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Plan R 4

2025-05-09T08:08:27Z

124.246.76.20: /* See also */

{{Short description|World War II British plan for an invasion of Norway in April 1940}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}

[[File:Map of Norway 1939.svg|thumb|Map of Norway in 1939]]
'''Plan R 4''' was an unrealised [[United Kingdom|British]] plan to invade [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]] in April 1940, during the [[Second World War]]. As a result of competing plans for Norway and [[Operation Weserübung]] the German invasion of Norway the same month, it was not carried out as designed. Similar plans had been made for the proposed [[Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War|Anglo-French intervention in the Winter War]].

==Background==
Germany lacked [[iron]] ore for [[steel]] production and before the war, iron ore had been imported from mines in the [[France|French]] region of [[Lorraine]]. Since the outbreak of war in September 1939, that supply had been cut off and shipments from the other large supplier, [[Sweden]], were essential for the production of military equipment.

In the [[Gulf of Bothnia]], the northern part of the [[Baltic Sea]], lies the Swedish port of [[Luleå]] from where ore is shipped during the summer. The Baltic that far north froze in winter and for several months each year, the Swedes sent iron ore by rail to the [[ice-free port]] of [[Narvik]], in the far north of Norway. In a normal year, 80 per cent of the iron ore was exported through Narvik. The only alternative in winter was a long rail journey to [[Oxelösund]] on the Baltic, south of [[Stockholm]], which was not frozen. British intelligence suggested that Oxelösund could ship only a fifth of the weight that Germany required. Travelling inside Norwegian territorial waters for most of the trip, the shipping from Narvik was virtually immune to British interception.

[[File:Lapland1940.png|left|thumb|{{centre|Franco-British support was offered to [[Finland]], which had been invaded by the [[Soviet Union]], if they were given free passage through [[neutral country|neutral]] [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]], instead of taking the road from [[Pechengsky District|Petsamo]]. This was a pretext to occupy the [[Swedish iron ore (WWII)|iron ore districts]] in [[Kiruna]] and [[Malmberget]]. (borders, 1920–1940)}}]]
The British and the French [[Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War|strategy]] was to use the [[Winter War]], the invasion by the [[Soviet Union]] that has begun on 30 November 1939 as an excuse for seizing the Swedish ore fields in the north and the Norwegian harbours through which it was shipped to Germany. The plan was to get Norwegian and Swedish permission to send an [[expeditionary warfare|expeditionary force]] to Finland across [[Sápmi]], ostensibly to help the Finns. Once there, they were to take control of Swedish harbours and mines, occupy cities such as [[Gävle]] and Luleå, ending German access to Swedish ore and presenting Norway and Sweden with a [[fait accompli]]. Because of the danger of Allied or German occupation and of the war being waged on their territory, the Swedes and the Norwegians refused the transit requests.{{sfn|Ziemke|2000|pp=50–72}}

The Germans, aware of the danger, were making plans for an invasion of Norway to protect their supply of iron ore. The [[Altmark Incident|''Altmark'' Incident]] of 16 February 1940 convinced Hitler that the Allies would not respect Norwegian neutrality and he ordered the plans for an invasion hastened. The Scandinavian reluctance to allow Allied troops on their territory baulked the original Allied plan for using aid to Finland as a pretext for sending troops but on 12 March, the Allies decided to try a "semi-peaceable" invasion instead.{{sfn|Ziemke|2000|pp=50–72}} Troops were to be landed in Norway and were to move into Sweden to capture the Swedish mines but if serious military resistance from the Norwegians was encountered, the Allies were not to press the issue. Finland sued for peace on 13 March and the revised version of the plan had to be abandoned. Faced with this, the Allied instead began work on Plan R 4.

The Germans knew something of the Allied plans. Intercepted radio traffic showed that Allied transport groups had been readied. Later interceptions informed Germany that the Allies had abandoned the plan and redeployed their forces. [[Adolf Hitler]] feared that the Allies would launch their invasion sooner or later and 9 April was set as the date of [[Operation Weserübung]], the German attack on [[Denmark]] and Norway.

== Plan ==
Britain had two parallel plans, [[Operation Wilfred]] and Plan R 4.

