' Lilljeborg, 1901
*''[[Cyclops minimus]]'' Kiefer, 1933
*''[[Cyclops minnilus]]'' S. A. Forbes, 1893
*''[[Cyclops minuticornis]]'' O. F. Müller, 1785
*''[[Cyclops minutissimus]]'' Kiefer, 1933
*''[[Cyclops minutus]]'' Claus, 1863
*''[[Cyclops modestus]]'' Herrick, 1883
*''[[Cyclops moghulensis]]'' Lindberg, 1939
*''[[Cyclops monacanthus]]'' Kiefer, 1928
*''[[Cyclops monardi]]'' Perret, 1925
*''[[Cyclops mongoliensis]]'' Einsle, 1992
*''[[Cyclops mulleri]]'' Ferussac, 1806
*''[[Cyclops muscicola]]'' Menzel, 1926
*''[[Cyclops muscicolus]]'' Lastochkin, 1927
*''[[Cyclops nanus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1863
*''[[Cyclops naviculus]]'' Say, 1818
*''[[Cyclops navus]]'' Herrick, 1882
*''[[Cyclops nearcticus]]'' Kiefer, 1934
*''[[Cyclops necessarius]]'' Kiefer, 1926
*''[[Cyclops neglectus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops neumani]]'' Pesta, 1927
*''[[Cyclops neymanae]]'' Streletskaya, 1990
*''[[Cyclops niceae]]'' Mann, 1940
*''[[Cyclops nigeriae]]'' Brady, 1910
*''[[Cyclops nigricauda]]'' Norman, 1869
*''[[Cyclops nivalis]]'' Daday, 1885
*''[[Cyclops novaezealandiae]]'' G. M. Thomson, 1879
*''[[Cyclops nubicus]]'' Chappuis, 1922
*''[[Cyclops obesicornis]]'' Templeton, 1836
*''[[Cyclops obsoletus]]'' Koch, 1838
*''[[Cyclops ochridanus]]'' Kiefer, 1932
*''[[Cyclops odessanus]]'' Shmankevich, 1875
*''[[Cyclops oithonoides]]'' G. O. Sars, 1863
*''[[Cyclops oligarthrus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops operculatus]]'' Chappuis, 1917
*''[[Cyclops orientalis]]'' Ulyanin, 1875
*''[[Cyclops ornatus]]'' Poggenpol, 1874
*''[[Cyclops ovalis]]'' Brady, 1872
*''[[Cyclops pachycomus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops pallidus]]'' Norman, 1869
*''[[Cyclops paludicola]]'' Herbst, 1959
*''[[Cyclops palustris]]'' Sovinsky, 1888
*''[[Cyclops panamensis]]'' Marsh, 1913
*''[[Cyclops papuanus]]'' Daday, 1901
*''[[Cyclops paradyi]]'' Daday, 1885
*''[[Cyclops paraplesius]]'' Kiefer, 1929
*''[[Cyclops parcus]]'' Herrick, 1882
*''[[Cyclops pauper]]'' Fric, 1871
*''[[Cyclops pectinatus]]'' Herrick, 1883
*''[[Cyclops pectinifer]]'' Cragin, 1883
*''[[Cyclops pelagicus]]'' (Rose, 1929)
*''[[Cyclops pennatus]]'' Claus, 1857
*''[[Cyclops pentagonus]]'' Vosseler, 1886
*''[[Cyclops perarmatus]]'' Cragin, 1883
*''[[Cyclops phaleratus]]'' Koch, 1838
*''[[Cyclops phaleroides]]'' Labbé, 1927
*''[[Cyclops philippinensis]]'' Marsh, 1932
*''[[Cyclops phreaticus]]'' Chappuis, 1928
*''[[Cyclops pictus]]'' Koch, 1838
*''[[Cyclops pilosus]]'' Kiefer, 1934
*''[[Cyclops piscinus]]'' (Linnaeus, 1761)
*''[[Cyclops planus]]'' Gurney, 1909
