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Walram II, Count of Nassau

2024-12-12T02:46:15Z

138.88.187.36:

{{Infobox noble
|name = Walram II, Count of Nassau
|image =
|caption =
|noble family = [[House of Nassau]]
|father = [[Henry II, Count of Nassau|Henry II of Nassau]]
|mother = [[Matilda of Guelders|Matilda of Guelders and Zutphen]]
|spouse = [[Adelheid of Katzenelnbogen]]
|issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Diether of Nassau|Diether]]
* [[Adolf, King of the Romans|Adolf]]
* Richardis
* Matilda
* Imagina}}
|birth_date = {{circa|1220}}
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{death date and age|1276|01|24|1220|df=y}}
|death_place =
}}
'''Walram II of Nassau''' ({{langx|de|Walram II. von Nassau}}; {{circa|1220}}<ref name="dek">Dek (1970).</ref> – 24 January 1276) was [[Count]] of [[County of Nassau|Nassau]] and is the ancestor of the Walramian branch of the [[House of Nassau]].

== Life ==
[[File:Walram Nassau wapen.svg|thumb|right|Coat of Arms of the Counts of Nassau from the Walramian branch]]
Walram was the second son of Count [[Henry II, Count of Nassau|Henry II of Nassau]] and [[Matilda of Guelders|Matilda of Guelders and Zutphen]],<ref name="dek" /><ref name="vorsterman">Vorsterman van Oyen (1882).</ref> the youngest daughter of Count [[Otto I, Count of Guelders|Otto I of Guelders and Zutphen]] and [[Richardis of Bavaria]]<ref name="dek" /> (herself daughter of [[Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria]]). Walram is first mentioned in a [[charter]] dated 20 July 1245.

Walram succeeded his father before 1251, together with his brother [[Otto I, Count of Nassau|Otto I]].<ref name="dek" /><ref name="vorsterman" /><ref name="becker">Becker (1983), p. 11.</ref><ref name="huberty">Huberty, et al. (1981).</ref> They received [[town privileges]] for [[Herborn, Hesse|Herborn]] from the German King [[William II of Holland|William]] in 1251.<ref name="becker" />

Walram and Otto divided their county on 16 December 1255 with the river [[Lahn]] as border. The division treaty is nowadays known as the ''[[Prima divisio]]''. The area south of the Lahn: the [[Herrschaft (territory)|lordships]] [[Wiesbaden]], [[Idstein]], the [[Amt (country subdivision)|''Ämter'']] [[Weilburg]] (with the Wehrholz) and [[Bleidenstadt]], was assigned to Walram.<ref name="huberty" /> [[Nassau Castle]] and dependencies (''Dreiherrische''),<ref>Castle and ''Amt'' Nassau bore the name ''Dreiherrische'' because until 1778 it was jointly owned by the Ottonian branch and two sub-branches of the Walramian branch (Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg). See: Huberty, et al. (1981).</ref> the ''Ämter'' [[Miehlen]] and Schönau ([[Schönau Abbey (Nassau)|Schönau Abbey]] near [[Strüth|Strüth über Nastätten]])<ref>The ''Ämter'' of Miehlen and Schönau remained jointly owned until 1303, after which they were transferred to the Walramian branch and both sub-branches owned them jointly until 1778. See: Huberty, et al. (1981).</ref> as well as the ''Vierherrengericht'',<ref>The ''Vierherrengericht'' was named after its four owners, the counts of Katzenelnbogen (Hessen), Diez (Nassau-Diez), Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg. In 1774 these areas, around the city of Nastätten and composed of thirty-eight villages, were divided. See: Huberty, et al. (1981).</ref> [[Laurenburg Castle]], the [[County of Holzappel|''Esterau'']] (which was jointly owned with the counts of Diez) and the [[fief]]s in [[Landgraviate of Hesse|Hesse]] remained jointly owned.<ref name="huberty" /> 
Later, perhaps shortly after the conclusion of the division treaty, Walram expressed dissatisfaction with some provisions of the treaty and challenged them. Whether he was already acting under the influence of the mental illness from which he suffered is unknown. What is certain is that in an attack of insanity he burned his copy of the division treaty.<ref name="sauer">Sauer (1896).</ref>

Walram was ''[[Hofmarschall]]'' and ''[[Geheimrat]]'' of King [[Rudolf I of Germany]].<ref name="dek" /><ref name="vorsterman" />

Walram lost several towns, including [[Niederlahnstein]], Pfaffenhofen and [[Vallendar]], to the [[Archbishop]] of [[Electorate of Trier|Trier]]. He also continued the [[Dernbacher Feud]] against Hesse. He died – allegedly in mental derangement – on 24 January 1276. He was succeeded by his son [[Adolf, King of the Romans|Adolf]].