=== Operation Wilfred ===
Operation Wilfred, set to commence on 5 April (but delayed to 8 April), was a British naval operation intending to place two [[naval mine|minefields]] inside Norwegian territorial waters already. Ships carrying ore would have to sail into international waters and run the gauntlet of the [[Royal Navy]], which could prevent the transport of [[Swedish iron ore]] to Germany. The Norwegian and the Swedish governments were to be publicly informed some days beforehand and to be accused of inability to uphold their neutrality.{{sfn|Ziemke|2000|pp=50–72}}

==== Plan R 4 ====
R 4 consisted of
* Operation Stratford – the main British force (Scots Guards + AA) to occupy the area from Narvik to the Swedish border following the railway.
* Operation Avonmouth (combined British and French force) – a raid to destroy the Sola airfield outside Stavanger and occupation of Bergen and Trondheim, the force comprising the main part of 146th and 148th Infantry Brigades plus a French Alpine brigade.
* Operation Plymouth – consisting of the Hallamshire Battalion of the 146th Infantry Brigade to land at Trondheim and advance eastwards.{{sfn|Ziemke|2000|pp=50–72}}

According to military historian [[Earl F. Ziemke]] in his 1960 essay "''The German Decision To Invade Norway and Denmark''",{{sfn|Ziemke|2000|pp=50–72}} it was hoped that Operation Wilfred would provoke a German reaction in the form of troop landings or threats thereof and R 4 was to be executed "the moment the Germans landed in Norway 'or showed they intended to do so."{{sfn|Claasen|2007|pp=114–135}} The first battalion transports were to sail within a few hours of the mines having been laid.{{sfn|Ziemke|2000|pp=50–72}} In his 2007 essay "''The German Invasion of Norway, 1940: The Operational Intelligence Dimension''" the historian Adam Claasen wrote "it is not intended that any Forces shall be landed in Norway until the Germans have violated Norwegian Territory, or there is clear evidence that they intend to do so".{{sfn|Claasen|2007|pp=114–135}} Both authors agree that the plan assumed the Norwegians would not resist the British forces.

== Aftermath ==
Plan R 4 could not be executed as planned, as most of the German navy was reported to be in Norwegian waters already. The plan to invade northern Sweden after Norway had to be abandoned as Allied troops were swiftly sent to support the Norwegians against the Germans, but success was achieved only in the Narvik area, where the Germans were brought close to surrender. The Allied troops consisted of 24,500 British, Norwegian, French and Polish troops, in particular marine infantry, French Foreign Legionnaires and Polish mountain troops. The German troops were composed of 2,000 mountain troops and 2,600 seamen from the sunken German invasion flotilla. On 17 April 1940, Hitler ordered the German troops to evacuate to Sweden to be interned (see the [[Allied campaign in Norway]]). The [[Battle of France]] and the Low Countries led to an Allied troop redeployment. Allied troops were evacuated in [[Operation Alphabet]] from Narvik by 8 June 1940.

