wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Albert Winsemius

2025-06-24T11:32:44Z

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{{Short description|Dutch economist (1910–1996)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Albert Winsemius
| image = Albert Winsemius (1971).jpg
| caption = Winsemius in 1971
| order = [[United Nations]] Survey Mission to [[Singapore]]
| term_start = 1961
| term_end = 1984
| deputy =
| president =
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = ''Position abolished''
| nominated by =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1910|2|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Leeuwarden]], [[Netherlands]]
| alma_mater =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1996|12|4|1910|2|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]]
| spouse = Aly Winsemius-Schreiber<ref name=eresources.nlb.gov.sg>{{cite web|last1=Ong|first1=Christopher|title=Albert Winsemius|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1457_2009-02-11.html|website=Singapore Infopedia|publisher=National Library Board Singapore|access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref>
| children = 3
| profession = Economist
}}

'''Albert Winsemius''' (26 February 1910 – 4 December 1996) was a [[Dutch people|Dutch]] economist best known for serving as an economic adviser to [[Singapore]] between 1961 and 1984. He led the [[United Nations]] Survey Mission to Singapore<ref name=leipziger/> and played a major role in the formulation of Singapore's national economic development strategy.

==Career==
In 1960, Winsemius led the United Nations Expanded Programme for Technical Assistance (EPTA) team<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/undppublicserv/docs/booklet_undp-sg50-winsemius_digital|title=UNDP and the Making of Singapore's Public Service - Lessons from Albert Winsemius|publisher=}}</ref> to examine Singapore's potential in industrialisation. Singapore had just attained self-government and was facing high unemployment and a growing population. Winsemius presented a ten-year development plan to transform Singapore from an [[entrepot]] trading port to a centre of manufacturing and industrialisation.

Winsemius's first emphasis was on creating jobs and attracting foreign investment. Labour-intensive industries, such as the production of shirts and pyjamas, were expanded. He also encouraged the [[Housing and Development Board|large-scale public housing programme]] since he believed that it would bolster the country's image, which would attract foreign investors.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

One of his earliest pieces of advice was not to remove the statue of [[Stamford Raffles]], as it was a symbol of public acceptance of Singapore's British heritage and could alleviate concerns that investors have towards a new socialist government. With Winsemius's help, Singapore attracted large oil companies such as [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[Esso]] to establish refineries there.

During his term as Chief Economic Adviser between 1961 and 1984, Winsemius worked closely with [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] [[Lee Kuan Yew]], and key members of Lee's government such as [[Goh Keng Swee]] and [[Hon Sui Sen]]. Later, Winesimus also had a close partnership with [[Goh Chok Tong]], Lee's successor as Prime Minister.<ref>Murphy, C.N. 2006, The United Nations Development Programme: A Better Way? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.102</ref> He visited Singapore two or three times a year to review economic performance indicators and to discuss macro-economic strategy with government planners.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chua|first1=Lee Hoong|title=Death of Dr Albert Winsemius|url=http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/dream/lifeline/win3.html|access-date=9 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050948/http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/dream/lifeline/win3.html|archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref>

In the 1970s, Singapore was upgrading its industrial capacity to use higher technological methods, including [[electronics]]. Winsemius personally went to persuade large Dutch electronics companies such as [[Philips]] to set up production plants in Singapore. He also proposed for Singapore to be developed as a financial centre, as well as an international centre for air traffic and sea transport. Over the next twenty years, those predictions proved to be accurate.

In 1983, Winsemius retired from his position as Singapore's economic adviser at the age of 74. He said, "I leave with a saddened heart. It (Singapore) has become part of my life, more or less. It can do without me. It could do without me years ago. But it became part of my life. So I will shed a few tears, imaginary tears."

==Death==
Winsemius died of [[pneumonia]] in the Netherlands on 4 December 1996.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tan|first1=Rachel|title=Proven wrong – by a fish|url=http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/dream/lifeline/win1.html|access-date=9 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107050927/http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/dream/lifeline/win1.html|archive-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> In a letter of condolences to his family, [[Lee Kuan Yew]] wrote, "It was Singapore's good fortune that he [Winsemius] took a deep and personal interest in Singapore's development. Singapore and I personally are indebted to him for the time, energy and development he gave to Singapore. I am proud to have known him and to have been his friend."

When asked about his life as an economist, Winsemius once said, "There is quite a lot of satisfaction, perhaps not like that of, say, an architect who can look at something and say, 'I made it'. But there is that satisfaction in knowing that you have contributed to the well being of people you don't know...."{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

==Personal life==
Winsemius married Aly Schreiber. They had a son, two daughters and eight grandchildren.<ref name="eresources.nlb.gov.sg"/>

Winsemius' son, [[Pieter Winsemius]], served as [[List of Ministers of Infrastructure of the Netherlands#List of Ministers of Housing|Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment]] in the Dutch government from 1982 to 1986.<ref>{{cite web|title=SDWA and NUSDeltares receive Winsemius Awards|url=http://news.nus.edu.sg/highlights/8868-sdwa-and-nusdeltares-receive-winsemius-awards|website=NUS News|publisher=National University of Singapore.|access-date=4 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023095841/http://news.nus.edu.sg/highlights/8868-sdwa-and-nusdeltares-receive-winsemius-awards|archive-date=23 October 2015}}</ref>

Winsemius was a good friend of Singaporean politician [[Devan Nair]], and kept a poem composed by Nair titled "The [[Yangtze]]'s Voyage Through History" framed in his study.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Wei Ling |authorlink=Lee Wei Ling |title=A Hakka Woman's Singapore |publisher=[[Straits Times Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-981-4642-47-7 |edition=1st |pages=120-121 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 1997, [[Nanyang Technological University]] established the Albert Winsemius Professorship as a lasting tribute to Winsemius for his significant contributions to Singapore's economic development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/CorpComms2/releases/26%20Jul%2005%20Factsheet_Albert%20Winsemius.pdf|title=Fact Sheet on the Albert Winsemius Professorship}}</ref>

For his contributions to Singapore's economic development,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tamboer|first1=Kees|title=Albert Winsemius, 'founding father' of Singapore|url=http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/iiasn9/soueasia/winsemiu.html|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402001243/http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/iiasn9/soueasia/winsemiu.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Winsemius was conferred several honours. In 1967, [[Yusof Ishak]], the first [[President of Singapore]], awarded him the Distinguished Service Medal. In 1970, he was conferred an honorary degree by the [[National University of Singapore]]. In 1976, he received the [[National Trades Union Congress]]' May Day Gold Medal of Honour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Singapore's trusted guide |url=http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/dream/lifeline/win2.html |access-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205191315/http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/dream/lifeline/win2.html |archive-date=5 December 2014 }}</ref>

There is a lane in [[Clementi, Singapore|Clementi]] named after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/capacity-development/English/Singapore%20Centre/Booklet_UNDP-SG50-Winsemius.pdf|title=UNDP Singapore, 2015, UNDP and the making of Singapore's Public Service, Singapore: UNDP Singapore|publisher=}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Economy of Singapore]]

==References==
{{Library resources box
|onlinebooks=no
|by=yes
}}
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=leipziger>{{cite book | last = Leipziger | first = Danny | title = Lessons from East Asia | publisher = University of Michigan Press | location = Ann Arbor | year = 1997 | isbn = 0-472-08722-3 |page=240}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.ntu.edu.sg/corpcomms2/releases/26%20Jul%2005%20Factsheet_Albert%20Winsemius.pdf Fact Sheet on the Albert Winsemius Professorship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306043249/http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/corpcomms2/releases/26%20Jul%2005%20Factsheet_Albert%20Winsemius.pdf |date=2016-03-06 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winsemius, Albert}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Dutch economists]]
[[Category:People from Leeuwarden]]
[[Category:Economic history of Singapore]]
[[Category:Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni]]

Surinamese dollar

2025-05-23T14:44:08Z

144.43.250.33: /* External links */

{{Short description|Currency}}
{{Infobox currency
| local_name = Surinaamse dollar
| replaced_currency = [[Surinamese guilder]]
| local_name_lang = nl
| image_title_2 = 5 dollar note
| iso_code = SRD
| image_1 = 20surinamedollar.jpg
| image_title_1 = 20 dollar note
| image_2 = Suriname 5 Dollar observe.jpg
| date_of_introduction = 1 January 2004
| using_countries = {{flag|Suriname}}
| inflation_rate = 62.1% (Feb 2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eca-international.com/insights/blog/june-2021/surinam-devalues-its-currency-by-50|title=Surinam devalues its currency by 33%|publisher=eca-international|language=en|access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref>
| subunit_ratio_1 = {{frac|100}}
| subunit_name_1 = [[Cent (currency)|cent]]
| symbol = [[Dollar sign|$]], Sur$
| plural = dollar
| plural_subunit_1 = cent
| used_coins = 1, 5, 10, 25, 100, 250 cent
| used_banknotes = 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 dollar
| issuing_authority = [[Central Bank of Suriname]]
| issuing_authority_website = {{URL|http://www.cbvs.sr}}
}}

The '''Surinamese dollar''' ([[ISO 4217]] code ''SRD'') has been the [[currency]] of [[Suriname]] since 2004. It is divided into 100 ''[[cent (currency)|cent]]''. The Surinamese dollar is normally abbreviated with the [[dollar sign]] ''$'', or alternatively ''Sr$'' to distinguish it from other [[dollar]]-denominated currencies. In spoken [[Surinamese Dutch]], it is widely referred to by its acronym SRD ({{IPA|nl|ˌɛsɛrˈdeː|lang}}), with "dollar" generally being understood as meaning the [[US dollar]].

==History==
The dollar replaced the [[Surinamese guilder]] on 1 January 2004, with one dollar equal to 1,000 guilders.<ref>{{cite web |title=WET van 31 oktober 2003, houdende de vernoeming en herleiding van bedragen, rechten en verplichtingen in de gulden tot hun nominaal gelijke waarde in de dollar |url=http://www.dna.sr/media/20548/wet_vernoeming_en_herleiding_van_guldensbedragen_tot_dollarbedragen.pdf |website=De Nationale Assemblée van De Republiek Suriname |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128132211/http://www.dna.sr/media/20548/wet_vernoeming_en_herleiding_van_guldensbedragen_tot_dollarbedragen.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2018 |language=nl}}</ref> Initially, only coins were available, with banknotes delayed until mid-February, reportedly due to a problem at the printer, the [[Canadian Bank Note Company]].

