wiki143 - User contributions [en]

List of tuberculosis cases

2025-06-10T06:56:55Z

101.115.167.69: /* Fictional characters */

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== Writers and poets ==
*[[Agha Ahmad Ali]] (1839–1873), Bengali academic, scholar of Persian and Urdu poet, died of tuberculosis in June 1873
*[[Maksim Bahdanovič]], [[Belarus|Belarusian]] poet, died from tuberculosis
*[[Manuel Bandeira]], Brazilian poet, had tuberculosis in 1904 and expressed the effects of the disease in his life in many of his poems
*[[Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer]], Spanish poet, died on 22 December 1870 from tuberculosis
*[[Vissarion Belinsky]], Russian literary critic
* [[Edward Bellamy]] (1850–1898), fiction writer remembered for his book ''[[Looking Backward]]'', died from tuberculosis
*[[Sukanta Bhattacharya]], Bengali poet and playwright
* [[Jonas Biliūnas]]
* [[Rachel Bluwstein]]
* [[Randolph Bourne]], at age 4, he developed [[tuberculosis of the spine]], which left him with a hunchback <ref>{{cite news |last1=Reardon |first1=Christopher |title=Randolph Bourne's 1911 essay on disability shocked society. But what's changed since? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2018/jan/09/randolph-bournes-1911-essay-on-disability-shocked-society-but-whats-changed-since |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 January 2018 |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref>
* [[Anne Brontë|Anne]] and [[Emily Brontë]] and other members of the [[Brontë family]] of writers, poets and painters were struck by tuberculosis. Anne, their brother [[Branwell Brontë|Branwell]], and Emily all died of it within two years of each other. [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s death in 1855 was stated at the time as having been due to tuberculosis, but there is some controversy over this today.
*Clarissa Brooks, poet, died of tuberculosis in 1927
*[[Charles Brockden Brown]]
*[[Charles Farrar Browne]]
*[[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]], poet, died of tuberculosis in 1861
*[[Jean de Brunhoff]]
*[[Charles Bukowski]] (1920–1994), American author and poet, contracted tuberculosis in 1988; he recovered, losing 60 lbs. He died of leukemia.
*[[Robert Burns]]
*[[Albert Camus]], French writer, playwright, activist, and [[absurdism|absurdist]] philosopher, suffered from tuberculosis. He was forced to drop out of school ([[University of Algiers]]) due to severe attacks of tuberculosis. However, his death was caused by a car accident.
*[[Gaius Valerius Catullus]] (ca. 84 BC – ca. 54 BC), Roman poet
*[[Anton Chekhov]] (1860–1904), Russian short-story writer, playwright and physician; died from tuberculosis
*[[Tristan Corbière]]
*[[Stephen Crane]]
*[[Gilles Deleuze]] (1925–1995)
*[[René Daumal]]
*[[Nikolay Dobrolyubov]]
*[[Laura Don]] (1852–1886), actress-manager, playwright and artist
*[[Paul Laurence Dunbar]]
*[[Sara Jeannette Duncan]] (1861–1922), Canadian author and journalist
*[[Paul Éluard]]
*[[Friedrich Robert Faehlmann]]
*[[Kahlil Gibran]] (1883–1931), Lebanese-American writer, poet, and visual artist
*[[Maxim Gorky]]
*[[Guido Gozzano]] (1883-1916), Italian poet
*[[Dashiell Hammett]] (1894–1961), American author and creator of the "hard boiled" detective novel (notably, [[Sam Spade]] in [[The Maltese Falcon (novel)|''The Maltese Falcon'']]), contracted tuberculosis during [[World War I]]
*[[Saima Harmaja]], Finnish poet and writer
*[[Jaroslav Hašek]]
*[[Alice Corbin Henderson]] (1881–1949), American poet, author, and poetry editor
*[[Robert A. Heinlein]], American author
*[[William Ernest Henley]] (1849–1903), English poet, writer, critic, and editor
*[[Mary Eliza Herbert]] (1829–1872), Canadian publisher and poet
*[[Sarah Herbert]] (1824–1846), Irish-Nova Scotian author, publisher, and educator
*[[Miguel Hernandez]]
*[[Washington Irving]]
*[[Takuboku Ishikawa]]
*[[Panait Istrati]]
*[[Helen Hunt Jackson]]
*[[Alfred Jarry]]
*[[Samuel Johnson]]
*[[Franz Kafka]] (1883–1924), German-language novelist best known for his novel ''[[The Trial]]'', died from tuberculosis
*[[Uuno Kailas]], Finnish composer
*[[Andreas Karkavitsas]], Greek writer
*[[John Keats]] (1795–1821), English Romantic poet; he and his brother Tom were taken by tuberculosis
*[[Dragotin Kette]]
*[[Søren Aabye Kierkegaard]] (1813–1855), Danish philosopher
*[[Charles Kingsley]]
*[[Kostas Krystallis]], Greek poet
*[[Vincas Kudirka]] (1858–1899), Lithuanian poet and physician; died from tuberculosis
*[[Jules Laforgue]] (1860–1887), French-Uruguayan poet
*[[Sidney Lanier]]
*[[D. H. Lawrence]]
*[[Janet Lewis]]
*[[Lu Xun]]
*[[Betty MacDonald]]
*[[Katherine Mansfield]], [[New Zealand]] writer, died from tuberculosis aged 34
*[[William Somerset Maugham]]
*[[Sara Haardt|Sara Haardt Mencken]]
*[[Migjeni]], Albanian poet
*[[Molière]]
*[[Christian Morgenstern]], German writer
*[[Josip Murn Aleksandrov]]
*[[Novalis]], German author and philosopher
*[[Jessie Fremont O'Donnell]] (1860–1897), writer
*[[Eugene O'Neill]]
*[[George Orwell]] (1903–1950), British author of ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', ''[[Animal Farm]]'' and ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]'', first suffered tuberculosis in the early 1930s and died from it in 1950, at the age of 46. ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' was written during his final illness.
*[[Walker Percy]]
*[[Kristjan Jaak Peterson]] (1801–1822), Estonian poet, the founder of modern Estonian poetry; died from tuberculosis, lived only to age 21
*[[Petar II Petrović-Njegoš|Petar Petrović Njegoš]] Najveći srpski pisac
*[[Andrei Platonov]]
*[[Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe]] (wife of [[Edgar Allan Poe]])
*[[Maria Polydouri]], Greek poet and novelist
*[[Alexander Pope]]
*[[Eleanor Anne Porden]]
*[[Llewelyn Powys]]
*[[Winthrop Mackworth Praed]]
*[[Sholem Rabinovich]]
*[[Branko Radičević]]
*[[Lynn Riggs]]
*[[Joachim Ringelnatz]], German poet
*[[John Ruskin]]
*[[Albert Samain]]
*[[Kaarlo Sarkia]] (1902–1945), Finnish poet
*[[Friedrich Schiller]]
*[[Masaoka Shiki]] (1867–1902), Japanese poet famous for revitalizing the [[haiku]], died after a long struggle with tuberculosis
*[[Emily Shore]], diarist
*[[Anna Sissak-Bardizbanian]], reporter
*[[Juliusz Słowacki]]
*[[Hristo Smirnenski]]
*[[Tobias Smollett]]
*[[Laurence Sterne]]
*[[Robert Louis Stevenson]] (1850–1894), Neo-romantic Scottish essayist, novelist and poet, is thought to have suffered from tuberculosis during much of his life. He spent the winter of 1887–1888 recuperating from a presumed bout of tuberculosis at [[Edward Livingston Trudeau|Dr. E.L. Trudeau's]] [[Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium]] in [[Saranac Lake, New York]].
*[[Alan Sillitoe]]
*[[Edith Södergran]] (1892–1923), Finnish poet
*[[A. H. Tammsaare]] (1878–1940), Estonian writer; suffered from tuberculosis after 1911
*[[Francis Thompson]]
*[[Henry David Thoreau]]
*[[Lesya Ukrainka]]
*[[Katri Vala]] (1901-1944), Finnish poet
*[[Jessamyn West (writer)|Jessamyn West]], American author, contracted tuberculosis in 1932 and recovered
*[[Yvor Winters]]
*[[Thomas Wolfe]] (1900–1938), American author, died of tuberculosis of the brain. His 1929 novel, ''[[Look Homeward, Angel]]'', makes several references to the problem of [[Tuberculosis|consumption]], though Wolfe's condition appeared rather suddenly in 1937.
*[[Jiří Wolker]]
*[[Simone Weil]], French philosopher
*[[Walt Whitman]] (1819–1892) Autopsy "consumption of the right lung, general miliary tuberculosis"
*[[Vũ Trọng Phụng]] (1912-1939), [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] author, poet.