==See also==
* [[Franco-British plans for intervention in the Winter War]]
* [[Foreign support of Finland in the Winter War]]
* [[British occupation of the Faroe Islands]]
* [[Iceland in World War II]]
* [[Operation Catherine]]
* [[Operation Pike]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Claasen |first1=Adam |title=The German Invasion of Norway, 1940: The Operational Intelligence Dimension |journal=Journal of Strategic Studies |volume=27 |issue=1 |year=2007 |pages=114–135 |issn=0140-2390 |doi=10.1080/0140239042000232792 |s2cid=153532724}}
* {{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_02.htm |chapter=Chapter 2, The German Decision to Invade Norway and Denmark |title=Command Decisions |id=CMH Pub 70-7 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |first=Earl F. |last=Ziemke |url=https://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2007 |year=2000 |orig-year=1960 |access-date = 19 August 2010 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Butler |first=James |author-link=J. R. M. Butler |series=Britain and the Second World War – Military Series |title=Grand Strategy: September 1939 – June 1941 |volume=II |year=1971 |orig-year=1957 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |edition=2nd (amended) |isbn=0-11-630095-7}}
* {{cite book |first=T. K. |last=Derry |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Campaign in Norway |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Norway/index.html#contents |publisher=[[HMSO]] |edition=Naval & Military Press |location=London |year=2004 |orig-year=1952 |isbn=1-845740-57-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Haarr |first=Geirr |title=The German Invasion of Norway, 1940 |year=2009 |publisher=Seaforth (Pen & Sword Books) |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-84832-032-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Haarr |first=Geirr |title=The Gathering Storm: The Naval War in Northern Europe September 1939 – April 1940 |year=2013 |publisher=Seaforth (Pen & Sword) |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-84832-140-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Lunde |first=Henrik O. |title=Hitler's Pre-Emptive War: The Battle for Norway, 1940 |year=2010 |publisher=Casemate |location=Havertown, PA and Newbury, Berks |isbn=978-1-935149-33-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Maier |first1=Klaus A. |last2=Rohde |first2=Horst |last3=Stegemann |first3=Bernd |last4=Umbreit |first4=Hans |title=[[Germany and the Second World War]]: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe |year=2015 |orig-year=1991 |publisher=Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt [Research Institute for Military History] |editor-last=Falla |editor-first=P. S. |edition=trans. pbk. Clarendon Press, Oxford |volume=II |location=Freiburg im Breisgau |language=en |translator-last=McMurry |translator-first=Dean S. |translator-last2=Osers |translator-first2=Ewald |isbn=978-0-19-873834-3}}

* {{cite book |first1=Jürgen |last1=Rohwer |first2=Gerhard |last2=Hümmelchen |title=Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |year=2005 |orig-year=1972 |publisher=Chatham |location=London |edition=3rd rev. |isbn=978-1-86176-257-3}}
* {{cite book |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series: The War at Sea 1939–1945 |title=The Defensive |volume=I |last=Roskill |first=S. W. |author-link=Stephen Roskill |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |year=1957 |orig-year=1954 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=4th impr. |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html |oclc=881709135}}

{{World War II}}

[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II]]
[[Category:Military operations directly affecting Sweden during World War II]]
[[Category:Cancelled invasions]]
[[Category:Cancelled military operations of World War II]]
[[Category:Norway–United Kingdom relations]]

Robert Keohane

2025-05-09T06:42:25Z

124.246.76.20: /* Books */

{{short description|American academic}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Robert Keohane
| image = Robert O. Keohane at Chatham House 2015 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Keohane in 2015
| birth_name = Robert Owen Keohane
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|10|3}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = [[Political science]]
| workplaces = {{ubl|[[Princeton University]]|[[Duke University]]}}
| education = [[Shimer College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| doctoral_advisor = [[Stanley Hoffmann]]
| doctoral_students = {{flatlist|
*[[Beth A. Simmons]]
*[[Helen Milner]]
*[[Andrew Moravcsik]]}}
| known_for = ''[[After Hegemony]]'', "[[Reflectivism#Rationalism vs. reflectivism|International Institutions: Two Approaches]]"
| spouse = [[Nannerl O. Keohane]]
}}
'''Robert Owen Keohane''' (born October 3, 1941) is an American political scientist working in the fields of [[international relations]] and [[international political economy]]. Following the publication of his influential book ''[[After Hegemony]]'' (1984), he has become widely associated with the theory of [[liberal institutionalism|neoliberal institutionalism]] in international relations, as well as transnational relations and [[Global politics|world politics]] in [[international relations]] in the 1970s.