The old coins denominated in cents (i.e. {{frac|100}} guilder) were declared to be worth their face value in the new cents, negating the necessity of producing new coins. Thus, for example, an old 25-cent coin, previously worth {{frac|4}} guilder, was now worth {{frac|4}} dollar (equivalent to 250 guilders). The rebasing of coins explicitly did not apply to commemorative coins.

Amendment 121 of [[ISO 4217]] gave the currency the code SRD replacing the Suriname guilder (SRG).

The people of Suriname often refer to their currency as SRD to differentiate it from the US dollar, which is also used to quote prices for electronic goods, household furnishings and appliances, and automobiles.

The value of the Surinamese dollar (SRD) was set by the central bank between 2004 and 2021. As a result, [[black market]] currency exchange thrived. The [[Central Bank of Suriname]] spent much of Suriname's foreign currency reserves supporting the official exchange rates as inflation and other factors caused the real value of the Surinamese dollar to decline against other reserve currencies. In June 2021, the central bank devalued the SRD by 33% and announced the currency would float freely.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eca-international.com/insights/blog/june-2021/surinam-devalues-its-currency-by-50 | title=Surinam devalues its currency by 33% }}</ref> By June 2022, official exchange rates began to reflect the real floating exchange rate.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.xe.com/currencycharts/?from=SRD&to=USD | title=Surinamese Dollar to US Dollar Exchange Rate Chart | Xe }}</ref>

;Historical official exchange rates of one U.S. dollar in Surinamese dollars
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Period
! Exchange rate
|-
| January 2005 - January 2011
| {{center| '''2.70'''}}
|-
| January 2011 - November 2015
| {{center| '''3.25'''}}
|-
| November 2015- April 2016
| {{center| '''4'''}}
|-
| April 2016 - September 2020
| {{center| '''7.38'''}}
|-
| September 2020 - June 2021
| {{center| '''14.15'''}}
|-
| June 2021 - June 2022
| {{center| '''21'''}}
|-
| May 2023
| {{center| '''37'''}}
|-
|May 2024
| '''33.67'''
|-
|January 2025
|'''35.10'''
|}
[[File:SUR002.JPG|thumb|25 cent coin]]

==Coins==
Coins in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, 100 and 250 cents from the previous currency are in circulation.

==Banknotes==
The Surinamese dollar replaced the Surinamese guilder on 1 January 2004, with one dollar equal to 1,000 guilders, prompting the issuance of notes denominated in the new currency. On the notes, the currency is expressed in the singular, as is the Dutch custom. Banknotes come in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 SRD.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Linzmayer | first1 = Owen | title = The Banknote Book | chapter = Suriname | publisher = www.BanknoteNews.com | year = 2012 | location = San Francisco, CA | url = http://www.banknotebook.com}}</ref>

Years of high inflation have greatly reduced the purchasing power of the Surinamese dollar. To ease handling of cash, banknotes of 200 and 500 SRD were announced in August 2023 and introduced by the end of March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=reveena.ramcharan |date=2023-08-17 |title=CBvS kondigt officieel biljetten van SRD 200 en SRD 500 aan |url=https://gov.sr/cbvs-kondigt-officieel-biljetten-van-srd-200-en-srd-500-aan/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Overheid van de Republiek Suriname |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SRD 200 en SRD 500 biljetten al in omloop {{!}} Times of Suriname – grootste landelijk dagblad van Suriname |url=https://www.surinametimes.com/srd-200-en-srd-500-biljetten-al-in-omloop/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.surinametimes.com}}</ref>

{{Exchange Rate|SRD|JPY|USD}}

==See also==
*[[Economy of Suriname]]
*[[Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean]]
*[[Guyanese dollar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Surinamese dollar}}
* [https://www.cbvs.sr/ Central Bank of Suriname]
* [http://ciscoins.net/america/suriname/ensr2010.htm#2012 Coins of Suriname]
* [http://banknoter.com/s/suriname/ Banknotes of Suriname]

{{n-start|title=Surinamese dollar}}
{{n-before|currency=[[Surinamese guilder]]|ratio=1 dollar = 1,000 guilders|reason=inflation}}
{{n-currency|location=[[Suriname]]|start=1 January 2004}}
{{n-after}}
{{end}}

{{dollar}}
{{Suriname topics}}
{{Currencies of the Americas}}
{{Portal bar|Money|Numismatics|Suriname}}

[[Category:Economy of Suriname]]
[[Category:Currencies introduced in 2004]]
[[Category:Currencies of South America]]
[[Category:Currencies of the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Dollar]]
[[Category:Circulating currencies]]

Paper candidate

2025-05-08T14:40:56Z

144.43.250.33: /* References */

{{Short description|Election candidate of a party with little support}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2008}}
{{Elections}}

In a [[representative democracy]], a '''paper candidate''' (also known as a '''no-hope candidate''') is a candidate who stands for a [[political party]] in an [[electoral division]] where the party in question enjoys only low levels of support. Although the candidate has little chance of winning, a major party will normally make an effort to ensure it has its name on the [[ballot]] paper in every [[constituency]]. In two-party systems, a paper candidate may also be known as '''token opposition'''. In Dutch-speaking countries, the last candidate on a [[party list]] is called a ''[[lijstduwer]]'' and is usually a well-known non-politician such as an artist, celebrity or sports person, chosen to attract more votes for the party.

A [[dummy candidate]] is similar to a paper candidate in that both types do not expect to win their race; however, they differ in that a dummy candidate typically has an ulterior motive for being in the race, such as to dishonestly divert votes away from more legitimate candidates or to take advantage of benefits afforded to political candidates. Another related concept is the [[stalking horse]] candidate, a junior or little-known politician who challenges an incumbent to test the support for a more serious challenge from someone else.

== United States ==

Paper candidates may be local party members, or [[Carpetbagging|members from neighbouring areas or from central office]] depending on the laws of the jurisdiction; most U.S. states, for example, require all candidates for state and local office to reside in the district they intend on representing for a certain length of time. The main purpose of fielding paper candidates is to maintain or improve the profile of a political party and, in two-party systems, to provide at least nominal opposition to a seemingly unassailable incumbent. Another potential use for paper candidacy is to allow a candidate who wants off the ballot of another race to do so by running for something else, a race they cannot possibly win (such as [[Rick Lazio]], who lost a Republican primary for [[2010 New York gubernatorial election|New York Governor in 2010]] but still had a third-party ballot line; in order to disqualify himself from the gubernatorial election Lazio was nominated for a judicial seat in the Bronx that was so heavily Democratic that he could not have possibly won if he wanted to, and he did not).<ref>Paybarah, Azi (28 September 2010). [http://www.wnyc.org/story/195556-judge-lazio/ Judge Lazio]. ''WNYC''. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref> The paper candidates themselves typically do little or no campaigning and neither incur nor claim any expenses.

There are circumstances where a paper candidate can win an election, often when the opposing candidate is unexpectedly embroiled in scandal; for example, then-27-year-old American [[Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)|Chris Smith]], who ran as a token opponent to New Jersey congressman [[Frank Thompson]] in 1978 and 1980, won the latter contest after Thompson was embroiled in the [[Abscam]] scandal.<ref name=NYTimes>Gruson, Lindsey (10 August 1991). [https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/10/nyregion/decade-of-rep-smith-fluke-to-tactician.html "Decade of Rep. Smith: Fluke to Tactician"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 10 August 1991. Accessed 28 March 2008. "He switched parties but lost in 1978 as the token opposition to Frank Thompson, a veteran Democrat who was chairman of the House Administration Committee. But he won in 1980, when Mr. Thompson was convicted of bribery and conspiracy in the Abscam scandal and later served two years in prison."</ref> Another example is [[Michael Patrick Flanagan]], a little-known Republican attorney who defeated longtime Democratic incumbent [[Dan Rostenkowski]], the onetime powerful Chair of the [[House Ways and Means Committee]], in a heavily Democratic Chicago-based district after Rostenkowski was indicted on charges of mail fraud. The victory occurred in 1994 as part of a [[Republican Revolution|national Republican wave]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Mary Schmich |date=9 November 2014 |title=20 years later, a talk with Chicago's 'accidental congressman' |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/mary-schmich/ct-michael-flanagan-schmich-met-1109-20141109-column.html}}</ref>

In jurisdictions with strict [[campaign finance]] and spending laws governing elections, it is often a legal necessity to run the maximum number candidates permitted (or close thereto) in order to spend the maximum amount of money otherwise permitted by law. In such cases, parties will run paper candidates, but will usually endeavour to use the extra spending allowance afforded (at least to the extent that it may be permitted in the jurisdiction) to campaign in districts where they have a realistic chance of winning.

In [[Puerto Rico]], every party has to run candidates thus paper candidates can occur when parties form alliances.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/notas/dalmau-cataloga-candidatura-de-medico-a-comisionado-residente-como-un-acto-de-generosidad-y-desprendimiento/|title=Dalmau cataloga candidatura de médico a comisionado residente como "un acto de generosidad y desprendimiento" |lang=es-PR|author= Osman Pérez Méndez|date=2 January 2024|access-date=26 July 2024|work=[[Primera Hora (Puerto Rico)|Primera Hora]]}}</ref>

== United Kingdom ==

In the United Kingdom, major parties often find it difficult to field a full list of candidates for all council seats up for election, especially in the case of councils with "all-up" elections. Parties find it desirable to persuade people to stand as paper candidates so that:

* Supporters have an opportunity to vote for the party
* The total vote obtained across the council and the nation is maximised
* All seats are contested so there is no risk that candidates from other parties can be declared elected unopposed

In Britain, being nominated as a local election candidate simply involves signing some forms, with no deposit required. A paper candidate will often do no campaigning at all and so be able to submit a zero return of election expenses, simplifying the paperwork for the election agent. Paper candidates are commonly fielded in different locations by all the major parties in both local and national elections.