== Actors ==
*[[Renée Adorée]], (1898–1933), French actress
*[[Anita Berber]] (1899–1928) German dancer and actress
*[[Colin Clive]] (1900–1937), British stage and screen actor
*[[Georgiana Drew|Georgiana Drew Barrymore]] (1856–1893), actress, succumbed aged 36
*[[Rachel Félix]] (1821-1858), French actress
*[[Vivien Leigh]] (1913–1967), British actress of stage and screen, died from complications of tuberculosis
*[[Annie Lewis]] (c. 1869–1896), musical comedy actress
*[[Dick Martin (comedian)|Dick Martin]] (1922–2008), comedian; lost a lung due to tuberculosis as a teenager
*[[Tim Moore (comedian)|Tim Moore]] (1887–1958), American actor of stage, screen and television
*[[Barry Morse]] (1918–2008), British-Canadian actor of stage, screen, and radio
*[[Mabel Normand]] (1893–1930), American silent film actress, screenwriter, director, producer, and comedian
*[[N!xau]] (1944–2003), Namibian actor
*[[Michael Raffetto]]
*[[Christiaan Van Vuuren]] (1982– ), Australian actor, writer, director and video blogger

== Artists==
*[[Ioannis Altamouras]] (1852–1878), Greek painter
*[[Frédéric Bartholdi]] (1834–1904), French sculptor, creator of the [[Statue of Liberty]]
*[[Marie Bashkirtseff]] (1858–1884), Russian-born, French-educated painter and diarist, died from tuberculosis at the age of 26
*[[Aubrey Beardsley]] (1872–1898), English illustrator and author
*[[Richard Parkes Bonington]] (1802–1828) English Romantic landscape painter
*[[Kenneth M. Chapman]] (1875–1968), American art historian
*[[Harry Clarke]] (1889–1931), Irish stained glass artist and book illustrator
*[[Eugène Delacroix]] (1798–1863), French Romantic painter
*[[Wyatt Eaton]] (1849–1896), Canadian-American painter
*[[Rötger Feldmann]] (1950– ), German comic book artist
*[[Théodore Géricault]] (1791–1824), French Romantic painter, died at age 32.
*[[Mark Gertler (artist)|Mark Gertler]] (1891–1939), British painter
*[[Thomas Girtin]] (1775–1802), English watercolourist and etcher
*[[James Dickson Innes]] (1887–1914), Welsh painter
*[[Boris Kustodiev]] (1878–1927), Russian painter and stage designer
*[[Georges Lacombe (painter)|Georges Lacombe]] (1868–1916), French sculptor and painter
*[[Charles Laval]] (1862–1894), French painter <ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.3201/eid2603.AC2603 | title=Confusion in the Genesis of Art and Disease: Charles Laval, Paul Gauguin, and Tuberculosis | date=2020 | last1=Chorba | first1=Terence | last2=Jereb | first2=John | journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume=26 | issue=3 | pages=634–635 | s2cid=212552045 | doi-access=free | pmc=7045813 }}</ref>
*[[John Gaw Meem]] (1894–1983), American architect
*[[Datus Myers]] (1879–1960), American painter
*[[Amedeo Modigliani]] (1884–1920), Italian modernist painter
*[[Norval Morrisseau]] (1932–2007), Indigenous Canadian artist
*[[Edvard Munch]] (1863–1944), Norwegian painter
*[[Kārlis Padegs]] (1911–1940), Latvian painter
*[[José Pancetti]] (1902–1958), Brazilian modernist painter
*[[Paulus Potter]] (1625–1654), Dutch painter
*[[William Ranney]] (1813–1857), 19th-century American painter<ref name=Millan>Millan, Nicholas. [http://www.hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/2415339/article-Looking-back-Famed-American-19th-century-painter-called-North-Hudson-home? "Famed American 19th century painter called North Hudson home"]; ''[[The Union City Reporter]]''; March 16, 2008</ref><ref name=Rosero>Rosero, Jessica. "All-American painter" ''The Union City Reporter''; April 30, 2006; Pages 7 and 32</ref>
*[[Slava Raškaj]] (1877–1906), Croatian painter
*[[Andrei Ryabushkin]] (1861–1904), Russian painter
*[[Will Shuster]] (1893–1969), American painter, sculptor and teacher
*[[Elizabeth Siddal]] (1829–1862), English artists' model, poet and artist
*[[Peter Purves Smith]] (1912–1949), Australian modernist artist, died during a lung operation
*[[Virginia Frances Sterret]] (1900–1931),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vfsterrett.com/biography.asp |title=Virginia Frances Sterret |access-date=2008-09-02 |archive-date=2012-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116202722/http://www.vfsterrett.com/biography.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> American artist and illustrator
*[[Theodore Van Soelen]] (1890–1964), American landscape painter
*[[Carlos Vierra]] (1876–1937), American painter, illustrator and photographer

== Composers, singers and musicians ==
*[[Carl Michael Bellman]] (1740–1795), Swedish songwriter, composer, musician, poet, and entertainer
*[[Jimmy Blanton]], jazz bassist
*[[Luigi Boccherini]], Italian cellist and composer, died in 1805 of pulmonary tuberculosis
*[[Alfredo Catalani]]
*[[Frédéric Chopin]] (1810–1849), died of consumption at age 39 (see [[Frédéric Chopin's illness|the discussion]] for details). Historical records indicate episodes of [[hemoptysis]] during performances.
*[[Charlie Christian]], jazz guitarist; pioneer of the electric guitar
*[[Tom Fogerty]], (1941–1990), rhythm guitarist for [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]
*[[George Formby, Sr.]], music hall comedian and singer (d. 1921)
*[[Stephen Foster]]
*[[Hermann Goetz]]
*[[Louis Joseph Ferdinand Herold]]
*[[Alex Hill (musician)|Alex Hill]], jazz pianist
*[[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]], Welsh singing legend, spent about a year recovering from TB in his parents' basement around the age of 12
*[[Joseph Martin Kraus]]
*[[Jari Mäenpää]], Finnish musician
*[[Bubber Miley|James "Bubber" Miley]], jazz trumpeter
*[[Joseph Mohr]]
*[[Niccolò Paganini]]
*[[Jimmy Palao]] (1879–1925), jazz musician, died of tuberculosis at age 45
*[[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi]] (1710–1736), died of tuberculosis at age 26
*[[Henry Purcell]]
*[[Julius Reubke]] (1834–1858), German composer, pianist, and organist
*[[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]] (1897–1933), [[country music]] singer, sang about the woes of tuberculosis in the song ''T.B. Blues'' (co-written with Raymond E. Hall) and ultimately died of the disease days after a New York City recording session.
*[[Johann Hermann Schein]]
*[[Igor Stravinsky]]
*[[Karol Szymanowski]] (1882-1937), died of TB at age 54
*[[Ringo Starr]], musician/former drummer of [[The Beatles]], survived having tuberculosis at age 11

* [[Cat Stevens]] (now Yusuf Islam) §, British singer-songwriter
*[[Carl Maria von Weber]]
* [[Chick Webb]]
* [[Link Wray]]