*''[[Cyclops plumosus]]'' (Philippi, 1843)
*''[[Cyclops poggenpolii]]'' Sovinsky, 1888
*''[[Cyclops poppei]]'' Rehberg, 1880
*''[[Cyclops potamius]]'' Burckhardt, 1913
*''[[Cyclops prasinus]]'' Fischer, 1860
*''[[Cyclops prealpinus]]'' Kiefer, 1939
*''[[Cyclops procerus]]'' Herbst, 1955
*''[[Cyclops productus]]'' (O. F. Müller, 1785)
*''[[Cyclops prolatus]]'' Kiefer, 1935
*''[[Cyclops pubescens]]'' Dana, 1847
*''[[Cyclops purpureus]]'' (Philippi, 1843)
*''[[Cyclops pusillus]]'' Brady, 1904
*''[[Cyclops puteanus]]'' Frey, 1869
*''[[Cyclops pygmaeus]]'' Rehberg, 1880
*''[[Cyclops quadricornis]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
*''[[Cyclops quinquepartitus]]'' Marsh, 1913
*''[[Cyclops racovitzai]]'' Chappuis, 1923
*''[[Cyclops rarispinus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops reductus]]'' Chappuis, 1925
*''[[Cyclops restrictus]]'' Lindberg, 1948
*''[[Cyclops ricae]]'' Monchenko, 1977
*''[[Cyclops richardi]]'' Lindberg, 1942
*''[[Cyclops robustus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1863
*''[[Cyclops roseus]]'' Daday, 1885
*''[[Cyclops rostratus]]'' (Philippi, 1843)
*''[[Cyclops roumaniae]]'' Cosmovici, 1900
*''[[Cyclops royi]]'' Lindberg, 1940
*''[[Cyclops rubellus]]'' Lilljeborg, 1901
*''[[Cyclops rubens]]'' O. F. Müller, 1785
*''[[Cyclops salinus]]'' Brady, 1903
*''[[Cyclops salmoneus]]'' (J. C. Fabricius, 1792)
*''[[Cyclops saltatonius]]'' (O. F. Müller, 1776)
*''[[Cyclops sanfilippoi]]'' Brian, 1951
*''[[Cyclops sanguineus]]'' (Philippi, 1843)
*''[[Cyclops schmeili]]'' Poppe & Mrázek, 1895
*''[[Cyclops scourfieldi]]'' Brady, 1891
*''[[Cyclops scutifer]]'' G. O. Sars, 1863
*''[[Cyclops semiserratus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops sensitivus]]'' Graeter & Chappuis, 1914
*''[[Cyclops serratus]]'' Pratz, 1866
*''[[Cyclops serrulatoides]]'' Labbé, 1927
*''[[Cyclops serrulatus]]'' Fischer, 1851
*''[[Cyclops setiger]]'' Frey, 1869
*''[[Cyclops setosus]]'' Haldeman, 1842
*''[[Cyclops sevani]]'' Meshkova, 1947
*''[[Cyclops shatalovi]]'' Streletskaya, 1990
*''[[Cyclops signatus]]'' Koch, 1838
*''[[Cyclops silesicus]]'' Schäfer, 1934
*''[[Cyclops silvestrii]]'' Brian, 1927
*''[[Cyclops similis]]'' Templeton, 1836
*''[[Cyclops simillimus]]'' Brady, 1907
*''[[Cyclops simplex]]'' Poggenpol, 1874
*''[[Cyclops skopljensis]]'' Kiefer, 1932
*''[[Cyclops smirnovi]]'' Rylov, 1948
*''[[Cyclops soli]]'' Kokubo, 1912
*''[[Cyclops spartinus]]'' Ruber, 1966
*''[[Cyclops speratus]]'' Lilljeborg, 1901
*''[[Cyclops spinifer]]'' Daday, 1902
*''[[Cyclops spinulosus]]'' Claus, 1893
*''[[Cyclops stagnalis]]'' Einsle, 1996
*''[[Cyclops staheli]]'' Chappuis, 1917