He is Professor Emeritus of [[International relations|International Affairs]] at the [[Princeton School of Public and International Affairs]], and has also taught at [[Swarthmore College]], [[Duke University]], [[Harvard University]] and [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert O. Keohane|url=https://scholar.princeton.edu/rkeohane/home|access-date=2020-09-30|website=scholar.princeton.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CV: Robert Owen Keohane|url=https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/rkeohane/files/cv0916.pdf|website=[[Princeton University]]}}</ref> A 2011 survey of International Relations scholars placed Keohane second in terms of influence and quality of scholarship in the last twenty years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wm.edu/offices/itpir/_documents/trip/trip_around_the_world_2011.pdf|title=TRIP AROUND THE WORLD: Teaching, Research, and Policy Views of International Relations Faculty in 20 Countries}}</ref> According to the [[Open Syllabus Project]], Keohane is the most frequently cited author on college syllabi for political science courses.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://opensyllabus.org/results-list/authors?size=50&fields=Political%20Science |title = Open Syllabus Project}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Keohane was born at the [[University of Chicago Hospitals]]. His education through the fifth grade was at the [[University of Chicago Laboratory Schools]]. When he was 10, the family moved to [[Mount Carroll, Illinois]], where he attended public school and his parents taught at [[Shimer College]]. After the 10th grade, Keohane enrolled at Shimer through the school's early entrance program, which since 1950 has allowed selected high school students to enter college before completing high school.<ref name="early_entrance">{{cite web|url=http://www.shimer.edu/academicprograms/undergraduate/earlyentrantprogram.cfm|title=Early Entrance Program|author=Shimer College|access-date=2012-04-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602055849/http://shimer.edu/academicprograms/undergraduate/earlyentrantprogram.cfm|archive-date=2013-06-02}}</ref> When later asked to compare his undergraduate education as an early entrant at Shimer with his graduate work at Harvard, Keohane remarked "it is not clear to me that I have ever been with a brighter set of people than those early entrants."<ref name="alumni_profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.shimer.edu/alumninetwork/RobertKeohane.cfm|title=Alumni Profiles: Robert Keohane|work=Shimer.edu|author=Shimer College|access-date=2012-04-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301205342/http://www.shimer.edu/alumninetwork/RobertKeohane.cfm|archive-date=2012-03-01}}</ref> Keohane currently serves on the Board of Trustees of Shimer College.

He earned a BA, with honors, from [[Shimer College]] in 1961.<ref name="alumni_profile"/> He obtained his PhD from [[Harvard University|Harvard]] in 1966, one year after he joined the faculty of [[Swarthmore College]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Keohane|first=Robert O.|date=2020|title=Understanding Multilateral Institutions in Easy and Hard Times|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=23|issue=1|pages=1–18|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050918-042625|issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free}}</ref> He was the student of Harvard University Professor [[Stanley Hoffmann]]. He described [[Judith N. Shklar|Judith Shklar]] as his strongest intellectual mentor during his graduate studies.<ref name=":1" /> He has also described [[Kenneth Waltz]] and [[Karl Polanyi]] as influences.<ref name=":02" />

== Career ==
Keohane has taught at [[Swarthmore College|Swarthmore]], [[Stanford University|Stanford]], [[Brandeis University|Brandeis]], [[Harvard University|Harvard]], and [[Duke University|Duke]]. At Harvard he was Stanfield Professor of International Peace, and at Duke he was the [[James B. Duke Professor]] of Political Science.