== Religious figures ==
*[[Dina Bélanger]] (1897–1929), beatified Canadian nun
* [[David Brainerd]] (1718–1747), left a diary that reflects his reliance upon God's faithfulness amidst his battle with consumption. The diary was historically very influential, particularly to the modern [[Christians|Christian]] missionary movement.<ref name="Biography-Piper">{{cite web | author=John Piper | authorlink=John Piper (theologian) | date=January 31, 1990 |url=http://www.desiringgod.org/library/biographies/90brainerd.html |title="Oh, That I May Never Loiter on My Heavenly Journey!" — Reflections on the Life and Ministry of David Brainerd | accessdate=2006-05-08 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060216053159/http://www.desiringgod.org/library/biographies/90brainerd.html  |archivedate = 2006-02-16}}</ref><ref name="Brainerd-dairy">{{cite book | author = Jonathan Edwards | authorlink = Jonathan Edwards (theologian) | title = The Life And Diary of The Rev. David Brainerd | url = http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edwards/works2.ix.html | accessdate = 2006-05-08 | publisher = Christian Classics Ethereal Library | location = Calvin College | chapter = The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Volume Two}}</ref>
*[[John Calvin]], leader of the [[Protestant Reformation]]
*[[Józef Cebula]] (1902–1941), beatified Polish priest
*Saint [[Gemma Galgani]], suffered from 'tuberculosis of the spine with aggravated curvature'
*[[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]] (1607–1638), English dissenting minister and founder of [[Harvard University]]
* [[Mary Faustina Kowalska|Saint Maria Faustina Kowalska]], the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[nun#Religious Sister|religious Sister]] and [[Mysticism|mystic]] from Poland, initiator of the [[Divine Mercy devotion]], suffered greatly from tuberculosis and succumbed to it on 5 October 1938.<ref name="St.Faustina">{{cite web | title=Maria Faustina Kowalska | publisher=St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church | year=2006 | url=http://www.scborromeo.org/saints/faustina.htm}}</ref>
*[[Nachman of Breslov]] (1772–1810), [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] rabbi and religious teacher
*[[Karl Leisner]] (1915–1945), Roman Catholic priest
*[[Bruna Pellesi]] (1917–1972), beatified Italian nun
*[[Maria Angela Picco]] (1867–1921), beatified Italian Roman Catholic
*[[Gérard Raymond]] (1912–1932), Canadian seminarian
*[[Cardinal Richelieu]] of France, died from tuberculosis in 1642
*[[Junípero Serra]] (1713–1784), Spanish Catholic priest and missionary
*Saint [[Bernadette Soubirous]], the visionary of [[Lourdes]]
*[[Muktanand Swami]] (1758–1830), saint of the Swaminarayan Sampraday.<ref>Williams, Raymond (2001), Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-65422-7}}</ref>
*Saint [[Therese de Lisieux|Thérèse de Lisieux]] (1873–1897), died of tuberculosis
*[[Richard Wurmbrand]], Protestant minister
*[[Domingo Iturrate Zubero]] (1901–1927), Spanish Roman Catholic priest

== Leaders and politicians ==
*[[Abdulmejid I]], 31st Ottoman sultan
*[[Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom|Princess Amelia]], at age 27; youngest child of [[King George III]]
*[[Simón Bolívar]], the liberator of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru, died in 1830 of tuberculosis
*[[Henry B Bolster]]
*[[Anthony Burns]] (1834–1862), American enslaved man who challenged the Fugitive Slave Act
*[[John C. Calhoun]]
*[[John Solomon Cartwright]] (1804–1845), Canadian businessman, lawyer, judge, farmer, and political figure
*[[Catherine I of Russia]] (1684–1727), emperor
*[[Charles IX of France]]
*[[Crowfoot]] (1830–1890), chief of the Siksika First Nation
*[[Charles Daoust]] (1825–1868), Canadian lawyer, journalist, and political figure
*[[Edward VI]] (1537–1553), died of tuberculosis at age 15 during his short reign as King of England
*[[Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)]], a study of her bones indicated that she probably had tuberculosis at a young age
*[[Read Fletcher]] ({{circa|1829}}–1889), American politician, lawyer, co-founder and editor of the ''Pine Bluff Graphic''<ref>{{cite news|author=|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/603982013/ |title=Hon. Read Fletcher|url-access=subscription|work=[[The Tennessean]]|volume=XV|number=4830|location=Nashville, Tenn.|page=5|date=November 30, 1889|access-date=March 7, 2022|via=[[Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com|Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
*[[Lucien Gagnon]] (1793–1843), farmer who fought in the Lower Canada Rebellion
*[[Gilbert Anselme Girouard]] (1846–1885), Canadian member of parliament
*[[John Hearn (politician)]] (1827–1894), Irish-Canadian member of parliament
*[[Henry VII of England]]
*[[Ho Chi Minh]]
*[[Doc Holliday|John Henry "Doc" Holliday]], famous gambler and [[gunslinger]], suffered from tuberculosis until his death in 1887
*[[Charles Hamilton Houston]], NAACP lawyer known as "The Man Who Killed Jim Crow"
*[[Andrew Jackson]]
*[[Muhammed Ali Jinnah]]
*[[Andres Larka]] (1878–1942), Estonian military commander and politician; suffered from tuberculosis after 1924
*Sir [[Wilfrid Laurier]]
*[[Edward Baker Lincoln]], son of [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Mary Todd Lincoln|Mary Ann Todd Lincoln]]
*[[Thomas "Tad" Daniel Lincoln]] (1853–1871), youngest child of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln, died of TB in [[Chicago, Illinois]], at age 18
*[[Graciano López Jaena]] (1856–1896), Filipino journalist, orator, reformist, and national hero
*[[Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France]] (1781–1789), second child of [[Louis XVI]] and [[Marie Antoinette]]
*[[Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)]], elder son of [[Louis XV of France]]
*[[Louis XIII of France]]
*[[Louis XVII of France]]
*[[John Lynch (Fenian)|John Lynch]] (c.1832–1866), Irish nationalist
*[[William Mactavish]] (1815–1870), Scottish-Canadian trader and governor
*[[J. B. McLachlan]] (1869–1937), Scottish-Canadian trade unionist, journalist, revolutionary, and activist
*[[Madeleine of Valois]] (Daughter of [[Francis I of France]], first wife of [[James V of Scotland]]
*[[Nestor Makhno]] (Ukrainian revolutionary)
*[[Madhavrao I|Peshwa Madhavrao I]]
*[[Asif Maharramov]], national hero of Azerbaijan
*[[Mahmud II]], 30th Ottoman sultan
*[[Nelson Mandela]], South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician and philanthropist. He got tuberculosis exacerbated by the dank conditions in his cell
*[[Albert Mountain Horse]] (1893–1915), Kainai Canadian soldier
*[[Marcelo H. del Pilar]] (1850–1896), Filipino writer, lawyer, journalist, and freemason
*[[Mary Tudor, Queen of France]] (Daughter of [[Henry VII of England]], third wife of [[Louis XII of France]])
*[[James Monroe]]
*[[Napoleon II of France]]
*[[Anne Neville]] (queen consort of Richard III) (unproven)
*[[Arthur Nixon]], President Nixon's brother
*[[Harold Nixon]], President Nixon's brother
*[[William Bernard O'Donoghue]] (1843–1878), Irish-American participant in the [[Red River Rebellion]]
*[[Prince Paul von Thurn und Taxis]] (1843–1879), former aide-de-camp of King Ludwig II
*[[Pedro I of Brazil]] (Pedro IV of Portugal)
*[[Petar II Petrović Njegoš]] (1813-1851), was a Prince-Bishop (vladika) of Montenegro, poet and philosopher whose works are widely considered some of the most important in Serbian/Montenegrin literature.
*[[Jane Pierce]], United States [[First Lady of the United States|first lady]]
*[[Madame de Pompadour]] (1721–1764), member of court and chief mistress of [[Louis XV of France]]
*[[Joseph Mary Plunkett]]
*[[Gavrilo Princip]]
*[[Manuel L. Quezon]]
*[[John Aaron Rawlins]]
*[[Dmitri Pavlovitch Romanov]]
*[[Eleanor Roosevelt]]
*[[Haym Salomon]], major financier of the American side during the [[American Revolutionary War]]
*[[Dred Scott]] (1799–1858), plaintiff in Supreme Court case [[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]
*[[Takasugi Shinsaku]] (1839–1867), samurai
*[[Okita Soji]] (1842/1844–1868), young and famous captain of the [[Shinsengumi]], died from tuberculosis. He was rumored to have discovered his disease when he coughed blood and fainted during the [[Ikedaya Affair]].
*[[Alexander Stephens]]
*[[Sudirman]], Commander of Indonesia's armed forces during its [[Indonesian National Revolution|National Revolution]]
*[[Alexis de Tocqueville]] (1805–1859), French political philosopher
*[[Shreya Tripathi]] (d. 2018), Indian health activist
*[[Charles Turner Torrey]] (1813–1846), American abolitionist
*[[Desmond Tutu]], had tuberculosis as a child
*[[Andreas Vokos Miaoulis]], Greek admiral and politician
*[[David Walker (abolitionist)|David Walker]] (1796–1830), American abolitionist
*[[George Washington Williams]] (1849–1891), American minister, politician, lawyer, journalist, and writer
*[[Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu]]
*[[John Young (Governor)|John Young]]

