Brown ale

2025-02-14T04:01:18Z

14.2.207.148: kind→type, nothing kind about it.

{{Short description|Dark amber or brown ale beer style}}
[[File:Oak Creek Nut Brown Ale (27911122885).jpg|alt=A pint glass filled with brown ale|thumb|Brown ale in a glass]]
'''Brown ale''' is a [[Beer style|style of beer]] with a dark amber or brown colour. The term was first used by London brewers in the late 17th century to describe a lightly hopped ale brewed from 100% [[Mash ingredients#Malts|brown malt]].<ref>London and Country Brewer, Anonymous, 1736, pages 38-43.</ref> Brown ale is a type of [[Ale]].

==History==
[[File:Wm Younger's Castle Brown label.jpg|thumb|140px|An [[Edinburgh]] brewer's brown ale label]]
In the 18th century, British brown ales were brewed to a variety of strengths, with [[gravity (alcoholic beverage)|original gravities]] (OG) ranging from around 1.060 to 1.090.<ref>London and Country Brewer, Anonymous, 1736, page 36.</ref> Around 1800, brewers stopped producing these types of beers as they moved away from using brown malt as a base. Pale malt, being cheaper because of its higher yield, was used as a base for most beers, including [[porter (beer)|porter]] and [[stout (beer)|stout]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-19 |title=What's the Difference Between a Brown Ale and a Porter? |url=https://www.lowercasebrewing.com/beer-blog/2021/3/18/whats-the-difference-between-a-brown-ale-and-a-porter |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Lowercase Brewing |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-30 |title=What is a Base Malt? {{!}} South Austin Brewery Tours & Craft Beer Blog |url=https://southaustinbrewery.com/base-malt/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The term "brown ale" was revived at the end of the 19th century when London brewer Mann introduced a beer with that name. However, the style only became widely brewed in the 1920s. The brown ales of this period were considerably stronger than most modern English versions. In 1926, Manns Brown Ale had an original gravity of 1.043 and an ABV of around 4%.<ref>Truman "Gravity Book" document number B/THB/C/252 held at the London Metropolitan Archives.</ref> Whitbread Double Brown was even stronger, an OG of 1.054 and more than 5% ABV.<ref name="ReferenceA">Whitbread brewing records held at the London Metropolitan Archives.</ref> The introduction of these beers coincided with a big increase in demand for bottled beer in the UK. In the 1930s some breweries, such as Whitbread, introduced a second weaker and cheaper brown ale that was sometimes just a sweetened version of dark Mild. These beers had an original gravity of around 1.037.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> After World War II, most breweries stopped producing these stronger brown ales, with the exception of some breweries in the northeast of England. The majority had an OG in the range 1.030–1.035, or around 3% ABV, much like Manns Brown Ale today.<ref>Whitbread Gravity Book, Document number LMA/4453/D/02/002, held at the London Metropolitan Archives.</ref>

[[North America]]n brown ales trace their heritage to American [[home brewing]] adaptations of certain northern [[England|English]] beers, and the English influence on American Colonial Ales.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

==Description==
English brown ales range from beers such as Manns Original Brown Ale,<ref>[http://www.refreshuk.com/brands/brands_manns.htm Manns Brown Ale – a bottle with real character] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221222921/http://www.refreshuk.com/brands/brands_manns.htm |date=December 21, 2008 }}</ref> which is quite sweet and low in alcohol, to northeastern brown ale such as [[Newcastle Brown Ale]], [[Double Maxim Beer Company|Double Maxim]] and [[Samuel Smith Old Brewery|Samuel Smith's]] Nut Brown Ale. North American examples include [[Samuel Adams (beer)|Sam Adams]] Brown Ale and [[Brooklyn Brewery|Brooklyn]] Brown Ale.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

They range from deep [[Amber (color)|amber]] to brown in colour. [[Caramel (aroma)|Caramel]] and [[chocolate]] flavours are evident. Brown ales from northeastern England tend to be strong and malty, often nutty, while those from southern England are usually darker, sweeter and lower in alcohol. North American brown ales are usually drier than their English counterparts, with a slight [[citrus]] accent and an aroma, bitterness, and medium body due to [[List of hop varieties|American hop varieties]]. Fruitiness from [[ester]]s are subdued. When chilled to cold temperatures, some haziness may be noticed.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Amber Ale|Amber ale]]
*[[Mild ale]]
*[[Irish red ale]]
*[[Flanders red ale]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Beer Styles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown Ale}}
[[Category:Beer styles]]

Germanenorden

2025-01-27T11:21:30Z

14.2.207.148: /* Activity */ Grammar.