He is the author of many works, including [[After Hegemony|''After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy'']] (Princeton University Press, 1984), for which he was awarded the second annual [[University of Louisville]] [[Grawemeyer Award]] in 1989 for "Ideas Improving World Order".<ref name="grawemeyer.org">{{cite web|title=1989- Robert Keohane|url=http://grawemeyer.org/worldorder/previous-winners/1989-robert-keohane.html|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610230131/http://grawemeyer.org/worldorder/previous-winners/1989-robert-keohane.html|archive-date=2015-06-10}}</ref> Keohane describes the process of forming the theoretical insights of ''After Hegemony'' as follows during the late 1970s,
{{blockquote|In a world of structural Realism and hegemony, the institutionalized policy coordination that we were increasingly observing in the late 1970s seemed an anomaly. How could it emerge consistent with the theory, or was something missing in the theory itself? Was leadership by a single state, based on dominance or hegemony, essential for cooperation? I did not understand the puzzle clearly, much less have an answer, until I attended a meeting at the University of Minnesota, organized by the economist [[Anne Krueger]] and sponsored by the National Science Foundation, at which [[Charles P. Kindleberger]] spoke about the implications for international relations of “[[Transaction cost|transactions costs]],” risk, and uncertainty. I had not even heard of transaction costs before this time, but when I returned to Stanford I began thinking about these issues, aided by friends and colleagues who knew about “the [[New institutional economics|new economics of organization]]”... I can still remember the “aha” feeling that I had in December 1979, in my Stanford office, looking over the campus, when I recognized the significance of these theories for the understanding of international cooperation.<ref name=":02"/>}}
Keohane has been characterized as a key figure in the development of a discipline of [[International political economy|International Political Economy]] in the United States.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Benjamin J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H79WVDwMzCEC|title=International Political Economy: An Intellectual History|date=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13569-4|pages=16–17, 23–29|language=en}}</ref> Along with [[Joseph Nye]], Keohane coined the concept of [[complex interdependence]] to capture the ways in which power had been fragmented and diffused in economic affairs.<ref name=":1" /> Robert Keohane coined the term [[Hegemonic stability theory]] in a 1980 article for the notion that the international system is more likely to remain stable when a single [[nation-state]] is the dominant world power, or [[hegemon]].<ref name=":923">{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Benjamin J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H79WVDwMzCEC|title=International Political Economy: An Intellectual History|date=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13569-4|pages=66–68|language=en}}</ref> Keohane's 1984 book ''[[After Hegemony]]'' used insights from the [[new institutional economics]] to argue that the international system could remain stable in the absence of a hegemon, thus rebutting hegemonic stability theory.<ref name=":02"/> Keohane showed that international cooperation could be sustained through repeated interactions, transparency, and monitoring.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Norrlof|first=Carla|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/americas-global-advantage/29F591B11AD3CCFDA25F7ED7D9191B55|title=America's Global Advantage: US Hegemony and International Cooperation|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76543-5|pages=30–31|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511676406}}</ref>

Keohane played an important role in steering the focus of the journal ''[[International Organization]]'' from scholarship focused on international organizations to a general IR journal; it is now the leading journal in the field of IR.<ref name=":92">{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Benjamin J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H79WVDwMzCEC|title=International Political Economy: An Intellectual History|date=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13569-4|pages=35–36|language=en}}</ref> He joined the journal in 1968.<ref name=":92" /> Between 1974 and 1980, he was editor of the journal.<ref name=":92" />

He has been president of the [[International Studies Association]], 1988–1989, and of the [[American Political Science Association]], 1999–2000.

Keohane is a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], the [[American Academy of Political and Social Science]] and has held a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] and fellowships at the [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]] and the [[National Humanities Center]]. He was awarded the [[Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science]] in 2005, and elected to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] that same year. In 2007, he was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Robert+Keohane&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-05-07|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> He was listed as the most influential scholar of international relations in a 2005 ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' poll.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3293 |title=Coming Soon |work=Foreign Policy |access-date=2011-09-19 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Political scientists he has taught include [[Lisa Martin (political scientist)|Lisa Martin]], [[Andrew Moravcsik]], [[Layna Mosley]], [[Beth Simmons]], Ronald Mitchell, and [[Helen V. Milner]]. Other students include [[Fareed Zakaria]].<ref name="medal" />

In 2012, Keohane received the [[Harvard Centennial Medal]].<ref name="medal">{{Cite news|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2012/05/harvard-graduate-school-centennial-medalists-2012|title=Harvard Graduate School Honors Daniel Aaron, Nancy Hopkins, and Others |date=2012-05-23|access-date=2012-05-29|work=Harvard Magazine}}</ref>

In fall 2013 he is the Allianz Distinguished Visitor at the [[American Academy in Berlin]].

In 2014, he was awarded the James Madison Award of the American Political Science Association.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff |url=https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S41/05/31E94/index.xml?section=facstaff |title=FACULTY AWARD: Keohane receives APSA's James Madison Award |publisher=Princeton.edu |date=2014-09-12 |access-date=2018-09-19}}</ref>

He was awarded the 2016 [[Balzan Prize]] for International Relations: History and Theory.