== Scientists ==

* [[Niels Abel]], mathematician
*[[William James Anderson]] (1812–1873), Scottish-Canadian physician
*[[Frédéric Bastiat]]
*[[Alexander Graham Bell]]
*[[Norman Bethune]] (1890–1939), Canadian surgeon and Communist
*[[Anders Celsius]]
*[[William Kingdon Clifford]], mathematician and philosopher
*[[Trial of Reuben Crandall|Reuben Crandall]], 19th-century physician, caught disease while in jail awaiting trial; he was acquitted
*[[George Mercer Dawson]] (1849–1901), Canadian geologist and surveyor
*[[Gotthold Eisenstein]], mathematician
*[[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]]
*[[Richard Brinsley Hinds]] (1811–1846), British naval surgeon, botanist and malacologist, diagnosed with phthisis in 1845 <ref>{{cite web |title=Hinds, Richard Brinsley (1812?{{ndash}}1847) |url=http://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E002231b.htm |accessdate=19 May 2019 |website=[[Royal College of Surgeons of England|Royal College of Surgeons]]}}</ref>
*[[Anandi Gopal Joshi]], first Indian woman to obtain a degree in Western medicine
*[[Edgar Lee Hewett]] (1865–1946), American archaeologist and anthropologist
*[[George Katona]], founder of behavioural macro-economics
*[[Immanuel Kant]]
*[[René Laennec]], French physician; inventor of the stethoscope
*[[Dmitri Mendeleev]], creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements.
*[[Friedrich Miescher]], Swiss biochemist, noted for discovery of nucleic acids in cell nucleus (1844–1895)
*[[Herman Potocnik|Herman Potočnik]]
*[[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], mathematician; uncertain: believed for many years to have died from tuberculosis but now suspected the cause may have been hepatic [[amoebiasis]]
*[[Gustav Roch]], mathematician
*[[Bernhard Riemann]], mathematician
*[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
*[[Flora Madeline Shaw]] (1864–1927), Canadian nurse and nursing teacher
*[[Baruch Spinoza]]
*[[Edward Livingston Trudeau]], American physician who established the Adirondack Cottage Sanitorium for treatment of tuberculosis
*[[Adrianus Turnebus]]
*[[Félix Vicq-d'Azyr]], French anatomist
*[[Lev Vygotsky]]
*[[Wang Jin (archaeologist)|Wang Jin]], former President of the Hubei Archaeological Association, died of Thoracic Spinal Tuberculosis at age 93
*[[Eugene Wigner]]

== Business ==

*[[Michael James Heney]] (1864–1910), Canadian railroad contractor
* [[Jay Gould]], American railroad magnate and financier of the Gilded Age (1880s)
* [[George Keats]], American businessman and civic leader
* [[John B. Stetson]], American hat maker
* [[William Wirt Winchester|William Winchester]] (son of [[Oliver Winchester]], husband of [[Sarah Winchester]])

== Athletes ==

* [[Malcolm Allison]], footballer and manager
* [[Roberto Bettega]], Italian footballer; was forced out of a game on 16 January 1972 to treat his tuberculosis
* [[Robert Boucher (ice hockey)|Robert Boucher]] (1904–1931), Canadian hockey player
* [[James Burke (boxer)|James Burke]]
* [[Rico Carty]], baseball player
* [[George Coulthard]], Australian cricketer and Australian rules footballer
* [[Deerfoot-Bad Meat]] (1864–1897), Canadian runner
* [[Arthur Farrell]] (1877–1909), Canadian hockey player
* [[Archie Jackson]], Australian cricketer
* [[Dan Kolov]], Bulgarian wrestler
* [[George Lohmann]], English cricketer
* [[Christy Mathewson]] (1880–1925), [[major league baseball]] pitcher; developed tuberculosis as a consequence of being accidentally gassed during a training exercise while serving in the U.S. Army Chemical Service during World War I
* [[Red Schoendienst]], baseball player and manager
* [[Katherine Stinson]] (1891–1977), American aviator
* [[Georges Vézina|Georges Vezina]]
* [[Rube Waddell]]

== Fictional characters ==

* Helen Burns in ''[[Jane Eyre]]''
* Marguerite Gautier in ''[[La Dame aux Camélias]]''
* Nikolai Dmitrich Levin in ''[[Anna Karenina]]''
* ''Mimì in [[La bohème|La Bohème]]''
* [[Arthur Morgan]] in ''[[Red Dead Redemption 2]]''
* The patients of Thomas Mann's sanatorium of ''[[The Magic Mountain]]''
* [[Oscar François de Jarjayes]] in [[The Rose of Versailles]]
* [[Okita Souji]] in [[Fate/type Redline]]
* Ruby Gillis dies from tuberculosis in ''[[Anne of Avonlea]]''

== Others ==
*[[Beulah Annan]]
*[[Samuel Arnold (Lincoln conspirator)|Samuel Arnold]]
*[[Sarah Bernhardt]]
*[[Louis Braille]]
*[[Demasduit]] (1796–1820), one of the last Beothuk women in Newfoundland
*[[Marie Duplessis]] (1824–1847), French courtesan
*[[Cheng Man-ch'ing]], [[tai chi]] master 
*[[W. C. Fields]]
*[[Brenda Fricker]]
*[[Andrés Gómez]]
*[[Emmett Hardy]]
*[[Antonia Navarro Huezo]], at age 21; first woman in Central America to graduate from university<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-21 |title=Ella es la primera mujer universitaria de Centroamérica |url=https://www.elsalvador.com/entretenimiento/cultura/ella-es-la-primera-mujer-universitaria-de-centroamerica/520777/2018/ |access-date=2020-01-03 |website=Noticias de El Salvador - elsalvador.com |language=es}}</ref>
*[[John Ives]]
*[[Adrian Joss]]
*[[Freddie Keppard]]
*[[Lin Huiyin]] (1904–1955), Chinese architect
*[[Dorothy McKibbin]] (1897–1985), Manhattan Project administrator
*[[Leander H. McNelly]]
*[[Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail#Biography|Ismail Mohammed]]
*[[Florence Nightingale]]
*[[Etti Plesch]]
*[[Jeannie Rousseau]], allied spy during World War II
*[[Shanawdithit]], believed to have been the last surviving member of the [[Beothuk]] people of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], died from tuberculosis in 1829.
*[[Tulasa Thapa]], kidnapped Nepali girl, died of tuberculosis in 1995
*[[Simonetta Vespucci]], artists' model

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Rothman, Sheila M. (1994). ''Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History''. {{ISBN|0-8018-5186-6}}

{{Portal bar|Biography}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuberculosis Cases, List Of}}
[[Category:Deaths from tuberculosis| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people by cause of death]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis|*]]

René Laennec

2025-06-10T01:22:54Z

101.115.167.69:

{{short description|French physician (1781–1826)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = René Laennec
| image = Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec
| birth_date = {{birth date|1781|2|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Quimper, Brittany|Quimper]], [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1826|8|13|1781|2|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[:fr:Ploaré|Ploaré]], [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| residence =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field =
| work_institutions =
| alma_mater = [[University of Paris]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Inventing the [[stethoscope]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| spouse = {{ Marriage | Jacquette Guichard | 1824 }}
}}

