Nigerian Pidgin

2025-06-01T08:46:15Z

102.89.83.97: /* Connection to Portuguese language */

{{short description|English-based creole languages}}
{{distinguish|Nigerian English}}
{{multiple issues|
{{original research|date=December 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2014}}
}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Nigerian Pidgin
| nativename = Naijá (languej)<br />Naija
| altname =
| states = [[Nigeria]]
| speakers = [[L1 speakers|L1]]: {{sigfig|4.650000|2}} million <br /> [[L2 speakers|L2]]: {{sigfig|116.000000|3}} million
| date 09 = 2020
| ref = e26
| familycolor = Creole
| fam1 = [[English-based creole languages|English Creole]]
| fam2 = Atlantic
| fam3 = [[West African Pidgin English]]
| iso3 = pcm
| glotto = nige1257
| glottorefname = Nigerian Pidgin
| script = Latin
}}

'''Nigerian Pidgin''', also known simply as '''Pidgin''' or as '''Naijá''' in scholarship, is an [[English-based creole language]] spoken as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' across [[Nigeria]]. The language is sometimes referred to as ''Pijin'' or ''Vernacular''. Coming into existence during the 17th and 18th centuries as a result of contact between Britons and Africans involved in the [[Atlantic slave trade]],<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40975399 |title=BBC Pidgin service launched in Nigeria |date=2017-08-21 |access-date=2019-04-28 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922170039/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40975399 |url-status=live }}</ref> in the 2010s, a common orthography was developed for Pidgin which has been gaining significant popularity in giving the language a harmonized writing system.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ofulue |first1=Christine I. |last2=Esizimetor |first2=David O. |title=GUIDE TO STANDARD NAIJÁ ORTHOGRAPHY. An NLA Harmonized Writing System for Common Naijá Publications |url=https://www.ifra-nigeria.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89:guide-to-standard-naija-orthography-an-nla-harmonized-writing-system-for-common-naija-publications&catid=67:naija-languej-akedemi |access-date=2017-02-06 |website=IFRA-Nigeria - French Institute for Research in Africa |archive-date=2023-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101144029/https://www.ifra-nigeria.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89:guide-to-standard-naija-orthography-an-nla-harmonized-writing-system-for-common-naija-publications&catid=67:naija-languej-akedemi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Esizimetor, D. O. (2009). What Orthography for Naijá? Paper delivered at the Conference on Naijá organised by the Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA), July 07–10, 2009, University of Ibadan Conference Centre.</ref>

It can be spoken as a [[pidgin]], a creole, dialect or a [[decreolization|decreolised]] [[acrolect]] by different speakers, who may switch between these forms depending on the social setting.{{sfnp|Faraclas|1996|loc=Introduction}} Variations of what this article refers to as "Nigerian Pidgin" are also spoken across [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]], in countries such as [[Benin]], [[Ghana]], and [[Cameroon]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fitimi|first1=Prince|last2=Ojitobome|first2=Afinotan |website=Academia.edu |title=The Effect of the Nigerian Pidgin English on the Academic Performance of University Students in Nigeria. Acase Study of National Open University of Nigeria Students in Benin Study Centre|url=https://www.academia.edu/32703023|language=en|access-date=2021-02-09|archive-date=2022-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513120052/https://www.academia.edu/32703023|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Status ==
Nigerian Pidgin is commonly used throughout the country, but it has not been granted official status. Pidgin breaks the communication barrier between different ethnic groups and it is widely spoken throughout Nigeria.<ref name="languagecontact">{{cite web |url=http://languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/McrLC/casestudies/FG_NigerianPidgin.html |title=Nigerian Pidgin English |first1=Francesco |last1=Goglia |date=2010 |website=Language Contact Manchester |language=en |access-date=2018-07-17 |archive-date=2018-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801053428/http://languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/McrLC/casestudies/FG_NigerianPidgin.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2011, [[Google]] launched a search interface in Pidgin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gharib |first=Malaka |date=20 November 2018 |title=Why Prince Charles Said 'God Don Butta My Bread!' In Nigeria |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/11/20/668604714/why-prince-charles-said-god-don-butta-my-bread-in-nigeria |website=NPR |access-date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227024737/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/11/20/668604714/why-prince-charles-said-god-don-butta-my-bread-in-nigeria |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, [[BBC]] started [[BBC News Pidgin]] to provide services in Pidgin.<ref name="bbc" />