==Personal life==
While he was an assistant professor at Swarthmore College, he was an activist against the Vietnam War, and also campaigned for 1968 presidential candidate [[Eugene McCarthy]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050918-042625| doi-access=free|title=Understanding Multilateral Institutions in Easy and Hard Times|year=2020|last1=Keohane|first1=Robert O.|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=23|pages=1–18}}</ref> Keohane is married to [[Nannerl O. Keohane]], former president of [[Duke University]] and [[Wellesley College]] and herself a noted political scientist.<ref name="chronicle">Sharon Walsh and Jeffrey Brainard, 'Duke's Ex-President and Her Husband Head to Princeton; Penn's Medical School Denies Tenure to 2 Bioethicists', in ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]'', October 29, 2004 [http://chronicle.com/article/Dukes-Ex-PresidentHer/11994/?otd=Y2xpY2t0aHJ1Ojo6c293aWRnZXQ6OjpjaGFubmVsOnN0dWRlbnRzLGFydGljbGU6YS1jb2xsZWdlLXRoYXQtaXMtYWxzby1hLWNhdHRsZS1yYW5jaC1kZWNpZGVzLXRvLWFkbWl0LXdvbWVuOjo6Y2hhbm5lbDpmYWN1bHR5LGFydGljbGU6ZHVrZXMtZXgtcHJlc2lkZW50aGVyLWh1c2JhbmQtaGVhZC10by1wcmluY2V0b24tcGVubnMtbWVkaWNhbC1zY2hvb2wtZGVuaWVzLXRlbnVyZS10by0yLWJpb2V0aGljaXN0cw==]</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Charlick|first=Hannah|title=Keohanes to join Wilson School faculty|url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2004/10/15/11101/|newspaper=The [[Daily Princetonian]]|date=October 15, 2004|access-date=November 7, 2010|archive-date=April 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402215425/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2004/10/15/11101/|url-status=dead}}</ref> They have four grown children: Sarah, Stephan, Jonathan, and [[Nat Keohane|Nathaniel]].

== Books ==
* ''Transnational Relations and World Politics'', co-authored with [[Joseph S. Nye, Jr.]] ([[Harvard University Press]], 1972)
* ''Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition'' (Little, Brown, 1977); with Joseph Nye
* ''[[After Hegemony|After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy]]'' (Princeton University Press, 1984)
* ''Neorealism and Its Critics'' (Columbia University Press, 1986)
* ''International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory'' (Westview, 1989)
* ''[[Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research]]'' (Princeton, 1994); with [[Gary King (political scientist)|Gary King]] and [[Sidney Verba]]
* ''Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World'' ([[Routledge]], New York, 2002)
* ''Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dilemmas'' (Cambridge University Press, 2003); with J. L. Holzgrefe
* ''The Regime Complex for Climate Change'' with David G. Victor (2010)<ref>{{cite SSRN|ssrn=1643813 |title=The Regime Complex for Climate Change by David Victor, Robert Keohane :: SSRN |date= 20 July 2010|last1=Keohane |first1=Robert O. |last2=Victor |first2=David G. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/19880/regime_complex_for_climate_change.html |title=The Regime Complex for Climate Change - Harvard - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs |publisher=Belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu |access-date=2011-09-19 |archive-date=2016-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411221202/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/19880/regime_complex_for_climate_change.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110717185707/http://wws.princeton.edu/people/display_person.xml?netid=rkeohane&display=Core Robert Keohane's Faculty Profile at Princeton]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080611121646/http://www.theory-talks.org/2008/05/theory-talk-9.html Interview with Robert Keohane by Theory Talks (May 2008)]}}
*[http://www.americanacademy.de/home/person/robert-o-keohane Robert O. Keohane as the Allianz Distinguished Visitor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526120325/http://www.americanacademy.de/home/person/robert-o-keohane |date=2016-05-26 }} at the [[American Academy in Berlin]]

{{American Political Science Association presidents}}
{{Recipients of the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science}}
{{International relations theory}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keohane, Robert}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American political scientists]]
[[Category:American male writers]]
[[Category:Brandeis University faculty]]
[[Category:Duke University faculty]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:American international relations scholars]]
[[Category:People from Mount Carroll, Illinois]]
[[Category:Political liberals (international relations)]]
[[Category:Princeton University faculty]]
[[Category:Shimer College alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University Department of Political Science faculty]]
[[Category:Swarthmore College faculty]]
[[Category:University of Chicago Laboratory Schools alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Presidents of the International Studies Association]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]