'''René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec'''{{efn|While some sources use the alternative spelling Laënnec, the correct form is Laennec, without the diaeresis. Although his name is indeed pronounced "la-Ennec", a [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] is used for marking pronounced vowels in English words. It is not used in [[Breton people|Breton]] names, and Laennec himself did not use the diaeresis in his signature.}} ({{IPA|fr|laɛnɛk|lang}}; 17 February 1781 – 13 August 1826) was a French [[physician]] and [[musician]]. His skill at carving his own wooden flutes led him to invent the [[stethoscope]] in 1816, while working at the [[Hôpital Necker]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wong |first=Lisa, M., MD |year=2014 |title=Music and medicine: Harnessing discipline and creativity |journal=The Virtual Mentor |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=648–651 |doi=10.1001/virtualmentor.2014.16.08.mhst1-1408 |pmid=25140689 |url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/music-and-medicine-harnessing-discipline-and-creativity/2014-08 |access-date=September 5, 2019|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He pioneered its use in diagnosing various [[thorax|chest]] conditions.
He became a lecturer at the {{lang|fr|[[Collège de France]]|italic=no}} in 1822 and professor of medicine in 1823. His final appointments were that of head of the medical clinic at the [[Hôpital de la Charité]] and [[professor]] at the Collège de France. He went into a coma and subsequently died of [[tuberculosis]] on 13 August 1826, at age 45.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dubos |first=Rene and Jean |date=1952 |title=The White Plague |location=Canada |publisher=McClelland and Stewart Limited |page=91 |isbn=9780813512242}}</ref>

==Early life==
Laennec was born in [[Quimper, Brittany|Quimper]] ([[Brittany]]). His mother died of tuberculosis when he was five years old, and he went to live with his great-uncle the [[Abbé]] Laennec (a priest).<ref>{{cite book |last=McCallum |first=Jack Edward |year=2008 |title=Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781851096930 |page=185 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BXB9QtUfFQC&q=Abb%C3%A9%20Laennec&pg=PA185}}</ref> As a child, Laennec became ill with [[fatigue (medical)|lassitude]] and repeated instances of [[fever|pyrexia]]. Laennec was also thought to have [[asthma]].<ref name=Roguin-2006-09/> At the age of twelve, he proceeded to [[Nantes]], where his uncle, Guillaime-François Laennec, worked in the faculty of medicine at the university. Laennec was a gifted student.

His father (a lawyer) later discouraged him from continuing as a doctor and René then had a period of time where he took long walks in the country, danced, studied Greek, and wrote poetry. However, in 1799 he returned to study. Laennec studied medicine at the [[University of Paris]] under several famous physicians, including [[Dupuytren]] and [[Jean-Nicolas Corvisart|Jean-Nicolas Corvisart-Desmarets]]. There he was trained to use sound as a diagnostic aid. Corvisart advocated the re-introduction of [[percussion (medicine)|percussion]] during the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gabbay |first=John |year=1989 |title=Clinical medicine in revolution: 2: Fusion in the crucible |jstor=29704703 |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=299 |issue=6692 |pages=166–169 |doi=10.1136/bmj.299.6692.166 |pmc=1837051 |pmid=2504361}}</ref>

==Invention of the stethoscope==
René Laennec wrote in the classic treatise ''De l'Auscultation Médiate'',<ref name=Laennec-1819/>
<blockquote>
In 1816, [he was] consulted by a young woman laboring under general symptoms of diseased heart, and in whose case percussion and the application of the hand were of little avail on account of the great degree of fatness. The other method just mentioned direct [[auscultation]] being rendered inadmissible by the age and sex of the patient, I happened to recollect a simple and well-known fact in acoustics, ... the great distinctness with which we hear the scratch of a pin at one end of a piece of wood on applying our ear to the other. Immediately, on this suggestion, I rolled a quire of paper into a kind of cylinder and applied one end of it to the region of the heart and the other to my ear, and was not a little surprised and pleased to find that I could thereby perceive the action of the heart in a manner much more clear and distinct than I had ever been able to do by the immediate application of my ear.
</blockquote>
Laennec had discovered that the new [[stethoscope]] was superior to the normally used method of placing the ear over the chest, particularly if the patient was overweight. A stethoscope also avoided the embarrassment of placing the ear against the chest of a woman.<ref name=Roguin-2006-09>{{cite journal |author=Roguin, A. |date=September 2006 |title=Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826): The man behind the stethoscope |journal=[[Clinical Medicine & Research]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=230–235 |doi=10.3121/cmr.4.3.230 |pmc=1570491 |pmid=17048358}}</ref>

[[Image:Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec Drawings stethoscope 1819.jpg|thumb|left|The first drawing of a [[stethoscope]] (1819)<ref name=Laennec-1819/>]]
[[Image:Stethoscope-2.png|thumb|right|A modern [[stethoscope]] ]]
Laennec is said to have seen school children playing with a long piece of solid wood in the days leading up to his innovation.<ref name=Scherer>
{{cite journal
| last = Scherer | first = John R.
| year = 2007
| title = Before cardiac MRI: Rene Laennec (1781–1826) and the invention of the stethoscope
| journal = [[Cardiology (journal)|Cardiology]]
| volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 518–519
| pmid = 18651515
}}
</ref>
The children held their ear to one end of the stick while the opposite end was scratched with a pin, the stick transmitted and amplified the scratch. His skill as a flautist may also have inspired him. He built his first instrument as a 25 cm by 2.5 cm hollow wooden cylinder, which he later refined into three detachable parts. The refined design featured a funnel-shaped cavity to augment the sound, separable from the body of the stethoscope.<ref>{{cite book |last=Risse |first=Guenter |year=1999 |title=Mending Bodies, Saving Souls |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/mendingbodiessav00riss |via=Internet Archive (archive.org) |url-access=limited |isbn=978-0-19-505523-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mendingbodiessav00riss/page/n336 316]}}</ref>

His clinical work allowed him to follow chest patients from bedside to the autopsy table. He was therefore able to correlate sounds captured by his new instruments with specific pathological changes in the chest, in effect pioneering a new non-invasive diagnostic tool. [[Phthisis pulmonalis|Pulmonary phthisis]], for example, was one ailment he could more clearly identify using his knowledge of typical and atypical chest sounds.<ref name=Bynum-1994>{{cite book |last=Bynum |first=W.F. |date=27 May 1994 |title=Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-052127205-6 |page=39}}</ref> Laennec was the first to classify and discuss the terms [[rales]], [[rhonchi]], [[crepitance]], and [[egophony]] – terms that doctors now use on a daily basis during physical exams and diagnoses.<ref name=Scherer/> Laënnec presented his findings and research on the stethoscope to the [[French Academy of Sciences]], and in 1819 he published his masterpiece ''On Mediate Auscultation''.<ref name=Laennec-1819>
{{cite book
|first=René T.H. |last=Laennec
|year=1819
|title=De l'Auscultation Médiate, ou Traité du Diagnostic des Maladies des Poumon et du Coeur
|trans-title=On Indirect Listening: A treatise on the diagnosis of lung and heart diseases
|at=8
|place=Paris, FR
|publisher=Brosson & Chaudé
}} Two volumes.
</ref><ref name=Roguin-2006-09/><ref name=Laennec-Forbes-1835/><ref name=Forbes-1962/>

Laennec coined the phrase ''mediate [[auscultation]]'' (indirect listening), as opposed to the popular practice at the time of directly placing the ear on the chest ([[immediate auscultation]]). He named his instrument the [[stethoscope]], from the Greek words ''{{math|στήθος}}[stethos]'' (chest), and ''{{math|σκοπός}}[skopos]'' (examination).
[[File:Laennecs stethoscope, c 1820. (9660576833).jpg|thumbnail|One of the original stethoscopes belonging to Rene Theophile Laennec made of wood and brass]]
The stethoscope quickly gained popularity as ''De l'Auscultation Médiate''<ref name=Laennec-1819/> was translated and distributed across France, England, Italy, and Germany in the early 1820s.<ref name=Bynum-1994/> However, not all doctors readily embraced the new stethoscope. Although the ''[[New England Journal of Medicine]]'' reported the invention of the stethoscope two years later in 1821, as late as 1885, a professor of medicine stated, "He that hath ears to hear, let him use his ears and not a stethoscope." Even the founder of the [[American Heart Association]], L.A. Connor (1866–1950), carried a silk handkerchief with him to place on the wall of the chest for ear auscultation.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Harry |last=Bloch |year=1993 |title=Dr. Connor's technique |journal=[[Family Practice (journal)|Family Practice]] }}</ref>

Laennec often referred to the stethoscope as "the cylinder", and as he neared death only a few years later, he bequeathed his own stethoscope to his nephew, referring to it as "the greatest legacy of my life".