== Variations ==
Many of the 250 or more ethnic groups in Nigeria can converse in the language, though many speakers will use words from their native tongues. For example:

* [[Yoruba language|Yorùbá]] {{lang|yo|ṣebi}} (pronounced 'sheh-bi') is often used at the start or end of an intonated sentence or question: "You are coming, right?" becomes ''Ṣebi you dey come?''{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* [[Yoruba language|Yorùbá]] {{lang|yo|abi}} (another variant of the words {{lang|yo|ṣebi}} and {{lang|yo|ba}})
* [[Igbo language|Igbo]] {{lang|ig|unu}}, a [[plural]] [[Grammatical person|second-person]] pronoun equivalent to the English term "you people", has been adopted as ''una''. For example, ''Una dey mad'' in Nigerian Pidgin means "You people are crazy."<ref>{{Cite web|title=MANIAC {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|url=https://back.carthousa.tk/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=back.carthousa.tk|archive-date=2021-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521093905/https://back.carthousa.tk/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{lang|jam|Unu}} has also found its way to [[Jamaican patois]] and [[Sranan Tongo|Sranantongo (Surinamese Creole)]] with the same meaning as in Nigerian Pidgin.
* [[Igbo language|Igbo]] {{lang|ig|biko}}, meaning "please." For example, the sentence ''Biko free me'' means "Please leave me alone".
* [[Igbo language|Yoruba]] {{lang|ig|oga}} equivalent to the English term "my boss or my mentor", has been adopted from the Yoruba word ''oga.''
* [[Hausa language|Hausa]] {{lang|ha|ba}} at the end of an intonated sentence or question: ''you no wan come, ba?'' means "You don't want to come, right?"
*[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] {{lang|pt|sabe}} at the beginning or middle of a sentence to mean: ‘’to know’’. For example; ‘’why you no go sabi the man?’’ means ‘’How can you say you do not know the man?’’

Nigerian Pidgin also varies from place to place. Dialects of Nigerian Pidgin may include the [[Sapele, Nigeria|Sapele]]-[[Warri]]-[[Ughelli]] dialect that has majorly influenced large parts of [[Nigeria]], [[Benin City]] dialect that has its influence from [[Bini language]], [[Port Harcourt]] dialect that has elements of the mixed tribes in [[Rivers State]], [[Lagos]] (particularly in [[Ajegunle]] influenced by sizeable [[Niger Delta]]n populace); and [[Onitsha]] varieties that draws influence from [[Igbo language]].<ref name="languagecontact"/>

Nigerian Pidgin is most widely spoken in the oil state [[Niger Delta]] where most of its population speak it as their first language.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frances Ayenbi|first=Oti|date=2014-06-01|title=Language regression in Nigeria|url=https://journals.openedition.org/esp/136|journal=Éducation et sociétés plurilingues|language=en|issue=36|pages=51–64|doi=10.4000/esp.136|issn=1127-266X|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-12-27|archive-date=2021-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227115355/https://journals.openedition.org/esp/136|url-status=live}}</ref> There are accounts of pidgin being spoken first in colonial Nigeria before being adopted by other countries along the West African coast.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Igboanusi |first1=Herbert |title=Empowering Nigerian Pidgin: a challenge for status planning? |journal=World Englishes |date=February 2008 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=68–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.00536.x |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227803143 |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=en |issn=0883-2919}}</ref>

While Pidgin is spoken by many, there are wide swathes of Nigeria where Pidgin is not spoken or understood, especially among those without secular education in core northern parts — [[Gombe State]], [[Yobe State]] — of Nigeria.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