Some paper candidates stand in order to help their party but do not wish to be elected to the post in question. In fact, some paper candidates only agree to stand after receiving assurances that there is no "risk" of them getting elected. Following the [[Scottish National Party]]'s landslide in Scotland in the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]], when they went from 6 to 56 seats (out of 59 Scottish seats), it was reported that some candidates were so surprised at winning they considered resigning immediately after the election.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Leask|first1=David|title=Accidental MPs? Labour's Brian Donohoe says some SNP candidates nearly quit when they were elected by surprise|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14183215.Accidental_MPs__Labour_s_Brian_Donohoe_says_some_SNP_candidates_nearly_quit_when_they_were_elected_by_surprise/|accessdate=7 January 2016|work=Glasgow Herald|date=6 January 2016}}</ref> In the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]], some Conservative candidates were selected just weeks prior to the election and won seats in the Labour "[[Red wall (British politics)|red wall]]" in northern England and Wales, which were previously considered unwinnable by the party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/i-want-people-to-know-im-a-tory-and-im-ok-j2zc2xtxx|title=I want people to know I'm a Tory and I'm OK|first=Virginia|last=Crosbie|date=12 June 2023 |via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref> After joining [[Reform UK]] in 2024, [[James McMurdock]] won [[South Basildon and East Thurrock]] in [[2024 United Kingdom general election|that year's general election]] after the party—without enough people to run for available seats—asked him to serve as a paper candidate.<ref name="bird20240706">{{Cite news |last=Bird |first=Steve |date=2024-07-06 |title=James McMurdock – the new Reform MP who only joined the party in May |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2024/07/06/james-mcmurdock-new-reform-mp/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

In [[Belfast North (UK Parliament constituency)|Belfast North]] at the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 election]], the [[Social Democratic and Labour Party]] (SDLP) were criticised for standing Martin McAuley as a "paper candidate" — a deliberately weak candidate, a 26-year-old with little experience, on the assumption that [[Irish nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Irish Catholic|Catholic]] voters would instead vote for [[Sinn Féin]], instead of the [[unionism in Ireland|unionist]] candidate [[Nigel Dodds]] ([[Democratic Unionist Party|DUP]]). McAuley rejected the label of "paper candidate".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishnews.com/news/2017/05/12/news/martin-mcauley-rubbishes-paper-candidate-claim-1024040/|title=Martin McAuley rubbishes 'paper candidate' claim|first=John|last=Manley|date=12 May 2017|website=The Irish News}}</ref> Dodds narrowly won the election. In [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019]], the SDLP did not field a candidate in Belfast North and Sinn Féin won the seat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/newton-emerson-tribal-solidarity-trumps-all-in-north-belfast-1.4074444|title=Newton Emerson: Tribal solidarity trumps all in North Belfast|first=Newton|last=Emerson|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2017/north-belfast-sdlp-denies-giving-sinn-feins-finucane-free-run-im-no-paper-candidate-says-mcauley-35702539.html|title=North Belfast: SDLP denies giving Sinn Fein's Finucane free run - I'm no paper candidate, says McAuley|newspaper=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk |date=11 May 2017 |via=www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk}}</ref> The SDLP were also accused of standing a "paper candidate," Mary Garrity, in [[Fermanagh and South Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency)|Fermanagh and South Tyrone]] in 2017, in order to help Sinn Féin win the seat from the UUP.<ref name="auto"/>

==Ireland==

In [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], the [[single transferable vote]] system is used, so paper candidates are less common and more seats are up for grabs. However, there have been cases of unexpected surges for certain parties (such as [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour]] in [[1992 Irish general election|1992]] and [[Sinn Féin]] in [[2020 Irish general election|2020]]) that led to many paper candidates being unexpectedly elected. This was epitomised in 1992 with [[Moosajee Bhamjee]], Ireland's first Indian and first Muslim TD, who only stood in [[Clare (Dáil constituency)|Clare]] because no one else in the local Labour party wanted to.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie//archives/exhibitions/688-elections/699-general-election-1992/287952-election-1992/|title=The Indian from Clare|website=RTÉ Archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-newsmakers-where-are-they-now-1.631407|title=The newsmakers: Where are they now|first=Michael|last=O'Regan|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/first-indian-to-sit-among-dail-cowboys-1.41298|title=First Indian to sit among Dail cowboys|first=Maol Muire|last=Tynan|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> In 2020, many inexperienced Sinn Féin candidates won, such as [[Claire Kerrane]] ([[Roscommon–Galway (Dáil constituency)|Roscommon–Galway]]) and [[Violet-Anne Wynne]] ([[Clare (Dáil constituency)|Clare]]), both of whom had never held an elected office before and were the first Sinn Féin TDs in those counties since the 1920s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/claire-kerrane-set-to-make-history-as-first-sf-td-in-roscommon-galway-for-over-100-years-980643.html|title=Claire Kerrane set to make history as first SF TD in Roscommon-Galway for over 100 years|date=9 February 2020|website=www.irishexaminer.com}}</ref> On the other hand, the success of the [[Social Democrats (Ireland)|Social Democrats]] in the 2020 election was attributed to their lack of paper candidates: they fielded candidates in just 20 out of 39 constituencies and won 6 TDs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/social-democrats-election-result-cork-holly-leader-5006160-Feb2020/|title='No paper candidates': How the Social Democrats' GE2020 strategy reaped electoral success|first=Dominic|last=McGrath|website=TheJournal.ie|date=16 February 2020 }}</ref>

== Canada ==

In [[Canada]], paper candidates may exist at both the [[Elections in Canada#National elections|federal]] and [[Elections in Canada#Provincial and territorial|provincial / territorial]] levels, while the term does not apply in municipal elections as official parties do not exist at the city council level. As in Great Britain, they most commonly exist to allow the main political parties to field candidates in as many constituencies as possible. From 2004 to 2011, parties at the federal level had a financial incentive to draw as many votes as possible due to a [[Federal political financing in Canada#Per-vote subsidy|per-vote subsidy]], paid to all parties with at least 2% of the total popular vote regardless of the number of seats actually won.<ref name="Per-vote subsidy but a fraction of taxpayer support for political parties">{{cite news |url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/per-vote-subsidy-but-a-fraction-of-taxpayer-support-for-political-parties/article1880294/ |title=Per-vote subsidy but a fraction of taxpayer support for political parties |first=Éric|last=Grenier |work=The Globe and Mail |date=23 January 2011 |accessdate=27 April 2011}}</ref> This payment, enacted under a [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government, was fully eliminated in 2015 under a [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] government.

Nevertheless, even without per-vote subsidies, parties have other strong incentives to maximize their overall popular vote. In particular, even though winning the popular vote in itself conveys no special rights or privileges in the Canadian electoral system, there have been multiple instances (especially at the provincial level) where a party that has won the popular vote but ''not'' a plurality of seats has attempted to claim a [[Mandate (politics)|mandate]] to govern, often using its popular vote victory to justify such claims. Political parties therefore have an incentive to ensure at all costs that the entire electorate can at least vote for them.

Paper candidates are sometimes used if the party is not seriously contesting the election but must run candidates so it can either get registered or stay registered for some other purpose. In such cases, paper candidates will usually run in districts where ideologically like-minded parties are seen to have little chance of winning to minimize the risk of any nominal support they might receive proving to be [[Vote splitting#Spoiler effect and center-squeeze effect|the decisive margin]] in a close local election under Canada's [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] electoral system.

An example of this scenario in action was found in [[Saskatchewan]], where the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan|Progressive Conservative Party]] withdrew from public presence in the late 1990s but continued to run at least ten candidates, all in urban ridings where the then-governing [[Saskatchewan New Democratic Party]] was dominant at the time, in the province's general elections until the relevant law was amended so as to keep its registration with [[Elections Saskatchewan]], largely to avoid losing control of what at the time was believed to be a substantial amount of money. (Most of the PCs' former politicians and grassroots members formed or joined the [[Saskatchewan Party]].) The Progressive Conservative Party has since attempted to "revive" itself and no longer considers its nominees to be paper candidates. However, they have only achieved modest levels of support with candidates affiliated with the national Conservative Party typically running under the banner of the Progressive Conservative Party in provincial elections.

In neighbouring [[Alberta]], the [[United Conservative Party]] formed from a "merger" of the [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta|Progressive Conservative]] and [[Wildrose Party|Wildrose]] parties. However, as Albertan electoral law did not permit the parties to merge officially, both parties continue to exist on paper under the UCP leadership team. Albertan electoral law only requires a party to nominate one candidate to maintain its registration, so in the [[2019 Alberta general election|2019 provincial election]], each party ran one candidate in [[Edmonton-Strathcona (provincial electoral district)|Edmonton-Strathcona]], the riding represented by the incumbent [[Alberta New Democratic Party|New Democratic]] [[Premier of Alberta|premier]], [[Rachel Notley]], which is widely seen to be the NDP's safest seat. The PC candidate polled enough votes to finish in fourth place, ahead of candidates for parties running "serious" campaigns such as the [[Alberta Liberal Party]].

Paper candidates in [[Quebec]] ("poteau" in [[Canadian French]], suggesting that the candidate will only be seen on [[utility pole]]s), particularly of the name-on-ballot variety, can sometimes provide unwanted attention for the candidate's party, particularly if they become viable prospects for elections. For example, in the [[2011 Canadian federal election|2011 federal election]], a sudden increase in opinion-poll support, particularly in Quebec, for the [[New Democratic Party]], which historically had a minimal presence in that province, led to greater scrutiny of some of that party's lower-profile Quebec candidates. One such candidate, [[Ruth Ellen Brosseau]], was working as a bartender hundreds of kilometres away from the riding of [[Berthier—Maskinongé]] where she was on the ballot. She won even though she had never been in her riding, claimed no expenses for her campaign, and spoke its dominant language (Canadian French) poorly.<ref>{{cite news| title= Ruth Ellen Brosseau: de "poteau" à députée| url= http://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/elections-federales/201105/04/01-4395914-ruth-ellen-brosseau-de-poteau-a-deputee.php| language= French | date= 4 May 2011| work=La Presse| accessdate=8 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title= Las Vegas-vacationing anglophone Quebec MP gets spoofed on Facebook page| url= http://ca.news.yahoo.com/blogs/dailybrew/las-vegas-vacationing-anglophone-quebec-mp-gets-spoofed-150019419.html |date=4 May 2011| work= Daily Brew (blog) |first=Marc|last= Weisblott | publisher= Yahoo! News| accessdate=8 May 2012| quote=But, in fact, they were a reference to Brosseau being a "poteau," or post, a Quebecois term for candidates who are on the ballot to represent a party with no expectation of victory.}}</ref> However, Brosseau successfully shook off the label by the time of the [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015 election]], having become recognized as a hard-working MP who had built a significant base of popularity in her district.<ref>Graeme Hamilton, [http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-politics/ndp-mp-elected-in-2011-without-any-campaigning-now-popular-in-her-adopted-quebec-riding "NDP MP, elected in 2011 without any campaigning, now popular in her adopted Quebec riding"]. ''[[National Post]]'', 17 August 2015.</ref> She was narrowly defeated in the [[2019 Canadian federal election|2019]] and [[2021 Canadian federal election|2021]] elections.