The modern [[binaural stethoscope|type, with two earpieces]], was invented in 1851 by [[Arthur Leared|A. Leared]]; in 1852 [[George Philip Cammann|G.P. Cammann]] perfected the design of the instrument for commercial production, which has become the current standard form.

==Other medical contributions==
[[Image:Laennec - Théobald Chartran.jpg|right|thumb|Laennec [[Auscultation|auscultates]] a patient before his students]]
He developed the understanding of [[peritonitis]] and [[cirrhosis]]. Although the disease of cirrhosis was known, Laennec gave cirrhosis its name, using the Greek word ({{math|κιρρος}} ''kirrhos'', tawny) that referred to the tawny, yellow nodules characteristic of the disease.

He coined the term ''[[melanoma]]'' and described ''[[metastases]]'' of melanoma to the lungs. In 1804, while still a medical student, he was the first person to lecture on melanoma. This lecture was subsequently published in 1805. Laennec actually used the term ''melanose'', which he derived from the Greek ({{math|μελαν}}, ''melan'', ''mela'') for "black". Over the years, there were bitter exchanges between Laennec and [[Dupuytren]], the latter objecting that there was no mention of his work in this area and his role in its discovery.

He also studied [[tuberculosis]]. Coincidentally, his nephew, Mériadec Laennec, is said to have diagnosed tuberculosis in Laennec using Laennec's stethoscope.<ref name=Roguin-2006-09/><ref name=Scherer/> Laennec wrote ''A Treatise on the Disease of the Chest'',<ref name=Laennec-Forbes-1835/><ref name=Forbes-1962/> in which he focused on diseases of the chest such as ''[[phthisis pulmonalis]]'' (tuberculosis) and diagnostics such as ''[[pectoriloquy]]''. He discussed the symptoms of Phthisis pulmonalis and what parts of the body it affects. It was written in an academic manner for learning purposes.<ref name=Forbes-1962>{{cite book |last=Laennec |first=R.T.H. |editor=Forbes, John |editor-link=Sir John Forbes |year=1962 |orig-date=1835 |title=A Treatise on the Disease[s] of the Chest |location=New York |publisher=Hafner Publishing Company}}</ref>

Laennec advocated objective scientific observation. Professor [[Benjamin Ward Richardson]] stated in ''Disciples of Aesculapius'' that "the true student of medicine reads Laennec's treatise on mediate auscultation and the use of the stethoscope once in two years at least as long as he is in practice. It ranks with the original work of [[Vesalius]], [[William Harvey|Harvey]] and [[Hippocrates]]."<ref name=CathEnc-08737b-Laennec>{{cite encyclopedia |entry=Laennec, Renee-Theophile-Hyacinthe |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |entry-url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08737b.htm |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref>

== Religious views ==
[[File:Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec2.jpg|thumb|{{center|René T.H. Laennec}}]]
Laennec "was intensely religious and was a devout Catholic all his life".<ref name=CathEnc-08737b-Laennec/> He was noted as a very kind man and his charity to the poor became proverbial. [[Austin Flint]], the 1884 president of the [[American Medical Association]], said that "Laennec's life affords a striking instance among others disproving the vulgar error that the pursuit of science is unfavourable to religious faith."<ref name=CathEnc-08737b-Laennec/>

In [[Sir John Forbes|J. Forbes]]' annotated translation of Laennec's treatise, Forbes reported:
{{Blockquote|Laennec was a man of the greatest probity, habitually observant of his religious and social duties. He was a sincere Christian, and a good Catholic, adhering to his religion and his church through good report and bad report." His death (says M. Bayle) was that of a Christian. Supported by the hope of a better life, prepared by the constant practice of virtue, he saw his end approach with much composure and resignation. His religious principles, imbibed with his earliest knowledge, were strengthened by the conviction of his maturer reason. He took no pains to conceal them when they were disadvantageous to his worldly interests; and he made no boast of them, when their avowal might have been a title to favour and advancement." | [[Sir John Forbes|J. Forbes]] (1838 [1835])<ref name=Laennec-Forbes-1835>{{cite book |last=Laennec |first=R.T.H. |editor=Forbes, J. |editor-link=Sir John Forbes |chapter=Life of the author |page={{mvar|xxvii}} |title=A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest and on Mediate Auscultation |orig-date=1835 |year=1838 |place=New York / Philadelphia |publisher=Samuel Wood & Sons / Desilver, Thomas & Co. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1pBAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR1 |via=Google Books}}</ref>}}

==Legacy and tribute==
[[File:Christmas seal with Laennec, 1938 issue.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Laennec was celebrated in the United States on a [[Christmas seal]] issued in 1938]]
Honors:
Medical terms named after Laennec:
*[[Laennec's cirrhosis]] refers to the appearance of regenerated liver, comprising small lobules separated by a fine, fibrous tissue;
* [[Laennec's thrombus]] is an antenatal thrombus in the heart;
* [[Laennec's pearls]] refer to sputum produced by asthmatics;
* ''Hamman's murmur'', also known as ''Laënnec–Hamman symptom'', ''Laënnec–Müller–von Bergmann–Hamman symptom'', or ''Hamman's crunch'', is a crunching sound due to spontaneous mediastinal emphysema, heard over the precordium.
* At the [[Claude Bernard University Lyon 1|Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1]] one of the four medical schools is named after Laennec.
* On 17 February 2016, [[Google]] celebrated his 235th birthday with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rene Laennec's 235th birthday |date=17 February 2016 |website=Google |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/rene-laennecs-235th-birthday/}}</ref>

== Laennec in fiction ==
A Rene Laennec appears in Rudyard Kipling's ''[[Rewards and Fairies]]'', the second of two books where two children, Dan and Una, encounter past inhabitants of England. In the short section "Marlake Witches", set during the Napoleonic Wars, Una meets a consumptive young lady who speaks of being treated by a French doctor, a [[Parole#Prisoners of war|prisoner on parole]], one Rene Laennec. This prisoner discusses with a local herbalist the use of 'wooden trumpets' for listening to patients' chests, much to the distrust of the local doctor. Obviously, Kipling was aware of Laennec's work and invented an English connection.

He was the subject of a 1949 French film ''[[Doctor Laennec]]'' in which he was played by [[Pierre Blanchar]].

==Laennec's landmarks in Paris==
On the exterior wall of the "[[Hôpital Necker]] – Enfants Malades", where Laennec wrote ''Mediate auscultation'', near the entrance of the hospital in 149, Rue de Sèvres, there is a marble memorial tablet with an engraved portrait of Laennec and this inscription: "Dans cet hôpital Laennec découvrit l'auscultation. 1781–1826".

<gallery>
Image:Laennec memorial, Necker Hospital, Paris 1.jpg|The entrance in Rue de Sèvres
Image:Hopital_Necker_Laennec_stethoscope_2.jpg|Laennec's memorial tablet
Image:Laennec memorial, Necker Hospital, Paris 3.jpg|One of the old buildings of the hospital
</gallery>

<gallery>

Image:Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec (1781-1826) thesis title page.jpg | De l'auscultation médiate ... Paris: J.-A. Brosson et J.-S. Chaude, 1819.

Image:Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec (1781-1826) Drawings stethoscope and lungs.jpg | ''De l'auscultation médiate ...''. Drawings of the stethoscope and lungs.

