Cabomba

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Cabomba is a genus of perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic herbs in the family Cabombaceae[1] native to tropical and subtropical America.[2] It has divided submerged leaves in the shape of a fan (hence the vernacular name fanwort) and is much favoured by aquarists as an ornamental and oxygenating plant for fish tanks. One species, Cabomba caroliniana, is a nationally declared weed in Australia, where it has choked up waterways after escaping from aquaria.

File:Cabomba aquatica Aubl. (6926161489).jpg
Cabomba aquatica growing sympatrically with Nymphaea rudgeana

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File:Cabomba caroliniana A.Gray leaf.jpg
Submerged leaf of Cabomba caroliniana A.Gray with scale bar (2 cm) on a white background
leaves and flowers of a Cabomba species in water
Cabomba aquatica Aubl.

Description

File:Cabomba palaeformis Fassett flower.jpg
Cabomba palaeformis flower with scale bar (1 cm)
File:Cabomba palaeformis Fassett leaves.jpg
Floating (left) and submerged (right) leaves of Cabomba palaeformis with scale bar (2 cm)
File:紅菊花草 Cabomba piauhyensis -香港公園 Hong Kong Park- (9200928562).jpg
Submerged stems of Cabomba furcata

Vegetative characteristics

Cabomba are perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic[1] herbs[3] with short, brown rhizomes.[1] The roots, which are formed on the lower nodes of the stems,[4] are delicate, brown to white, and branched.[1] The long, cylindrical, flexible,[5] delicate, branched or unbranched stems[1] are 2–4 mm wide,[6] and up to 4 m long.[1] Both floating and submerged leaves are present, but only few floating leaves are produced,[7] and they may be absent entirely.[8][4] The submerged leaves are divided into 3–7[4][9] dichotomously or trichotomously branched parts.[10][9] The floating leaves are inconspicuous.[10]

Generative characteristics

The solitary,[6] hermaphrodite, pedicellate,[1][6] chasmogamous, scentless, actinomorphic,[1] white, yellow, or purple,[8] trimerous or rarely di- and tetramerous flowers extend beyond the water surface.[6] The petals are oval-shaped, and are usually about Template:Convert across when fully developed. The petals are unlike the sepals in that the former have two yellow ear-shaped nectaries at the base. Petals may also have purplish edges. Flowers are protogynous, having primarily female sexual structures on the first day of appearance and then switching to male on the second and subsequent days. Flowers emerge and are designed to be pollinated above the waterline. Principal pollinators are flies and other small flying insects.[11]

Cytology

Various chromosome counts have been observed in Cabomba: 2n = 26, 39, 52, 78, 104.[6]

Taxonomy

It was published by Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet in 1775.[2] The type species is Cabomba aquatica Aubl.[12]

Species

The genus Cabomba Aubl. consists of six extant species:[2]

And four fossil species:

Putative hybridisation

It has been speculated, that Cabomba haynesii may be a result of a hybridisation event involving Cabomba palaeformis and Cabomba furcata.[17]

Etymology

The generic name Cabomba may be derived from an aboriginal name of the plant in Guyana.[6]

Distribution

It is native to tropical and subtropical America,[2] and the centre of diversity is Brazil.[1]

Ecology

Pollination

The flowers are pollinated by flies and bees.[18]

Habitat

Cabomba occurs in ponds, floodplains, swamps, and creeks.[6]

Cabomba as an aquarium plant

Cabomba species are popular aquarium plants.[19] Cabomba caroliniana is easily cultivated and is tolerant of various substrates and temperatures.[20][19] However, in dimly lit conditions the leaves grow small and the internodes of the stems elongate.[20] By contrast, Cabomba furcata is considered to be difficult to cultivate in the aquarium, as it requires soft, acid water and a high light intensity.[21][22][23]

Invasive species

Use in the aquarium trade has led to some species being introduced to other parts of the world, such as Australia, where Cabomba caroliniana it is a nationally declared weed.[24] Having arrived in 1967, it spread rapidly in waterways and out-competed native plants, threatening water supplies, especially along the eastern side of the continent.[25] In Australia, Cabomba caroliniana has been targeted by both chemical,[26] and biological control.[27] Herbicide treatment is effective, yet also damages the remaining aquatic flora and fauna.[26] The cabomba weevil (Hydrotimetes natans) is introduced to waterways as a means of biological control of Cabomba caroliniana.[27][25] They consume the plant's tips and inflict significant harm when present in large quantities. Larvae burrow within the stems and result in substantial damage to the main stem due to tissue necrosis.[28]