== Marriage and children ==
Walram married before 1250 to [[Adelheid of Katzenelnbogen]] († [[Mainz]], 22 February 1288),<ref name="dek" /> daughter of Count [[Diether IV, Count of Katzenelnbogen|Diether IV of Katzenelnbogen]] and Hildegunde.<ref name="dek" /> As a widow Adelheid was a [[Poor Clares|Clarissan]] [[nun]] in Wiesbaden (in the summer) and in Mainz (in the winter).<ref name="vorsterman" /> She was buried in the St. Clara monastery in Mainz.<ref name="dek" /><ref name="vorsterman" /> 
From this union came the following children:<ref name="dek" /><ref name="vorsterman" />
# [[Diether of Nassau|Diether]] ({{circa|1250}} – [[Trier]], 23 November 1307), was Archbishop of Trier 1300-1307.
# [[Adolf, King of the Romans|Adolf]] ({{circa|1255}} – [[Göllheim]], 2 July 1298), succeeded his father as count of Nassau, was [[King of Germany]] 1292-1298.
# Richardis (died 28 July 1311), was a nun in the St. Clara monastery in Mainz and later in [[Klarenthal Abbey]] near Wiesbaden.
# Matilda (died young).
# Imagina (died before 1276), may have married Frederick of Lichtenberg.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Becker |first=E. |date=1983 |orig-year=1950 |title=Schloss und Stadt Dillenburg. Ein Gang durch ihre Geschichte in Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Zur Gedenkfeier aus Anlaß der Verleihung der Stadtrechte am 20. September 1344 herausgegeben |trans-title=Castle and City Dillenburg. A Journey through their History in Medieval and Modern Times. Published to celebrate the grant of Town Privileges on 20 September 1344 |language=de |edition=2nd |location=[[Dillenburg]] |publisher=Der Magistrat der Stadt Dillenburg }}
* {{cite book |last= Dek|first=A.W.E. |date=1970 |title=Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau |trans-title=Genealogy of the Royal House of Nassau |url=http://www.geocities.com/vincent_ville/dek1.html |language=nl |location=[[Zaltbommel]] |publisher=Europese Bibliotheek |oclc=27365371 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20091026035844/http://www.geocities.com/vincent_ville/dek1.html |archive-date=2009-10-26 |url-status= dead|access-date=2009-01-28 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Huberty |first1=Michel |last2=Giraud |first2=Alain |last3=Magdelaine |first3=F. & B. |date=1981 |title=l’Allemagne Dynastique. Tome III Brunswick-Nassau-Schwarzbourg |trans-title=German Dynasties. Volume III Brunswick-Nassau-Schwarzburg |language=fr |location=[[Le Perreux]] |publisher=Alain Giraud }}
* {{cite book |last=Sauer |first=Wilhelm |title=[[Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie]] |trans-title=Universal German Biography |language=de |location=[[Leipzig]] |publisher=Duncker & Humblot |date=1896 |volume=Band 40 |pages=778–779 |chapter=Graf Walram II. von Nassau |trans-chapter=Count Walram II of Nassau }}
* {{cite book |last=Schwennicke |first=Detlev |date=1998 |title=[[Europäische Stammtafeln]], Neue Folge |trans-title=European Genealogies, New Series |language=de |location=[[Frankfurt am Main]] |publisher=Vittorio Klostermann GmbH |volume=Band I |isbn=3-465-02743-4 }} Table 60.
* {{cite book |last=Thiele |first=Andreas |date=1994 |title=Erzählende genealogische Stammtafeln zur europäischen Geschichte, Band I, Teilband 2: Deutsche Kaiser-, Königs-, Herzogs- und Grafenhäuser II |trans-title=Annotated genealogies from European History, Volume 1, Part 2: German Imperial, Royal, Ducal and Comital Houses II |language=de |location=[[Frankfurt am Main]] |publisher=RG Fischer Verlag |edition=2nd |isbn=3-89501-023-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Vorsterman van Oyen |first=A.A. |date=1882 |title=Het vorstenhuis Oranje-Nassau. Van de vroegste tijden tot heden |trans-title=The Royal House of Orange-Nassau. From the earliest days until the present |language=nl |location=[[Leiden]] & [[Utrecht]] |publisher=A.W. Sijthoff & J.L. Beijers }}

== External links ==
* [http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/nassau/walram_2_graf_von_nassau_1276/walram_2_graf_von_nassau_+_1276.html Genealogies of the Middle Ages].