Image:Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec (1781-1826) Drawings diseased lungs.jpg | ''De l'auscultation médiate ...'' Most of the plates in his book illustrate the diseased lung as do these four images that are consistent with lungs affected by [[tuberculosis]].
</gallery>

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|22em}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec}}
* {{cite book |last=Bon |first=H. |year=1925 |title=Laennec (1781–1826) |place=Dijon, FR |publisher=Lumière}}
* {{cite book |author=Duffin, Jacalyn |year=1998 |title=To See with a Better Eye: The life of R.T.H. Laennec |place=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Laennec |first=R.T.H. |year=1819 |title=De l'Auscultation Médiate ou Traité du Diagnostic des Maladies des Poumons et du Coeur |place=Paris, FR |publisher=Brosson & Chaudé}} — ''The complete title of this book, often referred to as the'' 'Treatise' ''is'' De l'Auscultation Médiate ou Traité du Diagnostic des Maladies des Poumons et du Coeur (''On Mediate Auscultation or Treatise on the Diagnosis of the Diseases of the Lungs and Heart'').
* {{cite book |author=Laennec, R.T.H. |title=De l'Auscultation Médiate ... |year=1819 |edition=online and analyzed |url=http://www.bibnum.education.fr/sciencesdelavie/medecine-clinique/de-l-auscultation-mediate |via=BibNum.Education.FR}} – <small>[click 'à télécharger' for the English version]</small>.
* {{cite book |author=Rouxeaux, U. |year=1920 |orig-date=1912 |title=Laennec |place=Paris, FR |publisher=Baillière}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laennec, Rene}}
[[Category:1781 births]]
[[Category:1826 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Quimper]]
[[Category:19th-century French inventors]]
[[Category:19th-century French physicians]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:French pulmonologists]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in France]]

Commonwealth

2025-06-07T07:34:55Z

101.115.167.69: /* Philippines */

{{Short description|Political community established for common good}}
{{About|the generic term|the association of primarily former British Empire territories|Commonwealth of Nations|other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date = July 2020}}
A '''commonwealth''' is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the [[common good]]. The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the 15th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Origin and meaning of commonwealth|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/commonwealth|access-date=2020-07-20|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|language=en}}</ref> Originally a phrase (the common-wealth or the common wealth – echoed in the modern synonym "public wealth"), it comes from the old meaning of "[[wealth]]", which is "well-being", and was deemed analogous to the Latin ''[[res publica]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=A|first=J|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mk3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA180|title=The Monthly Magazine And British Register|date=1796|volume=1|pages=179–180|language=en|quote=Our English word ''commonwealth'' or ''commonweal'', is precisely analogous to ''respublica''}}</ref> The term literally meant "common well-being". In the 17th century, the definition of "commonwealth" expanded from its original sense of "[[public welfare]]" or "[[wikt:commonweal|commonweal]]" to mean "a state in which the supreme power is vested in the people; a [[republic]] or [[democracy|democratic state]]".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boyd|first=James Penny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkwKAQAAMAAJ&q=commonwealth+republic+democracy&pg=PA14|title=The Political History of the United States, Or, Popular Sovereignty and Citizenship|date=1888|publisher=International Publishing Company|language=en|quote=You find in your reading other terms used to convey the same idea as "democracy" or "republic." The word "commonwealth" is one of them.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Barclay|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zo87PD4-pCUC&pg=PP242|title=Barclay's English Dictionary|date=1791|publisher=Nicholson & Company|language=en|quote=COMMONWEAL, or COMMONWEALTH ... a republic; a democracy.}}</ref>

The term evolved to become a title to a number of political entities. Three countries – [[Australia]], the [[Bahamas]], and [[Dominica]] – have the official title "Commonwealth", as do four [[U.S. state]]s and two [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territories]]. Since the early 20th century, the term has been used to name some fraternal associations of states, most notably the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], an organisation primarily of former [[Territory|territories]] of the [[British Empire]].<ref>The organisation is not to be confused with the [[Commonwealth realm|realms of the Commonwealth]]</ref> It is also used in the translation for the organisation made up of formerly Soviet states, the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]].

==Historical use==
===Rome===
{{Main|Res publica|Roman Republic}}
Translations of [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Roman]] writers' works to English have on occasion translated "''[[Res publica]]''", and variants thereof, to "the commonwealth", a term referring to the Roman state as a whole.

===England===
{{Main|Commonwealth of England}}
The [[Commonwealth of England]] was the official name of the political unit (''de facto'' military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy) that replaced the [[Kingdom of England]] (after the [[English Civil War]]) from 1649 to 1653 and 1659 to 1660, under the rule of [[Oliver Cromwell]] and his son and successor [[Richard Cromwell|Richard]]. From 1653 to 1659, although still legally known as a Commonwealth, the republic, united with the former [[Kingdom of Scotland]], operated under different institutions (at times as a ''de facto'' monarchy) and is known by historians as the [[The Protectorate|Protectorate]]. In a British context, it is sometimes referred to as the "Old Commonwealth".{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

In the later 20th century a socialist political party known as the [[Common Wealth Party]] was active.<ref name="bh">Ben Hughes, ''They shall not pass!: the British battalion at Jarama: the Spanish Civil War''. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Pub., 2011. {{ISBN|9781849085496}} (p. 227).</ref> Previously a similarly named party, the [[Commonwealth Land Party (UK)|Commonwealth Land Party]], was in existence.<ref>Peter Barberis, John McHugh and Mike Tyldesley, Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations</ref>

===Iceland===
{{Main|Icelandic Commonwealth}}
The period of Icelandic history from the establishment of the [[Althing]] in 930 to the pledge of fealty to the [[King of Norway|Norwegian king]] in 1262 is usually called the ''Icelandic Nation'' ({{langx|is|Þjóðveldið}}) in Icelandic and the ''[[Icelandic Commonwealth]]'' in English. In this period Iceland was colonized by a public consisting largely of recent immigrants from [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]] who had fled the unification of that country under [[King]] [[Harald Fairhair]].

===Philippines===
{{main|Commonwealth of the Philippines}}
The [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] was the administrative body that governed the [[Philippines]] from 1935 to 1946, aside from a [[Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines|period of exile]] in the [[Second World War]] from 1942 to 1945 when [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Japan occupied the country]]. It replaced the [[Insular Government]], a [[territory of the United States|United States territorial]] government, and was established by the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]]. The Commonwealth was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for the country's full achievement of independence, which was achieved in 1946. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a founding member of the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml| title = United Nations website listing founding members}}</ref>

===Poland–Lithuania===
{{Main|Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth}}
''Republic'' is still an alternative translation of the traditional name ''[[Rzeczpospolita]]'' of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. [[Wincenty Kadłubek]] (Vincent Kadlubo, 1160–1223) used for the first time the original Latin term ''[[res publica]]'' in the context of Poland in his "Chronicles of the Kings and Princes of Poland". The name was used officially for the [[Confederation|confederal]] union formed by [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Poland]] and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] (1569–1795).

It is also often referred as "[[Golden Liberty|Nobles' Commonwealth]]" (1505–1795, i.e., before the union). In the contemporary political doctrine of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, "our state is a Republic (or Commonwealth) under the presidency of the King". The Commonwealth introduced a doctrine of [[religious tolerance]] called [[Warsaw Confederation]], had its own parliament ''[[Sejm]]'' (although elections were restricted to [[nobility]] and [[elected king]]s, who were bound to certain contracts ''[[Pacta conventa (Poland)|Pacta conventa]]'' from the beginning of the reign).

"A commonwealth of good counsaile" was the title of the 1607 English translation of the work of [[Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki]] "De optimo senatore" that presented to English readers many of the ideas present in the political system of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

===Catalonia===
{{Main|Commonwealth of Catalonia}}
Between 1914 and 1925, [[Catalonia]] was an autonomous region of Spain. Its government during that time was given the title ''[[mancomunidad]]'' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''mancomunitat''), which is translated into English as "commonwealth". The [[Commonwealth of Catalonia]] had limited powers and was formed as a federation of the four Catalan provinces. A number of Catalan-language institutions were created during its existence.