*''[[Cyclops staphylinus]]'' Desmarest, 1825
*''[[Cyclops strenuus]]'' Fischer, 1851
*''[[Cyclops stroemii]]'' Baird, 1834
*''[[Cyclops stuhlmanni]]'' Mrázek, 1895
*''[[Cyclops stygius]]'' Chappuis, 1924
*''[[Cyclops subaequalis]]'' Kiefer, 1928
*''[[Cyclops subterraneus]]'' Pratz, 1866
*''[[Cyclops subtropicus]]'' Lindberg, 1937
*''[[Cyclops sumatranus]]'' Kiefer, 1933
*''[[Cyclops sydneyensis]]'' Schmeil, 1898
*''[[Cyclops sylvestrii]]'' Brian, 1927
*''[[Cyclops taipehensis]]'' Harada, 1930
*''[[Cyclops tanganicae]]'' (Gurney, 1928)
*''[[Cyclops tatricus]]'' Kozminski, 1927
*''[[Cyclops tenellus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1909
*''[[Cyclops tenuicaudis]]'' Daday, 1885
*''[[Cyclops tenuicornis]]'' Claus, 1857
*''[[Cyclops tenuipes]]'' (Philippi, 1843)
*''[[Cyclops tenuis]]'' Marsh, 1910
*''[[Cyclops tenuisaccus]]'' G. O. Sars, 1927
*''[[Cyclops tenuissimus]]'' Herrick, 1883
*''[[Cyclops teras]]'' Graeter, 1907
*''[[Cyclops thomasi]]'' S. A. Forbes, 1882
*''[[Cyclops thorace]]'' (Ström, 1770)
*''[[Cyclops transilvanicus]]'' Daday, 1885
*''[[Cyclops tricolor]]'' Lindberg, 1937
*''[[Cyclops trisetosus]]'' Herbst, 1957
*''[[Cyclops triumvirorum]]'' Kiefer, 1935
*''[[Cyclops troglodytes]]'' Chappuis, 1923
*''[[Cyclops troglophilus]]'' Kiefer, 1932
*''[[Cyclops tropicus]]'' Kiefer, 1932
*''[[Cyclops trouchanowi]]'' Sovinsky, 1888
*''[[Cyclops uljanini]]'' Sovinsky, 1887
*''[[Cyclops uniangulatus]]'' Cragin, 1883
*''[[Cyclops unisetiger]]'' Graeter, 1899
*''[[Cyclops uruguayensis]]'' Kiefer, 1935
*''[[Cyclops varicans]]'' G. O. Sars, 1863
*''[[Cyclops varicoides]]'' Brady, 1908
*''[[Cyclops varius]]'' Lilljeborg, 1901
*''[[Cyclops venustoides]]'' Coker, 1934
*''[[Cyclops venustus]]'' Norman & T. Scott, 1906
*''[[Cyclops vernalis]]'' Fischer, 1853
*''[[Cyclops vicinus]]'' Ulyanin, 1875
*''[[Cyclops viduus]]'' Kiefer, 1933
*''[[Cyclops vincentianus]]'' Brian, 1927
*''[[Cyclops vinceus]]'' Shmankevich, 1875
*''[[Cyclops virescens]]'' Brady, 1910
*''[[Cyclops viridis]]'' (Jurine, 1820)
*''[[Cyclops viridosignatus]]'' E. F. Byrnes, 1909
*''[[Cyclops vitiensis]]'' Dana, 1847
*''[[Cyclops vulgaris]]'' Koch, 1838
*''[[Cyclops wigrensis]]'' Streletskaya, 1988
*''[[Cyclops zschokkei]]'' Graeter, 1910
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.microscope-microscope.org/applications/pond-critters/animals/cyclops.htm Illustration, description – ''Cyclops'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1421606}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cyclops (crustacean)}}
[[Category:Cyclopidae]]
[[Category:Cyclopoida genera]]
[[Category:Freshwater crustaceans]]