{{S-start}}
{{s-reg|de}}
{{s-bef|rows=1|before=[[Henry II, Count of Nassau|Henry II]]}}
{{s-ttl|rows=1|title=Count of Nassau|years=before 1251–1276}}
{{s-aft|rows=1|after=[[Adolf, King of the Romans|Adolf]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walram 02 of Nassau}}
[[Category:Counts of Nassau]]
[[Category:13th-century nobility from the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1220s births]]
[[Category:1276 deaths]]

Otto I, Count of Nassau

2024-12-08T12:58:50Z

138.88.187.36:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{infobox noble
|name = Otto I, Count of Nassau
|image =
|caption =
|noble family = [[House of Nassau]]
|father = [[Henry II, Count of Nassau|Henry II of Nassau]]
|mother = [[Matilda of Guelders|Matilda of Guelders and Zutphen]]
|spouse = [[Agnes of Leiningen]]
|issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Henry I, Count of Nassau-Siegen|Henry]]
* Matilda
* [[Emicho I, Count of Nassau-Hadamar|Emicho]]
* Otto
* [[John, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg|John]]
* Gertrudis
* Henry of Nassau (illegitimate)}}
|birth_date = 1224
|birth_place =
|death_date = between 3 May 1289 and 19 March 1290
|death_place =
}}

'''Otto I of Nassau''' ({{langx|de|Otto I. von Nassau}}; born in 1224<ref>[https://geerts.com/index.php/house-of-orange-nassau/ottonian-line-of-nassau The Ottonian Line of Nassau and Nassau-Dillenburg]</ref> and died between 3 May 1289 and 19 March 1290)<ref name="dek">Dek (1970).</ref><ref name="vorsterman">Vorsterman van Oyen (1882).</ref> was [[Count]] of [[County of Nassau|Nassau]] and is the ancestor of the Ottonian branch of the [[House of Nassau]].

== Biography ==
[[File:Otto_Nassau_wapen.svg|thumb|right|Coat of arms of the Counts of Nassau from the Ottonian branch]]
[[File:Siegen Schloss - 20.3.2011 - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|right|Siegen Castle]]
[[File:Kloster_Altenberg_-_panoramio.jpg#|thumb|right|Altenberg Abbey]]
Otto was the third son of Count [[Henry II, Count of Nassau|Henry II of Nassau]] and [[Matilda of Guelders|Matilda of Guelders and Zutphen]],<ref name="dek" /><ref name="vorsterman" /> the youngest daughter of Count [[Otto I, Count of Guelders|Otto I of Guelders and Zutphen]] and [[Richardis of Bavaria]]<ref name="dek" /> (herself daughter of [[Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria]]). Otto is first mentioned in a [[charter]] from 1247.

Otto succeeded his father before 1251, together with his brother [[Walram II, Count of Nassau|Walram II]].<ref name="dek" /><ref name="vorsterman" /><ref name="becker">Becker (1983), p. 11.</ref><ref name="huberty">Huberty, et al. (1981).</ref> They received [[town privileges]] for [[Herborn, Hesse|Herborn]] from the German King [[William II of Holland|William]] in 1251.<ref name="becker" /><ref name="ausfeld">Ausfeld (1887).</ref>

Walram and Otto divided their county on 16 December 1255 with the river [[Lahn]] as border. The division treaty is nowadays known as the ''[[Prima divisio]]''. The area north of the Lahn: the [[Herrschaft (territory)|lordships]] [[Siegen]],<ref>Before 1224, the counts of Nassau had transferred half of the city of Siegen to the Archdiocese of Cologne. See: Huberty, et al. (1981).</ref> [[Dillenburg]], Herborn,<ref>In 1342, Henry I of Nassau-Siegen owned the total Herborner Mark. See: Huberty, et al. (1981).</ref> [[Tringenstein]], [[Stein-Neukirch|Neukirch]] and [[Emmerichenhain]], a part of the ''Kalenberger Zent''<ref>The ''Kalenberger Zent'' was an area located between the Oberlahn, the Dill and Wetzlar and included the areas Mengerskirchen, Nenderoth and Beilstein. See: Huberty, et al. (1981).</ref> ([[Amt (country subdivision)|''Amt'']] Kalenberg), as well as [[Dietkirchen]] and [[Bad Ems|(Bad) Ems]], was assigned to Otto.<ref name="huberty" /> [[Nassau Castle]] and dependencies (''Dreiherrische''),<ref>Castle and ''Amt'' Nassau bore the name ''Dreiherrische'' because until 1778 it was jointly owned by the Ottonian branch and two sub-branches of the Walramian branch (Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg). See: Huberty, et al. (1981).</ref> the ''Ämter'' [[Miehlen]] and Schönau ([[Schönau Abbey (Nassau)|Schönau Abbey]] near [[Strüth|Strüth über Nastätten]])<ref>The ''Ämter'' of Miehlen and Schönau remained jointly owned until 1303, after which they were transferred to the Walramian branch and both sub-branches owned them jointly until 1778. See: Huberty, et al. (1981).</ref> as well as the ''Vierherrengericht'',<ref>The ''Vierherrengericht'' was named after its four owners, the counts of Katzenelnbogen (Hessen), Diez (Nassau-Diez), Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg. In 1774 these areas, around the city of Nastätten and composed of thirty-eight villages, were divided. See: Huberty, et al. (1981).</ref> [[Laurenburg Castle]], the [[County of Holzappel|''Esterau'']] (which was jointly owned with the counts of Diez) and the [[fief]]s in [[Landgraviate of Hesse|Hesse]] remained jointly owned.<ref name="huberty" />