===Liberia===
{{See also|History of Liberia#Colonization (1821–1847)|label 1=Commonwealth of Liberia}}
Between 1838 and 1847, [[Liberia]] was officially known as the "Commonwealth of Liberia". It changed its name to the "Republic of Liberia" when it declared independence (and adopted a new constitution) in 1847.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1985/liberia_1_commonwealth.htm| title = The Commonwealth of Liberia}}</ref>

==Current use==
===Australia===
{{Main|Australia|l1 = Commonwealth of Australia|Australian Government}}
"Commonwealth" was first proposed as a term for a [[Federation of Australia|federation]] of the six Australian [[crown colony|crown colonies]] at the [[Constitutional Convention (Australia)#1891 convention|1891 constitutional convention]] in [[Sydney]]. Its adoption was initially controversial, as it was associated by some with the republicanism of [[Oliver Cromwell]] ([[#England|see above]]), but it was retained in all subsequent drafts of the constitution.<ref>Helen Irving. [http://www.civicsandcitizenship.edu.au/cce/helen_irving,9939.html Australian Federation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715000750/http://www.civicsandcitizenship.edu.au/cce/helen_irving%2C9939.html |date=2015-07-15 }} – Civics and Citizenship Education. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref> The term was finally incorporated into law in the ''[[Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act]] 1900'', which established the federation. Australia operates under a federal system, in which power is divided between the federal (national) government and the [[States and territories of Australia|state governments]] (the successors of the six colonies). So, in an Australian context, the term "Commonwealth" (capitalised), which is often abbreviated to Cth, refers to the [[Government of Australia|federal government]], and "Commonwealth of Australia" is the official name of the country.

===The Bahamas===
{{Main|The Bahamas|l1 = Commonwealth of the Bahamas}}
[[The Bahamas]], a [[Commonwealth realm]], has used the official style ''Commonwealth of The Bahamas'' since its independence in 1973.

===Dominica===
{{Main|Commonwealth of Dominica}}
The small [[Caribbean]] republic of [[Dominica]] has used the official style ''Commonwealth of Dominica'' since 1978.

===Certain U.S. states and territories===
{{Main|Commonwealth (U.S. state)|Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)}}
====States====
Four [[U.S. state|states]] of the [[United States|United States of America]] officially designate themselves as "commonwealths". All four were part of [[British America|Great Britain's possessions]] along the [[East Coast of the United States|Atlantic coast of North America]] prior to the [[American Revolution]]. As such, they share a strong influence of [[common law|English common law]] in some of their laws and institutions. The four are:
* [[Kentucky]] is designated a commonwealth by the [[Kentucky Constitution]] as the "Commonwealth of Kentucky".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kentucky.gov |title=Kentucky.gov |publisher=Kentucky.gov |access-date=2013-10-11}}</ref>
* [[Massachusetts]] is a commonwealth,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov |title=Mass.Gov |publisher=Mass.Gov |date=2013-09-26 |access-date=2013-10-11}}</ref> declaring itself as such in its constitution, which states: "[T]he body politic is formed by a voluntary association of individuals: it is a social compact, by which the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all shall be governed by certain laws for the common good."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/Constitution#cp00s00.htm |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts |publisher=Malegislature.gov |access-date=2013-10-11}}</ref>
* [[Pennsylvania]] uses the "Commonwealth of Pennsylvania" constitutionally and in its official title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pa.gov |title=Commonwealth of Pennsylvania | The Keystone State |publisher=Pa.gov |access-date=2013-10-11}}</ref>
* [[Virginia]] has been known as the "Commonwealth of Virginia" since before the [[American Revolutionary War]], and is referred to as a commonwealth in its constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginia.gov |title=Home |publisher=Virginia.gov |access-date=2013-10-11}}</ref>

====Territories====
Two [[Territories of the United States|organized]] but [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated]] U.S. territories are called commonwealths. The two are:
* [[Commonwealth of Puerto Rico]], since 1952
* [[Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands]], since 1978

In 2016, the [[Council of the District of Columbia|Washington, D.C. city council]] also selected "Douglass Commonwealth" as the potential name of [[Statehood movement in the District of Columbia|State of Washington, D.C.]], following the [[2016 Washington, D.C. statehood referendum|2016 statehood referendum]], at least partially in order to retain the initials "D.C." as the state's abbreviation.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://dcist.com/story/16/10/18/following-a-series-of/ |title= Council Tosses 'New Columbia,' Changes Constitution To 'The State Of Washington D.C.' |website= DCist |date= October 18, 2016 |access-date= June 26, 2020 |first= Rachel |last= Kurzius |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200629141413/https://dcist.com/story/16/10/18/following-a-series-of/ |archive-date= June 29, 2020 |url-status= live }}</ref>

===International bodies===
====Commonwealth of Nations====
{{Main|Commonwealth of Nations}}
The [[Commonwealth of Nations]]—formerly the British Commonwealth—is a voluntary association of 56 independent sovereign states, most of which were once part of the [[British Empire]]. The Commonwealth's membership includes both republics and monarchies. The [[Head of the Commonwealth]] is King [[Charles III]], who also reigns as monarch directly in the 15 member states known as [[Commonwealth realm]]s since his accession in 2022.

====Commonwealth of Independent States====
{{Main|Commonwealth of Independent States}}
The [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS) is a loose [[military alliance|alliance]] or confederation consisting of nine of the 15 [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet Republics]], the exceptions being [[Turkmenistan]] (a CIS associate member), [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Estonia]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] left the CIS in August 2008 following [[2008 South Ossetia war|the 2008 invasion]] of the [[Russia]]n military into [[South Ossetia]] and [[Abkhazia]]. Its creation signalled the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]], its purpose being to "allow a civilised divorce" between the [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet Republics]]. The CIS has developed as a forum by which the member-states can co-operate in [[economics]], [[Defence (military)|defence]], and [[foreign policy]].<ref>Constantine, Michalopoulos, and Tarr David. "The economics of customs unions in the Commonwealth of Independent States." Post-Soviet Geography and Economics 38, no. 3 (1997): 125-143.</ref>

==Proposed use==
===United Kingdom===
{{See also|Republicanism in the United Kingdom}}
[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] MP [[Tony Benn]] sponsored a [[Commonwealth of Britain Bill]] several times between 1991 and 2001, intended to abolish the monarchy and establish a [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|British republic]]. It never reached [[second reading]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Confederation]]
* [[Democracy]]
* [[Federation]]
* [[Political alliance|League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Commonwealth|commonwealth}}
* Commonwealth of Nations
** [http://www.direct.gov.uk/Gtgl1/GuideToGovernment/InternationalBodies/InternationalBodiesArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4003092&chk=JXlogH The Commonwealth]—UK government site
** [http://www.thecommonwealth.org/ Commonwealth of Nations Secretariat]
** [http://www.commonwealthfoundation.com/ Commonwealth Foundation]
** [http://www.rcsint.org/ Royal Commonwealth Society]
* Commonwealth of Independent States
** [http://www.cis.minsk.by/ CIS Executive Committee]
** [http://www.cisstat.com/eng/ CIS Statistical Committee]
* Countries
** [http://www.gov.au/ Commonwealth of Australia]
* United States
** [http://www.ky.gov Commonwealth of Kentucky]
** [http://www.mass.gov Commonwealth of Massachusetts]
** [http://www.state.pa.us/ Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20050321103909/http://www.virginia.gov/cmsportal/ Commonwealth of Virginia]
** [http://www.gobierno.pr/ Commonwealth of Puerto Rico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030406004643/http://www.fortaleza.gobierno.pr/ |date=2003-04-06 }}
** {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/mariana Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands]}}
* Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
** [http://www.commonwealth.pl Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures: Poland's Heritage]
* Commonwealth New
** [http://thecommonwealth.org/newsroom/news The Commonwealth Secretariat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117130214/http://thecommonwealth.org/newsroom/news |date=2020-11-17 }}
** [http://www.yocomm.com/ Commonwealth News] at YOCOMM NEWS

[[Category:15th-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Democracy]]