Iphicles

2025-05-02T05:34:58Z

149.167.185.166:

{{Short description|Hero in Greek mythology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Heracles and Iphicles.JPG|thumb|Iphicles and his half-brother [[Heracles]]]]

In [[Greek mythology]], '''Iphicles''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|f|ɪ|ˌ|k|l|iː|z}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|f|ɪ|ˌ|k|l|iː|z}}; {{langx|grc|Ἰφικλῆς}} ''Iphiklēs''), also called [[Iphiclus (mythology)|Iphiclus]], was the [[superfecundation|maternal half-twin brother]] of [[Heracles]] and one of the [[Calydonian Boar|Calydonian boar hunters]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.8.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 1.8.2]</ref>

== Family ==
Iphicles was the son of [[Alcmene]] and her human husband [[Amphitryon]], whereas Heracles was her son by [[Zeus]]. He also had a sister, [[Laonome]], who married [[Euphemus]] or [[Polyphemus (Argonaut)|Polyphemus]]. Iphicles was the father of Heracles' charioteer [[Iolaus]] by his first wife, [[Automedusa (mythology)|Automedusa]], daughter of [[Alcathous, son of Pelops|Alcathous]].<ref>Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.4.11&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 2.4.11]</ref> Afterwards, he fathered two children by [[Pyrrha (mythology)|Pyrrha]], the younger daughter of [[Creon of Thebes|Creon]].<ref>Pyrrha was unnamed in Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.4.11&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 2.4.11] but was only hinted as the younger daughter of Creon</ref><ref>Pseudo-[[Moschus]], ''Megara'' 41-55</ref>

== Mythology ==
Iphicles was one night younger than his half-brother Heracles, who strangled the snakes which had been sent by [[Hera]] or by Amphitryon, and at which Iphicles was frightened.<ref>Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.4.8&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022#note5 2.4.8]</ref> Iphicles grew into a strong man but could not match his famous brother. When Heracles was made insane once again by Hera, the hero threw into the fire his brother's two offspring by Pyrrha, who perished as a result.

Nevertheless, Iphicles went with Heracles on a punitive expedition against Troy, because King [[Laomedon]] refused to give Heracles the mares he had promised him before. Arriving in Troy, Iphicles and [[Telamon]] were sent by Heracles to the city to claim the mares, but they were thrown into prison by Laomedon. But [[Priam]], the son of the king, disagreed with the decision of his father, sent two swords to the two heroes, and revealed the plans that Laomedon had for Heracles. As soon as Iphicles and Telamon heard this they killed their guards with the swords and returned to Heracles for the plans of Laomedon to be revealed. Then Heracles and his men went to the king and eventually slew him.

When Heracles ended his twelve labours, King Eurystheus accused him of killing him from the throne, and ordered that he, together with Alcmene and Iphicles, leave Tiryns. This is how Iphicles ended up in Arcadia where he joined Heracles on a punitive expedition against [[Hippocoon (king of Sparta)|Hippocoon]] of [[Sparta]]. In the ensuing battle, Iphicles was killed and Heracles was inconsolable over the death of his half-brother, and voluntarily went into exile to another city.<ref>Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.7.3&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022#note5 2.7.3]</ref>

In some accounts, Iphicles fought in the first battle of Heracles against the [[Elis (city)|Eleans]] and [[Augeas]], and was wounded by the [[Molionides]] of [[Ancient Elis|Elis]]. In a fainting condition, Iphicles was carried by his relatives to [[Pheneus]], home of his grandmother [[Laonome]], where he was carefully nursed by [[Buphagus (mythology)|Buphagus]], a citizen of Pheneus, and by his wife Promne. They buried him when he died of his wound and was honoured with a [[heroum]].<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.14.9&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 8.14.9]</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''The Library'' with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 Greek text available from the same website].
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]
* Pausanias, ''Graeciae Descriptio.'' ''3 vols''. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0159 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].

[[Category:Argonauts]]
[[Category:Perseids (mythology)]]
[[Category:Mythological Thebans]]
[[Category:Theban mythology]]
[[Category:Mythology of Heracles]]
[[Category:Divine twins]]
[[Category:Mythological Tirynthians]]

Faʻatiu

2025-04-30T10:15:34Z

149.167.185.166:

{{Short description|Polynesian wind and storm god.}}
In [[Samoan mythology]] '''Faʻatiu''' is the [[wind]] and storm god.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/pacificmythology0000knap |title=Pacific mythology : an encyclopedia of myth and legend |author=Jan Knappert |publisher=Diamond Books |location=London |year=1995 |page=77 |isbn=9780261666559 }}</ref> In one Samoan legend, [[Tiʻitiʻi]] imprisons the winds one by one in his canoe or calabash, leaving only [[Fisaga]] free.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/mythslegendsof00jean |title=MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE POLYNESIANS |author=Johannes Carl Andersen |publisher=C. E. TUTTLE |location=Rutland, VT |year=1969 |page=218-219 |isbn=9780804804141 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_5_1896/Volume_5%2C_No._1%2C_March_1896/Jottings_on_the_mythology_and_spirit-lore_of_old_Samoa%2C_by_John_B._Stair%2C_p_33-57/p1 |title=JOTTINGS ON THE MYTHOLOGY AND SPIRIT-LORE OF OLD SAMOA |author=John B. Stair |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=57 |date=1896 |accessdate=30 December 2021 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211032456/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_5_1896/Volume_5%2C_No._1%2C_March_1896/Jottings_on_the_mythology_and_spirit-lore_of_old_Samoa%2C_by_John_B._Stair%2C_p_33-57/p1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Tāwhirimātea]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Samoan deities]]
[[Category:Sky and weather gods]]
[[Category:Wind deities]]

{{Oceania-myth-stub}}

Rata (Tahitian mythology)

2025-04-26T11:07:42Z

149.167.185.166:

{{Short description|Mythological Tahitian king}}
'''Rata''', in [[Tahiti]]an mythology, is said to have become king of Tahiti when his uncle, king [[Tumu-nui]], and his father [[Vahieroa (Tahitian mythology)|Vahieroa]] are swallowed by a great clam, [[Pua Tu Tahi]], while they are on their way to Pitcairn. When he reaches adulthood, Rata plans to avenge his father. As in the Tuamotuan version, Rata identifies a tree to build his canoe, but it is protected by forest elves. After he captures them they build it for him in a single night. While en route for Pitcairn, Rata and his crew are sucked down into the same clam, but they use their spears to cut the monster open. They rescue the remains of Rata's father and uncle and bury them back in Tahiti. After recovering from their adventure, Rata sets out for further adventures. See also [[Aremata-Popoa and Aremata-Rorua]].

==See also==
*[[Rata (Tuamotu mythology)]]
*[[Rātā (Māori mythology)]]
*[[Laka]] (Hawaiian and other Polynesian mythology)

==References==
*R.D. Craig, ''Dictionary of Polynesian Mythology'' (Greenwood Press: New York, 1989), 133-4;
*M. Beckwith, ''Hawaiian Mythology'' (Yale U.P.: New Haven, 1948), 263–275.
{{Tahiti and Society Islands mythology}}

[[Category:Tahiti and Society Islands mythology]]
[[Category:Legendary Polynesian people]]
[[Category:Legendary monarchs]]
{{Oceania-myth-stub}}
{{FrenchPolynesia-stub}}

Loligo reynaudii

2025-04-14T10:27:12Z

149.167.185.166:

{{Short description|Species of squid}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Cape Hope squid
| taxon = Loligo reynaudii
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Allcock, A.L. |author2=Taite, M. |author3=Headlam, J. |author4=Allen, G. |date=2019 |title=''Loligo reynaudii'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T190945A1961951 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T190945A1961951.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| authority = [[Alcide d'Orbigny|d'Orbigny]], 1841<ref name = WoRMS>{{cite web | url = http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=220316 | title = ''Loligo reynaudii'' d'Orbigny [in Ferussac & d'Orbigny], 1839-1841 | accessdate = 24 February 2018 | publisher = Flanders Marine Institute | author = Julian Finn | year = 2016 | work = World Register of Marine Species}}</ref>
| synonyms = *''Loligo vulgaris reynaudii''
}}

'''''Loligo reynaudii''''', commonly known as the '''Cape Hope squid''' or '''chokka squid''', is a {{convert|20-30|cm|abbr=on}} long [[squid]] belonging to the family [[Loliginidae]]. In [[South Africa]] it is known as either ''calamari'' or ''chokka''.