Protecting and enforcing his rights in his country was not always easy for Otto, especially at a time when the power of the supreme patron in the empire had sunk deeply. Disputes with the lords of [[Barony of Westerburg|Westerburg]] and the counts of [[Sayn]] about prerogatives in the [[Westerwald]], and with the lords of [[Greifenstein]] and the lords of [[Dernbacher Feud|Dernbach]] about executive powers, often led to feuds and struggles. The details of the course of these feuds are unknown.<ref name="ausfeld" /> In his struggles with the [[Archbishop]] of [[Electorate of Trier|Trier]], Otto lost the ''[[Vogt]]ei'' of [[Koblenz]] and of Ems.

Otto's relationship with [[Siegfried II of Westerburg]], the Archbishop of [[Electorate of Cologne|Cologne]], also remains unclear.<ref name="ausfeld" /> Otto made a covenant with various lords in [[Westphalia]] on 8 April 1277 to wage war against the archbishop.<ref name="ausfeld" /> But Otto was an ally of the archbishop in the [[War of the Limburg Succession]].<ref name="ausfeld" />

Otto's attempt to reduce his father's rich gifts to the [[Teutonic Order]], or at least not to increase them in accordance with the wishes of the Order, ensured that he was designated as a robber of the goods of the order in 1285, was [[Excommunication|excommunicated]], and his county was put under [[interdict]], until the dispute was settled the following year.<ref name="ausfeld" />

Otto founded the chapel in [[Feldbach, Hesse|Feldbach]] before 1287.<ref>Becker (1983), p. 7.</ref> ''ʻOttho comes de Nassawen … cum uxore nostra Agnete nec non Henrico nostro primogenitoʼ'' confirmed the donation of ''ʻbonorum in Hasilbach et Aldindorphʼ'' to the church in Aldenburg (read: Altenberg Abbey) made by ''ʻmatrem nostram Methildim comitissam bone mem … cum sorore nostra Katherina ibidem locataʼ'' by charter dated 3 May 1289. This is the last mention of Otto, in a charter dated 19 March 1290, he is mentioned as deceased.<ref name="vorsterman" /> He was buried in [[Altenberg Abbey, Solms|Altenberg Abbey]].<ref name="vorsterman" /><ref>[http://www.mittelhessen.de/lokales/region-wetzlar_artikel,-Begruender-der-Oranier-Linie-liegt-auf-dem-Altenberg-begraben-_arid,669325.html Begründer der Oranier-Linie liegt auf dem Altenberg begraben] in: ''Wetzlarer Neue Zeitung'', 11 April 2016 {{in lang|de}}.</ref> He was succeeded by his sons [[Henry I, Count of Nassau-Siegen|Henry]], [[Emicho I, Count of Nassau-Hadamar|Emicho]] and [[John, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg|John]].

== Marriage and children ==
Otto married before 1270<ref>A wedding date is not mentioned anywhere. According to Dek (1970), the eldest son from the marriage was born around 1270, so the marriage must have taken place before 1270.</ref> to [[Agnes of Leiningen]] († after December 1299),<ref name="dek" /><ref name="vorsterman" /> a daughter of Count [[Emich IV, Count of Leiningen|Emich IV of Leiningen]] and Elisabeth.<ref name="dek" /> Agnes was buried in Altenberg Abbey.<ref name="dek" /><ref name="vorsterman" /> 
From this union came the following children:<ref name="dek" /><ref name="vorsterman" />
# [[Henry I, Count of Nassau-Siegen|Henry]] ({{circa|1270}} – between 13 July and 14 August 1343), succeeded his father, became Count of Nassau-Siegen in 1303.
# Matilda (died before 28 October 1319), married around 1289 to [[Gerhard of Schöneck]] († 1317).
# [[Emicho I, Count of Nassau-Hadamar|Emicho]] (died 7 June 1334), succeeded his father, became Count of Nassau-Hadamar in 1303.
# Otto (died 3 September 1302), was [[canon (priest)|canon]] at [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] in 1294.
# [[John, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg|John]] (died [[Hermannstein]], 10 August 1328), succeeded his father, became Count of Nassau-Dillenburg in 1303.
# Gertrudis (died 19 September 1359), was [[Abbess]] of Altenberg Abbey.