The federal [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]] also had several paper candidates who won election in the party's historic [[landslide victory]] in the [[1984 Canadian federal election|1984 election]], such as [[Thomas Suluk]] in [[Nunavut (electoral district)|Nunatsiaq]].

An extreme version of a paper candidate is a "Name on Ballot", often referred to by the acronym "NoB". Many NoBs (Names on Ballot) will only place campaign signs, and some do not even campaign at all. In most cases, the only requirement is that the candidate show up at the returning officer's headquarters for a few moments to take an oath and pay the required [[Deposit (politics)|nomination deposit]]. In a more extreme example, in Alberta, candidates do not need to show up to talk to a [[returning officer]], as long as someone on behalf of the party drops off the required paperwork and funds. Many smaller parties, such as the [[New Democratic Party of Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island New Democrats]], will field most of their candidates in any given election as NoBs. The term is often worn as a badge of pride in one's loyalty to the party. [[Prince Edward Island|PEI]] New Democrat, Dr. Bob Perry, who has been a NoB many times in the past, often calls himself "Dr. NoB" at election time.

==See also==
* [[Dummy candidate]]
* [[Lijstduwer]]
* [[Perennial candidate]]
* [[Stalking horse]]
* [[Star candidate]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==External links==
*{{Wiktionary inline}}

[[Category:Political metaphors referring to people]]
[[Category:Political terminology in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Elections]]
[[Category:Elections terminology]]

Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line

2025-03-08T23:15:35Z

144.43.250.33: /* History */

{{Short description|High-speed rail line in Germany}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line
| native_name = Neubaustrecke Köln-Rhein/Main
| native_name_lang = de
| image = SFS Koeln-Frankfurt.png
| image_width = 200px
| status = Operational
| locale = [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] and [[Hesse]], Germany
| routenumber = 472
| linenumber = *2651 {{small|Köln-Deutz (h)–Köln Steinstr}}
*2660 {{small|Köln-Deutz (t)–Köln Gummersbacher Str}}
*2690 {{small|Köln Steinstr–Frankfurt (Main) Stadion}}
*3509 {{small|Breckenheim–Wiesbaden-Kinzenberg}}
*3656 {{small|Frankfurt (Main) Flughfn–Zeppelinheim}}
| yearcompleted = 2002
| stock = [[ICE 3]], [[ICE 4 (Deutsche Bahn)|ICE 4]]
| linelength_km = 180
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| electrification = [[15 kV AC railway electrification|15 kV/16.7 Hz]] [[Alternating Current|AC]] [[Overhead catenary]]
| maxincline = 4%
| minradius = {{Convert|3320|m|yd|abbr=on}}
| speed = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
|'''Majority:'''
|{{Convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
|'''Parts of the line:'''
|{{Convert|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}
}}
| signalling = [[Linienzugbeeinflussung|LZB]] (current), [[European Train Control System|ETCS Level 2]] (from 2028)<ref>{{cite web |title=Cologne-Rhine/Main high-speed line |url=https://digitale-schiene-deutschland.de/en/projects/Starter_package_Cologne–Rhine_Main_high-speed_line |website=Digitale Schiene Deutschland |publisher=Deutsche Bahn AG |access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>
| tracks = 2
| map = {{Cologne–Frankfurt HSR}}
| map_state =
}}

The '''Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line''' ({{langx|de|Schnellfahrstrecke Köln–Rhein/Main}}) is a {{convert|180|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|sigfig=2}} [[High-speed rail in Germany|high-speed line in Germany]], connecting the cities of [[Cologne]] and [[Frankfurt]]. Its route follows the [[Bundesautobahn 3]] for the greater part, and currently the travel time is about 62 minutes. The line's [[Grade (slope)|grades]] of up to four percent require trains with a high [[power-to-weight ratio]] which is currently only met by [[ICE 3|third-generation]] and [[ICE 4 (Deutsche Bahn)|fourth-generation]] [[Intercity-Express]] trains, with the latter operating at reduced speeds. It was constructed between 1995 and 2002 at a total cost of six billion [[euro]] according to [[Deutsche Bahn]].

== Operational use ==
The line starts in [[Cologne]] at the ''Abzweig Köln-Steinstrasse'' in the Cologne borough of [[Köln-Porz|Porz]]. Whilst the connection loop to [[Cologne-Bonn Airport]], the [[Cologne Airport loop]], is technically not a part of the [[High-speed rail|high-speed line]], it was built as a part of the general refurbishments in the Cologne area due to the line, and hence is generally regarded as part of the project. The line has four stations, [[Siegburg/Bonn station|Siegburg/Bonn]], [[Montabaur station|Montabaur]], [[Limburg Süd station|Limburg Süd]] and [[Frankfurt Airport Long-distance Train Station|Frankfurt Airport]].
The line is equipped for speeds up to {{Convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}} between Siegburg and Frankfurt, closely following the [[Bundesautobahn 3|A3 autobahn]].

== History ==
[[File:Kölner Hauptbahnhof - Hohenzollernbrücke - Musical Dome.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Köln Hauptbahnhof]]]]
[[File:Sechsgleisig bei Porz mit ICE.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Six track section near [[Porz]]]]
[[File:Wiedtalbrücke.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Wied viaduct]]
[[File:DSCI0058 Flughafen Frankfurt Squaire.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[ICE 3]] departing westward from [[Frankfurt Airport long-distance station]] underneath [[The Squaire]]]]

The former [[Deutsche Bundesbahn]] (DB) began planning for a network of high-speed lines for both passenger and freight trains in the 1960s. The 1973 federal transport plan included a high-speed line between Cologne and [[Groß-Gerau]] (near Frankfurt), as well as between [[Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line|Hanover and Würzburg]] and between [[Mannheim-Stuttgart high-speed rail line|Mannheim and Stuttgart]]. This plan envisaged that mixed traffic would require:
*maximum grade of 1.25% (occasionally 2.0%)
*curves with small [[Cant (road/rail)|superelevation]] and minimum radii of {{convert|4.8|to|7.0|km}}
*maximum line speed of {{Convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
These specifications would be difficult to achieve either near the traditional [[West Rhine Railway|Rhine valley route]], which follows an entrenched [[meander]], or along DB's preferred route next to the A3, which has long and steep climbs and descents. The second federal transport plan in 1985 (which was drawn up when the [[LGV Sud-Est|first TGV line]] had been operating for four years) included a passenger train-only railway, which meant that much steeper grades would be acceptable. The technical standards adopted were:
*maximum grade : 4.0%
*minimum radius : {{convert|3.35|km}}
*maximum speed : {{Convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}}

DB negotiated with the [[States of Germany|states]] of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] and [[Hesse]] over the route. Each state had objections to the bypassing of the cities on the Rhine, particularly [[Bonn]], [[Andernach]], [[Koblenz]], [[Mainz]] and [[Wiesbaden]] and four other routes were examined that passed through some of these. No agreement was reached and the [[Cabinet of Germany|Federal Cabinet]] agreed on 20 December 1989 to a recommendation of the Transport Minister to adopt the A3 route and, among other things, to include a station at [[Limburg an der Lahn|Limburg]].<ref name=mr>{{cite journal |last=Gough |first=John |title=Neubaustrecke Köln–Rhein/Main |journal=[[Modern Railways]] |volume=60 |issue=653 |pages=33–47 |publisher=[[Ian Allan Publishing|Ian Allan]] |date=February 2003}}</ref>

DB then consulted with the states and community groups over the details of the route. In North Rhine-Westphalia there was considerable debate over the location of the station to serve the Bonn area and on how to serve the [[Cologne/Bonn Airport station|Cologne-Bonn Airport]]. DB decided that the station would be built at [[Siegburg]] and that a separate, double line would connect Cologne and the high-speed line to the south with Cologne-Bonn airport for the [[Rhein-Ruhr S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] and ICE traffic. In Rhineland-Palatinate, DB decided that a station would be built north of [[Montabaur]] only {{convert|21|km}} north of Limburg Sud, partly to serve Koblenz via the [[Bundesautobahn 48|A48]], and to reroute a local railway through it.

In Hesse, DB decided to build the Limburg station south of the town at its current location on cost grounds, even though this prevented a connection to the [[Lahntalbahn|Lahn valley line]], which would have provided a connection to Koblenz and [[Gießen]]. Options for connections to [[Wiesbaden Hauptbahnhof|Wiesbaden]] were examined in detail, including routing the line through its eastern outskirts. DB eventually agreed to a double-line spur to Wiesbaden along the [[Bundesautobahn 66|A66]]. Options for connections to Frankfurt Airport, the line to [[Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof]] and to the [[Mannheim–Frankfurt railway|Riedbahn]] (the line to [[Mannheim Hauptbahnhof|Mannheim]]). It was decided that routing the line into the existing Frankfurt Airport station (now known as the [[Frankfurt Airport Regional Train Station|regional train station]]) with two {{convert|400|m|yd|adj=mid|-long}} tracks and a {{convert|200|m|yd|adj=mid|-long}} track would not be adequate, even if expanded to four or five tracks. DB decided that a separate station across the A3 from the old station would be required and that the line would go on to connect to the Riedbahn both northbound (towards Frankfurt) and southbound (towards Mannheim). 