== Relationship to other languages and dialects ==

=== Similarity to Caribbean Creoles ===
Nigerian Pidgin, along with the various pidgin and creole languages of [[West Africa]], share multiple similarities to the various English-based Creoles found in the Caribbean.
Linguists{{who|date=December 2022}} posit that this is because most of the enslaved that were taken to the [[New World]] were of West African descent.
The pronunciation and accents often differ a great deal, mainly due to the extremely heterogeneous mix of African languages present in the West Indies, but if written on paper or spoken slowly, the creole languages of the [[Caribbean]] are for the most part mutually intelligible with the creole languages of West Africa.<ref>{{Britannica | id=142562 | title=Creole languages | author=Salikoko Sangol Mufwene |access-date=2021-05-21 }}</ref>
The presence of repetitive phrases in [[English-based creole languages#Table of creole languages|Caribbean Creole]] such as ''su-su'' (gossip) and ''pyaa-pyaa'' (sickly) mirror the presence of such phrases in West African languages such as ''bam-bam'', which means "complete" in the Yoruba language.
Repetitious phrases are also very present in Nigerian Pidgin, such as ''koro-koro'' meaning "clear vision", ''yama-yama'' meaning "disgusting", and ''doti-doti'' meaning "garbage".

Furthermore, the use of words of West African origin in [[Sranan Tongo|Surinamese Creole (Sranan Tongo)]] and [[Jamaican Patois]], such as ''unu'' and [[Bajan Creole|Bajan dialect]] ''wunna'' or ''una'' – West African Pidgin (meaning "you people", a word that comes from the [[Igbo language|Igbo]] word ''unu'' or ''unuwa'' also meaning "you people"), display some of the interesting similarities between the English pidgins and creoles of West Africa and the English pidgins and creoles of the [[Caribbean]], as does the presence of words and phrases that are identical in the languages on both sides of the Atlantic, such as ''Me a go tell dem'' (I'm going to tell them) and ''make we'' (let us).

A [[copula (linguistics)|copula]] ''deh'' or ''dey'' is found in both Caribbean Creole and Nigerian Pidgin English.
The phrase ''We dey foh London'' would be understood by both a speaker of Creole and a speaker of Nigerian Pidgin to mean "We are in London" (although the Jamaican is more likely to say ''Wi de a London'' and the Surinamese way is ''Wi de na London''.)
The word originates from the Igbo word ''di'' meaning the same thing and pronounced similarly{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}: ''anu di na ofe'' (literally "meat is in pot") and ''anyi di na london'' (lit. "we are in London").
Other similarities, such as ''pikin'' (Nigerian Pidgin for "child") and ''pikney'' or ''pickney'' (used in islands like [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Vincent (island)|St.Vincent]], [[Antigua]] and [[St. Kitts]], akin to the standard-English pejorative/epithet ''[[pickaninny]]'') and ''chook'' (Nigerian Pidgin for "poke" or "stab") which corresponds with the [[Trinidadian creole]] word ''juk'', and also corresponds to ''chook'' used in other West Indian islands.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Emmaolu|first=Akinsanya|title=THE EFFECT OF THE|url=https://www.academia.edu/36510180|language=en|access-date=2021-12-27|archive-date=2022-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513120052/https://www.academia.edu/36510180|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Connection to Portuguese language ===
Being derived partly from the present day Edo/Delta and other south South area of Nigeria, there are still some words left over from the Portuguese language in pidgin English (Portuguese ships traded slaves from the [[Bight of Benin]]). For example, ''you sabi do am?'' means "do you know how to do it?". ''Sabi'' means "to know" or "to know how to", just as "to know" is ''saber'' in Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pidgin english origin - english pidgins include nigerian pidgin|url=https://meisten-verliebt.com/dictionary/english/pidginn99-12580taw|access-date=2021-05-21|website=meisten-verliebt.com|language=fi|archive-date=2021-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521094645/https://meisten-verliebt.com/dictionary/english/pidginn99-12580taw|url-status=live}}</ref> (According to the [[monogenetic theory of pidgins]], ''sabir'' was a basic word in [[Mediterranean Lingua Franca]], brought to West Africa through Portuguese pidgin. An English cognate is ''[[wikt:savvy|savvy]]''.) Also, ''pikin'' or "[[wikt:pickaninny|pickaninny]]" comes from the Portuguese words ''pequeno'' and ''pequenino'', which mean "small" and "small child" respectively.{{sfnp|Faraclas|1996|p=3}}