{{short description|Occultist secret society in early 20th-century Germany}}
{{distinguish|Teutonic Order|German Order (distinction)}}

The '''Germanenorden''' ('''Germanic''' or '''Teutonic Order''') was an [[occult]]ist and ''[[Völkisch movement|völkisch]]'' [[secret society]] in early 20th-century Germany.

==History==
[[File:Theodor Fritsch 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Theodor Fritsch around 1920]]
The Germanenorden was founded in Berlin in 1912 by [[Theodor Fritsch]] and several prominent German occultists including [[Philipp Stauff]], who held office in the [[Guido von List Society]] and [[High Armanen Order]] as well as Hermann Pohl, who became the Germanenorden's first leader. The order was a clandestine movement that wished to create a small but devoted group and was a sister movement to the more open and mainstream [[Reichshammerbund]].<ref>[[Richard S. Levy]], ''Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume 1'', ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 269</ref>

In 1916, during [[World War I]], the Germanenorden split into two parts. [[Eberhard von Brockhusen]] became the Grand Master of the "loyalist" Germanenorden. Pohl, previously the order's Chancellor, founded a schismatic offshoot: the Germanenorden Walvater of the Holy Grail.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp=131–132}}<ref name = "Thomas 2005">Thomas 2005.</ref> He was joined in the same year by [[Rudolf von Sebottendorff]] (formerly Rudolf Glauer), a wealthy adventurer with wide-ranging occult and mystical interests. A Freemason and a practitioner of [[Sufism]] and [[astrology]], Sebottendorff was also an admirer of [[Guido von List]] and [[Lanz von Liebenfels]]. Convinced that the Islamic and Germanic mystical systems shared a common [[Aryan]] root, he was attracted by Pohl’s runic lore and became the Master of the Walvater's Bavarian province late in 1917. Charged with reviving the province's fortunes, Sebottendorff increased membership from about a hundred in 1917 to 1,500 by the autumn of the following year.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp=142–143}}

The Munich lodge of the Germanenorden Walvater when it was formally dedicated on August 18, 1918, was given the cover name the [[Thule Society]],{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=144}} which is notable chiefly as the organization that sponsored the [[German Workers' Party|Deutsche Arbeiterpartei]] (DAP), which was later transformed by [[Adolf Hitler]] into the [[Nazi Party|National Socialist German Workers' Party]] (NSDAP).

==Activity==
The Germanenorden had a hierarchical fraternal structure based on [[Freemasonry]]. The structure was adopted due to the assumption that Jews engaged in secret organizing, and that it would be best to counter their influence over the German public life by using the same method.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=127}} The primary concern was to monitor Jewish activity and to be a centre for the distribution of [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] material. Secondary concerns involved the assistance between members in business and the circulation of ''völkisch'' journals, especially Fritsch's journal ''Hammer''.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=128}}

Applicants were required to prove their Germanic descent, and if they were married also their wife's Germanic descent.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp=128–129}} Through Bernhard Koerner, Stauff and Brockhusen, the order became imbued with the occult-nationalist ideas of List.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=123}} Influenced by List's [[Ariosophy]], it adopted a [[swastika]] superimposed on a cross as its symbol in 1916.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=129}} The rituals of the order were influenced by theories about the [[Aryan race]], Freemasonry and the operas of [[Richard Wagner]].{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp=129–130}}

==See also==
* [[Secret society]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |authorlink=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |year=1985 |title=[[The Occult Roots of Nazism]] |location=New York |publisher=[[New York University Press]] }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Antisemitism in Germany]]
[[Category:Germanic mysticism]]
[[Category:Secret societies in Germany]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1912]]
[[Category:Organizations disestablished in 1934]]

wiki143 - User contributions [en]

Brown ale

Germanenorden