=== Planning ===

Although the route as set out above was adopted under the federal railway development law on 15 November 1993, the last legal challenge to the project was not resolved until September 1998.<ref>''Ein Jahrzehnt für 58 Minuten'' in ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'' of 12 July 2001 {{in lang|de}}</ref> In the meantime DB decided to reduce the minimum radius of curves to {{convert|3.320|km|sigfig=}} and increased the maximum super-elevation of the track to {{convert|180|mm|frac=16}} (to follow the A3 more closely), reduced the spacing between tracks from {{convert|4.70|to|4.50|m|ftin}} (to save space) and increased the area of tunnel cross-sections from {{convert|82|to|92|m2}} (to allow higher speeds for converging trains). The route as finally designed was intended to allow trains to cover the distance between Cologne and Frankfurt in 58 minutes,<ref>''Letzte Gleise der neuen ICE-Strecke verlegt'' in ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'' of 11 July 2001 {{in lang|de}}</ref> although the fastest time in 2023 is 66 minutes served by an [[ICE Sprinter]] service,<ref>Based on winter timetable 2022/23</ref> and only supposed to be reduced to 64 minutes by the [[Deutschlandtakt]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Datenbanksuche - Datenbank Fernverkehr |trans-title=Database search - database intercity transport |url=https://www.fernbahn.de/datenbank/suche/?fahrplan_jahr=9999&zug_bereich=&zug_gattung2%5B%5D=F&zug_gattung=&zug_nummer=&zug_linie=&zug_name=&laufplan_tfz=&ice_typ=&wagengattung=&wagengattung_suche=AND&bahnhof_name=K%C3%B6ln+Hbf&bahnhof_richtung=Frankfurt%28M%29Hbf&bahnhof_richtung2_modus=1&bahnhof_richtung2=&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=1&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=2&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=3&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=4&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=5&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=6&fahrplan_tage%5B%5D=7&reiseplan%5B%5D=1&reiseplan%5B%5D=2&fv_suche_detail=1#fv_suche_detail |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=fernbahn.de |language=de}}</ref>

=== Construction ===

The construction of the route began on 13 December 1995 with the turning of the first sod at the [[Frankfurter Kreuz]] autobahn junction and the last dispute over the route was settled in May 1997. On 13 May Federal Minister of Transport Matthias Wissmann in Siegburg turned the first sod in North Rhine-Westphalia.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Realisierung der Neubaustrecke kommt voran |journal=Eisenbahntechnische Rundschau |issue=46 |pages=313 |date=June 1997 |language=de}}</ref> The last section to commence construction was the Schloss-Röttgen tunnel on the Cologne-Bonn airport loop, which was required in the settlement of a law case: work on it commenced in December 2000. The first section completed was the new Frankfurt airport station, which went into operation on 30 May 1999.

The opening of the whole route, which had originally been planned for 1999, took place after numerous court challenges and geological problems, at the end of July 2002.<ref name="2001-07-12">{{cite news |title=Ein Jahrzehnt für 58 Minuten |language=de |publisher=Frankfurter lgemeine Zeitung |date=12 July 2001}}</ref> The last tracks of the route in the Schulwald tunnel were installed on 10 July 2001.<ref name="2001-07-12"/> In the same month the first trips with diesel locomotives were run to adjust the height of the overhead electric lines on the southern section. On 22 October 2001 for the first time an ICE 3 ran on the line, on a {{convert|37|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} section between Frankfurt airport and [[Idstein]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ICE startet zur Jungfernfahrt Richtung Köln |language=de |publisher =Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |date=23 October 2001}}</ref>

During construction, traffic on the neighbouring A3 was significantly affected and up to 48 building sites with a reduced maximum speed of {{convert|100|km/h|round=10|abbr=on}} were operating simultaneously on the autobahn. Up to 15,000 people were employed on the construction of the railway line. {{convert|7.5|e6m3|e6yd3|abbr=unit}} of earth was removed during the tunnel construction and approximately {{convert|3|e6m3|e6yd3|abbr=unit}} of concrete were poured. 1,400 miners were hired and 13 people died in accidents during construction of the tunnels.<ref name="2001-07-12"/>

=== Opening and start-up ===

The symbolic opening of the line took place on 25 July 2002 with a special train carrying approximately 700 honoured guests. On 1 August 2002, the first passenger services commenced, originally with a two-hourly service and later with an hourly service. In December 2002, the full service commenced, integration into the European timetable,<ref name=mr/> although there were many disruptions to services in the first few months due to technical failures.

On 13 June 2004 the [[Cologne Bonn Airport]] loop was put into service. At the end of September 2004 the [[Siegburg/Bonn station]] was finally completed.

==Route==

In Cologne ICE trains follow three paths to reach the high-speed line:
*from the north ([[Düsseldorf]] or [[Wuppertal]]), running via the low level of [[Köln Messe/Deutz station|Cologne Messe/Deutz railway station]] (tracks 11 and 12)
*from the west ([[Aachen]]) through Cologne main station and over the [[Hohenzollern Bridge]] or from the north to the main station and then reversing to re-cross the Hohenzollern Bridge
*from the north over the Hohenzollern Bridge to the main station and continuing around the [[Cologne freight bypass railway|western bypass]] of central Cologne and over the [[South Bridge (Cologne)|Cologne south bridge]]
The first two routes allow trains to run via Cologne–Bonn airport loop line, rejoining the main route at [[Porz-Wahn station|Cologne-Porz-Wahn]].

The high-speed line's dedicated track begins in [[Porz-Wahn station|Cologne-Porz]] and is located between the [[Sieg Railway]] and the line from Gremberg yard and the Cologne south bridge, which, in effect, becomes the [[East Rhine Railway|Right Rhine line]] when it separates at Troisdorf. Between Porz and Troisdorf there are six parallel lines and the speed limit on the HSL is {{convert|200|km/h|round=5|abbr=on}}. At Troisdorf the HSL runs through a {{convert|627|m|yd|adj=on}} tunnel under connecting lines that allow passenger trains running on the Sieg line to transfer to the Right Rhine line and freight trains on the freight lines to transfer to the Sieg line (and vice versa for northbound trains).

In Troisdorf the Right Rhine line leaves the high-speed line and runs through [[Bonn-Beuel station|Bonn-Beuel]] towards Koblenz. The HSL follows the Siegstrecke to the rebuilt Siegburg/Bonn station and then heads south to run through the Siegauen Tunnel under the [[Sieg River|Sieg]]. At that very point it joins the A3, which it parallels south bound towards [[Frankfurt Airport]]. Between the Siegauen Tunnel and the [[Mainbrücke Eddersheim|Main Bridge]] (near Frankfurt) the speed limit is {{Convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}} and from there to the airport station trains run at {{convert|160|to|220|km/h|round=10|abbr=on}}.

In the Wiesbaden suburb of Breckenheim [[Breckenheim–Wiesbaden railway|a double line]] connects to [[Wiesbaden]], partly next to the [[Bundesautobahn 66|A66]] and then next to the [[Ländches Railway]]. Trains run into the Wiesbaden terminal station and can then reverse out to go to Mainz and Mannheim. The {{convert|13.2|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Wiesbaden branch has a maximum speed of about {{convert|160|km/h|round=10|abbr=on}}.

===Construction on the approach to Cologne===
{{update|2008 is over|date=December 2015}}

Work is being carried out to create separate tracks for the high-speed line through the heavily used [[Cologne]] rail junction from its provisional connection to the conventional line at Köln Steinstraße, where trains are limited to {{convert|130|km/h|round=10|abbr=on}} through the [[railroad switch|points]]. The line is being extended to Cologne-Mülheim station through Cologne Messe/Deutz railway station (low level). This work was intended to be part of the original high-speed line project, but was dropped to reduce costs. When completed in 2008 this work will reduce the time between Frankfurt and Düsseldorf by 10 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Siedenbiedel |first=Christian |title=Mehr ICE-Züge nach Köln |publisher=FAZ.net |date=31 August 2006 |url=https://www.faz.net/s/Rub8D05117E1AC946F5BB438374CCC294CC/Doc~EF9877139968042E381CD7AF378487908~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html |access-date=2007-06-09 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[High-speed rail in Germany]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Frankfurt–Cologne high-speed rail line|Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line}}
* [http://atkon.vo.llnwd.net/o10/btvo/podcast/20070611_FrankfurtMainKoeln.m4v Official Video]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – showing an entire journey from Frankfurt to Cologne in one continuous shot from the rear of the train, 388 MiB)

{{NBS K-F}}
{{High-speed railway lines}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line}}
[[Category:High-speed railway lines in Germany]]
[[Category:Railway lines in North Rhine-Westphalia]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Rhineland-Palatinate]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Hesse]]
[[Category:Transport in Cologne]]
[[Category:Transport in Frankfurt]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Groß-Gerau (district)]]
[[Category:15 kV AC railway electrification]]

Feast of Christ the King

2025-02-13T13:17:13Z

144.43.250.33:

{{Short description|Christian feast at the end of the liturgical year}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Solemnity of Our Lord Jesus Christ, King of the Universe
| type = Christian
| image = Jan van Eyck - The Ghent Altarpiece - God Almighty - WGA07630.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Painting of [[Christ in Majesty]] from the ''[[Ghent Altarpiece]]'' by [[Hubert van Eyck|Hubert]] and [[Jan van Eyck]] (AD 1427)
| official_name =
| nickname =
| observedby = [[Catholic Church]] [[Lutheranism]] [[Anglican Communion]]<ref>[https://archbishop.anglicanchurchsa.org/2011/11/feast-of-christ-king.html ''The Feast of Christ the King'', Archbishop Thabo Makgoba, anglicanchaurchsa, 21 November 2011]</ref> [[Methodist]] churches [[Moravian Church]] [[Church of the Nazarene]] [[Reformed tradition|Reformed]] churches [[Western Rite Orthodoxy]]<ref>29 October, Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate. https://www.orthodoxwest.com/kalendar</ref> Other Christian denominations
| litcolor = White
| longtype =
| significance =
| begins =
| ends =
| frequency =
| firsttime = 31 October 1926
| date = Last Sunday of the liturgical year; from 20–26 November, inclusive (in Ordinary Form),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/when-is-the-feast-of-christ-the-king-541624 |title=When Is the Feast of Christ the King? |date=July 29, 2018 |first=Scott P. |last=Richert |website=Learn Religions |access-date=2020-10-18 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> or final Sunday of October (in Extraordinary Form)
| date{{LASTYEAR}} = {{ubl|{{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{LASTYEAR}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}} (ordinary form)|{{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{LASTYEAR}}|November|1|Sunday}}}} (extraordinary form)}}
| date{{CURRENTYEAR}} = {{ubl|{{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}} (ordinary form)|{{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|November|1|Sunday}}}} (extraordinary form)}}
| date{{NEXTYEAR}} = {{ubl|{{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}} (ordinary form)|{{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR}}|November|1|Sunday}}}} (extraordinary form)}}
| date{{#time:Y|+2 years}} = {{ubl|{{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{#time:Y|+2 years}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}} (ordinary form)|{{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{#time:Y|+2 years}}|November|1|Sunday}}}} (extraordinary form) }}
| celebrations =
| observances = [[Church service]]s [[Eucharistic adoration]] for a full day
| relatedto =
}}

The '''Solemnity of Our Lord Jesus Christ, King of the Universe''', commonly referred to as the '''Feast of Christ the King''', '''Christ the King Sunday''' or '''Reign of Christ Sunday''',<ref name="Moravian2012"/> is a feast in the [[liturgical year]] which emphasises the true [[Christ the King|kingship of Christ]]. The feast is a relatively recent addition to the liturgical calendar, instituted in 1925 by [[Pope Pius XI]] for the [[Roman Rite]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. In 1970, its Roman Rite observance was moved from October to the last Sunday of [[Ordinary Time]] and thus to the end of the liturgical year. The earliest date on which the Feast of Christ the King can occur is 20 November and the latest is 26 November. It typically marks the end of Ordinary Time, which continues up until [[Advent Sunday]], the first day of [[Advent]]. Depending on the year, [[Saint Andrew's Day]], significant in some cultures, may fall prior to Advent Sunday. Thus, Christ the King is typically the last or second-to-last calendrical feast of the liturgical year.