=== Nigerian English ===
Similar to the [[English-based creole languages#Table of creole languages|Caribbean Creole]] situation, Nigerian Pidgin is mostly used in informal conversations. Nigerian Pidgin has no status as an official language. [[Nigerian English]] is used in politics, education, science, and media.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Florence Agbo|first1=Ogechi|last2=Plag|first2=Ingo|date=2020-12-11|title=The Relationship of Nigerian English and Nigerian Pidgin in Nigeria: Evidence from Copula Constructions in Ice-Nigeria|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jlc/13/2/article-p351_351.xml|journal=Journal of Language Contact|volume=13|issue=2|pages=351–388|doi=10.1163/19552629-bja10023|s2cid=226299218|issn=1877-1491|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-11-30|archive-date=2021-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129130120/https://brill.com/view/journals/jlc/13/2/article-p351_351.xml|url-status=live}}</ref> In Nigeria, English is acquired through formal education.<ref name=":1" /> As English has been in contact with multiple different languages in Nigeria, Nigerian English has become much more prominent and is very similar to both [[American English|American]] and [[British English]], and it is often referred to as a group of different sub-varieties.<ref name=":1" /> Although there is not a formal description of Nigerian English, scholars agree that Nigerian English is a recognizable and unique variety of English.<ref name=":1" />

== Phonology ==
Nigerian Pidgin, like many pidgins and creoles, has a simpler [[phonology]] than the [[superstratum|superstrate]] language. It has 23 [[consonant]]s, seven [[vowel]]s, and two [[Tone_(linguistics)|tone]]s.{{sfnp|Faraclas|1996|pp=248-249}}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! !! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br/>alveolar]] !! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Labial–velar consonant|Labial-velar]]!! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|m}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|n}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[Plosive]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|p}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|b}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|t}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|d}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|k}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|kp}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ɡb}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[Affricate]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|tʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|dʒ}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|r}}
| colspan="2" style="border-right: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|f}}|| style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|v}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|s}}|| style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|z}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ʃ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPAlink|h}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|l}}
| colspan="2" style="border-right: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPAlink|j}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|w}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! align="left" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
| align="center" | {{IPAlink|i}}
| align="center" | {{IPAlink|u}}
|-
! align="left" | [[Close-mid vowel|High-mid]]
| align="center" | {{IPAlink|e}}
| align="center" | {{IPAlink|o}}
|-
! align="left" | [[Open-mid vowel|Low-mid]]
| align="center" | {{IPAlink|ɛ}}
| align="center" | {{IPAlink|ɔ}}
|-align=center
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|a}}
|}

===Tones===
Nigerian Pidgin has been described as a [[tone (linguistics)|tonal language]], having a high tone and a low tone. The high tone can be written with an [[acute accent]], and the low tone, though typically left unmarked, can be written with a [[grave accent]].{{sfn|Mafeni|1971}} Additionally, monosyllabic high-tone words shift into a high falling tone before a pause.{{sfn|Mafeni|1971}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Pidgin Word <br />(tones fully marked) !! Tone pattern !! English Meaning
|-
| {{IPA|/bàbá/}}
| LH || father
|-
| {{IPA|/bábà/}}
| HL || Roman Catholic priest
|-
| {{IPA|/fádá/}}
| HH || father
|-
| {{IPA|/fàdá/}}
| LH || Roman Catholic 'father'
|-
| {{IPA|/sìsí/}}
| LH || young maid
|-
| {{IPA|/sísì/}}
| HL || sixpence (5 kobo)
|}

However, this has been contested by subsequent linguists, due to variance in pitch [[intonation (linguistics)|intonation]] on lexemes, especially for questions.<ref name="Elugbe_2008">{{cite book |last1=Elugbe |first1=Ben |editor1-last=Mesthrie |editor1-first=Rajend |editor2-last=Kortmann |editor2-first=Bernd |editor3-last=Schneider |editor3-first=Edgar W. |chapter=Nigerian Pidgin English: phonology |title=4 Africa, South and Southeast Asia |date=10 December 2008 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=Berlin, New York |isbn=978-3-11-020842-9 |pages=55-66 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110208429.1.55 |access-date=26 October 2023 |language=en |series=Varieties of English}}</ref> One rival suggestion is that Nigerian Pidgin "is something of a [[pitch-accent language]] in which, given a word there may be only one high tone, or one sequence thereof in opposition to one low sequence";<ref name="Elugbe_2008" /> [[downdrift]] is attested in the intonational system.<ref name="Elugbe_2008" />