Otto also had an illegitimate son:<ref name="dek" />
# Henry of Nassau (died before 1314), who was ''[[Schultheiß]]''. This Henry had a son:
## Arnold of Nassau, who is mentioned in a charter from 1314.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Ausfeld |first=Eduard |title=[[Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie]] |trans-title=Universal German Biography |language=de |location=[[Leipzig]] |publisher=Duncker & Humblot |date=1887 |volume=Band 24 |pages=707 |chapter=Otto I., Graf von Nassau |trans-chapter=Otto I, Count of Nassau }}
* {{cite book |last=Becker |first=E. |date=1983 |orig-year=1950 |title=Schloss und Stadt Dillenburg. Ein Gang durch ihre Geschichte in Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Zur Gedenkfeier aus Anlaß der Verleihung der Stadtrechte am 20. September 1344 herausgegeben |trans-title=Castle and City Dillenburg. A Journey through their History in Medieval and Modern Times. Published to celebrate the grant of Town Privileges on 20 September 1344 |language=de |edition=2nd |location=[[Dillenburg]] |publisher=Der Magistrat der Stadt Dillenburg }}
* {{cite book |last= Dek|first=A.W.E. |date=1970 |title=Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau |trans-title=Genealogy of the Royal House of Nassau |language=nl |location=[[Zaltbommel]] |publisher=Europese Bibliotheek |oclc=27365371 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Huberty |first1=Michel |last2=Giraud |first2=Alain |last3=Magdelaine |first3=F. & B. |date=1981 |title=l'Allemagne Dynastique. Tome III Brunswick-Nassau-Schwarzbourg |trans-title=German Dynasties. Volume III Brunswick-Nassau-Schwarzburg |language=fr |location=[[Le Perreux]] |publisher=Alain Giraud }}
* {{cite book|last=Lück |first=Alfred |date=1981 |orig-year=1967 |title=Siegerland und Nederland |trans-title=Siegerland and The Netherlands |language=de |edition=2nd |location=[[Siegen]] |publisher=Siegerländer Heimatverein e.V. }}
* {{cite book |last=Vorsterman van Oyen |first=A.A. |date=1882 |title=Het vorstenhuis Oranje-Nassau. Van de vroegste tijden tot heden |trans-title=The Royal House of Orange-Nassau. From the earliest days until the present |language=nl |location=[[Leiden]] & [[Utrecht]] |publisher=A.W. Sijthoff & J.L. Beijers }}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mittelhessen.de/lokales/region-wetzlar_artikel,-Begruender-der-Oranier-Linie-liegt-auf-dem-Altenberg-begraben-_arid,669325.html Begründer der Oranier-Linie liegt auf dem Altenberg begraben] in: ''Wetzlarer Neue Zeitung'' 11 April 2016 {{in lang|de}}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629171545/http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/nassau/otto_1_graf_vor_1290/otto_1_graf_von_nassau_+_vor_1290.html Genealogies of the Middle Ages].

{{S-start}}
{{s-reg|de}}
{{s-bef|rows=1|before=[[Henry II, Count of Nassau|Henry II]]}}
{{s-ttl|rows=1|title=Count of Nassau|years=before 1251–1289/90}}
{{s-aft|rows=1|after=[[Henry I, Count of Nassau-Siegen|Henry]], [[Emicho I, Count of Nassau-Hadamar|Emico]] and [[John, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg|John]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Otto 01 of Nassau}}
[[Category:Counts of Nassau]]
[[Category:13th-century nobility from the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:13th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]

Canute V of Denmark

2024-12-07T14:44:47Z

138.88.187.36:

{{Short description|King of Denmark from 1146 to 1157}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = monarch
| name = Canute V
| succession = [[King of Denmark]]
| image = Knud 5. Magnussen coin.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = [[Bracteate]] from the reign of Canute V.
| reign = 1146–1157<ref name="kongehuset">[http://kongehuset.dk/lineage.php?id=58197&dogtag=k_dk_monarkiet_kongeraek&list_id=1 Monarkiet i Danmark – Kongerækken] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118011459/http://kongehuset.dk/lineage.php?id=58197&dogtag=k_dk_monarkiet_kongeraek&list_id=1 |date=2009-11-18 }} at [[Monarchy of Denmark|The Danish Monarchy]]</ref>
| predecessor = [[Eric III of Denmark|Eric III Lamb]]
| successor = [[Valdemar I of Denmark|Valdemar I the Great]]
| regent = [[Sweyn III]] (from 1146),
[[Valdemar I]] (from 1154)
| reg-type = {{nowrap|Co-kings}}
| spouse = [[Helena of Sweden]]
| issue = {{ubl|[[Saint Niels]]|[[Valdemar of Denmark (bishop)|Valdemar, Bishop of Schleswig]]|Hildegard, Princess of Rügen}}
| issue-link = #Issue
| issue-type = Illegitimate children
| house = [[House of Estridsen|Estridsen]]
| full name = Canute Magnussen
| father = [[Magnus I of Sweden]]
| mother = [[Richeza of Poland, Queen of Sweden|Richeza of Poland]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1129}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 9 August {{Death year and age|1157|1129}}
| death_place = [[Roskilde]], [[Denmark]]
| place of burial =
|}}

'''Canute V Magnussen''' ({{langx|da|'''Knud V Magnussen'''}}) ({{circa|1129}} – 9 August 1157) was a [[List of Danish monarchs|King of Denmark]] from 1146 to 1157, as co-regent in shifting alliances with [[Sweyn III of Denmark|Sweyn III]] and [[Valdemar I of Denmark|Valdemar I]]. Canute was killed at the so-called ''Bloodfeast of Roskilde'' in 1157. Nothing certain is known about his person and character.

==Biography==
Canute was born around 1129, the son of [[Magnus the Strong]] and his consort [[Richeza of Poland, Queen of Sweden|Richeza of Poland]]. After the abdication of [[Eric III of Denmark|Eric III]] in 1146, the magnates of [[Jutland]] declared Canute king, while the magnates of [[Zealand (Denmark)|Zealand]] and [[Scania]] crowned [[Sweyn III of Denmark|Sweyn III]],<ref name="gyldendal"/> the nephew of [[Canute Lavard]] who Magnus had killed in 1131.<ref name="kongehuset"/>

In the following years, Canute tried in vain to defeat Sweyn III on Zealand for complete control over Denmark. In 1147, Canute and Sweyn united to undertake the [[Wendish Crusade]], which however ended in the re-ignition of their strife.<ref name="bricka">[[Carl Frederik Bricka|Bricka, Carl Frederik]] (ed.), ''Dansk Biografisk Lexikon'', vol. IX [Jyde – Køtschau], 1895. "Knud (Magnussen)", [[Hans Olrik]], [https://runeberg.org/dbl/9/0265.html pp.263–264].</ref> Sweyn and his cousin [[Valdemar I of Denmark|Duke Valdemar]], the son of Canute Lavard, defeated Canute in Jutland in 1150, and Canute fled to his father-in-law [[Sverker I of Sweden]]. Canute attempted a number of reconquests, all of them unsuccessful, and turned to [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick Barbarossa]] for help. The resulting compromise of 1152, which was supported by Valdemar, made Canute the inferior [[co-regent]] of Sweyn. However, Sweyn decided not to effectuate the deal.<ref name="bricka"/>

Canute now formed an alliance with Valdemar and Sverker, whose daughter [[Helena of Sweden|Helena]] Canute was to marry. Sweyn fled Denmark in 1154, and Canute struck a deal with Valdemar, making him his co-ruler. Canute was an inferior king to Valdemar,<ref name="bricka"/> and after Sweyn's re-entry into Denmark, a final compromise was struck in 1157, under pressure from the Danish magnates.<ref name="gyldendal">[http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_f%C3%B8r_Reformationen/Knud_5._Magnussen Knud 5. Magnussen] at Gyldendals Åbne Encyklopædi</ref> Sweyn, Canute, and Valdemar were set up as co-rulers, with Canute ruling Zealand.<ref name="bricka"/> During the peace banquet in [[Roskilde]] on 9 August 1157, later known as the ''Bloodfeast of Roskilde'', Sweyn attempted to kill both Canute and Valdemar.<ref name="gyldendal"/> Canute was allegedly killed by one of Sweyn's warriors.<ref name="bricka"/>
[[Image:Waldemar Knut Swen.jpg|thumb|left|Death of Canute in the 13th-century [[Sächsische Weltchronik]]]]

Canute's half-sister [[Sofia of Minsk]] married Valdemar, who avenged him the same year by killing Sweyn at the [[Battle of Grathe Heath]] to win Denmark for himself.