[[File:Christ the King Antipolo Cathedral 2023-11-26.jpg|thumb|An image of Christ the King at the [[Antipolo Cathedral]], Philippines]]
The [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]], [[Anglicanism|Anglican]], [[Moravian Church|Moravian]], [[Methodism|Methodist]], [[Church of the Nazarene|Nazarene]], [[Reformed tradition|Reformed]] and [[United Protestant]] churches also celebrate the Feast of Christ the King, which is contained in the [[Revised Common Lectionary]];<ref>''Revised Common Lectionary Daily Readings'' Proposed by the Consultation on Common Texts, Augsburg Fortress, 2005, pp. 304–305, {{ISBN|0806649305}}</ref> the [[Methodist]], [[Anglican]] and [[Presbyterian]] Churches often observe this as part of the liturgical season of [[Kingdomtide]], which runs between the Fourth Sunday before [[Advent]] and the Feast of Christ the King. It is also observed on the same computed date as the final Sunday of the ecclesiastical year, the Sunday before the First Sunday of Advent, by [[Western Rite Orthodox|Western Rite]] parishes of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]].<ref>[http://rwrv.org/files/FraternityJulianCalendar-2012.pdf Fraternity of St. Gregory the Great calendar]</ref> Roman Catholics adhering to the [[Tridentine Mass|Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite]] use the [[General Roman Calendar of 1960]] and continue to observe the [[Solemnity]] on the date established in 1925, the final Sunday of October.

==Origin in patristics==
{{Further|Christ in Majesty}}
According to [[Cyril of Alexandria]], Christ "has dominion over all creatures, a dominion not seized by violence nor usurped, but his by essence and by nature. His kingship is founded upon the [[hypostatic union]]. From this it follows not only that Christ is to be adored by angels and men, but that to him as man angels and men are subject, and must recognize his empire; by reason of the hypostatic union Christ has power over all creatures."<ref name=quas>[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_11121925_quas-primas_en.html Pope Pius XI, ''Quas primas'', Nr. 7, Libreria Editrice Vaticana]</ref>

The Feast of Christ the King has an [[eschatology|eschatological]] dimension, pointing to the end of time when the kingdom of Jesus will be established in all its fullness to the ends of the earth.

==Observance==
=== Roman Catholic Church ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:2em; text-align:center;"
|-
|+Dates for the Feast of Christ the King, {{LASTYEAR|5}}–{{NEXTYEAR|5}}
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| [[Ordinary Form]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usccb.org/about/divine-worship/liturgical-calendar/ |title=Liturgical Calendar for the Dioceses of the United States of America |year=2014 |publisher=[[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] |access-date=2012-02-21 |archive-date=2016-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207053126/http://www.usccb.org/about/divine-worship/liturgical-calendar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! scope="col"| [[Extraordinary Form]] ([[General Roman Calendar of 1960|1960 calendar]])<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.lms.org.uk/find-a-mass/liturgical_calendar_2015 |title=Liturgical Calendar 2015 |year = 2015 |publisher=[[The Latin Mass Society of England and Wales]] |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150204144259/http://www.lms.org.uk/find-a-mass/liturgical_calendar_2015 |archive-date=2015-02-04 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{LASTYEAR|5}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{LASTYEAR|5}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{LASTYEAR|5}}|November|1|Sunday}}}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{LASTYEAR|4}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{LASTYEAR|4}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{LASTYEAR|4}}|November|1|Sunday}}}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{LASTYEAR|3}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{LASTYEAR|3}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{LASTYEAR|3}}|November|1|Sunday}}}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{LASTYEAR|2}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{LASTYEAR|2}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{LASTYEAR|2}}|November|1|Sunday}}}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{LASTYEAR}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{LASTYEAR}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{LASTYEAR}}|November|1|Sunday}}}}
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:gold" | {{CURRENTYEAR}}
| scope="row" style="background-color:gold" | {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}}
| scope="row" style="background-color:gold" | {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|November|1|Sunday}}}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{NEXTYEAR}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR}}|November|1|Sunday}}}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{NEXTYEAR|2}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR|2}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR|2}}|November|1|Sunday}}}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{NEXTYEAR|3}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR|3}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR|3}}|November|1|Sunday}}}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{NEXTYEAR|4}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR|4}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR|4}}|November|1|Sunday}}}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{NEXTYEAR|5}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR|5}}|December|25|Sunday}}-28 days}}
| {{#time: d F| {{Weekday before date|{{NEXTYEAR|5}}|November|1|Sunday}}}}
|}
[[Pope Pius XI]] instituted the Feast of Christ the King in his [[Encyclical#Catholic usage|encyclical]] ''[[Quas primas]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_11121925_quas-primas.html|title=Quas primas|author=Pope Pius XI|date=11 December 1925|access-date = 3 November 2021 | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}}</ref> of 1925, in response to growing secularism and secular ultra-nationalism, and in the context of the unresolved [[Roman Question]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kershaw|first=Ian|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/952022143|title=To Hell and Back: Europe, 1914-1949|date=2016|isbn=978-0-14-198043-0|location=New York|oclc=952022143}}</ref>

In November 1926, Pope Pius XI gave his direct assent for the priest of a promising young parish in [[Mount Lookout, Cincinnati]], to establish the first church dedicated to Christ under the title of King. In May 1927, a purpose-built sanctuary was consecrated. 1956 saw the construction of the current church, led by the architect [[Edward J. Schulte]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ourlordchristtheking.org/about-us/history/|title=History|last=Our Lord, Christ the King (Cincinnati, Ohio)|date=July 19, 2021|website=OurLordChristTheKing.org}}</ref> The campus is an unapologetic love letter to its royal namesake, featuring a towering [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] mosaic of Christ, crowned and robed, above the high altar where Catholic practice usually expects a crucifix (most Protestant institutions simply employ symbolic crosses). This instance illustrates a marked change of tone that arose as a product of the Vatican's endorsement of this feast and the associated devotional.

The title of the feast was ''Domini Nostri Jesu Christi Regis'' ([of] Our Lord Jesus [[Christ the King]]), and the date was established as "the last Sunday of the month of October – the Sunday, that is, which immediately precedes the Feast of [[All Saints' Day|All Saints]]".<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_11121925_quas-primas_en.html Pope Pius XI, ''Quas primas'', Nr. 28, Libreria Editrice Vaticana]</ref>

In his [[motu proprio]] ''[[Mysterii Paschalis]]'' of 1969, [[Pope Paul VI]] amended the title of the Feast to ''Domini Nostri Iesu Christi universorum Regis'' (Our Lord Jesus Christ King of the Universe). He also moved it to the new date of the final Sunday of the liturgical year. Through this choice of date "the [[eschatology|eschatological]] importance of this Sunday is made clearer".<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 63</ref> The feast was assigned the highest rank of solemnity.<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19690214_mysterii-paschalis_en.html motu proprio ''Mysterii Paschalis'']</ref> The [[Liturgical colours|liturgical vestments]] for the day are white.

In the extraordinary form, as happens with all Sundays whose liturgies are replaced by those of important feasts,{{NoteTag|1= Examples are the Solemnities of the [[Holy Name of Jesus]], the [[Holy Family]], and [[Trinity Sunday|the Most Holy Trinity]]. Indeed before the reform of [[Pope Pius X]] most Sundays deferred to any feast of the rank of double, and these were the majority. ([https://books.google.com/books?id=E7sPAAAAIAAJ&dq=missale+romanum&pg=PP3 Missale Romanum, published by Pustet, 1862])}} the prayers of the Sunday on which the celebration of the feast of Christ the King occurs are used on the [[feria]]s (weekdays) of the following week. The Sunday liturgy is thus not totally omitted.

Since 2021, the diocesan-level celebrations of [[World Youth Day]] have taken place on the Solemnity of Christ the King.<ref>{{Cite web|author=ZENIT Staff |url=https://zenit.org/2020/11/22/pope-changes-diocesan-celebration-of-wyd-from-palm-sunday-to-christ-the-king-sunday/|title=Pope Changes Diocesan Celebration of WYD from Palm Sunday to Christ the King Sunday |publisher=zenit.org|date=22 November 2020|access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref>

The most common [[breviary]] of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church]], published by the [[Order of Saint Basil the Great|Basilian Fathers]], contains propers for the "Feast of Christ the King" which is "celebrated on the last Sunday in October or on the fifth Sunday before the Nativity of our Lord."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Divine Office: Horologion-Octoechos-Triodion-Menaion |publisher=The Basilian Fathers |year=2003 |edition=1st |location=Stamford |page=1051 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Moravian Church ===
In the [[Moravian Church]], Reign of Christ Sunday is the feast marking the end of [[Pentecostide]].<ref name="Moravian2012">{{cite web |title=Lectionary |url=https://www.moravian.org/southern/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/2013-Updated-Lectionary-Complete-for-the-Web-table.pdf |publisher=[[Moravian Church]] |page=2 |date=2012}}</ref> White is the liturgical colour associated with the Reign of Christ.<ref name="Moravian2012"/>

=== Lutheran Churches ===
In the [[Evangelical-Lutheran]] [[Church of Sweden]] and the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland|Church of Finland]], this day is referred to as '''Judgement Sunday''', previously highlighting the final judgement, though after the Swedish Lectionary of 1983 the theme of the day was amended to the ''Return of Christ''. A distinct season of [[Kingdomtide]] is or has been observed by a number of churches on the four Sundays before Advent, either officially or semi-officially.

In the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, this day is referred to as "Christ the King Sunday," or, alternatively, the "Realm of Christ/Reign of Christ" Sunday, and is observed on the last Sunday of the liturgical year.