Most written texts in Nigerian Pidgin do not show any tonal markings, and do not reflect any lexical pitch differences.{{sfn|Akande & Salami|2021|loc=Mensah, Eyo, Ukaegbu, Eunice and Nyong, Benjamin. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501513541-007 "Chapter 6: Towards a working orthography of Nigerian Pidgin"]|pp=177-200}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Nigeria|Languages}}
* [[Krio language|Krio]]
* [[Pichinglis]]
* [[Languages of Nigeria]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book
|last=Faraclas
|first=Nicholas
|title="Nigerian Pidgin"
|year=1996
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
|isbn=0-415-02291-6
|url=https://ia801803.us.archive.org/32/items/305-nigerian-pidgin/%28305%29%20Nigerian%20Pidgin.pdf
}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Akhimien |first=Eronmonsele Pius |date=1 November 2004 |title=The use of 'How are you?' in Nigerian society |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |language=en |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=2055–2058 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2004.02.003 |issn=0378-2166}}
* {{cite thesis
|last= Mazzoli
|first= Maria
|date= 2013
|title= Copulas in Nigerian Pidgin.
|type= Doctoral Thesis
|publisher= Università degli studi di Padova
|hdl= 11577/3422599
|url= http://paduaresearch.cab.unipd.it/5391/1/Mazzoli_Maria_CopulasNigP.pdf
}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Ihemere
|first1=Kelechukwu U.
|title=A Basic Description and Analytic Treatment of Noun Clauses in Nigerian Pidgin
|journal=Nordic Journal of African Studies
|date=31 December 2006
|volume=15
|issue=3
|pages=296–313
|doi=10.53228/njas.v15i3.29
|url=http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol15num3/ihemere.pdf
|language=en
|issn=1459-9465
|access-date=14 April 2007
|archive-date=10 June 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610000126/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol15num3/ihemere.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Mafeni
|first1=Bernard
|chapter=Nigerian Pidgin
|editor-last1=Spencer
|editor-first1=John
|title=The English language in West Africa
|date=1971
|publisher=Longman
|location=London
|isbn=0582522153
|pages=95–112
}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Shnukal
|first1=Anna
|last2=Marchese
|first2=Lynell
|title=Creolization of Nigerian Pidgin English: A progress report
|journal=English World-Wide
|date=1 January 1983
|volume=4
|issue=1
|pages=17–26
|doi=10.1075/eww.4.1.03shn
|url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/eww.4.1.03shn
|access-date=13 June 2022
|language=en
|issn=0172-8865
|url-access=subscription
}}
* Ernest Edjeren. 2009. "Single Language: The Soul Of Nations' Prosperity"
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Akande |editor1-first=Akinmade T. |editor2-last=Salami |editor2-first=Oladipo |title=Current Trends in Nigerian Pidgin English |date=25 October 2021 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=Berlin, Boston |isbn=978-1-5015-1354-1 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501513541 |language=en |chapter=Current Trends in Nigerian Pidgin English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective|doi=10.1515/9781501513541 }}

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=pcm}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [https://sites.google.com/site/nigerianpidgin/home/materials University of Puerto Rico, Nigerian Pidgin materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804130759/https://sites.google.com/site/nigerianpidgin/home/materials |date=2020-08-04 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090206060227/http://rogerblench.info/Language%20data/Africa/Nigeria/NE%20Dictionary%20draft.pdf A Dictionary of Nigerian English (circulation draft)]; Blench, Roger. 2005 ([[Internet Archive]])
* [http://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/naija.html Introduction to Nigerian Pidgin] (University of Hawaii)

{{English-based creoles}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:English-based pidgins and creoles of Africa]]
[[Category:Krio language]]
[[Category:Nigerian English]]
[[Category:Languages of Nigeria]]

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Nigerian Pidgin