It was previously treated as a [[subspecies]] of ''[[Loligo vulgaris]]'', the European squid.<ref>Vecchione, M. & R.E. Young. (2010). [http://tolweb.org/Loligo_reynaudii/19869/2010.09.02 ''Loligo reynaudii'' Orbigny 1845]. The Tree of Life Web Project.</ref>

==Description==
Loligo reynaudii is a marine cephalopod characterized by its elongated slender body, eight short arms, and two long retractile tentacles adorned with suckers. With diamond-shaped fins spanning over half the length of its up to 40 cm (16 in) mantle, this species exhibits distinctive features. Its eyes are covered by a membrane integrated into the head's skin. Notably, the left ventral arm serves as a storage and transfer site for spermatophores, featuring modified distal parts with rows of 44 to 68 tiny outgrowths. Its expanded limbs display transverse rows of suckers, with an enlarged median segment and smooth horny rings. The [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] length measures around 78 mm. Along with reddish-brown pigment and light-reflecting cells on the head and mantle, Loligo reynaudii's coloration can range from dark red to nearly translucent while alive.<ref>{{Cite book |title=FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) |year=2010 |edition=No. 4. Vol. 2 |pages=277}}</ref>

==Distribution==
Loligo reynaudii is widely distributed in a diverse and variable environment, primarily found between the Orange River and [[Port Alfred]], with significant populations also present in Southern Angola where spawning takes place (Guerra et al.). Its distribution is strongly influenced by the warm and fast-flowing Agulhas Current along the oceanography of [[List of marine molluscs of South Africa|South Africa]]'s east coast and outer Agulhas Bank. Notably, more than two-thirds of the adult biomass of L. reynaudii is concentrated along the southeast coast of [[List of marine molluscs of South Africa|South Africa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mmethi |first=Mpho |date=23 November 2016 |title=Cape Hope Squid |url=https://www.sanbi.org/animal-of-the-week/cape-hope-squid/ |website=South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI)}}</ref> Loligo reynaudii can be found across a depth range from sea level down to 200 m (660 ft).

== Ecology ==
The South African squid is an important predator of small fishes. It forms dense breeding aggregations in bays between Cape Point and Port Elizabeth in summer, laying sausage-shaped bunches of egg bundles on the sea floor. The young are transported west by the Agulhas Current and mature on the Agulhas Bank. They then migrate eastwards as adults back to their spawning grounds.

Its natural predators include: [[Short-tail stingray]], [[Diamond ray]], [[Spotted ragged-tooth shark]], [[Cape fur seal]], [[Scyliorhinidae|cat shark]] and numerous species of fish and birds.

== Fisheries ==
The conservation status of Cape hope squid, Loligo reynaudii, has been evaluated using a biomass-based stock assessment model, with results measured in terms of person-days permitted in the fishery (DAFF, 2014). Recent assessments have shown a decline in squid biomass and limited resources compared to previous years, posing potential economic challenges for the fishing industry during periods of reduced production (DAFF, 2014). Consequently, it was recommended to reduce the current fishing pressure, as it was heavily exploited in 2014.<ref name=":0" />

In the updated stock assessment conducted in 2019, there has been a continued increase in biomass. However, fishing effort has remained below the recommended Total Allowable Effort (TAE) levels, despite an overall upward trend (DAFF, 2019). This suggests that fishing activity has not reached unsustainable levels and is being managed within acceptable limits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Hope Squid (Loligo reynaudii) |url=https://wwfsassi.co.za/fish-detail/101/ |website=Southern African Sustainable Seafood Initiative (SASSI)}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Vecchione, M., E. Shea, S. Bussarawit, F. Anderson, D. Alexeyev, C.-C. Lu, T. Okutani, M. Roeleveld, C. Chotiyaputta, C. Roper, E. Jorgensen & N. Sukramongkol. (2005). {{cite web|url= http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLdocuments/loliginidsystematics.pdf |title=Systematics of Indo-West Pacific loliginids. }} ''Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin'' '''66''': 23–26.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090515113508/http://www.underwatervideo.co.za/What_to_Film/Chokka_Squid_and_Their_Predators.html Charles Maxwell videos]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q6668902}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Loligo Reynaudii}}
[[Category:Loliginidae]]
[[Category:Cephalopods described in 1841]]