=== Anglican Churches ===
[[File:ChristKing.jpg|thumb|left|[[Altar cloth]] used for the Feast of Christ the King at an Episcopal church]]
In the [[Church of England]], the Feast of Christ the King falls on "the Sunday next before Advent,"<ref>{{cite web |title=The Church's Year: Rules |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/rules |website=Common Worship |publisher=The Church of England |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref> when "[t]he year that begins with the hope of the coming Messiah ends with the proclamation of his universal sovereignty."<ref>{{cite web |title=All Saints to Advent |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/times-and-seasons/all |publisher=[[The Church of England]] |access-date=8 February 2021 |language=English}}</ref>

In the [[Episcopal Church (United States)]], Christ the King Sunday "is unofficially celebrated in some Episcopal parishes, but it is not mentioned in the Episcopal calendar of the church year."<ref>{{cite web |title=Christ the King Sunday |url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/christ-the-king-sunday/ |website=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church |publisher=The Episcopal Church |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref> However, the collect for that Sunday, which mentions Jesus as "King of kings and Lord of Lords" indicates an affinity with the feast day, something that has led to its wider celebration within the Episcopal Church.

=== Reformed Churches ===
The [[Continental Reformed Church]]es, such as the [[Christian Reformed Churches]], assign the following hymns to be used on the Feast of Christ the King: "[[Crown Him with Many Crowns]]", "[[Lo! He comes with clouds descending]]", and "Rejoice, the Lord Is King".<ref name="Meeter">{{cite web |last1=Meeter |first1=Daniel |title=Christ the King: Service planning for the last six Sundays of the church year |url=https://www.reformedworship.org/article/june-1994/christ-king-service-planning-last-six-sundays-church-year |publisher=[[Christian Reformed Church in North America]] |access-date=8 February 2021 |language=English}}</ref>

In the [[Presbyterian Church]]es, such as the [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]], at the Feast of Christ the King (Feast of the Reign of Christ) "the church gives thanks and praise for sovereignty of Christ, who is Lord of all creation and is coming again in glory to reign (see Revelation 1:4-8)."<ref>{{cite web |title=Christ the King/Reign of Christ |url=https://www.presbyterianmission.org/ministries/worship/christianyear/christ-king-reign-christ/ |publisher=[[Presbyterian Mission Agency]] |access-date=8 February 2021 |language=English}}</ref>

In the [[United Church of Christ]], a [[Congregationalist]] denomination, the Feast of Christ the King is the last Sunday of the liturgical season known as the Time of the Church.<ref>{{cite web |title=Liturgical Colors and the seasons of the church year |url=https://www.ucc.org/worship-way/worship_liturgies_liturgical-colors/ |publisher=[[United Church of Christ]] |access-date=8 February 2021 |language=English}}</ref>

=== Methodist Churches ===
The Feast of Christ the King is observed in the [[Methodist Church]]es, such as the [[United Methodist Church]], as the last Sunday of the liturgical season of [[Kingdomtide]].<ref name="Baber2017">{{cite web |last1=Baber |first1=Charlie |title=Changed from Glory Into Glory |url=https://um-insight.net/topics/christ-king-sunday/ |publisher=United Methodist Insight |access-date=8 February 2021 |language=English |date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="FCOO2013">{{cite web |title=Kingdomtide |url=https://firstchurchorlando.org/news/2013/kingdomtide/ |publisher=First United Methodist Church of Orlando |access-date=8 February 2021 |language=English |date=7 September 2013 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522164500/https://firstchurchorlando.org/news/2013/kingdomtide/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The season of Kingdtomtide itself starts on [[Trinity Sunday]] and culminates in the Feast of Christ the King.<ref name="FCOO2013"/> Some Methodist parishes have been dedicated to Christ the King.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christ the King Methodist Church |url=https://christthekingmethodist.org/ |publisher=Christ the King Methodist Church |access-date=8 February 2021 |language=English}}</ref>

===United Protestant Churches===
In [[United Protestant]] Churches, such as the [[United Church of Canada]], [[Uniting Church of Australia]], [[Church of North India]], [[Church of Pakistan]] and [[Church of South India]], the Feast of Christ the King (Reign of Christ), is observed as the last Lord's Day of the liturgical calendar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reign of Christ A |url=https://pilgrimwr.unitingchurch.org.au/?p=1166 |publisher=Pilgrim Uniting Church |access-date=8 February 2021 |language=English |date=21 November 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Stir-up Sunday]]
* [[List of things named after Christ the King]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.news.va/en/news/pope-benedict-angelus-for-the-feast-of-christ-the Pope Benedict XVI, "Pope Benedict: Angelus for the feast of Christ the King", News.VA]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903065332/http://www.news.va/en/news/pope-benedict-angelus-for-the-feast-of-christ-the |date=3 September 2014 }}

==External links==
* {{commonscat-inline}}

{{Liturgical year of the Catholic Church}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Catholic holy days]]
[[Category:Christ the King]]
[[Category:Christian Sunday observances]]
[[Category:Church of Sweden]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 1925]]
[[Category:Holidays and observances by scheduling (nth weekday of the month)]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:Pope Pius XI]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1925]]

Truck wages

2025-01-23T12:29:35Z

144.43.250.33:

{{short description|Form of payment}}
{{About|non-monetary wages|the vehicles|truck|the form of transport|trucking|some forms of crop-growing|truck farming}}
[[File:Mc cormick.JPG|thumb|Brass [[token coin|trade token]] from [[Fort Laramie]], Dakota Territory, used in a truck system]]

'''Truck wages''' are wages paid not in conventional [[money]] but instead in the form of [[barter|payment in kind]] (i.e. commodities, including goods and/or services); [[credit]] with retailers; or a [[money substitute]], such as [[scrip]], [[Voucher|chit]]s, [[voucher]]s or [[token coin|token]]s. Truck wages are a characteristic of a '''truck system''', and are banned by the [[Labour law|labour legislation]] of many countries.

"Truck", in this context, is a relatively [[archaism|archaic]] English word meaning "exchange" or "barter".

==Truck system==

A truck system includes one or both of the following practices under which truck wages are used to defraud and/or exploit workers.
* Firstly, the truck wages are demonstrably of a lesser [[market value]] than the amount of money that would normally be paid for the same work.
* Secondly, truck systems limit employees' ability to choose how to spend their earnings. For example, credit or [[company scrip]] might be usable only for the purchase of goods at a monopolistic [[company store|company-owned store]], at which prices are set artificially high. As long as the company store is the only party able and willing to accept scrip for needed goods, there is no meaningful competition to lower prices. Hence, a truck system relies on a closed economic system in which employees are required to become subject to a retail monopoly in essential goods.

Truck systems have been specifically outlawed in many countries by [[labour law]] and employment standards; and [[legislation]] such as the British [[Truck Acts]].<ref>[[G.W. Hilton]] (1958), ''The Truck Act of 1831''. [[The Economic History Review]], 10: 470–479</ref>

==History==

===Britain===
While truck systems had long existed in many parts of the world, it was widespread during the 18th and early-19th centuries in Britain. Despite a long history of legislation intended to curb truck systems ([[Truck Acts]]), they remained common into the 20th century. In a prosecution brought against a [[Manchester]] cotton manufacturer in 1827 one worker gave evidence that he had received wages of only two [[shilling]]s in nine months; the rest "he was obliged to take [in goods] from the manufacturer's daughter, who was also the cashier".<ref name=AspinP108>{{Harvnb|Aspin|1995|p=108}}</ref>

In Britain the truck system was sometimes referred to as the tommy system. The 1901 edition of ''[[Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable]]''<ref>{{cite book
|last1 = Brewer
|first1 = E. Cobham
|author-link1 = E. Cobham Brewer
| title = Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, New ed., rev., corrected and enl
| publisher = [[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell]]
| year = 1901
| location = London
| pages = 1440pp
|oclc = 38931103
}}</ref> notes the tommy shop as:
<blockquote>
Where wages are paid to workmen who are expected to lay out a part of the money for the good of the shop. Tommy means bread or a penny roll, or the food taken by a workman in his handkerchief; it also means goods in lieu of money.
</blockquote>

In the "Midland Tour" of his ''[[Rural Rides]]'', the agriculturist and political reformer [[William Cobbett]] reports the use of "the truck or tommy system" in [[Wolverhampton]] and [[Shrewsbury]]. He describes the logic of the tommy as:
<blockquote>The manner of carrying on the tommy system is this: suppose there to be a master who employs a hundred men. That hundred men, let us suppose, to earn a pound a week each. This is not the case in the iron-works; but no matter, we can illustrate our meaning by one sum as well as by another. These men lay out weekly the whole of the hundred pounds in victuals, drink, clothing, bedding, fuel, and house-rent. Now, the master finding the profits of his trade fall off very much, and being at the same time in want of money to pay the hundred pounds weekly, and perceiving that these hundred pounds are carried away at once, and given to shopkeepers of various descriptions; to butchers, bakers, drapers, hatters, shoemakers, and the rest; and knowing that, on an average, these shopkeepers must all have a profit of thirty ''per cent.'', or more, he determines to ''keep this thirty per cent. to himself''; and this is thirty pounds a week gained as a shop-keeper, which amounts to 1,560[[pound sterling|l.]] a year. He, therefore, sets up a tommy shop: a long place containing every commodity that the workman can want, liquor and house-room excepted.</blockquote>

Although Cobbett sees nothing wrong ''in itself'' in the tommy system, he notes that "The only question is in this case of the manufacturing tommy work, whether the master charges a higher price than the shop-keepers would charge," but given the guaranteed market, Cobbett sees no reason why any master should ever abuse the system. However, in rural regions he notes the virtual monopoly of the shopkeeper:
<blockquote>
I have often had to observe on the cruel effects of the suppression of markets and fairs, and on the consequent power of extortion possessed by the country shop-keepers. And what a thing it is to reflect on, that these shopkeepers have the whole of the labouring men of England constantly in their debt; have on an average a mortgage on their wages to the amount of five or six weeks, and make them pay any price that they choose to extort.
</blockquote>

===United States===
{{expand section|date=November 2019}}
{{see also|Company store}}
One reason for the truck system in the early history of the United States is that there was no national form of paper currency and an insufficient supply of coinage. Banknotes were the majority of the money in circulation. Banknotes were discounted relative to gold and silver (e.g. a $5 banknote might be exchanged for $4.50 of coins) and the discount depended on the financial strength of the issuing bank and distance from the bank. During financial crises many banks failed and their notes became worthless.<ref name="David Ginsburg">[https://archive.org/details/neworleansmint2006wint/page/n26  ''How Gold Coins Circulated in 19th Century America'' David Ginsburg]</ref><ref name="Taylor 1951">
{{cite book
|title=The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860
|last=Taylor
|first= George Rogers
|year=1951 |publisher = Rinehart & Co.
|location=New York, Toronto
|isbn= 978-0-87332-101-3|pages=133, 331–4}}
</ref>

=== Australia/New Zealand ===
The chorus of the [[Sea shanty|sailing song]] "The [[Wellerman]]" references [[Weller brothers|Weller Bros.]], an Australian whaling supplier that paid in goods rather than money<ref>{{Cite web|title=NZ Folk Song * Soon May The Wellerman Come|url=http://folksong.org.nz/soon_may_the_wellerman/index.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=folksong.org.nz}}</ref> to the workers at their [[Whaling in New Zealand|whaling stations in New Zealand]]:<blockquote>Soon may the Wellerman come

To bring us sugar and tea and rum.