==Issue==
Not more than a year before his death, Canute married [[Helen of Sweden (12th century)|Helen of Sweden]], but they had no children.<ref name="bricka"/> Canute fathered two or three children out of wedlock:<ref>S. Otto Brenner: ''Nachkommen Gorms des Alten (König von Dänemark -936-)'', 1964/1978, p. 255 & 258</ref><ref name="bricka"/>
# [[Saint Niels]] of [[Aarhus]] (died 1180); he lived as monk<ref>[http://www.aakb.bib.dk/lokhist/aarhleks/r00515.htm Skt. Niels af Århus (11??-1180)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716023147/http://www.aakb.bib.dk/lokhist/aarhleks/r00515.htm |date=July 16, 2011 }} by Aarhus Municipal Library</ref>
# [[Valdemar of Denmark (bishop)|Valdemar]]; he was [[Bishop of Schleswig]] and [[Archbishop of Bremen|Prince-Archbishop of Bremen]]
# Hildegard; she married [[Jaromar I, Prince of Rügen|Jaromar I, Prince of Rugia]] (possible daughter but uncertain)

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Estridsen]]||ca. 1129|9 August|1157||name=Canute V}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Eric III of Denmark|Eric Lamb]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Danish monarchs|King of Denmark]]|years=1146–1157|regent1=[[Sweyn III of Denmark|Sweyn Grathe]] &|regent2=[[Valdemar I of Denmark|Valdemar the Great]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Valdemar I of Denmark|Valdemar the Great]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Monarchs of Denmark}}

{{commonscat-inline}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canute 05 Of Denmark}}
[[Category:1120s births]]
[[Category:1157 deaths]]
[[Category:House of Estridsen]]
[[Category:12th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:Christians of the Wendish Crusade]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:12th-century kings of Denmark]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]

Sweyn III of Denmark

2024-12-07T14:41:09Z

138.88.187.36:

{{Short description|King of Denmark from 1146 to 1157}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type=monarch
| name = Sweyn III Grathe
| succession = [[King of Denmark]]
| image =Swen.jpg
| caption = Illustration of Sweyn III in the 13th-century [[Saxon World Chronicle]]
| reign = 1146–1157<ref name="kongehuset">[http://kongehuset.dk/lineage.php?id=58197&dogtag=k_dk_monarkiet_kongeraek&list_id=1 Monarkiet i Danmark – Kongerækken] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118011459/http://kongehuset.dk/lineage.php?id=58197&dogtag=k_dk_monarkiet_kongeraek&list_id=1 |date=18 November 2009 }} at [[Monarchy of Denmark|The Danish Monarchy]]</ref>
| predecessor = [[Eric III Lamb]]
| successor = [[Valdemar I the Great]]
| regent = [[Canute V]] (from 1146),
[[Valdemar I the Great]] (from 1154)
| reg-type = {{nowrap|Co-kings}}
| spouse = [[Adela of Meissen]]
| issue = {{ubl|Unnamed son|Luitgard, Margravine of Istria}}
| house = [[House of Estridsen|Estridsen]]
| full name = Sweyn Eriksen
| father = [[Eric II the Memorable]]
| mother = Thunna
| birth_date = {{circa|1125}}<ref name="bricka">[[Carl Frederik Bricka|Bricka, Carl Frederik]] (ed.), ''Dansk Biografisk Lexikon'', vol. XVII [Svend Tveskjæg – Tøxen], 1903. "Svend Grade", [[Hans Olrik]], [https://runeberg.org/dbl/17/0007.html pp. 5–7].</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date = 23 October {{Death year and age|1157|1125}}
| death_place = [[Battle of Grathe Heath|Grathe Heath]], Denmark
| place of burial = [[Gradehede]], then [[Viborg Cathedral]]
|}}

'''Sweyn III Grathe'''<ref group=Note>For the significance of the epithet, see {{slink||Tripartition}}</ref> ({{langx|da|'''Svend III Grathe'''}}; {{circa|1125}} – 23 October 1157) was the [[king of Denmark]] between 1146 and 1157, in shifting alliances with [[Canute V]] and his own cousin [[Valdemar I of Denmark|Valdemar I]]. In 1157, the three agreed to a tripartition of Denmark. Sweyn attempted to kill his rivals at the peace banquet, and was subsequently defeated by Valdemar I at the [[Battle of Grathe Heath]] and killed.