Likewise, Cabomba furcata has become an invasive species in Kerala, India,[29][30] in the Kalutara district of Sri Lanka,[31] in Chini Lake, Malaysia,[32] and Taiwan.[33][34] Its presence leads to a decline of water quality and biodiversity.[35]

References

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External links

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  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Pellegrini, M. O. O. & Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. (n.d.). Cabomba Aubl. Flora E Funga Do Brasil. Retrieved February 5, 2025, from https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB6610
  2. ↑ a b c d Template:Cite POWO
  3. ↑ Cabomba Aublet - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). (n.d.). https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/924
  4. ↑ a b c T.D. Stanley & A.E. Orchard. Cabomba, in P.G. Kodela (ed.), Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cabomba [Date Accessed: 06 February 2025]
  5. ↑ Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. (n.d.). Cabomba Aubl. Flora of New Zealand. Retrieved February 5, 2025, from https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Cabomba.html
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Ørgaard, M. (1991). The genus Cabomba (Cabombaceae)–a taxonomic study. Nordic Journal of Botany, 11(2), 179-203.
  7. ↑ Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. (n.d.). Cabomba. VicFlora Flora of Victoria. Retrieved February 5, 2025, from https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/14a740cd-b533-4c51-a0e4-0175fcc33499
  8. ↑ a b Fassett, N. C. (1953). A Monograph of Cabomba. Castanea, 18(4), 116–128. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4031558
  9. ↑ a b Cabomba in Flora of North America @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=104954
  10. ↑ a b Cabomba in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=104954
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IPNI
  13. ↑ Cabomba gracilis Newb. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved February 18, 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=F77FCE1B-5F22-4EA3-A22E-BE7DED077EBF
  14. ↑ Cabomba grandis Newb. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved February 18, 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=63C5D164-498E-4160-B964-A5A2295D89AB
  15. ↑ Cabomba inermis (Newb.) Hollick in Newb. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved February 18, 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=E756C876-9AA1-44E0-BC16-97E187BFCABA
  16. ↑ Cabomba pitonii L. Laurent, Marty in L. Piton. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved February 18, 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=30D7B8D6-3F0D-C3C7-9E11-A5448E2A3995
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Matias, L. Q., & Nascimento, H. P. D. (2021). Flora of Ceará, Brazil: Cabombaceae. Rodriguésia, 72, e00592019.
  19. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ a b Day, C., Petroeschevsky, A., Pellow, B., Bevan, J., O’Dwyer, T., St Lawrence, A., & Smith, G. (2014). Managing a priority outlier infestation of Cabomba caroliniana in a natural wetland in the Blue Mountains, NSW, Australia–could this be eradication. In Draft paper to 19th Australasian Weeds Conference, Hobart, Australia.
  27. ↑ a b Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. (2023, May 9). Hydrotimetes natans for the biological control of Cabomba caroliniana. Retrieved October 2, 2023, from https://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity-trade/policy/risk-analysis/biological-control-agents/risk-analyses/completed-risk-analyses/ra-release-hydrotimetes-natans
  28. ↑ Kumaran, N., Vance, T. J., Comben, D., Dell, Q., Oleiro, M. I., Goñalons, C. M., ... & Raghu, S. (2022). "Hydrotimetes natans as a suitable biological control agent for the invasive weed Cabomba caroliniana." Biological Control, 169, 104894.
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Yakandawala, D. M. D., Yakandawala, K., Madola, I., & Herath, H. M. L. K. (2022). Would history repeat? Detection of Cabomba furcata, a potential invasive plant in natural ecosystems of Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science, 51(2), 155-163.
  32. ↑ Yunoh, S. M. M. (2011, December 28). Cabomba furcata (Cabombaceae). Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS). https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/130
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Wu, S. H., Yang, T. A., Teng, Y. C., Chang, C. Y., Yang, K. C., & Hsieh, C. F. (2010). Insights of the latest naturalized flora of Taiwan: change in the past eight years. Taiwania, 55(2), 139-159.
  35. ↑ Rao, G. P., & Rani, K. S. A report on the biological invasion of alien plant species red Cabomba in the Kozhikode district of Kerala state and its impact on agro-ecosystem. Issues in Biodiversity Conservation and Management, 103.
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