Some day, when the tonguin' is done, ["tonguing" = breaking up and processing captured whales]

We'll take our leave and go.</blockquote>The subtext being that "some day" never comes, because without wages, the workers could not afford their passage back home.

==Relationship with company towns==
Truck systems often existed in tandem with [[company town]]s (communities owned by an employer for the purpose of housing workers), which usually contained company stores. However, a truck system is not a prerequisite for the existence of a company town or vice versa.

Truck systems often persisted in long-settled, densely populated areas which hosted many employers and many merchants nominally in competition with one another. In such areas, their existence depended on the ability of employers to pay employees in scrip exchangeable at a company store. Such arrangements meant that potential nearby competitors were not typically in a position to accept the scrip at their stores (or at least not at a competitive exchange rate) since even if the company issuing the scrip was willing to accept it from non-employees, it would only accept it in exchange for goods at company-mandated prices. In this regard, employers' policies regarding the transferability of their scrip ranged from a willingness to accept it from anyone bearing it regardless of his or her relationship with the company (least restrictive) to refusing to accept scrip from anyone except the person it was paid to (most restrictive). The less restrictive the policy, the greater the potential workers paid in scrip could exchange it (likely at a discount) for goods and/or services the company store was unable (or unwilling) to provide, or for cash to obtain those goods and services. Indeed, one justification often given by employers for paying in scrip was that it supposedly prevented their workers from spending their earnings on "immoral" goods and services such as [[beverage alcohol|alcohol]] and [[prostitution]].

On the other hand, a company town in a remote area with both the ability to keep out any potential competition for company stores, and an ample supply of cash, might be able to exploit workers in a manner similar to that of a truck system without actually employing a truck system. If the company store is the only vendor to which employees in a remote location have reasonable access to obtain goods, then such a company is in a position to pay wages in cash while charging inflated prices (also in cash) at the company store.

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Company store]]
* [[Company town]]
* [[Wage slavery]]
* [[Debt bondage]]
* [[Truck Acts]]
* [[Statare]] - Sweden
* [[Coal scrip]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |last=Aspin |first=Chris |title=The First industrial Society: Lancashire 1750–1850 |year=1995| publisher=Carnegie Publishing |isbn=1-85936-016-5}}
{{refend}}

;Sources
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation
|last=Anderson
|first=Adelaide M.
|year=1899
|contribution=Truck Legislation in England and on the Continent
|pages=395–406
|title=Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation
|editor-last=MacDonnell
|editor-first=John
|publication-place=London
|publication-date=1899
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUcBAAAAYAAJ
|access-date=2008-06-01
|editor2=Manson, Edward | publisher=John Murray
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Burton
|first=John Hill
|author-link=John Hill Burton
|year=1847
|title=Manual of the Law of Scotland (The Law of Private Rights and Obligations)
|contribution=Truck System
|edition=2nd
|page=265
|publisher=Oliver & Boyd
|publication-date=1847
|publication-place=Edinburgh
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYMDAAAAQAAJ
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Gaskell
|first=P.
|year=1833
|title=The Manufacturing Population of England
|contribution=Truck and Cottage Systems
|pages=342–361
|publisher=Baldwin and Cradock
|publication-place=London
|publication-date=1833
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etFGvcK-dYwC
|access-date=2008-05-31
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Lauchheimer
|first=Malcolm H.
|year=1919
|title=Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science
|contribution=The Terms of Employment (in the Labor Law of Maryland)
|volume=XXXVII
|pages=106–112
|publisher=The Johns Hopkins Press
|publication-date=1919
|publication-place=Baltimore
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNsOAAAAYAAJ
}}
*{{Citation
|last=M'Culloch
|first=J. R.
|year=1852
|editor-last=Vethake
|editor-first=Henry
|contribution=Truck System
|title=A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, and Historical, of Commerce and Commercial Navigation.
|volume=II
|publisher=A. Hart
|publication-place=Philadelphia
|publication-date=1852
|pages=684–86
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGpCAAAAIAAJ
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Morgan
|first=James Appleton
|year=1881
|title=A Treatise on the Law of Contracts by [[Charles Greenstreet Addison]]
|contribution=Illegality of contracts for the payment of work otherwise than in current coin. — The truck system.
|volume=I
|pages=434–36
|publisher=Frederick D. Linn & Co.
|publication-date=1881
|publication-place=Jersey City
|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjI9AAAAIAAJ
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Ruegg
|first=Alfred Henry
|year=1901
|title=A Century of Law Reform
|contribution=Changes in the Law of England Affecting Labour (The Truck System)
|pages=254–257
|publisher=MacMillan and Co
|publication-place=London
|publication-date=1901
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1czAAAAIAAJ
|access-date=2008-05-31
}}

*{{Citation
|editor-last=Commissioners appointed to Inquire into the Truck System
|year=1871
|title=Truck; or, Semi-Serfdom in the Shetland (Zetland) Isles
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Elliot Stock
|publication-date=1871
|publication-place=London
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=obkHAAAAQAAJ
}}
*{{Citation
|year=1842
|title=The Condition and Treatment of the Children Employed in the Mines and Collieries of the United Kingdom
|contribution=Of the Hiring, and the Wages Paid to Persons Employed in Mines
|pages=84–85
|publisher=William Strange
|publication-date=1842
|publication-place=London
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TS1vx7eHjUkC
|author1=Manufactories, Commissioners for Inquiring Into the Employment and Condition of Children in Mines and
}}
*{{Citation
|year=1842
|title=The British and Foreign Review
|contribution=The Truck-System
|volume=XV
|pages=79–100
|publisher=Richard and John Edward Taylor
|publication-date=1843
|publication-place=London
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0RRPgJbU-kC
}}
{{Gutenberg |no=34238 |name=Rural Rides |first = William |last = Cobbett |authorlink = William Cobbett}}
{{refend}}

{{Employment|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Wages and salaries]]
[[Category:Payment systems]]

Nightmare in Wichita

2025-01-15T10:54:09Z

144.43.250.33:

{{short description|2005 true crime book}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Nightmare in Wichita
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Nightmare in wichita.jpeg
| caption =
| author = [[Robert Beattie (writer)|Robert Beattie]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[United States]]
| language = English
| series =
| genre = [[True crime]]
| publisher = [[Penguin Books]]
| pub_date = 2005
| english_pub_date = 2005
| media_type =
| pages = 352 pp
| isbn = 0-451-21738-1
| oclc=
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Nightmare in Wichita: The Hunt for the BTK Strangler''''' by lawyer [[Robert Beattie (writer)|Robert Beattie]] is a non-fiction book about a serial killer in [[Wichita, Kansas]], known as the [[Dennis Rader|BTK Strangler]]. The book debuted at No. 4 on ''The New York Times'' bestseller list upon its April 2005 release.<ref>{{cite news|first=Patrick|last=O’Driscoll|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-14-btk-hearing_x.htm|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|title=Wichita braces for media flood when hearing begins for 'BTK' suspect|date=April 14, 2005}}</ref>

[[Dennis Rader]], a city compliance officer and church council president working in [[Park City, Kansas|Park City]], just north of Wichita, was ultimately arrested, charged and convicted of the crimes. Beattie, who lives in Wichita, compiled the book based on interviews with police officers and detectives familiar with the case. Rader's capture, on February 25, 2005, happened just as the book was in the final stages of editing. An addendum about Rader and his arrest was added before the book went to press.

Many, including some Wichita police officers, have speculated that the fact that a book about BTK was being written was what caused the killer to reemerge in 2004, which led to his arrest the following year.<ref>[https://www.kansas.com/news/special-reports/btk/article1003742.html ''The Wichita Eagle'', 2005]</ref> Beattie researched the book for two years.<ref>[http://www.kansas.com/2005/03/19/19037/robert-beatties-just-released.html ''The Wichita Eagle'', "Robert Beattie's just-released book also says that Dennis Rader applied to be a cop," March 19, 2005]</ref>

In its review, [[TruTV]]'s "Crime Library" criticized the book for filling up "many, many pages with (the author's) meetings with various individuals that clearly interested Beattie, but are likely to bore readers." But the article also credited the book for including "quite a bit of detail that never got into the newspapers."<ref>[http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/unsolved/btk/29.html truTV, "Crime Library: Nightmare in Wichita."]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Books|Kansas|Law}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nightmare In Wichita}}
[[Category:2005 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about Kansas]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about crime]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about serial killers]]
[[Category:Wichita, Kansas]]

{{Crime-book-stub}}

Nen

2024-06-24T13:22:20Z

144.43.250.33: /* Other uses */

'''NEN''' or '''Nen''' may refer to:

==Acronym==
*[[Near Earth Network]] (formerly Ground Network), a NASA network of ground stations to support space flight missions
*[[NEN (TV station)]], an Australian television station licensed to, and serving northern New South Wales
*[[NEN (National Entrepreneurship Network)]], a Wadhwani Foundation initiative for building institutional capacity for entrepreneur support.

== People ==
*[[Dick Nen]] (born 1939), former Major League first baseman
*[[Nicolas Le Nen]], French army officer
*[[Robb Nen]] (born 1969), former right-handed relief pitcher in Major League Baseball
*[[Nen Sothearoth]] (born 1995), Cambodian footballer
*[[Trần Văn Nên]] (born 1927), former Vietnamese cyclist

== Other uses ==
*[[Nen language (Cameroon)]], a Bantoid language of Cameroon
*[[Nen language (Papuan)]], a language of Papua New Guinea
*[[Nen River]], a river in China
*Nen, a form of magic from the anime ''[[Hunter x Hunter]]''

==See also==
{{srt}}
*[[Nela (name)]]

{{disambig|surname}}