==Early life==
Sweyn was the illegitimate son of King [[Eric II of Denmark|Erik II the Memorable]] and the concubine Thunna. Sweyn travelled with Eric II to [[Norway]] in the mid-1130s, when his father fought [[Niels of Denmark|King Niels]] to win the Danish throne. When Eric II died in 1137, he was succeeded by [[Eric III of Denmark|Eric III]], and Sweyn was sent to the court of [[Conrad III of Germany]]. Here he befriended Conrad's nephew [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick]].<ref name="bricka"/>

Sweyn travelled to Denmark, where he and his cousin [[Valdemar I of Denmark|Valdemar]] sought to [[canonize]] Sweyn's uncle and Valdemar's father [[Canute Lavard]] in 1146, under protest from Archbishop [[Eskil of Lund]] in [[Scania]].<ref name="bricka"/> At the [[abdication]] of Eric III in 1146, Sweyn was elected king by the [[magnate]]s on [[Zealand (Denmark)|Zealand]] while [[Canute V of Denmark|Canute V]] was crowned by their counterparts in [[Jutland]].<ref name="gyldendal">[http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_f%c3%b8r_Reformationen/Svend_3._Grathe Svend 3. Grathe] at Gyldendals Åbne Encyklopædi</ref>

==Civil war==
For the next years, Sweyn fought a [[Danish Civil War|civil war]] against Canute for the kingship of Denmark, supported by Valdemar. Canute was supported by Archbishop Eskil, but Sweyn moved to secure Eskil's loyalty by granting the [[Archbishop of Lund]] land holdings in Scania and [[Bornholm]]. Sweyn subsequently defeated Canute on Zealand, to confine him to Jutland. In 1147, Sweyn and Canute united to support the [[Wendish Crusade]]. As Sweyn engaged the [[Wends]] in naval battle, he received little support from Canute, and lost his [[flagship]]. The civil war was soon re-ignited.<ref name="bricka"/>

After several battles, Sweyn conquered [[Funen]] and parts of Jutland, and set Valdemar up as [[Duke of Schleswig]]. Sweyn then campaigned with [[Etheler von Dithmarschen]] against [[Adolf II of Holstein]], a supporter of Canute. Sweyn succeeded in banishing Canute in 1150, and Canute's re-entry with German troops in 1151 was also repulsed. Both Canute and Sweyn sought the support of Conrad III of Germany. In 1152, Frederick I was crowned [[King of Germany]], and he brokered a deal in [[Merseburg]] later that year.<ref name="bricka"/> The deal made Sweyn "premier king", with Canute eligible to receive a substantial portion of Denmark, and Valdemar keeping the Duchy of Schleswig.<ref name="gyldendal"/> However, Sweyn only granted Canute small holdings, breaking the agreement, and Sweyn's position in Denmark was further undermined by his alleged tyrant manners and his pro-[[Germany|German]] behaviour.<ref name="bricka"/>

==Tripartition==
In 1154, Sweyn was overthrown by an alliance between Canute and Valdemar, who was crowned Canute's co-ruler as [[Valdemar I of Denmark|Valdemar I]].<ref name="gyldendal"/> Eskil and the majority of Sweyn's other supporters deserted him, and he went into exile in Germany. Sweyn spent three years seeking support for a reconquest, and returned to Denmark in 1157 with the support of German duke [[Henry the Lion]].<ref name="bricka"/> This prompted the Danish magnates to force through a tripartition of the kingdom into Jutland, Zealand, and Scania.<ref name="gyldendal"/> Sweyn chose first, and was made the ruler of Scania. At the peace banquet in [[Roskilde]] on 9 August 1157, Sweyn planned on killing his two co-rulers, and succeeded in having Canute killed. The incident became known as the ''Bloodfeast of Roskilde''.<ref name="bricka"/>

Valdemar escaped to Jutland, and on 23 October 1157, Sweyn and his army faced and met him at the [[Battle of Grathe Heath]], which gave him his nickname ''Grathe''. Sweyn's army was defeated, and he was killed by [[peasant]]s who caught him when his [[horse]] was sucked into a [[bog]] while he fled from the battle.<ref name="bricka"/>

==Marriage and issue==
In 1152, Sweyn married [[Adela of Meissen]], daughter of [[Conrad, Margrave of Meissen]], and [[Luitgard of Ravenstein]]. They had a short-lived son, possibly named Eric, and a daughter, Luitgard, who married [[Berthold I of Istria]].<ref name="bricka"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{commonscat-inline|Sweyn III of Denmark}}
<references/>

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Estridsen]]||c. 1125|23 October|1157||name=Sweyn Grathe}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Eric III of Denmark|Eric Lamb]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Danish monarchs|King of Denmark]]|years=1146–1157|regent1=[[Canute V of Denmark|Canute V]] &|regent2=[[Valdemar I of Denmark|Valdemar the Great]]}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Valdemar I of Denmark|Valdemar the Great]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Monarchs of Denmark}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sweyn 03 Of Denmark}}
[[Category:Monarchs killed in action]]
[[Category:House of Estridsen]]
[[Category:Christians of the Wendish Crusade]]
[[Category:12th-century births]]
[[Category:1157 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at Viborg Cathedral]]
[[Category:Illegitimate children of Danish monarchs]]
[[Category:12th-century kings of Denmark]]
[[Category:Royal reburials]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]